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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14023 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 14023-h.htm or 14023-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/2/14023/14023-h/14023-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/2/14023/14023-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+LIFE & TIMES OF COL. DANIEL BOONE
+
+Life of Daniel Boone, the Great Western Hunter and Pioneer,
+Comprising an Account of His Early History; His Daring and
+Remarkable Career as the First Settler of Kentucky; His
+Thrilling Adventures with the Indians, and His Wonderful Skill,
+Coolness and Sagacity under All the Hazardous and Trying
+Circumstances of Western Border Life
+
+To Which Is Added His Autobiography Complete as Dictated by
+Himself, and Showing His Own Belief That He Was an Instrument
+Ordained to Settle the Wilderness
+
+by
+
+CECIL B. HARTLEY
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BOONE'S INDIAN TOILETTE. PAGE 132]
+
+
+[Illustration: The Old Fort at Boonesborough]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The subject of the following biography, the celebrated Colonel Daniel
+Boone, is one of the most remarkable men which this country has produced.
+His character is marked with originality, and his actions were important
+and influential in one of the most interesting periods of our
+history--that of the early settlement of Kentucky. Boone is generally
+acknowledged as the founder of that State. His having explored it alone
+to a considerable extent; his leading the earliest bands of settlers;
+his founding Boonesborough, the nucleus of the future State; his having
+defended this and other stations successfully against the attacks of the
+Indians; and the prominent part which he took in military affairs at
+this period of distress and peril, certainly render his claims to the
+distinguished honor of founding Kentucky very strong.
+
+But Boone, personally, reaped very little benefit from his patriotic and
+disinterested exertions. The lands which he had first cultivated and
+defended, were taken from him by the chicanery of the law; other lands
+granted to him by the Spanish government were lost by his inattention to
+legal forms; and in his old age he was without an acre of land which he
+could call his own. A few years before his death a small tract, such as
+any other settler in Missouri was entitled to, was granted him by
+Congress. But he has left to his numerous posterity a nobler
+inheritance--that of an imperishable fame in the annals of his country!
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+The family of Daniel Boone--His grandfather emigrates to America,
+and settles in Bucks County, Pennsylvania--Family of Daniel Boone's
+father--Account of Exeter, the birth-place of Boone--Birth of Daniel
+Boone--Religion of his family--Boone's boyhood--Goes to
+school--Anecdote--Summary termination of his schooling.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Removal of Boone's father and family to North Carolina--Location on
+the Yadkin River--Character of the country and the people--Byron's
+description of the Backwoodsmen--Daniel Boone marries Rebecca Bryan--His
+farmer life in North Carolina--State of the country--Political troubles
+foreshadowed--Illegal fees and taxes--Probable effect of this state of
+things on Boone's mind--Signs of movement.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+The Seven Years' War--Cherokee War--Period of Boone's first
+long Excursion to the West--Extract from Wheeler's History of
+Tennessee--Indian accounts of the Western country--Indian traders--Their
+Reports--Western travelers--Doherty--Adair--Proceedings of the
+traders--Hunters--Scotch traders--Hunters accompany the traders to the
+West--Their reports concerning the country--Other adventurers--Dr.
+Walker's expedition--Settlements in South-western Virginia--Indian
+hostilities--Pendleton purchase--Dr. Walker's second expedition--Hunting
+company of Walker and others--Boone travels with them--Curious monument
+left by him.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Political and social condition of North
+Carolina--Taxes--Lawsuits--Ostentation and extravagance of foreigners
+and government officers--Oppression of the people--Murmurs--Open
+resistance--The Regulators--Willingness of Daniel Boone and others to
+migrate, and their reasons--John Finley's expedition to the West--His
+report to Boone--He determines to join Finley in his next hunting
+tour--New company formed, with Boone for leader--Preparations for
+starting--The party sets out--Travels for a month through the
+wilderness--First sight of Kentucky--Forming a camp--Hunting buffaloes
+and other game--Capture of Boone and Stuart by the Indians--Prudent
+dissimulation--Escape from the Indians--Return to the old camp--Their
+companions lost--Boone and Stuart renew their hunting.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Arrival of Squire Boone and a companion at the camp of Daniel
+Boone--Joyful meeting--News from home, and hunting resumed--Daniel
+Boone and Stuart surprised by the Indians--Stuart killed--Escape
+of Boone, and his return to camp--Squire Boone's companion lost
+in the woods--Residence of Daniel Boone and Squire Boone in the
+wilderness--Squire returns to North Carolina, obtains a fresh supply
+of ammunition, and again rejoins his brother at the old camp--Daniel
+Boone's own account of this remarkable period of his life--His return to
+North Carolina--His determination to settle in Kentucky--Other Western
+adventurers--the Long hunters--Washington in Kentucky--Bullitt's
+party--Floyd's party--Thompson's survey--First settlement of Tennessee.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Daniel Boone remains two years in North Carolina after his return from
+the West--He prepares to emigrate to Kentucky--Character of the early
+settlers to Kentucky--The first class, hunters--The second class, small
+farmers--The third class, men of wealth and government officers.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Daniel Boone sets out for Kentucky with his family and his brother,
+Squire Boone--Is joined by five families and forty men at Powell's
+Valley--The party is attacked by Indians, and Daniel Boone's oldest son
+is killed--The party return to the settlements on Clinch River--Boone,
+at the request of Governor Dunmore, goes to the West and conducts a
+party of surveyors to Virginia--Boone receives the command of three
+garrisons and the commission of Captain--He takes a part in the Dunmore
+war--Battle of Point Pleasant and termination of the war.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+The militia discharged--Captain Boone returns to his family--Henderson's
+company--Various companies of emigrants to Kentucky--Bounty
+lands--Harrod's party builds the first log-cabin erected in Kentucky,
+and founds Harrodsburg--Proceedings of Henderson's company--Agency of
+Captain Boone--He leads a company to open a road to Kentucky
+River--Conflicts with the Indians--Captain Boone founds
+Boonesborough--His own account of this expedition--His letter to
+Henderson--Account of Colonel Henderson and the Transylvania
+Company--Failure of the scheme--Probability of Boone having been several
+years in the service of Henderson.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Description of the Old Fort at Boonesborough--Usual methods of
+fortifications against the Indians--Arrival of more settlers at
+Boonesborough--Captain Boone returns to the Clinch River to bring out
+his family--He enlists new emigrants and starts for Kentucky--Reinforced
+by a large party at Powel's Valley--Arrival at Boonesborough--Arrival of
+many new settlers at Boonesborough and Harrod's settlement--Arrival of
+Kenton, Floyd, the McAfees, and other distinguished persons--Arrival of
+Colonel Richard Callaway.
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Disturbed state of the country in 1775--Breaking out of the Revolutionary
+war--Exposed situation of the Kentucky settlements--Hostility of the
+Indians excited by the British--First political convention in the
+West--Capture of Boone's daughter and the daughters of Colonel
+Callaway by the Indians--Their rescue by a party led by Boone and
+Callaway--Increased caution of the colonists at Boonesborough--Alarm
+and desertion of the Colonies in the West by land speculators and
+other adventurers--A reinforcement of forty-five men from North
+Carolina arrive at Boonesborough--Indian attack on Boonesborough in
+April--Another attack in July--Attack on Logan's Fort, and siege--Attack
+on Harrodsburg.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+Arrival of George Rogers Clark in Kentucky--Anecdote of his
+conversation with Ray--Clark and Jones chosen as delegates for the
+Colonies to the Virginia Legislature--Clark's important services in
+obtaining a political organization for Kentucky, and an abundant supply
+of gunpowder from the government of Virginia--Great labor and difficulty
+in bringing the powder to Harrodstown--Clark's expedition against
+Kaskaskias--Surprise and capture of their fort--Perilous and difficult
+march to Vincennes--Surprise and capture of that place--Extension of the
+Virginian settlements--Erection of Fort Jefferson.
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Scarcity of salt at Boonesborough--Boone goes to Blue Licks to make
+salt, and is captured by the Indians--Taken to Chilicothe--Affects
+contentment, and deceives the Indians--Taken to Detroit--Kindness of the
+British officers to him--Returns to Chilicothe--Adopted into an Indian
+family--Ceremonies of adoption--Boone sees a large force of Indians
+destined to attack Boonesborough--Escapes, and gives the alarm, and
+strengthens the fortifications at Boonesborough--News of delay by the
+Indians on account of Boone's escape--Boone goes on an expedition to the
+Scioto--Has a fight with a party of Indians--Returns to Boonesborough,
+which is immediately besieged by Captain Duquesne with five hundred
+Indians--Summons to surrender--Time gained--Attack commenced--Brave
+defense--Mines and countermines--Siege raised--Boone brings his family
+once more back to Boonesborough, and resumes farming.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+Captain Boone tried by court-martial--Honorably acquitted and
+promoted--Loses a large sum of money--His losses by law-suits and
+disputes about land--Defeat of Colonel Rogers's party--Colonel Bowman's
+expedition to Chilicothe--Arrival near the town--Colonel Logan attacks
+the town--Ordered by Colonel Bowman to retreat--Failure of the
+expedition--Consequences to Bowman and to Logan.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Invasion of Kentucky by Captain Byrd's party--He captures the garrisons
+at Ruddle's Station and Martin's Fort--Colonel Clark's invasion of the
+Indian country--He ravages the Indian towns--Adventure of Alexander
+McConnell--Skirmish at Pickaway--Result of the expedition--Boone goes
+to the Blue Licks with his brother--Attacked by the Indians--Boone's
+brother killed--Boone promoted to the rank of Lieutenant
+Colonel--Clark's galley--Squire Boone's Station removed to Bear's
+Creek--Attack by the Indians--Colonel Floyd's defeat--Affair of the
+McAfees--Attack on McAfee's Station repelled--Fort Jefferson
+evacuated--Attack on Montgomery Station--Rescue by General Logan.
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+News of Cornwallis's surrender--Its effects--Captain Estill's
+defeat--Grand army of Indians raised for the conquest of Kentucky--Simon
+Girty's speech--Attack on Hoy's Station--Investment of Bryant's
+Station--Expedient of the besieged to obtain water--Grand attack
+on the fort--Repulse--Regular siege commenced--Messengers sent to
+Lexington--Reinforcements obtained--Arrival near the fort--Ambushed and
+attacked--They enter the fort--Narrow escape of Girty--He proposes a
+capitulation--Parley--Reynolds' answer to Girty--The siege
+raised--Retreat of the Indians.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+Arrival of Reinforcements at Bryant's Station--Colonel Daniel
+Boone, his son and brother among them--Colonels Trigg, Todd, and
+others--Consultation--Apprehensions of Boone and others--Arrival at the
+Blue Licks--Rash conduct of Major McGary--Battle of Blue Licks--Israel
+Boone, Colonels Todd and Trigg, and Majors Harland and McBride
+killed--Retreat of the whites--Colonel Boone nearly surrounded by
+Indians--Bravery of Netherland--Noble conduct of Reynolds--The fugitives
+meet Colonel Logan with his party--Return to the field of battle--Logan
+returns to Bryant's Station.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+The Indians return home from the Blue Licks--They attack the settlements
+in Jefferson County--Affair at Simpson's Creek--General Clark's
+expedition to the Indian country--Colonel Boone joins it--Its
+effect--Attack of the Indians on the Crab Orchard settlement--Rumor of
+intended invasion by the Cherokees--Difficulties about the treaty with
+Great Britain--Hostilities of the Indians generally stimulated by
+renegade whites--Simon Girty--Causes of his hatred of the whites--Girty
+insulted by General Lewis--Joins the Indians at the battle of Point
+Pleasant--Story of his rescuing Simon Kenton--Crawford's expedition, and
+the burning of Crawford--Close of Girty's career.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+Season of repose--Colonel Boone buys land--Builds a log house and goes
+to farming--Kentucky organized on a new basis--Colonel Boone surprised
+by Indians--Escapes--Manners and customs of the settlers--The autumn
+hunt--The house-warming.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+Condition of the early settlers as it respects the mechanic
+arts--Throwing the tomahawk--Athletic sports--Dancing--Shooting at
+marks--Scarcity of Iron--Costume--Dwellings--Furniture--Employments--The
+women--Their character--Diet--Indian corn.
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+Indian hostilities resumed--Expedition of Davis, Caffre, and
+McClure--Attack on Captain Ward's boat--Affair near Scagg's
+Creek--Growth of Kentucky--Population--Trade--General Logan calls
+a meeting at Danville--Convention called--Separation from Virginia
+proposed--Virginia consents--Kentucky admitted as an independent
+State of the Union--Indian hostilities--Expedition and death of
+Colonel Christian--Expedition of General Clark--Expedition of General
+Logan--Success of Captain Hardin--Defeat of Hargrove--Exploits of Simon
+Kenton--Affairs at the Elkhorn settlements--Treaty--Barman's expedition.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+Colonel Boone meets with the loss of all his land in Kentucky,
+and emigrates to Virginia--Resides on the Kenhawa, near Point
+Pleasant--Emigrates to Missouri--Is appointed commandant of a
+district--Mr. Audubon's narrative of a night passed with Boone.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+Colonel Boone receives a large grant of land from the Spanish
+Government of Upper Louisiana--He loses it--Sketch of the history
+of Missouri--Colonel Boone's hunting--He pays his debts by the sale
+of furs--Taken sick in his hunting camp--Colonel Boone applies
+to Congress to recover his land--The Legislature of Kentucky
+supports his claim--Death of Mrs. Boone--Results of the application
+to Congress--Occupations of his declining years--Mr. Harding paints
+his portrait.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+Last illness, and death of Colonel Boone--His funeral--Account of his
+family--His remains and those of his wife removed from Missouri, and
+reinterred in the new cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky--Character of
+Colonel Boone.
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND TIMES OF COLONEL DANIEL BOONE.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+     The family of Daniel Boone--His grandfather emigrates to America,
+     and settles in Bucks County, Pennsylvania--Family of Daniel Boone's
+     father--Account of Exeter, the birth-place of Boone--Birth of
+     Daniel Boone--Religion of his family--Boone's boyhood--Goes to
+     School--Anecdote--Summary termination of his schooling.
+
+
+The immediate ancestors and near relations of the American Boone family,
+resided at Bradwinch about eight miles from Exeter, England. George
+Boone the grandfather of Daniel, emigrated to America and arrived, with
+Mary his wife, at Philadelphia, on the 10th of October, 1717. They
+brought with them eleven children, two daughters and nine sons. The
+names of three of the sons have come down to us, John, James, and
+Squire. The last of these, Squire Boone, was the father of Daniel.
+
+George Boone, immediately after his arrival in America, purchased a
+large tract of land in what is now Bucks County, which he settled, and
+called it Exeter, after the city near which he was born. The records
+distinguish it only as the township of Exeter, without any county. He
+purchased also various other tracts in Maryland and Virginia; and our
+tradition says, among others, the ground on which Georgetown, District
+of Columbia, now stands, and that he laid the town out, and gave it his
+own name. His sons John and James lived and died on the Exeter
+purchase.[1]
+
+Daniel Boone's father, Squire Boone, had seven sons and four daughters,
+viz.: James,[2] Samuel, Jonathan, Daniel, George, Squire, Edward, Sarah,
+Elizabeth, Mary, and Hannah.
+
+Exeter Township is situated in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and now has a
+population of over two thousand. Here Daniel Boone was born, on the 11th
+of February, 1735.[3]
+
+The maiden name of Boone's mother was Sarah Morgan. Some dispute has
+arisen respecting the religious persuasion of the Boone family. It would
+appear, on a review of the whole controversy, that before their removal
+to this country, the Boones were Episcopalians; but during their
+residence in Pennsylvania they permitted themselves to be considered
+Quakers. What sort of a Quaker Daniel Boone himself was, will be
+apparent in the course of our narrative.
+
+Exeter, the native place of Daniel Boone, was at this period a small
+frontier settlement, consisting of log-houses, surrounded with woods,
+which abounded with game of various kinds and were occasionally infested
+with hostile Indians. It is not surprising that Daniel, passing the
+period of his boyhood in such a place, should have acquired at an early
+age the accomplishments of a hunter and woodsman. From a mere child it
+was his chief delight to roam in the woods, to observe the wild haunts
+of Nature, and to pursue the wild animals which were then so abundant.
+
+Of the boyhood of Daniel Boone, one of his biographers gives the
+following account. Speaking of the residence of the family at Exeter,
+he says:[4]
+
+"Here they lived for ten years; and it was during this time that their
+son Daniel began to show his passion for hunting. He was scarcely able
+to carry a gun when he was shooting all the squirrels, raccoons, and
+even wild-cats (it is said), that he could find in that region. As he
+grew older, his courage increased, and then we find him amusing himself
+with higher game. Other lads in the neighborhood were soon taught by him
+the use of the rifle, and were then able to join him in his adventures.
+On one occasion, they all started out for a hunt, and, after amusing
+themselves till it was almost dark, were returning homeward, when
+suddenly a wild cry was heard in the woods. The boys screamed out,
+'A panther! A panther!' and ran off as fast as they could. Boone stood
+firmly, looking around for the animal. It was a panther indeed. His eye
+lighted upon him just in the act of springing toward him: in an instant
+he leveled his rifle, and shot him through the heart."
+
+"But this sort of sport was not enough for him. He seemed resolved to go
+away from men, and live in the forests with these animals. One morning
+he started off as usual, with his rifle and dog. Night came on, but
+Daniel did not return to his home. Another day and night passed away,
+and still the boy did not make his appearance. His parents were now
+greatly alarmed. The neighbors joined them in making search for the lad.
+After wandering about a great while, they at length saw smoke rising
+from a cabin in the distance. Upon reaching it, they found the boy. The
+floor of the cabin was covered with the skins of such animals as he had
+slain, and pieces of meat were roasting before the fire for his supper.
+Here, at a distance of three miles from any settlement, he had built his
+cabin of sods and branches, and sheltered himself in the wilderness."
+
+"It was while his father was living on the head-waters of the
+Schuylkill that young Boone received so far as we know, all his
+education. Short indeed were his schoolboy days. It happened that an
+Irish schoolmaster strolled into the settlement, and, by the advice of
+Mr. Boone and other parents, opened a school in the neighborhood. It was
+not then as it is now. Good school-houses were not scattered over the
+land; nor were schoolmasters always able to teach their pupils. The
+school-house where the boys of this settlement went was a log-cabin,
+built in the midst of the woods. The schoolmaster was a strange man;
+sometimes good-humored, and then indulging the lads; sometimes surly and
+ill-natured, and then beating them severely. It was his usual custom,
+after hearing the first lessons of the morning, to allow the children to
+be out for a half hour at play, during which time he strolled off to
+refresh himself from his labors. He always walked in the same direction,
+and the boys thought that after his return, when they were called in, he
+was generally more cruel than ever. They were whipped more severely, and
+oftentimes without any cause. They observed this, but did not know the
+meaning of it One morning young Boone asked that he might go out, and
+had scarcely left the school-room when he saw a squirrel running over
+the trunk of a fallen tree. True to his nature, he instantly gave chase,
+until at last the squirrel darted into a bower of vines and branches.
+Boone thrust his hand in, and, to his surprise, laid hold of a bottle of
+whiskey. This was in the direction of his master's morning walks, and he
+thought now that he understood the secret of much of his ill-nature. He
+returned to the school-room; but, when they were dismissed for that day,
+he told some of the larger boys of his discovery. Their plan was soon
+arranged. Early the next morning a bottle of whiskey, having tartar
+emetic in it, was placed in the bower, and the other bottle thrown away.
+At the usual hour, the lads were sent out to play, and the master
+started on his walk. But their play was to come afterward; they longed
+for the master to return. At length they were called in, and in a little
+time saw the success of their experiment. The master began to look pale
+and sick, yet still went on with his work. Several boys were called up,
+one after the other, to recite lessons, and all whipped soundly, whether
+right or wrong. At last young Boone was called out to answer questions
+in arithmetic. He came forward with his slate and pencil, and the master
+began: 'If you subtract six from nine, what remains?' said he. 'Three,
+sir,' said Boone. 'Very good,' said the master; 'now let us come to
+fractions. If you take three-quarters from a whole number, what
+remains?' 'The whole, sir,' answered Boone. 'You blockhead!' cried the
+master, beating him; 'you stupid little fool, how can you show that?'
+'If I take one bottle of whiskey,' said Boone, 'and put in its place
+another in which I have mixed an emetic, the whole will remain if nobody
+drinks it!' The Irishman, dreadfully sick, was now doubly enraged.
+He seized Boone, and commenced beating him; the children shouted and
+roared; the scuffle continued until Boone knocked the master down upon
+the floor, and rushed out of the room. It was a day of freedom now for
+the lads. The story soon ran through the neighborhood; Boone was rebuked
+by his parents, but the schoolmaster was dismissed, and thus ended the
+boy's education."
+
+"Thus freed from school, he now returned more ardently than ever to his
+favorite pursuit. His dog and rifle were his constant companions, and
+day after day he started from home, only to roam through the forests.
+Hunting seemed to be the only business of his life; and he was never so
+happy as when at night he came home laden with game. He was an untiring
+wanderer."
+
+Perhaps it was not a very serious misfortune for Daniel Boone that his
+school instruction was so scanty, for, "in another kind of education,"
+says Mr. Peck,[5] "not unfrequent in the wilds of the West, he was an
+adept. No Indian could poise the rifle, find his way through the
+pathless forest, or search out the retreats of game, more readily than
+Daniel Boone. In all that related to Indian sagacity, border life, or
+the tactics of the skillful hunter, he excelled. The successful training
+of a hunter, or woodsman, is a kind of education of mental discipline,
+differing from that of the school-room, but not less effective in giving
+vigor to the mind, quickness of apprehension, and habits of close
+observation. Boone was regularly trained in all that made him a
+successful backwoodsman. Indolence and imbecility never produced a
+Simon Kenton, a Tecumthè, or a Daniel Boone. To gain the skill of an
+accomplished hunter requires talents, patience, perseverance, sagacity,
+and habits of thinking. Amongst other qualifications, knowledge of human
+nature, and especially of Indian character is indispensable to the
+pioneer of a wilderness. Add to these, self-possession, self-control,
+and promptness in execution. Persons who are unaccustomed to a frontier
+residence know not how much, in the preservation of life, and in
+obtaining subsistence, depends on such characteristics!"
+
+In the woods surrounding the little settlement of Exeter, Boone had
+ample opportunity for perfecting himself in this species of mental
+discipline, and of gaining that physical training of the limbs and
+muscles so necessary in the pursuits of the active hunter and pioneer.
+We have no record of his ever having encountered the Indians during his
+residence in Pennsylvania. His knowledge of their peculiar modes of
+hunting and war was to be attained not less thoroughly at a somewhat
+later period of life.
+
+[Footnote 1: "Pittsburg Gazette," quoted by Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The eldest, James, was killed by the Indians in 1773, and
+his son Israel was killed at the battle of Blue Licks, August 19th,
+1782.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Bogant gives 11th of February, 1735. Peck, February, 1735.
+Another account gives 1746 as the year of his birth, and Bucks County
+as his birth-place. The family record, in the hand writing of Daniel
+Boone's uncle, James, who was a school master, gives the 14th of July,
+1732.]
+
+[Footnote 4: "Adventures of Daniel Boone, the Kentucky Rifleman." By the
+author of "Uncle Philip's Conversations."]
+
+[Footnote 5: "Life of Daniel Boone" By John M. Peck.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+     Removal of Boone's father and family to North Carolina--Location on
+     the Yadkin River--Character of the country and the people--Byron's
+     description of the backwoodsman--Daniel Boone marries Rebecca
+     Bryan--His farmer life in North Carolina--State of the
+     country--Political troubles foreshadowed--Illegal fees and
+     taxes--Probable effect of this state of things on Boone's
+     mind--Signs of movement.
+
+
+When Daniel Boone was still a youth, his father emigrated to North
+Carolina. The precise date of this removal of the family residence is
+not known. Mr. Peck, an excellent authority, says it took place when
+Daniel was about eighteen years old. This would make it about the year
+1752.
+
+The new residence of Squire Boone, Daniel's father, was near Holman's
+Ford, on the Yadkin River, about eight miles from Wilkesboro'. The fact
+of the great backwoodsman having passed many years of his life there
+is still remembered with pride by the inhabitants of that region. The
+capital of Watauga County, which was formed in 1849, is named Boone, in
+honor of Daniel Boone. The historian of North Carolina[6] is disposed
+to claim him as a son of the State. He says: "In North Carolina Daniel
+Boone was reared. Here his youthful days were spent; and here that bold
+spirit was trained, which so fearlessly encountered the perils through
+which he passed in after life. His fame is part of her property, and she
+has inscribed his name on a town in the region where his youth was
+spent."
+
+"The character of Boone is so peculiar," says Mr. Wheeler, "that it
+marks the age in which he lived; and his name is celebrated in the
+verses of the immortal Byron:"
+
+   "Of all men--
+    Who passes for in life and death most lucky,
+    Of the great names which in our faces stare,
+    Is Daniel Boone, backwoodsman of Kentucky."
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+   "Crime came not near him--she is not the child
+    Of Solitude. Health shrank not from him, for
+    Her home is in the rarely-trodden wild."
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+   "And tall and strong and swift of foot are they,
+    Beyond the dwarfing city's pale abortions,
+    Because their thoughts had never been the prey
+    Of care or gain; the green woods were their portions:
+    No sinking spirits told them they grew gray,
+    No fashions made them apes of her distortions.
+    Simple they were, not savage; and their rifles,
+    Though very true, were not yet used for trifles."
+
+   "Motion was in their days, rest in their slumbers,
+    And cheerfulness the handmaid of their toil.
+    Nor yet too many nor too few their numbers;
+    Corruption could not make their hearts her soil;
+    The lust which stings, the splendor which encumbers,
+    With the free foresters divide no spoil;
+    Serene, not sullen, were the solitudes
+    Of this unsighing people of the woods.'"
+
+We quote these beautiful lines, because they so aptly and forcibly
+describe the peculiar character of Boone; and to a certain extent, as
+Mr. Wheeler intimates, his character was that of his times and of his
+associates.
+
+It was during the residence of the family on the banks of the Yadkin,
+that Boone formed the acquaintance of Rebecca Bryan, whom he married.[7]
+The marriage appears, by comparison of dates, to have taken place in the
+year 1755. "One almost regrets," says Mr. Peck, "to spoil so beautiful a
+romance, as that which has had such extensive circulation in the various
+'Lives of Boone,' and which represents him as mistaking the bright eyes
+of this young lady, in the dark, for those of a deer; a mistake that
+nearly proved fatal from the unerring rifle of the young hunter. Yet in
+truth, we are bound to say, that no such mistake ever happened. Our
+backwoods swains never make such mistakes."
+
+The next five years after his marriage, Daniel Boone passed in the quiet
+pursuits of a farmer's life, varied occasionally by hunting excursions
+in the woods. The most quiet and careless of the citizens of North
+Carolina were not unobservant, however, of the political aspect of the
+times. During this period the people, by their representatives in the
+Legislature, began that opposition to the Royal authority, which was in
+after years to signalize North Carolina as one of the leading Colonies
+in the Revolutionary struggle.
+
+The newly-appointed Royal Governor, Arthur Dobbs, arrived at Newbern in
+the autumn of 1754. "Governor Dobbs's administration of ten years," says
+the historian Wheeler, "was a continued contest between himself and the
+Legislature, on matters frivolous and unimportant. A high-toned temper
+for Royal prerogatives on his part, and an indomitable resistance of the
+Colonists ... The people were much oppressed by Lord Grenville's agents.
+They seized Corbin, his agent, who lived below Edenton, and brought him
+to Enfield, where he was compelled to give bond and security to produce
+his books and disgorge his illegal fees."
+
+This matter of illegal fees was part of a system of oppression, kindred
+to the famous Stamp Act--a system which was destined to grow more and
+more intolerable under Governor Tryon's administration, and to lead to
+the formation of the famous company of Regulators, whose resistance of
+taxation and tyranny was soon to convulse the whole State.
+
+We are by no means to suppose that Daniel Boone was an unobservant
+spectator of what was passing even at the time we are speaking of,
+nor that the doings of the tax-gatherers had nothing to do with his
+subsequent movements. He not only hated oppression, but he hated also
+strife and disturbance; and already began to long for a new migration
+into the distant woods and quiet intervals, where politics and the
+tax-gatherer should not intrude.
+
+The population in his neighborhood was increasing, and new settlements
+were being formed along the Yadkin and its tributary streams, and
+explorations were made to the northwest on the banks of the Holston and
+Clinch Rivers. The times were already beginning to exhibit symptoms of
+restlessness and stir among the people, which was soon to result in the
+formation of new States and the settlement of the far West.
+
+[Footnote 6: John H. Wheeler. "Historical Sketches of North Carolina."]
+
+[Footnote 7: The children by this marriage were nine in number. _Sons:_
+James, born in 1756, Israel, Jesse, Daniel, and Nathan. _Daughters_:
+Susan, Jemima, Lavinia, and Rebecca. The eldest, James, was killed, as
+will appear in our subsequent narrative, by the Indians, in 1773; and
+Israel fell in the battle of Blue Licks, May 17th, 1782. In 1846,
+Nathan, a captain in the United States service, was the only surviving
+son.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+     The Seven Years' War--Cherokee war--Period of Boone's first long
+     excursions to the West--Extract from Wheeler's History of
+     Tennessee--Indian accounts of the western country--Indian
+     traders--Their reports--Western
+     travelers--Doherty--Adair--Proceedings of the
+     traders--Hunters--Scotch traders--Hunters accompany the traders to
+     the West--Their reports concerning the country--Other
+     adventurers--Dr. Walker's expedition--Settlements in South-western
+     Virginia--Indian hostilities--Pendleton purchase--Dr. Walker's
+     second expedition--Hunting company of Walker and others--Boone
+     travels with them--Curious monument left by him.
+
+
+The reader will recollect that the period referred to in the last
+chapter, comprehended the latter years of the celebrated Seven Years'
+War. During the chief portion of this period, the neighboring Colony
+of Virginia suffered all the horrors of Indian war on its western
+frontier--horrors from which even the ability, courage, and patriotism
+of Washington were for a long time unable to protect them. The war was
+virtually terminated by the campaign of 1759, when Quebec was taken.
+The next year Canada was ceded to England; and a Cherokee war, which had
+disturbed the border setters of North Carolina, was terminated. Daniel
+Boone's biographers all agree that it was about this time when he first
+began to make long excursions toward the West; but it is difficult to
+fix exactly the date of his first long journey through the woods in
+this direction. It is generally dated in 1771 or 1772, We now make a
+quotation from Ramsay's Annals of Tennessee, which shows, beyond the
+possibility of a doubt, that he hunted on the Wataga River in 1760, and
+renders it probable that he was in the West at an earlier date. Our
+readers will excuse the length of this quotation, as the first part of
+it gives so graphic a picture of the hunter and pioneer life of the
+times of Daniel Boone, and also shows what had been done by others in
+western explorations before Boone's expeditions commenced.
+
+"The Colonists of the Carolinas and of Virginia had been steadily
+advancing to the West, and we have traced their approaches in the
+direction of our eastern boundary,[8] to the base of the great
+Appalachian range."
+
+Of the country beyond it, little was positively known or accurately
+understood. A wandering Indian would imperfectly delineate upon the
+sand, a feeble outline of its more prominent physical features--its
+magnificent rivers, with their numerous tributaries--its lofty
+mountains, its dark forests, its extended plains and its vast extent.
+A voyage in a canoe, from the source of the Hogohegee[9] to the
+Wabash,[10] required for its performance, in their figurative language,
+'two paddles, two warriors, three moons.' The Ohio itself was but a
+tributary of a still larger river, of whose source, size and direction,
+no intelligible account could be communicated or understood. The Muscle
+Shoals and the obstructions in the river above them, were represented
+as mighty cataracts and fearful whirlpools, and the Suck, as an awful
+vortex. The wild beasts with which the illimitable forests abounded,
+were numbered by pointing to the leaves upon the trees, or the stars
+in a cloudless sky.
+
+"These glowing descriptions of the West seemed rather to stimulate
+than to satisfy the intense curiosity of the approaching settlers.
+Information more reliable, and more minute, was, from time to time,
+furnished from other sources. In the Atlantic cities, accounts had been
+received from French and Spanish traders, of the unparalleled beauty and
+fertility of the western interior. These reports, highly colored and
+amplified, were soon received and known upon the frontier. Besides,
+persons engaged in the interior traffic with the south-western Indian
+tribes had, in times of peace, penetrated their territories--traded
+with and resided amongst the natives--and upon their return to the white
+settlements, confirmed what had been previously reported in favor of the
+distant countries they had seen. As early as 1690, Doherty, a trader
+from Virginia, had visited the Cherokees and afterward lived among them
+a number of years. In 1730, Adair, from South Carolina, had traveled,
+not only through the towns of this tribe, but had extended his tour
+to most of the nations south and west of them. He was not only an
+enterprising trader but an intelligent tourist. To his observations upon
+the several tribes which he visited, we are indebted for most that is
+known of their earlier history. They were published in London in 1775.
+
+"In 1740 other traders went among the Cherokees from Virginia. They
+employed Mr Vaughan as a packman, to transport their goods. West of
+Amelia County, the country was then thinly inhabited; the last hunter's
+cabin that he saw was on Otter River, a branch of the Staunton, now in
+Bedford County, Va. The route pursued was along the Great Path to the
+centre of the Cherokee nation. The traders and pack-men generally
+confined themselves to this path till it crossed the Little Tennessee
+River, then spreading themselves out among the several Cherokee villages
+west of the mountain, continued their traffic as low down the Great
+Tennessee as the Indian settlements upon Occochappo or Bear Creek, below
+the Muscle Shoals, and there encountered the competition of other
+traders, who were supplied from New Orleans and Mobile. They returned
+heavily laden with peltries, to Charleston, or the more northern
+markets, where they were sold at highly remunerating prices. A hatchet,
+a pocket looking-glass, a piece of scarlet cloth, a trinket, and other
+articles of little value, which at Williamsburg could be bought for a
+few shillings, would command from an Indian hunter on the Hiwasse or
+Tennessee peltries amounting in value to double the number of pounds
+sterling. Exchanges were necessarily slow, but the profits realized from
+the operation were immensely large. In times of peace this traffic
+attracted the attention of many adventurous traders. It became mutually
+advantageous to the Indian not less than to the white man. The trap and
+the rifle, thus bartered for, procured, in one day, more game to the
+Cherokee hunter than his bow and arrow and his dead-fall would have
+secured during a month of toilsome hunting. Other advantages resulted
+from it to the whites. They became thus acquainted with the great
+avenues leading through the hunting grounds and to the occupied country
+of the neighboring tribes--an important circumstance in the condition of
+either war or peace. Further, the traders were an exact thermometer of
+the pacific or hostile intention and feelings of the Indians with whom
+they traded. Generally, they were foreigners, most frequently Scotchmen,
+who had not been long in the country, or upon the frontier, who, having
+experienced none of the cruelties, depredation or aggressions of the
+Indians, cherished none of the resentment and spirit of retaliation born
+with, and everywhere manifested, by the American settler. Thus, free
+from animosity against the aborigines, the trader was allowed to remain
+in the village where he traded unmolested, even when its warriors were
+singing the war song or brandishing the war club, preparatory to an
+invasion or massacre of the whites. Timely warning was thus often given
+by a returning packman to a feeble and unsuspecting settlement, of the
+perfidy and cruelty meditated against it.
+
+"This gainful commerce was, for a time, engrossed by the traders; but
+the monopoly was not allowed to continue long. Their rapid accumulations
+soon excited the cupidity of another class of adventurers; and the
+hunter, in his turn, became a co-pioneer with the trader, in the march
+of civilization to the wilds of the West. As the agricultural population
+approached the eastern base of the Alleghanies, the game became scarce,
+and was to be found by severe toil in almost inaccessible recesses
+and coves of the mountain. Packmen, returning from their trading
+expeditions, carried with them evidences, not only of the abundance
+of game across the mountains, but of the facility with which it was
+procured. Hunters began to accompany the traders to the Indian towns;
+but, unable to brook the tedious delay of procuring peltries by traffic,
+and impatient of restraint, they struck boldly into the wilderness,
+and western-like, to use a western phrase, set up for themselves. The
+reports of their return, and of their successful enterprise, stimulated
+other adventurers to a similar undertaking. 'As early as 1748 Doctor
+Thomas Walker, of Virginia, in company with Colonels Wood, Patton and
+Buchanan, and Captain Charles Campbell, and a number of hunters, made an
+exploring tour upon the western waters. Passing Powel's valley, he gave
+the name of 'Cumberland' to the lofty range of mountains on the west.
+Tracing this range in a south-western direction, he came to a remarkable
+depression in the chain: through this he passed, calling it 'Cumberland
+Gap.' On the western side of the range he found a beautiful mountain
+stream, which he named 'Cumberland River,' all in honor of the Duke of
+Cumberland, then prime minister of England.[11] These names have ever
+since been retained, and, with Loudon, are believed to be the only names
+in Tennessee of English origin."
+
+"Although Fort Loudon was erected as early as 1756, upon the Tennessee,
+yet it was in advance of any white settlements nearly one hundred and
+fifty miles, and was destroyed in 1760. The fort, too, at Long Island,
+within the boundaries of the present State of Tennessee, were erected
+in 1758, but no permanent settlements had yet been formed near it.
+Still occasional settlers had begun to fix their habitations in the
+south-western section of Virginia, and as early as 1754, six families
+were residing west of New River. 'On the breaking out of the French war,
+the Indians, in alliance with the French, made an irruption into these
+settlements, and massacred Burke and his family. The other families,
+finding their situation too perilous to be maintained, returned to the
+eastern side of New River; and the renewal of the attempt to carry the
+white settlements further west, was not made until after the close of
+that war.'"[12]
+
+[Sidenote: 1756]
+
+"Under a mistaken impression that the Virginia line, when extended west,
+would embrace it, a grant of land was this year made, by the authorities
+of Virginia, to Edmund Pendleton, for three thousand acres of land,
+lying in Augusta County, on a branch of the middle fork of the Indian
+river called West Creek,[13] now Sullivan County, Tennessee."
+
+[Sidenote: 1760]
+
+In this year, Doctor Walker again passed over Clinch and Powell's
+River, on a tour of exploration into what is now Kentucky.
+
+[Sidenote: 1761]
+
+'The Cherokees were now at peace with the whites, and hunters from the
+back settlements began with safety to penetrate deeper and further into
+the wilderness of Tennessee. Several of them, chiefly from Virginia,
+hearing of the abundance of game with which the woods were stocked, and
+allured by the prospects of gain, which might be drawn from this source,
+formed themselves into a company, composed of Wallen, Scaggs, Blevins,
+Cox, and fifteen others, and came into the valley since known as
+Carter's Valley, in Hawkins County, Tennessee. They hunted eighteen
+mouths upon Clinch and Powell's Rivers. Wallen's Creek and Wallen's
+Ridge received their name from the leader of the company; as also did
+the station which they erected in the present Lee County, Virginia,
+the name of Wallen's station. They penetrated as far north as Laurel
+Mountain, in Kentucky, where they terminated their journey, having met
+with a body of Indians, whom they supposed to be Shawnees. At the head
+of one of the companies that visited the West this year 'came Daniel
+Boon, from the Yadkin, in North Carolina, and traveled with them as low
+as the place where Abingdon now stands, and there left them.'
+
+"This is the first time the advent of Daniel Boon to the western wilds
+has been mentioned by historians, or by the several biographers of that
+distinguished pioneer and hunter. There is reason, however, to believe
+that he had hunted upon Watauga earlier. The writer is indebted to N.
+Gammon, Esq., formerly of Jonesboro, now a citizen of Knoxville, for
+the following inscription, still to be seen upon a beech tree, standing
+in sight and east of the present stage-road, leading from Jonesboro to
+Blountsville, and in the valley of Boon's Creek, a tributary of Watauga:"
+
+              D. Boon
+           CillED A. BAR On
+                Tree
+               in ThE
+                yEAR
+                1760
+
+"Boon was eighty-six years old when he died, which was September, 1820.
+He was thus twenty-six years old when the inscription was made. When he
+left the company of hunters in 1761, as mentioned above by Haywood, it
+is probable that he did so to revisit the theatre of a former hunt upon
+the creek that still bears his name, and where his camp is still pointed
+out near its banks. It is not improbable, indeed, that he belonged to,
+or accompanied, the party of Doctor Walker, on his first, or certainly
+on his second, tour of exploration in 1760. The inscription is
+sufficient authority, as this writer conceives, to date the arrival of
+Boon in Tennessee as early as its date, 1760, thus preceding the
+permanent settlement of the country nearly ten years."
+
+It will be observed that the historian in this extract, spells Boon
+without the final _e_, following the orthography of the hunter, in his
+inscription on the tree. This orthography Boone used at a later period,
+as we shall show. But the present received mode of spelling the name is
+the one which we have adopted in this work.
+
+On a subsequent page of Wheeler's history, we find the following
+memorandum:
+
+"Daniel Boone, who still lived on the Yadkin, though he had previously
+hunted on the Western waters, came again this year to explore the
+country, being employed for this purpose by Henderson & Company.
+With him came Samuel Callaway, his kinsman, and the ancestor of the
+respectable family of that name, pioneers of Tennessee, Kentucky, and
+Missouri. Callaway was at the side of Boon when, approaching the spurs
+of the Cumberland Mountain, and in view of the vast herds of buffalo
+grazing in the valleys between them, he exclaimed, 'I am richer than the
+man mentioned in Scripture, who owned the cattle on a thousand hills;
+I own the wild beasts of more than a thousand valleys.'"
+
+After Boone and Callaway, came another hunter, Henry Scaggins, who was
+also employed by Henderson. He extended his explorations to the Lower
+Cumberland, and fixed his station at Mansco's Lick.
+
+We shall have occasion to speak more particularly of Henderson's company
+and Boone's connection with it; but we will first call the reader's
+attention to the state of affairs in North Carolina at this period, and
+their probable influence on the course pursued by Daniel Boone.
+
+[Footnote 8: That is, the eastern boundary of Tennessee, which was then
+a part of North Carolina.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Holston.]
+
+[Footnote 10: The Ohio was known many years by this name.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Monette. The Indian name of this range was Wasioto, and of
+the river, Shawnee.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Howe.]
+
+[Footnote 13: The original patent, signed by Governor Dinwiddie, and now
+in the possession of the writer, was presented to him by T.A.R. Nelson,
+Esq., of Jonesboro, Tennessee. It is probably the oldest grant in the
+State.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+     Political and social condition of North
+     Carolina--Taxes--Lawsuits--Ostentation and extravagance of
+     foreigners and government officers--Oppression of the
+     people--Murmurs--Open resistance--The Regulators--Willingness of
+     Daniel Boone and others to migrate, and their reasons--John
+     Finley's expedition to the West--His report to Boone--He determines
+     to join Finley in his next hunting tour--New company formed, with
+     Boone for leader--Preparations for starting--The party sets
+     out--Travels for a month through the wilderness--First sight of
+     Kentucky--Forming a camp--Hunting buffaloes and other game--Capture
+     of Boone and Stuart by the Indians--Prudent dissimulation--Escape
+     from the Indians--Return to the old camp--Their companions
+     lost--Boone and Stuart renew their hunting.
+
+
+There were many circumstances in the social and political condition
+of the State of North Carolina, during the period of Daniel Boone's
+residence on the banks of the Yadkin, which were calculated to render
+him restless and quite willing to seek a home in the Western wilderness.
+Customs and fashions were changing. The Scotch traders, to whom we
+have referred in the last chapter, and others of the same class were
+introducing an ostentatious and expensive style of living, quite
+inappropriate to the rural population of the colony. In dress and
+equipage, they far surpassed the farmers and planters; and they were not
+backward in taking upon themselves airs of superiority on this account.
+In this they were imitated by the officers and agents of the Royal
+government of the colony, who were not less fond of luxury and show.
+To support their extravagant style of living, these minions of power,
+magistrates, lawyers, clerks of court, and tax-gatherers, demanded
+exorbitant fees for their services. The Episcopal clergy, supported by a
+legalized tax on the people, were not content with their salaries, but
+charged enormous fees for their occasional services. A fee of fifteen
+dollars was exacted from the poor farmer for performing the marriage
+service. The collection of taxes was enforced by suits at law, with
+enormous expense; and executions, levies, and distresses were of
+every-day occurrence. All sums exceeding forty shillings were sued for
+and executions obtained in the courts, the original debt being saddled
+with extortionate bills of cost. Sheriffs demanded more than was due,
+under threats of sheriff's sales; and they applied the gains thus made
+to their own use. Money, as is always the case in a new country, was
+exceedingly scarce, and the sufferings of the people were intolerable.
+
+Petitions to the Legislature for a redress of grievances were treated
+with contempt. The people assembled and formed themselves into an
+association for _regulating_ public grievances and abuse of power.
+Hence the name given to them of Regulators. They resolved "to pay only
+such taxes as were agreeable to law and applied to the purpose therein
+named, to pay no officer more than his legal fees." The subsequent
+proceedings of the Regulators, such as forcible resistance to officers
+and acts of personal violence toward them, at length brought on an
+actual collision between them and an armed force led by the Royal
+Governor, Tryon (May 16 1771,) at Alamanance, in which the Regulators
+were defeated; and the grievances continued with scarcely abated force
+till the Revolution brought relief.
+
+Under these circumstances, it is not surprising that Daniel Boone and
+others were quite willing to migrate to the West, if it were only to
+enjoy a quiet life; the dangers of Indian aggression being less dreaded
+than the visits of the tax-gather and the sheriff; and the solitude
+of the forest and prairie being preferred to the society of insolent
+foreigners; flaunting in the luxury and ostentation purchased by the
+spoils of fraud and oppression.
+
+Among the hunters and traders who pursued their avocations in the
+Western wilds was John Finley, or Findley, who led a party of hunters
+in 1767 to the neighborhood of the Louisa River, as the Kentucky River
+was then called, and spent the season in hunting and trapping. On his
+return, he visited Daniel Boone, and gave him a most glowing description
+of the country which he had visited--a country abounding in the richest
+and most fertile land, intersected by noble rivers, and teeming with
+herds of deer and buffaloes and numerous flocks of wild turkeys, to say
+nothing of the smaller game. To these descriptions Boone lent a willing
+ear. He resolved to accompany Finley in his next hunting expedition, and
+to see this terrestrial paradise with his own eyes, doubtless with the
+intention of ultimately seeking a home in that delightful region.
+
+Accordingly, a company of six persons was formed for a new expedition to
+the West, and Boone was chosen as leader. The names of the other members
+of this party were John Finley, John Stuart, Joseph Holden, James
+Moncey, and William Cool.
+
+Much preparation seems to have been required. Boone's wife, who was one
+of the best of housekeepers and managers, had to fit out his clothes,
+and to make arrangements for house-keeping during his expected long
+absence. His sons were now old enough to assist their mother in the
+management of the farm, but, doubtless, they had to be supplied with
+money and other necessaries before the father could venture to leave
+home; so that it was not till the 1st of May, 1769, that the party were
+able to set out, as Boone, in his autobiography, expresses it, "in quest
+of the country of Kentucky."
+
+It was more than a month before these adventurers came in sight of the
+promised land. We quote from Mr. Peck's excellent work the description
+which undoubtedly formed the authority on which the artist has relied
+in painting the accompanying engraving of "Daniel Boone's first view of
+Kentucky." It is as follows:
+
+"It was on the 7th of June, 1769, that six men, weary and wayworn, were
+seen winding their way up the steep side of a rugged mountain in the
+wilderness of Kentucky. Their dress was of the description usually worn
+at that period by all forest rangers. The outside garment was a hunting
+shirt, or loose open frock, made of dressed deer skins. Leggings or
+drawers, of the same material, covered the lower extremities, to which
+was appended a pair of moccasins for the feet. The cape or collar of
+the hunting shirt, and the seams of the leggings, were adorned with
+fringes. The under garments were of coarse cotton. A leather belt
+encircled the body; on the right side was suspended the tomahawk, to be
+used as a hatchet: on the left side was the hunting-knife, powder-horn,
+bullet-pouch, and other appendages indispensable for a hunter. Each
+person bore his trusty rifle; and, as the party slowly made their
+toilsome way amid the shrubs, and over the logs and loose rocks that
+accident had thrown into the obscure trail which they were following,
+each man kept a sharp look-out, as though danger or a lurking enemy was
+near. Their garments were soiled and rent, the unavoidable result of
+long traveling and exposure to the heavy rains that had fallen; for the
+weather had been stormy and most uncomfortable, and they had traversed
+a mountainous wilderness for several hundred miles. The leader of the
+party was of full size, with a hardy, robust, sinewy frame, and keen,
+piercing, hazel eyes, that glanced with quickness at every object as
+they passed on, now cast forward in the direction they were traveling
+for signs of an old trail, and in the next moment directed askance
+into the dense thicket, or into the deep ravine, as if watching some
+concealed enemy. The reader will recognize in this man the pioneer
+Boone, at the head of his companions."
+
+[Illustration: BOONE'S FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY.]
+
+"Toward the time of the setting sun, the party had reached the summit
+of the mountain range, up which they had toiled for some three or four
+hours, and which had bounded their prospect to the west during the day.
+Here new and indescribable scenery opened to their view. Before them,
+for an immense distance, as if spread out on a map, lay the rich and
+beautiful vales watered by the Kentucky River; for they had now reached
+one of its northern branches. The country immediately before them, to
+use a Western phrase, was 'rolling,' and, in places, abruptly hilly; but
+far in the vista was seen a beautiful expanse of level country, over
+which the buffalo, deer, and other forest animals, roamed unmolested
+while they fed on the luxuriant herbage of the forest. The countenances
+of the party lighted up with pleasure, congratulations were exchanged,
+the romantic tales of Finley were confirmed by ocular demonstration, and
+orders were given to encamp for the night in a neighboring ravine. In a
+deep gorge of the mountain a large tree had fallen, surrounded with a
+dense thicket, and hidden from observation by the abrupt and precipitous
+hills. This tree lay in a convenient position for the back of their
+camp. Logs were placed on the right and left, leaving the front open,
+where fire might be kindled against another log; and for shelter from
+the rains and heavy dews, bark was peeled from the linden tree."
+
+This rude structure appears to have been the head-quarters of the
+hunters through the whole summer and autumn, till late in December.
+During this time, they hunted the deer, the bear, and especially the
+buffalo. The buffaloes were found in great numbers, feeding on the
+leaves of the cane, and the rich and spontaneous fields of clover.
+
+During this long period, they saw no Indians. That part of the country
+was not inhabited by any tribe at that time, although it was used
+occasionally as a hunting ground by the Shawanese, the Cherokees and the
+Chickesaws. The land at that time belonged to the colony of Virginia,
+which then included what is now called Kentucky. The title to the ground
+was acquired by a treaty with the Indians, Oct. 5th, 1770. The Iroquois,
+at the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768, had already ceded their doubtful
+claim to the land south of the Ohio River, to Great Britain; so that
+Boone's company of hunters were not trespassing upon Indian territory
+at this time.[14] But they were destined nevertheless to be treated as
+intruders.
+
+On the 22d of December, Boone and John Stuart, one of his companions,
+left their encampment, and following one of the numerous paths which the
+buffalo had made through the cane, they plunged boldly into the interior
+of the forest. They had as yet, as we have already stated, seen no
+Indians, and the country had been reported as totally uninhabited. This
+was true in a strict sense, for although, as we have seen, the southern
+and northwestern tribes were in the habit of hunting here as upon
+neutral ground, yet not a single wigwam had been erected, nor did the
+land bear the slightest mark of having ever been cultivated.
+
+The different tribes would fall in with each other and from the fierce
+conflicts which generally followed these casual rencounters, the country
+had been known among them by the name of '_the dark and bloody ground!_'
+
+The two adventurers soon learned the additional danger to which they
+were exposed. While roving carelessly from canebrake to canebrake, and
+admiring the rank growth of vegetation, and the variety of timber which
+marked the fertility of the soil, they were suddenly alarmed by the
+appearance of a party of Indians, who, springing from their place of
+concealment, rushed upon them with a rapidity which rendered escape
+impossible.
+
+They were almost instantly seized, disarmed, and made prisoners. Their
+feelings may be readily imagined. They were in the hands of an enemy who
+knew no alternative between adoption and torture; and the numbers and
+fleetness of their captors, rendered escape by open means impossible,
+while their jealous vigilance seemed equally fatal to any secret
+attempt.
+
+Boone, however, was possessed of a temper admirably adapted to the
+circumstances in which he was placed. Of a cold and saturnine, rather
+than an arden disposition, he was never either so much elevated by
+good fortune or depressed by bad, as to lose for an instant the full
+possession of all his faculties. He saw that immediate escape was
+impossible, but he encouraged his companion, and constrained himself
+to accompany the Indians in all their excursions, with so calm and
+contented an air, that their vigilance insensibly began to relax.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTURE OF BOONE AND STUART.]
+
+On the seventh evening of their captivity, they encamped in a thick
+canebrake, and having built a large fire, lay down to rest. The party
+whose duty it was to watch, were weary and negligent, and about
+midnight, Boone, who had not closed an eye, ascertained from the deep
+breathing all around him, that the whole party, including Stuart, was
+in a deep sleep.
+
+Gently and gradually extricating himself from the Indians who lay around
+him, he walked cautiously to the spot where Stuart lay, and having
+succeeded in awakening him, without alarming the rest, he briefly
+informed him of his determination, and exhorted him to arise, make no
+noise, and follow him. Stuart, although ignorant of the design, and
+suddenly roused from sleep, fortunately obeyed with equal silence and
+celerity, and within a few minutes they were beyond hearing.
+
+Rapidly traversing the forest, by the light of the stars and the bark
+of the trees, they ascertained the direction in which the camp lay, but
+upon reaching it on the next day, to their great grief, they found it
+plundered and deserted, with nothing remaining to show the fate of their
+companions: and even to the day of his death, Boone knew not whether
+they had been killed or taken, or had voluntarily abandoned their cabin
+and returned.[15]
+
+Indeed it has never been ascertained what became of Finley and the rest
+of Boone's party of hunters. If Finley himself had returned to Carolina,
+so remarkable a person would undoubtedly have left some trace of himself
+in the history of his time; but no trace exists of any of the party who
+were left at the old camp by Boone and Stuart. Boone and Stuart resumed
+their hunting, although their ammunition was running low, and they were
+compelled, by the now well-known danger of Indian hostilities, to seek
+for more secret and secure hiding-places at night than their old
+encampment in the ravine.
+
+The only kind of firearms used by the backwoods hunter is the rifle.
+In the use of this weapon Boone was exceedingly skillful. The following
+anecdote, related by the celebrated naturalist, Audubon,[16] shows that
+he retained his wonderful precision of aim till a late period of his
+life.
+
+"Barking off squirrels is delightful sport, and, in my opinion,
+requires a greater degree of accuracy than any other. I first witnessed
+this manner of procuring squirrels whilst near the town of Frankfort.
+The performer was the celebrated Daniel Boone. We walked out together,
+and followed the rocky margins of the Kentucky River, until we reached
+a piece of flat land thickly covered with black walnuts, oaks, and
+hickories. As the general mast was a good one that year, squirrels were
+seen gamboling on every tree around us. My companion, a stout, hale,
+and athletic man, dressed in a homespun hunting-shirt, bare-legged and
+moccasined, carried a long and heavy rifle, which, as he was loading it,
+he said had proved efficient in all his former undertakings, and which
+he hoped would not fail on this occasion, as he felt proud to show me
+his skill. The gun was wiped, the powder measured, the ball patched with
+six-hundred-thread linen, and the charge sent home with a hickory rod.
+We moved not a step from the place, for the squirrels were so numerous
+that it was unnecessary to go after them. Boone pointed to one of these
+animals which had observed us, and was crouched on a branch about fifty
+paces distant, and bade me mark well the spot where the ball should hit.
+He raised his piece gradually, until the _bead_ (that being the name
+given by the Kentuckians to the _sight_) of the barrel was brought to
+a line with the spot which he intended to hit. The whip-like report
+resounded through the woods and along the hills in repeated echoes.
+Judge of my surprise, when I perceived that the ball had hit the piece
+of the bark immediately beneath the squirrel, and shivered it into
+splinters, the concussion produced by which had killed the animal, and
+sent it whirling through the air, as if it had been blown up by the
+explosion of a powder magazine. Boone kept up his firing, and before
+many hours had elapsed, we had procured as many squirrels as we wished;
+for you must know that to load a rifle requires only a moment, and that
+if it is wiped once after each shot, it will do duty for hours. Since
+that first interview with our veteran Boone, I have seen many other
+individuals perform the same feat."
+
+[Footnote 14: Peck. Life of Boone.]
+
+[Footnote 15: McClung. "Western Adventures."]
+
+[Footnote 16: Ornithological Biography, pp. 293-4.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+     Arrival of Squire Boone and a companion at the camp of Daniel
+     Boone--Joyful meeting--News from home, and hunting resumed--Daniel
+     Boone and Stuart surprised by the Indians, Stuart killed--Escape
+     of Boone, and his return to camp--Squire Boone's companion lost
+     in the woods--Residence of Daniel Boone and Squire Boone in the
+     wilderness--Squire returns to North Carolina, obtains a fresh
+     supply of ammunition, and again rejoins his brother at the old
+     camp--Daniel Boone's own account of this remarkable period of his
+     life--His return to North Carolina--His determination to settle in
+     Kentucky--Other Western adventurers--The Long hunters--Washington
+     in Kentucky--Bullitt's party--Floyd's party--Thompson's
+     survey--First settlement of Tennessee.
+
+
+In the early part of the month of January, 1770, Boone and Stuart were
+agreeably surprised by the arrival of Squire Boone, the younger brother
+of Daniel, accompanied by another man, whose name has not been handed
+down. The meeting took place as they were hunting in the woods. The
+new-comers were hailed at a distance with the usual greeting, "'Holloa!
+strangers, who are you?" to which they answered, "White men and
+friends." And friends indeed they were--friends in need; for they
+brought a supply of ammunition, and news from Daniel Boone's home
+and family on the Yadkin. They had had a weary journey through the
+wilderness, and although they had met with no Indians on their way, they
+had frequently come upon their traces in passing through the woods.
+Their purpose in undertaking this formidable journey had been to learn
+the fate of Boone and his party, whose safety was nearly despaired of by
+his friends in North Carolina, to hunt for themselves, and to convey a
+supply of ammunition to Boone. It is difficult to conceive the joy with
+which their opportune arrival was welcomed. They informed Boone that
+they had just seen the last night's encampment of Stuart and himself,
+so that the joyful meeting was not wholly unanticipated by them.
+
+Thus reinforced, the party, now consisting of four skillful hunters,
+might reasonably hope for increased security, and a fortunate issue to
+their protracted hunting tour. But they hunted in separate parties; and
+in one of these Daniel Boone and Stuart fell in with a party of Indians,
+who fired upon them. Stuart was shot dead and scalped by the Indians,
+but Boone escaped in the forest, and rejoined his brother and the
+remaining hunter of the party.
+
+A few days afterward this hunter was lost in the woods, and did not
+return as usual to the camp. Daniel and Squire made a long and anxious
+search for him; but it was all in vain. Years afterward a skeleton was
+discovered in the woods, which was supposed to be that of the lost
+hunter.
+
+The two brothers were thus left in the wilderness alone, separated
+by several hundred miles from home, surrounded by hostile Indians,
+and destitute of every thing but their rifles. After having had such
+melancholy experience of the dangers to which they were exposed, we
+would naturally suppose that their fortitude would have given way, and
+that they would instantly have returned to the settlements. But the most
+remarkable feature in Boone's character was a calm and cold equanimity
+which rarely rose to enthusiasm and never sunk to despondence.
+
+His courage undervalued the danger to which he was exposed, and his
+presence of mind, which never forsook him, enabled him, on all occasions
+to take the best means of avoiding it. The wilderness, with all its
+dangers and privations, had a charm for him, which is scarcely
+conceivable by one brought up in a city; and he determined to remain
+alone while his brother returned to Carolina for an additional supply of
+ammunition, as their original supply was nearly exhausted. His situation
+we should now suppose in the highest degree gloomy and dispiriting. The
+dangers which attended his brother on his return were nearly equal to
+his own; and each had left a wife and children, which Boone acknowledged
+cost him many an anxious thought.
+
+But the wild and solitary grandeur of the country around him, where not
+a tree had been cut, nor a house erected, was to him an inexhaustible
+source of admiration and delight; and he says to himself, that some
+of the most rapturous moments of his life were spent in those lonely
+rambles. The utmost caution was necessary to avoid the savages, and
+scarcely less to escape the ravenous hunger of the wolves that prowled
+nightly around him in immense numbers. He was compelled frequently to
+shift his lodging, and by undoubted signs, saw that the Indians had
+repeatedly visited his hut during his absence. He some times lay in
+canebrakes without fire, and heard the yells of the Indians around him.
+Fortunately, however, he never encountered them.[17]
+
+Mr. Perkins, in his Annals of the West, speaking of this sojourn
+of the brothers in the wilderness, says: And now commenced that most
+extraordinary life on the part of these two men which has, in a great
+measure, served to give celebrity to their names; we refer to their
+residence, entirely alone, for more than a year, in a land filled with
+the most subtle and unsparing enemies, and under the influence of no
+other motive, apparently, than a love of adventure, of Nature, and of
+solitude. Nor were they, during this time, always together. For three
+months, Daniel remained amid the forest utterly by himself, while his
+brother, with courage and capacity equal to his own, returned to North
+Carolina for a supply of powder and lead; with which he succeeded in
+rejoining the roamer of the wilderness in safety in July, 1770.
+
+It is almost impossible to conceive of the skill, coolness, and sagacity
+which enabled Daniel Boone to spend so many weeks in the midst of the
+Indians, and yet undiscovered by them. He appears to have changed his
+position continually--to have explored the whole centre of what forms
+now the State of Kentucky, and in so doing must have exposed himself to
+many different parties of the natives. A reader of Mr. Cooper's Last of
+the Mohicans may comprehend, in some measure, the arts by which he was
+preserved; but, after all, a natural gift seems to lie at the basis of
+such consummate woodcraft; an instinct, rather than any exercise of
+intellect, appears to have guided Boone in such matters, and made him
+pre-eminent among those who were most accomplished in the knowledge
+of forest life. Then we are to remember the week's captivity of the
+previous year; it was the first practical acquaintance that the pioneer
+had with the Western Indians, and we may be assured he spent that week
+in noting carefully the whole method of his captors. Indeed, we think
+it probable he remained in captivity so long that he might learn their
+arts, stratagems, and modes of concealment. We are, moreover, to keep in
+mind this fact: the woods of Kentucky were at that period filled with
+a species of nettle of such a character that, being once bent down,
+it did not recover itself, but remained prostrate, thus retaining the
+impression of a foot almost like snow--even a turkey might be tracked
+in it with perfect ease. This weed Boone would carefully avoid, but the
+natives, numerous and fearless, would commonly pay no regard to it, so
+that the white hunter was sure to have palpable signs of the presence
+of his enemies, and the direction they had taken. Considering these
+circumstances, it is even more remarkable that his brother should have
+returned in safety, with his loaded horses, than that he remained alone
+unharmed; though in the escape of both from captivity or death from
+January, 1770, until their return to the Atlantic rivers in March, 1771,
+there is something so wonderful that the old pioneer's phrase, that he
+was "an instrument ordained to settle the wilderness," seems entirely
+proper.
+
+Daniel Boone's own account of this period of his life, contained in his
+autobiography, is highly characteristic. It is as follows:
+
+"Thus situated, many hundred miles from our families in the howling
+wilderness, I believe few would have equally enjoyed the happiness we
+experienced. I often observed to my brother, 'You see now how little
+nature requires to be satisfied. Felicity, the companion of content,
+is rather found in our own breasts than in the enjoyment of external
+things; and I firmly believe it requires but a little philosophy to
+make a man happy in whatsoever state he is. This consists in a full
+resignation to Providence, and a resigned soul finds pleasure in a
+path strewed with briers and thorns.'
+
+"We continued not in a state of indolence, but hunted every day,
+and prepared a little cottage to defend us from the winter storms. We
+remained there undisturbed during the winter; and on the first of May,
+1770, my brother returned home to the settlement by himself for a new
+recruit of horses and ammunition, leaving me by myself, without bread,
+salt, or sugar, without company of my fellow-creatures, or even a
+horse or dog. I confess I never before was under greater necessity of
+exercising philosophy and fortitude. A few days I passed uncomfortably.
+The idea of a beloved wife and family, and their anxiety on account of
+my absence and exposed situation, made sensible impressions on my heart.
+A thousand dreadful apprehensions presented themselves to my view, and
+had undoubtedly disposed me to melancholy if further indulged.
+
+"One day I undertook a tour through the country, and the diversity and
+beauties of Nature I met with in this charming season expelled every
+gloomy and vexatious thought. Just at the close of day the gentle gales
+retired, and left the place to the disposal of a profound calm. Not
+a breeze shook the most tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit of a
+commanding ridge, and, looking round with astonishing delight, beheld
+the ample plains, the beauteous tracts below. On the other hand, I
+surveyed the famous river Ohio, that rolled in silent dignity, marking
+the western boundary of Kentucky with inconceivable grandeur. At a
+vast distance I beheld the mountains lift their venerable brows, and
+penetrate the clouds. All things were still. I kindled a fire near a
+fountain of sweet water, and feasted on the loin of a buck, which a few
+hours before I had killed. The fallen shades of night soon overspread
+the whole hemisphere, and the earth seemed to gape after the hovering
+moisture. My roving excursion this day had fatigued my body, and
+diverted my imagination. I laid me down to sleep, and I awoke not until
+the sun had chased away the night. I continued this tour, and in a few
+days explored a considerable part of the country, each day equally
+pleased as the first. I returned to my old camp, which was not disturbed
+in my absence. I did not confine my lodging to it, but often reposed in
+thick canebrakes to avoid the savages, who, I believe, often visited
+my camp, but fortunately for me in my absence. In this situation I was
+constantly exposed to danger and death. How unhappy such a situation for
+a man tormented with fear, which is vain if no danger comes, and, if it
+does, only augments the pain. It was my happiness to be destitute of
+this afflicting passion, with which I had the greatest reason to be
+affected. The prowling wolves diverted my nocturnal hours with perpetual
+howlings; and the various species of animals in this vast forest in the
+daytime were continually in my view.
+
+"Thus I was surrounded with plenty in the midst of want. I was happy
+in the midst of dangers and inconveniences. In such a diversity it was
+impossible I should be disposed to melancholy. No populous city, with
+all the varieties of commerce and stately structures, could afford so
+much pleasure to my mind as the beauties of Nature I found here.
+
+"Thus, through an uninterrupted scene of sylvan pleasures, I spent the
+time until the 27th day of July following, when my brother, to my great
+felicity, met me according to appointment, at our old camp. Shortly
+after we left this place, not thinking it safe to stay there any longer,
+and proceeded to Cumberland River, reconnoitering that part of the
+country until March, 1771, and giving names to the different waters.
+
+"Soon after, I returned home to my family, with a determination to bring
+them as soon as possible to live in Kentucky, which I esteemed a second
+paradise, at the risk of my life and fortune.
+
+"I returned safe to my old habitation, and found my family in happy
+circumstances."
+
+This extract is taken from the autobiography of Daniel Boone, written
+from his own dictation by John Filson, and published in 1784. Some
+writers have censured this production as inflated and bombastic. To us
+it seems simple and natural; and we have no doubt that the very words of
+Boone are given for the most part. The use of glowing imagery and strong
+figures is by no means confined to highly-educated persons. Those who
+are illiterate, as Boone certainly was, often indulge in this style.
+Even the Indians are remarkably fond of bold metaphors and other
+rhetorical figures, as is abundantly proved by their speeches and
+legends.
+
+While Boone had been engaged in his late hunting tour, other adventurers
+were examining the rich lands south of the Ohio.[18] Even in 1770, while
+Boone was wandering solitary in those Kentucky forests, a band of forty
+hunters, led by Colonel James Knox, had gathered from the valleys of
+New River, Clinch, and Holston, to chase the buffaloes of the West; nine
+of the forty had crossed the mountains, penetrated the desert and almost
+impassable country about the heads of the Cumberland, and explored the
+region on the borders of Kentucky and Tennessee. This hunting party,
+from the length of time it was absent, is known in the traditions of
+the West as the party of the Long Hunters. While these bold men were
+penetrating the valley of the Ohio, in the region of the Cumberland Gap,
+others came from Virginia and Pennsylvania, by the river; among them,
+and in the same year, that the Long Hunters were abroad, (1770), came no
+less noted a person than George Washington. His attention, as we have
+before said, had been turned to the lands along the Ohio, at a very
+early period; he had himself large claims, as well as far-reaching plans
+of settlement, and he wished with his own eyes to examine the Western
+lands, especially those about the mouth of the Kanawha. From the journal
+of his expedition, published by Mr. Sparks, in the Appendix to the
+second volume of his Washington Papers, we learn some valuable facts in
+reference to the position of affairs in the Ohio valley at that time.
+We learn, for instance, that the Virginians were rapidly surveying and
+settling the lands south of the river as far down as the Kanawhas; and
+that the Indians, notwithstanding the treaty of Fort Stanwix, were
+jealous and angry at this constant invasion of their hunting-grounds.
+
+"This jealousy and anger were not supposed to cool during the years
+next succeeding, and when Thomas Bullitt and his party descended the
+Ohio in the summer of 1773, he found that no settlements would be
+tolerated south of the river, unless the Indian hunting-grounds were
+left undisturbed. To leave them undisturbed was, however, no part of
+the plan of these white men.
+
+"This very party, which Bullitt led, and in which were the two McAfees,
+Hancock, Taylor, Drennon and others, separated, and while part went up
+the Kentucky River, explored the banks, and made important surveys,
+including the valley in which Frankfort stands, the remainder went on to
+the Falls, and laid out, in behalf of John Campbell and John Connolly,
+the plan of Louisville. All this took place in the summer of 1773; and
+in the autumn of that year, or early in the next, John Floyd, the deputy
+of Colonel William Preston, the surveyor of Fincastle County, Virginia,
+in which it was claimed that Kentucky was comprehended, also crossed the
+mountains; while General Thompson of Pennsylvania, made surveys upon
+the north fork of the Licking. When Boone, therefore, in September,
+commenced his march for the West, (as we shall presently relate), the
+choice regions which he had examined three years before, were known
+to numbers, and settlers were preparing to desecrate the silent and
+beautiful woods. Nor did the prospects of the English colonists stop
+with the settlements of Kentucky. In 1773, General Lyman, with a number
+of military adventurers, went to Natchez and laid out several townships
+in that vicinity; to which point emigration set so strongly, that we are
+told, four hundred families passed down the Ohio on their way thither,
+during six weeks of the summer of that year."[19]
+
+[Footnote 17: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Perkins. "Annals of the West."]
+
+[Footnote 19: Perkins, "Annals of the West."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+     Daniel Boone remains two years in North Carolina after his return
+     from the West--He prepares to emigrate to Kentucky--Character of
+     the early settlers to Kentucky--The first class, hunters--The
+     second class, small farmers--The third class, men of wealth and
+     government officers.
+
+
+Daniel Boone had now returned to his home on the banks of the Yadkin,
+after an absence of no less than two years, during which time he had
+not tasted, as he remarks in his autobiography, either salt, sugar, or
+bread. He must have enjoyed, in no ordinary degree, the comforts of
+home. Carolina, however, was to be his home but for a short time. He had
+fully determined to go with his family to Kentucky, and settle in that
+lovely region. He was destined to found a State.
+
+After Boone's return to North Carolina, more than two years passed away
+before he could complete the arrangements necessary for removing his
+family to Kentucky. He sold his farm on the Yadkin, which had been for
+many years under cultivation, and no doubt brought him a sum amply
+sufficient for the expenses of his journey and the furnishing of a new
+home in the promised land. He had, of course, to overcome the natural
+repugnance of his wife and children to leave the home which had become
+dear to them; and he had also to enlist other adventurers to accompany
+him. And here we deem it proper, before entering upon the account of his
+departure, to quote from a contemporary,[20] some general remarks on
+the character of the early settlers of Kentucky.
+
+"Throughout the United States, generally, the most erroneous notions
+prevail with respect to the character of the first settlers of Kentucky;
+and by several of the American novelists, the most ridiculous uses have
+been made of the fine materials for fiction which lie scattered over
+nearly the whole extent of that region of daring adventure and romantic
+incident. The common idea seems to be, that the first wanderers to
+Kentucky were a simple, ignorant, low-bred, good-for-nothing set of
+fellows, who left the frontiers and sterile places of the old States,
+where a considerable amount of labor was necessary to secure a
+livelihood, and sought the new and fertile country southeast of the Ohio
+River and northwest of the Cumberland Mountains, where corn would
+produce bread for them with simply the labor of planting, and where the
+achievements of their guns would supply them with meat and clothing; a
+set of men who, with that instinct which belongs to the beaver, built a
+number of log cabins on the banks of some secluded stream, which they
+surrounded with palisades for the better protection of their wives and
+children, and then went wandering about, with guns on their shoulders,
+or traps under their arms, leading a solitary, listless, _ruminating_
+life, till aroused by the appearance of danger, or a sudden attack from
+unseen enemies, when instantly they approved themselves the bravest of
+warriors, and the most expert of strategists. The romancers who have
+attempted to describe their habits of life and delineate their
+characters, catching this last idea, and imagining things probable of
+the country they were in, have drawn the one in lines the most grotesque
+and absurd, and colored the other with a pencil dipped in all hues but
+the right. To them the early pioneers appear to have been people of a
+character demi-devil, demi-savage, not only with out the remains of
+former civilization, but without even the recollection that they had
+been born and bred where people were, at the least, measurably sane,
+somewhat religiously inclined, and, for the most, civilly behaved.
+
+"Both of these conceptions of the character of the Pioneer Fathers are,
+to a certain extent, correct as regards _individuals_ among them; but
+the pictures which have often been given us, even when held up beside
+such _individuals_, will prove to be exaggerations in more respects than
+one. Daniel Boone is an individual instance of a man plunging into the
+depths of an unknown wilderness, shunning rather than seeking contact
+with his kind, his gun and trap the only companions of his solitude,
+and wandering about thus for months,"
+
+   "'No mark upon the tree, nor print, nor track,
+    To lead him forward, or to guide him back.'"
+
+"contented and happy; yet, for all this, if those who knew him well had
+any true conception of his character, Boone was a man of ambition, and
+shrewdness, and energy, and fine social qualities, and extreme sagacity.
+And individual instances there _may_ have been--though even this
+possibility is not sustained by the primitive histories of those
+times--of men who were so far _outre_ to the usual course of their
+kind, as to have afforded originals for the _Sam Huggs_ the _Nimrod
+Wildfires_, the _Ralph Stackpoles_, the _Tom Bruces_, and the
+_Earthquakes_, which so abound in most of those fictions whose _locale_
+is the Western country. But that naturalist who should attempt, by ever
+so minute a description of a pied blackbird, to give his readers a
+correct idea of the _Gracula Ferruginea_ of ornithologists, would not
+more utterly fail of accomplishing his object, than have the authors
+whose creations we have named, by delineating such individual
+instances--by holding up, as it were, such _outre_ specimens of an
+original class--failed to convey any thing like an accurate impression
+of the habits, customs, and general character of the western pioneers.
+
+"Daniel Boone, and those who accompanied him into the wildernesses of
+Kentucky, had been little more than hunters in their original homes,
+on the frontiers of North Carolina; and, with the exception of their
+leader, but little more than hunters did they continue after their
+emigration. The most glowing accounts of the beauty and fertility of
+the country northwest of the Laurel Ridge, had reached their ears from
+Finley and his companions; and they shouldered their guns, strapped
+their wallets upon their backs and wandered through the Cumberland Gap
+into the dense forests, and thick brakes, and beautiful plains which
+soon opened upon their visions, more to indulge a habit of roving, and
+gratify an excited curiosity, than from any other motive; and, arrived
+upon the head-waters of the Kentucky, they built themselves rude log
+cabins, and spent most of their lives in hunting and eating, and
+fighting marauding bands of Indians. Of a similar character were the
+earliest Virginians, who penetrated these wildernesses. The very first,
+indeed, who wandered from the parent State over the Laurel Ridge, down
+into the unknown regions on its northwest, came avowedly as hunters and
+trappers; and such of them as escaped the tomahawk of the Indian, with
+very few exceptions, remained hunters and trappers till their deaths.
+
+"But this first class of pioneers was not either numerous enough,
+or influential enough, to stamp its character upon the after-coming
+hundreds; and the second class of immigrants into Kentucky was composed
+of very different materials. Small farmers from North Carolina,
+Virginia, and Pennsylvania, for the most part, constituted this; and
+these daring adventurers brought with them intelligent and aspiring
+minds, industrious and persevering habits, a few of the comforts of
+civilized life, and some of the implements of husbandry. A number of
+them were men who had received the rudiments of an English education,
+and not a few of them had been reared up in the spirit, and a sincere
+observance of the forms, of religious worship. Many, perhaps most of
+them, were from the frontier settlements of the States named; and these
+combined the habits of the hunter and agriculturist, and possessed, with
+no inconsiderable knowledge of partially refined life, all that boldness
+and energy, which subsequently became so distinctive a trait of the
+character of the early settlers.
+
+"This second class of the pioneers, or at least the mass of those who
+constituted it, sought the plains and forests, and streams of Kentucky,
+not to indulge any inclination for listless ramblings; nor as hunters or
+trappers; nor yet for the purpose of gratifying an awakened curiosity:
+they came deliberately, soberly, thoughtfully, _in search of a home_,
+determined, from the outset, to win one, or perish in the attempt; they
+came to cast their lot in a land that was new, to better their worldly
+condition by the acquisition of demesnes, to build up a new commonwealth
+in an un-peopled region; they came with their wives, and their children,
+and their kindred, from places where the toil of the hand, and the sweat
+of the brow, could hardly supply them with bread, to a land in which
+ordinary industry would, almost at once, furnish all the necessaries of
+life, and when it was plain well-directed effort would ultimately secure
+its ease, its dignity, and its refinements. Poor in the past, and with
+scarce a hope, without a change of place, of a better condition of
+earthly existence, either for themselves or their offspring, they saw
+themselves, _with_ that change, rich in the future, and looked forward
+with certainty to a time when their children, if not themselves, would
+be in a condition improved beyond compare.
+
+"There was also a third class of pioneers, who in several respects
+differed as much from either the first or the second class, as these
+differed from each other. This class was composed, in great part, of men
+who came to Kentucky after the way had been in some measure prepared for
+immigrants, and yet before the setting in of that tide of population
+which, a year or two after the close of the American Revolution, poured
+so rapidly into these fertile regions from several of the Atlantic
+States. In this class of immigrants, there were many gentlemen of
+education, refinement, and no inconsiderable wealth; some of whom came
+to Kentucky as surveyors, others as commissioners from the parent State,
+and others again as land speculators; but most of them as _bona fide_
+immigrants, determined to pitch their tents in the Great West, at once
+to become _units_ of a new people, and to grow into affluence, and
+consideration, and renown, with the growth of a young and vigorous
+commonwealth.
+
+"Such were the founders of Kentucky; and in them we behold the elements
+of a society inferior, in all the essentials of goodness and greatness,
+to none in the world. First came the hunter and trapper, to trace the
+river courses, and spy out the choice spots of the land; then came the
+small farmer and the hardy adventurer, to cultivate the rich plains
+discovered, and lay the nucleuses of the towns and cities, which were
+so soon, and so rapidly, to spring up; and then came the surveyor, to
+mark the boundaries of individual possessions and give civil shape and
+strength to the unformed mass, the speculator to impart a new activity
+and keenness to the minds of men, and the chivalrous and educated
+gentleman, to infuse into the crude materials here collected together,
+the feelings and sentiments of refined existence, and to mold them into
+forms of conventional beauty and social excellence. Kentucky now began
+to have a _society_, in which were the sinews of war, the power of
+production, and the genius of improvement; and from this time, though
+still harassed, as she had been from the beginning, by the inroads of
+a brave and determined enemy on her north, her advancement was regular
+and rapid."
+
+[Footnote 20: W.D. Gallagher, "Hesperian," Vol. II., p 89.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+     Daniel Boone sets out for Kentucky with his family and his brother
+     Squire Boone--Is joined by five families and forty men at Powell's
+     Valley--The party is attacked by Indians and Daniel Boone's oldest
+     son is killed--The party return to the settlements on Clinch
+     River--Boone, at the request of Governor Dunmore, goes to the West
+     and conducts a party of surveyors to Virginia--Boone receives the
+     command of three garrisons and the commission of Captain--He takes
+     a part in the Dunmore war--Battle of Point Pleasant and termination
+     of the war.
+
+
+Having completed all his arrangements for the journey, on the 25th of
+September, 1774, Daniel Boone, with his wife and children, set out on
+his journey to the West. He was accompanied by his brother, Squire
+Boone; and the party took with them cattle and swine, with a view to
+the stocking of their farms, when they should arrive in Kentucky.
+Their bedding and other baggage was carried by pack-horses.
+
+At a place called Powel's Valley, the party was reinforced by another
+body of emigrants to the West consisting of five families and no less
+than forty able-bodied men; well armed and provided with provisions and
+ammunition.
+
+They now went on in high spirits, "camping out" every night in woods,
+under the shelter of rude tents constructed with poles covered with
+bed-clothes. They thus advanced on their journey without accident or
+alarm, until the 6th of October, when they were approaching a pass in
+the mountains, called Cumberland Gap. The young men who were engaged
+in driving the cattle had fallen in rear of the main body a distance
+of five or six miles, when they were suddenly assailed by a party of
+Indians, who killed six of their number and dispersed the cattle in the
+woods. A seventh man escaped with a wound. The reports of the musketry
+brought the remainder of the party to the rescue, who drove off the
+Indians and buried the dead. Among the slain was the oldest son of
+Daniel Boone.
+
+A council was now held to determine on their future proceedings.
+Notwithstanding the dreadful domestic misfortune which he had
+experienced in the loss of his son, Daniel Boone was for proceeding to
+Kentucky; in this opinion he was sustained by his brother and some of
+the other emigrants; but most of them were so much disheartened by the
+misfortune they had met with, that they insisted on returning; and Boone
+and his brother yielding to their wishes, returned to the settlement on
+the Clinch River, in the south-western part of Virginia, a distance of
+forty miles from the place where they had been surprised by the Indians.
+
+Here Boone was obliged to remain with his family for the present; but he
+had by no means relinquished his design of settling in Kentucky. This
+delay, however, was undoubtedly a providential one; for in consequence
+of the murder of the family of the Indian chief Logan, a terrible Indian
+war, called in history the Dunmore War, was impending, which broke out
+in the succeeding year, and extended to that part of the West to which
+Boone and his party were proceeding, when they were turned back by the
+attack of the Indians.
+
+In this war Daniel Boone was destined to take an active part. In his
+autobiography, already quoted, he says:
+
+"I remained with my family on Clinch until the 6th of June, 1774, when I
+and one Michael Stoner were solicited by Governor Dunmore, of Virginia,
+to go to the Falls of the Ohio, to conduct into the settlement a number
+of surveyors that had been sent thither by him some months before; this
+country having about this time drawn the attention of many adventurers.
+We immediately complied with the governor's request, and conducted in
+the surveyors, completing a tour of eight hundred miles, through many
+difficulties, in sixty-two day.
+
+"Soon after I returned home, I was ordered to take command of three
+garrisons, during the campaign which Governor Dunmore carried on against
+the Shawanese Indians."
+
+These three garrisons were on the frontier contiguous to each other;
+and with the command of them Boone received a commission as captain.
+
+We quote from a contemporary an account of the leading events of this
+campaign, and of the battle of Point Pleasant, which may be said to
+have terminated the war. Whether Boone was present at this battle is
+uncertain; but his well-known character for ability and courage, renders
+it probable that he took a part in the action.
+
+The settlers, now aware that a general warfare would be commenced by
+the Indians, immediately sent an express to Williamsburg, the seat of
+government in Virginia, communicating their apprehensions, and
+soliciting protection.
+
+The Legislature was in session at the time, and it was immediately
+resolved upon to raise an army of about three thousand men, and march
+into the heart of the Indian country.
+
+One half of the requisite number of troops was ordered to be raised in
+Virginia, and marched under General Andrew Lewis across the country to
+the mouth of the Kenhawa; and the remainder to be rendezvoused at Fort
+Pitt, and be commanded by Dunmore in person, who proposed to descend the
+Ohio and join Lewis at the place mentioned, from where the combined
+army was to march as circumstances might dictate at the time.
+
+By the 11th of September the troops under General Lewis, numbering about
+eleven hundred men, were in readiness to leave. The distance across to
+the mouth of the Kenhawa, was near one hundred and sixty miles through
+an unbroken wilderness. A competent guide was secured, the baggage
+mounted on pack horses, and in nineteen days they arrived at the place
+of destination.
+
+The next morning after the arrival of the army at Point Pleasant, as the
+point of land at the junction of the Kenhawa and the Ohio was called,
+two men were out some distance from the camp, in pursuit of a deer, and
+were suddenly fired upon by a large body of Indians; one was killed,
+and the other with difficulty retreated back to the army; who hastily
+reported "that he had seen a body of the enemy covering four acres of
+ground, as closely as they could stand by the side of each other."
+
+General Lewis was a remarkably cool and considerate man; and upon being
+informed of this, "after deliberately lighting his pipe," gave orders
+that the regiment under his brother, Colonel Charles Lewis, and another
+under Colonel Fleming, should march and reconnoiter the enemy, while he
+would place the remainder of the troops in order for battle. The two
+regiments marched without delay, and had not proceeded more than four
+hundred yards when they were met by the Indians, approaching for the
+same purpose. A skirmish immediately ensued, and before the contest had
+continued long, the colonels of the two regiments fell mortally wounded,
+when a disorder in the ranks followed, and the troops began a
+precipitate retreat; but almost at this moment another regiment under
+Colonel Field arriving to their aid and coming up with great firmness to
+the attack effectually checked the savages in the pursuit, and obliged
+them in turn to give way till they had retired behind a breastwork of
+logs and brush which they had partially constructed.
+
+Lewis, on his arrival at the place, had encamped quite on the point of
+land between the Ohio and Kenhawa, and having moved but a short distance
+out to the attack, the distance across from river to river was still but
+short. The Indians soon extending their ranks entirely across, had the
+Virginians completely hemmed in, and in the event of getting the better
+of them, had them at their disposal, as there could have been no chance
+for escape.
+
+Never was ground maintained with more obstinacy; for it was slowly, and
+with no precipitancy, that the Indians retired to their breastwork. The
+division under Lewis was first broken, although that under Fleming was
+nearly at the same moment attacked. This heroic officer first received
+two balls through his left wrist, but continued to exercise his command
+with the greatest coolness and presence of mind. His voice was
+continually heard, "Don't lose an inch of ground. Advance, outflank the
+enemy, and get between them and the river." But his men were about to
+be outflanked by the body that had just defeated Lewis; meanwhile the
+arrival of Colonel Field turned the fortune of the day, but not without
+a severe loss; Colonel Fleming was again wounded, by a shot through the
+lungs; yet he would not retire, and Colonel Field was killed as he was
+leading on his men. The whole line of the breastwork now became as a
+blaze of fire, which lasted nearly till the close of the day. Here the
+Indians under Logan, Cornstock, Elenipsico, Red-Eagle, and other mighty
+chiefs of the tribes of the Shawneese, Delawares, Mingos, Wyandots,
+and Cayugas, amounting, as was supposed, to fifteen hundred warriors,
+fought, as men will ever do for their country's wrongs, with a bravery
+which could only be equaled. The voice of the great Cornstock was often
+heard during the day, above the din of strife, calling on his men in
+these words: "Be strong! Be strong!" And when by the repeated charges
+of the whites, some of his warriors began to waver, he is said to have
+sunk his tomahawk into the head of one who was basely endeavoring to
+desert. General Lewis, finding at length that every charge upon the
+lines of the Indians lessened the number of his forces to an alarming
+degree, and rightly judging that if the Indians were not routed before
+it was dark, a day of more doubt might follow, he resolved to throw
+a body, if possible, into their rear. As the good fortune of the
+Virginians turned, the bank of the river favored this project, and
+forthwith three companies were detached upon the enterprise, under the
+three captains, Isaac Shelby (after renowned in the revolution, and
+since in the war with Canada,) George Matthews, and John Stewart. These
+companies got unobserved to their place of destination upon Crooked
+Creek, which runs into the Kenhawa. From the high weeds upon the bank of
+this little stream, they rushed upon the backs of the Indians with such
+fury, as to drive them from their works with precipitation. The day was
+now decided. The Indians, thus beset from a quarter they did not expect,
+were ready to conclude that a reinforcement had arrived. It was about,
+sunset when they fled across the Ohio, and immediately took up their
+march for their towns on the Scioto.
+
+Of the loss of both Indians and whites in this engagement, various
+statements have been given. A number amounting to seventy-five killed,
+and one hundred and forty wounded of the whites, has been rendered; with
+a loss on part of the Indians not so great, but not correctly known.[21]
+This was the severest battle ever fought with the Indians in Virginia.
+Shortly after this battle the Indians sent messengers to Governor
+Dunmore, suing for peace, and a treaty was accordingly concluded.
+In this treaty the Indians surrendered all claim to Kentucky. The Six
+Nations had already done the same thing at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix
+in 1768. The Cherokees had sold their claims to Henderson's company; so
+that when Boone settled in Kentucky it was effectually cleared of all
+Indian titles.
+
+[Footnote 21: "History of the Backwoods."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+     The militia discharged--Captain Boone returns to his
+     family--Henderson's company--Various companies of emigrants to
+     Kentucky--Bounty lands--Harrod's party builds the first log-cabin
+     erected in Kentucky, and founds Harrodsburg--Proceedings of
+     Henderson's company--Agency of Captain Boone--He leads a company to
+     open a road to Kentucky River--Conflicts with the Indians--Captain
+     Boone founds Boonesborough--His own account of this expedition--His
+     letter to Henderson--Account of Colonel Henderson and the
+     Transylvania Company--Failure of the scheme--Probability of Boone
+     having been several years in the service of Henderson.
+
+
+On the conclusion of Dunmore's war, the militia were discharged from
+service, the garrisons which had been under Captain Daniel Boone's
+command were broken up, and he once more returned to his family, who
+were still residing on Clinch River. But he was not long permitted to
+remain comparatively idle. Captain Boone's character as an able officer
+and a bold pioneer, was now well known and appreciated by the public.
+The marks of confidence bestowed on him by Governor Dunmore rendered
+him one of the most conspicuous men in the Southern colonies, and his
+services were soon to be put in requisition by the most considerable and
+remarkable of all the parties of adventurers who ever sought a home in
+the West. This was Henderson's company, called the Transylvania Company,
+to whose proceedings we shall presently refer.
+
+Between 1769 and 1773, various associations of men were formed, in
+Virginia and North Carolina, for visiting the newly-discovered regions
+and locating lands; and several daring adventurers, at different times
+during this period, penetrated to the head-waters of the Licking River,
+and did some surveying; but it was not till the year 1774 that the
+whites obtained any permanent foothold in Kentucky. From this year,
+therefore, properly dates the commencement of the early settlements of
+the State.[22]
+
+The first great impetus given to adventure in Kentucky was by the bounty
+in Western land given by Virginia to the officers and soldiers of her
+own troops who had served in the British army in the old war in Canada
+between the English and French. These lands were to be surveyed on the
+Ohio River, and its tributaries, by the claimants thus created, who
+had the privilege of selecting them wherever they pleased within the
+prescribed regions. The first locations were made upon the Great Kenawha
+in the year 1772, and the next on the south side of the Ohio itself the
+following year. During this year, likewise, extensive tracts of land
+were located on the north fork of the Licking, and surveys made of
+several salt-licks, and other choice spots. But 1774 was more signalized
+than had been any preceding year by the arrival, in the new "land of
+promise," of the claimants to portions of its territory, and the
+execution of surveys. Among the hardy adventurers who descended the Ohio
+this year and penetrated to the interior of Kentucky by the river of
+that name, was James Harrod, who led a party of Virginians from the
+shores of the Monongahela. He disembarked at a point still known as
+"Harrod's Landing," and, crossing the country in a direction nearly
+west, paused in the midst of a beautiful and fertile region, and _built
+the first log-cabin_ ever erected in Kentucky, on or near the site of
+the present town of Harrodsburg. This was in the spring, or early part
+of the summer, of 1774.[23]
+
+The high-wrought descriptions of the country north west of the Laurel
+Ridge, which were given by Daniel Boone upon his return to North
+Carolina after his first long visit to Kentucky, circulated with
+great rapidity throughout the entire State, exciting the avarice of
+speculators and inflaming the imaginations of nearly all classes of
+people. The organization of several companies, for the purpose of
+pushing adventure in the new regions and acquiring rights to land, was
+immediately attempted; but that which commenced under the auspices of
+Colonel Richard Henderson, a gentleman of education and means, soon
+engaged public attention by the extent and boldness of its scheme, and
+the energy of its movements; and either frightened from their purpose,
+or attracted to its own ranks, the principal of those individuals who
+had at first been active in endeavoring to form other associations.
+
+The whole of that vast extent of country lying within the natural
+boundaries constituted by the Ohio, Kentucky, and Cumberland rivers, was
+at this time claimed by a portion of the Cherokee Indians, who resided
+within the limits of North Carolina; and the scheme of Henderson's
+Company was nothing less than to take possession of this immense
+territory, under color of a purchase from those Indians, which they
+intended to make, and the preliminary negotiations for which were opened
+with the Cherokees, through the agency of Daniel Boone, as soon as the
+company was fully organized. Boone's mission to the Indians having been
+attended with complete success, and the result thereof being conveyed
+to the company, Colonel Henderson at once started for Fort Wataga, on
+a branch of the Holston River, fully authorized to effect the purchase;
+and here, on the 17th of March, 1775, he met the Indians in solemn
+council, delivered them a satisfactory consideration in merchandise,
+and received a deed signed by their head chiefs.
+
+The purchase made, the next important step was to take possession of the
+territory thus acquired. The proprietors were not slow to do this, but
+immediately collected a small company of brave and hardy men, which
+they sent into Kentucky, under the direction of Daniel Boone, to open a
+road from the Holston to the Kentucky River, and erect a Station at the
+mouth of Otter Creek upon this latter.
+
+After a laborious and hazardous march through the wilderness, during
+which four men were killed, and five others wounded, by trailing and
+skulking parties of hostile Indians, Boone and his company reached the
+banks of the Kentucky on the first of April, and descending this some
+fifteen miles, encamped upon the spot where Boonesborough now stands.
+Here the bushes were at once cut down, the ground leveled, the nearest
+trees felled, the foundations laid for a fort, and the first settlement
+of Kentucky commenced.
+
+Perhaps the reader would like to see Boone's own account of these
+proceedings. Here is the passage where he mentions it in his
+autobiography. He has just been speaking of Governor Dunmore's war
+against the Shawanese Indians: "After the conclusion of which, he says,
+the militia was discharged from each garrison, and I being relieved from
+my post, was solicited by a number of North Carolina gentlemen, that
+were about purchasing the lands lying on the South side of Kentucky
+River from the Cherokee Indians, to attend their treaty at Wataga, in
+March, 1775, to negotiate with them, and mention the boundaries of the
+purchase. This I accepted; and at the request of the same gentlemen,
+undertook to mark out a road in the best passage through the wilderness
+to Kentucky, with such assistance as I thought necessary to employ for
+such an important undertaking?
+
+"I soon began this work, having collected a number of enterprising men,
+well armed. We proceeded with all possible expedition until we came
+within fifteen miles of where Boonesborough now stands, and where we
+were fired upon by a party of Indians, that killed two, and wounded two
+of our number; yet, although surprised and taken at a disadvantage,
+we stood our ground. This was on the twentieth of March, 1775. Three
+days after we were fired upon again, and had two men killed and three
+wounded. Afterward we proceeded on to Kentucky River without opposition,
+and on the fifth day of April began to erect the fort of Boonesborough
+at a salt-lick, about sixty yards from the river, on the south side."
+
+"On the fourth day, the Indians killed one of our men. We were busily
+engaged in building the fort, until the fourteenth day of June
+following, without any further opposition from the Indians."
+
+In addition to this account by Captain Boone, we have another in a sort
+of official report made by him to Colonel Richard Henderson, the head
+of the company in whose service Boone was then employed. It is cited by
+Peck in his Life of Boone, as follows:
+
+
+"April 15th, 1775.
+
+"Dear Colonel: After my compliments to you, I shall acquaint you with
+our misfortune. On March the 25th a party of Indians fired on my company
+about half an hour before day, and killed Mr. Twitty and his negro, and
+wounded Mr. Walker very deeply but I hope he will recover.
+
+"On March the 28th, as we were hunting for provisions, we found Samuel
+Tate's son, who gave us an account that the Indians fired on their camp
+on the 27th day. My brother and I went down and found two men killed and
+scalped, Thomas McDowell and Jeremiah McPeters. I have sent a man down
+to all the lower companies in order to gather them all to the mouth
+of Otter Creek. My advice to you, sir, is to come or send as soon as
+possible. Your company is desired greatly, for the people are very
+uneasy, but are willing to stay and venture their lives with you; and
+now is the time to flusterate their (the Indians) intentions, and keep
+the country whilst we are in it. If we give way to them now, it will
+ever be the case This day we start from the battle-ground for the mouth
+of Otter Creek, where we shall immediately erect a fort, which will be
+done before you can come or send; then we can send ten men to meet you
+if you send for them.
+
+"I am, sir, your most obedient,
+
+"DANIEL BOONE.
+
+"N.B.--We stood on the ground and guarded our baggage till day, and lost
+nothing. We have about fifteen miles to Cantuck, at Otter Creek."
+
+Colonel Henderson was one of the most remarkable men of his time.
+He was born in Hanover County, Virginia, April 20th, 1735, the same year
+with Boone. He studied law, and was appointed judge of the Superior
+Court of North Carolina under the Colonial government. The troubled
+times of the Regulators shut up the courts of justice. In 1774 he
+engaged in his grand scheme of founding the republic of Transylvania,
+and united with him John Williams, Leonard Hendly Bullock, of Granville;
+William Johnston, James Hogg, Thomas Hart, John Lutterell, Nathaniel
+Hart, and David Hart, of Orange County, in the company which made the
+purchase of the immense tract of lands above referred to.
+
+The company took possession of the lands on the 20th of April, 1775; the
+Indians appointing an agent to deliver them according to law.
+
+The Governor of North Carolina, Martin, issued his proclamation in 1775,
+declaring this purchase illegal. The State subsequently granted 200,000
+acres to the company in lieu of this.
+
+The State of Virginia declared the same, but granted the company a
+remuneration of 200,000 acres, bounded by the Ohio and Green rivers. The
+State of Tennessee claimed the lands, but made a similar grant to the
+company in Powell's Valley. Thus, though the original scheme of founding
+an independent republic failed, the company made their fortunes by the
+speculation. Henderson died at his seat in Granville, January 30, 1785,
+universally beloved and respected.
+
+What makes Henderson and his company particularly interesting to the
+admirers of Daniel Boone is, the strong probability that the purchase of
+the Cherokees was made on his representation and by his advice. This is
+the opinion of Judge Hall and of Mr. Peck, who also believe that Boone
+was already in the service of Henderson when he made his long journey
+to Kentucky. "This theory," says Mr. Peck, "explains why his brother,
+Squire Boone, came out with supplies, and why they examined the country
+so fully and particularly between the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers."
+
+[Footnote 22: Gallagher.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Gallagher.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+     Description of the Old Fort at Boonesborough--Usual methods of
+     fortification against the Indians--Arrival of more settlers at
+     Boonesborough--Captain Boone returns to the Clinch River to
+     bring out his family--He enlists new emigrants and starts for
+     Kentucky--Reinforced by a large party at Powell's Valley--Arrival
+     at Boonesborough--Arrival of many new settlers at Boonesborough and
+     Harrod's settlement--Arrival of Kenton, Floyd, the McAfees, and
+     other distinguished persons--Arrival of Colonel Richard Callaway.
+
+
+As the old fort at Boonesborough became so celebrated in the Indian
+wars which followed its erection, our readers may be curious to know
+what sort of structure it was. "We have accordingly copied from a
+print in Collins' Historical Sketches of Kentucky a view of the fort,
+from a drawing made by Colonel Henderson himself, and the following
+description: 'It was situated adjacent to the river, with one of the
+angles resting on its bank near the water, and extending from it in the
+form of a parallelogram. The length of the fort, allowing twenty feet
+for each cabin and opening, must have been about two hundred and sixty,
+and the breadth one hundred and fifty feet. In a few days after the work
+was commenced, one of the men was killed by the Indians.' The houses,
+being built of hewn logs, were bullet proof. They were of a square
+form, and one of them projected from each corner, being connected by
+stockades. The remaining space on the four sides, as will be seen by
+the engraving, was filled up with cabins erected of rough logs, placed
+close together. The gates were on opposite sides, made of thick slabs
+of timber, and hung on wooden hinges. This was in accordance with the
+fashion of the day."
+
+"A fort, in those rude military times," says Butler,[24] "consisted of
+pieces of timber sharpened at the end and firmly lodged in the ground:
+rows of these pickets enclosed the desired space, which embraced the
+cabins of the inhabitants. A block-house or more, of superior care and
+strength, commanding the sides of the fort, with or without a ditch,
+completed the fortifications or Stations, as they were called. Generally
+the sides of the interior cabins formed the sides of the fort. Slight as
+this advance was in the art of war, it was more than sufficient against
+attacks of small arms in the hands of such desultory warriors, as their
+irregular supply of provisions necessarily rendered the Indians. Such
+was the nature of the military structures of the provision against their
+enemies. They were ever more formidable in the canebrakes and in the
+woods than before even these imperfect fortifications."
+
+We have seen in Boone's own account that the fort at Boonesborough was
+completed on the 14th of June, 1774. The buildings necessary for the
+accommodation and safety of the little colony, and of the relatives and
+friends by whom they expected to be joined during the summer and fall,
+were completed about this time. Colonel Henderson, Mr. John Luttrell,
+and Mr. Nathaniel Hart, three of the proprietors, arrived at the
+station, which was now named Boonesborough, in compliment to the
+intrepid pioneer. These gentlemen brought out with them between thirty
+and forty new settlers, a goodly number of pack-horses, and some of
+the necessaries of civilized life; and the Station, upon which various
+improvements were soon made, at once became quite a bustling, life-like,
+important _military_ place. Much pleased with the manner in which he had
+commenced the settlement of a new commonwealth, and laid the foundations
+of what he doubted not was soon to become a great city, Boone took a
+part of his men and returned to the settlement on Clinch River, for the
+purpose of setting an example to others by moving out his own family.
+
+The daring pioneer was now in high spirits, and more than ever
+enraptured with the deep forests and rich plains of Kentucky. He sounded
+their praises without intermission among the settlers on Clinch River,
+and soon induced a number of persons to agree to accompany him on his
+return to Boonesborough. He then went about making his domestic
+arrangements, for a final removal to Kentucky, with great energy; and
+these being soon completed, in September or October he turned his back
+upon his old home forever, and started with his family and a few
+followers toward that which his unsurpassed daring and rude skill had
+prepared for them in a new land. In Powell's Valley he found Hugh
+McGary, Richard Hogan, and Thomas Denton, with their families and
+followers, awaiting his arrival. His companions, as now increased,
+amounted to twenty-six men, four women, and four or five boys and girls,
+perhaps half grown; and placing himself at the head of this interesting
+little colony, he proudly led it through the Cumberland Gap into the
+wilderness beyond, where it was destined to be the germ of a great
+State.
+
+When this party had arrived at the head of Dick's River, McGary, Denton,
+and Hogan, with their families and a few followers, separated themselves
+from the rest, and struck through the forest for the spot where Harrod
+and his Monongahelians had built their cabin the year before. Boone,
+with the main body of the party, continued his original course, and
+in due time arrived safely at Boonesborough; "and Mrs. Boone and her
+daughter," it is always recorded with an air of pleasant exultation by
+the admirers of the old pioneer, "were the earliest white women in that
+region, and the first of their sex and color that ever stood upon the
+banks of the wild and beautiful Kentucky."
+
+During the latter part of the year 1775, a great many adventurers and
+surveyors, principally from Virginia and North Carolina, made their
+appearance in Kentucky; and for all such, Boonesborough was a place
+of general rendezvous. Some united themselves to Boone's colony, and
+remained permanently at his Station: others clustered abound Harrod's
+Old Cabin, and the Fort which had by this time been erected by Logan,
+and made "improvements" in the vicinity of each; but most of them
+returned to their several homes after having made such locations and
+surveys as they thought proper. Among those by whom Boone was visited
+in the course of this year, were several men who have subsequently
+rendered very important services in the settlement of the West, and
+attained great and deserved celebrity: such were Simon Kenton, John
+Floyd, the four brothers McAfee, and others. A tolerably good road,
+sufficient for the passage of pack-horses in single file, had been
+opened from the settlements on the Holston to Boonesborough, by the
+party which Boone led out early in the following spring; and this
+now became the thoroughfare for other adventurers, a number of whom
+removed their families from North Carolina to Kentucky, and settled
+at Boonesborough, during the fall and winter of this year. Colonel
+Richard Callaway was one of these; and there were others of equal
+respectability.
+
+[Footnote 24: History of Kentucky.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+     Disturbed state of the country in 1775--Breaking out of
+     the Revolutionary war--Exposed situation of the Kentucky
+     settlements--Hostility of the Indians excited by the British--First
+     political convention in the West--Capture of Boone's daughter and
+     the daughters of Colonel Callaway by the Indians--Their rescue by a
+     party led by Boone and Callaway--Increased caution of the colonists
+     at Boonesborough--Alarm and desertion of the Colonies in the West
+     by land speculators and other adventurers--A reinforcement of
+     forty-five men from North Carolina arrive at Boonesborough--Indian
+     attack on Boonesborough in April--Another attack in July--Attack
+     on Logan's Fort, and siege--Attack on Harrodsburg.
+
+
+The reader will not fail to remark that the period at which Daniel Boone
+commenced the settlement of Kentucky, was the most eventful one in the
+history of our country. In the year 1775 hostilities between Great
+Britain and her American Colonies commenced at Lexington and Concord,
+and the whole country was mustering in arms at the time when Boone and
+the other western emigrants were forming settlements four hundred miles
+beyond the frontiers of Virginia and the Carolinas. Encouraged by the
+treaty of Lord Dunmore with the Indians in 1774, and knowing the Indian
+titles to the lands they were occupying to have been extinguished, they
+naturally counted on an unmolested possession of the region they were
+settling. But in this expectation they were sorely disappointed. The
+English officers and agents in the northwest were indefatigable in
+stimulating the Indians to attack the American colonists in every
+quarter. They supplied them with arms and ammunition, bribed them with
+money, and aided and encouraged them to attack the feeble settlements in
+Kentucky and Tennessee. But Providence overruled these circumstances for
+the benefit of the Western country. "The settlement of Kentucky led to
+the conquest of the British posts in Illinois and Indiana, in 1778, and
+eventually threw the wide valleys of the West under control of the
+American Union."[25]
+
+The settlers in Kentucky in 1775, were still acting under the belief
+that the claims purchased by Henderson and Company from the Cherokees
+were valid, and that "the Proprietors of the Colony of Transylvania"
+were really founding a political State. Under this impression they
+took leases from the Company, and in the course of the year, eighteen
+delegates assembled in convention at Boonesborough, and acknowledged the
+Company as lawful proprietors, "established courts of justice, and rules
+for proceeding therein; also a militia law, a law for the preservation
+of game, and for appointing civil and militia officers."[26] This was
+the first political convention ever held in the Western Valley for the
+formation of a free government.[27]
+
+The winter and spring of 1776[28] were passed by the little colony
+of Boonesborough in hunting, fishing, clearing the lands immediately
+contiguous to the station, and putting in a crop of corn. The colonists
+were molested but once by their enemies during the winter, when one man
+was killed by a small band of marauding Indians, who suddenly appeared
+in the vicinity, and as suddenly departed.
+
+In the middle summer month, an incident of a thrilling character
+occurred, which cast a deep but only momentary shadow upon the little
+society of Boonesborough. This was the capture, by some skulking Indians
+belonging to a numerous band who were now prowling through the woods and
+brakes of Kentucky, and occasionally approaching the settlements for the
+purpose of plunder, of three young females, members of the families of
+Boone and Callaway.
+
+This incident, which has been taken as the ground-work of two or three
+western fictions, and also had thrown around it all the warm coloring of
+romance, by writers professing to deal only with the authentic, is thus
+briefly related in the papers of Colonel John Floyd, as quoted by Mr.
+Butler:
+
+"On the 7th of July, 1776, the Indians took out of a canoe which was
+in the river, within sight of Boonesborough, Miss Betsey Callaway, her
+sister Frances, and a daughter of Daniel Boone. The last two were about
+thirteen or fourteen years of age, and the other grown.
+
+"The affair happened late in the afternoon, and the spoilers left the
+canoe on the opposite side of the river from us, which prevented our
+getting over for some time to pursue them. Next morning by daylight we
+were on the track, but found they had totally prevented our following
+them by walking some distance apart through the thickest cane they could
+find. We observed their course, however, and on which side they had left
+their sign, and traveled upward of thirty miles. We then imagined that
+they would be less cautious in traveling, and made a turn in order to
+cross their trace, and had gone but a few miles before we found their
+tracks in a buffalo-path.
+
+"Pursuing this for the distance of about ten miles, we overtook them
+just as they were kindling a fire to cook. Our study had been more to
+get the prisoners without giving their captors time to murder them after
+they should discover us, than to kill the Indians.
+
+"We discovered each other nearly at the same time. Four of our party
+fired, and then all rushed upon them, which prevented their carrying
+any thing away except one shot-gun without any ammunition. Mr. Boone and
+myself had a pretty fair shot, just as they began to move off. I am well
+convinced I shot one through; the one he shot dropped his gun, mine had
+none."
+
+[Illustration: CAPTURE OF BOONE'S DAUGHTER.]
+
+"The place was very thick with cane; and being so much elated on
+recovering the three little broken-hearted girls, prevented our making
+any further search. We sent them off without moccasins, and not one of
+them with so much as a knife or a tomahawk."
+
+Although the people of the little colony of Boonesborough were not
+aware of the fact at the time, the marauding Indians who thus captured
+Miss Boone and the Misses Callaway, as they were amusing themselves by
+paddling about the foot of the rock in the canoe, were one of the many
+scouting parties of Indians who were scattered about watching all the
+different settlements in Kentucky, and preparing to attack them. The
+incident of the capture of the girls spread an alarm, and guards were
+stationed to defend the hands who were engaged in cultivating the
+ground.
+
+Toward autumn the alarm of Indian hostilities, and the knowledge that
+war was raging throughout the Colonies east of the mountains, excited
+so much alarm, that some three hundred land speculators and other
+adventurers deserted the Western country and returned to their old
+homes.[29]
+
+With the exception of the capture of the young girls mentioned
+above, no incident is recorded as having disturbed the tranquility of
+Boonesborough during the year 1776. An occasional immigrant added a new
+member to its little society, who assisted in the labors of the hardy
+colonists on the surrounding grounds. But its numbers received no
+considerable increase till the following summer, when (25th July, 1777,)
+a party of immigrants from North Carolina, consisting of forty-five men,
+arrived in the country, and took up their first abode in the wilderness
+at Boonesborough.
+
+This was a fortunate circumstance for that station, and great cause of
+rejoicing among all the settlements, for there were none of them that
+had not been much molested by the Indians since the opening of spring,
+and one or two of them had undergone long and regular Indian sieges.
+
+Boonesborough had been surrounded by about one hundred of the enemy,
+as early as the middle of April, 1777, and fiercely attacked. But the
+Indians were so warmly received by the garrison on this occasion, that
+they in a very little time withdrew, having killed one of the settlers,
+and wounded four others. Their own loss could not be ascertained.
+
+Increased to two hundred warriors, this party had returned to the attack
+of Boonesborough on the fourth of July.[30] On the present occasion,
+having sent detachments to alarm and annoy the neighboring settlements,
+in order that no reinforcements should be sent to Boonesborough, the
+Indians encamped about the place, with the object of attempting its
+reduction by a regular siege. After a close and vigorous attack for two
+days and nights, in which they succeeded in killing but one man and
+wounding four others, the Indians, losing all hope of success, suddenly,
+and with great clamor, raised the siege, and disappeared in the adjacent
+forest. Their own loss was seven warriors, whose fall was noted from the
+fort.
+
+After this attack, Boonesborough was disturbed no more by the Indians
+during the year. Had it been after the arrival of the immigrants above
+referred to, it would, in all probability, have taught its indefatigable
+enemies a lesson such as they had never then received at the hands of
+the Kentuckians.
+
+But notwithstanding these two considerable attacks, and the "signs"
+of Indians in the surrounding forests for the whole summer, the men
+continued to clear the lands adjacent to the Station, and to cultivate
+corn and garden vegetables, some always keeping a vigilant look-out
+while the others labored. For supplies of meat they depended upon the
+forests, each of the men taking his turn as a hunter, at great hazard.
+
+Meantime, the other settlements in Kentucky had suffered attacks
+from the Indians. Logan's Fort was invested by a force of one hundred
+Indians on the 20th of May, 1777, and after sustaining a vigorous
+siege for several days, was finally relieved by the timely arrival of
+a reinforcement commanded by Colonel Bowman. On the 7th of March, 1777,
+the fort at Harrodsburg, then called Harrodstown, was assailed by a body
+of Indians, but they were speedily driven off, one of their number being
+killed. The whites had four men wounded, one of whom afterward died of
+his wounds.
+
+[Footnote 25: Peck. "Life of Daniel Boone."]
+
+[Footnote 26: Butler. "History of Kentucky."]
+
+[Footnote 27: Peck. "Life of Daniel Boone."]
+
+[Footnote 28: Mr. Peck mentions the spring of 1776, as the date of the
+arrival at Boonesborough of Colonel Richard Callaway, and an intimate
+friend of Boone, with his family, and the family of Benjamin Logan, who
+had returned for them the preceding autumn.]
+
+[Footnote 29: Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Gallagher.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+     Arrival of George Rogers Clark in Kentucky--Anecdote of his
+     conversation with Ray--Clark and Jones chosen as delegates for the
+     Colonies to the Virginia Legislature--Clark's important services in
+     obtaining a political organization for Kentucky, and an abundant
+     supply of gunpowder from the government of Virginia--Great labor
+     and difficulty in bringing the powder to Harrodstown--Clark's
+     expedition against Kaskaskias--Surprise and capture of their
+     fort--Perilous and difficult march to Vincennes--Surprise and
+     capture of that place--Extension of the Virginian
+     settlements--Erection of Fort Jefferson.
+
+
+Among the most celebrated pioneers of the West, was General George
+Rogers Clark, who, at the time we are now writing of, bore the rank of
+Major. Anxious for the protection of the Western settlements, he was
+already planning his celebrated conquest of the British posts in the
+northwest.
+
+He first came to Kentucky in 1775, and penetrated to Harrodsburg, which
+had been reoccupied by Colonel Harrod. In this visit, from his well
+known and commanding talents, he was voluntarily placed in command
+of the irregular troops then in Kentucky In the fall he returned to
+Virginia, and came back again to Kentucky in 1776. Mr. Butler relates
+the following anecdote, received from the lips of General Ray, as having
+occurred with General Clark upon his second visit: "I had come down,"
+said General Ray, "to where I now live (about four miles north of
+Harrodsburg), to turn some horses in the range. I had killed a small
+blue-wing duck that was feeding in my spring, and had roasted it nicely
+on the brow of the hill, about twenty steps east of my house. After
+having taken it off to cool, I was much surprised on being suddenly
+accosted by a fine soldierly-looking man, who exclaimed, 'How do you do,
+my little fellow? What is your name? Ain't you afraid of being in the
+woods by yourself?' On satisfying his inquiries, I invited the traveler
+to partake of my duck, which he did, without leaving me a bone to pick,
+his appetite was so keen, though he should have been welcome to all the
+game I could have killed, when I afterward became acquainted with his
+noble and gallant soul." After satisfying his questions, he inquired of
+the stranger his own name and business in this remote region. "My name
+is Clark," he answered, "and I have come out to see what you brave
+fellows are doing in Kentucky, and to lend you a helping hand if
+necessary." General Ray, then a boy of sixteen, conducted Clark to
+Harrodsburg, where he spent his time in observation on the condition
+and prospects of the country, natural to his comprehensive mind, and
+assisting at every opportunity in its defense.
+
+At a general meeting of the settlers at Harrodstown, on the 6th of June,
+1775, General George Rogers Clark, and Gabriel John Jones, were chosen
+to represent them in the Assembly of Virginia.
+
+This, however, was not precisely the thing contemplated by Clark.[31]
+He wished that the people should appoint _agents_, with general powers
+to _negotiate_ with the government of Virginia, and in the event that
+that commonwealth should refuse to recognize the colonists as within its
+jurisdiction and under its protection, he proposed to employ the lands
+of the country as a fund to obtain settlers and establish an independent
+State. The election had, however, gone too far to change its object when
+Clark arrived at Harrodstown, and the gentlemen elected, although aware
+that the choice could give them no seat in the legislature, proceeded to
+Williamsburg, at that time the seat of government. After suffering the
+most severe privations in their journey through the wilderness, the
+delegates found, on their arrival in Virginia, that the Legislature had
+adjourned, whereupon Jones directed his steps to the settlements on the
+Holston, and left Clark to attend to the Kentucky mission alone.
+
+He immediately waited on Governor Henry, then lying sick at his
+residence in Hanover County, to whom he stated the objects of his
+journey. These meeting the approbation of the governor, he gave Clark a
+letter to the Executive Council of the State. "With this letter in his
+hand he appeared before the council, and after acquainting them fully
+with the condition and circumstances of the colony, he made application
+for five hundred-weight of gunpowder for the defense of the various
+stations. But with every disposition to assist and promote the growth of
+these remote and infant settlements, the council felt itself restrained
+by the uncertain and indefinite state of the relations existing between
+the colonists and the state of Virginia, from complying fully with his
+demand. The Kentuckians had not yet been recognized by the Legislature
+as citizens, and the proprietary claimants, Henderson & Co., were at
+this time exerting themselves to obtain from Virginia, a relinquishment
+of her jurisdiction over the new territory. The council, therefore,
+could only afford to _lend_ the gunpowder to the colonists as
+_friends_, not _give_ it to them as _fellow-citizens_."[32]
+
+At the same time, they required Clark to be personally responsible for
+its value, in the event the Legislature should refuse to recognize the
+Kentuckians as citizens, and in the mean time to defray the expense of
+its conveyance to Kentucky. Upon these terms he did not feel at liberty
+to accept the proffered assistance. He represented to the Council, that
+the emissaries of the British were employing every means to engage the
+Indians in the war; that the people in the remote and exposed Stations
+of Kentucky might be exterminated for the want of a supply which he, a
+private individual, had at so much hazard and hardship, sought for their
+relief, and that when this frontier bulwark was thus destroyed, the fury
+of the savages would burst like a tempest upon the heads of their own
+citizens.
+
+To these representations, however, the Council remained inexorable; the
+sympathy for the frontier settlers was deep, but the assistance already
+offered was a stretch of power, and they could go no further. The keeper
+of the public magazine was directed to deliver the powder to Clark; but
+having long reflected on the situation, prospects, and resources of the
+new country, his resolution to reject the assistance, on the proposed
+conditions, was made before he left the Council chamber.
+
+He determined to repair to Kentucky, as he had at first contemplated, to
+exert the resources of the country for the formation of an _independent
+State_. He accordingly returned the order of the Council in a letter,
+setting forth his reasons for declining to accept their powder on these
+terms, and intimating his design of applying for assistance elsewhere,
+adding "that a country which was not worth defending was not worth
+claiming." On the receipt of this letter the Council recalled Clark to
+their presence, and an order was passed on the 23d of August, 1776, for
+the transmission of the gunpowder, to Pittsburg, to be there delivered
+to Clark, or his order, for the use of the people of Kentucky. This was
+the first act in that long and affectionate interchange of good offices
+which subsisted between Kentucky and her parent State for so many years;
+and obvious as the reflection is, it may not be omitted, that on the
+successful termination of this negotiation hung the connection between
+Virginia and the splendid domain she afterward acquired west of the
+Alleghany Mountains.
+
+At the fall session of the Legislature of Virginia, Messrs. Jones and
+Clark laid the Kentucky memorial before that body. They were, of course,
+not admitted to seats, though late in the session they obtained, in
+opposition to the exertions of Colonels Henderson and Campbell, the
+formation of the territory, which now comprises the present State of
+that name, into the County of Kentucky. The first efficient political
+organization of Kentucky was thus obtained through the sagacity,
+influence, and exertions of George Rogers Clark, who must be ranked as
+the earliest founder of that Commonwealth. This act of the Virginia
+Legislature first gave it form and a political existence, and entitled
+it, under the constitution of Virginia, to a representation in the
+Assembly, as well as to a judicial and military establishment.
+
+Having obtained these important advantages from their mission, they
+received the intelligence that the powder was still at Pittsburg, and
+they determined to take that point in their route home, and carry it
+with them. The country around Pittsburg swarmed with Indians, evidently
+hostile to the whites, who would no doubt seek to interrupt their
+voyage.
+
+These circumstances created a necessity for the utmost caution as well
+as expedition in their movements, and they accordingly hastily embarked
+on the Ohio with only seven boatmen. They were hotly pursued the whole
+way by Indians, but succeeded in keeping in advance until they arrived
+at the mouth of Limestone Creek, at the spot where the city of Maysville
+now stands. They ascended this creek a short distance with their boat,
+and concealed their cargo at different places in the woods along its
+banks. They then turned their boat adrift, and directed their course to
+Harrodstown, intending to return with a sufficient escort to insure the
+safe transportation of the powder to its destination. This in a short
+time was successfully effected, and the colonists were thus abundantly
+supplied with the means of defense against the fierce enemies who beset
+them on all sides.[33]
+
+It was fortunate for Virginia, says a recent writer,[34] that she had
+at this time, on her western borders, an individual of rare military
+genius, in the person of Colonel George Rogers Clarke, "_the Hannibal
+of the West_," who not only saved her back settlements from Indian
+fury, but planted her standard far beyond the Ohio. The Governor of the
+Canadian settlements in the Illinois country, by every possible method,
+instigated the Indians to annoy the frontier.
+
+Virginia placed a small force of about 250 men under Clark, who,
+descending the Ohio, hid their boats, and marched northwardly, with
+their provisions on their backs. These being consumed, they subsisted
+for two days on roots, and, in a state of famine, appeared before
+Kaskaskias, unseen and unheard.
+
+At midnight they surprised and took the town and fort, which had
+resisted a much larger force; then seizing the golden moment, sent
+a detachment who with equal success surprised three other towns.
+Rocheblave, the obnoxious Governor, was sent to Virginia. On his person
+were found written instructions from Quebec to excite the Indians to
+hostilities, and reward them for the scalps of the Americans.
+
+The settlers transferred their allegiance to Virginia, and she, as the
+territory belonged to her by conquest and charter, in the autumnal
+session of 1778 erected it into a county to be called Illinois.
+Insulated in the heart of the Indian country, in the midst of the most
+ferocious tribes, few men but Clark could have preserved this
+acquisition.
+
+Hamilton, the Governor of Detroit, a bold and tyrannical
+personage, determined, with an overwhelming force of British and
+Indians, to penetrate up the Ohio to Fort Pitt to sweep all the
+principal settlements in his way, and besiege Kaskaskias. Clark
+despaired of keeping possession of the country, but he resolved to
+preserve this post, or die in its defense. While he was strengthening
+the fortifications, he received information that Hamilton, who was at
+Fort St. Vincent (Vincennes,) had weakened his force by sending some
+Indians against the frontiers.
+
+This information, to the genius of Clark, disclosed, with the rapidity
+of an electric flash, not only safety but new glory. To resolve to
+attack Hamilton before he could collect the Indians was the work of a
+moment--the only hope of saving the country. With a band of 150 gallant
+and hardy comrades, he marched across the country. It was in February,
+1779. When within nine miles of the enemy, it took these intrepid men
+five days to cross the drowned lands of the Wabash, having often to wade
+up to their breasts in water. Had not the weather been remarkably mild,
+they must have perished.
+
+On the evening of the 23d, they landed in sight of the fort, before the
+enemy knew any thing of their approach. After a siege of eighteen hours
+it surrendered, without the loss of a man to the besiegers. The Governor
+was sent prisoner to Williamsburg, and considerable stores fell into the
+possession of the conqueror.
+
+Other auspicious circumstances crowned this result. Clark, intercepting
+a convoy from Canada, on their way to this post, took the mail, forty
+prisoners, and goods to the value of $45,000; and to crown all, his
+express from Virginia arrived with the thanks of the Assembly to him and
+his gallant band for their reduction of the country about Kaskaskias.
+This year Virginia extended her western establishments through the
+agency of Colonel Clark, and had several fortifications erected, among
+which was Fort Jefferson, on the Mississippi.[35]
+
+[Footnote 31: Collins.]
+
+[Footnote 32: Collins.]
+
+[Footnote 33: Collins. "Historical Sketches of Kentucky."]
+
+[Footnote 34: Howe. "Historical Collections of Virginia."]
+
+[Footnote 35: Howe.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+     Scarcity of salt at Boonesborough--Boone goes to Blue Licks to make
+     salt, and is captured by the Indians--Taken to Chillicothe--Affects
+     contentment, and deceives the Indians--Taken to Detroit--Kindess of
+     the British officers to him--Returns to Chillicothe--Adopted into
+     an Indian family--Ceremonies of adoption--Boone sees a large force
+     of Indians destined to attack Boonesborough--Escapes, and gives the
+     alarm, and strengthens the fortifications at Boonesborough--News
+     of delay by the Indians on account of Boone's escape--Boone goes
+     on an expedition to the Scioto--Has a fight with a party of
+     Indians--Returns to Boonesborough, which is immediately besieged
+     by Captain Duquesne with five hundred Indians--Summons to
+     surrender--Time gained--Attack commenced--Brave defense--Mines and
+     countermines--Siege raised--Boone brings his family once more back
+     to Boonesborough, and resumes farming.
+
+
+While George Rogers Clark was engaged in his campaign against the
+British posts in the northwest, Daniel Boone was a prisoner among the
+Indians. The people at Boonesborough were suffering for want of salt.
+It could not be obtained conveniently from the Atlantic Colonies, but it
+could be manufactured at a place called the Blue Licks, from salt water,
+which abounded there.
+
+In January, 1778, accompanied by thirty men, Boone went to the Blue
+Licks to make salt for the different Stations; and on the 7th of
+February following, while out hunting, he fell in with one hundred
+and two Indian warriors, on their march to attack Boonesborough. He
+instantly fled, but being upward of fifty years old, he was unable to
+outstrip the fleet young men who pursued him, and was a second time
+taken prisoner. As usual, he was treated with kindness until his final
+fate should be determined, and was led back to the Licks, where his
+party were still encamped. Here Boone surrendered his whole party, to
+the number of twenty-seven, upon a promise on the part of the Indians
+of life and good treatment, both of which conditions were faithfully
+observed. This step was apparently unnecessary; but the result showed
+that it was a master-stroke of policy on Boone's part. He knew the
+nature of the Indians, and foresaw that they would forthwith return
+home with their prisoners, and thus save Boonesborough from attack.
+
+Had the Indians gone on to that place, by showing their prisoners
+and threatening to put them to the torture, they might have obtained
+important results. But they did nothing of the kind. As Boone had
+calculated, they went home with their prisoners and booty.
+
+Captain Boone has been censured for the surrender of his men, which
+he made at his own capture, and at a subsequent period was tried by
+court-martial and acquitted. This was a just decision. The surrender
+caused the Indians to return home with their prisoners instead of
+attacking Boonesborough, which would almost certainly have been taken
+and destroyed if this surrender had not been made.
+
+Elated with their unexpected success, the Indians now returned at once
+to old Chilicothe, the principal town of the Shawnees, on the Little
+Miami, treating their prisoners, during a march of three days in very
+cold and inclement weather, as well as they fared themselves, as
+regarded fire and provisions. Boone and his companions were kept in
+captivity by the Indians, and closely watched for several weeks, when
+the old pioneer and ten of his men were conducted to Detroit, then a
+British garrison, and all but Boone presented to the commandant, by whom
+they were all well treated. For the old pioneer himself, the Indians had
+conceived a particular liking; and they stubbornly refused to give him
+up, though several gentlemen of Detroit were very anxious they should
+leave him, and the commandant offered to ransom him by a liberal sum.
+He was therefore compelled to accompany them back to Chillicothe, their
+town on the Little Miami, which they reached after a march of fifteen
+days.
+
+Boone was now formally adopted as a son in one of the Indian families.
+"The forms of the ceremony of adoption," says Mr. Peck,[36] "were often
+severe and ludicrous. The hair of the head is plucked out by a painful
+and tedious operation, leaving a tuft, some three or four inches in
+diameter, on the crown, for the scalp-lock, which is cut and dressed up
+with ribbons and feathers. The candidate is then taken into the river in
+a state of nudity, and there thoroughly washed and rubbed, 'to take all
+his white blood out.' This ablution is usually performed by females. He
+is then taken to the council-house, where the chief makes a speech, in
+which he expatiates upon the distinguished honors conferred on him. His
+head and face are painted in the most approved and fashionable style,
+and the ceremony is concluded with a grand feast and smoking."
+
+After undergoing after this fashion what was not inaptly termed the
+Indian toilette, Boone was considered a regular member of the tribe, and
+by judiciously accommodating himself to his new condition, he rapidly
+won upon the regards of the Indians, and soon secured their confidence.
+They challenged him to a trial of skill at their shooting-matches--in
+which he took care not to excel them--invited him to accompany them on
+their hunting excursions, bestowed particular notice upon him in various
+ways, and always treated him with much consideration. As regarded merely
+his physical comfort, Boone's situation was, at this time, rather
+enviable than otherwise; but he felt a depressing anxiety with regard
+to his wife and children, and doubted the safety and prosperity of the
+Station, without his own watchfulness and superintendence. He therefore
+determined to escape from his captors at the earliest possible period,
+and very impatiently waited an opportunity for accomplishing this
+purpose.
+
+Early in June, a party of Indians went to the Scioto Licks to make
+salt. Boone was taken with them, but kept so constantly employed at
+the kettles, that he found no chance of escaping. Having sufficiently
+supplied themselves with the desired article, the party returned; and
+at the Chillicothe town, Boone found four hundred and fifty Indian
+warriors, armed well and painted in a most frightful manner, ready to
+march against Boonesborough: this was on the fifteenth or sixteenth of
+the month.
+
+Boone now saw the absolute necessity of escaping at once, and determined
+to make the attempt without delay. He rose at the usual time the next
+morning, and went out upon a hunt. His object was to give his wary
+masters the slip, in such a manner as would be least likely to excite
+their suspicions, and be the longest in determining them upon a pursuit.
+
+No sooner was he at such a distance from the town as would prevent
+observations of his movements, than he struck out rapidly in the
+direction of Boonesborough. So great was his anxiety, that he stopped
+not to kill any thing to eat; but performed his journey--a distance of
+one hundred and sixty miles--in less than five days, upon one meal,
+which, before starting, he had concealed in his basket. On arriving at
+Boonesborough, he found the fort, as he feared he should, in a bad state
+for defense; but his activity soon strengthened it, and his courage at
+once reinspired the sinking hearts of the garrison. Every thing was
+immediately put in proper condition for a vigorous defense, and all
+became impatient for intelligence of the movements of the enemy.
+
+A few days after Boone's escape from the Indians, one of his
+fellow-prisoners succeeded likewise in eluding their vigilance, and
+made his way safely and expeditiously to Boonesborough. This man arrived
+at the Station at a time when the garrison were hourly expecting the
+appearance of the enemy, and reported that, on account of Boone's
+elopement, the Indians had postponed their meditated invasion of the
+settled regions for three weeks.[37] It was discovered, however, that
+they had their spies in the country, watching the movements of the
+different garrisons; and this rendered the settlers wary and active, and
+gave all the Stations time and opportunity to strengthen themselves, and
+make every preparation for a powerful resistance of what, they could not
+but believe, was to be a long and great effort to drive them from the
+land, and utterly destroy their habitations.
+
+Week passed after week, but no enemy appeared. The state of anxiety and
+watchfulness in which the garrison at Boonesborough had, for so long a
+time, been kept, was becoming irksome, and the men were beginning to
+relax in their vigilance. This Boone observed, and it determined him to
+undertake an expedition, which he had been probably meditating for some
+time. On the 1st of August, therefore, with a company of nineteen of
+the brave spirits by whom he was surrounded, he left the fort with the
+intention of marching against and surprising one of the Indian towns on
+the Scioto. He advanced rapidly, but with great caution, and had reached
+a point within four or five miles of the town destined to taste of his
+vengeance, when he met its warriors, thirty in number, on their way to
+join the main Indian force, then on its march toward Boonesborough.
+
+An action immediately commenced, which terminated in the flight of the
+Indians, who lost one man and had two others wounded.
+
+Boone received no injury, but took three horses, and all the "plunder"
+of the war party. He then dispatched two spies to the Indian town, who
+returned with the intelligence that it was evacuated. On the receipt of
+this information, he started for Boonesborough with all possible haste
+hoping to reach the Station before the enemy, that he might give warning
+of their approach, and strengthen its numbers. He passed the main body
+of the Indians on the sixth day of his march, and on the seventh reached
+Boonesborough.
+
+On the eighth day, the enemy's force marched up, with British colors
+flying, and invested the place. The Indian army was commanded by Captain
+Duquesne, with eleven other Canadian Frenchmen and several distinguished
+chiefs, and was the most formidable force which had yet invaded the
+settlements. The commander summoned the garrison to surrender "in the
+name of his Britannic Majesty."
+
+Boone and his men, perilous as was their situation, received the
+summons without apparent alarm, and requested a couple of days for
+the consideration of what should be done. This was granted; and Boone
+summoned his brave companions to council: _but fifty men appeared_!
+Yet these fifty, after a due consideration of the terms of capitulation
+proposed, and with the knowledge that they were surrounded by savage and
+remorseless enemies to the number of about _five hundred_, determined,
+unanimously, to "_defend the fort as long as a man of them lived!_"
+
+The two days having expired, Boone announced this determination from one
+of the bastions, and thanked the British commander for the notice given
+of his intended attack, and the time allowed the garrison for preparing
+to defend the Station. This reply to his summons was entirely unexpected
+by Duquesne, and he heard it with evident disappointment. Other terms
+were immediately proposed by him, which "sounded so gratefully in the
+ears" of the garrison that Boone agreed to treat; and, with eight of
+his companions, left the fort for this purpose. It was soon manifest,
+however, by the conduct of the Indians, that a snare had been laid
+for them; and escaping from their wily foes by a sudden effort, they
+re-entered the palisades, closed the gates, and betook themselves to
+the bastions.
+
+A hot attack upon the fort now instantly commenced; but the fire of the
+Indians was returned from the garrison with such unexpected briskness
+and fatal precision that the besiegers were compelled to fall back.
+They then sheltered themselves behind the nearest trees and stumps, and
+continued the attack with more caution. Losing a number of men himself,
+and perceiving no falling off in the strength or the marksmanship of
+the garrison, Duquesne resorted to an expedient which promised greater
+success.
+
+The fort stood upon the bank of the river, about sixty yards from its
+margin; and the purpose of the commander of the Indians was to undermine
+this, and blow up the garrison. Duquesne was pushing the mine under the
+fort with energy when his operations were discovered by the besieged.
+The miners precipitated the earth which they excavated into the river;
+and Boone, perceiving that the water was muddy below the fort, while it
+was clear above, instantly divined the cause, and at once ordered a deep
+trench to be cut inside the fort, to counteract the work of the enemy.
+
+As the earth was dug up, it was thrown over the wall of the fort, in the
+face of the besieging commander. Duquesne was thus informed that his
+design had been discovered; and being convinced of the futility of any
+further attempts of that kind he discontinued his mining operations, and
+once more renewed the attack upon the Station in the manner of a regular
+Indian siege. His success, however, was no better than it had been
+before; the loss appeared to be all upon his side; his stock of
+provisions was nearly exhausted; having for nine days tried the bravery
+of his savage force, and tasked his own ingenuity to its utmost, he
+raised the siege, and abandoned the grand object of the expedition.
+
+During this siege, "the most formidable," says Mr. Marshall, "that had
+ever taken place in Kentucky from the number of Indians, the skill of
+the commanders, and the fierce countenances and savage dispositions of
+the warriors," only two men belonging to the Station were killed, and
+four others wounded.
+
+Duquesne lost thirty-seven men, and had many wounded, who, according to
+the invariable usage of the Indians, were immediately borne from the
+scene of action.
+
+Boonesborough was never again disturbed by any formidable body of
+Indians. New Stations were springing up every year between it and the
+Ohio River, and to pass beyond these for the purpose of striking a blow
+at an older and stronger enemy, was a piece of folly of which the
+Indians were never known to be guilty.
+
+During Boone's captivity among the Shawnees, his family, supposing that
+he had been killed, had left the Station and returned to their relatives
+and friends in North Carolina; and as early in the autumn as he could
+well leave, the brave and hardy warrior started to move them out again
+to Kentucky. He returned to the settlement with them early the next
+summer, and set a good example to his companions by industriously
+cultivating his farm, and volunteering his assistance, whenever it
+seemed needed, to the many immigrants who were now pouring into the
+country, and erecting new Stations in the neighborhood of Boonesborough.
+He was a good as well as a great man in his sphere, says Mr. Gallagher,
+(our chief authority for the foregoing incidents); and for his many and
+important services in the early settlements of Kentucky, he well
+deserved the title of Patriarch which was bestowed upon him during his
+life, and all the praises that have been sung to his memory since his
+death.[38]
+
+[Footnote 36: "Life of Daniel Boone."]
+
+[Footnote 37: Gallagher.]
+
+[Footnote 38: W.D. Gallagher, in "Hesperian."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+     Captain Boone tried by court-martial--Honorably acquitted and
+     promoted--Loses a large sum of money--His losses by lawsuits and
+     disputes about land--Defeat of Colonel Rogers's party--Colonel
+     Bowman's expedition to Chillicothe--Arrival near the town--Colonel
+     Logan attacks the town--Ordered by Colonel Bowman to
+     retreat--Failure of the expedition--Consequences to Bowman and to
+     Logan.
+
+
+Some complaint having been made respecting Captain Boone's surrender of
+his party at the Blue Licks, and other parts of his military conduct,
+his friends Colonel Richard Callaway and Colonel Benjamin Logan,
+exhibited charges against him which occasioned his being tried by
+court-martial. This was undoubtedly done with a view to put an end to
+the calumny by disproving or explaining the charges. The result of the
+trial was an honorable acquittal increased popularity of the Captain
+among his fellow citizens, and his promotion to the rank of Major.[39]
+
+While Boone had been a prisoner among the Indians, his wife and family,
+supposing him to be dead, had returned to North Carolina. In the autumn
+of 1778 he went after them to the house of Mrs. Boone's father on the
+Yadkin.
+
+In 1779, a commission having been opened by the Virginia Legislature
+to settle Kentucky land claims, Major Boone "laid out the chief of his
+little property to procure land warrants, and having raised about twenty
+thousand dollars in paper money, with which he intended to purchase
+them, on his way from Kentucky to Richmond, he was robbed of the whole,
+and left destitute of the means of procuring more. This heavy misfortune
+did not fall on himself alone. Large sums had been entrusted to him by
+his friends for similar purposes, and the loss was extensively felt."
+
+Boone must have suffered much anxiety in consequence of this affair.
+Little is known respecting it, excepting that it did not impair the
+confidence of his friends in his perfect integrity.
+
+This appears in the following extract of a letter from Colonel Thomas
+Hart, late of Lexington, Kentucky, to Captain Nathaniel Hart, dated
+Grayfields, August 3d, 1780.
+
+"I observe what you say respecting our losses by Daniel Boone. [Boone
+had been robbed of funds in part belonging to T. and N. Hart.] I had
+heard of the misfortune soon after it happened, but not of my being
+partaker before now. I feel for the poor people who, perhaps, are to
+lose even their pre-emptions: but I must say, I feel more for Boone,
+whose character, I am told, suffers by it. Much degenerated must the
+people of this age be, when amongst them are to be found men to censure
+and blast the reputation of a person so just and upright, and in whose
+breast is a seat of virtue too pure to admit of a thought so base and
+dishonorable. I have known Boone in times of old, when poverty and
+distress had him fast by the hand: and in these wretched circumstances,
+I have ever found him of a noble and generous soul, despising every
+thing mean; and therefore I will freely grant him a discharge for
+whatever sums of mine he might have been possessed of at the time."
+
+Boone's ignorance of legal proceedings, and his aversion to lawsuits,
+appear to have occasioned the loss of his real estate; and the loose
+manner in which titles were granted, one conflicting with another,
+occasioned similar losses to much more experienced and careful men at
+the same period.
+
+During the year 1779 the emigration to Kentucky was much greater than
+any previous one. The settlers do not seem to have been so much annoyed
+by the Indians as formerly. Yet this year is distinguished in the annals
+of Kentucky for the most bloody battle ever fought between the whites
+and Indians within her borders, with the single exception of that of the
+Blue Licks.
+
+It took place opposite to Cincinnati. Colonel Rogers had been down to
+New Orleans to procure supplies for the posts on the Upper Mississippi
+and Ohio. Having obtained them, he ascended these rivers until he
+reached the place mentioned above. Here he found the Indians in their
+canoes coming out of the mouth of the Little Miami, and crossing to the
+Kentucky side of the Ohio. He conceived the plan of surprising them as
+they landed. The Ohio was very low on the Kentucky side, so that a large
+sand-bar was laid bare, extending along the shore. Upon this Rogers
+landed his men, but, before they could reach the spot where they
+expected to attack the enemy, they were themselves attacked by such
+superior numbers that the issue of the contest was not doubtful for a
+single moment. Rogers and the greater part of his men were instantly
+killed. The few who were left fled toward the boats. But one of them was
+already in the possession of the Indians, whose flanks were extended in
+advance of the fugitives, and the few men remaining in the other pushed
+off from shore without waiting to take their comrades on board. These
+last now turned around upon their pursuers, and, furiously charging
+them, a small number broke through their ranks and escaped to
+Harrodsburg. The loss in this most lamentable affair was about sixty
+men, very nearly equal to that at Blue Licks.
+
+The Kentuckians resolved to invade the Indian country, and Chillicothe
+was selected as the point to feel the weight of their vengeance. Colonel
+Bowman issued a call, inviting all those who were willing to accompany
+him in the expedition to rendezvous at Harrodsburg. This was the manner
+of organizing such expeditions in Kentucky. An officer would invite
+volunteers to participate with him in an incursion into the Indian
+country. All who joined were expected to submit to his direction.
+
+On this occasion there was no want of zeal among the people. Bowman's
+reputation as a soldier was good, and three hundred men were soon
+collected, among whom were Logan and Harrod; both holding the rank of
+captain. It does not appear that either Boone or Kenton engaged in this
+enterprise. Indeed, the first is said to have been absent in North
+Carolina his family having returned there after his capture in the
+preceding year, supposing him to be dead.
+
+The expedition moved in the month of July--its destination well
+known--and its march so well conducted that it approached its object
+without discovery. From this circumstances, it would seem that the
+Indians were but little apprehensive of an invasion from those who had
+never before ventured on it, and whom they were in the habit of invading
+annually; or else so secure in their own courage that they feared no
+enemy, for no suspecting spy was out to foresee approaching danger.
+Arrived within a short distance of the town, night approached, and
+Colonel Bowman halted. Here it was determined to invest and attack the
+place just before the ensuing day, and several dispositions were then
+made very proper for the occasion, indicating a considerable share
+of military skill and caution, which gave reasonable promise of a
+successful issue. At a proper hour the little army separated, after a
+movement that placed it near the town the one part, under the command of
+Bowman in person--the other, under Captain Logan; to whom precise orders
+had been given to march, on the one hand, half round the town; while the
+Colonel, passing the other way, was to meet him, and give the signal for
+an assault. Logan immediately executed his orders, and the place was
+half enveloped. But he neither saw nor heard the commander-in-chief.
+Logan now ordered his men to conceal themselves in the grass and weeds,
+and behind such other objects as were present, as the day began to show
+itself, and he had not yet received the expected order to begin the
+attack nor had he been able, though anxious, to ascertain what had
+intercepted or delayed his superior officer. The men, on shifting about
+for hiding-places, had alarmed one of the Indians' dogs, who forthwith
+set to barking with the agitation of apparent fright. This brought out
+an Indian warrior, who proceeded with caution on the way that the dog
+seemed to direct his own attention, and in a short time, if he had
+continued his progress, might have been made a prisoner; but, at this
+critical moment, one of the party with the Colonel fired his gun;
+which the Indian, well understanding as coming from an enemy, gave an
+instantaneous and loud whoop, and ran immediately to his cabin. The
+alarm was instantly spread through the town, and preparation made for
+defense. The party with Logan was near enough to hear the bustle and to
+see the women and children escaping to the cover of the woods by a ridge
+which ran between them and where Colonel Bowman with his men had halted.
+
+In the mean time, the warriors equipped themselves with their military
+habiliments, and repaired to a strong cabin; no doubt, designated in
+their councils for the like occurrences. By this time daylight had
+disclosed the whole scene, and several shots were discharged on the
+one side, and returned from the other, while some of Logan's men took
+possession of a few cabins, from which the Indians had retreated--or
+rather perhaps it should be said, repaired to their stronghold, the more
+effectually to defend themselves. The scheme was formed by Logan, and
+adopted by his men in the cabins, of making a movable breastwork out of
+the doors and floors--and of pushing it forward as a battery against
+the cabin in which the Indians had taken post; others of them had taken
+shelter from the fire of the enemy behind stumps, or logs, or the vacant
+cabins, and were waiting orders; when the Colonel finding that the
+Indians were on their defense, dispatched orders for a retreat. This
+order, received with astonishment, was obeyed with reluctance; and what
+rendered it the more distressing, was the unavoidable exposure which the
+men must encounter in the open field, or prairie, which surrounded the
+town: for they were apprized that from the moment they left their cover,
+the Indians would fire on them, until they were beyond the reach of
+their balls. A retreat, however, was deemed necessary, and every man was
+to shift for himself. Then, instead of one that was orderly, commanding,
+or supported--a scene of disorder, unmilitary and mortifying, took
+place: here a little squad would rush out of, or break from behind a
+cabin--there individuals would rise from a log, or start up from a
+stump, and run with all speed to gain the neighboring wood.
+
+At length, after the loss of several lives, the remnant of the invading
+force was reunited, and the retreat continued in tolerable order, under
+the painful reflection that the expedition had failed, without any
+adequate cause being known. This was, however, but the introduction to
+disgrace, if not of misfortune still more extraordinary and distressing.
+The Indian warriors, commanded by Blackfish, sallied from the town, and
+commenced a pursuit of the discomfited invaders of their forests and
+firesides, which they continued for some miles, harassing and galling
+the rear of the fugitives without being checked, notwithstanding the
+disparity of numbers. There not being more than thirty of the savages
+in pursuit. Bowman, finding himself thus pressed, at length halted his
+men in a low piece of ground covered with brush; as if he sought shelter
+from the enemy behind or among them. A situation more injudiciously
+chosen, if chosen at all, cannot be easily imagined--since of all
+others, it most favored the purposes of the Indians. In other respects
+the commander seems also to have lost his understanding--he gave no
+orders to fire--made no detachment to repulse the enemy, who, in a few
+minutes, by the whoops, yells, and firing, were heard on all sides--but
+stood as a mark to be shot at, or one panic struck. Some of the men
+fired, but without any precise object, for the Indians were scattered,
+and hid by the grass and bushes. What would have been the final result
+it is difficult to conjecture, if Logan, Harrod, Bulger, and a few
+others, had not mounted some of the pack-horses and scoured the woods,
+first in one direction then in another; rushing on the Indians wherever
+they could find them, until very fortunately Blackfish was killed; and
+this being soon known, the rest fled. It was in the evening when this
+event occurred, which being reported to the colonel, he resumed his
+march at dark--taking for his guide a creek near at hand, which he
+pursued all night without any remarkable occurrence--and in quiet and
+safety thence returned home, with the loss of nine men killed and
+another wounded: having taken two Indian scalps: which, however, was
+thought a trophy of small renown.
+
+A somewhat different account is given by some, in which Bowman is
+exculpated from all blame. According to this, it was the vigorous
+defense of the Indians which prevented him from fulfilling his part of
+the combinations. Be this as it may, it is certain that Bowman lost
+reputation by the expedition; while, on the other hand, the conduct of
+Logan raised him still higher in the estimation of the people.
+
+[Footnote 39: Peck.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+     Invasion of Kentucky by Captain Byrd's party--He captures
+     the garrisons at Ruddle's Station and Martin's Fort--Colonel
+     Clark's invasion of the Indian country--He ravages the Indian
+     towns--Adventure of Alexander McConnell--Skirmish at
+     Pickaway--Result of the expedition--Boone goes to the Blue Licks
+     with his brother--Attacked by the Indians--Boone's brother
+     killed--Boone promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel--Clark's
+     galley--Squire Boone's Station removed to Bear's Creek--Attack by
+     the Indians--Colonel Floyd's defeat--Affair of the McAfees--Attack
+     on McAfee's Station repelled--Fort Jefferson evacuated--Attack on
+     Montgomery Station--Rescue by General Logan.
+
+
+The year 1780 was distinguished for two events of much importance;
+the invasion of Kentucky by the British and Indians, under Colonel Byrd;
+and General Clark's attack upon the Shawanee towns. The first of these,
+was a severe and unexpected blow to Kentucky. Marshall says, that the
+people in their eagerness to take up land, had almost forgotten the
+existence of hostilities. Fatal security! and most fatal with such a
+foe, whose enterprises were conducted with such secrecy that their
+first announcement was their presence in the midst of the unprepared
+settlement. In fact, the carelessness of the Western borderers is often
+unaccountable, and this is not the least surprising instance of it.
+
+That they did not anticipate an attempt to retaliate the incursion of
+Bowman into the Indian country, is indeed astonishing. It was very
+fortunate for the Kentuckians that their enemies were as little gifted
+with perseverance, as they were with vigilance. This remark is to be
+understood in a restricted sense, of both parties. When once aroused
+to a sense of their danger none were more readily prepared, or more
+watchful to meet it than the settlers; and on the other hand, nothing
+could exceed the perseverance of the Indians in the beginning of their
+enterprises, but on the slightest success (not reverse) they wished to
+return to exhibit their trophies at home. Thus, on capturing Boone and
+his party, instead of pushing on and attacking the settlements which
+were thus weakened, they returned to display their prisoners.
+
+The consequences were that these defects neutralized each other, and no
+very decisive strokes were made by either side. But the English Governor
+Hamilton, who had hitherto contented himself with stimulating the
+Indians to hostilities, now aroused by the daring and success of Clark,
+prepared to send a powerful expedition by way of retaliation, against
+the settlements. Colonel Byrd was selected to command the forces which
+amounted to six hundred men, Canadians and Indians. To render them
+irresistible, they were supplied with two pieces of artillery. The posts
+on the Licking were the first objects of the expedition.
+
+In June they made their appearance before Ruddle's station; and this,
+it is said, was the first intimation that the garrison had received of
+their danger, though Butler states that the enemy were twelve days on
+their march from the Ohio. The incidents of the invasion are few. The
+fort at Ruddle's Station was in no condition to resist so powerful an
+enemy backed by artillery, the defenses being nowise superior to those
+we have before described.
+
+They were summoned to surrender in the name of his Britannic Majesty,
+with the promise of protection for their lives only. What could they
+do? The idea of resisting such a force was vain. The question presented
+itself to them thus. Whether they should surrender at once and give up
+their property, or enrage the Indians by a fruitless resistance, and
+lose their property and lives also. The decision was quickly made, the
+post was surrendered and the enemy thronged in, eager for plunder. The
+inmates of the fort were instantly seized, families were separated; for
+each Indian caught the first person whom he met, and claimed him or her
+as his prisoner. Three who made some resistance, were killed upon the
+spot. It was in vain that the settlers remonstrated with the British
+commander. He said it was impossible to restrain them. This doubtless
+was true enough, but he should have thought of it before he assumed
+the command of such a horde, and consented to lead them against weak
+settlements.
+
+The Indians demanded to be led at once against Martin's Fort, a post
+about five miles distant. Some say that the same scene was enacted over
+here; but another account states that so strongly was Colonel Byrd
+affected by the barbarities of the Indians, that he refused to advance
+further, unless they would consent to allow him to take charge of all
+the prisoners who should be taken. The same account goes on to say that
+the demand was complied with, and that on the surrender of Martin's
+Fort, this arrangement was actually made; the Indians taking possession
+of the property and the British of the prisoners. However this may be,
+the capture of this last-mentioned place, which was surrendered under
+the same circumstances as Ruddle's, was the last operation of that
+campaign. Some quote this as an instance of weakness; Butler, in
+particular, contrasts it with the energy of Clark.
+
+The sudden retreat of the enemy inspired the people with joy as great
+as their consternation had been at the news of his unexpected advance.
+Had he pressed on, there is but little doubt that all the Stations would
+have fallen into his hands, for there were not men enough to spare from
+them to meet him in the field. The greatest difficulty would have been
+the carriage of the artillery. The unfortunate people who had fallen
+into the hands of the Indians at Ruddle's Station, were obliged to
+accompany their captors on their rapid retreat, heavily laden with the
+plunder of their own dwellings. Some returned after peace was made, but
+too many, sinking under the fatigues of the journey, perished by the
+tomahawk.
+
+Soon after the retreat of the enemy, General Clark, who was stationed at
+Fort Jefferson, called upon the Kentuckians to join him in an invasion
+of the Indian country. The reputation of Clark caused the call to be
+responded to with great readiness. A thousand men were collected, with
+whom Clark entered and devastated the enemy's territory. The principal
+towns were burned and the fields laid waste. But one skirmish was
+fought, and that at the Indian village of Pickaway. The loss was the
+same on both sides, seventeen men being killed in each army. Some
+writers who have not the slightest objection to war, very gravely
+express doubts as to whether the expedient of destroying the crops of
+the Indians was justifiable. It is generally treated by these men as if
+it was a wanton display of a vindictive spirit, when in reality it was
+dictated by the soundest policy; for when the Indians' harvests were
+destroyed, they were compelled to subsist their families altogether
+by hunting, and had no leisure for their murderous inroads upon the
+settlements. This result was plainly seen on this occasion, for it does
+not appear that the Indians attacked any of the settlements during the
+remainder of this year.
+
+An adventure which occurred in the spring, but was passed over for
+the more important operations of the campaign, claims our attention,
+presenting as it does a picture of the varieties of this mode of
+warfare. We quote from McClung:
+
+"Early in the spring of 1780 Mr. Alexander McConnel, of Lexington,
+Kentucky, went into the woods on foot to hunt deer. He soon killed
+a large buck, and returned home for a horse in order to bring it in.
+During his absence a party of five Indians, on one of their usual
+skulking expeditions, accidentally stumbled on the body of the deer,
+and perceiving that it had been recently killed, they naturally supposed
+that the hunter would speedily return to secure the flesh. Three of
+them, therefore, took their stations within close rifle-shot of the
+deer, while the other two followed the trail of the hunter, and waylaid
+the path by which he was expected to return. McConnel, expecting no
+danger, rode carelessly along the path, which the two scouts were
+watching, until he had come within view of the deer, when he was fired
+upon by the whole party, and his horse killed. While laboring to
+extricate himself from the dying animal, he was seized by his enemies,
+instantly overpowered, and borne off as a prisoner.
+
+"His captors, however, seemed to be a merry, good-natured set of
+fellows, and permitted him to accompany them unbound; and, what was
+rather extraordinary, allowed him to retain his gun and hunting
+accoutrements. He accompanied them with great apparent cheerfulness
+through the day, and displayed his dexterity in shooting deer for
+the use of the company, until they began to regard him with great
+partiality. Having traveled with them in this manner for several days,
+they at length reached the banks of the Ohio River. Heretofore the
+Indians had taken the precaution to bind him at night, although not
+very securely; but, on that evening, he remonstrated with them on the
+subject, and complained so strongly of the pain which the cords gave
+him, that they merely wrapped the buffalo tug loosely around his wrists,
+and having tied it in an easy knot, and attached the extremities of
+the rope to their own bodies in order to prevent his moving without
+awakening them, they very composedly went to sleep, leaving the
+prisoner to follow their example or not, as he pleased.
+
+"McConnel determined to effect his escape that night if possible, as
+on the following night they would cross the river, which would render
+it much more difficult. He therefore lay quietly until near midnight,
+anxiously ruminating upon the best means of effecting his object.
+Accidentally casting his eyes in the direction of his feet, they fell
+upon the glittering blade of a knife, which had escaped its sheath, and
+was now lying near the feet of one of the Indians. To reach it with his
+hands, without disturbing the two Indians to whom he was fastened, was
+impossible, and it was very hazardous to attempt to draw it up with his
+feet. This, however, he attempted. With much difficulty he grasped the
+blade between his toes, and, after repeated and long-continued efforts,
+succeeded at length in bringing it within reach of his hands.
+
+"To cut his cords was then but the work of a moment, and gradually and
+silently extricating his person from the arms of the Indians, he walked
+to the fire and sat down. He saw that his work was but half done. That
+if he should attempt to return home without destroying his enemies, he
+would assuredly be pursued and probably overtaken, when his fate would
+be certain. On the other hand, it seemed almost impossible for a single
+man to succeed in a conflict with five Indians, even although unarmed
+and asleep. He could not hope to deal a blow with his knife so silently
+and fatally as to destroy each one of his enemies in turn without
+awakening the rest. Their slumbers were proverbially light and restless;
+and, if he failed with a single one, he must instantly be overpowered by
+the survivors. The knife, therefore, was out of the question.
+
+"After anxious reflection for a few minutes, he formed his plan.
+The guns of the Indians were stacked near the fire; their knives and
+tomahawks were in sheaths by their sides. The latter he dared not touch
+for fear of awakening their owners; but the former he carefully removed,
+with the exception of two, and hid them in the woods, where he knew
+the Indians would not readily find them. He then returned to the spot
+where the Indians were still sleeping, perfectly ignorant of the fate
+preparing for them, and, taking a gun in each hand, he rested the
+muzzles upon a log within six feet of his victims, and, having taken
+deliberate aim at the head of one and the heart of another, he pulled
+both triggers at the same moment.
+
+"Both shots were fatal. At the report of the guns the others sprung
+to their feet and stared wildly around them. McConnel, who had run
+instantly to the spot where the other rifles were hid, hastily seized
+one of them and fired at two of his enemies who happened to stand in
+a line with each other. The nearest fell dead, being shot through the
+centre of the body; the second fell also, bellowing loudly, but quickly
+recovering, limped off into the woods as fast as possible. The fifth,
+and the only one who remained unhurt, darted off like a deer, with
+a yell which announced equal terror and astonishment. McConnel, not
+wishing to fight any more such battles, selected his own rifle from
+the stack, and made the best of his way to Lexington, where he arrived
+safely within two days.
+
+"Shortly afterward, Mrs. Dunlap, of Fayette, who had been several months
+a prisoner amongst the Indians on Mad River, made her escape, and
+returned to Lexington. She reported that the survivor returned to his
+tribe with a lamentable tale. He related that they had taken a fine
+young hunter near Lexington, and had brought him safely as far as the
+Ohio; that while encamped upon the bank of the river, a large party
+of white men had fallen upon them in the night, and killed all his
+companions, together with the poor defenseless prisoner, who lay bound
+hand and foot, unable either to escape or resist."
+
+In October, 1780, Boone, who had brought his family back to Kentucky,
+went to the Blue Licks in company with his brother. They were attacked
+by a party of Indians, and Daniel's brother was killed; and he himself
+pursued by them with the assistance of a dog. Being hard pressed, he
+shot this animal to prevent his barking from giving the alarm, and so
+escaped.
+
+Kentucky having been divided into three counties, a more
+perfect organization of the militia was effected. A Colonel and a
+Lieutenant-Colonel were appointed for each county; those who held the
+first rank were Floyd, Logan, and Todd. Pope, Trigg, and Boone held the
+second. Clark was Brigadier-General, and commander-in-chief of all the
+Kentucky militia; besides which he had a small number of regulars at
+Fort Jefferson. Spies and scouting parties were continually employed,
+and a galley was constructed by Clark's order, which was furnished with
+light pieces of artillery. This new species of defense did not however
+take very well with the militia, who disliked serving upon the water,
+probably because they found their freedom of action too much
+circumscribed. The regulars were far too few to spare a force sufficient
+to man it, and it soon fell into disuse, though it is said to have been
+of considerable service while it was employed. Had the Kentuckians
+possessed such an auxiliary at the time of Byrd's invasion, it is
+probable that it would have been repelled. But on account of the
+reluctance of the militia to serve in it, this useful vessel was laid
+aside and left to rot.
+
+The campaign, if we may so term it, of 1781, began very early. In March,
+several parties of Indians entered Jefferson County at different points,
+and ambushing the paths, killed four men, among whom was Colonel William
+Linn. Captain Whitaker, with fifteen men, pursued one of the parties.
+He followed their trail to the Ohio, when supposing they had crossed
+over, he embarked his men in canoes to continue the pursuit. But as
+they were in the act of pushing off, the Indians, who were concealed
+in their rear, fired upon them, killing or wounding nine of the party.
+Notwithstanding this heavy loss, the survivors landed and put the
+Indians to flight. Neither the number of the savages engaged in this
+affair or their loss, is mentioned in the narrative. In April, a station
+which had been settled by Squire Boone, near Shelbyville, became alarmed
+by the report of the appearance of Indians. After some deliberation,
+it was determined to remove to the settlement on Bear's Creek. While on
+their way thither, they were attacked by a body of Indians, and defeated
+with considerable loss. These are all the details of this action we have
+been able to find. Colonel Floyd collected twenty-five men to pursue
+the Indians, but in spite of all his caution, fell into an ambuscade,
+which was estimated to consist of two hundred warriors. Half of Colonel
+Floyd's men were killed, and the survivors supposed that they had slain
+nine or ten of the Indians. This, however, is not probable; either the
+number of the Indians engaged, or their loss, is much exaggerated.
+Colonel Floyd himself had a narrow escape, being dismounted; he would
+have been made prisoner, but for the gallant conduct of Captain Wells,
+who gave him his horse, the colonel being exhausted, and ran by his
+side, to support him in the saddle. These officers had formerly been
+enemies, but the magnanimous behavior of Wells on this occasion, made
+them steadfast friends.
+
+"As if every month," says Marshall, "was to furnish its distinguishing
+incident--in May, Samuel McAfee and another had set out from James
+McAfee's Station for a plantation at a small distance, and when advanced
+about one-fourth of a mile they were fired on; the man fell--McAfee
+wheeled and ran toward the fort; in fifteen steps he met an Indian--they
+each halt and present their guns, with muzzles almost touching--at the
+same instant they each pull trigger, McAfee's gun makes clear fire, the
+Indian's flashes in the pan--and he falls: McAfee continues his retreat,
+but the alarm being given, he meets his brothers, Robert and James--the
+first, though cautioned, ran along the path to see the dead Indian, by
+this time several Indians had gained the path between him and the fort.
+All his agility and dexterity was now put to the test--he flies from
+tree to tree, still aiming to get to the fort, but is pursued by an
+Indian; he throws himself over a fence, a hundred and fifty yards from
+the fort, and the Indian takes a tree--Robert, sheltered by the fence,
+was soon prepared for him, and while he puts his face by the side of the
+tree to look for his object, McAfee fires his rifle at it, and lodged
+the ball in his mouth--in this he finds his death, and McAfee escapes
+to the fort."
+
+In the mean time, James McAfee was in a situation of equal hazard and
+perplexity. Five Indians, lying in ambush, fired at, but missed him; he
+flies to a tree for safety, and instantly received a fire from three or
+four Indians on the other side--the bullets knock the dust about his
+feet, but do him no injury; he abandons the tree and makes good his
+retreat to the fort. One white man and two Indians were killed. Such
+were the incidents of Indian warfare--and such the fortunate escape of
+the brothers.
+
+Other events occurred in rapid succession--the Indians appear in
+all directions, and with horrid yells and menacing gestures commence
+a fire on the fort. It was returned with spirit; the women cast the
+bullets--the men discharged them at the enemy. This action lasted about
+two hours; the Indians then withdrew. The firing had been heard, and the
+neighborhood roused for the fight. Major McGary, with some of his men,
+and others from other stations, to the number of forty, appeared on the
+ground soon after the Indians had retreated, and determined on pursuing
+them. This was accordingly done with promptitude and celerity. At the
+distance of a mile the enemy were overtaken, attacked, and defeated,
+They fled--were pursued for several miles--and completely routed. Six
+or seven Indians were seen dead, and others wounded. One Kentuckian was
+killed in the action; another mortally wounded, who died after a few
+days. Before the Indians entirely withdrew from the fort, they killed
+all the cattle they saw, without making any use of them.
+
+From this time McAfee's Station was never more attacked, although it
+remained for several years an exposed frontier. Nor should the remark be
+omitted, that for the residue of the year, there were fewer incidents
+of a hostile nature than usual.
+
+Fort Jefferson, which had been established on the Mississippi, about
+five miles below the mouth of the Ohio, had excited the jealousy of
+the Choctaws and Chickasaws, who claimed the territory in which it was
+built. In order to appease them, it was deemed advisable to evacuate
+the post.
+
+The hostile tribes north of the Ohio had by this time found the strength
+of the settlers, and saw that unless they made a powerful effort, and
+that speedily, they must forever relinquish all hope of reconquering
+Kentucky. Such an effort was determined upon for the next year; and in
+order to weaken the whites as much as possible, till they were prepared
+for it, they continued to send out small parties, to infest the
+settlements.
+
+At a distance of about twelve miles from Logan's Fort, was a settlement
+called the Montgomery Station. Most of the people were connected with
+Logan's family. This Station was surrounded in the night. In the morning
+an attack was made. Several persons were killed and others captured. A
+girl who escaped spread the alarm; a messenger reached Logan's Fort, and
+General Logan with a strong party pursued the Indians, defeated them and
+recovered the prisoners.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+     News of Cornwallis's surrender--Its effects--Captain Estill's
+     defeat--Grand army of Indians raised for the conquest of
+     Kentucky--Simon Girty's speech--Attack on Hoy's Station--Investment
+     of Bryant's Station--Expedient of the besieged to obtain
+     water--Grand attack on the fort--Repulse--Regular siege
+     commenced--Messengers sent to Lexington--Reinforcements
+     obtained--Arrival near the fort--Ambushed and attacked--They
+     enter the fort--Narrow escape of Girty--He proposes a
+     capitulation--Parley--Reynolds's answer to Girty--The siege
+     raised--Retreat of the Indians.
+
+
+In October, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. This event was
+received in Kentucky, as in other parts of the country, with great joy.
+The power of Britain was supposed to be broken, or at least so much
+crippled, that they would not be in a condition to assist their Indian
+allies, as they had previously done. The winter passed away quietly
+enough, and the people were once more lulled into security, from which
+they were again to be rudely awakened. Early in the spring the parties
+of the enemy recommenced their forays. Yet there was nothing in these
+to excite unusual apprehensions. At first they were scarcely equal in
+magnitude to those of the previous year. Cattle were killed, and horses
+stolen, and individuals or small parties were attacked. But in May an
+affair occurred possessing more interest, in a military point of view,
+than any other in the history of Indian wars.
+
+In the month of May, a party of about twenty-five Wyandots invested
+Estill's Station, on the south of the Kentucky River, killed one white
+man, took a negro prisoner, and after destroying the cattle, retreated.
+Soon after the Indians disappeared, Captain Estill raised a company of
+twenty-five men; with these he pursued the Indians, and on Hinkston's
+Fork of Licking, two miles below the Little Mountain, came within
+gunshot of them. They had just crossed the creek, which in that part
+is small, and were ascending one side as Estill's party descended the
+other, of two approaching hills of moderate elevation. The water-course
+which lay between, had produced an opening in the timber and brush,
+conducing to mutual discovery, while both hills were well set with
+trees, interspersed with saplings and bushes. Instantly after
+discovering the Indians, some of Captain Estill's men fired at them; at
+first they seemed alarmed, and made a movement like flight; but their
+chief, although wounded, gave them orders to stand and fight--on which
+they promptly prepared for battle by each man taking a tree and facing
+his enemy, as nearly in a line as practicable. In this position they
+returned the fire and entered into the battle, which they considered
+as inevitable, with all the fortitude and animation of individual and
+concerted bravery, so remarkable in this particular tribe.
+
+In the mean time, Captain Estill, with due attention to what was passing
+on the opposite side, checked the progress of his men at about sixty
+yards distance from the foe, and gave orders to extend their lines
+in front of the Indians, to cover themselves by means of the trees,
+and to fire as the object should be seen--with a sure aim. This order,
+perfectly adapted to the occasion, was executed with alacrity, as far as
+circumstances would admit, and the desultory mode of Indian fighting was
+thought to require. So that both sides were preparing and ready at the
+same time for the bloody conflict which ensued, and which proved to be
+singularly obstinate.
+
+The numbers were equal; some have said, exactly twenty-five on each
+side. Others have mentioned that Captain Estill, upon seeing the Indians
+form for battle, dispatched one or two of his men upon the back trail to
+hasten forward a small reinforcement, which he supposed was following
+him; and if so, it gave the Indians the superiority of numbers without
+producing the desired assistance, for the reinforcement never arrived.
+
+Now were the hostile lines within rifle-shot, and the action became warm
+and general to their extent. Never was battle more like single combat
+since the use of fire-arms; each man sought his man, and fired only when
+he saw his mark; wounds and death were inflicted on either side--neither
+advancing nor retreating. The firing was deliberate; with caution they
+looked, but look they would, for the foe, although life itself was often
+the forfeit. And thus both sides firmly stood, or bravely fell, for more
+than an hour; upward of one-fourth of the combatants had fallen, never
+more to rise, on either side, and several others were wounded. Never,
+probably, was the native bravery or collected fortitude of men put to
+a test more severe. In the clangor of an ardent battle, when death is
+forgotten, it is nothing for the brave to die--when even cowards die
+like brave men--but in the cool and lingering expectation of death,
+none but the man of the true courage can stand. Such were those engaged
+in this conflict. Never was maneuvering more necessary or less
+practicable. Captain Estill had not a man to spare from his line, and
+deemed unsafe any movement in front with a view to force the enemy
+from their ground, because in such a movement he must expose his men,
+and some of them would inevitably fall before they could reach the
+adversary. This would increase the relative superiority of the enemy,
+while they would receive the survivors with tomahawk in hand, in the
+use of which they were practiced and expert. He clearly perceived that
+no advantage was to be gained over the Indians while the action was
+continued in their own mode of warfare. For although his men were
+probably the best _shooters_, the Indians were undoubtedly the most
+expert _hiders_; that victory itself, could it have been purchased with
+the loss of his last man, would afford but a melancholy consolation for
+the loss of friends and comrades; but even of victory, without some
+maneuvre, he could not assure himself. His situation was critical; his
+fate seemed suspended upon the events of the minute; the most prompt
+expedient was demanded. He cast his eyes over the scene; the creek was
+before him, and seemed to oppose a charge on the enemy--retreat he
+could not. On the one hand he observed a valley running from the creek
+toward the rear of the enemy's line, and immediately combining this
+circumstance with the urgency of his situation, rendered the more
+apparently hazardous by an attempt of the Indians to extend their line
+and take his in flank, he determined to detach six of his men by this
+valley to gain the flank or rear of the enemy; while himself, with the
+residue, maintained his position in front.
+
+The detachment was accordingly made under the command of Lieutenant
+Miller, to whom the route was shown and the order given, conformably to
+the above-mentioned determination; unfortunately, however, it was not
+executed. The lieutenant, either mistaking his way or intentionally
+betraying his duty, his honor, and his captain, did not proceed with the
+requisite dispatch; and the Indians, attentive to occurrences, finding
+out the weakened condition of their adversaries, rushed upon them and
+compelled a retreat, after Captain Estill and eight of his men were
+killed. Four others were badly wounded, who, notwithstanding, made their
+escape; so that only nine fell into the bands of the savages, who
+scalped and stripped them, of course.
+
+It was believed by the survivors of this action that one half of the
+Indians were killed; and this idea was corroborated by reports from
+their towns.
+
+There is also a tradition that Miller, with his detachment, crossed the
+creek, fell in with the enemy, lost one or two of his men, and had a
+third or fourth wounded before he retreated.
+
+The battle lasted two hours, and the Indian chief was himself killed
+immediately after he had slain Captain Estill; at least it is so stated
+in one account we have seen. This action had a very depressing effect
+upon the spirits of the Kentuckians. Yet its results to the victors were
+enough to make them say, with Pyrrhus, "A few more such victories, and
+we shall be undone." It is very certain that the Indians would not have
+been willing to gain many such victories, even to accomplish their
+darling object--the expulsion of the whites from Kentucky.
+
+The grand army, destined to accomplish the conquest of Kentucky,
+assembled at Chillicothe. A detachment from Detroit reinforced them, and
+before setting out, Simon Girty made a speech to them, enlarging on the
+ingratitude of the Long-knives in rebelling against their Great Father
+across the water. He described in glowing terms the fertility of
+Kentucky, exhorting them to recover it from the grasp of the Long-knife
+before he should be too strong for them. This speech met with the
+cordial approbation of the company; the army soon after took up its
+march for the settlements. Six hundred warriors, the flower of all the
+Northwestern tribes, were on their way to make what they knew must be
+their last effort to drive the intruders from their favorite
+hunting-ground.
+
+Various parties preceded the main body, and these appearing in different
+places created much confusion in the minds of the inhabitants in regard
+to the place where the blow was to fall. An attack was made upon the
+garrison at Hoy's Station, and two boys were taken prisoners. The
+Indians, twenty in number were pursued by Captain Holden, with seventeen
+men. He overtook them near the Blue Licks, (that fatal spot for the
+settlers,) and after a sharp conflict was obliged to retreat with the
+loss of four men.
+
+News of this disaster arrived at Bryant's Station, (a post on the
+Elkhorn, near the road from Lexington to Maysville,) on the fourteenth
+of August, and the garrison prepared to march to the assistance of Hoy's
+Station. But in the night the main body of the enemy arrived before the
+fort, it having been selected as the point for the first blow.
+
+The water for the use of the garrison was drawn from a spring at a
+considerable distance from the fort on the northwestern side. Near this
+spring the greater part of the enemy stationed themselves in ambush. On
+the other side of the fort a body was posted with orders to make a feint
+of attacking, in order to draw the attention of the garrison to that
+point, and give an opportunity for the main attack. At daylight the
+garrison, consisting of forty or fifty men, were preparing to march out,
+when they were startled by a heavy discharge of rifles, with an
+accompaniment of such yells as come only from an Indian's throat.
+
+"All ran hastily to the picketing," says McClung, "and beheld a small
+party of Indians exposed to open view, firing, yelling, and making the
+most furious gestures. The appearance was so singular, and so different
+from their usual manner of fighting, that some of the more wary and
+experienced of the garrison instantly pronounced it a decoy party, and
+restrained the young men from sallying out and attacking them, as some
+of them were strongly disposed to do. The opposite side of the fort was
+instantly manned, and several breaches in the picketing rapidly
+repaired. Their greatest distress arose from the prospect of suffering
+for water. The more experienced of the garrison felt satisfied that a
+powerful party was in ambuscade near the spring; but at the same time
+they supposed that the Indians would not unmask themselves until the
+firing upon the opposite side of the fort was returned with such warmth
+as to induce the belief that the feint had succeeded.
+
+"Acting upon this impression, and yielding to the urgent necessity of the
+case, they summoned all the women, without exception, and explaining to
+them the circumstances in which they were placed, and the improbability
+that any injury would be offered them, until the firing had been
+returned from the opposite side of the fort, they urged them to go in a
+body to the spring, and each to bring up a bucketfull of water. Some of
+the ladies, as was natural, had no relish for the undertaking, and asked
+why the men could not bring water as well as themselves? Observing that
+_they_ were not bullet-proof, and that the Indians made no distinction
+between male and female scalps.
+
+"To this it was answered, that women were in the habit of bringing water
+every morning to the fort and that if the Indians saw them engaged
+as usual, it would induce them to believe that their ambuscade was
+undiscovered, and that they would not unmask themselves for the sake of
+firing at a few women, when they hoped, by remaining concealed a few
+moments longer, to obtain complete possession of the fort. That if men
+should go down to the spring, the Indians would immediately suspect that
+something was wrong, would despair of succeeding by ambuscade, and would
+instantly rush upon them, follow them into the fort, or shoot them down
+at the spring. The decision was soon over.
+
+"A few of the boldest declared their readiness to brave the danger; and
+the younger and more timid rallying in the rear of these veterans, they
+all marched down in a body to the spring, within point-blank shot of
+more than five hundred Indian warriors. Some of the girls could not help
+betraying symptoms of terror, but the married women, in general, moved
+with a steadiness and composure which completely deceived the Indians.
+Not a shot was fired. The party were permitted to fill their buckets,
+one after another, without interruption; and although their steps became
+quicker and quicker, on their return, and when near the gate of the
+fort, degenerated into a rather unmilitary celerity, attended with some
+little crowding in passing the gate, yet not more than one-fifth of the
+water was spilled, and the eyes of the youngest had not dilated to more
+than double their ordinary size.
+
+"Being now amply supplied with water, they sent out thirteen young men
+to attack the decoy party, with orders to fire with great rapidity, and
+make as much noise as possible, but not to pursue the enemy too far,
+while the rest of the garrison took post on the opposite side of the
+fort, cocked their guns, and stood in readiness to receive the ambuscade
+as soon as it was unmasked. The firing of the light parties on the
+Lexington road was soon heard, and quickly became sharp and serious,
+gradually becoming more distant from the fort. Instantly, Girty sprung
+up at the head of his five hundred warriors, and rushed rapidly upon the
+western gate, ready to force his way over the undefended palisades.
+Into this immense mass of dusky bodies, the garrison poured several
+rapid volleys of rifle balls with destructive effect. Their consternation
+may be imagined. With wild cries they dispersed on the right and left,
+and in two minutes not an Indian was to be seen. At the same time, the
+party who had sallied out on the Lexington road, came running into the
+fort at the opposite gate, in high spirits, and laughing heartily at the
+success of their maneuvre."
+
+After this repulse, the Indians commenced the attack in regular form,
+that is regular Indian form, for they had no cannon, which was a great
+oversight, and one which we would not have expected them to make, after
+witnessing the terror with which they had inspired the Kentuckians in
+Byrd's invasion.
+
+Two men had left the garrison immediately upon discovering the Indians,
+to carry the news to Lexington and demand succor. On arriving at that
+place they found the men had mostly gone to Hoy's Station. The couriers
+pursued, and overtaking them, quickly brought them back. Sixteen
+horsemen, and forty or fifty on foot, started to the relief of Bryant's
+Station, and arrived before that place at two o'clock in the afternoon.
+
+To the left of the long and narrow lane, where the Maysville and
+Lexington road now runs, there were more than one hundred acres of green
+standing corn. The usual road from Lexington to Bryant's, ran parallel
+to the fence of this field, and only a few feet distant from it. On
+the opposite side of the road was a thick wood. Here, more than three
+hundred Indians lay in ambush, within pistol-shot of the road, awaiting
+the approach of the party. The horsemen came in view at a time when
+the firing had ceased, and every thing was quiet. Seeing no enemy, and
+hearing no noise, they entered the lane at a gallop, and were instantly
+saluted with a shower of rifle balls, from each side, at the distance
+of ten paces.
+
+At the first shot, the whole party set spurs to their horses, and rode
+at full speed through a rolling fire from either side, which continued
+for several hundred yards, but owing partly to the furious rate at which
+they rode, partly to the clouds of dust raised by the horses' feet, they
+all entered the fort unhurt. The men on foot were less fortunate. They
+were advancing through the corn-field, and might have reached the fort
+in safety, but for their eagerness to succor their friends. Without
+reflecting, that from the weight and extent of the fire, the enemy
+must have been ten times their number, they ran up with inconsiderate
+courage, to the spot where the firing was heard, and there found
+themselves cut off from the fort, and within pistol-shot of more than
+three hundred savages.
+
+Fortunately the Indians' guns had just been discharged, and they had not
+yet had leisure to reload. At the sight of this brave body of footmen,
+however, they raised a hideous yell, and rushed upon them, tomahawk in
+hand. Nothing but the high corn and their loaded rifles, could have
+saved them from destruction. The Indians were cautious in rushing upon
+a loaded rifle with only a tomahawk, and when they halted to load their
+pieces, the Kentuckians ran with great rapidity, turning and dodging
+through the corn in every direction. Some entered the wood and escaped
+through the thickets of cane, some were shot down in the corn-field,
+others maintained a running fight, halting occasionally behind trees and
+keeping the enemy at bay with their rifles; for, of all men, the Indians
+are generally the most cautious in exposing themselves to danger.
+A stout, active, young fellow, was so hard pressed by Girty and several
+savages, that he was compelled to discharge his rifle, (however
+unwilling, having no time to reload it,) and Girty fell.
+
+It happened, however, that a piece of thick sole-leather was in his
+shot-pouch at the time, which received the ball, and preserved his life,
+although the force of the blow felled him to the ground. The savages
+halted upon his fall, and the young man escaped. Although the skirmish
+and the race lasted more than an hour, during which the corn-field
+presented a scene of turmoil and bustle which can scarcely be conceived,
+yet very few lives were lost. Only six of the white men were killed and
+wounded, and probably still fewer of the enemy, as the whites never
+fired until absolutely necessary, but reserved their loads as a check
+upon the enemy. Had the Indians pursued them to Lexington, they might
+have possessed themselves of it without resistance, as there was no
+force there to oppose them; but after following the fugitives for a few
+hundred yards, they returned to the hopeless siege of the fort.[40]
+
+The day was nearly over, and the Indians were discouraged. They had
+made no perceptible impression upon the fort, but had sustained a
+severe loss; the country was aroused, and they feared to find themselves
+outnumbered in their turn. Girty determined to attempt to frighten them
+into a capitulation. For this purpose he cautiously approached the works,
+and suddenly showed himself on a large stump, from which he addressed
+the garrison. After extolling their valor, he assured them that their
+resistance was useless, as he expected his artillery shortly, when their
+fort would be crushed without difficulty. He promised them perfect
+security for their lives if they surrendered, and menaced them with the
+usual inflictions of Indian rage if they refused. He concluded by asking
+if they knew him. The garrison of course gave no credit to the promises
+of good treatment contained in this speech. They were too well
+acquainted with the facility with which such pledges were given
+and violated; but the mention of cannon was rather alarming, as the
+expedition of Colonel Byrd was fresh in the minds of all. None of
+the leaders made any answer to Girty, but a young man by the name of
+Reynolds, took upon himself to reply to it. In regard to the question
+of Girty, "Whether the garrison knew him?" he said:
+
+"'That he was very well known; that he himself had a worthless dog, to
+which he had given the name of 'Simon Girty,' in consequence of his
+striking resemblance to the man of that name; that if he had either
+artillery or reinforcements, he might bring them up and be d----d; that
+if either himself, or any of the naked rascals with him, found their way
+into the fort, they would disdain to use their guns against them, but
+would drive them out again with switches, of which they had collected
+a great number for that purpose alone; and finally he declared, that
+they also expected reinforcements; that the whole country was marching
+to their assistance; that if Girty and his gang of murderers remained
+twenty-four hours longer before the fort, their scalps would be found
+drying in the sun upon the roofs of their cabins.'"[41]
+
+Girty affected much sorrow for the inevitable destruction which he
+assured the garrison awaited them, in consequence of their obstinacy.
+All idea of continuing the siege was now abandoned. The besiegers
+evacuated their camp that very night; and with so much precipitation,
+that meat was left roasting before the fires. Though we cannot wonder
+at this relinquishing of a long-cherished scheme when we consider the
+character of the Indians, yet it would be impossible to account for the
+appearance of precipitancy, and even terror, with which their retreat
+was accompanied, did we not perceive it to be the first of a series
+of similar artifices, designed to draw on their enemies to their own
+destruction. There was nothing in the circumstances to excite great
+apprehensions. To be sure, they had been repulsed in their attempt on
+the fort with some loss, yet this loss (thirty men) would by no means
+have deterred a European force of similar numbers from prosecuting the
+enterprise.
+
+Girty and his great Indian army retired toward Ruddle's and Martin's
+Stations, on a circuitous route, toward Lower Blue Licks. They expected,
+however, to be pursued, and evidently desired it, as they left a broad
+trail behind them, and marked the trees which stood on their route with
+their tomahawks.[42]
+
+[Footnote 40: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 41: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 42: Frost: "Border Wars of the West." Peck: "Life of Boone."
+McClung: "Western Adventure."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+     Arrival of reinforcements at Bryant's Station--Colonel
+     Daniel Boone, his son and brother among them--Colonels
+     Trigg, Todd, and others--Great number of commissioned
+     officers--Consultation--Pursuit commenced without waiting for
+     Colonel Logan's reinforcement--Indian trail--Apprehensions
+     of Boone and others--Arrival at the Blue Licks--Indians
+     seen--Consultation--Colonel Boone's opinion--Rash conduct of Major
+     McGary--Battle of Blue Licks commenced--Fierce encounter with the
+     Indians--Israel Boone, Colonels Todd and Trigg, and Majors Harland
+     and McBride killed--Attempt of the Indians to outflank the
+     whites--Retreat of the whites--Colonel Boone nearly surrounded
+     by Indians--Cuts his way through them, and returns to Bryant's
+     Station--Great slaughter--Bravery of Netherland--Noble conduct of
+     Reynolds in saving Captain Patterson--Loss of the whites--Colonel
+     Boone's statement--Remarks on McGary's conduct--The fugitives meet
+     Colonel Logan with his party--Return to the field of battle--Logan
+     returns to Bryant's Station.
+
+
+The intelligence of the siege of Bryant's Station had spread far and
+wide, and the whole region round was in a state of intense excitement.
+The next morning after the enemy's retreat, reinforcements began to
+arrive, and in the course of the day successive bodies of militia
+presented themselves, to the number of one hundred and eighty men.
+
+Among this number was Colonel Daniel Boone, his son Israel, and his
+brother Samuel, with a strong party of men from Boonesborough. Colonel
+Stephen Trigg led a similar corps from Harrodsburg; and Colonel John
+Todd headed the militia from Lexington. Majors Harland, McGary, McBride,
+and Levi Todd were also among the arrivals.[43]
+
+It is said that nearly one-third of the whole force assembled at
+Bryant's Station were commissioned officers, many of whom had hurried
+to the relief of their countrymen. This superior activity is to be
+accounted for by the fact that the officers were generally selected
+from the most active and skillful of the pioneers.
+
+A consultation was held in a tumultuous manner, and it was determined
+to pursue the enemy at once. The Indians had retreated by way of the
+Lower Blue Licks. The pursuit was commenced without waiting for the
+junction of Colonel Logan, who was known to be coming up with a strong
+reinforcement. The trail of the enemy exhibited a degree of carelessness
+very unusual in an Indian retreat. Various articles were strewn along
+the path, as if in terror they had been abandoned. These symptoms, while
+they increased the ardor of the young men, excited the apprehensions
+of the more experienced borderers, and Boone in particular. He noticed
+that, amid all the signs of disorder so lavishly displayed, the Indians
+seemed to take even unusual care to conceal their numbers by contracting
+their camp. It would seem that the Indians had rather overdone their
+stratagem. It was very natural to those not much experienced in Indian
+warfare to suppose that the articles found strewn along the road had
+been abandoned in the hurry of flight; but when they found that the
+utmost pains had been taken to point out the way to them by chopping the
+trees, one would have thought that the rawest among them, who had only
+spent a few months on the border, could have seen through so transparent
+an artifice. But these indications were disregarded in the desire felt
+to punish the Indians for their invasion.
+
+Nothing was seen of the enemy till the Kentuckians reached the Blue
+Licks. Here, just as they arrived at Licking River, a few Indians were
+seen on the other side, retreating without any appearance of alarm.
+The troops now made a halt, and the officers held a consultation to
+determine on the course to be pursued. Colonel Daniel Boone, on being
+appealed to as the most experienced person present, gave his opinion as
+follows:
+
+"That their situation was critical and delicate: that the force opposed
+to them was undoubtedly numerous and ready for battle, as might readily
+be seen from the leisurely retreat of the few Indians who had appeared
+upon the crest of the hill; that he was well acquainted with the ground
+in the neighborhood of the Licks, and was apprehensive that an ambuscade
+was formed at the distance of a mile in advance, where two ravines, one
+upon each side of the ridge, ran in such a manner that a concealed enemy
+might assail them at once both in front and flank before they were
+apprized of the danger.
+
+"It would be proper, therefore, to do one of two things. Either to await
+the arrival of Logan, who was now undoubtedly on his march to join them;
+or, if it was determined to attack without delay, that one-half of their
+number should march up the river, which there bends in an elliptical
+form, cross at the rapids, and fall upon the rear of the enemy, while
+the other division attacked them in front. At any rate, he strongly
+urged the necessity of reconnoitering the ground carefully before the
+main body crossed the river."[44]
+
+McClung, in his "Western Adventures," doubts whether the plan of
+operation proposed by Colonel Boone would have been more successful than
+that actually adopted; suggesting that the enemy would have cut them off
+in detail, as at Estill's defeat.
+
+But before the officers could come to any conclusion, Major McGary
+dashed into the river on horseback, calling on all who were not cowards
+to follow. The next moment the whole of the party were advancing to the
+attack with the greatest ardor, but without any order whatever. Horse
+and foot struggled through the river together, and, without waiting to
+form, rushed up the ascent from the shore.
+
+"Suddenly," says McClung, "the van halted. They had reached the spot
+mentioned by Boone, where the two ravines head, on each side of the
+ridge. Here a body of Indians presented themselves, and attacked the
+van. McGary's party instantly returned the fire, but under great
+disadvantage. They were upon a bare and open ridge; the Indians in a
+bushy ravine. The centre and rear, ignorant of the ground, hurried up
+to the assistance of the van, but were soon stopped by a terrible fire
+from the ravine which flanked them. They found themselves enclosed as
+if in the wings of a net, destitute of proper shelter, while the enemy
+were in a great measure covered from their fire. Still, however, they
+maintained their ground. The action became warm and bloody. The parties
+gradually closed, the Indians emerged from the ravine, and the fire
+became mutually destructive. The officers suffered dreadfully. Todd and
+Trigg in the rear, Harland, McBride, and young Israel Boone in front,
+were already killed."
+
+"The Indians gradually extended their line to turn the right of the
+Kentuckians, and cut off their retreat. This was quickly perceived by
+the weight of the fire from that quarter, and the rear instantly fell
+back in disorder, and attempted to rush through their only opening to
+the river. The motion quickly communicated itself to the van, and a
+hurried retreat became general. The Indians instantly sprung forward
+in pursuit, and, falling upon them with their tomahawks, made a cruel
+slaughter. From the battle-ground to the river the spectacle was
+terrible. The horsemen, generally, escaped; but the foot, particularly
+the van, which had advanced furthest within the wings of the net, were
+almost totally destroyed. Colonel Boone, after witnessing the death of
+his son and many of his dearest friends, found himself almost entirely
+surrounded at the very commencement of the retreat."
+
+"Several hundred Indians were between him and the ford, to which the
+great mass of the fugitives were bending their flight, and to which the
+attention of the savages was principally directed. Being intimately
+acquainted with the ground, he, together with a few friends, dashed into
+the ravine which the Indians had occupied, but which most of them had
+now left to join in the pursuit. After sustaining one or two heavy
+fires, and baffling one or two small parties who pursued him for a short
+distance, he crossed the river below the ford by swimming, and, entering
+the wood at a point where there was no pursuit, returned by a circuitous
+route to Bryant's Station. In the mean time, the great mass of the
+victors and vanquished crowded the bank of the ford."
+
+"The slaughter was great in the river. The ford was crowded with horsemen
+and foot and Indians, all mingled together. Some were compelled to seek
+a passage above by swimming; some who could not swim were overtaken and
+killed at the edge of the water. A man by the name of Netherland, who
+had formerly been strongly suspected of cowardice, here displayed a
+coolness and presence of mind equally noble and unexpected. Being finely
+mounted, he had outstripped the great mass of fugitives, and crossed
+the river in safety. A dozen or twenty horsemen accompanied him, and,
+having placed the river between them and the enemy, showed a disposition
+to continue their flight, without regard to the safety of their friends
+who were on foot, and still struggling with the current."
+
+"Netherland instantly checked his horse, and in a loud voice, called
+upon his companions to halt, fire upon the Indians, and save those who
+were still in the stream. The party instantly obeyed; and facing about,
+poured a close and fatal discharge of rifles upon the foremost of the
+pursuers. The enemy instantly fell back from the opposite bank, and gave
+time for the harassed and miserable footmen to cross in safety. The
+check, however, was but momentary. Indians were seen crossing in great
+numbers above and below, and the flight again became general. Most of
+the foot left the great buffalo track, and plunging into the thickets,
+escaped by a circuitous route to Bryant's Station."
+
+The pursuit was kept up for twenty miles, though with but little
+success. In the flight from the scene of action to the river, young
+Reynolds, (the same who replied to Girty's summons at Bryant's Station,)
+on horseback, overtook Captain Patterson on foot. This officer had not
+recovered from the effects of wounds received on a former occasion, and
+was altogether unable to keep up with the rest of the fugitives.
+
+Reynolds immediately dismounted, and gave the captain his horse.
+Continuing his flight on foot, he swam the river, but was made prisoner
+by a party of Indians. He was left in charge of a single Indian, whom he
+soon knocked down, and so escaped. For the assistance he so gallantly
+rendered him, Captain Patterson rewarded Reynolds with a present of two
+hundred acres of land.
+
+Sixty whites were killed in this battle of the Blue Licks, and seven
+made prisoners. Colonel Boone, in his Autobiography, says that he was
+informed that the Indian loss in killed, was four more than that of the
+Kentuckians, and that the former put four of the prisoners to death,
+to make the numbers equal. But this account does not seem worthy of
+credit, when we consider the vastly superior numbers of the Indians,
+their advantage of position, and the disorderly manner in which the
+Kentuckians advanced. If this account is true, the loss of the Indians
+in the actual battle must have been much greater than that of their
+opponents, many of the latter having been killed in the pursuit.
+
+As the loss of the Kentuckians on this occasion, the heaviest they had
+ever sustained, was undoubtedly caused by rashness, it becomes our duty,
+according to the established usage of historians, to attempt to show
+where the fault lies. The conduct of McGary, which brought on the
+action, appears to be the most culpable. He never denied the part which
+is generally attributed to him, but justified himself by saying that
+while at Bryant's Station, he had advised waiting for Logan, but was
+met with the charge of cowardice. He believed that Todd and Trigg were
+jealous of Logan, who was the senior Colonel, and would have taken the
+command had he come up. This statement he made to a gentleman several
+years after the battle took place. He said also to the same person, that
+when he found them hesitating in the presence of the enemy, he "burst
+into a passion," called them cowards, and dashed into the river as
+before narrated. If this account be true, it may somewhat palliate, but
+certainly not justify the action.
+
+Before the fugitives reached Bryant's Station, they met Logan advancing
+with his detachment. The exaggerated accounts he received of the
+slaughter, induced him to return to the above-mentioned place. On the
+next morning all who had escaped from the battle were assembled, when
+Logan found himself at the head of four hundred and fifty men. With this
+force, accompanied by Colonel Boone, he set out for the scene of action,
+hoping that the enemy, encouraged by their success, would await his
+arrival. But when he reached the field, he found it deserted. The bodies
+of the slain Kentuckians, frightfully mangled, were strewed over the
+ground. After collecting and interring these, Logan and Boone, finding
+they could do nothing more, returned to Bryant's Station, where they
+disbanded the troops.
+
+"By such rash men as McGary," says Mr. Peck,[45] "Colonel Boone was
+charged with want of courage, when the result proved his superior wisdom
+and fore-sight. All the testimony gives Boone credit for his sagacity
+and correctness in judgment before the action, and his coolness and
+self-possession in covering the retreat. His report of this battle to
+Benjamin Harrison, Governor of Virginia, is one of the few documents
+that remain from his pen."
+
+"Boone's Station, Fayette County, August 30th, 1782.
+
+"Sir: Present circumstances of affairs cause me to write to your
+Excellency as follows. On the 16th instant, a large number of Indians,
+with some white men, attacked one of our frontier Stations, known by the
+name of Bryant's Station. The siege continued from about sunrise till
+about ten o'clock the next day, when they marched off. Notice being
+given to the neighboring Stations, we immediately raised one hundred and
+eighty-one horse, commanded by Colonel John Todd, including some of the
+Lincoln County militia, commanded by Colonel Trigg, and pursued about
+forty miles.
+
+"On the 19th instant, we discovered the enemy lying in wait for us.
+On this discovery, we formed our columns into one single line, and
+marched up in their front within about forty yards, before there was
+a gun fired. Colonel Trigg commanded on the right, myself on the left,
+Major McGary in the centre, and Major Harlan the advanced party in
+front. From the manner in which we had formed, it fell to my lot to
+bring on the attack. This was done with a very heavy fire on both sides,
+and extended back of the line to Colonel Trigg, where the enemy were so
+strong they rushed up and broke the right wing at the first fire. Thus
+the enemy got in our rear, with the loss of seventy-seven of our men,
+and twelve wounded. Afterward we were reinforced by Colonel Logan,
+which made our force four hundred and sixty men. We marched again to
+the battle-ground; but finding the enemy had gone, we proceeded to bury
+the dead.
+
+"We found forty-three on the ground, and many lay about, which we could
+not stay to find, hungry and weary as we were, and somewhat dubious that
+the enemy might not have gone off quite. By the signs, we thought that
+the Indians had exceeded four hundred; while the whole of this militia
+of the county does not amount to more than one hundred and thirty. From
+these facts your Excellency may form an idea of our situation.
+
+"I know that your own circumstances are critical; but are we to be
+wholly forgotten? I hope not. I trust about five hundred men may be sent
+to our assistance immediately. If these shall be stationed as our county
+lieutenants shall deem necessary, it may be the means of saving our part
+of the country; but if they are placed under the direction of General
+Clark, they will be of little or no service to our settlement. The Falls
+lie one hundred miles west of us, and the Indians northeast; while our
+men are frequently called to protect them. I have encouraged the people
+in this county all that I could; but I can no longer justify them or
+myself to risk our lives here under such extraordinary hazards. The
+inhabitants of this county are very much alarmed at the thoughts of
+the Indians bringing another campaign into our country this fall.
+If this should be the case, it will break up these settlements. I hope,
+therefore, your Excellency will take the matter into consideration, and
+send us some relief as quick as possible.
+
+"These are my sentiments, without consulting any person. Colonel Logan
+will, I expect, immediately send you an express, by whom I humbly
+request your Excellency's answer. In the meanwhile, I remain,"
+
+DANIEL BOONE.
+
+[Footnote 43: Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 44: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 45: "Life of Boone," p. 130.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+     The Indians return home from the Blue Licks--They attack
+     the settlements in Jefferson County--Affair at Simpson's
+     Creek--General Clark's expedition to the Indian country--Colonel
+     Boone joins it--Its effect--Attack of the Indians on the
+     Crab Orchard settlement--Rumor of intended invasion by
+     the Cherokees--Difficulties about the treaty with Great
+     Britain--Hostilities of the Indians generally stimulated by
+     renegade whites--Simon Girty--Causes of his hatred of the
+     whites--Girty insulted by General Lewis--Joins the Indians
+     at the battle of Point Pleasant--Story of his rescuing Simon
+     Kenton--Crawford's expedition, and the burning of Crawford--Close
+     of Girty's career.
+
+
+Most of the Indians who had taken part in the battle of the Blue Licks,
+according to their custom, returned home to boast of their victory,
+thus abandoning all the advantages which might have resulted to them
+from following up their success. Some of them, however, attacked the
+settlements in Jefferson County but they were prevented from doing much
+mischief by the vigilance of the inhabitants. They succeeded, however,
+in breaking up a small settlement on Simpson's Creek. This they attacked
+in the night, while the men, wearied by a scout of several days, were
+asleep. The enemy entered the houses before their occupants were fully
+aroused. Notwithstanding this, several of the men defended themselves
+with great courage. Thomas Randolph killed several Indians before his
+wife and infant were struck down at his side, when he escaped with his
+remaining child through the roof. On reaching the ground he was assailed
+by two of the savages, but he beat them off, and escaped. Several women
+escaped to the woods, and two were secreted under the floor of a cabin,
+where they remained undiscovered. Still the Indians captured quite a
+number of women and children, some of whom they put to death on the road
+home. The rest were liberated the next year upon the conclusion of peace
+with the English.
+
+General George Rogers Clark proposed a retaliatory expedition into
+the Indian country, and to carry out the plan, called a council of the
+superior officers. The council agreed to his plan, and preparations
+were made to raise the requisite number of troops by drafting, if there
+should be any deficiency of volunteers. But it was not found necessary
+to resort to compulsory measures, both men and supplies for the
+expedition were raised without difficulty. The troops to the number of
+one thousand, all mounted, assembled at Bryant's Station, and the Falls
+of the Ohio, from whence the two detachments marched under Logan and
+Floyd to the mouth of the Licking, where general Clark assumed the
+command. Colonel Boone took part in this expedition; but probably as
+a volunteer. He is not mentioned as having a separate command.
+
+The history of this expedition, like most others of the same nature,
+possesses but little interest. The army with all the expedition they
+could make, and for which the species of force was peculiarly favorable,
+failed to surprise the Indians. These latter opposed no resistance of
+importance to the advance of the army. Occasionally, a straggling party
+would fire upon the Kentuckians, but never waited to receive a similar
+compliment in return. Seven Indians were taken prisoners, and three or
+four killed; one of them an old chief, too infirm to fly, was killed
+by Major McGary. The towns of the Indians were burnt, and their fields
+devastated. The expedition returned to Kentucky with the loss of four
+men, two of whom were accidentally killed by their own comrades.
+
+This invasion, though apparently so barren of result, is supposed to
+have produced a beneficial effect, by impressing the Indians with the
+numbers and courage of the Kentuckians. They appear from this time to
+have given up the expectation of reconquering the country, and confined
+their hostilities to the rapid incursions of small bands.
+
+During the expedition of Clark, a party of Indians penetrated to the
+Crab Orchard settlement. They made an attack upon a single house,
+containing only a woman, a negro man, and two or three children. One of
+the Indians, who had been sent in advance to reconnoitre, seeing the
+weakness of the garrison, thought to get all the glory of the
+achievement to himself.
+
+He boldly entered the house and seized the negro, who proving strongest,
+threw him on the floor, when the woman dispatched him with an axe. The
+other Indians coming up, attempted to force open the door which had been
+closed by the children during the scuffle. There was no gun in the
+house, but the woman seized an old barrel of one, and thrust the muzzle
+through the logs, at which the Indians retreated.
+
+The year 1783 passed away without any disturbance from the Indians, who
+were restrained by the desertion of their allies the British. In 1784,
+the southern frontier of Kentucky was alarmed by the rumor of an
+intended invasion by the Cherokees, and some preparations were made for
+an expedition against them, which fell through, however, because there
+was no authority to carry it on. The report of the hostility of the
+Cherokees proved to be untrue.
+
+Meanwhile difficulties arose in performance of the terms of the treaty
+between England and the United States. They appear to have originated
+in a dispute in regard to an article contained in the treaty, providing
+that the British army should not carry away with them any negroes or
+other property belonging to the American inhabitants. In consequence of
+what they deemed an infraction of this article, the Virginians refused
+to comply with another, which stipulated for the repeal of acts
+prohibiting the collection of debts due to British subjects. The British,
+on the other hand, refused to evacuate the western posts till this
+article was complied with. It was natural that the intercourse which had
+always existed between the Indians and the garrisons of these posts,
+during the period they had acted as allies, should continue, and it did.
+
+In the unwritten history of the difficulties of the United States
+Government with the Indian tribes within her established boundaries,
+nothing appears clearer than this truth: that the fierce and sanguinary
+resistance of the aborigines to the encroachments of the Anglo-Americans
+has ever been begun and continued more through the instigations of
+outlawed white men, who had sought protection among them from the arm
+of the law or the knife of individual vengeance, and been adopted into
+their tribes, than from the promptings of their own judgments, their
+disregard of death, their thirst for the blood of their oppressors,
+or their love of country.[46]
+
+That their sense of wrong has at all times been keen, their hate deadly,
+and their bravery great, is a fact beyond dispute; and that they have
+prized highly their old hunting-grounds, and felt a warm and lively
+attachment to their beautiful village-sites, and regarded with especial
+veneration the burial-places of their fathers, their whole history
+attests; but of their own weakness in war, before the arms and numbers
+of their enemies, they must have been convinced at a very early period:
+and they were neither so dull in apprehension, nor so weak in intellect,
+as not soon to have perceived the utter hopelessness, and felt the mad
+folly, of a continued contest with their invaders. Long before the
+settlement of the whites upon this continent, the Indians had been
+subject to bloody and exterminating wars among themselves; and such
+conflicts had generally resulted in the flight of the weaker party
+toward the West, and the occupancy of their lands by the conquerors.
+Many of the tribes had a tradition among them, and regarded it as their
+unchangeable destiny, that they were to journey from the rising to the
+setting sun, on their way to the bright waters and the green forests of
+the "Spirit Land;" and the working out of this destiny seems apparent,
+if not in the location, course, and character of the tumult and other
+remains of the great aboriginal nations of whom even tradition furnishes
+no account, certainly in what we know of the history of the tribes found
+on the Atlantic coast by the first European settlers.
+
+It seems fairly presumable, from our knowledge of the history and
+character of the North American Indians, that had they been left to
+the promptings of their own judgments, and been influenced only by the
+deliberations of their own councils, they would, after a brief, but
+perhaps most bloody, resistance to the encroachments of the whites, have
+bowed to what would have struck their untutored minds as an inevitable
+destiny, and year after year flowed silently, as the European wave
+pressed upon them, further and further into the vast wildernesses
+of the mighty West. But left to their own judgments, or their own
+deliberations, they never have been. Early armed by renegade white men
+with European weapons, and taught the improvement of their own rude
+instruments of warfare, and instigated not only to oppose the strides
+of their enemies after territory, but to commit depredations upon their
+settlements, and to attempt to chastise them at their very thresholds,
+they drew down upon themselves the wrath of a people which is not slow
+to anger, nor easily appeased; and as far back as the Revolution,
+if not as the colonizing of Massachusetts, their breasts were filled
+with a hatred of the whites, deadly and unslumbering. Through all our
+subsequent transactions with them, this feeling has been increasing in
+magnitude and intensity: and recent events have carried it to a pitch
+which will render it enduring forever, perhaps not in its activity, but
+certainly in its bitterness. Whether more amicable relations with the
+whites, during the first settlements made upon this continent by the
+Europeans, would have changed materially the ultimate destiny of the
+aboriginal tribes, is a question about which diversities of opinion
+may well be entertained; but it is not to be considered here.
+
+The fierce, and bloody, and continuous opposition which the Indians
+have made from the first to the encroachments of the Anglo-Americans,
+is matter of history; and close scrutiny will show, that the great
+instigators of that opposition have always, or nearly so, been _renegade
+white men_. Scattered through the tribes east of the Alleghanies,
+before and during the American Revolution, there were many such
+miscreants. Among the Western tribes, during the early settlement of
+Kentucky and Ohio, and at the period of the last war with Great Britain,
+there were a number, some of them men of talent and great activity.
+One of the boldest and most notorious of these latter, was one whom we
+have had frequent occasion to mention, SIMON GIRTY--for many years the
+scourge of the infant settlements in the West, the terror of women, and
+the bugaboo of children. This man was an adopted member of the great
+Wyandot nation, among whom he ranked high as an expert hunter, a brave
+warrior, and a powerful orator. His influence extended through all the
+tribes of the West, and was generally exerted to incite the Indians to
+expeditions against the "Stations" of Kentucky, and to acts of cruelty
+to their white prisoners. The bloodiest counsel was usually his; his
+was the voice which was raised loudest against his countrymen, who were
+preparing the way for the introduction of civilization and Christianity
+into this glorious region; and in all great attacks upon the frontier
+settlements he was one of the prime movers, and among the prominent
+leaders.
+
+Of the causes of that venomous hatred, which rankled in the bosom of
+Simon Girty against his countrymen, we have two or three versions:
+such as, that he early imbibed a feeling of contempt and abhorrence of
+civilized life, from the brutality of his father, the lapse from virtue
+of his mother, and the corruptions of the community in which he had his
+birth and passed his boyhood; that, while acting with the whites against
+the Indians on the Virginia border, he was stung to the quick, and
+deeply offended by the appointment to a station over his head, of one
+who was his junior in years, and had rendered nothing like his services
+to the frontiers; and that, when attached as a scout to Dunmore's
+expedition, an indignity was heaped upon him which thoroughly soured his
+nature, and drove him to the Indians, that he might more effectually
+execute a vengeance which he swore to wreak. The last reason assigned
+for his defection and animosity is the most probable of the three, rests
+upon good authority, and seems sufficient, his character considered, to
+account for his desertion and subsequent career among the Indians.
+
+The history of the indignity alluded to, as it has reached the
+writer[47] from one who was associated with Girty and a partaker in it,
+is as follows: The two were acting as scouts in the expedition set on
+foot by Governor Dunmore, of Virginia, in the year 1774, against the
+Indian towns of Ohio. The two divisions of the force raised for this
+expedition, the one commanded by Governor Dunmore in person, the other
+by General Andrew Lewis, were by the orders of the governor to form a
+junction at Point Pleasant, where the Great Kenhawa empties into the
+Ohio. At this place, General Lewis arrived with his command on the
+eleventh or twelfth of September; but after remaining here two or three
+weeks in anxious expectation of the approach of the other division, he
+received dispatches from the governor, informing him that Dunmore had
+changed his plan, and determined to march at once against the villages
+on the Scioto, and ordering him to cross the Ohio immediately and join
+him as speedily as possible. It was during the delay at the Point that
+the incident occurred which is supposed to have had such a tremendous
+influence upon Girty's after-life. He and his associate scout had
+rendered some two or three months' services, for which they had as
+yet drawn no part of their pay; and in their present idleness they
+discovered means of enjoyment, of which they had not money to avail
+themselves. In this strait, they called upon Gen. Lewis in person,
+at his quarters, and demanded their pay. For some unknown cause this
+was refused, which produced a slight murmuring on the part of the
+applicants, when General Lewis cursed them, and struck them several
+severe blows over their heads with his cane. Girty's associate was not
+much hurt; but he himself was so badly wounded on the forehead or temple
+that the blood streamed down his cheek and side to the floor. He quickly
+turned to leave the apartment; but, on reaching the door, wheeled round,
+planted his feet firmly upon the sill, braced an arm against either
+side of the frame, fixed his keen eyes unflinchingly upon the general,
+uttered the exclamation, "_By God, sir, your quarters shall swim in
+blood for this_!" and instantly disappeared beyond pursuit.
+
+General Lewis was not much pleased with the sudden and apparently
+causeless change which Governor Dunmore had made in the plan of the
+expedition. Nevertheless, he immediately prepared to obey the new
+orders, and had given directions for the construction of rafts upon
+which to cross the Ohio, when, before daylight on the morning of the
+10th of October, some of the scouts suddenly entered the encampment
+with the information that an immense body of Indians was just at hand,
+hastening upon the Point. This was the force of the brave and skillful
+chief Cornstalk, whose genius and valor were so conspicuous on that day,
+throughout the whole of which raged the hardly-contested and moat bloody
+_Battle of the Point_. Girty had fled from General Lewis immediately to
+the chief Cornstalk, forsworn his white nature, and leagued himself with
+the Redman forever; and with the Indians he was now advancing, under
+the cover of night, to surprise the Virginian camp. At the distance of
+only a mile from the Point, Cornstalk was met by a detachment of the
+Virginians, under the command of Colonel Charles Lewis, a brother of the
+general; and here, about sunrise on the 10th of October, 1774, commenced
+one of the longest, severest, and bloodiest battles ever fought upon the
+Western frontiers. It terminated, as we have seen, about sunset, with
+the defeat of the Indians it is true, but with a loss to the whites
+which carried mourning into many a mansion of the Old Dominion, and
+which was keenly felt throughout the country at the time, and
+remembered with sorrow long after.
+
+Girty having thrown himself among the Indians, as has been related,
+and embraced their cause, now retreated with them into the interior
+of Ohio, and ever after followed their fortunes without swerving. On
+arriving at the towns of the Wyandots, he was adopted into that tribe,
+and established himself at Upper Sandusky. Being active, of a strong
+constitution, fearless in the extreme, and at all times ready to
+join their war parties, lie soon became very popular among his new
+associates, and a man of much consequence. He was engaged in most of
+the expeditions against the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and
+Virginia--always brave and always cruel--till the year 1778, when
+occurred an incident which, as it is the only bright spot apparent
+on the whole dark career of the renegade, shall be related with some
+particularity.
+
+Girty happened to be at Lower Sandusky this year, when Kenton--known at
+that period as Simon Butler--was brought in to be executed by a party
+of Indians who had made him a prisoner on the banks of the Ohio.
+Years before, Kenton and Girty had been bosom companions at Fort Pitt,
+and served together subsequently in the commencement of Dunmore's
+expedition; but the victim was already blackened for the stake, and the
+renegade failed to recognize in him his former associate. Girty had at
+this time but just returned from an expedition against the frontier of
+Pennsylvania, which had been less successful than he had anticipated,
+and was enraged by disappointment. He, therefore, as soon as Kenton was
+brought into the village, began to give vent to a portion of his spleen
+by cuffing and kicking the prisoner, whom he eventually knocked down.
+He knew that Kenton had come from Kentucky; and this harsh treatment was
+bestowed in part, it is thought, to frighten the prisoner into answers
+of such questions as he might wish to ask him. He then inquired how many
+men there were in Kentucky. Kenton could not answer this question, but
+ran over the names and ranks of such of the officers as he at the time
+recollected. "Do you know William Stewart?" asked Girty. "Perfectly
+well," replied Kenton; "he is an old and intimate acquaintance."
+"Ah! what is _your_ name, then?" "Simon Butler," answered Kenton; and
+on the instant of this announcement the hardened renegade caught his
+old comrade by the hand, lifted him from the ground, pressed him to his
+bosom, asked his forgiveness for having treated him so brutally, and
+promised to do every thing in his power to save his life, and set him
+at liberty. "Syme!" said he, weeping like a child, "you are condemned
+to die, but it shall go hard with me, I tell you, but I will save you
+from _that_."
+
+There have been various accounts given of this interesting scene, and
+all agree in representing Girty as having been deeply affected, and
+moved for the moment to penitence and tears. The foundation of McClung's
+detail of the speeches made upon the occasion was a manuscript dictated
+by Kenton himself a number of years before his death. From this writer
+we therefore quote:
+
+"As soon as Girty heard the name he became strongly agitated; and,
+springing from his seat, he threw his arms around Kenton's neck, and
+embraced him with much emotion. Then turning to the assembled warriors,
+who remained astonished spectators of this extraordinary scene, he
+addressed them in a short speech, which the deep earnestness of his
+tone, and the energy of his gesture, rendered eloquent. He informed
+them that the prisoner, whom they had just condemned to the stake, was
+his ancient comrade and bosom friend; that they had traveled the same
+war-path, slept upon the same blanket, and dwelt in the same wigwam.
+He entreated them to have compassion on his feelings--to spare him the
+agony of witnessing the torture of an old friend by the hands of his
+adopted brothers, and not to refuse so trifling a favor as the life of
+a white man to the earnest intercession of one who had proved, by three
+years' faithful service, that he was sincerely and zealously devoted to
+the cause of the Indians.
+
+"The speech was listened to in unbroken silence. As soon as he had
+finished, several chiefs expressed their approbation by a deep guttural
+interjection, while others were equally as forward in making known their
+objections to the proposal. They urged that his fate had already been
+determined in a large and solemn council, and that they would be acting
+like squaws to change their minds every hour. They insisted upon the
+flagrant misdemeanors of Kenton--that he had not only stolen their
+horses, but had flashed his gun at one of their young men--that it was
+vain to suppose that so bad a man could ever become an Indian at heart,
+like their brother Girty--that the Kentuckians were all alike--very bad
+people--and ought to be killed as fast as they were taken--and finally,
+they observed that many of their people had come from a distance, solely
+to assist at the torture of the prisoner, and pathetically painted the
+disappointment and chagrin with which they would hear that all their
+trouble had been for nothing.
+
+"Girty listened with obvious impatience to the young warriors who had
+so ably argued against a reprieve--and starting to his feet, as soon
+as the others had concluded, he urged his former request with great
+earnestness. He briefly, but strongly recapitulated his own services,
+and the many and weighty instances of attachment he had given. He asked
+if _he_ could be suspected of partiality to the whites? When had he ever
+before interceded for any of that hated race? Had he not brought seven
+scalps home with him from the last expedition? and had he not submitted
+seven white prisoners that very evening to their discretion? Had he ever
+expressed a wish that a single captive should be saved? _This_ was his
+first and should be his last request: for if they refused to _him_, what
+was never refused to the intercession of one of their natural chiefs,
+he would look upon himself as disgraced in their eyes, and considered
+as unworthy of confidence. Which of their own natural warriors had
+been more zealous than himself? From what expedition had he ever
+shrunk?--what white man had ever seen his back? Whose tomahawk had been
+bloodier than his? He would say no more. He asked it as a first and last
+favor, as an evidence that they approved of his zeal and fidelity, that
+the life of his bosom friend might be spared. Fresh speakers arose upon
+each side, and the debate was carried on for an hour and a half with
+great heat and energy.
+
+"During the whole of this time, Kenton's feelings may readily
+be imagined. He could not understand a syllable of what was said.
+He saw that Girty spoke with deep earnestness, and that the eyes of
+the assembly were often turned upon himself with various expressions.
+He felt satisfied that his friend was pleading for his life, and that
+he was violently opposed by a large part of the council. At length the
+war-club was produced, and the final vote taken. Kenton watched its
+progress with thrilling emotion--which yielded to the most rapturous
+delight, as he perceived that those who struck the floor of the
+council-house, were decidedly inferior in number to those who passed it
+in silence. Having thus succeeded in his benevolent purpose, Girty lost
+no time in attending to the comfort of his friend. He led him into his
+own wigwam, and from his own store gave him a pair of moccasins and
+leggins, a breech-cloth, a hat, a coat, a handkerchief for his neck,
+and another for his head."
+
+In the course of a few weeks, and after passing through some
+further difficulties, in which the renegade again stood by him
+faithfully, Kenton was sent to Detroit, from which place he effected
+his escape and returned to Kentucky. Girty remained with the Indians,
+retaining his old influence, and continuing his old career; and four
+years after the occurrences last detailed, in 1782, we find him a
+prominent figure in one of the blackest tragedies that have ever
+disgraced the annals of mankind. It is generally believed, by the old
+settlers and their immediate descendants, that the influence of Girty
+at this period, over the confederate tribes of the whole northwest,
+was almost supreme. He had, it is true, no delegated authority, and
+of course was powerless as regarded the final determination of any
+important measure; but his voice was permitted in council among the
+chiefs, and his inflaming harangues were always listened to with delight
+by the young warriors. Among the sachems and other head-men, he was what
+may well be styled a "power behind the throne;" and as it is well known
+that this unseen power is often "greater than the throne itself," it may
+reasonably be presumed that Girty's influence was in reality all which
+it is supposed to have been. The horrible event alluded to above, was
+the _Burning of Crawford_; and as a knowledge of this dark passage in
+his life, is necessary to a full development of the character of the
+renegade, an account of the incident, as much condensed as possible,
+will be given from the histories of the unfortunate campaign of that
+year.
+
+The frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia, had been
+greatly harassed by repeated attacks from bands of Indians under Girty
+and some of the Wyandot and Shawnee chiefs, during the whole period
+of the Revolutionary War; and early in the spring of 1782, these savage
+incursions became so frequent and galling, and the common mode of
+fighting the Indians on the line of frontier, when forced to do so
+in self-defense, proved so inefficient, that it was found absolutely
+necessary to carry the war into the country of the enemy. For this
+purpose an expedition against the Wyandot towns on the Sandusky, was
+gotten up in May, and put under the command of Colonel William Crawford,
+a brave soldier of the Revolution. This force, amounting to upward
+of four hundred mounted volunteers, commenced its march through the
+wilderness northwest of the Ohio River, on the 25th of May, and
+reached the plains of the Sandusky on the 5th of June. A spirit of
+insubordination had manifested itself during the march, and on one
+occasion a small body of the volunteers abandoned the expedition and
+returned to their homes. The disaffection which had prevailed on the
+march, continued to disturb the commander and divide the ranks, after
+their arrival upon the very site (now deserted temporarily) of one of
+the enemy's principal towns; and the officers, yielding to the wishes of
+their men, had actually determined, in a hasty council, to abandon the
+objects of the expedition and return home, if they did not meet with the
+Indians in large force in the course of another day's march. Scarcely
+had this determination been announced, however, when Colonel Crawford
+received intelligence from his scouts, of the near approach of a large
+body of the enemy. Preparations were at once made for the engagement,
+which almost instantly commenced. It was now about the middle of the
+afternoon; and from this time till dusk the firing was hot and galling
+on both sides. About dark the Indians drew off their force, when the
+volunteers encamped upon the battle-ground, and slept on their arms.
+
+The next day, the battle was renewed by small detachments of the
+enemy, but no general engagement took place. The Indians had suffered
+severely from the close firing which ensued upon their first attack,
+and were now maneuvering and awaiting the arrival of reinforcements.
+No sooner had night closed upon this madly spent day, than the officers
+assembled in council. They were unanimous in the opinion that the enemy,
+already as they thought more numerous than their own force, was rapidly
+increasing in numbers. They therefore determined, without a dissenting
+voice, to retreat that night, as rapidly as circumstances would permit.
+This resolution was at once announced to the whole body of volunteers,
+and the arrangements necessary to carry it into effect were immediately
+commenced. By nine or ten o'clock every thing was in readiness--the
+troops properly disposed--and the retreat begun in good order. But
+unfortunately, says McClung, "they had scarcely moved an hundred paces,
+when the report of several rifles was heard in the rear, in the
+direction of the Indian encampment. The troops instantly became very
+unsteady. At length a solitary voice, in the front rank, called out that
+their design was discovered, and that the Indians would soon be upon
+them. Nothing more was necessary. The cavalry were instantly broken;
+and, as usual, each man endeavored to save himself as he best could.
+A prodigious uproar ensued, which quickly communicated to the enemy that
+the white men had routed themselves, and that they had nothing to do but
+pick up stragglers." A scene of confusion and carnage now took place,
+which almost beggars description. All that night and for the whole of
+the next day, the work of hunting out, running down, and butchering,
+continued without intermission. But a relation of these sad occurrences
+does not properly belong to this narrative. The brief account of the
+expedition which has been given, was deemed necessary as an introduction
+to the event which now claims attention.
+
+Among the prisoners taken by the Indians, were Colonel Crawford,
+the commander, and Dr. Knight of Pittsburg, who had gone upon the
+expedition as surgeon. On the 10th of June, these gentlemen were
+marched toward the principal town of the Wyandots, where they arrived
+the next day. Here they beheld the mangled bodies of some of their late
+companions, and were doomed to see others, yet living, butchered before
+their eyes. Here, likewise, they saw Simon Girty, who appeared to take
+an infernal delight in gazing upon the dead bodies, and viewing the
+tortures which were inflicted upon the living. The features of this
+wretch, who had known Colonel Crawford at Fort Pitt, were clad in
+malicious smiles at beholding the brave soldier in his present strait;
+and toward Dr. Knight he conducted himself with insolence as well as
+barbarity. The Colonel was soon stripped naked, painted black, and
+commanded to sit down by a large fire which was blazing close at hand;
+and in this situation he was surrounded by all the old women and young
+boys of the town, and severely beaten with sticks and clubs. While this
+was going on, the Indians were sinking a large stake in the ground, and
+building a circle of brushwood and hickory sticks around it, with a
+diameter of some twelve or fifteen feet. These preparations completed,
+Crawford's hands were tied firmly behind his back, and by his wrists
+he was bound to the stake. The pile was then fired in several places,
+and the quick flames curled into the air. Girty took no part in these
+operations, but sat upon his horse at a little distance, observing them
+with a malignant satisfaction. Catching his eye at the moment the pile
+was fired, Crawford inquired of the renegade if the savages really
+meant to burn him. Girty coldly answered "Yes," and the Colonel calmly
+resigned himself to his fate. The whole scene is minutely described
+in the several histories which have been written of this unfortunate
+expedition; but the particulars are too horrible to be dwelt upon
+here For more than two hours did the gallant soldier survive at that
+flame-girdled stake; and during the latter half of this time, he was
+put to every torture which savage ingenuity could devise, and hellish
+vengeance execute. Once only did a word escape his lips. In the
+extremity of his agony he again caught the eye of Girty; and he is
+reported to have exclaimed at this time, "Girty! Girty! shoot me through
+the heart! Do not refuse me! quick!--quick!" And it is said that the
+monster merely replied, "Don't you see I have no gun, Colonel?" then
+burst into a loud laugh and turned away. Crawford said no more; he sank
+repeatedly beneath the pain and suffocation which he endured, and was
+as often aroused by a new torture; but in a little while the "vital
+spark" fled, and the black and swollen body lay senseless at the foot
+of the stake.
+
+Dr. Knight was now removed from the spot, and placed under the charge
+of a Shawanee warrior to be taken to Chillicothe, where he was to share
+in the terrible fate of his late companion. The Doctor, however, was
+fortunate enough to effect his escape; and after wandering through the
+wilderness for three weeks, in a state bordering on starvation, he
+reached Pittsburg. He had been an eye-witness of all the tortures
+inflicted upon the Colonel, and subsequently published a journal of the
+expedition; and it is from this that the particulars have been derived
+of the several accounts which have been published of the _Burning of
+Crawford_.[48]
+
+It was not to be expected that such a man as Simon Girty could, for a
+great many years, maintain his influence among a people headed by chiefs
+and warriors like Black-Hoof, Buckongahelas, Little Turtle, Tarhé, and
+so forth. Accordingly we find the ascendancy of the renegade at its
+height about the period of the expedition against Bryant's Station,
+already described; and not long after this it began to wane, when,
+discontent and disappointment inducing him to give way to his natural
+appetites, he partook freely of all intoxicating liquors, and in the
+course of a few years became a beastly drunkard. It is believed that
+he at one time seriously meditated an abandonment of the Indians, and a
+return to the whites; and an anecdote related by McClung, in his notice
+of the emigration to Kentucky, by way of the Ohio River, in the year
+1785, would seem to give color to this opinion. But if the intention
+ever was seriously indulged, it is most likely that fear of the
+treatment he would receive on being recognized in the frontier
+settlements, on account of his many bloody enormities, prevented him
+from carrying it into effect. He remained with the Indians in Ohio till
+Wayne's victory, when he forsook the scenes of his former influence and
+savage greatness, and established himself somewhere in Upper Canada.
+He fought in the bloody engagement which terminated in the defeat and
+butchery of St. Clair's army in 1791, and was at the battle of the
+Fallen Timbers in 1794; but he had no command in either of those
+engagements, and was not at this time a man of any particular influence.
+
+In Canada, Girty was something of a trader, but gave himself up almost
+wholly to intoxicating drinks, and became a perfect sot. At this time
+he suffered much from rheumatism and other diseases; but he had grown
+a great braggart, and amidst his severest pains he would entertain his
+associates, and all who were willing to listen, with stories of his past
+pranks and cruelty. He had now the most exaggerated notions of the honor
+attaching to the character of a great warrior; and for some years before
+his death his constantly-expressed wish was, that he might find an
+opportunity of signalizing his last years by some daring action, and
+die upon the field of battle. Whether sincere in this wish or not, the
+opportunity was afforded him. He fought with the Indians at Proctor's
+defeat on the Thames in 1814, and was among those who were here cut
+down and trodden under foot by Colonel Johnson's regiment of mounted
+Kentuckians.
+
+Of the birth-place and family of Simon Girty we have not been able to
+procure any satisfactory information. It is generally supposed, from
+the fact that nearly all of his early companions were Virginians, that
+he was a native of the Old Dominion; but one of the early pioneers,
+(yet living in Franklin County,) who knew Girty at Pittsburg before his
+defection, thinks that his native State was Pennsylvania. This venerable
+gentleman is likewise of the opinion, that it was the disappointment
+of not getting an office to which he aspired that first filled Girty's
+breast with hatred of the whites, and roused in him those dark thoughts
+and bitter feelings which subsequently, on the occurrence of the first
+good opportunity, induced him to desert his countrymen and league
+himself with the Indians. That Girty was an applicant or candidate
+for some office, and was defeated in his efforts to obtain it by an
+individual who was generally considered less deserving of it than he,
+my informant has distinct recollections; and also remembers that his
+defeat was occasioned principally through the exertions, in behalf of his
+opponent, of Colonel William Crawford. This affords a key to the cause
+of Girty's fiend-like conduct toward the Colonel when, some ten years
+afterward, the latter was bound to the stake at one of the Wyandot
+towns, and in the extremity of his agony besought the renegade to put
+an end to his misery by shooting him through the heart: it offers no
+apology, however, for Girty's brutality on that occasion.
+
+The career of the renegade, commenced by treason and pursued through
+blood to the knee, affords a good lesson, which might well receive some
+remark; but this narrative has already extended to an unexpected length,
+and must here close. It is a dark record; but the histories of all new
+countries contain somewhat similar passages, and their preservation in
+this form may not be altogether without usefulness.[49]
+
+[Footnote 46: Gallagher: "Hesperian," vol. i., p. 343.]
+
+[Footnote 47: Gallagher.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Gallagher.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Gallagher.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+     Season of repose--Colonel Boone buys land--Builds a log-house and
+     goes to farming--Kentucky organized on a new basis--The three
+     Counties united in one district, and Courts established--Colonel
+     Boone surprised by Indians--Escapes by a bold stratagem--Increase
+     of emigration--Transportation of goods commences--Primitive manners
+     and customs of the settlers--Hunting--The autumn hunt--The hunting
+     camp-Qualifications of a good hunter--Animals hunted--The process
+     of building and furnishing a cabin--The house-warming.
+
+
+After the series of Indian hostilities recorded in the chapters
+immediately preceding this, Kentucky enjoyed a season of comparative
+repose. The cessation of hostilities between the United States and
+Great Britain in 1783, and the probable speedy cession of the British
+posts on the Northwestern frontier, discouraged the Indians, stopped
+their customary incursions on the Kentuckians, and gave them leisure
+to acquire and cultivate new tracts of land.
+
+Colonel Boone, notwithstanding the heavy loss of money (which has been
+already mentioned) as he was on his journey to North Carolina, was now
+able to purchase several locations of land. He had been compensated for
+his military services by the Commonwealth of Virginia, to which Kentucky
+still belonged. On one of his locations he built a comfortable log-house
+and recommenced farming, with his usual industry and perseverance,
+varying the pursuits of agriculture with occasional indulgence in his
+favorite sport of hunting.
+
+In 1783 Kentucky organized herself on a new basis, Virginia having
+united the three counties into one district, having a court of common
+law and chancery for the whole territory which now forms the State of
+Kentucky. The seat of justice at first was at Harrodsburg; but for want
+of convenient accommodations for the sessions of the courts, they were
+subsequently removed to Danville, which, in consequence, became for a
+season the centre and capital of the State.[50]
+
+A singular and highly characteristic adventure, in which Boone was
+engaged about this time, is thus narrated by Mr. Peck:
+
+"Though no hostile attacks from Indians disturbed the settlements, still
+there were small parties discovered, or _signs_ seen on the frontier
+settlements. On one occasion, about this period, four Indians came to
+the farm of Colonel Boone, and nearly succeeded in taking him prisoner.
+The particulars are given as they were narrated by Boone himself, at the
+wedding of a granddaughter, a few months before his decease, and they
+furnish an illustration of his habitual self-possession and tact with
+Indians. At a short distance from his cabin he had raised a small patch
+of tobacco to supply his neighbors, (for Boone never used the 'filthy
+weed' himself,) the amount, perhaps, of one hundred and fifty hills.
+
+"As a shelter for curing it, he had built an enclosure of rails, a dozen
+feet in height, and covered it with cane and grass. Stalks of tobacco
+are usually split and strung on sticks about four feet in length. The
+ends of these are laid on poles, placed across the tobacco house, and in
+tiers, one above the other to the roof. Boone had fixed his temporary
+shelter in such a manner as to have three tiers. He had covered the
+lower tier, and the tobacco had become dry, when he entered the shelter
+for the purpose of removing the sticks to the upper tier, preparatory
+to gathering the remainder of the crop. He had hoisted up the sticks
+from the lower to the second tier, and was standing on the poles that
+supported it while raising the sticks to the upper tier, when four stout
+Indians, with guns, entered the low door and called him by name. 'Now,
+Boone, we got you. You no get away more. We carry you off to Chillicothe
+this time. You no cheat us any more.' Boone looked down upon their
+up-turned faces, saw their loaded guns pointed at his breast, and
+recognizing some of his old friends, the Shawanees, who had made him
+prisoner near the Blue Licks in 1778, coolly and pleasantly responded,
+'Ah! old friends, glad to see you.' Perceiving that they manifested
+impatience to have him come down, he told them he was quite willing to
+go with them, and only begged they would wait where they were, and watch
+him closely, until he could finish removing his tobacco."
+
+While parleying with them, inquiring after old acquaintances, and
+proposing to give them his tobacco when cured, he diverted their
+attention from his purpose, until he had collected together a number of
+sticks of dry tobacco, and so turned them as to fall between the poles
+directly in their faces. At the same instant, he jumped upon them with
+as much of the dry tobacco as he could gather in his arms, filling their
+mouths and eyes with its pungent dust; and blinding and disabling them
+from following him, rushed out and hastened to his cabin, where he had
+the means of defense. Notwithstanding the narrow escape, he could not
+resist the temptation, after retreating some fifteen or twenty yards, to
+look round and see the success of his achievement. The Indians blinded
+and nearly suffocated, were stretching out their hands and feeling about
+in different directions, calling him by name and cursing him for a
+rogue, and themselves for fools. The old man, in telling the story,
+imitated their gestures and tones of voice with great glee.
+
+Emigration to Kentucky was now rapidly on the increase, and many
+new settlements were formed. The means of establishing comfortable
+homesteads increased. Horses, cattle, and swine were rapidly in creasing
+in number; and trading in various commodities became more general. From
+Philadelphia, merchandise was transported to Pittsburg on pack-horses,
+and thence taken down the Ohio River in flat-boats and distributed among
+the settlements on its banks. Country stores, land speculators, and
+paper money made their appearance, affording a clear augury of the
+future activity of the West in commercial industry and enterprise.
+
+[Illustration: BOLD STRATEGEM OF BOONE]
+
+Most of the settlers came from the interior of North Carolina and
+Virginia; and brought with them the manners and customs of those
+States. These manners and customs were primitive enough. The following
+exceedingly graphic description, which we transcribe from "Doddridge's
+Notes," will afford the reader a competent idea of rural life in the
+times of Daniel Boone.
+
+"HUNTING.--This was an important part of the employment of the early
+settlers of this country. For some years the woods supplied them with
+the greater amount of their subsistence, and with regard to some
+families, at certain times, the whole of it; for it was no uncommon
+thing for families to live several months without a mouthful of bread.
+It frequently happened that there was no breakfast until it was obtained
+from the woods. Fur and peltry were the people's money. They had nothing
+else to give in exchange for rifles, salt, and iron, on the other side
+of the mountains.
+
+"The fall and early part of the winter was the season for hunting deer,
+and the whole of the winter, including part of the spring, for bears and
+fur-skinned animals. It was a customary saying that fur is good during
+every month in the name of which the letter R occurs.
+
+"The class of hunters with whom I was best acquainted, were those
+whose hunting ranges were on the eastern side of the river, and at the
+distance of eight or nine miles from it. As soon as the leaves were
+pretty well down, and the weather became rainy, accompanied with light
+snows, these men, after acting the part of husbandmen, so far as the
+state of warfare permitted them to do so, soon began to feel that
+they were hunters. They became uneasy at home. Every thing about them
+became disagreeable. The house was too warm. The feather-bed too soft,
+and even the good wife was not thought, for the time being, a proper
+companion. The mind of the hunter was wholly occupied with the camp
+and chase.
+
+"I have often seen them get up early in the morning at this season,
+walk hastily out, and look anxiously to the woods and snuff the autumnal
+winds with the highest rapture, then return into the house and cast a
+quick and attentive look at the rifle, which was always suspended to
+a joist by a couple of buck horns, or little forks. His hunting dog,
+understanding the intentions of his master, would wag his tail, and by
+every blandishment in his power express his readiness to accompany him
+to the woods.
+
+"A day was soon appointed for the march of the little cavalcade to the
+camp. Two or three horses furnished with pack-saddles were loaded with
+flour, Indian meal, blankets, and every thing else requisite for the use
+of the hunter.
+
+"A hunting camp, or what was called a half-faced cabin, was of the
+following form; the back part of it was sometimes a large log; at the
+distance of eight or ten feet from this, two stakes were set in the
+ground a few inches apart, and at the distance of eight or ten feet
+from these, two more, to receive the ends of the poles for the sides of
+the camp. The whole slope of the roof, was from the front to the back.
+The covering was made of slabs, skins, or blankets, or, if in the spring
+of the year, the bark of hickory or ash trees. The front was entirely
+open. The fire was built directly before this opening. The cracks
+between the logs were filled with moss. Dry leaves served for a bed.
+It is thus that a couple of men, in a few hours will construct for
+themselves a temporary, but tolerably comfortable defense, from the
+inclemencies of the weather. The beaver, otter, muskrat and squirrel are
+scarcely their equals in dispatch in fabricating for themselves a covert
+from the tempest!
+
+"A little more pains would have made a hunting camp a defense against
+the Indians. A cabin ten feet square, bullet proof, and furnished with
+port-holes would have enabled two or three hunters to hold twenty
+Indians at bay for any length of time. But this precaution I believe was
+never attended to; hence the hunters were often surprised and killed in
+their camps.
+
+"The site for the camp was selected with all the sagacity of the
+woodsman, so as to have it sheltered by the surrounding hills from
+every wind, but more especially from those of the north and west.
+
+"An uncle of mine, of the name of Samuel Teter, occupied the same camp
+for several years in succession. It was situated on one of the southern
+branches of Cross Creek. Although I lived for many years not more than
+fifteen miles from the place, it was not till within a very few years
+ago that I discovered its situation. It was shown me by a gentleman
+living in the neighborhood. Viewing the hills round about it I soon
+perceived the sagacity of the hunter in the site for his camp. Not a
+wind could touch him; and unless by the report of his gun or the sound
+of his axe, it would have been by mere accident if an Indian had
+discovered his concealment.
+
+"Hunting was not a mere ramble in pursuit of game, in which there was
+nothing of skill and calculation; on the contrary, the hunter, before he
+set out in the morning, was informed, by the state of the weather, in
+what situation he might reasonably expect to meet with his game; whether
+on the bottoms, sides or tops of the hills. In stormy weather, the deer
+always seek the most sheltered places, and the leeward side of the
+hills. In rainy weather, in which there is not much wind, they keep in
+the open woods on the highest ground.
+
+"In every situation it was requisite for the hunter to ascertain the
+course of the wind, so as to get the leeward of the game. This he
+effected by putting his finger in his mouth, and holding it there until
+it became warm, then holding it above his head, the side which first
+becomes cold shows which way the wind blows.
+
+"As it was requisite too for the hunter to know the cardinal points,
+he had only to observe the trees to ascertain them. The bark of an aged
+tree is thicker and much rougher on the north than on the south side.
+The same thing may be said of the moss: it is much thicker and stronger
+on the north than on the south side of the trees.
+
+"The whole business of the hunter consists of a succession of intrigues.
+From morning till night he was on the alert to _gain the_ wind of his
+game, and approach them without being discovered. If he succeeded in
+killing a deer, he skinned it, and hung it up out of the reach of the
+wolves, and immediately resumed the chase till the close of the evening,
+when he bent his course toward the camp; when he arrived there he
+kindled up his fire, and together with his fellow hunter, cooked his
+supper. The supper finished, the adventures of the day furnished the
+tales for the evening. The spike buck, the two and three-pronged buck,
+the doe and barren doe, figured through their anecdotes with great
+advantage. It should seem that after hunting awhile on the same ground,
+the hunters became acquainted with nearly all the gangs of deer within
+their range, so as to know each flock of them when they saw them. Often
+some old buck, by the means of his superior sagacity and watchfulness,
+saved his little gang from the hunter's skill, by giving timely notice
+of his approach. The cunning of the hunter and that of the old buck were
+staked against each other, and it frequently happened that at the
+conclusion of the hunting season, the old fellow was left the free
+uninjured tenant of his forest; but if his rival succeeded in bringing
+him down, the victory, was followed by no small amount of boasting on
+the part of the conqueror.
+
+"When the weather was not suitable for hunting, the skins and carcasses
+of the game were brought in and disposed of.
+
+"Many of the hunters rested from their labors on the Sabbath day; some
+from a motive of piety; others said that whenever they hunted on Sunday,
+they were sure to have bad luck on the rest of the week.
+
+"THE HOUSE-WARMING.--I will proceed to state the usual manner of
+settling a young couple in the world.
+
+"A spot was selected on a piece of land of one of the parents, for
+their habitation. A day was appointed shortly after their marriage, for
+commencing the work of building their cabin. The fatigue-party consisted
+of choppers, whose business it was to fell the trees and cut them off
+at proper lengths. A man with a team for hauling them to the place
+and arranging them, properly assorted, at the sides and ends of the
+building; a carpenter, if such he might be called, whose business it
+was to search the woods for a proper tree for making clapboards for the
+roof. The tree for this purpose must be straight-grained, and from three
+to four feet in diameter. The boards were split four feet long, with
+a large frown, and as wide as the timber would allow. They were used
+without planing or shaving Another division were employed in getting
+puncheons for the floor of the cabin; this was done by splitting trees,
+about eighteen inches in diameter, and hewing the faces of them with a
+broad-axe. They were half the length of the floor they were intended
+to make. The materials for the cabin were mostly prepared on the first
+day, and sometimes the foundation laid in the evening. The second day
+was allotted for the raising.
+
+"In the morning of the next day the neighbors collected for the raising.
+The first thing to be done was the election of four corner men, whose
+business it was to notch and place the logs. The rest of the company
+furnished them with the timbers. In the meantime the boards and
+puncheons were collecting for the floor and roof, so that by the time
+the cabin was a few rounds high, the sleepers and floor began to be
+laid. The door was made by sawing or cutting the logs in one side so as
+to make an opening about three feet wide. This opening was secured by
+upright pieces of timber about three inches thick, through which holes
+were bored into the ends of the logs for the purpose of pinning them
+fast. A similar opening, but wider, was made at the end for the chimney.
+This was built of logs, and made large, to admit of a back and jambs of
+stone. At the square, two end logs projected a foot or eighteen inches
+beyond the wall, to receive the butting poles, as they were called,
+against which the ends of the first row of clapboards was supported.
+The roof was formed by making the end logs shorter, until a single log
+formed the comb of the roof, on these logs the clapboards were placed,
+the ranges of them lapping some distance over those next below them,
+and kept in their places by logs, placed at proper distances upon them.
+
+"The roof, and sometimes the floor, were finished on the same day of the
+raising. A third day was commonly spent by a few carpenters in leveling
+off the floor, making a clapboard door and a table. This last was made
+of a split slab, and supported by four round legs set in auger-holes.
+Some three-legged stools were made in the same manner. Some pins stuck
+in the logs at the back of the house, supported some clapboards which
+served for shelves for the table furniture. A single fork, placed with
+its lower end in a hole in the floor, and the upper end fastened to a
+joist, served for a bedstead, by placing a pole in the fork with one
+end through a crack between the logs of the wall. This front pole was
+crossed by a shorter one within the fork, with its outer end through
+another crack. From the front pole, through a crack between the logs of
+the end of the house, the boards were put on which formed the bottom of
+the bed. Sometimes other poles were pinned to the fork a little distance
+above these, for the purpose of supporting the front and foot of the
+bed, while the walls were the supports of its back and head. A few
+pegs around the walls for a display of the coats of the women, and
+hunting-shirts of the men, and two small forks or buck-horns to a
+joist for the rifle and shot-pouch, completed the carpenter work.
+
+"In the mean time masons were at work. With the heart pieces of the
+timber of which the clapboards were made, they made billets for chunking
+up the cracks between the logs of the cabin and chimney; a large bed of
+mortar was made for daubing up these cracks; a few stones formed the
+back and jambs of the chimney.
+
+"The cabin being finished, the ceremony of house-warming took place,
+before the young couple were permitted to move into it.
+
+"The house-warming was a dance of a whole night's continuance, made up
+of the relations of the bride and groom and their neighbors. On the day
+following the young couple took possession of their new mansion."
+
+[Footnote 50: Perkins. Peck.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+     Condition of the early settlers as it respects the
+     mechanic arts--Want of skilled mechanics--Hominy block and
+     hand-mill--Sweeps--Gunpowder--Water mills Clothing--Leather--Farm
+     tools--Wooden ware--Sports--Imitating birds--Throwing the
+     tomahawk--Athletic sports--Dancing--Shooting at marks--Emigration of
+     the present time compared with that of the early settlers--Scarcity
+     of iron--Costume--Dwellings--Furniture--Employments--The women--Their
+     character--Diet--Indian corn--The great improvements in facilitating
+     the early settlement of the West--Amusements.
+
+
+Before having the subject of the actual condition of the early
+settlers in the West, we take another extract from "Doddridge's Notes,"
+comprising his observations on the state of the mechanic arts among
+them, and an account of some of their favorite sports.
+
+"MECHANIC ARTS.--In giving the history of the state of the mechanic
+arts as they were exercised at an early period of the settlement of this
+country, I shall present a people, driven by necessity to perform works
+of mechanical skill, far beyond what a person enjoying all the advantages
+of civilization would expect from a population placed in such destitute
+circumstances.
+
+"My reader will naturally ask, where were their mills for grinding
+grain? Where their tanners for making leather? Where their smiths'
+shops for making and repairing their farming utensils? Who were their
+carpenters, tailors, cabinet-workmen, shoemakers, and weavers? The
+answer is, those manufacturers did not exist; nor had they any
+tradesmen, who were professedly such. Every family were under the
+necessity of doing every thing for themselves as well as they could.
+The hominy block and hand-mills were in use in most of our houses.
+The first was made of a large block of wood about three feet long, with
+an excavation burned in one end, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom,
+so that the action of the pestle on the bottom threw the corn up to the
+sides toward the top of it, from whence it continually fell down into
+the centre.
+
+"In consequence of this movement, the whole mass of the grain was pretty
+equally subjected to the strokes of the pestle. In the fall of the year,
+while the Indian corn was soft, the block and pestle did very well for
+making meal for johnny-cake and mush; but were rather slow when the corn
+became hard.
+
+"The sweep was sometimes used to lessen the toil of pounding grain into
+meal. This was a pole of some springy, elastic wood, thirty feet long
+or more; the butt end was placed under the side of a house, or a large
+stump; this pole was supported by two forks, placed about one-third
+of its length from the butt end, so as to elevate the small end about
+fifteen feet from the ground; to this was attached, by a large mortise
+a piece of sapling about five or six inches in diameter, and eight or
+ten feet long. The lower end of this was shaped so as to answer for a
+pestle. A pin of wood was put through it, at a proper height, so that
+two persons could work at the sweep at once. This simple machine very
+much lessened the labor and expedited the work.
+
+"I remember that when a boy I put up an excellent sweep at my father's.
+It was made of a sugar-tree sapling. It was kept going almost constantly
+from morning till night by our neighbors for a period of several weeks."
+
+In the Greenbriar country, where they had a number of saltpeter caves,
+the first settlers made plenty of excellent gunpowder by the means of
+those sweeps and mortars.
+
+"A machine, still more simple than the mortar and pestle, was used for
+making meal while the corn was too soft to be beaten. It was called a
+grater. This was a half-circular piece of tin, perforated with a punch
+from the concave side, and nailed by its edges to a block of wood. The
+ears of corn were rubbed on the rough edge of the holes, while the meal
+fell through them on the board or block, to which the grater was nailed,
+which, being in a slanting direction, discharged the meal into a cloth
+or bowl placed for its reception. This, to be sure, was a slow way of
+making meal; but necessity has no law.
+
+"The hand-mill was better than the mortar and grater. It was made of
+two circular stones, the lowest of which was called the bed-stone,
+the upper one the runner. These were placed in a hoop, with a spout for
+discharging the meal. A staff was let into a hole in the upper surface
+of the runner, near the outer edge, and its upper end through a hole in
+a board fastened to a joist above, so that two persons could be employed
+in turning the mill at the same time. The grain was put into the opening
+in the runner by hand. The mills are still in use in Palestine, the
+ancient country of the Jews. To a mill of this sort our Saviour alluded
+when, with reference to the destruction of Jerusalem, he said: 'Two
+women shall be grinding at a mill, the one shall be taken and the other
+left.'
+
+"This mill is much preferable to that used at present in upper Egypt for
+making the dhourra bread. It is a smooth stone, placed on an inclined
+plane, upon which the grain is spread, which is made into meal by
+rubbing another stone up and down upon it.
+
+"Our first water mills were of that description denominated tub-mills.
+It consists of a perpendicular shaft, to the lower end of which an
+horizontal wheel of about four or five feet diameter is attached, the
+upper end passes through the bedstone and carries the runner after the
+manner of a trundlehead. These mills were built with very little expense,
+and many of them answered the purpose very well.
+
+"Instead of bolting cloths, sifters were in general use. These were made
+of deer skins in the state of parchment, stretched over a hoop and
+perforated with a hot wire.
+
+"Our clothing was all of domestic manufacture. We had no other resource
+for clothing, and this, indeed, was a poor one. The crops of flax often
+failed, and the sheep were destroyed by the wolves. Linsey, which is
+made of flax and wool, the former the chain and the latter the filling,
+was the warmest and most substantial cloth we could make. Almost every
+house contained a loom, and almost every woman was a weaver.
+
+"Every family tanned their own leather. The tan vat was a large trough
+sunk to the upper edge in the ground. A quantity of bark was easily
+obtained every spring in clearing and fencing land. This, after drying,
+was brought in, and in wet days was shaved and pounded on a block of
+wood with an axe or mallet. Ashes were used in place of lime for taking
+off the hair. Bears' oil, hogs' lard, and tallow answered the place of
+fish oil. The leather, to be sure, was coarse; but it was substantially
+good. The operation of currying was performed by a drawing-knife with
+its edge turned, after the manner of a currying-knife. The blocking for
+the leather was made of soot and hogs' lard.
+
+"Almost every family contained its own tailors and shoemakers. Those who
+could not make shoes, could make shoepacks. These, like moccasins, were
+made of a single piece on the top of the foot. This was about two inches
+broad, and circular at the lower end. To this the main piece of leather
+was sewed, with a gathering stitch. The seam behind was like that of a
+moccasin. To the shoepack a sole was sometimes added. The women did the
+tailor-work. They could all cut-out, and make hunting-shirts, leggins,
+and drawers.
+
+"The state of society which exists in every country at an early period
+of its settlements, is well calculated to call into action every native
+mechanical genius. So it happened in this country. There was in almost
+every neighborhood, some one whose natural ingenuity enabled him to do
+many things for himself and his neighbors, far above what could have
+been reasonably expected. With the few tools which they brought with
+them into the country, they certainly performed wonders. Their plows,
+harrows with their wooden teeth, and sleds, were in many instances well
+made. Their cooper-ware, which comprehended every thing for holding milk
+and water, was generally pretty well executed. The cedar-ware, by having
+alternately a white and red stave, was then thought beautiful; many of
+their puncheon floors were very neat, their joints close, and the top
+even and smooth. Their looms, although heavy, did very well. Those who
+could not exercise these mechanic arts, were under the necessity of
+giving labor or barter to their neighbors, in exchange for the use of
+them, so far as their necessities required.
+
+"Sports.--One important pastime of our boys, was that of imitating the
+noise of every bird and beast in the woods. This faculty was not merely
+a pastime, but a very necessary part of education, on account of its
+utility in certain circumstances. The imitations of the gobbling,
+and other sounds of wild turkeys, often brought those keen-eyed, and
+ever-watchful tenants of the forest within the reach of their rifle.
+The bleating of the fawn, brought its dam to her death in the same way.
+The hunter often collected a company of mopish owls to the trees about
+his camp, and amused himself with their hoarse screaming; his howl would
+raise and obtain responses from a pack of wolves, so as to inform him of
+their neighborhood, as well as guard him against their depredations.
+
+"This imitative faculty was sometimes requisite as a measure of
+precaution in war. The Indians, when scattered about in a neighborhood,
+often collected together, by imitating turkeys by day, and wolves or
+owls by night. In similar situations, our people did the same. I have
+often witnessed the consternation of a whole settlement, in consequence
+of a few screeches of owls. An early and correct use of this imitative
+faculty was considered as an indication that its possessor would become,
+in due time, a good hunter and valiant warrior. Throwing the tomahawk
+was another boyish sport, in which many acquired considerable skill.
+The tomahawk, with its handle of a certain length, will make a given
+number of turns in a given distance. Say in five steps, it will strike
+with the edge, the handle downward; at the distance of seven and a half,
+it will strike with the edge, the handle upward, and so on. A little
+experience enabled the boy to measure the distance with his eye, when
+walking through the woods, and strike a tree with his tomahawk in any
+way he chose.
+
+"The athletic sports of running, jumping, and wrestling, were the
+pastimes of boys, in common with the men.
+
+"A well-grown boy, at the age of twelve or thirteen years, was furnished
+with a small rifle and shot-pouch. He then became a fort-soldier, and
+had his port hole assigned him. Hunting squirrels, turkeys, and
+raccoons, soon made him expert in the use of his gun.
+
+"Dancing was the principal amusement of our young people of both sexes.
+Their dances, to be sure, were of the simplest form. Three and
+four-handed reels and jigs. Country dances, cotillions, and minuets,
+were unknown. I remember to have seen, once or twice, a dance which was
+called 'The Irish Trot,' but I have long since forgotten its figure."
+
+"Shooting at marks was a common diversion among the men, when their
+stock of ammunition would allow it; this, however, was far from being
+always the case. The present mode of shooting off-hand was not then in
+practice. This mode was not considered as any trial of the value of a
+gun, nor indeed, as much of a test of the skill of a marksman. Their
+shooting was from a rest, and at as great a distance as the length and
+weight of the barrel of the gun would throw a ball on a horizontal
+level. Such was their regard to accuracy, in those sportive trials of
+their rifles, and of their own skill in the use of them, that they often
+put moss, or some other soft substance on the log or stump from which
+they shot, for fear of having the bullet thrown from the mark, by the
+spring of the barrel. When the rifle was held to the side of a tree for
+a rest, it was pressed against it as lightly as possible, for the same
+reason.
+
+"Rifles of former times were different from those of modern date; few
+of them carried more than forty five bullets to the pound. Bullets of
+a less size were not thought sufficiently heavy for hunting or war."
+
+Our readers will pardon the length of these extracts from Doddridge,
+as they convey accurate pictures of many scenes of Western life in the
+times of Daniel Boone. We add to them a single extract from "Ramsay's
+Annals of Tennessee." The early settlement of that State took place
+about the same time with that of Kentucky, and was made by emigrants
+from the same region. The following remarks are therefore perfectly
+applicable to the pioneers of Kentucky.
+
+"The settlement of Tennessee was unlike that of the present new country
+of the United States. Emigrants from the Atlantic cities, and from most
+points in the Western interior, now embark upon steamboats or other
+craft, and carrying with them all the conveniences and comforts of
+civilized life--indeed, many of its luxuries--are, in a few days,
+without toil, danger, or exposure, transported to their new abodes,
+and in a few months are surrounded with the appendages of home, of
+civilization, and the blessings of law and of society. The wilds of
+Minnesota and Nebraska by the agency of steam, or the stalwart arms
+of Western boatmen, are at once transformed into the settlements of a
+commercial and civilized people. Independence and St. Paul, six months
+after they are laid off, have their stores and their workshops, their
+artisans, and their mechanics. The mantua-maker and the tailor arrive
+in the same boat with the carpenter and mason. The professional man
+and the printer quickly follow. In the succeeding year the piano, the
+drawing-room, the restaurant, the billiard-table, the church bell, the
+village and the city in miniature, are all found, while the neighboring
+interior is yet a wilderness and a desert. The town and comfort, taste
+and urbanity are first; the clearing, the farm-house, the wagon-road and
+the improved country, second. It was far different on the frontier in
+Tennessee. At first a single Indian trail was the only entrance to the
+eastern border of it and for many years admitted only of the hunter and
+the pack-horse It was not till the year 1776 that a wagon was seen in
+Tennessee. In consequence of the want of roads--as well as of the great
+distance from sources of supply--the first inhabitants were without
+tools, and, of course, without mechanics--much more, without the
+conveniences of living and the comforts of house-keeping. Luxuries were
+absolutely unknown. Salt was brought on pack-horses from Augusta and
+Richmond, and readily commanded ten dollars a bushel. The salt gourd, in
+every cabin, was considered as a treasure. The sugar-maple furnished the
+only article of luxury on the frontier; coffee and tea being unknown, or
+beyond the reach of the settlers, sugar was seldom made, and was only
+used for the sick, or in the preparation of a _sweetened dram_ at a
+wedding, or the arrival of a new-comer. The appendages of the kitchen,
+the cupboard, and the table were scanty and simple.
+
+"Iron was brought, at great expense, from the forges east of the
+mountain, on pack-horses, and was sold at an enormous price. Its use
+was, for this reason, confined to the construction and repair of plows
+and other farming utensils. Hinges, nails, and fastenings of that
+material, were seldom seen.
+
+"The costume of the first settlers corresponded well with the style of
+their buildings and the quality of their furniture. The hunting-shirt
+of the militiaman and the hunter was in general use. The rest of their
+apparel was in keeping with it--plain, substantial, and well adapted for
+comfort, use, and economy. The apparel of the pioneer's family was all
+home-made, and in a whole neighborhood there would not be seen, at the
+first settlement of the country, a single article of dress of foreign
+growth or manufacture. Half the year, in many families, shoes were not
+worn. Boots, a fur hat, and a coat with buttons on each side, attracted
+the gaze of the beholder, and sometimes received censure and rebuke. A
+stranger from the old States chose to doff his ruffles, his broadcloth,
+and his queue, rather than endure the scoff and ridicule of the
+backwoodsmen."
+
+The dwelling-house, on every frontier in Tennessee, was the log-cabin.
+A carpenter and a mason were not needed to build them--much less the
+painter, the glazier, or the upholsterer. Every settler had, besides his
+rifle, no other instrument but an axe, a hatchet, and a butcher-knife. A
+saw, an auger, a froe, and a broad-axe would supply a whole settlement,
+and were used as common property in the erection of the log-cabin. The
+floor of the cabin was sometimes the earth. No saw-mill was yet erected;
+and, if the means or leisure of the occupant authorized it, he split
+out puncheons for the floor and for the shutter of the entrance to his
+cabin. The door was hung with wooden hinges and fastened by a wooden
+latch.
+
+"Such was the habitation of the pioneer Tennessean. Scarcely can one of
+these structures, venerable for their years and the associations which
+cluster around them, be now seen, in Tennessee. Time and improvement
+have displaced them. Here and there in the older counties, may yet
+be seen the old log house, which sixty years ago sheltered the first
+emigrant, or gave, for the time, protection to a neighborhood, assembled
+within its strong and bullet-proof walls. Such an one is the east end of
+Mr. Martin's house, at Campbell's Station, and the centre part of the
+mansion of this writer, at Mecklenburg, once Gilliam's Station, changed
+somewhat, it is true, in some of its aspects, but preserving even yet,
+in the height of the story and in its old-fashioned and capacious
+fire-place, some of the features of primitive architecture on the
+frontier. Such, too, is the present dwelling-house of Mr. Tipton, on
+Ellejoy, in Blount County, and that of Mr. Glasgow Snoddy, in Sevier
+County. But these old buildings are becoming exceedingly rare, and soon
+not one of them will be seen. Their unsightly proportions and rude
+architecture will not much longer offend modern taste, nor provoke the
+idle and irreverent sneer of the fastidious and the fashionable. When
+the last one of these pioneer houses shall have fallen into decay and
+ruins, the memory of their first occupants will still be immortal and
+indestructible.
+
+"The interior of the cabin was no less unpretending and simple. The
+whole furniture, of the one apartment--answering in these primitive
+times the purposes of the kitchen, the dining-room, the nursery
+and the dormitory--were a plain home-made bedstead or two, some
+split-bottomed chairs and stools; a large puncheon, supported on four
+legs, used, as occasion required, for a bench or a table, a water shelf
+and a bucket; a spinning-wheel, and sometimes a loom, finished the
+catalogue. The wardrobe of the family was equally plain and simple.
+The walls of the house were hung round with the dresses of the females,
+the hunting-shirts, clothes, and the arms and shot-pouches of the men.
+
+"The labor and employment of a pioneer family were distributed in
+accordance with surrounding circumstances. To the men was assigned the
+duty of procuring subsistence and materials for clothing, erecting the
+cabin and the station, opening and cultivating the farm, hunting the
+wild beasts, and repelling and pursuing the Indians. The women spun
+the flax, the cotton and wool, wove the cloth, made them up, milked,
+churned, and prepared the food, and did their full share of the duties
+of house-keeping. Another thus describes them: 'There we behold woman
+in her true glory; not a doll to carry silks and jewels; not a puppet
+to be dandled by fops, an idol of profane adoration, reverenced to-day,
+discarded to-morrow; admired, but not respected; desired, but not
+esteemed; ruling by passion, not affection; imparting her weakness,
+not her constancy, to the sex she should exalt; the source and mirror
+of vanity. We see her as a wife, partaking of the cares, and guiding
+the labors of her husband, and by her domestic diligence spreading
+cheerfulness all around; for his sake, sharing the decent refinements
+of the world, without being fond of them; placing all her joy, all her
+happiness, in the merited approbation of the man she loves. As a mother,
+we find her the affectionate, the ardent instructress of the children
+she has reared from infancy, and trained them up to thought and virtue,
+to meditation and benevolence; addressing them as rational beings, and
+preparing them to become men and women in their turn.
+
+"'Could there be happiness or comfort in such dwellings and such a state
+of society? To those who are accustomed to modern refinements, the truth
+appears like fable. The early occupants of log-cabins were among the
+most happy of mankind. Exercise and excitement gave them health; they
+were practically equal; common danger made them mutually dependant;
+brilliant hopes of future wealth and distinction led them on; and as
+there was ample room for all, and as each new-comer increased individual
+and general security, there was little room for that envy, jealousy,
+and hatred which constitute a large portion of human misery in older
+societies. Never were the story, the joke, the song, and the laugh
+better enjoyed than upon the hewed blocks, or puncheon stools, around
+the roaring log fire of the early Western settler. The lyre of Apollo
+was not hailed with more delight in primitive Greece than the advent of
+the first fiddler among the dwellers of the wilderness; and the polished
+daughters of the East never enjoyed themselves half so well, moving to
+the music of a full band, upon the elastic floor of their ornamented
+ball-room, as did the daughters of the emigrants, keeping time to a
+self-taught fiddler, on the bare earth or puncheon floor of the
+primitive log-cabin. The smile of the polished beauty is the wave of the
+lake, where the breeze plays gently over it, and her movement is the
+gentle stream which drains it; but the laugh of the log-cabin is the
+gush of nature's fountain, and its movement, its leaping water.'"[51]
+
+"On the frontier the diet was necessarily plain and homely, but
+exceedingly abundant and nutritive. The Goshen of America[52] furnished
+the richest milk, the finest butter, and the most savory and delicious
+meats. In their rude cabins, with their scanty and inartificial
+furniture, no people ever enjoyed in wholesome food a greater variety,
+or a superior quality of the necessaries of life. For bread, the Indian
+corn was exclusively used. It was not till 1790 that the settlers on the
+rich bottoms of Cumberland and Nollichucky discovered the remarkable
+adaptation of the soil and climate of Tennessee to the production of
+this grain. Emigrants from James River, the Catawba, and the Santee,
+were surprised at the amount and quality of the corn crops, surpassing
+greatly the best results of agricultural labor and care in the Atlantic
+States. This superiority still exists, and Tennessee, by the census of
+1850, was _the_ corn State. Of all the farinacea, corn is best adapted
+to the condition of a pioneer people; and if idolatry is at all
+justifiable, Ceres, or certainly the Goddess of Indian corn, should have
+had a temple and a worshipers among the pioneers of Tennessee. Without
+that grain, the frontier settlements could not have been formed and
+maintained. It is the most certain crop--requires the least preparation
+of the ground--is most congenial to a virgin soil--needs not only the
+least amount of labor in its culture, but comes to maturity in the
+shortest time. The pith of the matured stalk of the corn is esculent
+and nutritious; and the stalk itself, compressed between rollers,
+furnishes what is known as corn-stalk molasses."
+
+"This grain requires, also, the least care and trouble in preserving
+it. It may safely stand all winter upon the stalk without injury from
+the weather or apprehension of damage by disease, or the accidents to
+which other grains are subject. Neither smut nor rust, nor weavil nor
+snow-storm, will hurt it. After its maturity, it is also prepared for
+use or the granary with little labor. The husking is a short process,
+and is even advantageously delayed till the moment arrives for using
+the corn. The machinery for converting it into food is also exceedingly
+simple and cheap. As soon as the ear is fully formed, it may be roasted
+or boiled, and forms thus an excellent and nourishing diet. At a later
+period it may be grated, and furnishes, in this form, the sweetest
+bread. The grains boiled in a variety of modes, either whole or broken
+in a mortar, or roasted in the ashes, or popped in an oven, are well
+relished. If the grain is to be converted into meal, a simple tub-mill
+answers the purpose best, as the meal _least perfectly ground_ is
+always preferred. A bolting-cloth is not needed, as it diminishes the
+sweetness and value of the flour. The catalogue of the advantages of
+this meal might be extended further. Boiled in water, it forms the
+frontier dish called _mush_, which was eaten with milk, with honey,
+molasses, butter or gravy. Mixed with cold water, it is, at once, ready
+for the cook; covered with hot ashes, the preparation is called the ash
+cake; placed upon a piece of clapboard, and set near the coals, it forms
+the journey-cake; or managed in the same way, upon a helveless hoe,
+it forms the hoe-cake; put in an oven, and covered over with a heated
+lid, it is called, if in a large mass, a pone or loaf; if in smaller
+quantities, dodgers. It has the further advantage, over all other flour,
+that it requires in its preparation few culinary utensils, and neither
+sugar, yeast, eggs, spices, soda, potash, or other _et ceteras_, to
+qualify or perfect the bread. To all this, it may be added, that it
+is not only cheap and well tasted, but it is unquestionably the most
+wholesome and nutritive food. The largest and healthiest people in the
+world have lived upon it exclusively. It formed the principal bread of
+that robust race of men--giants in miniature--which, half a century
+since, was seen on the frontier.
+
+"The dignity of history is not lowered by this enumeration of the
+pre-eminent qualities of Indian corn. The rifle and the axe have
+had their influence in subduing the wilderness to the purposes of
+civilization, and they deserve their eulogists and trumpeters. Let
+paeans be sung all over the mighty West to Indian corn--without it,
+the West would have still been a wilderness. Was the frontier suddenly
+invaded? Without commissary or quartermaster, or other sources of
+supply, each soldier parched a peck of corn; a portion of it was put
+into his pockets, the remainder in his wallet, and, throwing it upon his
+saddle, with his rifle on his shoulder, he was ready, in half an hour,
+for the campaign. Did a flood of emigration inundate the frontier with
+an amount of consumers disproportioned to the supply of grain? The
+facility of raising the Indian corn, and its early maturity, gave
+promise and guaranty that the scarcity would be temporary and tolerable.
+Did the safety of the frontier demand the services of every adult
+militiaman? The boys and women could, themselves, raise corn and furnish
+ample supplies of bread. The crop could be gathered next year. Did an
+autumnal intermittent confine the whole family or the entire population
+to the sick bed? This certain concomitant of the clearing, and
+cultivating the new soil, mercifully withholds its paroxysms till the
+crop of corn is made. It requires no further labor or care afterward.
+Paeans, say we, and a temple and worshipers, to the Creator of Indian
+corn. The frontier man could gratefully say: 'He maketh me to lie down
+in green pastures. He leadeth me beside the still waters. Thou
+_preparest a table before me in presence of mine enemies_.'
+
+"The sports of the frontier men were manly, athletic, or warlike--the
+chase, the bear hunt, the deer drive, shooting at the target, throwing
+the tomahawk, jumping, boxing and wrestling, foot and horse-racing.
+Playing marbles and pitching dollars, cards and backgammon, were little
+known, and were considered base or effeminate. The bugle, the violin,
+the fife and drum, furnished all the musical entertainments. These were
+much used and passionately admired. Weddings, military trainings,
+house-raisings, chopping frolics, were often followed with the fiddle,
+and dancing, and rural sports."
+
+[Footnote 51: Kendall.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Butler.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+     Indian hostilities resumed--Expedition of Davis, Caffre and
+     McClure--Murder of Elliot--Marshall's river adventure--Attack
+     on Captain Ward's boat--Affair near Scaggs' Creek--Growth of
+     Kentucky--Population--Trade--General Logan calls a meeting at
+     Danville--Danger of the country from Indian hostilities, and
+     necessity of defense considered--Convention called--Separation from
+     Virginia proposed--Other conventions-Virginia consents--Kentucky
+     admitted as an independent State of the Union--Indian
+     hostilities--Expedition and death of Colonel Christian--Attack
+     on Higgins' Fort--Expedition of General Clark--Its utter
+     failure--Expedition of General Logan--Surprises and destroys
+     a Shawanese town--Success of Captain Hardin--Defeat of
+     Hargrove--Affairs in Bourbon County--Exploits of Simon
+     Kenton--Affairs at the Elkhorn settlements--Treaty--Harman's
+     expedition--Final pacification of the Indians after Wayne's
+     victory.
+
+
+Kentucky was not yet entirely freed from Indian hostilities. There was
+no formidable invasion, such as to call for the exertions of Boone,
+Kenton and the other warriors of the border, but there were several
+occurrences which occasioned considerable alarm.
+
+In the spring of 1784, a number of families started down the Ohio from
+Louisville in two flat boats. They were pursued by Indians in canoes,
+but awed by the determined aspect of the whites, they drew off, without
+so much as a gun being fired on either side.
+
+This same spring a party of southern Indians stole some horses from
+Lincoln County. Three young men, Davis, Caffre and McClure, pursued
+them, but failing to overtake them, concluded to make reprisals on the
+nearest Indian settlement. Not far from the Tennessee River, they fell
+in with an equal number of Indians. The two parties saluted each other
+in a very friendly manner, and agreed to journey in company. The
+whites, however, were by no means convinced of the sincerity of their
+companions, and, seeing them talking together very earnestly, became
+assured of their hostile intentions. It being determined to anticipate
+the Indians' attack; Caffre undertook to capture one of them, while his
+companions shot the other two. Accordingly he sprung upon the nearest
+Indian, and bore him to the ground; Davis's gun missed fire but McClure
+shot his man dead. The remaining Indian sprung to a tree from which
+shelter he shot Caffre, who was still struggling with the Indian he had
+grappled. He, in his turn was immediately shot by McClure. The Indian
+whom Caffre had attacked, extricated himself from the grasp of his
+dying antagonist, and seizing his rifle presented it at Davis, who was
+coming to the assistance of his friend. Davis took to flight, his rifle
+not being in good order, and was pursued by the Indian into the wood.
+McClure, loading his gun, followed them, but lost sight of both.
+Davis was never heard of afterward.
+
+McClure now concluded to retreat, but he had not proceeded far, before
+he met an Indian on horseback attended by a boy on foot. The warrior
+dismounted, and seating himself on a log, offered his pipe to McClure.
+Soon other Indians were seen advancing in the distance, when McClure's
+sociable friend, informed him that when his companions came up, they
+would take him (McClure) and put him on a horse, tying his feet under
+its belly. In order to convey to his white brother an adequate idea of
+the honor intended him, the Indian got astride the log and locked his
+feet together. McClure took this opportunity of shooting his amiable but
+rather eccentric companion, and then ran off into the woods and escaped.
+
+This affair the reader will bear in mind, was with southern Indians, not
+with those of the north-western tribes, from whom the Kentuckians had
+suffered most. The only demonstration of hostility made by these, this
+year, appears to have been the pursuit of the boats mentioned before.
+In March, 1785, a man of the name of Elliot, who had emigrated to the
+country near the mouth of the Kentucky River, was killed by Indians,
+and his house destroyed and family dispersed.
+
+As Colonel Thomas Marshall from Virginia was descending the Ohio, in a
+flat boat, he was hailed from the northern shore by a man, who announced
+himself as James Girty, and said that he had been placed by his brother
+Simon, to warn all boats of the danger of being attacked by the Indians.
+He told them that efforts would be made to decoy them ashore by means of
+renegade white men, who would represent themselves as in great distress.
+He exhorted them to steel their hearts against all such appeals, and to
+keep the middle of the river. He said that his brother regretted the
+injuries he had inflicted upon the whites, and would gladly repair them
+as much as possible, to be re-admitted to their society, having lost all
+his influence among the Indians. This repentance on the part of Girty
+seems to have been of short duration, as he remained among the Indians
+till his death, which according to some took place at the battle of the
+Thames, though others deny it.
+
+However sincere or lasting Girty's repentance had been, he could never
+have lived in safety among the whites; he had been too active, and if
+common accounts are to be credited, too savage in his hostility to them,
+to admit of forgiveness; and it is probable that a knowledge of this
+prevented him from abandoning the Indians.
+
+"About the same time," says McClung, "Captain James Ward, at present a
+highly-respectable citizen of Mason County, Kentucky, was descending the
+Ohio, under circumstances which rendered a rencontre with the Indians
+peculiarly to be dreaded. He, together with half a dozen others, one of
+them his nephew, embarked in a crazy boat, about forty-five feet long,
+and eight feet wide, with no other bulwark than a single pine plank,
+above each gunnel. The boat was much encumbered with baggage, and seven
+horses were on board. Having seen no enemy for several days, they had
+become secure and careless, and permitted the boat to drift within
+fifty yards of the Ohio shore. Suddenly, several hundred Indians showed
+themselves on the bank, and running down boldly to the water's edge,
+opened a heavy fire upon the boat. The astonishment of the crew may be
+conceived."
+
+Captain Ward and his nephew were at the oars when the enemy appeared,
+and the captain knowing that their safety depended upon their agility
+to regain the middle of the river, kept his seat firmly, and exerted
+his utmost powers at the oar, but his nephew started up at sight of
+the enemy, seized his rifle, and was in the act of leveling it, when
+he received a ball in the breast, and fell dead in the bottom of the
+boat. Unfortunately, his oar fell into the river, and the Captain,
+having no one to pull against him, rather urged the boat nearer to the
+hostile shore than otherwise. He quickly seized a plank, however, and
+giving his oar to another of the crew, he took the station which his
+nephew had held, and unhurt by the shower of bullets which flew around
+him, continued to exert himself until the boat had reached a more
+respectable distance. He then, for the first time, looked around him
+in order to observe the condition of the crew.
+
+His nephew lay in his blood, perfectly lifeless; the horses had been
+all killed or mortally wounded. Some had fallen overboard; others were
+struggling violently, and causing their frail bark to dip water so
+abundantly as to excite the most serious apprehensions. But the crew
+presented the most singular spectacle. A captain, who had served with
+reputation in the continental army, seemed now totally bereft of his
+faculties. He lay upon his back in the bottom of the boat, with hands
+uplifted, and a countenance in which terror was personified, exclaiming
+in a tone of despair, "Oh Lord! Oh Lord." A Dutchman, whose weight
+might amount to about three hundred pounds, was anxiously engaged in
+endeavoring to find shelter for his bulky person, which, from the
+lowness of the gunnels, was a very difficult undertaking. In spite of
+his utmost efforts, a portion of his posterior luxuriance appeared above
+the gunnel, and afforded a mark to the enemy, which brought a constant
+shower of balls around it.
+
+"In vain he shifted his position. The hump still appeared, and the balls
+still flew around it, until the Dutchman losing all patience, raised
+his head above the gunnel, and in a tone of querulous remonstrance,
+called out, 'Oh now! quit tat tamned nonsense, tere, will you!' Not
+a shot was fired from the boat. At one time, after they had partly
+regained the current, Captain Ward attempted to bring his rifle to
+bear upon them, but so violent was the agitation of the boat, from the
+furious struggles of the horses, that he could not steady his piece
+within twenty yards of the enemy, and quickly laying it aside, returned
+to the oar. The Indians followed them down the river for more than an
+hour, but having no canoes they did not attempt to board; and as the
+boat was at length transferred to the opposite side of the river, they
+at length abandoned the pursuit and disappeared. None of the crew, save
+the young man already mentioned, were hurt, although the Dutchman's
+seat of honor served as a target for the space of an hour; and the
+continental captain was deeply mortified at the sudden, and, as he said,
+'unaccountable' panic which had seized him. Captain Ward himself was
+protected by a post, which had been fastened to the gunnel, and behind
+which he sat while rowing."[53]
+
+"In October, a party of emigrants were attacked near Scagg's Creek, and
+six killed. Mrs. McClure, with four children, ran into the woods, where
+she might have remained concealed, if it had not been for the cries of
+her infant, whom she could not make up her mind to abandon. The Indians
+guided to her hiding-place by these cries, cruelly tomahawked the three
+oldest children, but made her prisoner with her remaining child. Captain
+Whitley, with twenty-one men, intercepted the party on its return, and
+dispersed them, killing two, and wounding the same number. The prisoners
+were rescued. A few days after, another party of emigrants were
+attacked, and nine of them killed. Captain Whitley again pursued the
+Indians. On coming up with them, they took to flight. Three were killed
+in the course of the pursuit; two by the gallant Captain himself. Some
+other depredations were committed this year, but none of as much
+importance as those we have mentioned."
+
+These acts of hostility on the part of the Indians led to the adoption
+of measures for the defense of the Colony, to which we shall presently
+call the reader's attention.
+
+"Although," says Perkins,[54] "Kentucky grew rapidly during the year
+1784, the emigrants numbering twelve, and the whole population thirty
+thousand; although a friendly meeting was held by Thomas J. Dalton, with
+the Piankeshaws, at Vincennes, in April; and though trade was extending
+itself into the clearings and among the canebrakes--Daniel Brodhead
+having opened his store at Louisville the previous year, and James
+Wilkinson having come to Lexington in February, as the leader of a large
+commercial company, formed in Philadelphia, still the cool and sagacious
+mind of Logan led him to prepare his fellow-citizens for trial and
+hardships. He called, in the autumn of 1784, a meeting of the people
+at Danville, to take measures for defending the country, and at this
+meeting the whole subject of the position and danger of Kentucky was
+examined and discussed, and it was agreed that a convention should meet
+in December to adopt some measures for the security of the settlements
+in the wilderness. Upon the 27th of that month it met, nor was it long
+before the idea became prominent that Kentucky must ask to be severed
+from Virginia, and left to her own guidance and control. But as no such
+conception was general, when the delegates to this first convention
+were chosen, they deemed it best to appoint a second, to meet during
+the next May, at which was specially to be considered the topic most
+interesting to those who were called on to think and vote--a complete
+separation from the parent State--political independence."
+
+Several other conventions took place, in which the subject of a
+separation from Virginia was considered. In 1786 the Legislature of
+Virginia enacted the necessary preliminary provisions for the separation
+and erection of Kentucky into an independent State, with the condition
+that Congress should receive it into the Union, which was finally
+effected in the year 1792.
+
+Previously to this event, Indian hostilities were again renewed.
+
+"A number of Indians in April, 1786, stole some horses from the
+Bear Grass settlement, with which they crossed the Ohio. Colonel
+Christian pursued them into the Indian country, and, coming up with
+them, destroyed the whole party. How many there were is not stated. The
+whites lost two men, one of whom was the Colonel himself whose death was
+a severe loss to Kentucky. The following affair, which took place the
+same year, is given in the language of one who participated in it:
+
+"'After the battle of the Blue Licks, and in 1786 our family removed
+to Higgins' block-house on Licking River, one and a half miles above
+Cynthiana. Between those periods my father had been shot by the Indians,
+and my mother married Samuel Van Hook, who had been one of the party
+engaged in the defense at Ruddell's Station in 1780, and on its
+surrender was carried with the rest of the prisoners to Detroit.
+
+"'Higgins' Fort, or block-house, had been built at the bank of the
+Licking, on precipitous rocks, at least thirty feet high, which served
+to protect us on every side but one. On the morning of the 12th of June,
+at daylight, the fort, which consisted of six or seven houses, was
+attacked by a party of Indians, fifteen or twenty in number. There was
+a cabin outside, below the fort, where William McCombs resided, although
+absent at that time. His son Andrew, and a man hired in the family,
+named Joseph McFall, on making their appearance at the door to wash
+themselves, were both shot down--McCombs through the knee, and McFall
+in the pit of the stomach. McFall ran to the block-house, and McCombs
+fell, unable to support himself longer, just after opening the door of
+his cabin, and was dragged in by his sisters, who barricaded the door
+instantly. On the level and only accessible side there was a corn-field,
+and the season being favorable, and the soil rich as well as new, the
+corn was more than breast high. Here the main body of the Indians lay
+concealed, while three or four who made the attack attempted thereby to
+decoy the whites outside of the defenses. Failing in this, they set fire
+to an old fence and corn-crib, and two stables, both long enough built
+to be thoroughly combustible. These had previously protected their
+approach in that direction. Captain Asa Reese was in command of our
+little fort. 'Boys,' said he, 'some of you must run over to Hinkston's
+or Harrison's.' These were one and a half and two miles off, but in
+different directions. Every man declined. I objected, alleging as my
+reason that he would give up the fort before I could bring relief; but
+on his assurance that he would hold out, I agreed to go. I jumped off
+the bank through the thicket of trees, which broke my fall, while they
+scratched my face and limbs. I got to the ground with a limb clenched in
+my hands, which I had grasped unawares in getting through. I recovered
+from the jar in less than a minute, crossed the Licking, and ran up a
+cow-path on the opposite side, which the cows from one of those forts
+had beat down in their visits for water. As soon as I had gained the
+bank I shouted to assure my friends of my safety, and to discourage the
+enemy. In less than an hour I was back, with a relief of ten horsemen,
+well armed, and driving in full chase after the Indians. But they had
+decamped immediately upon hearing my signal, well knowing what it meant,
+and it was deemed imprudent to pursue them with so weak a party--the
+whole force in Higgins' block-house hardly sufficing to guard the women
+and children there. McFall, from whom the bullet could not be extracted,
+lingered two days and nights in great pain, when he died, as did
+McCombs, on the ninth day, mortification then taking place.'
+
+"While these depredations were going on, most of the Northwestern tribes
+were ostensibly at peace with the country, treaties having recently
+been made. But the Kentuckians, exasperated by the repeated outrages,
+determined to have resort to their favorite expedient of invading the
+Indian country. How far they were justified in holding the tribes
+responsible for the actions of these roving plunderers, the reader
+must judge for himself. We may remark, however, that it does not seem
+distinctly proved that the Indians engaged in these attacks belonged
+to any of the tribes against whom the attack was to be made. But the
+backwoodsmen were never very scrupulous in such matters. They generally
+regarded the Indian race as a unit: an offense committed by one warrior
+might be lawfully punished on another. We often, in reading the history
+of the West, read of persons who, having lost relations by Indians of
+one tribe, made a practice of killing all whom they met, whether in
+peace or war. It is evident, as Marshall says, that no authority but
+that of Congress could render an expedition of this kind lawful. The
+Governor of Virginia had given instructions to the commanders of the
+counties to take the necessary means for defense; and the Kentuckians,
+giving a free interpretation to these instructions, decided that the
+expedition was necessary and resolved to undertake it.
+
+"General Clark was selected to command it, and to the standard of
+this favorite officer volunteers eagerly thronged. A thousand men
+were collected at the Falls of the Ohio, from whence the troops marched
+by land to St. Vincennes, while the provisions and other supplies
+were conveyed by water. The troops soon became discouraged. When the
+provisions reached Vincennes, after a delay of several days on account
+of the low water, it was found that a large proportion of them were
+spoiled. In consequence of this, the men were placed upon short
+allowance, with which, of course, they were not well pleased. In the
+delay in waiting for the boats, much of the enthusiasm of the men had
+evaporated; and it is said by some that General Clark dispatched a
+messenger to the towns, in advance of the troops, to offer them the
+choice of peace or war, which greatly lessened the chances of the
+success of the expedition. Though this measure would be only complying
+with the requirements of good faith, it is very doubtful if it was
+adopted, so utterly at variance would it be with the usual manner
+of conducting these expeditions.
+
+"At any rate, when the army arrived within two days' march of the Indian
+towns, no less than three hundred of the men refused to proceed, nor
+could all the appeals of Clark induce them to alter their determination.
+They marched off in a body; and so discouraged were the others by this
+desertion, and the unfavorable circumstances in which they were placed,
+that a council held the evening after their departure concluded to
+relinquish the undertaking."
+
+The whole of the troops returned to Kentucky in a very disorderly
+manner. Thus did this expedition, begun under the most favorable
+auspices--for the commander's reputation was greater than any other in
+the West, and the men were the elite of Kentucky--altogether fail of its
+object, the men not having even seen the enemy. Marshall, in accounting
+for this unexpected termination, says that Clark was no longer the man
+he had been; that he had injured his intellect by the use of spirituous
+liquors. Colonel Logan had at first accompanied Clark, but he soon
+returned to Kentucky to organize another expedition; that might, while
+the attention of the Indians was altogether engrossed by the advance of
+Clark, fall upon some unguarded point. He raised the requisite number
+of troops without difficulty, and by a rapid march completely surprised
+one of the Shawanee towns, which he destroyed, killing several of the
+warriors, and bringing away a number of prisoners. In regard to the
+results of the measures adopted by the Kentuckians, we quote from
+Marshall:
+
+"In October of this year, a large number of families traveling by land
+to Kentucky, known by the name of McNitt's company, were surprised in
+camp, at night, by a party of Indians, between Big and Little Laurel
+River, and totally defeated, with the loss of twenty-one persons killed;
+the rest dispersed, or taken prisoners.
+
+"About the same time, Captain Hardin, from the south-western part of
+the district, with a party of men, made an excursion into the Indian
+country, surrounding the Saline; he fell in with a camp of Indians whom
+he attacked and defeated, killing four of them, without loss on his
+part.
+
+"Some time in December, Hargrove and others were defeated at the mouth
+of Buck Creek, on the Cumberland River. The Indians attacked in the
+night, killed one man, and wounded Hargrove; who directly became engaged
+in a rencontre with an Indian, armed with his tomahawk; of this he was
+disarmed, but escaped, leaving the weapon with Hargrove, who bore it
+off, glad to extricate himself. In this year also, Benjamin Price was
+killed near the three forks of Kentucky.
+
+"Thus ended, in a full renewal of the war, the year whose beginning had
+happily witnessed the completion of the treaties of peace.
+
+"By this time, one thing must have been obvious to those who had
+attended to the course of events--and that was, that if the Indians came
+into the country, whether for peace or war, hostilities were inevitable."
+
+'If the white people went into their country, the same consequences
+followed. The parties were yet highly exasperated against each other;
+they had not cooled since the peace, if peace it could be called; and
+meet where they would, bloodshed was the result.'
+
+"Whether the Indians to the north and west had ascertained, or not, that
+the two expeditions of this year were with or without the consent of
+Congress, they could but think the treaties vain things; and either made
+by those who had no right to make them, or no power to enforce them.
+With Kentuckians, it was known that the latter was the fact. To the
+Indians, the consequence was the same. They knew to a certainty, that
+the British had not surrendered the posts on the lakes--that it was from
+them they received their supplies; that they had been deceived, as to
+the United States getting the posts, and they were easily persuaded to
+believe, that these posts would not be transferred; and that in truth,
+the British, not the United States, had been the conquerors in the late
+war."
+
+"Such were the reflections which the state of facts would have
+justified, and at the same time have disposed them for war. The invasion
+of their country by two powerful armies from Kentucky, could leave no
+doubt of a disposition equally hostile on her part Congress, utterly
+destitute of the means for enforcing the treaties, either on the one
+side or the other, stood aloof, ruminating on the inexhaustible abundance
+of her own want of resources--and the abuse of herself for not possessing
+them."
+
+After this year, we hear of but few independent expeditions from
+Kentucky. Their militia were often called out to operate with the United
+States troops, and in Wayne's campaign were of much service; but this
+belongs to the general history of the United States. All that we have to
+relate of Kentucky now, is a series of predatory attacks by the Indians,
+varied occasionally by a spirited reprisal by a small party of whites.
+It is estimated that fifteen hundred persons were either killed or made
+prisoners in Kentucky after the year 1783.
+
+"On the night of the 11th of April, 1787," says McClung, "the house of
+a widow, in Bourbon County, became the scene of an adventure which we
+think deserves to be related. She occupied what is generally called a
+double cabin, in a lonely part of the country, one room of which was
+tenanted by the old lady herself, together with two grown sons, and a
+widowed daughter, at that time suckling an infant, while the other was
+occupied by two unmarried daughters, from sixteen to twenty years of
+age, together with a little girl not more than half grown. The hour was
+eleven o'clock at night. One of the unmarried daughters was still busily
+engaged at the loom, but the other members of the family, with the
+exception of one of the sons, had retired to rest. Some symptoms of an
+alarming nature had engaged the attention of the young man for an hour
+before any thing of a decided character took place.
+
+"The cry of owls was heard in the adjoining wood, answering each other
+in rather an unusual manner. The horses, which were enclosed as usual in
+a pound near the house, were more than commonly excited and by repeated
+snorting and galloping, announced the presence of some object of terror.
+The young man was often upon the point of awakening his brother, but was
+as often restrained by the fear of incurring ridicule and the reproach
+of timidity, at that time an unpardonable blemish in the character of a
+Kentuckian. At length hasty steps were heard in the yard, and quickly
+afterward, several loud knocks at the door, accompanied by the usual
+exclamation, 'Who keeps house?' in very good English. The young man,
+supposing from the language that some benighted settlers were at the
+door, hastily arose, and was advancing to withdraw the bar which secured
+it, when his mother, who had long lived upon the frontiers, and had
+probably detected the Indian tone in the demand for admission, instantly
+sprung out of bed, and ordered her son not to admit them, declaring that
+they were Indians.
+
+"She instantly awakened her other son, and the two young men seized
+their guns, which were always charged, prepared to repel the enemy. The
+Indians, finding it impossible to enter under their assumed characters,
+began to thunder at the door with great violence, but a single shot from
+a loop-hole compelled them to shift the attack to some less exposed
+point and, unfortunately, they discovered the door of the other cabin,
+containing the three daughters. The rifles of the brothers could not be
+brought to bear upon this point, and by means of several rails taken
+from the yard fence, the door was forced from its hinges, and the three
+girls were at the mercy of the savages. One was instantly secured, but
+the eldest defended herself desperately with a knife which she had been
+using at the loom, and stabbed one of the Indians to the heart before
+she was tomahawked.
+
+"In the mean time the little girl, who had been overlooked by the enemy
+in their eagerness to secure the others, ran out into the yard, and
+might have effected her escape, had she taken advantage of the darkness
+and fled; but instead of that, the terrified little creature ran around
+the house wringing her hands, and crying out that her sisters were
+killed. The brothers, unable to hear her cries without risking every
+thing for her rescue, rushed to the door and were preparing to sally
+out to her assistance, when their mother threw herself before them and
+calmly declared that the child must be abandoned to its fate; that the
+sally would sacrifice the lives of all the rest, without the slightest
+benefit to the little girl. Just then the child uttered a loud scream,
+followed by a few faint moans, and all was again silent. Presently the
+crackling of flames was heard, accompanied by a triumphant yell from
+the Indians, announcing that they had set fire to that division of the
+house which had been occupied by the daughters, and of which they held
+undisputed possession.
+
+"The fire was quickly communicated to the rest of the building, and it
+became necessary to abandon it or perish in the flames. In the one case
+there was a possibility that some might escape; in the other, their fate
+would be equally certain and terrible. The rapid approach of the flames
+cut short their momentary suspense. The door was thrown open, and the
+old lady, supported by her eldest son, attempted to cross the fence
+at one point, while her daughter, carrying her child in her arms, and
+attended by the younger of the brothers, ran in a different direction.
+The blazing roof shed a light over the yard but little inferior to that
+of day, and the savages were distinctly seen awaiting the approach of
+their victims. The old lady was permitted to reach the stile unmolested,
+but in the act of crossing received several balls in her breast and fell
+dead. Her son, providentially, remained unhurt, and by extraordinary
+agility effected his escape.
+
+"The other party succeeded also in reaching the fence unhurt, but
+in the act of crossing, were vigorously assailed by several Indians,
+who, throwing down their guns, rushed upon them with their tomahawks.
+The young man defended his sister gallantly, firing upon the enemy as
+they approached, and then wielding the butt of his rifle with a fury
+that drew their whole attention upon himself, and gave his sister an
+opportunity of effecting her escape. He quickly fell, however, under the
+tomahawks of his enemies, and was found at daylight, scalped and mangled
+in a shocking manner. Of the whole family consisting of eight persons,
+when the attack commenced, only three escaped. Four were killed upon the
+spot, and one (the second daughter) carried off as a prisoner.
+
+"The neighborhood was quickly alarmed, and by daylight about thirty men
+were assembled under the command of Colonel Edwards. A light snow had
+fallen during the latter part of the night, and the Indian trail could
+be pursued at a gallop. It led directly into the mountainous country
+bordering upon Licking, and afforded evidences of great hurry and
+precipitation on the part of the fugitives. Unfortunately a hound had
+been permitted to accompany the whites, and as the trail became fresh
+and the scent warm, she followed it with eagerness, baying loudly and
+giving the alarm to the Indians. The consequences of this imprudence
+were soon displayed. The enemy finding the pursuit keen, and perceiving
+that the strength of the prisoner began to fail, instantly sunk their
+tomahawks in her head and left her, still warm and bleeding, upon the
+snow."
+
+As the whites came up, she retained strength enough to waive her
+hand in token of recognition, and appeared desirous of giving them
+some information, with regard to the enemy, but her strength was too
+far gone. Her brother sprung from his horse and knelt by her side,
+endeavoring to stop the effusion of blood, but in vain. She gave him her
+hand, muttered some inarticulate words, and expired within two minutes
+after the arrival of the party. The pursuit was renewed with additional
+ardor, and in twenty minutes the enemy was within view. They had taken
+possession of a steep narrow ridge and seemed desirous of magnifying
+their numbers in the eyes of the whites, as they ran rapidly from tree
+to tree, and maintained a steady yell in their most appalling tones.
+The pursuers, however, were too experienced to be deceived by so common
+an artifice, and being satisfied that the number of the enemy must be
+inferior to their own, they dismounted, tied their horses, and flanking
+out in such a manner as to enclose the enemy, ascended the ridge as
+rapidly as was consistent with a due regard to the shelter of their
+persons.
+
+The firing quickly commenced, and now for the first time they discovered
+that only two Indians were opposed to them. They had voluntarily
+sacrificed themselves for the safety of the main body, and succeeded in
+delaying pursuit until their friends could reach the mountains. One of
+them was instantly shot dead, and the other was badly wounded, as was
+evident from the blood upon his blanket, as well as that which filled
+his tracks in the snow for a considerable distance. The pursuit was
+recommenced, and urged keenly until night, when the trail entered a
+running stream and was lost. On the following morning the snow had
+melted, and every trace of the enemy was obliterated. This affair must
+be regarded as highly honorable to the skill, address, and activity
+of the Indians; and the self-devotion of the rear guard, is a lively
+instance of that magnanimity of which they are at times capable, and
+which is more remarkable in them, from the extreme caution, and tender
+regard for their own lives, which usually distinguished their warriors.
+
+From this time Simon Kenton's name became very prominent as a leader.
+This year, at the head of forty-six men, he pursued a body of Indians,
+but did not succeed in overtaking them, which he afterward regarded as a
+fortunate circumstance, as he ascertained that they were at least double
+the number of his own party. A man by the name of Scott, having been
+carried off by the Indians, Kenton followed them over the Ohio, and
+released him.
+
+As early as January, 1783, the Indians entered Kentucky, two of them
+were captured near Crab Orchard by Captain Whitley. The same month, a
+party stole a number of horses from the Elkhorn settlements; they were
+pursued and surprised in their camp. Their leader extricated his hand,
+by a singular stratagem. Springing up before the whites could fire, he
+went through a series of the most extraordinary antics, leaping and
+yelling as if frantic. This conduct absorbing the attention of the
+whites, his followers took advantage of the opportunity to escape.
+As soon as they had all disappeared, the wily chief plunged into the
+woods and was seen no more. The attacks were continued in March. Several
+parties and families suffered severely. Lieutenant McClure, following
+the trail of a marauding party of Indians, fell in with an other body,
+and in the skirmish that ensued, was mortally wounded.
+
+In 1789, a conference was held at the mouth of the Muskingum, with most
+of the northwestern tribes, the result of which was the conclusion of
+another treaty. The Shawanese were not included in this pacification.
+This tribe was the most constant in its enmity to the whites, of all
+the Western Indians. There was but little use in making peace with the
+Indians unless all were included; for as long as one tribe was at war,
+restless spirits among the others were found to take part with them,
+and the whites, on the other hand, were not particular to distinguish
+between hostile and friendly Indians.
+
+Though the depredations continued this year, no affair of unusual
+interest occurred; small parties of the Indians infested the
+settlements, murdering and plundering the inhabitants. They were
+generally pursued, but mostly without success. Major McMillan was
+attacked by six or seven Indians, but escaped unhurt after killing two
+of his assailants.
+
+A boat upon the Ohio was fired upon, five men killed, and a woman
+made prisoner. In their attacks upon boats, the Indians employed the
+stratagem of which the whites had been warned by Girty. White men would
+appear upon the shore, begging the crew to rescue them from the Indians,
+who were pursuing them. Some of these were renegades, and others
+prisoners compelled to act this part, under threats of death in its most
+dreadful form if they refused.
+
+The warning of Girty is supposed to have saved many persons from this
+artifice; but too often unable to resist the many appeals, emigrants
+became victims to the finest feelings of our nature.
+
+Thus in March, 1790, a boat descending the river was decoyed ashore, and
+no sooner had it reached the bank than it was captured by fifty Indians,
+who killed a man and a woman, and made the rest prisoners. An expedition
+was made against the Indians on the Sciota by General Harmer, of the
+United States army, and General Scott, of the Kentucky militia, but
+nothing of consequence was achieved. In May a number of people
+returning from Divine service, on Bear Grass Creek, were attacked, and
+one man killed, and a woman made prisoner, who was afterward tomahawked.
+Three days after, a boat containing six men and several families was
+captured by sixteen Indians without loss. The whites were all carried
+off by the Indians, who intended, it is said, to make them slaves; one
+of the men escaped and brought the news to the settlements.
+
+In the fall Harmer made a second expedition, which was attended with
+great disasters. Several marauding attacks of the Indians ensued; nor
+was peace finally restored until after the treaty of Greenville, which
+followed the subjugation of the Indians by General Wayne in 1794.
+
+[Footnote 53: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 54: "Western Annals."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+     Colonel Boone meets with the loss of all his land in Kentucky,
+     and emigrates to Virginia--Resides on the Kenhawas, near Point
+     Pleasant--Hears of the fertility of Missouri, and the abundance of
+     game there--Emigrates to Missouri--Is appointed commandant of a
+     district under the Spanish Government--Mr. Audubon's narrative of
+     a night passed with Boone, and the narratives made by him during
+     the night--Extraordinary power of his memory.
+
+
+A period of severe adversity for Colonel Boone now ensued. His aversion
+to legal technicalities and his ignorance of legal forms were partly
+the cause of defects in the titles to the lands which he had long ago
+acquired, improved, and nobly defended. But the whole system of land
+titles in Kentucky at that early period was so utterly defective, that
+hundreds of others who were better informed and more careful than the
+old pioneer, lost their lands by litigation and the arts and rogueries
+of land speculators, who made it their business to hunt up defects in
+land titles.
+
+The Colonel lost all his land--even his beautiful farm near
+Boonesborough, which ought to have been held sacred by any men possessed
+of a particle of patriotism or honest feeling, was taken from him. He
+consequently left Kentucky and settled on the Kenhawa River in Virginia,
+not far from Point Pleasant. This removal appears to have taken place in
+the year 1790. He remained in this place several years, cultivating a
+farm, raising stock, and at the proper seasons indulging in his favorite
+sport of hunting.
+
+Some hunters who had been pursuing their sport on the western shores of
+the Missouri River gave Colonel Boone a very vivid description of that
+country, expatiating on the fertility of the land, the abundance of
+game, and the great herds of buffalo ranging over the vast expanse of
+the prairies. They also described the simple manners of the people, the
+absence of lawyers and lawsuits, and the Arcadian happiness which was
+enjoyed by all in the distant region, in such glowing terms that Boone
+resolved to emigrate and settle there, leaving his fourth son Jesse in
+the Kenhawa valley, where he had married and settled, and who did not
+follow him till several years after.[55]
+
+Mr. Peck fixes the period of this emigration in 1795. Perkins, in his
+"Western Annals," places it in 1797. His authority is an article of
+Thomas J. Hinde in the "American Pioneer," who says: "I was 'neighbor to
+Daniel Boone, the first white man that fortified against the. Indians in
+Kentucky. In October, 1797, I saw him on pack-horses take up his journey
+for Missouri, then Upper Louisiana."
+
+Mr. Peck says:[56] "At that period, and for several years after,
+the country of his retreat belonged to the Crown of Spain. His fame
+had reached this remote region before him; and he received of the
+Lieutenant-Governor, who resided at St. Louis, 'assurance that ample
+portions of land should be given to him and his family.' His first
+residence was in the Femme Osage settlement, in the District of St.
+Charles, about forty-five miles west of St. Louis. Here he remained
+with his son Daniel M. Boone until 1804, when he removed to the residence
+of his youngest son, Nathan Boone, with whom he continued till about
+1810, when he went to reside with his son-in-law, Flanders Callaway.
+A commission from Don Charles D. Delassus, Lieutenant-Governor, dated
+July 11th, 1800, appointing him commandant of the Femme Osage District,
+was tendered and accepted. He retained this command, which included both
+civil and military duties and he continued to discharge them with credit
+to himself, and to the satisfaction of all concerned, until the transfer
+of the government to the United States. The simple manners of the
+frontier people of Missouri exactly suited the peculiar habits and
+temper of Colonel Boone."
+
+It was during his residence in Missouri that Colonel Boone was visited
+by the great naturalist, J.J. Audubon, who passed a night with him. In
+his Ornithological Biography, Mr. Audubon gives the following narrative
+of what passed on that occasion:
+
+"Daniel Boone, or, as he was usually called in the Western country,
+Colonel Boone, happened to spend a night with me under the same roof,
+more than twenty years ago.[57] We had returned from a shooting
+excursion, in the course of which his extraordinary skill in the
+management of the rifle had been fully displayed. On retiring to the
+room appropriated to that remarkable individual and myself for the
+night, I felt anxious to know more of his exploits and adventures than
+I did, and accordingly took the liberty of proposing numerous questions
+to him. The stature and general appearance of this wanderer of the
+Western forests approached the gigantic. His chest was broad and
+prominent; his muscular powers displayed themselves in every limb;
+his countenance gave indication of his great courage, enterprise, and
+perseverance; and when he spoke, the very motion of his lips brought
+the impression that whatever he uttered could not be otherwise than
+strictly true. I undressed, whilst he merely took off his hunting-shirt,
+and arranged a few folds of blankets on the floor, choosing rather to
+lie there, as he observed, than on the softest bed. When we had both
+disposed of ourselves, each after his own fashion, he related to me the
+following account of his powers of memory, which I lay before you, kind
+reader, in his own words, hoping that the simplicity of his style may
+prove interesting to you:"
+
+"'I was once,' said he, 'on a hunting expedition on the banks of the
+Green River, when the lower parts of this State (Kentucky) were still
+in the hands of Nature, and none but the sons of the soil were looked
+upon as its lawful proprietors. We Virginians had for some time been
+waging a war of intrusion upon them, and I, amongst the rest, rambled
+through the woods in pursuit of their race, as I now would follow the
+tracks of any ravenous animal. The Indians outwitted me one dark night,
+and I was as unexpectedly as suddenly made a prisoner by them. The trick
+had been managed with great skill; for no sooner had I extinguished
+the fire of my camp, and laid me down to rest, in full security, as
+I thought, than I felt myself seized by an indistinguishable number
+of hands, and was immediately pinioned, as if about to be led to the
+scaffold for execution. To have attempted to be refractory would have
+proved useless and dangerous to my life; and I suffered myself to be
+removed from my camp to theirs, a few miles distant, without uttering
+even a word of complaint. You are aware, I dare say, that to act in this
+manner was the best policy, as you understand that by so doing I proved
+to the Indians at once that I was born and bred as fearless of death as
+any of themselves.
+
+"'When we reached the camp, great rejoicings were exhibited. Two squaws
+and a few papooses appeared particularly delighted at the sight of me,
+and I was assured, by very unequivocal gestures and words, that, on the
+morrow, the mortal enemy of the Redskins would cease to live. I never
+opened my lips but was busy contriving some scheme which might enable me
+to give the rascals the slip before dawn. The women immediately fell a
+searching about my hunting-shirt for whatever they might think valuable,
+and, fortunately for me, soon found my flask tilled with _Monongahela_
+(that is, reader, strong whisky). A terrific grin was exhibited on
+their murderous countenances, while my heart throbbed with joy at the
+anticipation of their intoxication. The crew immediately began to beat
+their bellies and sing, as they passed the bottle from mouth to mouth.
+How often did I wish the flask ten times its size, and filled with
+aquafortis! I observed that the squaws drank more freely than the
+warriors, and again my spirits were about to be depressed, when the
+report of a gun was heard at a distance. The Indians all jumped on their
+feet. The singing and drinking were both brought to a stand, and I saw,
+with inexpressible joy, the men walk off to some distance and talk to
+the squaws. I knew that they were consulting about me, and I foresaw
+that in a few moments the warriors would go to discover the cause of the
+gun having been fired so near their camp. I expected that the squaws
+would be left to guard me. Well, sir, it was just so. They returned;
+the men took up their guns, and walked away. The squaws sat down again,
+and in less than five minutes had my bottle up to their dirty mouths,
+gurgling down their throats the remains of the whisky.
+
+"'With what pleasure did I see them becoming more and more drunk, until
+the liquor took such hold of them that it was quite impossible for these
+women to be of any service. They tumbled down, rolled about, and began
+to snore; when I, having no other chance of freeing myself from the
+cords that fastened me, rolled over and over toward the fire, and, after
+a short time, burned them asunder. I rose on my feet, stretched my
+stiffened sinews, snatched up my rifle, and, for once in my life spared
+that of Indians. I now recollect how desirous I once or twice felt to
+lay open the skulls of the wretches with my tomahawk; but when I again
+thought upon killing beings unprepared and unable to defend themselves,
+it looked like murder without need, and I gave up the idea.
+
+"'But, sir, I felt determined to mark the spot, and walking to a thrifty
+ash sapling I cut out of it three large chips, and ran off. I soon
+reached the river soon crossed it, and threw myself deep into the
+canebrakes, imitating the tracks of an Indian with my feet, so that no
+chance might be left for those from whom I had escaped to overtake me.
+
+"'It is now nearly twenty years since this happened, and more than five
+since I left the whites' settlements, which I might probably never have
+visited again had I not been called on as a witness in a lawsuit that
+was pending in Kentucky, and which I really believe would never have
+been settled had I not come forward and established the beginning of
+a certain boundary line. This is the story, sir:
+
+"'Mr. ---- moved from Old Virginia into Kentucky, and having a large
+tract granted to him in the new State, laid claim to a certain parcel
+of land adjoining Green River, and, as chance would have it, took for
+one of his corners the very ash tree on which I had made my mark, and
+finished his survey of some thousands of acres, beginning, as it is
+expressed in the deed, at an ash marked by three distinct notches of
+the tomahawk of a white man."
+
+"'The tree had grown much, and the bark had covered the marks; but,
+somehow or other, Mr. ---- heard from some one all that I have already
+said to you, and thinking that I might remember the spot alluded to in
+the deed, but which was no longer discoverable, wrote for me to come
+and try at least to find the place or the tree. His letter mentioned
+that all my expenses should be paid, and not caring much about once
+more going back to Kentucky I started and met Mr. ----. After some
+conversation, the affair with the Indians came to my recollection.
+I considered for a while, and began to think that after all I could
+find the very spot, as well as the tree, if it was yet standing.
+
+"'Mr. ---- and I mounted our horses, and off we went to the Green River
+Bottoms. After some difficulties--for you must be aware, sir, that great
+changes have taken place in those woods--I found at last the spot where
+I had crossed the river, and, waiting for the moon to rise, made for the
+course in which I thought the ash tree grew. On approaching the place,
+I felt as if the Indians were there still, and as if I was still a
+prisoner among them. Mr. ---- and I camped near what I conceived the
+spot, and waited until the return of day.
+
+"'At the rising of the sun I was on foot, and, after a good deal of
+musing, thought that an ash tree then in sight must be the very one on
+which I had made my mark, I felt as if there could be no doubt of it,
+and mentioned my thought to Mr. ----. 'Well, Colonel Boone,' said he, 'if
+you think so, I hope it may prove true, but we must have some witnesses;
+do you stay here about, and I will go and bring some of the settlers
+whom I know.' I agreed. Mr. ---- trotted off, and I, to pass the time,
+rambled about to see if a deer was still living in the land. But ah!
+sir, what a wonderful difference thirty years make in the country! Why,
+at the time when I was caught by the Indians, you would not have walked
+out in any direction for more than a mile without shooting a buck or a
+bear. There were then thousands of buffaloes on the hills in Kentucky;
+the land looked as if it never would become poor: and to hunt in those
+days was a pleasure indeed. But when I was left to myself on the banks
+of Green River, I dare say for the last time in my life, a few _signs_
+only of deer were to be seen, and, as to a deer itself, I saw none.
+
+"'Mr. ---- returned, accompanied by three gentlemen. They looked upon me
+as if I had been Washington himself, and walked to the ash tree which
+I now called my own, as if in quest of a long-lost treasure. I took an
+axe from one of them, and cut a few chips off the bark. Still no signs
+were to be seen. So I cut again until I thought it was time to be
+cautious, and I scraped and worked away with my butcher-knife until
+I _did_ come to where my tomahawk had left an impression in the wood.
+We now went regularly to work, and scraped at the tree with care until
+three hacks, as plain as any three notches ever were, could be seen.
+Mr. ---- and the other gentlemen were astonished, and I must allow I was
+as much surprised as pleased myself. I made affidavit of this remarkable
+occurrence in presence of these gentlemen. Mr. ---- gained his cause.
+I left Green River forever, and came to where we now are; and sir I wish
+you a good-night.'"
+
+
+[Footnote 55: Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 56: Life of Boone.]
+
+[Footnote 57: This would be about the year 1810.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+     Colonel Boone receives a large grant of land from the Spanish
+     Government of Upper Louisiana--He subsequently loses it by
+     neglecting to secure the formal title--His law suits in his
+     new home--Character of the people--Sketch of the history of
+     Missouri--Colonel Boone's hunting--He pays his debts by the
+     sale of furs--Hunting excursions continued--In danger from the
+     Indians--Taken sick in his hunting camp--His relatives settled in
+     his neighborhood--Colonel Boone applies to Congress to recover his
+     land--The Legislature of Kentucky supports his claim--Death of
+     Mrs. Boone--Results of the application to Congress--He receives
+     one-eleventh part of his just claim--He ceases to hunt--Occupations
+     of his declining years--Mr. Harding paints his portrait.
+
+
+In consideration of his official services as Syndic, ten thousand
+arpents[58] of excellent land were given to Colonel Boone by the
+Government. Under the special law, in order to make his title good, he
+should have obtained a confirmation of his grant from the immediate
+representative of the Crown, then residing in New Orleans. But his
+friend, the Commandant at St. Louis, undertook to dispense with his
+residence on the land which was another condition to a sound title, and
+Boone probably supposed that "all would be right" without attending to
+any of the formalities, and neglected to take the necessary steps for
+holding his land securely.
+
+It is probable that he foresaw that Missouri would soon become a part of
+the United States, and expected justice from that quarter. But in this
+he was disappointed, for when that event took place, the commissioners
+of the United States appointed to decide on confirmed claims felt
+constrained by their instructions and rejected Colonel Boone's claims
+for want of legal formalities.
+
+Thus was the noble pioneer a second time deprived of the recompense
+of his inestimable services by his inattention to the precautions
+necessary for securing his rights. This second misfortune came upon
+him some time after the period of which we are now writing.
+
+Meantime Colonel Boone found his residence in Missouri agreeable, and in
+every respect congenial to his habits and tastes. His duties as Syndic
+were light; and he was allowed ample time for the cultivation of his
+land, and for occasional tours of hunting, in which he so greatly
+delighted. Trapping beaver was another of his favorite pursuits, and
+in this new country he found abundance of this as well as other species
+of game.
+
+A greater part of the people of Missouri were emigrants from the
+United States, pioneers of the West, who had already resisted Indian
+aggressions, and were welcomed by the French and Spanish settlers as
+a clear accession to their military strength,
+
+A brief notice of the history of this State, showing how the different
+kinds of population came there, will be not inappropriate in this place.
+
+Though the French were the first settlers, and for a long time the
+principal inhabitants of Missouri, yet a very small portion of her
+present population is of that descent. A fort was built by that people
+as early as 1719, near the site of the present capital, called Fort
+Orleans, and its lead mines worked to some extent the next year. St.
+Genevieve, the oldest town in the State, was settled in 1755, and St.
+Louis in 1764. At the treaty of 1763 it was assigned, with all the
+territory west of the Mississippi, to Spain. "In 1780, St. Louis was
+besieged and attacked by a body of British troops and Indians, fifteen
+hundred and forty strong." During the siege, sixty of the French were
+killed. The siege was raised by Colonel George Rogers Clark, who came
+with five hundred men to the relief of the place. At the close of the
+American Revolution, the territory west of the Mississippi remained with
+Spain till it was ceded to France, in 1801. In 1803, at the purchase of
+Louisiana, it came into the possession of the United States, and formed
+part of the territory of Louisiana, until the formation of the State
+of that name in 1812, when the remainder of the territory was named
+Missouri, from which (after a stormy debate in Congress as to the
+admission of slavery) was separated the present State of Missouri in
+1721.[59]
+
+The office of Syndic, to which Colonel Boone had been appointed, is
+similar to that of justice of the peace under our own government: but it
+is more extensive, as combining military with civil powers. Its exercise
+in Colonel Boone's district did not by any means occupy the whole of
+his time and attention. On the contrary, he found sufficient time for
+hunting in the winter months--the regular hunting season. At first he
+was not very successful in obtaining valuable furs; but after two or
+three seasons, he was able to secure a sufficient quantity to enable
+him, by the proceeds of their sale, to discharge some outstanding debts
+in Kentucky; and he made a journey thither for that purpose. When he had
+seen each creditor, and paid him all he demanded, he returned home to
+Missouri, and on his arrival he had but half a dollar remaining. "To his
+family," says Mr. Peck, "and a circle of friends who had called to see
+him, he said, 'Now I am ready and willing to die. I am relieved from a
+burden that has long oppressed me. I have paid all my debts, and no one
+will say, when I am gone, 'Boone was a dishonest man.' I am perfectly
+willing to die.'"[60]
+
+Boone still continued his hunting excursions, attended sometimes by some
+friend: but most frequently by a black servant boy. On one of these
+occasions these two had to resist an attack of Osage Indians, whom they
+speedily put to flight. At another time, when he was entirely alone, a
+large encampment of Indians made its appearance in his neighborhood;
+and he was compelled to secrete himself for twenty days in his camp,
+cooking his food only in the middle of the night, so that the smoke of
+his fire would not be seen. At the end of this long period of inaction
+the Indians went off.
+
+At another time, while in his hunting camp, with only a negro boy for
+his attendant, he fell sick and lay a long time unable to go out. When
+sufficiently recovered to walk out, he pointed out to the boy a place
+where he wished to be buried if he should die in camp, and also gave
+the boy very exact directions about his burial, and the disposal of his
+rifle, blankets and peltry.[61]
+
+Among the relations of Colonel Boone, who were settled in his
+neighborhood, were Daniel Morgan Boone, his eldest son then living, who
+had gone out before his father; Nattra, with his wife, who had followed
+in 1800; and Flanders Callaway, his son-in-law, who had come out about
+the time that Missouri, then Upper Louisiana, became a part of the
+United States territory.[62]
+
+We have already stated that the land granted to Colonel Boone, in
+consideration of his performing the duties of Syndic, was lost by his
+omission to comply with the legal formalities necessary to secure his
+title.
+
+In addition to the ten thousand arpents of land thus lost, he had been
+entitled as a citizen to one thousand arpents of land according to the
+usage in other cases; but he appears not to have complied with the
+condition of actual residence on this land, and it was lost in
+consequence.
+
+In 1812, Colonel Boone sent a petition to Congress, praying for a
+confirmation of his original claims. In order to give greater weight
+to his application, he presented a memorial to the General Assembly of
+Kentucky, on the thirteenth of January, 1812, soliciting the aid of that
+body in obtaining from Congress the confirmation of his claims.
+
+The Legislature, by a unanimous vote, passed the following preamble and
+resolutions.
+
+"The Legislature of Kentucky, taking into view the many eminent services
+rendered by Col. Boone, in exploring and settling the western country,
+from which great advantages have resulted, not only to this State, but
+to his country in general; and that from circumstances over which he had
+no control, he is now reduced to poverty, not having, so far as appears,
+an acre of land out of the vast territory he has been a great instrument
+in peopling; believing, also, that it is as unjust as it is impolitic,
+that useful enterprise and eminent services should go unrewarded by a
+government where merit confers the only distinction; and having
+sufficient reason to believe that a grant of ten thousand acres of land,
+which he claims in Upper Louisiana, would have been confirmed by the
+Spanish government, had not said territory passed, by cession, into the
+hands of the general government: wherefore.
+
+"Resolved, by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of
+Kentucky,--That our Senators in Congress be requested to make use of
+their exertions to procure a grant of land in said territory to said
+Boone, either the ten thousand acres to which he appears to have an
+equitable claim, from the grounds set forth to this Legislature, by way
+of confirmation, or to such quantity in such place as shall be deemed
+most advisable, by way of donation."
+
+Notwithstanding this action of the Legislature of Kentucky, Colonel
+Boone's appeal, like many other just and reasonable claims presented to
+Congress, was neglected for some time. During this period of anxious
+suspense, Mrs. Boone, the faithful and affectionate wife of the
+venerable pioneer, who had shared his toils and anxieties, and cheered
+his home for so many years, was taken from his side. She died in March,
+1813, at the age of seventy-six. The venerable pioneer was now to miss
+her cheerful companionship for the remainder of his life; and to a man
+of his affectionate disposition this must have been a severe privation.
+
+Colonel Boone's memorial to Congress received the earnest and active
+support of Judge Coburn, Joseph Vance, Judge Burnett, and other
+distinguished men belonging to the Western country. But it was not till
+the 24th of December, 1813, that the Committee on Public Lands made a
+report on the subject.
+
+The report certainly is a very inconsistent one, as it fully admits the
+justice of his claim to eleven thousand arpents of land, and recommends
+Congress to give him the miserable pittance of one thousand arpents, to
+which he was entitled in common with all the other emigrants to Upper
+Louisiana! The act for the confirmation of the title passed on the 10th
+of February, 1814.
+
+For ten years before his decease, Colonel Boone gave up his favorite
+pursuit of hunting. The infirmities of age rendered it imprudent for him
+to venture alone in the woods.
+
+The closing years of Colonel Boone's life were passed in a manner
+entirely characteristic of the man. He appears to have considered love
+to mankind, reverence to the Supreme Being, delight in his works and
+constant usefulness, as the legitimate ends of life. After the decease
+of Mrs. Boone, he divided his time among the different members of his
+family, making his home with his eldest daughter, Mrs. Callaway,
+visiting his other children, and especially his youngest son, Major
+Nathan Boone, for longer or shorter periods, according to his
+inclination and convenience. He was greatly beloved by all his
+descendants, some of whom were of the fifth generation; and he took
+great delight in their society.
+
+"His time at home," says Mr. Peck, "was usually occupied in some useful
+manner. He made powder-horns for his grandchildren, neighbors, and
+friends, many of which were carved and ornamented with much taste. He
+repaired rifles, and performed various descriptions of handicraft with
+neatness and finish." Making powder-horns--repairing rifles--employments
+in pleasing unison with old pursuits, and by the associations thus
+raised in his mind, always recalling the pleasures of the chase, the
+stilly whispering hum of the pines, the fragrance of wild flowers, and
+the deep solitude of the primeval forest.
+
+In the summer of 1820, Chester Harding, who of American artists is one
+of the most celebrated for the accuracy of his likenesses, paid a visit
+to Colonel Boone for the purpose of taking his portrait. The Colonel was
+quite feeble, and had to be supported by a friend, the Rev. J.E. Welsh,
+while sitting to the artist.[63]
+
+This portrait is the original from which most of the engravings of Boone
+have been executed. It represents him in his hunting-dress, with his
+large hunting-knife in his belt. The face is very thin and pale, and
+the hair perfectly white; the eyes of a bright blue color, and the
+expression of the countenance mild and pleasing.
+
+[Footnote 58: An arpent of land is eighty-five-hundredths of an acre.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Lippincott's Gazetteer.]
+
+[Footnote 60: The owners of the money of which he was robbed on his
+journey to Virginia, as already related, had voluntarily relinquished
+all claims on him. This was a simple act of justice.]
+
+[Footnote 61: Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 62: Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 63: Peck. Life of Boone.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+     Last illness, and death of Colonel Boone--His funeral--Account
+     of his family--His remains and those of his wife removed from
+     Missouri, and reinterred in the new cemetery in Frankfort,
+     Kentucky--Character of Colonel Boone.
+
+
+In September, 1820, Colonel Boone had an attack of fever, from which he
+recovered so as to make a visit to the house of his son, Major Nathan
+Boone. Soon after, from an indiscretion in his diet, he had a relapse;
+and after a confinement to the house of only three days, he expired on
+the 26th of September, in the eighty-sixth year of his age.
+
+He was buried in a coffin which he had kept ready for several years.
+His remains were laid by the side of those of his deceased wife. The
+great respect and reverence entertained toward him, attracted a large
+concourse from the neighboring country to the funeral. The Legislature
+of Missouri, then in session, passed a resolution that the members
+should wear the badge of mourning usual in such cases for twenty days;
+and an adjournment for one day took place.
+
+Colonel Boone had five sons and four daughters The two oldest sons, as
+already related, were killed by the Indians. His third, Colonel Daniel
+Morgan Boone, resided in Missouri, and died about 1842, past the age of
+eighty. Jesse Boone, the fourth son, settled in Missouri about 1805, and
+died at St. Louis a few years after. Major Nathan Boone, the youngest
+child, resided for many years in Missouri, and received a commission in
+the United States Dragoons. He was still living at a recent date. Daniel
+Boone's daughters, Jemima, Susannah, Rebecca, and Lavinia, were all
+married, lived and died in Kentucky.
+
+In 1845 the citizens of Frankfort, Kentucky, having prepared a rural
+cemetery, resolved to consecrate it by interring in it the remains of
+Daniel Boone and his wife. The consent of the family being obtained,
+the reinterment took place on the 20th of August of that year.
+
+The pageant was splendid and deeply interesting. A few survivors of
+Boone's contemporaries were present, gathered from all parts of the
+State, and a numerous train of his descendants and relatives led the van
+of the procession escorting the hearse, which was decorated with forest
+evergreens and white lilies, an appropriate tribute to the simple as
+well as glorious character of Boone, and a suitable emblem of his
+enduring fame. The address was delivered by Mr. Crittenden, and the
+concourse of citizens from Kentucky and the neighboring States was
+immense.
+
+The reader of the foregoing pages will have no difficulty in forming
+a correct estimate of Boone's character. He was one of the purest and
+noblest of the pioneers of the West. Regarding himself as an instrument
+in the hands of Providence for accomplishing great purposes, he was
+nevertheless always modest and unassuming, never seeking distinction,
+but always accepting the post of duty and danger.
+
+As a military leader he was remarkable for prudence, coolness, bravery,
+and imperturbable self-possession. His knowledge of the character of the
+Indians enabled him to divine their intentions and baffle their best
+laid plans; and notwithstanding his resistance of their inroads, he was
+always a great favorite amongst them. As a father, husband, and citizen,
+his character seems to have been faultless; and his intercourse with his
+fellow-men was always marked by the strictest integrity and honor.
+
+
+
+
+COLONEL BOONE'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY
+
+[The following pages were dictated by Colonel Boone to John Filson, and
+published in 1784. Colonel Boone has been heard to say repeatedly since
+its publication, that "it is every word true."]
+
+Curiosity is natural to the soul of man, and interesting objects have
+a powerful influence on our affections. Let these influencing powers
+actuate, by the permission or disposal of Providence, from selfish or
+social views, yet in time the mysterious will of Heaven is unfolded, and
+we behold our conduct, from whatsoever motives excited, operating to
+answer the important designs of Heaven. Thus we behold Kentucky, lately
+a howling wilderness, the habitation of savages and wild beasts, become
+a fruitful field; this region, so favorably distinguished by nature,
+now become the habitation of civilization, at a period unparalleled in
+history, in the midst of a raging war, and under all the disadvantages
+of emigration to a country so remote from the inhabited parts of the
+continent. Here, where the hand of violence shed the blood of the
+innocent; where the horrid yells of savages and the groans of the
+distressed sounded in our ears, we now hear the praises and adorations
+of our Creator; where wretched wigwams stood, the miserable abodes
+of savages, we behold the foundations of cities laid, that, in all
+probability, will equal the glory of the greatest upon earth. And we
+view Kentucky, situated on the fertile banks of the great Ohio, rising
+from obscurity to shine with splendor, equal to any other of the stars
+of the American hemisphere.
+
+The settling of this region well deserves a place in history. Most
+of the memorable events I have myself been exercised in; and, for the
+satisfaction of the public, will briefly relate the circumstance of my
+adventures, and scenes of life from my first movement to this country
+until this day.
+
+It was on the first of May, in the year 1769, that I resigned my
+domestic happiness for a time, and left my family and peaceable
+habitation on the Yadkin River, in North Carolina, to wander through the
+wilderness of America, in quest of the country of Kentucky, in company
+with John Finley, John Stewart, Joseph Holden, James Monay, and William
+Cool. We proceeded successfully, and after a long and fatiguing journey
+through a mountainous wilderness, in a westward direction. On the 7th
+of June following we found ourselves on Red River, where John Finley
+had formerly been trading with the Indians, and, from the top of an
+eminence, saw with pleasure the beautiful level of Kentucky. Here let
+me observe that for some time we had experienced the most uncomfortable
+weather, as a pre-libation of our future sufferings. At this place we
+encamped, and made a shelter to defend us from the inclement season,
+and began to hunt and reconnoitre the country. We found everywhere
+abundance of wild beasts of all sorts, through this vast forest. The
+buffalo were more frequent than I have seen cattle in the settlements,
+browsing on the leaves of the cane, or cropping the herbage on those
+extensive plains, fearless, because ignorant of the violence of man.
+Sometimes we saw hundreds in a drove, and the numbers about the salt
+springs were amazing. In this forest, the habitation of beasts of every
+kind natural to America, we practiced hunting with great success until
+the 22d day of December following.
+
+This day John Steward and I had a pleasing ramble, but fortune changed
+the scene in the close of it. We had passed through a great forest, on
+which stood myriads of trees, some gay with blossoms, and others rich
+with fruits. Nature was here a series of wonders, and a fund of delight.
+Here she displayed her ingenuity and industry in a variety of flowers
+and fruits, beautifully colored, elegantly shaped, and charmingly
+flavored; and we were diverted with innumerable animals presenting
+themselves perpetually to our view. In the decline of the day, near
+Kentucky River, as we ascended the brow of a small hill, a number of
+Indians rushed out of a thick canebrake upon us, and made us prisoners.
+The time of our sorrow was now arrived, and the scene fully opened.
+The Indians plundered us of what we had, and kept us in confinement
+seven days, treating us with common savage usage. During this time we
+discovered no uneasiness or desire to escape, which made them less
+suspicious of us; but in the dead of night, as we lay in a thick
+canebrake by a large fire, when sleep had locked-up their senses, my
+situation not disposing me for rest, I touched my companion, and gently
+awoke him. We improved this favorable opportunity and departed, leaving
+them to take their rest, and speedily directed our course toward our old
+camp, but found it plundered, and the company dispersed and gone home.
+About this time my brother, Squire Boone, with another adventurer, who
+came to explore the country shortly after us, was wandering through the
+forest, determined to find me if possible, and accidentally found our
+camp. Notwithstanding the unfortunate circumstances of our company, and
+our dangerous situation, as surrounded with hostile savages, our meeting
+so fortunately in the wilderness made us reciprocally sensible of the
+utmost satisfaction. So much does friendship triumph over misfortune,
+that sorrows and sufferings vanish at the meeting not only of real
+friends, but of the most distant acquaintances, and substitute happiness
+in their room.
+
+Soon after this, my companion in captivity, John Stewart, was killed
+by the savages, and the man that came with my brother returned home by
+himself. We were then in a dangerous, helpless situation, exposed daily
+to perils and death among savages and wild beasts--not a white man in
+the country but ourselves.
+
+Thus situated, many hundred miles from our families in the howling
+wilderness, I believe few would have equally enjoyed the happiness we
+experienced. I often observed to my brother, "You see now how little
+nature requires to be satisfied. Felicity, the companion of content,
+is rather found in our own breasts than in the enjoyment of external
+things; and I firmly believe it requires but a little philosophy to
+make a man happy in whatsoever state he is. This consists in a full
+resignation to the will of Providence; and a resigned soul finds
+pleasure in a path strewed with briers and thorns."
+
+We continued not in a state of indolence, but hunted every day, and
+prepared a little cottage to defend us from the winter storms. We
+remained there undisturbed during the winter, and on the first day of
+May, 1770, my brother returned home to the settlement by himself, for
+a new recruit of horses and ammunition, leaving me by myself, without
+bread, salt, or sugar, without company of my fellow-creatures, or even
+a horse or dog. I confess I never before was under greater necessity of
+exercising philosophy and fortitude. A few days I passed uncomfortably.
+The idea of a beloved wife and family, and their anxiety upon the
+account of my absence and exposed situation, made sensible impressions
+on my heart. A thousand dreadful apprehensions presented themselves to
+my view, and had undoubtedly disposed me to melancholy, if further
+indulged.
+
+One day I undertook a tour through the country, and the diversity and
+beauties of nature I met with in this charming season, expelled every
+gloomy and vexatious thought. Just at the close of day the gentle gales
+retired, and left the place to the disposal of a profound calm. Not
+a breeze shook the most tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit of a
+commanding ridge, and, looking round with astonishing delight, beheld
+the ample plains, the beauteous tracts below. On the other hand, I
+surveyed the famous river Ohio, that rolled in silent dignity, marking
+the western boundary of Kentucky with inconceivable grandeur. At a
+vast distance I beheld the mountains lift their venerable brows, and
+penetrate the clouds. All things were still. I kindled a fire near a
+fountain of sweet water, and feasted on the loin of a buck, which a few
+hours before I had killed. The sullen shades of night soon overspread
+the whole hemisphere, and the earth seemed to gasp after the hovering
+moisture. My roving excursion this day had fatigued my body, and
+diverted my imagination. I laid me down to sleep, and I awoke not until
+the sun had chased away the night. I continued this tour, and in a few
+days explored a considerable part of the country, each day equally
+pleased as the first. I returned again to my old camp, which was not
+disturbed in my absence. I did not confine my lodging to it, but often
+reposed in thick canebrakes, to avoid the savages, who, I believe,
+often visited my camp, but, fortunately for me, in my absence. In this
+situation I was constantly exposed to danger and death. How unhappy such
+a situation for a man tormented with fear, which is vain if no danger
+comes, and if it does, only augments the pain! It was my happiness to
+be destitute of this afflicting passion, with which I had the greatest
+reason to be affected. The prowling wolves diverted my nocturnal hours
+with perpetual howlings; and the various species of animals in this vast
+forest, in the daytime, were continually in my view.
+
+Thus I was surrounded by plenty in the midst of want. I was happy
+in the midst of dangers and inconveniences. In such a diversity, it was
+impossible I should be disposed to melancholy. No populous city, with
+all the varieties of commerce and stately Structures, could afford so
+much pleasure to my mind as the beauties of nature I found here.
+
+Thus, through an uninterrupted scene of sylvan pleasures, I spent the
+time until the 27th day of July following, when my brother, to my great
+felicity, met me, according to appointment, at our old camp. Shortly
+after, we left this place, not thinking it safe to stay there longer,
+and proceeded to Cumberland River, reconnoitering that part of the
+country until March, 1771, and giving names to the different waters.
+
+Soon after, I returned home to my family, with a determination to bring
+them as soon as possible to live in Kentucky, which I esteemed a second
+paradise, at the risk of my life and fortune.
+
+I returned safe to my old habitation, and found my family in happy
+circumstances. I sold my farm on the Yadkin, and what goods we could not
+carry with us; and on the 25th day of September, 1773, bade a farewell
+to our friends, and proceeded on our journey to Kentucky, in company
+with five families more, and forty men that joined us in Powel's Valley,
+which is one hundred and fifty miles from the now settled parts of
+Kentucky, This promising beginning was soon overcast with a cloud of
+adversity; for, upon the 10th day of October, the rear of our company
+was attacked by a number of Indians, who killed six, and wounded one
+man. Of these, my eldest son was one that fell in the action. Though
+we defended ourselves and repulsed the enemy, yet this unhappy affair
+scattered our cattle, brought us into extreme difficulty, and so
+discouraged the whole company, that we retreated forty miles, to the
+settlement on Clinch River. We had passed over two mountains, viz,
+Powel's and Walden's, and were approaching Cumberland mountain when this
+adverse fortune overtook us. These mountains are in the wilderness, as
+we pass from the old settlements in Virginia to Kentucky, are ranged in
+a southwest and northeast direction, are of a great length and breadth,
+and not far distant from each other. Over these, nature hath formed
+passes that are less difficult than might be expected, from a view of
+such huge piles. The aspect of these cliffs is so wild and horrid, that
+it is impossible to behold them without terror. The spectator is apt
+to imagine that nature has formerly suffered some violent convulsion,
+and that these are the dismembered remains of the dreadful shock; the
+ruins, not of Persepolis or Palmyra, but of the world!
+
+I remained with my family on Clinch until the 6th of June, 1774, when
+I and one Michael Stoner were solicited by Governor Dunmore of Virginia
+to go to the falls of the Ohio, to conduct into the settlements a number
+of surveyors that had been sent thither by him some months before; this
+country having about this time drawn the attention of many adventurers.
+We immediately complied with the Governor's request, and conducted in
+the surveyors--completing a tour of eight hundred miles, through many
+difficulties, in sixty-two days.
+
+Soon after I returned home, I was ordered to take the command of three
+garrisons during the campaign which Governor Dunmore carried on against
+the Shawanese Indians; after the conclusion of which, the militia was
+discharged from each garrison, and I, being relieved from my post, was
+solicited by a number of North Carolina gentlemen, that were about
+purchasing the lands lying on the south side of Kentucky River, from the
+Cherokee Indians, to attend their treaty at Wataga, in March, 1775, to
+negotiate with them, and mention the boundaries of the purchase. This
+I accepted; and, at the request of the same gentlemen, undertook to
+mark out a road in the best passage from the settlement through the
+wilderness to Kentucky, with such assistance as I thought necessary
+to employ for such an important undertaking.
+
+I soon began this work, having collected a number of enterprising men,
+well armed. We proceeded with all possible expedition until we came
+within fifteen miles of where Boonesborough now stands, and where we
+were fired upon by a party of Indians, that killed two, and wounded two
+of our number; yet, although surprised and taken at a disadvantage, we
+stood our ground. This was on the 20th of March, 1775. Three days after,
+we were fired upon again, and had two men killed, and three wounded.
+Afterward we proceeded on to Kentucky River without opposition; and on
+the first day of April began to erect the fort of Boonesborough at a
+salt lick, about sixty yards from the river, on the south side.
+
+On the fourth day, the Indians killed one of our men. We were busily
+employed in building this fort until the fourteenth day of June
+following, without any further opposition from the Indians; and having
+finished the works, I returned to my family on Clinch.
+
+In a short time I proceeded to remove my family from Clinch to this
+garrison, where we arrived safe, without any other difficulties than
+such as are common to this passage; my wife and daughter being the first
+white women that ever stood on the banks of Kentucky River.
+
+On the 24th day of December following, we had one man killed, and one
+wounded by the Indians, who seemed determined to persecute us for
+erecting this fortification.
+
+On the fourteenth day of July, 1776, two of Colonel Calaway's daughters,
+and one of mine, were taken prisoners near the fort. I immediately
+pursued the Indians with only eight men, and on the 16th overtook them,
+killed two of the party, and recovered the girls. The same day on which
+this attempt was made, the Indians divided themselves into different
+parties, and attacked several forts, which were shortly before this time
+erected, doing a great deal of mischief. This was extremely distressing
+to the new settlers. The innocent husbandman was shot down, while busy
+in cultivating the soil for his family's supply. Most of the cattle
+around the stations were destroyed. They continued their hostilities
+in this manner until the 15th of April, 1777, when they attacked
+Boonesborough with a party of above one hundred in number, killed one
+man, and wounded four. Their loss in this attack was not certainly known
+to us.
+
+On the 4th day of July following, a party of about two hundred Indians
+attacked Boonesborough, killed one man and wounded two. They besieged us
+forty-eight hours, during which time seven of them were killed, and, at
+last, finding themselves not likely to prevail, they raised the siege
+and departed.
+
+The Indians had disposed their warriors in different parties at this
+time, and attacked the different garrisons, to prevent their assisting
+each other, and did much injury to the distressed inhabitants.
+
+On the 19th day of this month, Colonel Logan's fort was besieged by
+a party of about two hundred Indians. During this dreadful siege they
+did a great deal of mischief, distressed the garrison, in which were
+only fifteen men, killed two, and wounded one. The enemy's loss was
+uncertain, from the common practice which the Indians have of carrying
+off their dead in time of battle. Colonel Harrod's fort was then
+defended by only sixty-five men, and Boonesborough by twenty-two, there
+being no more forts or white men in the country, except at the Falls,
+a considerable distance from these; and all, taken collectively, were
+but a handful to the numerous warriors that were everywhere dispersed
+through the country, intent upon doing all the mischief that savage
+barbarity could invent. Thus we passed through a scene of sufferings
+that exceeds description.
+
+On the 25th of this month, a reinforcement of forty-five men arrived
+from North Carolina, and about the 20th of August following, Colonel
+Bowman arrived with one hundred men from Virginia. Now we began to
+strengthen; and hence, for the space of six weeks, we had skirmishes
+with Indians, in one quarter or another, almost every day.
+
+The savages now learned the superiority of the Long Knife, as they call
+the Virginians, by experience; being out-generalled in almost every
+battle. Our affairs began to wear a new aspect, and the enemy, not
+daring to venture on open war, practiced secret mischief at times.
+
+On the 1st day of January, 1778, I went with a party of thirty men
+to the Blue Licks, on Licking River, to make salt for the different
+garrisons in the country.
+
+On the 7th day of February, as I was hunting to procure meat for the
+company, I met with a party of one hundred and two Indians, and two
+Frenchmen, on their march against Boonesborough, that place being
+particularly the object of the enemy. They pursued, and took me; and
+brought me on the 8th day to the Licks, where twenty-seven of my party
+were, three of them having previously returned home with the salt.
+I, knowing it was impossible for them to escape, capitulated with the
+enemy, and, at a distance, in their view, gave notice to my men of their
+situation, with orders not to resist, but surrender themselves captives.
+
+The generous usage the Indians had promised before in my capitulation,
+was afterward fully complied with, and we proceeded with them as
+prisoners to Old Chilicothe, the principal Indian Town on Little Miami,
+where we arrived, after an uncomfortable journey, in very severe
+weather, on the 18th day of February, and received as good treatment as
+prisoners could expect from savages. On the 10th day of March following,
+I and ten of my men were conducted by forty Indians to Detroit, where we
+arrived the 30th day, and were treated by Governor Hamilton, the British
+commander at that post, with great humanity.
+
+During our travels, the Indians entertained me well, and their affection
+for me was so great, that they utterly refused to leave me there with
+the others, although the Governor offered them one hundred pounds
+sterling for me, on purpose to give me a parole to go home. Several
+English gentlemen there, being sensible of my adverse fortune, and
+touched with human sympathy, generously offered a friendly supply for
+my wants, which I refused, with many thanks for their kindness--adding,
+that I never expected it would be in my power to recompense such
+unmerited generosity.
+
+The Indians left my men in captivity with the British at Detroit,
+and on the 10th day of April brought me toward Old Chilicothe, where
+we arrived on the 25th day of the same month. This was a long and
+fatiguing march, through an exceedingly fertile country, remarkable for
+fine springs and streams of water. At Chilicothe I spent my time as
+comfortably as I could expect; was adopted, according to their custom,
+into a family, where I became a son, and had a great share in the
+affection of my new parents, brothers, sisters, and friends. I was
+exceedingly familiar and friendly with them, always appearing as
+cheerful and satisfied as possible, and they put great confidence in me.
+I often went a hunting with them, and frequently gained their applause
+for my activity at our shooting-matches. I was careful not to exceed
+many of them in shooting; for no people are more envious than they in
+this sport. I could observe, in their countenances and gestures, the
+greatest expressions of joy when they exceeded me; and, when the reverse
+happened, of envy. The Shawanese king took great notice of me, and
+treated me with profound respect and entire friendship, often entrusting
+me to hunt at my liberty. I frequently returned with the spoils of
+the woods, and as often presented some of what I had taken to him,
+expressive of duty to my sovereign. My food and lodging were in common
+with them; not so good, indeed, as I could desire, but necessity makes
+every thing acceptable.
+
+I now began to meditate an escape, and carefully avoided their
+suspicions, continuing with them at Old Chilicothe until the 1st day
+of June following, and then was taken by them to the salt springs on
+Scioto, and kept there making salt ten days. During this time I hunted
+some for them, and found the land, for a great extent about this river,
+to exceed the soil of Kentucky, if possible, and remarkably well
+watered.
+
+When I returned to Chilicothe, alarmed to see four hundred and fifty
+Indians, of their choicest warriors, painted and armed in a fearful
+manner, ready to march against Boonesborough, I determined to escape
+the first opportunity.
+
+On the 16th, before sunrise, I departed in the most secret manner, and
+arrived at Boonesborough on the 20th, after a journey of one hundred and
+sixty miles, during which I had but one meal.
+
+I found our fortress in a bad state of defense; but we proceeded
+immediately to repair our flanks, strengthen our gates and posterns, and
+form double bastions, which we completed in ten days. In this time we
+daily expected the arrival of the Indian army; and at length, one of my
+fellow-prisoners, escaping from them, arrived, informing us that the
+enemy had, on account of my departure, postponed their expedition three
+weeks. The Indians had spies out viewing our movements, and were greatly
+alarmed with our increase in number and fortifications. The grand
+council of the nations were held frequently, and with more deliberation
+than usual. They evidently saw the approaching hour when the Long Knife
+would dispossess them of their desirable habitations; and, anxiously
+concerned for futurity, determined utterly to extirpate the whites out
+of Kentucky. We were not intimidated by their movements, but frequently
+gave them proofs of our courage.
+
+About the first of August, I made an incursion into the Indian
+Country with a party of nineteen men, in order to surprise a small
+town up Scioto, called Paint Creek Town. We advanced within four miles
+thereof, when we met a party of thirty Indians on their march against
+Boonesborough, intending to join the others from Chilicothe. A smart
+fight ensued between us for some time; at length the savages gave way
+and fled. We had no loss on our side; the enemy had one killed, and two
+wounded. We took from them three horses, and all their baggage; and
+being informed by two of our number that went to their town, that the
+Indians had entirely evacuated it, we proceeded no further, and returned
+with all possible expedition to assist our garrison against the other
+party. We passed by them on the sixth day, and on the seventh we arrived
+safe at Boonesborough.
+
+On the 8th, the Indian army arrived, being four hundred and forty-four
+in number, commanded by Captain Duquesne, eleven other Frenchmen, and
+some of their own chiefs, and marched up within view of our fort, with
+British and French colors flying; and having sent a summons to me, in
+his Britannic Majesty's name, to surrender the fort, I requested two
+days consideration, which was granted.
+
+It was now a critical period with us. We were a small number in the
+garrison--a powerful army before our walls, whose appearance proclaimed
+inevitable death, fearfully painted, and marking their footsteps with
+desolation. Death was preferable to captivity; and if taken by storm,
+we must inevitably be devoted to destruction. In this situation we
+concluded to maintain our garrison, if possible. We immediately
+proceeded to collect what we could of our horses and other cattle, and
+bring them through the posterns into the fort; and in the evening of
+the 9th, I returned answer that we were determined to defend our fort
+while a man was living. "Now," said I to their commander, who stood
+attentively hearing my sentiments, "we laugh at your formidable
+preparations; but thank you for giving us notice and time to provide for
+our defense. Your efforts will not prevail; for our gates shall forever
+deny you admittance." Whether this answer affected their courage or not
+I cannot tell; but contrary to our expectations, they formed a scheme to
+deceive us, declaring it was their orders, from Governor Hamilton, to
+take us captives, and not to destroy us; but if nine of us would come
+out and treat with them, they would immediately withdraw their forces
+from our walls, and return home peaceably. This sounded grateful in our
+ears; and we agreed to the proposal.
+
+We held the treaty within sixty yards of the garrison, on purpose to
+divert them from a breach of honor, as we could not avoid suspicions of
+the savages. In this situation the articles were formally agreed to,
+and signed; and the Indians told us it was customary with them on such
+occasions for two Indians to shake hands with every white man in the
+treaty, as an evidence of entire friendship. We agreed to this also,
+but were soon convinced their policy was to take us prisoners. They
+immediately grappled us; but, although surrounded by hundreds of
+savages, we extricated ourselves from them, and escaped all safe into
+the garrison, except one that was wounded, through a heavy fire from
+their army. They immediately attacked us on every side, and a constant
+heavy fire ensued between us, day and night, for the space of nine days.
+
+In this time the enemy began to undermine our fort, which was situated
+sixty yards from Kentucky River. They began at the water-mark, and
+proceeded in the bank some distance, which we understood by their
+aking the water muddy with the clay; and we immediately proceeded to
+disappoint their design, by cutting a trench across their subterranean
+passage. The enemy, discovering our countermine by the clay we threw out
+of the fort, desisted from that stratagem; and experience now fully
+convincing them that neither their power nor policy could effect their
+purpose, on the 20th day of August they raised the siege and departed.
+
+During this siege, which threatened death in every form, we had two men
+killed, and four wounded, besides a number of cattle. We killed of the
+enemy thirty-seven, and wounded a great number. After they were gone, we
+picked up one hundred and twenty-five pounds weight of bullets, besides
+what stuck in the logs of our fort, which certainly is a great proof of
+their industry. Soon after this, I went into the settlement, and nothing
+worthy of a place in this account passed in my affairs for some time.
+
+During my absence from Kentucky, Colonel Bowman carried on an expedition
+against the Shawanese, at Old Chilicothe, with one hundred and sixty
+men, in July, 1779. Here they arrived undiscovered, and a battle ensued,
+which lasted until ten o'clock, A.M., when Colonel Bowman, finding he
+could not succeed at this time, retreated about thirty miles. The
+Indians, in the meantime, collecting all their forces, pursued and
+overtook him, when a smart fight continued near two hours, not to the
+advantage of Colonel Bowman's party.
+
+Colonel Harrod proposed to mount a number of horse, and furiously to
+rush upon the savages, who at this time fought with remarkable fury.
+This desperate step had a happy effect, broke their line of battle, and
+the savages fled on all sides. In these two battles we had nine killed,
+and one wounded. The enemy's loss uncertain, only two scalps being
+taken.
+
+On the 22d day of June, 1780, a large party of Indians and Canadians,
+about six hundred in number, commanded by Colonel Bird, attacked
+Riddle's and Martin's stations, at the forks of Licking River, with
+six pieces of artillery. They carried this expedition so secretly, that
+the unwary inhabitants did not discover them until they fired upon the
+forts; and, not being prepared to oppose them, were obliged to surrender
+themselves miserable captives to barbarous savages, who immediately
+after tomahawked one man and two women, and loaded all the others with
+heavy baggage, forcing them along toward their towns, able or unable
+to march. Such as were weak and faint by the way, they tomahawked.
+The tender women and helpless children fell victims to their cruelty.
+This, and the savage treatment they received afterward, is shocking to
+humanity and too barbarous to relate.
+
+The hostile disposition of the savages and their allies caused General
+Clarke, the commandant at the Falls of the Ohio, immediately to begin an
+expedition with his own regiment, and the armed force of the country,
+against Pecaway, the principal town of the Shawanese, on a branch of
+Great Miami, which he finished with great success, took seventeen
+scalps, and burnt the town to ashes, with the loss of seventeen men.
+
+About this time I returned to Kentucky with my family; and here, to
+avoid an inquiry into my conduct, the reader being before informed of my
+bringing my family to Kentucky, I am under the necessity of informing
+him that, during my captivity with the Indians, my wife, who despaired
+of ever seeing me again--expecting the Indians had put a period to my
+life, oppressed with the distresses of the country, and bereaved of me,
+her only happiness--had, before I returned, transported my family and
+goods on horses through the wilderness, amid a multitude of dangers,
+to her father's house in North Carolina.
+
+Shortly after the troubles at Boonesborough, I went to them, and lived
+peaceably there until this time. The history of my going home, and
+returning with my family, forms a series of difficulties, an account of
+which would swell a volume; and, being foreign to my purpose, I shall
+purposely omit them.
+
+I settled my family in Boonesborough once more; and shortly after, on
+the 6th day of October, 1780, I went in company with my brother to the
+Blue Licks; and, on our return home, we were fired upon by a party of
+Indians. They shot him and pursued me, by the scent of their dog, three
+miles; but I killed the dog, and escaped. The winter soon came on, and
+was very severe, which confined the Indians to their wigwams.
+
+The severities of this winter caused great difficulties in Kentucky.
+The enemy had destroyed most of the corn the summer before. This
+necessary article was scarce and dear, and the inhabitants lived chiefly
+on the flesh of buffalo. The circumstances of many were very lamentable;
+however, being a hardy race of people, and accustomed to difficulties
+and necessities, they were wonderfully supported through all their
+sufferings, until the ensuing autumn, when we received abundance from
+the fertile soil.
+
+Toward spring we were frequently harassed by Indians; and in May, 1782,
+a party assaulted Ashton's station, killed one man, and took a negro
+prisoner. Captain Ashton, with twenty-five men, pursued and overtook the
+savages, and a smart fight ensued, which lasted two hours; but they,
+being superior in number, obliged Captain Ashton's party to retreat,
+with the loss of eight killed, and four mortally wounded; their brave
+commander himself being numbered among the dead.
+
+The Indians continued their hostilities; and, about the 10th of August
+following, two boys were taken from Major Hoy's station. This party was
+pursued by Captain Holder and seventeen men, who were also defeated,
+with the loss of four men killed, and one wounded. Our affairs became
+more and more alarming. Several stations which had lately been erected
+in the country were continually infested with savages, stealing their
+horses and killing the men at every opportunity. In a field, near
+Lexington, an Indian shot a man, and running to scalp him, was himself
+shot from the fort, and fell dead upon his enemy.
+
+Every day we experienced recent mischiefs. The barbarous savage nations
+of Shawanese, Cherokees, Wyandots, Tawas, Delawares, and several others
+near Detroit, united in a war against us, and assembled their choicest
+warriors at Old Chilicothe, to go on the expedition, in order to destroy
+us, and entirely depopulate the country. Their savage minds were
+inflamed to mischief by two abandoned men, Captains McKee and Girty.
+These led them to execute every diabolical scheme, and on the 15th day
+of August, commanded a party of Indians and Canadians, of about five
+hundred in number, against Bryant's station, five miles from Lexington.
+Without demanding a surrender, they furiously assaulted the garrison,
+which was happily prepared to oppose them; and, after they had expended
+much ammunition in vain, and killed the cattle round the fort, not being
+likely to make themselves masters of this place, they raised the siege,
+and departed in the morning of the third day after they came, with the
+loss of about thirty killed, and the number of wounded uncertain. Of the
+garrison, four were killed, and three wounded.
+
+On the 18th day, Colonel Todd, Colonel Trigg, Major Harland, and myself,
+speedily collected one hundred and seventy-six men, well armed, and
+pursued the savages. They had marched beyond the Blue Licks, to a
+remarkable bend of the main fork of Licking River, about forty-three
+miles from Lexington, where we overtook them on the 19th day. The
+savages observing us, gave way; and we, being ignorant of their numbers,
+passed the river. When the enemy saw our proceedings, having greatly the
+advantage of us in situation, they formed the line of battle from one
+bend of Licking to the other, about a mile from the Blue Licks. An
+exceeding fierce battle immediately began, for about fifteen minutes,
+when we being overpowered by numbers, were obliged to retreat, with the
+loss of sixty-seven men, seven of whom were taken prisoners. The brave
+and much-lamented Colonels Todd and Trigg, Major Harland, and my second
+son, were among the dead. We were informed that the Indians, numbering
+their dead, found they had four killed more than we; and therefore four
+of the prisoners they had taken were, by general consent, ordered to be
+killed in a most barbarous manner by the young warriors, in order to
+train them up to cruelty; and then they proceeded to their towns.
+
+On our retreat we were met by Colonel Logan, hastening to join us, with
+a number of well-armed men. This powerful assistance we unfortunately
+wanted in the battle; for, notwithstanding the enemy's superiority of
+numbers, they acknowledged that, if they had received one more fire from
+us, they should undoubtedly have given way. So valiantly did our small
+party light, that to the memory of those who unfortunately fell in the
+battle, enough of honor cannot be paid. Had Colonel Logan and his party
+been with us, it is highly probable we should have given the savages a
+total defeat.
+
+I cannot reflect upon this dreadful scene, but sorrow fills my heart.
+A zeal for the defense of their country led these heroes to the scene of
+action, though with a few men to attack a powerful army of experienced
+warriors. When we gave way, they pursued us with the utmost eagerness,
+and in every quarter spread destruction. The river was difficult to
+cross, and many were killed in the flight--some just entering the river,
+some in the water, others after crossing, in ascending the cliffs. Some
+escaped on horseback, a few on foot; and, being dispersed everywhere in
+a few hours, brought the melancholy news of this unfortunate battle to
+Lexington. Many widows were now made. The reader may guess what sorrow
+filled the hearts of the inhabitants, exceeding any thing that I am able
+to describe. Being reinforced, we returned to bury the dead, and found
+their bodies strewed everywhere, cut and mangled in a dreadful manner.
+This mournful scene exhibited a horror almost unparalleled; some torn
+and eaten by wild beasts; those in the river eaten by fishes; all in
+such a putrefied condition, that no one could be distinguished from
+another.
+
+As soon as General Clark, then at the Falls of the Ohio--who was
+ever our ready friend, and merits the love and gratitude of all his
+countrymen--understood the circumstances of this unfortunate action, he
+ordered an expedition, with all possible haste, to pursue the savages,
+which was so expeditiously effected, that we overtook them within two
+miles of their towns; and probably might have obtained a great victory,
+had not two of their number met us about two hundred poles before we
+came up. These returned quick as lightning to their camp, with the
+alarming news of a mighty army in view. The savages fled in the utmost
+disorder, evacuated their towns, and reluctantly left their territory
+to our mercy. We immediately took possession of Old Chilicothe without
+opposition, being deserted by its inhabitants. We continued our pursuit
+through five towns on the Miami River, Old Chilicothe, Pecaway, New
+Chilicothe, Will's Towns, and Chilicothe--burnt them all to ashes,
+entirely destroyed their corn, and other fruits, and everywhere spread
+a scene of desolation in the country. In this expedition we took seven
+prisoners and five scalps, with the loss of only four men, two of whom
+were accidentally killed by our own army.
+
+This campaign in some measure damped the spirits of the Indians, and
+made them sensible of our superiority. Their connections were dissolved,
+their armies scattered, and a future invasion put entirely out of their
+power; yet they continued to practice mischief secretly upon the
+inhabitants, in the exposed parts of the country.
+
+In October following, a party made an incursion into that district
+called the Crab Orchard; and one of them, being advanced some distance
+before the others, boldly entered the house of a poor defenseless
+family, in which was only a negro man, a woman, and her children,
+terrified with the apprehensions of immediate death. The savage,
+perceiving their defenseless condition, without offering violence to the
+family, attempted to capture the negro, who happily proved an over-match
+for him, threw him on the ground, and in the struggle, the mother of the
+children drew an axe from a corner of the cottage, and cut his head off,
+while her little daughter shut the door. The savages instantly appeared,
+and applied their tomahawks to the door. An old rusty gun-barrel,
+without a lock, lay in a corner, which the mother put through a small
+crevice, and the savages, perceiving it, fled. In the meantime, the
+alarm spread through the neighborhood; the armed men collected
+immediately, and pursued the ravagers into the wilderness. Thus
+Providence, by the means of this negro, saved the whole of the poor
+family from destruction. From that time until the happy return of peace
+between the United States and Great Britain, the Indians did us no
+mischief. Finding the great king beyond the water disappointed in his
+expectations, and conscious of the importance of the Long Knife, and
+their own wretchedness, some of the nations immediately desired peace;
+to which, at present [1784], they seem universally disposed, and are
+sending ambassadors to General Clarke, at the Falls of the Ohio, with
+the minutes of their councils.
+
+To conclude, I can now say that I have verified the saying of an old
+Indian who signed Colonel Henderson's deed. Taking me by the hand, at
+the delivery thereof--"Brother," said he, "we have given you a fine
+land, but I believe you will have much trouble in settling it." My
+footsteps have often been marked with blood, and therefore I can truly
+subscribe to its original name. Two darling sons and a brother have
+I lost by savage hands, which have also taken from me forty valuable
+horses, and abundance of cattle. Many dark and sleepless nights have
+I been a companion for owls, separated from the cheerful society of
+men, scorched by the summer's sun, and pinched by the winter's cold--an
+instrument ordained to settle the wilderness. But now the scene is
+changed: peace crowns the sylvan shade.
+
+What thanks, what ardent and ceaseless thanks are due to that
+all-superintending Providence which has turned a cruel war into peace,
+brought order out of confusion, made the fierce savages placid, and
+turned away their hostile weapons from our country! May the same
+Almighty Goodness banish the accursed monster, war, from all lands,
+with, her hated associates, rapine and insatiable ambition! Let peace,
+descending from her native heaven, bid her olives spring amid the joyful
+nations; and plenty, in league with commerce, scatter blessings from her
+copious hand!
+
+This account of my adventures will inform the reader of the most
+remarkable events of this country. I now live in peace and safety,
+enjoying the sweets of liberty, and the bounties of Providence, with
+my once fellow-sufferers, in this delightful country, which I have seen
+purchased with a vast expense of blood and treasure: delighting in the
+prospect of its being, in a short time, one of the most opulent and
+powerful States on the continent of North America; which, with the love
+and gratitude of my countrymen, I esteem a sufficient reward for all my
+toil and dangers.
+
+DANIEL BOONE.
+
+Fayette County, KENTUCKY.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14023 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14023 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Life & Times of Col. Daniel Boone, by Cecil
+B. Hartley, et al</h1>
+<hr class="full" noshade>
+<br />
+<a name='FIG1'></a><center>
+   <a href="images/boone-1.png">
+   <img src='images/boone-1.png' width='50%'
+   alt='THE OLD FORT AT BOONESBOROUGH' title='THE OLD FORT AT BOONESBOROUGH'></a>
+</center>
+<center><b>The Old Fort at Boonesborough</b></center><br />
+
+<hr style='width: 75%;' />
+<br />
+<a name='FIG2'></a><center>
+   <a href="images/boone-2.png">
+   <img src='images/boone-2.png' width='50%'
+   alt='BOONES INDIAN TOILETTE  PAGE 132' title='BOONES INDIAN TOILETTE  PAGE 132'>
+   </a>
+</center>
+<center><b>BOONE'S INDIAN TOILETTE. PAGE 132</b></center><br />
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<a name='LIFE_OF_DANIEL_BOONE'></a><h1>LIFE OF DANIEL BOONE,<br />
+<br />The<br /><br />
+GREAT WESTERN HUNTER AND PIONEER,<br /><br />
+</h1>
+<h2>
+Comprising An<br /><br />
+
+Account Of His Early History; His Daring And Remarkable Career
+As The First Settler Of Kentucky; His Thrilling Adventures
+With The Indians, And His Wonderful Skill, Coolness And
+Sagacity Under All The Hazardous And Trying
+Circumstances Of Western Border Life.<br /></h2>
+
+<br /><br /> <br />
+
+<h3>BY CECIL B. HARTLEY.</h3><br />
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<br />
+<h4>To Which Is Added<br />
+His Autobiography Complete As Dictated By Himself, And Showing<br />
+His Own Belief That He Was An Instrument<br />
+Ordained To Settle The Wilderness.</h4>
+<br />
+
+<!--
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<br />
+<p>PHILADELPHIA:<br />
+JOHN E. POTTER AND COMPANY,<br />
+No. 617 SANSOM STREET.<br />
+<br /><br />
+<p>Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 865, by<br />
+JOHN E. POTTER,<br />
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States,<br />
+in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.</p>
+<br />
+//-->
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='PREFACE'></a><h2>PREFACE</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>The subject of the following biography, the celebrated Colonel Daniel
+Boone, is one of the most remarkable men which this country has produced.
+His character is marked with originality, and his actions were important
+and influential in one of the most interesting periods of our
+history&mdash;that of the early settlement of Kentucky. Boone is generally
+acknowledged as the founder of that State. His having explored it alone
+to a considerable extent; his leading the earliest bands of settlers;
+his founding Boonesborough, the nucleus of the future State; his having
+defended this and other stations successfully against the attacks of the
+Indians; and the prominent part which he took in military affairs at
+this period of distress and peril, certainly render his claims to the
+distinguished honor of founding Kentucky very strong.</p>
+
+<p>But Boone, personally, reaped very little benefit from his patriotic and
+disinterested exertions. The lands which he had first cultivated and
+defended, were taken from him by the chicanery of the law; other lands
+granted to him by the Spanish government were lost by his inattention to
+legal forms; and in his old age he was without an acre of land which he
+could call his own. A few years before his death a small tract, such as
+any other settler in Missouri was entitled to, was granted him by
+Congress. But he has left to his numerous posterity a nobler
+inheritance&mdash;that of an imperishable fame in the annals of his country!</p>
+<br /><br /><br />
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CONTENTS'></a><h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. -->
+ <a href='#PREFACE'><b>PREFACE</b></a><br />
+ <br /><a href='#CHAPTER_I'><b>CHAPTER I.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The family of Daniel Boone&mdash;His grandfather emigrates to America, and
+settles in Bucks County, Pennsylvania&mdash;Family of Daniel Boone's
+father&mdash;Account of Exeter, the birth-place of Boone&mdash;Birth of Daniel
+Boone&mdash;Religion of his family&mdash;Boone's boyhood&mdash;Goes to
+school&mdash;Anecdote&mdash;Summary termination of his schooling.</p>
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_II'><b>CHAPTER II.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Removal of Boone's father and family to North Carolina&mdash;Location on the
+Yadkin River&mdash;Character of the country and the people&mdash;Byron's
+description of the Backwoodsmen&mdash;Daniel Boone marries Rebecca Bryan&mdash;His
+farmer life in North Carolina&mdash;State of the country&mdash;Political troubles
+foreshadowed&mdash;Illegal fees and taxes&mdash;Probable effect of this state of
+things on Boone's mind&mdash;Signs of movement.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_III'><b>CHAPTER III.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The Seven Years' War&mdash;Cherokee War&mdash;Period of Boone's first long
+Excursion to the West&mdash;Extract from Wheeler's History of
+Tennessee&mdash;Indian accounts of the Western country&mdash;Indian traders&mdash;Their
+Reports&mdash;Western travelers&mdash;Doherty&mdash;Adair&mdash;Proceedings of the
+traders&mdash;Hunters&mdash;Scotch traders&mdash;Hunters accompany the traders to the
+West&mdash;Their reports concerning the country&mdash;Other adventurers&mdash;Dr.
+Walker's expedition&mdash;Settlements in South-western Virginia&mdash;Indian
+hostilities&mdash;Pendleton purchase&mdash;Dr. Walker's second expedition&mdash;Hunting
+company of Walker and others&mdash;Boone travels with them&mdash;Curious monument
+left by him.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_IV'><b>CHAPTER IV.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Political and social condition of North
+Carolina&mdash;Taxes&mdash;Lawsuits&mdash;Ostentation and extravagance of foreigners
+and government officers&mdash;Oppression of the people&mdash;Murmurs&mdash;Open
+resistance&mdash;The Regulators&mdash;Willingness of Daniel Boone and others to
+migrate, and their reasons&mdash;John Finley's expedition to the West&mdash;His
+report to Boone&mdash;He determines to join Finley in his next hunting
+tour&mdash;New company formed, with Boone for leader&mdash;Preparations for
+starting&mdash;The party sets out&mdash;Travels for a month through the
+wilderness&mdash;First sight of Kentucky&mdash;Forming a camp&mdash;Hunting buffaloes
+and other game&mdash;Capture of Boone and Stuart by the Indians&mdash;Prudent
+dissimulation&mdash;Escape from the Indians&mdash;Return to the old camp&mdash;Their
+companions lost&mdash;Boone and Stuart renew their hunting.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_V'><b>CHAPTER V</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Arrival of Squire Boone and a companion at the camp of Daniel
+Boone&mdash;Joyful meeting&mdash;News from home, and hunting resumed&mdash;Daniel Boone
+and Stuart surprised by the Indians&mdash;Stuart killed&mdash;Escape of Boone, and
+his return to camp&mdash;Squire Boone's companion lost in the
+woods&mdash;Residence of Daniel Boone and Squire Boone in the
+wilderness&mdash;Squire returns to North Carolina, obtains a fresh supply of
+ammunition, and again rejoins his brother at the old camp&mdash;Daniel
+Boone's own account of this remarkable period of his life&mdash;His return to
+North Carolina&mdash;His determination to settle in Kentucky&mdash;Other Western
+adventurers&mdash;the Long hunters&mdash;Washington in Kentucky&mdash;Bullitt's
+party&mdash;Floyd's party&mdash;Thompson's survey&mdash;First settlement of Tennessee.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_VI'><b>CHAPTER VI.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Daniel Boone remains two years in North Carolina after his return from
+the West&mdash;He prepares to emigrate to Kentucky&mdash;Character of the early
+settlers to Kentucky&mdash;The first class, hunters&mdash;The second class, small
+farmers&mdash;The third class, men of wealth and government officers.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_VII'><b>CHAPTER VII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Daniel Boone sets out for
+Kentucky with his family and his brother,
+Squire Boone&mdash;Is joined by five families and forty men at Powell's
+Valley&mdash;The party is attacked by Indians, and Daniel Boone's oldest son
+is killed&mdash;The party return to the settlements on Clinch River&mdash;Boone,
+at the request of Governor Dunmore, goes to the West and conducts a
+party of surveyors to Virginia&mdash;Boone receives the command of three
+garrisons and the commission of Captain&mdash;He takes a part in the Dunmore
+war&mdash;Battle of Point Pleasant and termination of the war.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_VIII'><b>CHAPTER VIII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The militia discharged&mdash;Captain Boone returns to his family&mdash;Henderson's
+company&mdash;Various companies of emigrants to Kentucky&mdash;Bounty
+lands&mdash;Harrod's party builds the first log-cabin erected in Kentucky,
+and founds Harrodsburg&mdash;Proceedings of Henderson's company&mdash;Agency of
+Captain Boone&mdash;He leads a company to open a road to Kentucky
+River&mdash;Conflicts with the Indians&mdash;Captain Boone founds
+Boonesborough&mdash;His own account of this expedition&mdash;His letter to
+Henderson&mdash;Account of Colonel Henderson and the Transylvania
+Company&mdash;Failure of the scheme&mdash;Probability of Boone having been several
+years in the service of Henderson.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_IX'><b>CHAPTER IX.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Description of the Old Fort at Boonesborough&mdash;Usual methods of
+fortifications against the Indians&mdash;Arrival of more settlers at
+Boonesborough&mdash;Captain Boone returns to the Clinch River to bring out
+his family&mdash;He enlists new emigrants and starts for Kentucky&mdash;Reinforced
+by a large party at Powel's Valley&mdash;Arrival at Boonesborough&mdash;Arrival of
+many new settlers at Boonesborough and Harrod's settlement&mdash;Arrival of
+Kenton, Floyd, the McAfees, and other distinguished persons&mdash;Arrival of
+Colonel Richard Callaway.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_X'><b>CHAPTER X.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Disturbed state of the country in 1775&mdash;Breaking out of the
+Revolutionary war&mdash;Exposed situation of the Kentucky
+settlements&mdash;Hostility of the Indians excited by the British&mdash;First
+political convention in the West&mdash;Capture of Boone's daughter and the
+daughters of Colonel Callaway by the Indians&mdash;Their rescue by a party
+led by Boone and Callaway&mdash;Increased caution of the colonists at
+Boonesborough&mdash;Alarm and desertion of the Colonies in the West by land
+speculators and other adventurers&mdash;A reinforcement of forty-five men
+from North Carolina arrive at Boonesborough&mdash;Indian attack on
+Boonesborough in April&mdash;Another attack in July&mdash;Attack on Logan's Fort,
+and siege&mdash;Attack on Harrodsburg.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XI'><b>CHAPTER XI.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Arrival of George Rogers Clark in Kentucky&mdash;Anecdote of his conversation
+with Ray&mdash;Clark and Jones chosen as delegates for the Colonies to the
+Virginia Legislature&mdash;Clark's important services in obtaining a
+political organization for Kentucky, and an abundant supply of gunpowder
+from the government of Virginia&mdash;Great labor and difficulty in bringing
+the powder to Harrodstown&mdash;Clark's expedition against
+Kaskaskias&mdash;Surprise and capture of their fort&mdash;Perilous and difficult
+march to Vincennes&mdash;Surprise and capture of that place&mdash;Extension of
+the Virginian settlements&mdash;Erection of Fort Jefferson.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XII'><b>CHAPTER XII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Scarcity of salt at Boonesborough&mdash;Boone goes to Blue Licks to make
+salt, and is captured by the Indians&mdash;Taken to Chilicothe&mdash;Affects
+contentment, and deceives the Indians&mdash;Taken to Detroit&mdash;Kindness of the
+British officers to him&mdash;Returns to Chilicothe&mdash;Adopted into an Indian
+family&mdash;Ceremonies of adoption&mdash;Boone sees a large force of Indians
+destined to attack Boonesborough&mdash;Escapes, and gives the alarm, and
+strengthens the fortifications at Boonesborough&mdash;News of delay by the
+Indians on account of Boone's escape&mdash;Boone goes on an expedition to the
+Scioto&mdash;Has a fight with a party of Indians&mdash;Returns to Boonesborough,
+which is immediately besieged by Captain Duquesne with five hundred
+Indians&mdash;Summons to surrender&mdash;Time gained&mdash;Attack commenced&mdash;Brave
+defense&mdash;Mines and countermines&mdash;Siege raised&mdash;Boone brings his family
+once more back to Boonesborough, and resumes farming.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XIII'><b>CHAPTER XIII. </b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Captain Boone tried by court-martial&mdash;Honorably acquitted and
+promoted&mdash;Loses a large sum of money&mdash;His losses by law-suits and
+disputes about land&mdash;Defeat of Colonel Rogers's party&mdash;Colonel Bowman's
+expedition to Chilicothe&mdash;Arrival near the town&mdash;Colonel Logan attacks
+the town&mdash;Ordered by Colonel Bowman to retreat&mdash;Failure of the
+expedition&mdash;Consequences to Bowman and to Logan.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XIV'><b>CHAPTER XIV.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Invasion of Kentucky by Captain Byrd's party&mdash;He captures the garrisons
+at Ruddle's Station and Martin's Fort&mdash;Colonel Clark's invasion of the
+Indian country&mdash;He ravages the Indian towns&mdash;Adventure of Alexander
+McConnell&mdash;Skirmish at Pickaway&mdash;Result of the expedition&mdash;Boone goes
+to the Blue Licks with his brother&mdash;Attacked by the Indians&mdash;Boone's
+brother killed&mdash;Boone promoted to the rank of Lieutenant
+Colonel&mdash;Clark's galley&mdash;Squire Boone's Station removed to Bear's
+Creek&mdash;Attack by the Indians&mdash;Colonel Floyd's defeat&mdash;Affair of the
+McAfees&mdash;Attack on McAfee's Station repelled&mdash;Fort Jefferson
+evacuated&mdash;Attack on Montgomery Station&mdash;Rescue by General Logan.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XV'><b>CHAPTER XV.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>News of Cornwallis's surrender&mdash;Its effects&mdash;Captain Estill's
+defeat&mdash;Grand army of Indians raised for the conquest of Kentucky&mdash;Simon
+Girty's speech&mdash;Attack on Hoy's Station&mdash;Investment of Bryant's
+Station&mdash;Expedient of the besieged to obtain water&mdash;Grand attack on the
+fort&mdash;Repulse&mdash;Regular siege commenced&mdash;Messengers sent to
+Lexington&mdash;Reinforcements obtained&mdash;Arrival near the fort&mdash;Ambushed and
+attacked&mdash;They enter the fort&mdash;Narrow escape of Girty&mdash;He proposes a
+capitulation&mdash;Parley&mdash;Reynolds' answer to Girty&mdash;The siege
+raised&mdash;Retreat of the Indians.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XVI'><b>CHAPTER XVI.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Arrival of Reinforcements at Bryant's Station&mdash;Colonel Daniel Boone, his
+son and brother among them&mdash;Colonels Trigg, Todd, and
+others&mdash;Consultation&mdash;Apprehensions of Boone and others&mdash;Arrival at the
+Blue Licks&mdash;Rash conduct of Major McGary&mdash;Battle of Blue Licks&mdash;Israel
+Boone, Colonels Todd and Trigg, and Majors Harland and McBride
+killed&mdash;Retreat of the whites&mdash;Colonel Boone nearly surrounded by
+Indians&mdash;Bravery of Netherland&mdash;Noble conduct of Reynolds&mdash;The fugitives
+meet Colonel Logan with his party&mdash;Return to the field of battle&mdash;Logan
+returns to Bryant's Station.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XVII'><b>CHAPTER XVII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The Indians return home from the Blue Licks&mdash;They attack the settlements
+in Jefferson County&mdash;Affair at Simpson's Creek&mdash;General Clark's
+expedition to the Indian country&mdash;Colonel Boone joins it&mdash;Its
+effect&mdash;Attack of the Indians on the Crab Orchard settlement&mdash;Rumor of
+intended invasion by the Cherokees&mdash;Difficulties about the treaty with
+Great Britain&mdash;Hostilities of the Indians generally stimulated by
+renegade whites&mdash;Simon Girty&mdash;Causes of his hatred of the whites&mdash;Girty
+insulted by General Lewis&mdash;Joins the Indians at the battle of Point
+Pleasant&mdash;Story of his rescuing Simon Kenton&mdash;Crawford's expedition, and
+the burning of Crawford&mdash;Close of Girty's career.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XVIII'><b>CHAPTER XVIII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Season of repose&mdash;Colonel Boone buys land&mdash;Builds a log house and goes
+to farming&mdash;Kentucky organized on a new basis&mdash;Colonel Boone surprised
+by Indians&mdash;Escapes&mdash;Manners and customs of the settlers&mdash;The autumn
+hunt&mdash;The house-warming.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XIX'><b>CHAPTER XIX.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Condition of the early settlers as it respects the mechanic
+arts&mdash;Throwing the tomahawk&mdash;Athletic sports&mdash;Dancing&mdash;Shooting at
+marks&mdash;Scarcity of Iron&mdash;Costume&mdash;Dwellings&mdash;Furniture&mdash;Employments&mdash;The
+women&mdash;Their character&mdash;Diet&mdash;Indian corn.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XX'><b>CHAPTER XX.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Indian hostilities resumed&mdash;Expedition of Davis, Caffre, and
+McClure&mdash;Attack on Captain Ward's boat&mdash;Affair near Scagg's
+Creek&mdash;Growth of Kentucky&mdash;Population&mdash;Trade&mdash;General Logan calls a
+meeting at Danville&mdash;Convention called&mdash;Separation from Virginia
+proposed&mdash;Virginia consents&mdash;Kentucky admitted as an independent State
+of the Union&mdash;Indian hostilities&mdash;Expedition and death of Colonel
+Christian&mdash;Expedition of General Clark&mdash;Expedition of General
+Logan&mdash;Success of Captain Hardin&mdash;Defeat of Hargrove&mdash;Exploits of Simon
+Kenton&mdash;Affairs at the Elkhorn settlements&mdash;Treaty&mdash;Barman's expedition.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XXI'><b>CHAPTER XXI.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Colonel Boone meets with the loss of all his land in Kentucky, and
+emigrates to Virginia&mdash;Resides on the Kenhawa, near Point
+Pleasant&mdash;Emigrates to Missouri&mdash;Is appointed commandant of a
+district&mdash;Mr. Audubon's narrative of a night passed with Boone.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XXII'><b>CHAPTER XXII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Colonel Boone receives a large grant of land from the Spanish Government
+of Upper Louisiana&mdash;He loses it&mdash;Sketch of the history of
+Missouri&mdash;Colonel Boone's hunting&mdash;He pays his debts by the sale of
+furs&mdash;Taken sick in his hunting camp&mdash;Colonel Boone applies to Congress
+to recover his land&mdash;The Legislature of Kentucky supports his
+claim&mdash;Death of Mrs. Boone&mdash;Results of the application to
+Congress&mdash;Occupations of his declining years&mdash;Mr. Harding paints his
+portrait.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XXIII'><b>CHAPTER XXIII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Last illness, and death of Colonel Boone&mdash;His funeral&mdash;Account of his
+family&mdash;His remains and those of his wife removed from Missouri, and
+reinterred in the new cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky&mdash;Character of
+Colonel Boone.</p>
+
+<br /><br /><a href='#COLONEL_BOONES_AUTOBIOGRAPHY'><b>COLONEL BOONE'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY</b></a><br /><br />
+
+<br /><br /><a href='#FOOTNOTES'><b>FOOTNOTES</b></a>
+<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. -->
+
+
+<br />
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<a name='LIFE_AND_TIMES'></a><h2>LIFE AND TIMES<br />
+   <br />
+   OF<br />
+   <br />
+   COLONEL DANIEL BOONE.</h2><br /><br />
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_I'></a><h2>CHAPTER I.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The family of Daniel Boone&mdash;His grandfather emigrates to America, and
+settles in Bucks County, Pennsylvania&mdash;Family of Daniel Boone's
+father&mdash;Account of Exeter, the birth-place of Boone&mdash;Birth of Daniel
+Boone&mdash;Religion of his family&mdash;Boone's boyhood&mdash;Goes to
+school&mdash;Anecdote&mdash;Summary termination of his schooling.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>The immediate ancestors and near relations of the American Boone family,
+resided at Bradwinch about eight miles from Exeter, England. George
+Boone the grandfather of Daniel, emigrated to America and arrived, with
+Mary his wife, at Philadelphia, on the 10th of October, 1717. They
+brought with them eleven children, two daughters and nine sons. The
+names of three of the sons have come down to us, John, James, and
+Squire. The last of these, Squire Boone, was the father of Daniel.</p>
+
+<p>George Boone, immediately after his arrival in America, purchased a
+large tract of land in what is now Bucks County, which he settled, and
+called it Exeter, after the city near which he was born. The records
+distinguish it only as the township of Exeter, without any county. He
+purchased also various other tracts in Maryland and Virginia; and our
+tradition says, among others, the ground on which Georgetown, District
+of Columbia, now stands, and that he laid the town out, and gave it his
+own name. His sons John and James lived and died on the Exeter
+purchase.<a name='FNanchor_1'></a><a href='#Footnote_1'><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Daniel Boone's father, Squire Boone, had seven sons and four daughters,
+viz.: James,<a name='FNanchor_2'></a><a href='#Footnote_2'><sup>[2]</sup></a> Samuel, Jonathan, Daniel, George, Squire, Edward, Sarah,
+Elizabeth, Mary, and Hannah.</p>
+
+<p>Exeter Township is situated in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and now has a
+population of over two thousand. Here Daniel Boone was born, on the 11th
+of February, 1735.<a name='FNanchor_3'></a><a href='#Footnote_3'><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The maiden name of Boone's mother was Sarah Morgan. Some dispute has
+arisen respecting the religious persuasion of the Boone family. It would
+appear, on a review of the whole controversy, that before their removal
+to this country, the Boones were Episcopalians; but during their
+residence in Pennsylvania they permitted themselves to be considered
+Quakers. What sort of a Quaker Daniel Boone himself was, will be
+apparent in the course of our narrative.</p>
+
+<p>Exeter, the native place of Daniel Boone, was at this period a small
+frontier settlement, consisting of log-houses, surrounded with woods,
+which abounded with game of various kinds and were occasionally infested
+with hostile Indians. It is not surprising that Daniel, passing the
+period of his boyhood in such a place, should have acquired at an early
+age the accomplishments of a hunter and woodsman. From a mere child it
+was his chief delight to roam in the woods, to observe the wild haunts
+of Nature, and to pursue the wild animals which were then so abundant.</p>
+
+<p>Of the boyhood of Daniel Boone, one of his biographers gives the
+following account. Speaking of the residence of the family at Exeter, he
+says:<a name='FNanchor_4'></a><a href='#Footnote_4'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>&quot;Here they lived for ten years; and it was during this time that their
+son Daniel began to show his passion for hunting. He was scarcely able
+to carry a gun when he was shooting all the squirrels, raccoons, and
+even wild-cats (it is said), that he could find in that region. As he
+grew older, his courage increased, and then we find him amusing himself
+with higher game. Other lads in the neighborhood were soon taught by him
+the use of the rifle, and were then able to join him in his adventures.
+On one occasion, they all started out for a hunt, and, after amusing
+themselves till it was almost dark, were returning homeward, when
+suddenly a wild cry was heard in the woods. The boys screamed out, 'A
+panther! A panther!' and ran off as fast as they could. Boone stood
+firmly, looking around for the animal. It was a panther indeed. His eye
+lighted upon him just in the act of springing toward him: in an instant
+he leveled his rifle, and shot him through the heart.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;But this sort of sport was not enough for him. He seemed resolved to go
+away from men, and live in the forests with these animals. One morning
+he started off as usual, with his rifle and dog. Night came on, but
+Daniel did not return to his home. Another day and night passed away,
+and still the boy did not make his appearance. His parents were now
+greatly alarmed. The neighbors joined them in making search for the lad.
+After wandering about a great while, they at length saw smoke rising
+from a cabin in the distance. Upon reaching it, they found the boy. The
+floor of the cabin was covered with the skins of such animals as he had
+slain, and pieces of meat were roasting before the fire for his supper.
+Here, at a distance of three miles from any settlement, he had built his
+cabin of sods and branches, and sheltered himself in the wilderness.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It was while his father was living on the head-waters of the
+Schuylkill that young Boone received so far as we know, all his
+education. Short indeed were his schoolboy days. It happened that an
+Irish schoolmaster strolled into the settlement, and, by the advice of
+Mr. Boone and other parents, opened a school in the neighborhood. It was
+not then as it is now. Good school-houses were not scattered over the
+land; nor were schoolmasters always able to teach their pupils. The
+school-house where the boys of this settlement went was a log-cabin,
+built in the midst of the woods. The schoolmaster was a strange man;
+sometimes good-humored, and then indulging the lads; sometimes surly and
+ill-natured, and then beating them severely. It was his usual custom,
+after hearing the first lessons of the morning, to allow the children to
+be out for a half hour at play, during which time he strolled off to
+refresh himself from his labors. He always walked in the same direction,
+and the boys thought that after his return, when they were called in, he
+was generally more cruel than ever. They were whipped more severely, and
+oftentimes without any cause. They observed this, but did not know the
+meaning of it One morning young Boone asked that he might go out, and
+had scarcely left the school-room when he saw a squirrel running over
+the trunk of a fallen tree. True to his nature, he instantly gave chase,
+until at last the squirrel darted into a bower of vines and branches.
+Boone thrust his hand in, and, to his surprise, laid hold of a bottle of
+whiskey. This was in the direction of his master's morning walks, and he
+thought now that he understood the secret of much of his ill-nature. He
+returned to the school-room; but, when they were dismissed for that day,
+he told some of the larger boys of his discovery. Their plan was soon
+arranged. Early the next morning a bottle of whiskey, having tartar
+emetic in it, was placed in the bower, and the other bottle thrown away.
+At the usual hour, the lads were sent out to play, and the master
+started on his walk. But their play was to come afterward; they longed
+for the master to return. At length they were called in, and in a little
+time saw the success of their experiment. The master began to look pale
+and sick, yet still went on with his work. Several boys were called up,
+one after the other, to recite lessons, and all whipped soundly, whether
+right or wrong. At last young Boone was called out to answer questions
+in arithmetic. He came forward with his slate and pencil, and the master
+began: 'If you subtract six from nine, what remains?' said he. 'Three,
+sir,' said Boone. 'Very good,' said the master; 'now let us come to
+fractions. If you take three-quarters from a whole number, what
+remains?' 'The whole, sir,' answered Boone. 'You blockhead!' cried the
+master, beating him; 'you stupid little fool, how can you show that?'
+'If I take one bottle of whiskey,' said Boone, 'and put in its place
+another in which I have mixed an emetic,'the whole will remain if nobody
+drinks it!' The Irishman, dreadfully sick, was now doubly enraged. He
+seized Boone, and commenced beating him; the children shouted and
+roared; the scuffle continued until Boone knocked the master down upon
+the floor, and rushed out of the room. It was a day of freedom now for
+the lads. The story soon ran through the neighborhood; Boone was rebuked
+by his parents, but the schoolmaster was dismissed, and thus ended the
+boy's education.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Thus freed from school, he now returned more ardently than ever to his
+favorite pursuit. His dog and rifle were his constant companions, and
+day after day he started from home, only to roam through the forests.
+Hunting seemed to be the only business of his life; and he was never so
+happy as when at night he came home laden with game. He was an untiring
+wanderer.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps it was not a very serious misfortune for Daniel Boone that his
+school instruction was so scanty, for, &quot;in another kind of education,&quot;
+says Mr. Peck,<a name='FNanchor_5'></a><a href='#Footnote_5'><sup>[5]</sup></a> &quot;not unfrequent in the wilds of the West, he was an
+adept. No Indian could poise the rifle, find his way through the
+pathless forest, or search out the retreats of game, more readily than
+Daniel Boone. In all that related to Indian sagacity, border life, or
+the tactics of the skillful hunter, he excelled. The successful training
+of a hunter, or woodsman, is a kind of education of mental discipline,
+differing from that of the school-room, but not less effective in giving
+vigor to the mind, quickness of apprehension, and habits of close
+observation. Boone was regularly trained in all that made him a
+successful backwoodsman. Indolence and imbecility never produced a Simon
+Kenton, a Tecumth&egrave;, or a Daniel Boone. To gain the skill of an
+accomplished hunter requires talents, patience, perseverance, sagacity,
+and habits of thinking. Amongst other qualifications, knowledge of human
+nature, and especially of Indian character is indispensable to the
+pioneer of a wilderness. Add to these, self-possession, self-control,
+and promptness in execution. Persons who are unaccustomed to a frontier
+residence know not how much, in the preservation of life, and in
+obtaining subsistence, depends on such characteristics!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In the woods surrounding the little settlement of Exeter, Boone had
+ample opportunity for perfecting himself in this species of mental
+discipline, and of gaining that physical training of the limbs and
+muscles so necessary in the pursuits of the active hunter and pioneer.
+We have no record of his ever having encountered the Indians during his
+residence in Pennsylvania. His knowledge of their peculiar modes of
+hunting and war was to be attained not less thoroughly at a somewhat
+later period of life. </p>
+
+
+
+<br />
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_II'></a><h2>CHAPTER II.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Removal of Boone's father and family to North Carolina&mdash;Location on the
+Yadkin River&mdash;Character of the country and the people&mdash;Byron's
+description of the Backwoodsmen&mdash;Daniel Boone marries Rebecca Bryan&mdash;His
+farmer life in North Carolina&mdash;State of the country&mdash;Political troubles
+foreshadowed&mdash;Illegal fees and taxes&mdash;Probable effect of this state of
+things on Boone's mind&mdash;Signs of movement.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>When Daniel Boone was still a youth, his father emigrated to North
+Carolina. The precise date of this removal of the family residence is
+not known. Mr. Peck, an excellent authority, says it took place when
+Daniel was about eighteen years old. This would make it about the year
+1752.</p>
+
+<p>The new residence of Squire Boone, Daniel's father, was near Holman's
+Ford, on the Yadkin River, about eight miles from Wilkesboro'. The fact
+of the great backwoodsman having passed many years of his life there is
+still remembered with pride by the inhabitants of that region. The
+capital of Watauga County, which was formed in 1849, is named Boone, in
+honor of Daniel Boone. The historian of North Carolina<a name='FNanchor_6'></a><a href='#Footnote_6'><sup>[6]</sup></a> is disposed
+to claim him as a son of the State. He says: &quot;In North Carolina Daniel
+Boone was reared. Here his youthful days were spent; and here that bold
+spirit was trained, which so fearlessly encountered the perils through
+which he passed in after life. His fame is part of her property, and she
+has inscribed his name on a town in the region where his youth was
+spent.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The character of Boone is so peculiar,&quot; says Mr. Wheeler, &quot;that it
+marks the age in which he lived; and his name is celebrated in the
+verses of the immortal Byron:&quot;</p>
+
+<span style='margin-left: 1.5em;'>&quot;Of all men&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Who passes for in life and death most lucky,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Of the great names which in our faces stare,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Is Daniel Boone, backwoodsman of Kentucky.&quot;</span><br />
+
+<br />
+
+<span style='margin-left: 1.5em;'>&quot;Crime came not near him&mdash;she is not the child</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Of Solitude. Health shrank not from him, for</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Her home is in the rarely-trodden wild.&quot;</span><br />
+
+<br />
+
+<span style='margin-left: 1.5em;'>&quot;And tall and strong and swift of foot are they,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Beyond the dwarfing city's pale abortions,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Because their thoughts had never been the prey</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Of care or gain; the green woods were their portions:</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>No sinking spirits told them they grew gray,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>No fashions made them apes of her distortions.</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Simple they were, not savage; and their rifles,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Though very true, were not yet used for trifles.&quot;</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style='margin-left: 1.5em;'>&quot;Motion was in their days, rest in their slumbers,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>And cheerfulness the handmaid of their toil.</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Nor yet too many nor too few their numbers;</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Corruption could not make their hearts her soil;</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>The lust which stings, the splendor which encumbers,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>With the free foresters divide no spoil;</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Serene, not sullen, were the solitudes</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Of this unsighing people of the woods.'&quot;</span><br />
+
+<p>We quote these beautiful lines, because they so aptly and forcibly
+describe the peculiar character of Boone; and to a certain extent, as
+Mr. Wheeler intimates, his character was that of his times and of his
+associates.</p>
+
+<p>It was during the residence of the family on the banks of the Yadkin,
+that Boone formed the acquaintance of Rebecca Bryan, whom he married.<a name='FNanchor_7'></a><a href='#Footnote_7'><sup>[7]</sup></a>
+The marriage appears, by comparison of dates, to have taken place in the
+year 1755. &quot;One almost regrets,&quot; says Mr. Peck, &quot;to spoil so beautiful a
+romance, as that which has had such extensive circulation in the various
+'Lives of Boone,' and which represents him as mistaking the bright eyes
+of this young lady, in the dark, for those of a deer; a mistake that
+nearly proved fatal from the unerring rifle of the young hunter. Yet in
+truth, we are bound to say, that no such mistake ever happened. Our
+backwoods swains never make such mistakes.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The next five years after his marriage, Daniel Boone passed in the quiet
+pursuits of a farmer's life, varied occasionally by hunting excursions
+in the woods. The most quiet and careless of the citizens of North
+Carolina were not unobservant, however, of the political aspect of the
+times. During this period the people, by their representatives in the
+Legislature, began that opposition to the Royal authority, which was in
+after years to signalize North Carolina as one of the leading Colonies
+in the Revolutionary struggle.</p>
+
+<p>The newly-appointed Royal Governor, Arthur Dobbs, arrived at Newbern in
+the autumn of 1754. &quot;Governor Dobbs's administration of ten years,&quot; says
+the historian Wheeler, &quot;was a continued contest between himself and the
+Legislature, on matters frivolous and unimportant. A high-toned temper
+for Royal prerogatives on his part, and an indomitable resistance of the
+Colonists ... The people were much oppressed by Lord Grenville's agents.
+They seized Corbin, his agent, who lived below Edenton, and brought him
+to Enfield, where he was compelled to give bond and security to produce
+his books and disgorge his illegal fees.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This matter of illegal fees was part of a system of oppression, kindred
+to the famous Stamp Act&mdash;a system which was destined to grow more and
+more intolerable under Governor Tryon's administration, and to lead to
+the formation of the famous company of Regulators, whose resistance of
+taxation and tyranny was soon to convulse the whole State.</p>
+
+<p>We are by no means to suppose that Daniel Boone was an unobservant
+spectator of what was passing even at the time we are speaking of, nor
+that the doings of the tax-gatherers had nothing to do with his
+subsequent movements. He not only hated oppression, but he hated also
+strife and disturbance; and already began to long for a new migration
+into the distant woods and quiet intervals, where politics and the
+tax-gatherer should not intrude.</p>
+
+<p>The population in his neighborhood was increasing, and new settlements
+were being formed along the Yadkin and its tributary streams, and
+explorations were made to the northwest on the banks of the Holston and
+Clinch Rivers. The times were already beginning to exhibit symptoms of
+restlessness and stir among the people, which was soon to result in the
+formation of new States and the settlement of the far West.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_III'></a><h2>CHAPTER III.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The Seven Years' War&mdash;Cherokee War&mdash;Period of Boone's first long
+Excursion to the West&mdash;Extract from Wheeler's History of
+Tennessee&mdash;Indian accounts of the Western country&mdash;Indian traders&mdash;Their
+Reports&mdash;Western travelers&mdash;Doherty&mdash;Adair&mdash;Proceedings of the
+traders&mdash;Hunters&mdash;Scotch traders&mdash;Hunters accompany the traders to the
+West&mdash;Their reports concerning the country&mdash;Other adventurers&mdash;Dr.
+Walker's expedition&mdash;Settlements in South-western Virginia&mdash;Indian
+hostilities&mdash;Pendleton purchase&mdash;Dr. Walker's second expedition&mdash;Hunting
+company of Walker and others&mdash;Boone travels with them&mdash;Curious monument
+left by him.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>The reader will recollect that the period referred to in the last
+chapter, comprehended the latter years of the celebrated Seven Years'
+War. During the chief portion of this period, the neighboring Colony of
+Virginia suffered all the horrors of Indian war on its western
+frontier&mdash;horrors from which even the ability, courage, and patriotism
+of Washington were for a long time unable to protect them. The war was
+virtually terminated by the campaign of 1759, when Quebec was taken. The
+next year Canada was ceded to England; and a Cherokee war, which had
+disturbed the border setters of North Carolina, was terminated. Daniel
+Boone's biographers all agree that it was about this time when he first
+began to make long excursions toward the West; but it is difficult to
+fix exactly the date of his first long journey through the woods in
+this direction. It is generally dated in 1771 or 1772, We now make a
+quotation from Ramsay's Annals of Tennessee, which shows, beyond the
+possibility of a doubt, that he hunted on the Wataga River in 1760, and
+renders it probable that he was in the West at an earlier date. Our
+readers will excuse the length of this quotation, as the first part of
+it gives so graphic a picture of the hunter and pioneer life of the
+times of Daniel Boone, and also shows what had been done by others in
+western explorations before Boone's expeditions commenced.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Colonists of the Carolinas and of Virginia had been steadily
+advancing to the West, and we have traced their approaches in the
+direction of our eastern boundary,<a name='FNanchor_8'></a><a href='#Footnote_8'><sup>[8]</sup></a> to the base of the great
+Appalachian range.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Of the country beyond it, little was positively known or accurately
+understood. A wandering Indian would imperfectly delineate upon the
+sand, a feeble outline of its more prominent physical features&mdash;its
+magnificent rivers, with their numerous tributaries&mdash;its lofty
+mountains, its dark forests, its extended plains and its vast extent. A
+voyage in a canoe, from the source of the Hogohegee<a name='FNanchor_9'></a><a href='#Footnote_9'><sup>[9]</sup></a> to the
+Wabash,<a name='FNanchor_10'></a><a href='#Footnote_10'><sup>[10]</sup></a> required for its performance, in their figurative language,
+'two paddles, two warriors, three moons.' The Ohio itself was but a
+tributary of a still larger river, of whose source, size and direction,
+no intelligible account could be communicated or understood. The Muscle
+Shoals and the obstructions in the river above them, were represented as
+mighty cataracts and fearful whirlpools, and the Suck, as an awful
+vortex. The wild beasts with which the illimitable forests abounded,
+were numbered by pointing to the leaves upon the trees, or the stars in
+a cloudless sky.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;These glowing descriptions of the West seemed rather to stimulate than
+to satisfy the intense curiosity of the approaching settlers.
+Information more reliable, and more minute, was, from time to time,
+furnished from other sources. In the Atlantic cities, accounts had been
+received from French and Spanish traders, of the unparalleled beauty and
+fertility of the western interior. These reports, highly colored and
+amplified, were soon received and known upon the frontier. Besides,
+persons engaged in the interior traffic with the south-western Indian
+tribes had, in times of peace, penetrated their territories&mdash;traded
+with and resided amongst the natives&mdash;and upon their return to the white
+settlements, confirmed what had been previously reported in favor of the
+distant countries they had seen. As early as 1690, Doherty, a trader
+from Virginia, had visited the Cherokees and afterward lived among them
+a number of years. In 1730, Adair, from South Carolina, had traveled,
+not only through the towns of this tribe, but had extended his tour to
+most of the nations south and west of them. He was not only an
+enterprising trader but an intelligent tourist. To his observations upon
+the several tribes which he visited, we are indebted for most that is
+known of their earlier history. They were published in London in 1775.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In 1740 other traders went among the Cherokees from Virginia. They
+employed Mr Vaughan as a packman, to transport their goods. West of
+Amelia County, the country was then thinly inhabited; the last hunter's
+cabin that he saw was on Otter River, a branch of the Staunton, now in
+Bedford County, Va. The route pursued was along the Great Path to the
+centre of the Cherokee nation. The traders and pack-men generally
+confined themselves to this path till it crossed the Little Tennessee
+River, then spreading themselves out among the several Cherokee villages
+west of the mountain, continued their traffic as low down the Great
+Tennessee as the Indian settlements upon Occochappo or Bear Creek, below
+the Muscle Shoals, and there encountered the competition of other
+traders, who were supplied from New Orleans and Mobile. They returned
+heavily laden with peltries, to Charleston, or the more northern
+markets, where they were sold at highly remunerating prices. A hatchet,
+a pocket looking-glass, a piece of scarlet cloth, a trinket, and other
+articles of little value, which at Williamsburg could be bought for a
+few shillings, would command from an Indian hunter on the Hiwasse or
+Tennessee peltries amounting in value to double the number of pounds
+sterling. Exchanges were necessarily slow, but the profits realized from
+the operation were immensely large. In times of peace this traffic
+attracted the attention of many adventurous traders. It became mutually
+advantageous to the Indian not less than to the white man. The trap and
+the rifle, thus bartered for, procured, in one day, more game to the
+Cherokee hunter than his bow and arrow and his dead-fall would have
+secured during a month of toilsome hunting. Other advantages resulted
+from it to the whites. They became thus acquainted with the great
+avenues leading through the hunting grounds and to the occupied country
+of the neighboring tribes&mdash;an important circumstance in the condition of
+either war or peace. Further, the traders were an exact thermometer of
+the pacific or hostile intention and feelings of the Indians with whom
+they traded. Generally, they were foreigners, most frequently Scotchmen,
+who had not been long in the country, or upon the frontier, who, having
+experienced none of the cruelties, depredation or aggressions of the
+Indians, cherished none of the resentment and spirit of retaliation born
+with, and everywhere manifested, by the American settler. Thus, free
+from animosity against the aborigines, the trader was allowed to remain
+in the village where he traded unmolested, even when its warriors were
+singing the war song or brandishing the war club, preparatory to an
+invasion or massacre of the whites. Timely warning was thus often given
+by a returning packman to a feeble and unsuspecting settlement, of the
+perfidy and cruelty meditated against it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This gainful commerce was, for a time, engrossed by the traders; but
+the monopoly was not allowed to continue long. Their rapid accumulations
+soon excited the cupidity of another class of adventurers; and the
+hunter, in his turn, became a co-pioneer with the trader, in the march
+of civilization to the wilds of the West. As the agricultural population
+approached the eastern base of the Alleghanies, the game became scarce,
+and was to be found by severe toil in almost inaccessible recesses and
+coves of the mountain. Packmen, returning from their trading
+expeditions, carried with them evidences, not only of the abundance of
+game across the mountains, but of the facility with which it was
+procured. Hunters began to accompany the traders to the Indian towns;
+but, unable to brook the tedious delay of procuring peltries by traffic,
+and impatient of restraint, they struck boldly into the wilderness, and
+western-like, to use a western phrase, set up for themselves. The
+reports of their return, and of their successful enterprise, stimulated
+other adventurers to a similar undertaking. 'As early as 1748 Doctor
+Thomas Walker, of Virginia, in company with Colonels Wood, Patton and
+Buchanan, and Captain Charles Campbell, and a number of hunters, made an
+exploring tour upon the western waters. Passing Powel's valley, he gave
+the name of 'Cumberland' to the lofty range of mountains on the west.
+Tracing this range in a south-western direction, he came to a remarkable
+depression in the chain: through this he passed, calling it 'Cumberland
+Gap.' On the western side of the range he found a beautiful mountain
+stream, which he named 'Cumberland River,' all in honor of the Duke of
+Cumberland, then prime minister of England.<a name='FNanchor_11'></a><a href='#Footnote_11'><sup>[11]</sup></a> These names have ever
+since been retained, and, with Loudon, are believed to be the only names
+in Tennessee of English origin.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Although Fort Loudon was erected as early as 1756, upon the Tennessee,
+yet it was in advance of any white settlements nearly one hundred and
+fifty miles, and was destroyed in 1760. The fort, too, at Long Island,
+within the boundaries of the present State of Tennessee, were erected in
+1758, but no permanent settlements had yet been formed near it. Still
+occasional settlers had begun to fix their habitations in the
+south-western section of Virginia, and as early as 1754, six families
+were residing west of New River. 'On the breaking out of the French war,
+the Indians, in alliance with the French, made an irruption into these
+settlements, and massacred Burke and his family. The other families,
+finding their situation too perilous to be maintained, returned to the
+eastern side of New River; and the renewal of the attempt to carry the
+white settlements further west, was not made until after the close of
+that war.'&quot; <a name='FNanchor_12'></a><a href='#Footnote_12'><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='sidenote'>1756</div>
+
+<p>&quot;Under a mistaken impression that the Virginia line, when extended west,
+would embrace it, a grant of land was this year made, by the authorities
+of Virginia, to Edmund Pendleton, for three thousand acres of land,
+lying in Augusta County, on a branch of the middle fork of the Indian
+river called West Creek,<a name='FNanchor_13'></a><a href='#Footnote_13'><sup>[13]</sup></a> now Sullivan County, Tennessee.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class='sidenote'>1760</div>
+
+<p>In this year, Doctor Walker again passed over Clinch and Powell's
+River, on a tour of exploration into what is now Kentucky.</p>
+
+<div class='sidenote'>1761</div>
+
+<p>'The Cherokees were now at peace with the whites, and hunters from the
+back settlements began with safety to penetrate deeper and further into
+the wilderness of Tennessee. Several of them, chiefly from Virginia,
+hearing of the abundance of game with which the woods were stocked, and
+allured by the prospects of gain, which might be drawn from this source,
+formed themselves into a company, composed of Wallen, Scaggs, Blevins,
+Cox, and fifteen others, and came into the valley since known as
+Carter's Valley, in Hawkins County, Tennessee. They hunted eighteen
+mouths upon Clinch and Powell's Rivers. Wallen's Creek and Wallen's
+Ridge received their name from the leader of the company; as also did
+the station which they erected in the present Lee County, Virginia, the
+name of Wallen's station. They penetrated as far north as Laurel
+Mountain, in Kentucky, where they terminated their journey, having met
+with a body of Indians, whom they supposed to be Shawnees. At the head
+of one of the companies that visited the West this year 'came Daniel
+Boon, from the Yadkin, in North Carolina, and traveled with them as low
+as the place where Abingdon now stands, and there left them.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This is the first time the advent of Daniel Boon to the western wilds
+has been mentioned by historians, or by the several biographers of that
+distinguished pioneer and hunter. There is reason, however, to believe
+that he had hunted upon Watauga earlier. The writer is indebted to N.
+Gammon, Esq., formerly of Jonesboro, now a citizen of Knoxville, for the
+following inscription, still to be seen upon a beech tree, standing in
+sight and east of the present stage-road, leading from Jonesboro to
+Blountsville, and in the valley of Boon's Creek, a tributary of Watauga:&quot;</p>
+
+<span style='margin-left: 6em;'><i>D. Boon</i></span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 3em;'>CillED       A. BAR           On</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 6em;'><i>Tree</i></span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 5em;'>in  ThE</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 6em;'><i>yEAR</i></span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 6em;'><i>1760</i></span><br />
+
+<p>&quot;Boon was eighty-six years old when he died, which was September, 1820.
+He was thus twenty-six years old when the inscription was made. When he
+left the company of hunters in 1761, as mentioned above by Haywood, it
+is probable that he did so to revisit the theatre of a former hunt upon
+the creek that still bears his name, and where his camp is still pointed
+out near its banks. It is not improbable, indeed, that he belonged to,
+or accompanied, the party of Doctor Walker, on his first, or certainly
+on his second, tour of exploration in 1760. The inscription is
+sufficient authority, as this writer conceives, to date the arrival of
+Boon in Tennessee as early as its date, 1760, thus preceding the
+permanent settlement of the country nearly ten years.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It will be observed that the historian in this extract, spells Boon
+without the final <i>e</i>, following the orthography of the hunter, in his
+inscription on the tree. This orthography Boone used at a later period,
+as we shall show. But the present received mode of spelling the name is
+the one which we have adopted in this work.</p>
+
+<p>On a subsequent page of Wheeler's history, we find the following
+memorandum:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Daniel Boone, who still lived on the Yadkin, though he had previously
+hunted on the Western waters, came again this year to explore the
+country, being employed for this purpose by Henderson &amp; Company. With
+him came Samuel Callaway, his kinsman, and the ancestor of the
+respectable family of that name, pioneers of Tennessee, Kentucky, and
+Missouri. Callaway was at the side of Boon when, approaching the spurs
+of the Cumberland Mountain, and in view of the vast herds of buffalo
+grazing in the valleys between them, he exclaimed, 'I am richer than the
+man mentioned in Scripture, who owned the cattle on a thousand hills; I
+own the wild beasts of more than a thousand valleys.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>After Boone and Callaway, came another hunter, Henry Scaggins, who was
+also employed by Henderson. He extended his explorations to the Lower
+Cumberland, and fixed his station at Mansco's Lick.</p>
+
+<p>We shall have occasion to speak more particularly of Henderson's company
+and Boone's connection with it; but we will first call the reader's
+attention to the state of affairs in North Carolina at this period, and
+their probable influence on the course pursued by Daniel Boone.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_IV'></a><h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Political and social condition of North
+Carolina&mdash;Taxes&mdash;Lawsuits&mdash;Ostentation and extravagance of foreigners
+and government officers&mdash;Oppression of the people&mdash;Murmurs&mdash;Open
+resistance&mdash;The Regulators&mdash;Willingness of Daniel Boone and others to
+migrate, and their reasons&mdash;John Finley's expedition to the West&mdash;His
+report to Boone&mdash;He determines to join Finley in his next hunting
+tour&mdash;New company formed, with Boone for leader&mdash;Preparations for
+starting&mdash;The party sets out&mdash;Travels for a month through the
+wilderness&mdash;First sight of Kentucky&mdash;Forming a camp&mdash;Hunting buffaloes
+and other game&mdash;Capture of Boone and Stuart by the Indians&mdash;Prudent
+dissimulation&mdash;Escape from the Indians&mdash;Return to the old camp&mdash;Their
+companions lost&mdash;Boone and Stuart renew their hunting.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>There were many circumstances in the social and political condition of
+the State of North Carolina, during the period of Daniel Boone's
+residence on the banks of the Yadkin, which were calculated to render
+him restless and quite willing to seek a home in the Western wilderness.
+Customs and fashions were changing. The Scotch traders, to whom we have
+referred in the last chapter, and others of the same class were
+introducing an ostentatious and expensive style of living, quite
+inappropriate to the rural population of the colony. In dress and
+equipage, they far surpassed the farmers and planters; and they were not
+backward in taking upon themselves airs of superiority on this account.
+In this they were imitated by the officers and agents of the Royal
+government of the colony, who were not less fond of luxury and show. To
+support their extravagant style of living, these minions of power,
+magistrates, lawyers, clerks of court, and tax-gatherers, demanded
+exorbitant fees for their services. The Episcopal clergy, supported by a
+legalized tax on the people, were not content with their salaries, but
+charged enormous fees for their occasional services. A fee of fifteen
+dollars was exacted from the poor farmer for performing the marriage
+service. The collection of taxes was enforced by suits at law, with
+enormous expense; and executions, levies, and distresses were of
+every-day occurrence. All sums exceeding forty shillings were sued for
+and executions obtained in the courts, the original debt being saddled
+with extortionate bills of cost. Sheriffs demanded more than was due,
+under threats of sheriff's sales; and they applied the gains thus made
+to their own use. Money, as is always the case in a new country, was
+exceedingly scarce, and the sufferings of the people were intolerable.</p>
+
+<p>Petitions to the Legislature for a redress of grievances were treated
+with contempt. The people assembled and formed themselves into an
+association for <i>regulating</i> public grievances and abuse of power.
+Hence the name given to them of Regulators. They resolved &quot;to pay only
+such taxes as were agreeable to law and applied to the purpose therein
+named, to pay no officer more than his legal fees.&quot; The subsequent
+proceedings of the Regulators, such as forcible resistance to officers
+and acts of personal violence toward them, at length brought on an
+actual collision between them and an armed force led by the Royal
+Governor, Tryon (May 16 1771,) at Alamanance, in which the Regulators
+were defeated; and the grievances continued with scarcely abated force
+till the Revolution brought relief.</p>
+
+<p>Under these circumstances, it is not surprising that Daniel Boone and
+others were quite willing to migrate to the West, if it were only to
+enjoy a quiet life; the dangers of Indian aggression being less dreaded
+than the visits of the tax-gather and the sheriff; and the solitude of
+the forest and prairie being preferred to the society of insolent
+foreigners; flaunting in the luxury and ostentation purchased by the
+spoils of fraud and oppression.</p>
+
+<p>Among the hunters and traders who pursued their avocations in the
+Western wilds was John Finley, or Findley, who led a party of hunters in
+1767 to the neighborhood of the Louisa River, as the Kentucky River was
+then called, and spent the season in hunting and trapping. On his
+return, he visited Daniel Boone, and gave him a most glowing description
+of the country which he had visited&mdash;a country abounding in the richest
+and most fertile land, intersected by noble rivers, and teeming with
+herds of deer and buffaloes and numerous flocks of wild turkeys, to say
+nothing of the smaller game. To these descriptions Boone lent a willing
+ear. He resolved to accompany Finley in his next hunting expedition, and
+to see this terrestrial paradise with his own eyes, doubtless with the
+intention of ultimately seeking a home in that delightful region.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, a company of six persons was formed for a new expedition to
+the West, and Boone was chosen as leader. The names of the other members
+of this party were John Finley, John Stuart, Joseph Holden, James
+Moncey, and William Cool.</p>
+
+<p>Much preparation seems to have been required. Boone's wife, who was one
+of the best of housekeepers and managers, had to fit out his clothes,
+and to make arrangements for house-keeping during his expected long
+absence. His sons were now old enough to assist their mother in the
+management of the farm, but, doubtless, they had to be supplied with
+money and other necessaries before the father could venture to leave
+home; so that it was not till the 1st of May, 1769, that the party were
+able to set out, as Boone, in his autobiography, expresses it, &quot;in quest
+of the country of Kentucky.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It was more than a month before these adventurers came in sight of the
+promised land. We quote from Mr. Peck's excellent work the description
+which undoubtedly formed the authority on which the artist has relied in
+painting the accompanying engraving of &quot;Daniel Boone's first view of
+Kentucky.&quot; It is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It was on the 7th of June, 1769, that six men, weary and wayworn, were
+seen winding their way up the steep side of a rugged mountain in the
+wilderness of Kentucky. Their dress was of the description usually worn
+at that period by all forest rangers. The outside garment was a hunting
+shirt, or loose open frock, made of dressed deer skins. Leggings or
+drawers, of the same material, covered the lower extremities, to which
+was appended a pair of moccasins for the feet. The cape or collar of the
+hunting shirt, and the seams of the leggings, were adorned with
+fringes. The under garments were of coarse cotton. A leather belt
+encircled the body; on the right side was suspended the tomahawk, to be
+used as a hatchet: on the left side was the hunting-knife, powder-horn,
+bullet-pouch, and other appendages indispensable for a hunter. Each
+person bore his trusty rifle; and, as the party slowly made their
+toilsome way amid the shrubs, and over the logs and loose rocks that
+accident had thrown into the obscure trail which they were following,
+each man kept a sharp look-out, as though danger or a lurking enemy was
+near. Their garments were soiled and rent, the unavoidable result of
+long traveling and exposure to the heavy rains that had fallen; for the
+weather had been stormy and most uncomfortable, and they had traversed a
+mountainous wilderness for several hundred miles. The leader of the
+party was of full size, with a hardy, robust, sinewy frame, and keen,
+piercing, hazel eyes, that glanced with quickness at every object as
+they passed on, now cast forward in the direction they were traveling
+for signs of an old trail, and in the next moment directed askance into
+the dense thicket, or into the deep ravine, as if watching some
+concealed enemy. The reader will recognize in this man the pioneer
+Boone, at the head of his companions.&quot;</p>
+
+<a name='FIG3'></a><center>
+   <img src='images/boone-3.png' width='100%' alt='ILLUSTRATION: BOONES FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY' title='BOONES FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY'>
+</center>
+<center><b>BOONE'S FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY</b></center><br />
+
+
+<p>&quot;Toward the time of the setting sun, the party had reached the summit of
+the mountain range, up which they had toiled for some three or four
+hours, and which had bounded their prospect to the west during the day.
+Here new and indescribable scenery opened to their view. Before them,
+for an immense distance, as if spread out on a map, lay the rich and
+beautiful vales watered by the Kentucky River; for they had now reached
+one of its northern branches. The country immediately before them, to
+use a Western phrase, was 'rolling,' and, in places, abruptly hilly; but
+far in the vista was seen a beautiful expanse of level country, over
+which the buffalo, deer, and other forest animals, roamed unmolested
+while they fed on the luxuriant herbage of the forest. The countenances
+of the party lighted up with pleasure, congratulations were exchanged,
+the romantic tales of Finley were confirmed by ocular demonstration, and
+orders were given to encamp for the night in a neighboring ravine. In a
+deep gorge of the mountain a large tree had fallen, surrounded with a
+dense thicket, and hidden from observation by the abrupt and precipitous
+hills. This tree lay in a convenient position for the back of their
+camp. Logs were placed on the right and left, leaving the front open,
+where fire might be kindled against another log; and for shelter from
+the rains and heavy dews, bark was peeled from the linden tree.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This rude structure appears to have been the head-quarters of the
+hunters through the whole summer and autumn, till late in December.
+During this time, they hunted the deer, the bear, and especially the
+buffalo. The buffaloes were found in great numbers, feeding on the
+leaves of the cane, and the rich and spontaneous fields of clover.</p>
+
+<p>During this long period, they saw no Indians. That part of the country
+was not inhabited by any tribe at that time, although it was used
+occasionally as a hunting ground by the Shawanese, the Cherokees and the
+Chickesaws. The land at that time belonged to the colony of Virginia,
+which then included what is now called Kentucky. The title to the ground
+was acquired by a treaty with the Indians, Oct. 5th, 1770. The Iroquois,
+at the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768, had already ceded their doubtful
+claim to the land south of the Ohio River, to Great Britain; so that
+Boone's company of hunters were not trespassing upon Indian territory
+at this time.<a name='FNanchor_14'></a><a href='#Footnote_14'><sup>[14]</sup></a> But they were destined nevertheless to be treated as
+intruders.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of December, Boone and John Stuart, one of his companions,
+left their encampment, and following one of the numerous paths which the
+buffalo had made through the cane, they plunged boldly into the interior
+of the forest. They had as yet, as we have already stated, seen no
+Indians, and the country had been reported as totally uninhabited. This
+was true in a strict sense, for although, as we have seen, the southern
+and northwestern tribes were in the habit of hunting here as upon
+neutral ground, yet not a single wigwam had been erected, nor did the
+land bear the slightest mark of having ever been cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>The different tribes would fall in with each other and from the fierce
+conflicts which generally followed these casual rencounters, the country
+had been known among them by the name of '<i>the dark and bloody ground!</i>'</p>
+
+<p>The two adventurers soon learned the additional danger to which they
+were exposed. While roving carelessly from canebrake to canebrake, and
+admiring the rank growth of vegetation, and the variety of timber which
+marked the fertility of the soil, they were suddenly alarmed by the
+appearance of a party of Indians, who, springing from their place of
+concealment, rushed upon them with a rapidity which rendered escape
+impossible.</p>
+
+<p>They were almost instantly seized, disarmed, and made prisoners. Their
+feelings may be readily imagined. They were in the hands of an enemy who
+knew no alternative between adoption and torture; and the numbers and
+fleetness of their captors, rendered escape by open means impossible,
+while their jealous vigilance seemed equally fatal to any secret
+attempt.</p>
+
+<p>Boone, however, was possessed of a temper admirably adapted to the
+circumstances in which he was placed. Of a cold and saturnine, rather
+than an arden disposition, he was never either so much elevated by good
+fortune or depressed by bad, as to lose for an instant the full
+possession of all his faculties. He saw that immediate escape was
+impossible, but he encouraged his companion, and constrained himself
+to accompany the Indians in all their excursions, with so calm and
+contented an air, that their vigilance insensibly began to relax.</p>
+
+<a name='FIG4'></a><center>
+   <img src='images/boone-4.png' width='100%' alt='ILLUSTRATION: CAPTURE OF BOONE AND STUART' title='CAPTURE OF BOONE AND STUART'>
+</center>
+<center><b>CAPTURE OF BOONE AND STUART</b></center><br />
+
+
+<p>On the seventh evening of their captivity, they encamped in a thick
+canebrake, and having built a large fire, lay down to rest. The party
+whose duty it was to watch, were weary and negligent, and about
+midnight, Boone, who had not closed an eye, ascertained from the deep
+breathing all around him, that the whole party, including Stuart, was in
+a deep sleep.</p>
+
+<p>Gently and gradually extricating himself from the Indians who lay around
+him, he walked cautiously to the spot where Stuart lay, and having
+succeeded in awakening him, without alarming the rest, he briefly
+informed him of his determination, and exhorted him to arise, make no
+noise, and follow him. Stuart, although ignorant of the design, and
+suddenly roused from sleep, fortunately obeyed with equal silence and
+celerity, and within a few minutes they were beyond hearing.</p>
+
+<p>Rapidly traversing the forest, by the light of the stars and the bark of
+the trees, they ascertained the direction in which the camp lay, but
+upon reaching it on the next day, to their great grief, they found it
+plundered and deserted, with nothing remaining to show the fate of their
+companions: and even to the day of his death, Boone knew not whether
+they had been killed or taken, or had voluntarily abandoned their cabin
+and returned.<a name='FNanchor_15'></a><a href='#Footnote_15'><sup>[15]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Indeed it has never been ascertained what became of Finley and the rest
+of Boone's party of hunters. If Finley himself had returned to Carolina,
+so remarkable a person would undoubtedly have left some trace of himself
+in the history of his time; but no trace exists of any of the party who
+were left at the old camp by Boone and Stuart. Boone and Stuart resumed
+their hunting, although their ammunition was running low, and they were
+compelled, by the now well-known danger of Indian hostilities, to seek
+for more secret and secure hiding-places at night than their old
+encampment in the ravine.</p>
+
+<p>The only kind of firearms used by the backwoods hunter is the rifle. In
+the use of this weapon Boone was exceedingly skillful. The following
+anecdote, related by the celebrated naturalist, Audubon,<a name='FNanchor_16'></a><a href='#Footnote_16'><sup>[16]</sup></a> shows that
+he retained his wonderful precision of aim till a late period of his
+life.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Barking off squirrels is delightful sport, and, in my opinion,
+requires a greater degree of accuracy than any other. I first witnessed
+this manner of procuring squirrels whilst near the town of Frankfort.
+The performer was the celebrated Daniel Boone. We walked out together,
+and followed the rocky margins of the Kentucky River, until we reached a
+piece of flat land thickly covered with black walnuts, oaks, and
+hickories. As the general mast was a good one that year, squirrels were
+seen gamboling on every tree around us. My companion, a stout, hale, and
+athletic man, dressed in a homespun hunting-shirt, bare-legged and
+moccasined, carried a long and heavy rifle, which, as he was loading it,
+he said had proved efficient in all his former undertakings, and which
+he hoped would not fail on this occasion, as he felt proud to show me
+his skill. The gun was wiped, the powder measured, the ball patched with
+six-hundred-thread linen, and the charge sent home with a hickory rod.
+We moved not a step from the place, for the squirrels were so numerous
+that it was unnecessary to go after them. Boone pointed to one of these
+animals which had observed us, and was crouched on a branch about fifty
+paces distant, and bade me mark well the spot where the ball should hit.
+He raised his piece gradually, until the <i>bead</i> (that being the name
+given by the Kentuckians to the <i>sight</i>) of the barrel was brought to a
+line with the spot which he intended to hit. The whip-like report
+resounded through the woods and along the hills in repeated echoes.
+Judge of my surprise, when I perceived that the ball had hit the piece
+of the bark immediately beneath the squirrel, and shivered it into
+splinters, the concussion produced by which had killed the animal, and
+sent it whirling through the air, as if it had been blown up by the
+explosion of a powder magazine. Boone kept up his firing, and before
+many hours had elapsed, we had procured as many squirrels as we wished;
+for you must know that to load a rifle requires only a moment, and that
+if it is wiped once after each shot, it will do duty for hours. Since
+that first interview with our veteran Boone, I have seen many other
+individuals perform the same feat.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_V'></a><h2>CHAPTER V</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Arrival of Squire Boone and a companion at the camp of Daniel
+Boone&mdash;Joyful meeting&mdash;News from home, and hunting resumed&mdash;Daniel Boone
+and Stuart surprised by the Indians&mdash;Stuart killed&mdash;Escape of Boone, and
+his return to camp&mdash;Squire Boone's companion lost in the
+woods&mdash;Residence of Daniel Boone and Squire Boone in the
+wilderness&mdash;Squire returns to North Carolina, obtains a fresh supply of
+ammunition, and again rejoins his brother at the old camp&mdash;Daniel
+Boone's own account of this remarkable period of his life&mdash;His return to
+North Carolina&mdash;His determination to settle in Kentucky&mdash;Other Western
+adventurers&mdash;the Long hunters&mdash;Washington in Kentucky&mdash;Bullitt's
+party&mdash;Floyd's party&mdash;Thompson's survey&mdash;First settlement of Tennessee.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>In the early part of the month of January, 1770, Boone and Stuart were
+agreeably surprised by the arrival of Squire Boone, the younger brother
+of Daniel, accompanied by another man, whose name has not been handed
+down. The meeting took place as they were hunting in the woods. The
+new-comers were hailed at a distance with the usual greeting, &quot;'Holloa!
+strangers, who are you?&quot; to which they answered, &quot;White men and
+friends.&quot; And friends indeed they were&mdash;friends in need; for they
+brought a supply of ammunition, and news from Daniel Boone's home and
+family on the Yadkin. They had had a weary journey through the
+wilderness, and although they had met with no Indians on their way, they
+had frequently come upon their traces in passing through the woods.
+Their purpose in undertaking this formidable journey had been to learn
+the fate of Boone and his party, whose safety was nearly despaired of by
+his friends in North Carolina, to hunt for themselves, and to convey a
+supply of ammunition to Boone. It is difficult to conceive the joy with
+which their opportune arrival was welcomed. They informed Boone that
+they had just seen the last night's encampment of Stuart and himself, so
+that the joyful meeting was not wholly unanticipated by them.</p>
+
+<p>Thus reinforced, the party, now consisting of four skillful hunters,
+might reasonably hope for increased security, and a fortunate issue to
+their protracted hunting tour. But they hunted in separate parties; and
+in one of these Daniel Boone and Stuart fell in with a party of Indians,
+who fired upon them. Stuart was shot dead and scalped by the Indians,
+but Boone escaped in the forest, and rejoined his brother and the
+remaining hunter of the party.</p>
+
+<p>A few days afterward this hunter was lost in the woods, and did not
+return as usual to the camp. Daniel and Squire made a long and anxious
+search for him; but it was all in vain. Years afterward a skeleton was
+discovered in the woods, which was supposed to be that of the lost
+hunter.</p>
+
+<p>The two brothers were thus left in the wilderness alone, separated by
+several hundred miles from home, surrounded by hostile Indians, and
+destitute of every thing but their rifles. After having had such
+melancholy experience of the dangers to which they were exposed, we
+would naturally suppose that their fortitude would have given way, and
+that they would instantly have returned to the settlements. But the most
+remarkable feature in Boone's character was a calm and cold equanimity
+which rarely rose to enthusiasm and never sunk to despondence.</p>
+
+<p>His courage undervalued the danger to which he was exposed, and his
+presence of mind, which never forsook him, enabled him, on all occasions
+to take the best means of avoiding it. The wilderness, with all its
+dangers and privations, had a charm for him, which is scarcely
+conceivable by one brought up in a city; and he determined to remain
+alone while his brother returned to Carolina for an additional supply of
+ammunition, as their original supply was nearly exhausted. His situation
+we should now suppose in the highest degree gloomy and dispiriting. The
+dangers which attended his brother on his return were nearly equal to
+his own; and each had left a wife and children, which Boone acknowledged
+cost him many an anxious thought.</p>
+
+<p>But the wild and solitary grandeur of the country around him, where not
+a tree had been cut, nor a house erected, was to him an inexhaustible
+source of admiration and delight; and he says to himself, that some of
+the most rapturous moments of his life were spent in those lonely
+rambles. The utmost caution was necessary to avoid the savages, and
+scarcely less to escape the ravenous hunger of the wolves that prowled
+nightly around him in immense numbers. He was compelled frequently to
+shift his lodging, and by undoubted signs, saw that the Indians had
+repeatedly visited his hut during his absence. He some times lay in
+canebrakes without fire, and heard the yells of the Indians around him.
+Fortunately, however, he never encountered them.<a name='FNanchor_17'></a><a href='#Footnote_17'><sup>[17]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Perkins, in his Annals of the West, speaking of this sojourn of the
+brothers in the wilderness, says: And now commenced that most
+extraordinary life on the part of these two men which has, in a great
+measure, served to give celebrity to their names; we refer to their
+residence, entirely alone, for more than a year, in a land filled with
+the most subtle and unsparing enemies, and under the influence of no
+other motive, apparently, than a love of adventure, of Nature, and of
+solitude. Nor were they, during this time, always together. For three
+months, Daniel remained amid the forest utterly by himself, while his
+brother, with courage and capacity equal to his own, returned to North
+Carolina for a supply of powder and lead; with which he succeeded in
+rejoining the roamer of the wilderness in safety in July, 1770.</p>
+
+<p>It is almost impossible to conceive of the skill, coolness, and sagacity
+which enabled Daniel Boone to spend so many weeks in the midst of the
+Indians, and yet undiscovered by them. He appears to have changed his
+position continually&mdash;to have explored the whole centre of what forms
+now the State of Kentucky, and in so doing must have exposed himself to
+many different parties of the natives. A reader of Mr. Cooper's Last of
+the Mohicans may comprehend, in some measure, the arts by which he was
+preserved; but, after all, a natural gift seems to lie at the basis of
+such consummate woodcraft; an instinct, rather than any exercise of
+intellect, appears to have guided Boone in such matters, and made him
+pre-eminent among those who were most accomplished in the knowledge of
+forest life. Then we are to remember the week's captivity of the
+previous year; it was the first practical acquaintance that the pioneer
+had with the Western Indians, and we may be assured he spent that week
+in noting carefully the whole method of his captors. Indeed, we think it
+probable he remained in captivity so long that he might learn their
+arts, stratagems, and modes of concealment. We are, moreover, to keep in
+mind this fact: the woods of Kentucky were at that period filled with a
+species of nettle of such a character that, being once bent down, it did
+not recover itself, but remained prostrate, thus retaining the
+impression of a foot almost like snow&mdash;even a turkey might be tracked in
+it with perfect ease. This weed Boone would carefully avoid, but the
+natives, numerous and fearless, would commonly pay no regard to it, so
+that the white hunter was sure to have palpable signs of the presence of
+his enemies, and the direction they had taken. Considering these
+circumstances, it is even more remarkable that his brother should have
+returned in safety, with his loaded horses, than that he remained alone
+unharmed; though in the escape of both from captivity or death from
+January, 1770, until their return to the Atlantic rivers in March, 1771,
+there is something so wonderful that the old pioneer's phrase, that he
+was &quot;an instrument ordained to settle the wilderness,&quot; seems entirely
+proper.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel Boone's own account of this period of his life, contained in his
+autobiography, is highly characteristic. It is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Thus situated, many hundred miles from our families in the howling
+wilderness, I believe few would have equally enjoyed the happiness we
+experienced. I often observed to my brother, 'You see now how little
+nature requires to be satisfied. Felicity, the companion of content, is
+rather found in our own breasts than in the enjoyment of external
+things; and I firmly believe it requires but a little philosophy to make
+a man happy in whatsoever state he is. This consists in a full
+resignation to Providence, and a resigned soul finds pleasure in a path
+strewed with briers and thorns.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We continued not in a state of indolence, but hunted every day, and
+prepared a little cottage to defend us from the winter storms. We
+remained there undisturbed during the winter; and on the first of May,
+1770, my brother returned home to the settlement by himself for a new
+recruit of horses and ammunition, leaving me by myself, without bread,
+salt, or sugar, without company of my fellow-creatures, or even a horse
+or dog. I confess I never before was under greater necessity of
+exercising philosophy and fortitude. A few days I passed uncomfortably.
+The idea of a beloved wife and family, and their anxiety on account of
+my absence and exposed situation, made sensible impressions on my heart.
+A thousand dreadful apprehensions presented themselves to my view, and
+had undoubtedly disposed me to melancholy if further indulged.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;One day I undertook a tour through the country, and the diversity and
+beauties of Nature I met with in this charming season expelled every
+gloomy and vexatious thought. Just at the close of day the gentle gales
+retired, and left the place to the disposal of a profound calm. Not a
+breeze shook the most tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit of a
+commanding ridge, and, looking round with astonishing delight, beheld
+the ample plains, the beauteous tracts below. On the other hand, I
+surveyed the famous river Ohio, that rolled in silent dignity, marking
+the western boundary of Kentucky with inconceivable grandeur. At a vast
+distance I beheld the mountains lift their venerable brows, and
+penetrate the clouds. All things were still. I kindled a fire near a
+fountain of sweet water, and feasted on the loin of a buck, which a few
+hours before I had killed. The fallen shades of night soon overspread
+the whole hemisphere, and the earth seemed to gape after the hovering
+moisture. My roving excursion this day had fatigued my body, and
+diverted my imagination. I laid me down to sleep, and I awoke not until
+the sun had chased away the night. I continued this tour, and in a few
+days explored a considerable part of the country, each day equally
+pleased as the first. I returned to my old camp, which was not disturbed
+in my absence. I did not confine my lodging to it, but often reposed in
+thick canebrakes to avoid the savages, who, I believe, often visited my
+camp, but fortunately for me in my absence. In this situation I was
+constantly exposed to danger and death. How unhappy such a situation for
+a man tormented with fear, which is vain if no danger comes, and, if it
+does, only augments the pain. It was my happiness to be destitute of
+this afflicting passion, with which I had the greatest reason to be
+affected. The prowling wolves diverted my nocturnal hours with perpetual
+howlings; and the various species of animals in this vast forest in the
+daytime were continually in my view. </p>
+
+<p>&quot;Thus I was surrounded with plenty in the midst of want. I was happy in
+the midst of dangers and inconveniences. In such a diversity it was
+impossible I should be disposed to melancholy. No populous city, with
+all the varieties of commerce and stately structures, could afford so
+much pleasure to my mind as the beauties of Nature I found here.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Thus, through an uninterrupted scene of sylvan pleasures, I spent the
+time until the 27th day of July following, when my brother, to my great
+felicity, met me according to appointment, at our old camp. Shortly
+after we left this place, not thinking it safe to stay there any longer,
+and proceeded to Cumberland River, reconnoitering that part of the
+country until March, 1771, and giving names to the different waters.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Soon after, I returned home to my family, with a determination to bring
+them as soon as possible to live in Kentucky, which I esteemed a second
+paradise, at the risk of my life and fortune.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I returned safe to my old habitation, and found my family in happy
+circumstances.&quot; </p>
+
+<p>This extract is taken from the autobiography of Daniel Boone, written
+from his own dictation by John Filson, and published in 1784. Some
+writers have censured this production as inflated and bombastic. To us
+it seems simple and natural; and we have no doubt that the very words of
+Boone are given for the most part. The use of glowing imagery and strong
+figures is by no means confined to highly-educated persons. Those who
+are illiterate, as Boone certainly was, often indulge in this style.
+Even the Indians are remarkably fond of bold metaphors and other
+rhetorical figures, as is abundantly proved by their speeches and
+legends.</p>
+
+<p>While Boone had been engaged in his late hunting tour, other adventurers
+were examining the rich lands south of the Ohio.<a name='FNanchor_18'></a><a href='#Footnote_18'><sup>[18]</sup></a> Even in 1770, while
+Boone was wandering solitary in those Kentucky forests, a band of forty
+hunters, led by Colonel James Knox, had gathered from the valleys of
+New River, Clinch, and Holston, to chase the buffaloes of the West; nine
+of the forty had crossed the mountains, penetrated the desert and almost
+impassable country about the heads of the Cumberland, and explored the
+region on the borders of Kentucky and Tennessee. This hunting party,
+from the length of time it was absent, is known in the traditions of the
+West as the party of the Long Hunters. While these bold men were
+penetrating the valley of the Ohio, in the region of the Cumberland Gap,
+others came from Virginia and Pennsylvania, by the river; among them,
+and in the same year, that the Long Hunters were abroad, (1770), came no
+less noted a person than George Washington. His attention, as we have
+before said, had been turned to the lands along the Ohio, at a very
+early period; he had himself large claims, as well as far-reaching plans
+of settlement, and he wished with his own eyes to examine the Western
+lands, especially those about the mouth of the Kanawha. From the journal
+of his expedition, published by Mr. Sparks, in the Appendix to the
+second volume of his Washington Papers, we learn some valuable facts in
+reference to the position of affairs in the Ohio valley at that time. We
+learn, for instance, that the Virginians were rapidly surveying and
+settling the lands south of the river as far down as the Kanawhas; and
+that the Indians, notwithstanding the treaty of Fort Stanwix, were
+jealous and angry at this constant invasion of their hunting-grounds.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This jealousy and anger were not supposed to cool during the years next
+succeeding, and when Thomas Bullitt and his party descended the Ohio in
+the summer of 1773, he found that no settlements would be tolerated
+south of the river, unless the Indian hunting-grounds were left
+undisturbed. To leave them undisturbed was, however, no part of the plan
+of these white men.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This very party, which Bullitt led, and in which were the two McAfees,
+Hancock, Taylor, Drennon and others, separated, and while part went up
+the Kentucky River, explored the banks, and made important surveys,
+including the valley in which Frankfort stands, the remainder went on to
+the Falls, and laid out, in behalf of John Campbell and John Connolly,
+the plan of Louisville. All this took place in the summer of 1773; and
+in the autumn of that year, or early in the next, John Floyd, the deputy
+of Colonel William Preston, the surveyor of Fincastle County, Virginia,
+in which it was claimed that Kentucky was comprehended, also crossed the
+mountains; while General Thompson of Pennsylvania, made surveys upon the
+north fork of the Licking. When Boone, therefore, in September,
+commenced his march for the West, (as we shall presently relate), the
+choice regions which he had examined three years before, were known to
+numbers, and settlers were preparing to desecrate the silent and
+beautiful woods. Nor did the prospects of the English colonists stop
+with the settlements of Kentucky. In 1773, General Lyman, with a number
+of military adventurers, went to Natchez and laid out several townships
+in that vicinity; to which point emigration set so strongly, that we are
+told, four hundred families passed down the Ohio on their way thither,
+during six weeks of the summer of that year.&quot; <a name='FNanchor_19'></a><a href='#Footnote_19'><sup>[19]</sup></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_VI'></a><h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Daniel Boone remains two years in North Carolina after his return from
+the West&mdash;He prepares to emigrate to Kentucky&mdash;Character of the early
+settlers to Kentucky&mdash;The first class, hunters&mdash;The second class, small
+farmers&mdash;The third class, men of wealth and government officers.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Daniel Boone had now returned to his home on the banks of the Yadkin,
+after an absence of no less than two years, during which time he had not
+tasted, as he remarks in his autobiography, either salt, sugar, or
+bread. He must have enjoyed, in no ordinary degree, the comforts of
+home. Carolina, however, was to be his home but for a short time. He had
+fully determined to go with his family to Kentucky, and settle in that
+lovely region. He was destined to found a State.</p>
+
+<p>After Boone's return to North Carolina, more than two years passed away
+before he could complete the arrangements necessary for removing his
+family to Kentucky. He sold his farm on the Yadkin, which had been for
+many years under cultivation, and no doubt brought him a sum amply
+sufficient for the expenses of his journey and the furnishing of a new
+home in the promised land. He had, of course, to overcome the natural
+repugnance of his wife and children to leave the home which had become
+dear to them; and he had also to enlist other adventurers to accompany
+him. And here we deem it proper, before entering upon the account of his
+departure, to quote from a contemporary,<a name='FNanchor_20'></a><a href='#Footnote_20'><sup>[20]</sup></a> some general
+remarks on the character of the early settlers of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Throughout the United States, generally, the most erroneous notions
+prevail with respect to the character of the first settlers of Kentucky;
+and by several of the American novelists, the most ridiculous uses have
+been made of the fine materials for fiction which lie scattered over
+nearly the whole extent of that region of daring adventure and romantic
+incident. The common idea seems to be, that the first wanderers to
+Kentucky were a simple, ignorant, low-bred, good-for-nothing set of
+fellows, who left the frontiers and sterile places of the old States,
+where a considerable amount of labor was necessary to secure a
+livelihood, and sought the new and fertile country southeast of the Ohio
+River and northwest of the Cumberland Mountains, where corn would
+produce bread for them with simply the labor of planting, and where the
+achievements of their guns would supply them with meat and clothing; a
+set of men who, with that instinct which belongs to the beaver, built a
+number of log cabins on the banks of some secluded stream, which they
+surrounded with palisades for the better protection of their wives and
+children, and then went wandering about, with guns on their shoulders,
+or traps under their arms, leading a solitary, listless, <i>ruminating</i>
+life, till aroused by the appearance of danger, or a sudden attack from
+unseen enemies, when instantly they approved themselves the bravest of
+warriors, and the most expert of strategists. The romancers who have
+attempted to describe their habits of life and delineate their
+characters, catching this last idea, and imagining things probable of
+the country they were in, have drawn the one in lines the most grotesque
+and absurd, and colored the other with a pencil dipped in all hues but
+the right. To them the early pioneers appear to have been people of a
+character demi-devil, demi-savage, not only with out the remains of
+former civilization, but without even the recollection that they had
+been born and bred where people were, at the least, measurably sane,
+somewhat religiously inclined, and, for the most, civilly behaved.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Both of these conceptions of the character of the Pioneer Fathers are,
+to a certain extent, correct as regards <i>individuals</i> among them; but
+the pictures which have often been given us, even when held up beside
+such <i>individuals</i>, will prove to be exaggerations in more respects than
+one. Daniel Boone is an individual instance of a man plunging into the
+depths of an unknown wilderness, shunning rather than seeking contact
+with his kind, his gun and trap the only companions of his solitude,
+and wandering about thus for months,&quot;</p>
+
+<span style='margin-left: 1.5em;'><i>&quot;'No mark upon the tree, nor print, nor track,</i></span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'><i>To lead him forward, or to guide him back.'&quot;</i></span><br />
+
+<p>&quot;contented and happy; yet, for all this, if those who knew him well had
+any true conception of his character, Boone was a man of ambition, and
+shrewdness, and energy, and fine social qualities, and extreme sagacity.
+And individual instances there <i>may</i> have been&mdash;though even this
+possibility is not sustained by the primitive histories of those
+times&mdash;of men who were so far <i>outre</i> to the usual course of their kind,
+as to have afforded originals for the <i>Sam Huggs</i> the <i>Nimrod
+Wildfires</i>, the <i>Ralph Stackpoles</i>, the <i>Tom Bruces</i>, and the
+<i>Earthquakes</i>, which so abound in most of those fictions whose <i>locale</i>
+is the Western country. But that naturalist who should attempt, by ever
+so minute a description of a pied blackbird, to give his readers a
+correct idea of the <i>Gracula Ferruginea</i> of ornithologists, would not
+more utterly fail of accomplishing his object, than have the authors
+whose creations we have named, by delineating such individual
+instances&mdash;by holding up, as it were, such <i>outre</i> specimens of an
+original class&mdash;failed to convey any thing like an accurate impression
+of the habits, customs, and general character of the western pioneers.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Daniel Boone, and those who accompanied him into the wildernesses of
+Kentucky, had been little more than hunters in their original homes, on
+the frontiers of North Carolina; and, with the exception of their
+leader, but little more than hunters did they continue after their
+emigration. The most glowing accounts of the beauty and fertility of the
+country northwest of the Laurel Ridge, had reached their ears from
+Finley and his companions; and they shouldered their guns, strapped
+their wallets upon their backs and wandered through the Cumberland Gap
+into the dense forests, and thick brakes, and beautiful plains which
+soon opened upon their visions, more to indulge a habit of roving, and
+gratify an excited curiosity, than from any other motive; and, arrived
+upon the head-waters of the Kentucky, they built themselves rude log
+cabins, and spent most of their lives in hunting and eating, and
+fighting marauding bands of Indians. Of a similar character were the
+earliest Virginians, who penetrated these wildernesses. The very first,
+indeed, who wandered from the parent State over the Laurel Ridge, down
+into the unknown regions on its northwest, came avowedly as hunters and
+trappers; and such of them as escaped the tomahawk of the Indian, with
+very few exceptions, remained hunters and trappers till their deaths.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;But this first class of pioneers was not either numerous enough, or
+influential enough, to stamp its character upon the after-coming
+hundreds; and the second class of immigrants into Kentucky was composed
+of very different materials. Small farmers from North Carolina,
+Virginia, and Pennsylvania, for the most part, constituted this; and
+these daring adventurers brought with them intelligent and aspiring
+minds, industrious and persevering habits, a few of the comforts of
+civilized life, and some of the implements of husbandry. A number of
+them were men who had received the rudiments of an English education,
+and not a few of them had been reared up in the spirit, and a sincere
+observance of the forms, of religious worship. Many, perhaps most of
+them, were from the frontier settlements of the States named; and these
+combined the habits of the hunter and agriculturist, and possessed, with
+no inconsiderable knowledge of partially refined life, all that boldness
+and energy, which subsequently became so distinctive a trait of the
+character of the early settlers.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This second class of the pioneers, or at least the mass of those who
+constituted it, sought the plains and forests, and streams of Kentucky,
+not to indulge any inclination for listless ramblings; nor as hunters or
+trappers; nor yet for the purpose of gratifying an awakened curiosity:
+they came deliberately, soberly, thoughtfully, <i>in search of a home</i>,
+determined, from the outset, to win one, or perish in the attempt; they
+came to cast their lot in a land that was new, to better their worldly
+condition by the acquisition of demesnes, to build up a new commonwealth
+in an un-peopled region; they came with their wives, and their children,
+and their kindred, from places where the toil of the hand, and the sweat
+of the brow, could hardly supply them with bread, to a land in which
+ordinary industry would, almost at once, furnish all the necessaries of
+life, and when it was plain well-directed effort would ultimately secure
+its ease, its dignity, and its refinements. Poor in the past, and with
+scarce a hope, without a change of place, of a better condition of
+earthly existence, either for themselves or their offspring, they saw
+themselves, <i>with</i> that change, rich in the future, and looked forward
+with certainty to a time when their children, if not themselves, would
+be in a condition improved beyond compare.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There was also a third class of pioneers, who in several respects
+differed as much from either the first or the second class, as these
+differed from each other. This class was composed, in great part, of men
+who came to Kentucky after the way had been in some measure prepared for
+immigrants, and yet before the setting in of that tide of population
+which, a year or two after the close of the American Revolution, poured
+so rapidly into these fertile regions from several of the Atlantic
+States. In this class of immigrants, there were many gentlemen of
+education, refinement, and no inconsiderable wealth; some of whom came
+to Kentucky as surveyors, others as commissioners from the parent State,
+and others again as land speculators; but most of them as <i>bona fide</i>
+immigrants, determined to pitch their tents in the Great West, at once
+to become <i>units</i> of a new people, and to grow into affluence, and
+consideration, and renown, with the growth of a young and vigorous
+commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Such were the founders of Kentucky; and in them we behold the elements
+of a society inferior, in all the essentials of goodness and greatness,
+to none in the world. First came the hunter and trapper, to trace the
+river courses, and spy out the choice spots of the land; then came the
+small farmer and the hardy adventurer, to cultivate the rich plains
+discovered, and lay the nucleuses of the towns and cities, which were so
+soon, and so rapidly, to spring up; and then came the surveyor, to mark
+the boundaries of individual possessions and give civil shape and
+strength to the unformed mass, the speculator to impart a new activity
+and keenness to the minds of men, and the chivalrous and educated
+gentleman, to infuse into the crude materials here collected together,
+the feelings and sentiments of refined existence, and to mold them into
+forms of conventional beauty and social excellence. Kentucky now began
+to have a <i>society</i>, in which were the sinews of war, the power of
+production, and the genius of improvement; and from this time, though
+still harassed, as she had been from the beginning, by the inroads of a
+brave and determined enemy on her north, her advancement was regular and
+rapid.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_VII'></a><h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Daniel Boone sets out for Kentucky with his family and his brother,
+Squire Boone&mdash;Is joined by five families and forty men at Powell's
+Valley&mdash;The party is attacked by Indians, and Daniel Boone 's oldest son
+is killed&mdash;The party return to the settlements on Clinch River&mdash;Boone,
+at the request of Governor Dunmore, goes to the West and conducts a
+party of surveyors to Virginia&mdash;Boone receives the command of three
+garrisons and the commission of Captain&mdash;He takes a part in the Dunmore
+war&mdash;Battle of Point Pleasant and termination of the war.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Having completed all his arrangements for the journey, on the 25th of
+September, 1774, Daniel Boone, with his wife and children, set out on
+his journey to the West. He was accompanied by his brother, Squire
+Boone; and the party took with them cattle and swine, with a view to the
+stocking of their farms, when they should arrive in Kentucky. Their
+bedding and other baggage was carried by pack-horses.</p>
+
+<p>At a place called Powel's Valley, the party was reinforced by another
+body of emigrants to the West consisting of five families and no less
+than forty able-bodied men; well armed and provided with provisions and
+ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>They now went on in high spirits, &quot;camping out&quot; every night in woods,
+under the shelter of rude tents constructed with poles covered with
+bed-clothes. They thus advanced on their journey without accident or
+alarm, until the 6th of October, when they were approaching a pass in
+the mountains, called Cumberland Gap. The young men who were engaged in
+driving the cattle had fallen in rear of the main body a distance of
+five or six miles, when they were suddenly assailed by a party of
+Indians, who killed six of their number and dispersed the cattle in the
+woods. A seventh man escaped with a wound. The reports of the musketry
+brought the remainder of the party to the rescue, who drove off the
+Indians and buried the dead. Among the slain was the oldest son of
+Daniel Boone.</p>
+
+<p>A council was now held to determine on their future proceedings.
+Notwithstanding the dreadful domestic misfortune which he had
+experienced in the loss of his son, Daniel Boone was for proceeding to
+Kentucky; in this opinion he was sustained by his brother and some of
+the other emigrants; but most of them were so much disheartened by the
+misfortune they had met with, that they insisted on returning; and Boone
+and his brother yielding to their wishes, returned to the settlement on
+the Clinch River, in the south-western part of Virginia, a distance of
+forty miles from the place where they had been surprised by the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>Here Boone was obliged to remain with his family for the present; but he
+had by no means relinquished his design of settling in Kentucky. This
+delay, however, was undoubtedly a providential one; for in consequence
+of the murder of the family of the Indian chief Logan, a terrible Indian
+war, called in history the Dunmore War, was impending, which broke out
+in the succeeding year, and extended to that part of the West to which
+Boone and his party were proceeding, when they were turned back by the
+attack of the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>In this war Daniel Boone was destined to take an active part. In his
+autobiography, already quoted, he says:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I remained with my family on Clinch until the 6th of June, 1774, when I
+and one Michael Stoner were solicited by Governor Dunmore, of Virginia,
+to go to the Falls of the Ohio, to conduct into the settlement a number
+of surveyors that had been sent thither by him some months before; this
+country having about this time drawn the attention of many adventurers.
+We immediately complied with the governor's request, and conducted in
+the surveyors, completing a tour of eight hundred miles, through many
+difficulties, in sixty-two day.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Soon after I returned home, I was ordered to take command of three
+garrisons, during the campaign which Governor Dunmore carried on against
+the Shawanese Indians.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>These three garrisons were on the frontier contiguous to each other;
+and with the command of them Boone received a commission as captain.</p>
+
+<p>We quote from a contemporary an account of the leading events of this
+campaign, and of the battle of Point Pleasant, which may be said to have
+terminated the war. Whether Boone was present at this battle is
+uncertain; but his well-known character for ability and courage, renders
+it probable that he took a part in the action.</p>
+
+<p>The settlers, now aware that a general warfare would be commenced by the
+Indians, immediately sent an express to Williamsburg, the seat of
+government in Virginia, communicating their apprehensions, and
+soliciting protection.</p>
+
+<p>The Legislature was in session at the time, and it was immediately
+resolved upon to raise an army of about three thousand men, and march
+into the heart of the Indian country.</p>
+
+<p>One half of the requisite number of troops was ordered to be raised in
+Virginia, and marched under General Andrew Lewis across the country to
+the mouth of the Kenhawa; and the remainder to be rendezvoused at Fort
+Pitt, and be commanded by Dunmore in person, who proposed to descend the
+Ohio and join Lewis at the place mentioned, from where the combined
+army was to march as circumstances might dictate at the time.</p>
+
+<p>By the 11th of September the troops under General Lewis, numbering about
+eleven hundred men, were in readiness to leave. The distance across to
+the mouth of the Kenhawa, was near one hundred and sixty miles through
+an unbroken wilderness. A competent guide was secured, the baggage
+mounted on pack horses, and in nineteen days they arrived at the place
+of destination.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning after the arrival of the army at Point Pleasant, as the
+point of land at the junction of the Kenhawa and the Ohio was called,
+two men were out some distance from the camp, in pursuit of a deer, and
+were suddenly fired upon by a large body of Indians; one was killed, and
+the other with difficulty retreated back to the army; who hastily
+reported &quot;that he had seen a body of the enemy covering four acres of
+ground, as closely as they could stand by the side of each other.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>General Lewis was a remarkably cool and considerate man; and upon being
+informed of this, &quot;after deliberately lighting his pipe,&quot; gave orders
+that the regiment under his brother, Colonel Charles Lewis, and another
+under Colonel Fleming, should march and reconnoiter the enemy, while he
+would place the remainder of the troops in order for battle. The two
+regiments marched without delay, and had not proceeded more than four
+hundred yards when they were met by the Indians, approaching for the
+same purpose. A skirmish immediately ensued, and before the contest had
+continued long, the colonels of the two regiments fell mortally wounded,
+when a disorder in the ranks followed, and the troops began a
+precipitate retreat; but almost at this moment another regiment under
+Colonel Field arriving to their aid and coming up with great firmness to
+the attack effectually checked the savages in the pursuit, and obliged
+them in turn to give way till they had retired behind a breastwork of
+logs and brush which they had partially constructed.</p>
+
+<p>Lewis, on his arrival at the place, had encamped quite on the point of
+land between the Ohio and Kenhawa, and having moved but a short distance
+out to the attack, the distance across from river to river was still but
+short. The Indians soon extending their ranks entirely across, had the
+Virginians completely hemmed in, and in the event of getting the better
+of them, had them at their disposal, as there could have been no chance
+for escape.</p>
+
+<p>Never was ground maintained with more obstinacy; for it was slowly, and
+with no precipitancy, that the Indians retired to their breastwork. The
+division under Lewis was first broken, although that under Fleming was
+nearly at the same moment attacked. This heroic officer first received
+two balls through his left wrist, but continued to exercise his command
+with the greatest coolness and presence of mind. His voice was
+continually heard, &quot;Don't lose an inch of ground. Advance, outflank the
+enemy, and get between them and the river.&quot; But his men were about to be
+outflanked by the body that had just defeated Lewis; meanwhile the
+arrival of Colonel Field turned the fortune of the day, but not without
+a severe loss; Colonel Fleming was again wounded, by a shot through the
+lungs; yet he would not retire, and Colonel Field was killed as he was
+leading on his men. The whole line of the breastwork now became as a
+blaze of fire, which lasted nearly till the close of the day. Here the
+Indians under Logan, Cornstock, Elenipsico, Red-Eagle, and other mighty
+chiefs of the tribes of the Shawneese, Delawares, Mingos, Wyandots, and
+Cayugas, amounting, as was supposed, to fifteen hundred warriors,
+fought, as men will ever do for their country's wrongs, with a bravery
+which could only be equaled. The voice of the great Cornstock was often
+heard during the day, above the din of strife, calling on his men in
+these words: &quot;Be strong! Be strong!&quot; And when by the repeated charges
+of the whites, some of his warriors began to waver, he is said to have
+sunk his tomahawk into the head of one who was basely endeavoring to
+desert. General Lewis, finding at length that every charge upon the
+lines of the Indians lessened the number of his forces to an alarming
+degree, and rightly judging that if the Indians were not routed before
+it was dark, a day of more doubt might follow, he resolved to throw a
+body, if possible, into their rear. As the good fortune of the
+Virginians turned, the bank of the river favored this project, and
+forthwith three companies were detached upon the enterprise, under the
+three captains, Isaac Shelby (after renowned in the revolution, and
+since in the war with Canada,) George Matthews, and John Stewart. These
+companies got unobserved to their place of destination upon Crooked
+Creek, which runs into the Kenhawa. From the high weeds upon the bank of
+this little stream, they rushed upon the backs of the Indians with such
+fury, as to drive them from their works with precipitation. The day was
+now decided. The Indians, thus beset from a quarter they did not expect,
+were ready to conclude that a reinforcement had arrived. It was about,
+sunset when they fled across the Ohio, and immediately took up their
+march for their towns on the Scioto.</p>
+
+<p>Of the loss of both Indians and whites in this engagement, various
+statements have been given. A number amounting to seventy-five killed,
+and one hundred and forty wounded of the whites, has been rendered; with
+a loss on part of the Indians not so great, but not correctly known.<a name='FNanchor_21'></a><a href='#Footnote_21'><sup>[21]</sup></a>
+This was the severest battle ever fought with the Indians in Virginia.
+Shortly after this battle the Indians sent messengers to Governor
+Dunmore, suing for peace, and a treaty was accordingly concluded. In
+this treaty the Indians surrendered all claim to Kentucky. The Six
+Nations had already done the same thing at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in
+1768. The Cherokees had sold their claims to Henderson's company; so
+that when Boone settled in Kentucky it was effectually cleared of all
+Indian titles.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_VIII'></a><h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The militia discharged&mdash;Captain Boone returns to his family&mdash;Henderson's
+company&mdash;Various companies of emigrants to Kentucky&mdash;Bounty
+lands&mdash;Harrod's party builds the first log-cabin erected in Kentucky,
+and founds Harrodsburg&mdash;Proceedings of Henderson's company&mdash;Agency of
+Captain Boone&mdash;He leads a company to open a road to Kentucky
+River&mdash;Conflicts with the Indians&mdash;Captain Boone founds
+Boonesborough&mdash;His own account of this expedition&mdash;His letter to
+Henderson&mdash;Account of Colonel Henderson and the Transylvania
+Company&mdash;Failure of the scheme&mdash;Probability of Boone having been several
+years in the service of Henderson.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>On the conclusion of Dunmore's war, the militia were discharged from
+service, the garrisons which had been under Captain Daniel Boone's
+command were broken up, and he once more returned to his family, who
+were still residing on Clinch River. But he was not long permitted to
+remain comparatively idle. Captain Boone's character as an able officer
+and a bold pioneer, was now well known and appreciated by the public.
+The marks of confidence bestowed on him by Governor Dunmore rendered him
+one of the most conspicuous men in the Southern colonies, and his
+services were soon to be put in requisition by the most considerable and
+remarkable of all the parties of adventurers who ever sought a home in
+the West. This was Henderson's company, called the Transylvania Company,
+to whose proceedings we shall presently refer.</p>
+
+<p>Between 1769 and 1773, various associations of men were formed, in
+Virginia and North Carolina, for visiting the newly-discovered regions
+and locating lands; and several daring adventurers, at different times
+during this period, penetrated to the head-waters of the Licking River,
+and did some surveying; but it was not till the year 1774 that the
+whites obtained any permanent foothold in Kentucky. From this year,
+therefore, properly dates the commencement of the early settlements of
+the State.<a name='FNanchor_22'></a><a href='#Footnote_22'><sup>[22]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The first great impetus given to adventure in Kentucky was by the bounty
+in Western land given by Virginia to the officers and soldiers of her
+own troops who had served in the British army in the old war in Canada
+between the English and French. These lands were to be surveyed on the
+Ohio River, and its tributaries, by the claimants thus created, who had
+the privilege of selecting them wherever they pleased within the
+prescribed regions. The first locations were made upon the Great Kenawha
+in the year 1772, and the next on the south side of the Ohio itself the
+following year. During this year, likewise, extensive tracts of land
+were located on the north fork of the Licking, and surveys made of
+several salt-licks, and other choice spots. But 1774 was more signalized
+than had been any preceding year by the arrival, in the new &quot;land of
+promise,&quot; of the claimants to portions of its territory, and the
+execution of surveys. Among the hardy adventurers who descended the Ohio
+this year and penetrated to the interior of Kentucky by the river of
+that name, was James Harrod, who led a party of Virginians from the
+shores of the Monongahela. He disembarked at a point still known as
+&quot;Harrod's Landing,&quot; and, crossing the country in a direction nearly
+west, paused in the midst of a beautiful and fertile region, and <i>built
+the first log-cabin</i> ever erected in Kentucky, on or near the site of
+the present town of Harrodsburg. This was in the spring, or early part
+of the summer, of 1774.<a name='FNanchor_23'></a><a href='#Footnote_23'><sup>[23]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The high-wrought descriptions of the country north west of the Laurel
+Ridge, which were given by Daniel Boone upon his return to North
+Carolina after his first long visit to Kentucky, circulated with great
+rapidity throughout the entire State, exciting the avarice of
+speculators and inflaming the imaginations of nearly all classes of
+people. The organization of several companies, for the purpose of
+pushing adventure in the new regions and acquiring rights to land, was
+immediately attempted; but that which commenced under the auspices of
+Colonel Richard Henderson, a gentleman of education and means, soon
+engaged public attention by the extent and boldness of its scheme, and
+the energy of its movements; and either frightened from their purpose,
+or attracted to its own ranks, the principal of those individuals who
+had at first been active in endeavoring to form other associations.</p>
+
+<p>The whole of that vast extent of country lying within the natural
+boundaries constituted by the Ohio, Kentucky, and Cumberland rivers, was
+at this time claimed by a portion of the Cherokee Indians, who resided
+within the limits of North Carolina; and the scheme of Henderson's
+Company was nothing less than to take possession of this immense
+territory, under color of a purchase from those Indians, which they
+intended to make, and the preliminary negotiations for which were opened
+with the Cherokees, through the agency of Daniel Boone, as soon as the
+company was fully organized. Boone's mission to the Indians having been
+attended with complete success, and the result thereof being conveyed to
+the company, Colonel Henderson at once started for Fort Wataga, on a
+branch of the Holston River, fully authorized to effect the purchase;
+and here, on the 17th of March, 1775, he met the Indians in solemn
+council, delivered them a satisfactory consideration in merchandise, and
+received a deed signed by their head chiefs.</p>
+
+<p>The purchase made, the next important step was to take possession of the
+territory thus acquired. The proprietors were not slow to do this, but
+immediately collected a small company of brave and hardy men, which
+they sent into Kentucky, under the direction of Daniel Boone, to open a
+road from the Holston to the Kentucky River, and erect a Station at the
+mouth of Otter Creek upon this latter.</p>
+
+<p>After a laborious and hazardous march through the wilderness, during
+which four men were killed, and five others wounded, by trailing and
+skulking parties of hostile Indians, Boone and his company reached the
+banks of the Kentucky on the first of April, and descending this some
+fifteen miles, encamped upon the spot where Boonesborough now stands.
+Here the bushes were at once cut down, the ground leveled, the nearest
+trees felled, the foundations laid for a fort, and the first settlement
+of Kentucky commenced.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the reader would like to see Boone's own account of these
+proceedings. Here is the passage where he mentions it in his
+autobiography. He has just been speaking of Governor Dunmore's war
+against the Shawanese Indians: &quot;After the conclusion of which, he says,
+the militia was discharged from each garrison, and I being relieved from
+my post, was solicited by a number of North Carolina gentlemen, that
+were about purchasing the lands lying on the South side of Kentucky
+River from the Cherokee Indians, to attend their treaty at Wataga, in
+March, 1775, to negotiate with them, and mention the boundaries of the
+purchase. This I accepted; and at the request of the same gentlemen,
+undertook to mark out a road in the best passage through the wilderness
+to Kentucky, with such assistance as I thought necessary to employ for
+such an important undertaking?</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I soon began this work, having collected a number of enterprising men,
+well armed. We proceeded with all possible expedition until we came
+within fifteen miles of where Boonesborough now stands, and where we
+were fired upon by a party of Indians, that killed two, and wounded two
+of our number; yet, although surprised and taken at a disadvantage, we
+stood our ground. This was on the twentieth of March, 1775. Three days
+after we were fired upon again, and had two men killed and three
+wounded. Afterward we proceeded on to Kentucky River without opposition,
+and on the fifth day of April began to erect the fort of Boonesborough
+at a salt-lick, about sixty yards from the river, on the south side.&quot; </p>
+
+<p>&quot;On the fourth day, the Indians killed one of our men. We were busily
+engaged in building the fort, until the fourteenth day of June
+following, without any further opposition from the Indians.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In addition to this account by Captain Boone, we have another in a sort
+of official report made by him to Colonel Richard Henderson, the head of
+the company in whose service Boone was then employed. It is cited by
+Peck in his Life of Boone, as follows:</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>&quot;<i>April 15th, 1775</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Dear Colonel: After my compliments to you, I shall acquaint you with
+our misfortune. On March the 25th a party of Indians fired on my company
+about half an hour before day, and killed Mr. Twitty and his negro, and
+wounded Mr. Walker very deeply but I hope he will recover.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;On March the 28th, as we were hunting for provisions, we found Samuel
+Tate's son, who gave us an account that the Indians fired on their camp
+on the 27th day. My brother and I went down and found two men killed and
+scalped, Thomas McDowell and Jeremiah McPeters. I have sent a man down
+to all the lower companies in order to gather them all to the mouth of
+Otter Creek. My advice to you, sir, is to come or send as soon as
+possible. Your company is desired greatly, for the people are very
+uneasy, but are willing to stay and venture their lives with you; and
+now is the time to flusterate their (the Indians) intentions, and keep
+the country whilst we are in it. If we give way to them now, it will
+ever be the case This day we start from the battle-ground for the mouth
+of Otter Creek, where we shall immediately erect a fort, which will be
+done before you can come or send; then we can send ten men to meet you
+if you send for them.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am, sir, your most obedient,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;DANIEL BOONE.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;N.B.&mdash;We stood on the ground and guarded our baggage till day, and lost
+nothing. We have about fifteen miles to Cantuck, at Otter Creek.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Henderson was one of the most remarkable men of his time. He was
+born in Hanover County, Virginia, April 20th, 1735, the same year with
+Boone. He studied law, and was appointed judge of the Superior Court of
+North Carolina under the Colonial government. The troubled times of the
+Regulators shut up the courts of justice. In 1774 he engaged in his
+grand scheme of founding the republic of Transylvania, and united with
+him John Williams, Leonard Hendly Bullock, of Granville; William
+Johnston, James Hogg, Thomas Hart, John Lutterell, Nathaniel Hart, and
+David Hart, of Orange County, in the company which made the purchase of
+the immense tract of lands above referred to.</p>
+
+<p>The company took possession of the lands on the 20th of April, 1775; the
+Indians appointing an agent to deliver them according to law.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor of North Carolina, Martin, issued his proclamation in 1775,
+declaring this purchase illegal. The State subsequently granted 200,000
+acres to the company in lieu of this.</p>
+
+<p>The State of Virginia declared the same, but granted the company a
+remuneration of 200,000 acres, bounded by the Ohio and Green rivers. The
+State of Tennessee claimed the lands, but made a similar grant to the
+company in Powell's Valley. Thus, though the original scheme of founding
+an independent republic failed, the company made their fortunes by the
+speculation. Henderson died at his seat in Granville, January 30, 1785,
+universally beloved and respected.</p>
+
+<p>What makes Henderson and his company particularly interesting to the
+admirers of Daniel Boone is, the strong probability that the purchase of
+the Cherokees was made on his representation and by his advice. This is
+the opinion of Judge Hall and of Mr. Peck, who also believe that Boone
+was already in the service of Henderson when he made his long journey to
+Kentucky. &quot;This theory,&quot; says Mr. Peck, &quot;explains why his brother,
+Squire Boone, came out with supplies, and why they examined the country
+so fully and particularly between the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_IX'></a><h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Description of the Old Fort at Boonesborough&mdash;Usual methods of
+fortifications against the Indians&mdash;Arrival of more settlers at
+Boonesborough&mdash;Captain Boone returns to the Clinch River to bring out
+his family&mdash;He enlists new emigrants and starts for Kentucky&mdash;Reinforced
+by a large party at Powel's Valley&mdash;Arrival at Boonesborough&mdash;Arrival of
+many new settlers at Boonesborough and Harrod's settlement&mdash;Arrival of
+Kenton, Floyd, the McAfees, and other distinguished persons&mdash;Arrival of
+Colonel Richard Callaway.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>As the old fort at Boonesborough became so celebrated in the Indian wars
+which followed its erection, our readers may be curious to know what
+sort of structure it was. &quot;We have accordingly copied from a print in
+Collins' Historical Sketches of Kentucky a view of the fort, from a
+drawing made by Colonel Henderson himself, and the following
+description: 'It was situated adjacent to the river, with one of the
+angles resting on its bank near the water, and extending from it in the
+form of a parallelogram. The length of the fort, allowing twenty feet
+for each cabin and opening, must have been about two hundred and sixty,
+and the breadth one hundred and fifty feet. In a few days after the work
+was commenced, one of the men was killed by the Indians.' The houses,
+being built of hewn logs, were bullet proof. They were of a square form,
+and one of them projected from each corner, being connected by
+stockades. The remaining space on the four sides, as will be seen by the
+engraving, was filled up with cabins erected of rough logs, placed close
+together. The gates were on opposite sides, made of thick slabs of
+timber, and hung on wooden hinges. This was in accordance with the
+fashion of the day.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A fort, in those rude military times,&quot; says Butler,<a name='FNanchor_24'></a><a href='#Footnote_24'><sup>[24]</sup></a> &quot;consisted of
+pieces of timber sharpened at the end and firmly lodged in the ground:
+rows of these pickets enclosed the desired space, which embraced the
+cabins of the inhabitants. A block-house or more, of superior care and
+strength, commanding the sides of the fort, with or without a ditch,
+completed the fortifications or Stations, as they were called. Generally
+the sides of the interior cabins formed the sides of the fort. Slight as
+this advance was in the art of war, it was more than sufficient against
+attacks of small arms in the hands of such desultory warriors, as their
+irregular supply of provisions necessarily rendered the Indians. Such
+was the nature of the military structures of the provision against their
+enemies. They were ever more formidable in the canebrakes and in the
+woods than before even these imperfect fortifications.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We have seen in Boone's own account that the fort at Boonesborough was
+completed on the 14th of June, 1774. The buildings necessary for the
+accommodation and safety of the little colony, and of the relatives and
+friends by whom they expected to be joined during the summer and fall,
+were completed about this time. Colonel Henderson, Mr. John Luttrell,
+and Mr. Nathaniel Hart, three of the proprietors, arrived at the
+station, which was now named Boonesborough, in compliment to the
+intrepid pioneer. These gentlemen brought out with them between thirty
+and forty new settlers, a goodly number of pack-horses, and some of the
+necessaries of civilized life; and the Station, upon which various
+improvements were soon made, at once became quite a bustling, life-like,
+important <i>military</i> place. Much pleased with the manner in which he had
+commenced the settlement of a new commonwealth, and laid the foundations
+of what he doubted not was soon to become a great city, Boone took a
+part of his men and returned to the settlement on Clinch River, for the
+purpose of setting an example to others by moving out his own family.</p>
+
+<p>The daring pioneer was now in high spirits, and more than ever
+enraptured with the deep forests and rich plains of Kentucky. He sounded
+their praises without intermission among the settlers on Clinch River,
+and soon induced a number of persons to agree to accompany him on his
+return to Boonesborough. He then went about making his domestic
+arrangements, for a final removal to Kentucky, with great energy; and
+these being soon completed, in September or October he turned his back
+upon his old home forever, and started with his family and a few
+followers toward that which his unsurpassed daring and rude skill had
+prepared for them in a new land. In Powell's Valley he found Hugh
+McGary, Richard Hogan, and Thomas Denton, with their families and
+followers, awaiting his arrival. His companions, as now increased,
+amounted to twenty-six men, four women, and four or five boys and girls,
+perhaps half grown; and placing himself at the head of this interesting
+little colony, he proudly led it through the Cumberland Gap into the
+wilderness beyond, where it was destined to be the germ of a great
+State.</p>
+
+<p>When this party had arrived at the head of Dick's River, McGary, Denton,
+and Hogan, with their families and a few followers, separated themselves
+from the rest, and struck through the forest for the spot where Harrod
+and his Monongahelians had built their cabin the year before. Boone,
+with the main body of the party, continued his original course, and in
+due time arrived safely at Boonesborough; &quot;and Mrs. Boone and her
+daughter,&quot; it is always recorded with an air of pleasant exultation by
+the admirers of the old pioneer, &quot;were the earliest white women in that
+region, and the first of their sex and color that ever stood upon the
+banks of the wild and beautiful Kentucky.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>During the latter part of the year 1775, a great many adventurers and
+surveyors, principally from Virginia and North Carolina, made their
+appearance in Kentucky; and for all such, Boonesborough was a place of
+general rendezvous. Some united themselves to Boone's colony, and
+remained permanently at his Station: others clustered abound Harrod's
+Old Cabin, and the Fort which had by this time been erected by Logan,
+and made &quot;improvements&quot; in the vicinity of each; but most of them
+returned to their several homes after having made such locations and
+surveys as they thought proper. Among those by whom Boone was visited in
+the course of this year, were several men who have subsequently rendered
+very important services in the settlement of the West, and attained
+great and deserved celebrity: such were Simon Kenton, John Floyd, the
+four brothers McAfee, and others. A tolerably good road, sufficient for
+the passage of pack-horses in single file, had been opened from the
+settlements on the Holston to Boonesborough, by the party which Boone
+led out early in the following spring; and this now became the
+thoroughfare for other adventurers, a number of whom removed their
+families from North Carolina to Kentucky, and settled at Boonesborough,
+during the fall and winter of this year. Colonel Richard Callaway was
+one of these; and there were others of equal respectability.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_X'></a><h2>CHAPTER X.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Disturbed state of the country in 1775&mdash;Breaking out of the
+Revolutionary war&mdash;Exposed situation of the Kentucky
+settlements&mdash;Hostility of the Indians excited by the British&mdash;First
+political convention in the West&mdash;Capture of Boone's daughter and the
+daughters of Colonel Callaway by the Indians&mdash;Their rescue by a party
+led by Boone and Callaway&mdash;Increased caution of the colonists at
+Boonesborough&mdash;Alarm and desertion of the Colonies in the West by land
+speculators and other adventurers&mdash;A reinforcement of forty-five men
+from North Carolina arrive at Boonesborough&mdash;Indian attack on
+Boonesborough in April&mdash;Another attack in July&mdash;Attack on Logan's Fort,
+and siege&mdash;Attack on Harrodsburg.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>The reader will not fail to remark that the period at which Daniel Boone
+commenced the settlement of Kentucky, was the most eventful one in the
+history of our country. In the year 1775 hostilities between Great
+Britain and her American Colonies commenced at Lexington and Concord,
+and the whole country was mustering in arms at the time when Boone and
+the other western emigrants were forming settlements four hundred miles
+beyond the frontiers of Virginia and the Carolinas. Encouraged by the
+treaty of Lord Dunmore with the Indians in 1774, and knowing the Indian
+titles to the lands they were occupying to have been extinguished, they
+naturally counted on an unmolested possession of the region they were
+settling. But in this expectation they were sorely disappointed. The
+English officers and agents in the northwest were indefatigable in
+stimulating the Indians to attack the American colonists in every
+quarter. They supplied them with arms and ammunition, bribed them with
+money, and aided and encouraged them to attack the feeble settlements in
+Kentucky and Tennessee. But Providence overruled these circumstances for
+the benefit of the Western country. &quot;The settlement of Kentucky led to
+the conquest of the British posts in Illinois and Indiana, in 1778, and
+eventually threw the wide valleys of the West under control of the
+American Union.&quot; <a name='FNanchor_25'></a><a href='#Footnote_25'><sup>[25]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The settlers in Kentucky in 1775, were still acting under the belief
+that the claims purchased by Henderson and Company from the Cherokees
+were valid, and that &quot;the Proprietors of the Colony of Transylvania&quot;
+were really founding a political State. Under this impression they took
+leases from the Company, and in the course of the year, eighteen
+delegates assembled in convention at Boonesborough, and acknowledged the
+Company as lawful proprietors, &quot;established courts of justice, and rules
+for proceeding therein; also a militia law, a law for the preservation
+of game, and for appointing civil and militia officers.&quot; <a name='FNanchor_26'></a><a href='#Footnote_26'><sup>[26]</sup></a> This was
+the first political convention ever held in the Western Valley for the
+formation of a free government.<a name='FNanchor_27'></a><a href='#Footnote_27'><sup>[27]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The winter and spring of 1776<a name='FNanchor_28'></a><a href='#Footnote_28'><sup>[28]</sup></a> were passed by the little colony of
+Boonesborough in hunting, fishing, clearing the lands immediately
+contiguous to the station, and putting in a crop of corn. The colonists
+were molested but once by their enemies during the winter, when one man
+was killed by a small band of marauding Indians, who suddenly appeared
+in the vicinity, and as suddenly departed.</p>
+
+<p>In the middle summer month, an incident of a thrilling character
+occurred, which cast a deep but only momentary shadow upon the little
+society of Boonesborough. This was the capture, by some skulking Indians
+belonging to a numerous band who were now prowling through the woods and
+brakes of Kentucky, and occasionally approaching the settlements for the
+purpose of plunder, of three young females, members of the families of
+Boone and Callaway.</p>
+
+<p>This incident, which has been taken as the ground-work of two or three
+western fictions, and also had thrown around it all the warm coloring of
+romance, by writers professing to deal only with the authentic, is thus
+briefly related in the papers of Colonel John Floyd, as quoted by Mr.
+Butler:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;On the 7th of July, 1776, the Indians took out of a canoe which was in
+the river, within sight of Boonesborough, Miss Betsey Callaway, her
+sister Frances, and a daughter of Daniel Boone. The last two were about
+thirteen or fourteen years of age, and the other grown.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The affair happened late in the afternoon, and the spoilers left the
+canoe on the opposite side of the river from us, which prevented our
+getting over for some time to pursue them. Next morning by daylight we
+were on the track, but found they had totally prevented our following
+them by walking some distance apart through the thickest cane they could
+find. We observed their course, however, and on which side they had left
+their sign, and traveled upward of thirty miles. We then imagined that
+they would be less cautious in traveling, and made a turn in order to
+cross their trace, and had gone but a few miles before we found their
+tracks in a buffalo-path.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Pursuing this for the distance of about ten miles, we overtook them
+just as they were kindling a fire to cook. Our study had been more to
+get the prisoners without giving their captors time to murder them after
+they should discover us, than to kill the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We discovered each other nearly at the same time. Four of our party
+fired, and then all rushed upon them, which prevented their carrying
+any thing away except one shot-gun without any ammunition. Mr. Boone and
+myself had a pretty fair shot, just as they began to move off. I am well
+convinced I shot one through; the one he shot dropped his gun, mine had
+none.&quot;</p>
+
+<a name='FIG5'></a><center>
+   <img src='images/boone-5.png' width='100%' alt='ILLUSTRATION: CAPTURE OF BOONES DAUGHTER' title='CAPTURE OF BOONES DAUGHTER'>
+</center>
+<center><b>CAPTURE OF BOONE'S DAUGHTER</b></center><br />
+
+
+<p>&quot;The place was very thick with cane; and being so much elated on
+recovering the three little broken-hearted girls, prevented our making
+any further search. We sent them off without moccasins, and not one of
+them with so much as a knife or a tomahawk.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Although the people of the little colony of Boonesborough were not aware
+of the fact at the time, the marauding Indians who thus captured Miss
+Boone and the Misses Callaway, as they were amusing themselves by
+paddling about the foot of the rock in the canoe, were one of the many
+scouting parties of Indians who were scattered about watching all the
+different settlements in Kentucky, and preparing to attack them. The
+incident of the capture of the girls spread an alarm, and guards were
+stationed to defend the hands who were engaged in cultivating the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>Toward autumn the alarm of Indian hostilities, and the knowledge that
+war was raging throughout the Colonies east of the mountains, excited so
+much alarm, that some three hundred land speculators and other
+adventurers deserted the Western country and returned to their old
+homes.<a name='FNanchor_29'></a><a href='#Footnote_29'><sup>[29]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>With the exception of the capture of the young girls mentioned above, no
+incident is recorded as having disturbed the tranquility of
+Boonesborough during the year 1776. An occasional immigrant added a new
+member to its little society, who assisted in the labors of the hardy
+colonists on the surrounding grounds. But its numbers received no
+considerable increase till the following summer, when (25th July, 1777,)
+a party of immigrants from North Carolina, consisting of forty-five men,
+arrived in the country, and took up their first abode in the wilderness
+at Boonesborough.</p>
+
+<p>This was a fortunate circumstance for that station, and great cause of
+rejoicing among all the settlements, for there were none of them that
+had not been much molested by the Indians since the opening of spring,
+and one or two of them had undergone long and regular Indian sieges.</p>
+
+<p>Boonesborough had been surrounded by about one hundred of the enemy, as
+early as the middle of April, 1777, and fiercely attacked. But the
+Indians were so warmly received by the garrison on this occasion, that
+they in a very little time withdrew, having killed one of the settlers,
+and wounded four others. Their own loss could not be ascertained.</p>
+
+<p>Increased to two hundred warriors, this party had returned to the attack
+of Boonesborough on the fourth of July.<a name='FNanchor_30'></a><a href='#Footnote_30'><sup>[30]</sup></a> On the present occasion,
+having sent detachments to alarm and annoy the neighboring settlements,
+in order that no reinforcements should be sent to Boonesborough, the
+Indians encamped about the place, with the object of attempting its
+reduction by a regular siege. After a close and vigorous attack for two
+days and nights, in which they succeeded in killing but one man and
+wounding four others, the Indians, losing all hope of success, suddenly,
+and with great clamor, raised the siege, and disappeared in the adjacent
+forest. Their own loss was seven warriors, whose fall was noted from the
+fort.</p>
+
+<p>After this attack, Boonesborough was disturbed no more by the Indians
+during the year. Had it been after the arrival of the immigrants above
+referred to, it would, in all probability, have taught its indefatigable
+enemies a lesson such as they had never then received at the hands of
+the Kentuckians.</p>
+
+<p>But notwithstanding these two considerable attacks, and the &quot;signs&quot; of
+Indians in the surrounding forests for the whole summer, the men
+continued to clear the lands adjacent to the Station, and to cultivate
+corn and garden vegetables, some always keeping a vigilant look-out
+while the others labored. For supplies of meat they depended upon the
+forests, each of the men taking his turn as a hunter, at great hazard.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime, the other settlements in Kentucky had suffered attacks from
+the Indians. Logan's Fort was invested by a force of one hundred Indians
+on the 20th of May, 1777, and after sustaining a vigorous siege for
+several days, was finally relieved by the timely arrival of a
+reinforcement commanded by Colonel Bowman. On the 7th of March, 1777,
+the fort at Harrodsburg, then called Harrodstown, was assailed by a body
+of Indians, but they were speedily driven off, one of their number being
+killed. The whites had four men wounded, one of whom afterward died of
+his wounds.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XI'></a><h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Arrival of George Rogers Clark in Kentucky&mdash;Anecdote of his conversation
+with Ray&mdash;Clark and Jones chosen as delegates for the Colonies to the
+Virginia Legislature&mdash;Clark's important services in obtaining a
+political organization for Kentucky, and an abundant supply of gunpowder
+from the government of Virginia&mdash;Great labor and difficulty in bringing
+the powder to Harrodstown&mdash;Clark's expedition against
+Kaskaskias&mdash;Surprise and capture of their fort&mdash;Perilous and difficult
+march to Vincennes&mdash;Surprise and capture of that place&mdash;Extension of
+the Virginian settlements&mdash;Erection of Fort Jefferson.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Among the most celebrated pioneers of the West, was General George
+Rogers Clark, who, at the time we are now writing of, bore the rank of
+Major. Anxious for the protection of the Western settlements, he was
+already planning his celebrated conquest of the British posts in the
+northwest.</p>
+
+<p>He first came to Kentucky in 1775, and penetrated to Harrodsburg, which
+had been reoccupied by Colonel Harrod. In this visit, from his well
+known and commanding talents, he was voluntarily placed in command of
+the irregular troops then in Kentucky In the fall he returned to
+Virginia, and came back again to Kentucky in 1776. Mr. Butler relates
+the following anecdote, received from the lips of General Ray, as having
+occurred with General Clark upon his second visit: &quot;I had come down,&quot;
+said General Ray, &quot;to where I now live (about four miles north of
+Harrodsburg), to turn some horses in the range. I had killed a small
+blue-wing duck that was feeding in my spring, and had roasted it nicely
+on the brow of the hill, about twenty steps east of my house. After
+having taken it off to cool, I was much surprised on being suddenly
+accosted by a fine soldierly-looking man, who exclaimed, 'How do you do,
+my little fellow? What is your name? Ain't you afraid of being in the
+woods by yourself?' On satisfying his inquiries, I invited the traveler
+to partake of my duck, which he did, without leaving me a bone to pick,
+his appetite was so keen, though he should have been welcome to all the
+game I could have killed, when I afterward became acquainted with his
+noble and gallant soul.&quot; After satisfying his questions, he inquired of
+the stranger his own name and business in this remote region. &quot;My name
+is Clark,&quot; he answered, &quot;and I have come out to see what you brave
+fellows are doing in Kentucky, and to lend you a helping hand if
+necessary.&quot; General Ray, then a boy of sixteen, conducted Clark to
+Harrodsburg, where he spent his time in observation on the condition and
+prospects of the country, natural to his comprehensive mind, and
+assisting at every opportunity in its defense.</p>
+
+<p>At a general meeting of the settlers at Harrodstown, on the 6th of June,
+1775, General George Rogers Clark, and Gabriel John Jones, were chosen
+to represent them in the Assembly of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>This, however, was not precisely the thing contemplated by Clark.<a name='FNanchor_31'></a><a href='#Footnote_31'><sup>[31]</sup></a> He
+wished that the people should appoint <i>agents</i>, with general powers to
+<i>negotiate</i> with the government of Virginia, and in the event that that
+commonwealth should refuse to recognize the colonists as within its
+jurisdiction and under its protection, he proposed to employ the lands
+of the country as a fund to obtain settlers and establish an independent
+State. The election had, however, gone too far to change its object when
+Clark arrived at Harrodstown, and the gentlemen elected, although aware
+that the choice could give them no seat in the legislature, proceeded to
+Williamsburg, at that time the seat of government. After suffering the
+most severe privations in their journey through the wilderness, the
+delegates found, on their arrival in Virginia, that the Legislature had
+adjourned, whereupon Jones directed his steps to the settlements on the
+Holston, and left Clark to attend to the Kentucky mission alone.</p>
+
+<p>He immediately waited on Governor Henry, then lying sick at his
+residence in Hanover County, to whom he stated the objects of his
+journey. These meeting the approbation of the governor, he gave Clark a
+letter to the Executive Council of the State. &quot;With this letter in his
+hand he appeared before the council, and after acquainting them fully
+with the condition and circumstances of the colony, he made application
+for five hundred-weight of gunpowder for the defense of the various
+stations. But with every disposition to assist and promote the growth of
+these remote and infant settlements, the council felt itself restrained
+by the uncertain and indefinite state of the relations existing between
+the colonists and the state of Virginia, from complying fully with his
+demand. The Kentuckians had not yet been recognized by the Legislature
+as citizens, and the proprietary claimants, Henderson &amp; Co., were at
+this time exerting themselves to obtain from Virginia, a relinquishment
+of her jurisdiction over the new territory. The council, therefore,
+could only afford to <i>lend</i> the gunpowder to the colonists as
+<i>friends</i>, not <i>give</i> it to them as <i>fellow-citizens</i>.&quot;
+<a name='FNanchor_32'></a><a href='#Footnote_32'><sup>[32]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>At the same time, they required Clark to be personally responsible for
+its value, in the event the Legislature should refuse to recognize the
+Kentuckians as citizens, and in the mean time to defray the expense of
+its conveyance to Kentucky. Upon these terms he did not feel at liberty
+to accept the proffered assistance. He represented to the Council, that
+the emissaries of the British were employing every means to engage the
+Indians in the war; that the people in the remote and exposed Stations
+of Kentucky might be exterminated for the want of a supply which he, a
+private individual, had at so much hazard and hardship, sought for their
+relief, and that when this frontier bulwark was thus destroyed, the fury
+of the savages would burst like a tempest upon the heads of their own
+citizens. </p>
+
+<p>To these representations, however, the Council remained inexorable; the
+sympathy for the frontier settlers was deep, but the assistance already
+offered was a stretch of power, and they could go no further. The keeper
+of the public magazine was directed to deliver the powder to Clark; but
+having long reflected on the situation, prospects, and resources of the
+new country, his resolution to reject the assistance, on the proposed
+conditions, was made before he left the Council chamber.</p>
+
+<p>He determined to repair to Kentucky, as he had at first contemplated, to
+exert the resources of the country for the formation of an <i>independent
+State</i>. He accordingly returned the order of the Council in a letter,
+setting forth his reasons for declining to accept their powder on these
+terms, and intimating his design of applying for assistance elsewhere,
+adding &quot;that a country which was not worth defending was not worth
+claiming.&quot; On the receipt of this letter the Council recalled Clark to
+their presence, and an order was passed on the 23d of August, 1776, for
+the transmission of the gunpowder, to Pittsburg, to be there delivered
+to Clark, or his order, for the use of the people of Kentucky. This was
+the first act in that long and affectionate interchange of good offices
+which subsisted between Kentucky and her parent State for so many years;
+and obvious as the reflection is, it may not be omitted, that on the
+successful termination of this negotiation hung the connection between
+Virginia and the splendid domain she afterward acquired west of the
+Alleghany Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>At the fall session of the Legislature of Virginia, Messrs. Jones and
+Clark laid the Kentucky memorial before that body. They were, of course,
+not admitted to seats, though late in the session they obtained, in
+opposition to the exertions of Colonels Henderson and Campbell, the
+formation of the territory, which now comprises the present State of
+that name, into the County of Kentucky. The first efficient political
+organization of Kentucky was thus obtained through the sagacity,
+influence, and exertions of George Rogers Clark, who must be ranked as
+the earliest founder of that Commonwealth. This act of the Virginia
+Legislature first gave it form and a political existence, and entitled
+it, under the constitution of Virginia, to a representation in the
+Assembly, as well as to a judicial and military establishment.</p>
+
+<p>Having obtained these important advantages from their mission, they
+received the intelligence that the powder was still at Pittsburg, and
+they determined to take that point in their route home, and carry it
+with them. The country around Pittsburg swarmed with Indians, evidently
+hostile to the whites, who would no doubt seek to interrupt their
+voyage.</p>
+
+<p>These circumstances created a necessity for the utmost caution as well
+as expedition in their movements, and they accordingly hastily embarked
+on the Ohio with only seven boatmen. They were hotly pursued the whole
+way by Indians, but succeeded in keeping in advance until they arrived
+at the mouth of Limestone Creek, at the spot where the city of Maysville
+now stands. They ascended this creek a short distance with their boat,
+and concealed their cargo at different places in the woods along its
+banks. They then turned their boat adrift, and directed their course to
+Harrodstown, intending to return with a sufficient escort to insure the
+safe transportation of the powder to its destination. This in a short
+time was successfully effected, and the colonists were thus abundantly
+supplied with the means of defense against the fierce enemies who beset
+them on all sides.<a name='FNanchor_33'></a><a href='#Footnote_33'><sup>[33]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It was fortunate for Virginia, says a recent writer,<a name='FNanchor_34'></a><a href='#Footnote_34'><sup>[34]</sup></a> that she had at
+this time, on her western borders, an individual of rare military
+genius, in the person of Colonel George Rogers Clarke, &quot;<i>the Hannibal of
+the West</i>,&quot; who not only saved her back settlements from Indian fury,
+but planted her standard far beyond the Ohio. The Governor of the
+Canadian settlements in the Illinois country, by every possible method,
+instigated the Indians to annoy the frontier.</p>
+
+<p>Virginia placed a small force of about 250 men under Clark, who,
+descending the Ohio, hid their boats, and marched northwardly, with
+their provisions on their backs. These being consumed, they subsisted
+for two days on roots, and, in a state of famine, appeared before
+Kaskaskias, unseen and unheard.</p>
+
+<p>At midnight they surprised and took the town and fort, which had
+resisted a much larger force; then seizing the golden moment, sent a
+detachment who with equal success surprised three other towns.
+Rocheblave, the obnoxious Governor, was sent to Virginia. On his person
+were found written instructions from Quebec to excite the Indians to
+hostilities, and reward them for the scalps of the Americans.</p>
+
+<p>The settlers transferred their allegiance to Virginia, and she, as the
+territory belonged to her by conquest and charter, in the autumnal
+session of 1778 erected it into a county to be called Illinois.
+Insulated in the heart of the Indian country, in the midst of the most
+ferocious tribes, few men but Clark could have preserved this
+acquisition.</p>
+
+<p>Hamilton, the Governor of Detroit, a bold and tyrannical personage,
+determined, with an overwhelming force of British and Indians, to
+penetrate up the Ohio to Fort Pitt to sweep all the principal
+settlements in his way, and besiege Kaskaskias. Clark despaired of
+keeping possession of the country, but he resolved to preserve this
+post, or die in its defense. While he was strengthening the
+fortifications, he received information that Hamilton, who was at Fort
+St. Vincent (Vincennes,) had weakened his force by sending some Indians
+against the frontiers.</p>
+
+<p>This information, to the genius of Clark, disclosed, with the rapidity
+of an electric flash, not only safety but new glory. To resolve to
+attack Hamilton before he could collect the Indians was the work of a
+moment&mdash;the only hope of saving the country. With a band of 150 gallant
+and hardy comrades, he marched across the country. It was in February,
+1779. When within nine miles of the enemy, it took these intrepid men
+five days to cross the drowned lands of the Wabash, having often to wade
+up to their breasts in water. Had not the weather been remarkably mild,
+they must have perished.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 23d, they landed in sight of the fort, before the
+enemy knew any thing of their approach. After a siege of eighteen hours
+it surrendered, without the loss of a man to the besiegers. The Governor
+was sent prisoner to Williamsburg, and considerable stores fell into the
+possession of the conqueror.</p>
+
+<p>Other auspicious circumstances crowned this result. Clark, intercepting
+a convoy from Canada, on their way to this post, took the mail, forty
+prisoners, and goods to the value of $45,000; and to crown all, his
+express from Virginia arrived with the thanks of the Assembly to him and
+his gallant band for their reduction of the country about Kaskaskias.
+This year Virginia extended her western establishments through the
+agency of Colonel Clark, and had several fortifications erected, among
+which was Fort Jefferson, on the Mississippi.<a name='FNanchor_35'></a><a href='#Footnote_35'><sup>[35]</sup></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XII'></a><h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Scarcity of salt at Boonesborough&mdash;Boone goes to Blue Licks to make
+salt, and is captured by the Indians&mdash;Taken to Chilicothe&mdash;Affects
+contentment, and deceives the Indians&mdash;Taken to Detroit&mdash;Kindness of the
+British officers to him&mdash;Returns to Chilicothe&mdash;Adopted into an Indian
+family&mdash;Ceremonies of adoption&mdash;Boone sees a large force of Indians
+destined to attack Boonesborough&mdash;Escapes, and gives the alarm, and
+strengthens the fortifications at Boonesborough&mdash;News of delay by the
+Indians on account of Boone's escape&mdash;Boone goes on an expedition to the
+Scioto&mdash;Has a fight with a party of Indians&mdash;Returns to Boonesborough,
+which is immediately besieged by Captain Duquesne with five hundred
+Indians&mdash;Summons to surrender&mdash;Time gained&mdash;Attack commenced&mdash;Brave
+defense&mdash;Mines and countermines&mdash;Siege raised&mdash;Boone brings his family
+once more back to Boonesborough, and resumes farming.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>While George Rogers Clark was engaged in his campaign against the
+British posts in the northwest, Daniel Boone was a prisoner among the
+Indians. The people at Boonesborough were suffering for want of salt. It
+could not be obtained conveniently from the Atlantic Colonies, but it
+could be manufactured at a place called the Blue Licks, from salt water,
+which abounded there.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1778, accompanied by thirty men, Boone went to the Blue
+Licks to make salt for the different Stations; and on the 7th of
+February following, while out hunting, he fell in with one hundred and
+two Indian warriors, on their march to attack Boonesborough. He
+instantly fled, but being upward of fifty years old, he was unable to
+outstrip the fleet young men who pursued him, and was a second time
+taken prisoner. As usual, he was treated with kindness until his final
+fate should be determined, and was led back to the Licks, where his
+party were still encamped. Here Boone surrendered his whole party, to
+the number of twenty-seven, upon a promise on the part of the Indians of
+life and good treatment, both of which conditions were faithfully
+observed. This step was apparently unnecessary; but the result showed
+that it was a master-stroke of policy on Boone's part. He knew the
+nature of the Indians, and foresaw that they would forthwith return home
+with their prisoners, and thus save Boonesborough from attack.</p>
+
+<p>Had the Indians gone on to that place, by showing their prisoners and
+threatening to put them to the torture, they might have obtained
+important results. But they did nothing of the kind. As Boone had
+calculated, they went home with their prisoners and booty.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Boone has been censured for the surrender of his men, which he
+made at his own capture, and at a subsequent period was tried by
+court-martial and acquitted. This was a just decision. The surrender
+caused the Indians to return home with their prisoners instead of
+attacking Boonesborough, which would almost certainly have been taken
+and destroyed if this surrender had not been made.</p>
+
+<p>Elated with their unexpected success, the Indians now returned at once
+to old Chilicothe, the principal town of the Shawnees, on the Little
+Miami, treating their prisoners, during a march of three days in very
+cold and inclement weather, as well as they fared themselves, as
+regarded fire and provisions. Boone and his companions were kept in
+captivity by the Indians, and closely watched for several weeks, when
+the old pioneer and ten of his men were conducted to Detroit, then a
+British garrison, and all but Boone presented to the commandant, by whom
+they were all well treated. For the old pioneer himself, the Indians had
+conceived a particular liking; and they stubbornly refused to give him
+up, though several gentlemen of Detroit were very anxious they should
+leave him, and the commandant offered to ransom him by a liberal sum. He
+was therefore compelled to accompany them back to Chillicothe, their
+town on the Little Miami, which they reached after a march of fifteen
+days.</p>
+
+<p>Boone was now formally adopted as a son in one of the Indian families.
+&quot;The forms of the ceremony of adoption,&quot; says Mr. Peck,<a name='FNanchor_36'></a><a href='#Footnote_36'><sup>[36]</sup></a> &quot;were often
+severe and ludicrous. The hair of the head is plucked out by a painful
+and tedious operation, leaving a tuft, some three or four inches in
+diameter, on the crown, for the scalp-lock, which is cut and dressed up
+with ribbons and feathers. The candidate is then taken into the river in
+a state of nudity, and there thoroughly washed and rubbed, 'to take all
+his white blood out.' This ablution is usually performed by females. He
+is then taken to the council-house, where the chief makes a speech, in
+which he expatiates upon the distinguished honors conferred on him. His
+head and face are painted in the most approved and fashionable style,
+and the ceremony is concluded with a grand feast and smoking.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>After undergoing after this fashion what was not inaptly termed the
+Indian toilette, Boone was considered a regular member of the tribe, and
+by judiciously accommodating himself to his new condition, he rapidly
+won upon the regards of the Indians, and soon secured their confidence.
+They challenged him to a trial of skill at their shooting-matches&mdash;in
+which he took care not to excel them&mdash;invited him to accompany them on
+their hunting excursions, bestowed particular notice upon him in various
+ways, and always treated him with much consideration. As regarded merely
+his physical comfort, Boone's situation was, at this time, rather
+enviable than otherwise; but he felt a depressing anxiety with regard to
+his wife and children, and doubted the safety and prosperity of the
+Station, without his own watchfulness and superintendence. He therefore
+determined to escape from his captors at the earliest possible period,
+and very impatiently waited an opportunity for accomplishing this
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Early in June, a party of Indians went to the Scioto Licks to make
+salt. Boone was taken with them, but kept so constantly employed at the
+kettles, that he found no chance of escaping. Having sufficiently
+supplied themselves with the desired article, the party returned; and at
+the Chillicothe town, Boone found four hundred and fifty Indian
+warriors, armed well and painted in a most frightful manner, ready to
+march against Boonesborough: this was on the fifteenth or sixteenth of
+the month.</p>
+
+<p>Boone now saw the absolute necessity of escaping at once, and determined
+to make the attempt without delay. He rose at the usual time the next
+morning, and went out upon a hunt. His object was to give his wary
+masters the slip, in such a manner as would be least likely to excite
+their suspicions, and be the longest in determining them upon a pursuit.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner was he at such a distance from the town as would prevent
+observations of his movements, than he struck out rapidly in the
+direction of Boonesborough. So great was his anxiety, that he stopped
+not to kill any thing to eat; but performed his journey&mdash;a distance of
+one hundred and sixty miles&mdash;in less than five days, upon one meal,
+which, before starting, he had concealed in his basket. On arriving at
+Boonesborough, he found the fort, as he feared he should, in a bad state
+for defense; but his activity soon strengthened it, and his courage at
+once reinspired the sinking hearts of the garrison. Every thing was
+immediately put in proper condition for a vigorous defense, and all
+became impatient for intelligence of the movements of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>A few days after Boone's escape from the Indians, one of his
+fellow-prisoners succeeded likewise in eluding their vigilance, and made
+his way safely and expeditiously to Boonesborough. This man arrived at
+the Station at a time when the garrison were hourly expecting the
+appearance of the enemy, and reported that, on account of Boone's
+elopement, the Indians had postponed their meditated invasion of the
+settled regions for three weeks.<a name='FNanchor_37'></a><a href='#Footnote_37'><sup>[37]</sup></a> It was discovered, however, that
+they had their spies in the country, watching the movements of the
+different garrisons; and this rendered the settlers wary and active, and
+gave all the Stations time and opportunity to strengthen themselves, and
+make every preparation for a powerful resistance of what, they could not
+but believe, was to be a long and great effort to drive them from the
+land, and utterly destroy their habitations.</p>
+
+<p>Week passed after week, but no enemy appeared. The state of anxiety and
+watchfulness in which the garrison at Boonesborough had, for so long a
+time, been kept, was becoming irksome, and the men were beginning to
+relax in their vigilance. This Boone observed, and it determined him to
+undertake an expedition, which he had been probably meditating for some
+time. On the 1st of August, therefore, with a company of nineteen of the
+brave spirits by whom he was surrounded, he left the fort with the
+intention of marching against and surprising one of the Indian towns on
+the Scioto. He advanced rapidly, but with great caution, and had reached
+a point within four or five miles of the town destined to taste of his
+vengeance, when he met its warriors, thirty in number, on their way to
+join the main Indian force, then on its march toward Boonesborough.</p>
+
+<p>An action immediately commenced, which terminated in the flight of the
+Indians, who lost one man and had two others wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Boone received no injury, but took three horses, and all the &quot;plunder&quot;
+of the war party. He then dispatched two spies to the Indian town, who
+returned with the intelligence that it was evacuated. On the receipt of
+this information, he started for Boonesborough with all possible haste
+hoping to reach the Station before the enemy, that he might give warning
+of their approach, and strengthen its numbers. He passed the main body
+of the Indians on the sixth day of his march, and on the seventh reached
+Boonesborough.</p>
+
+<p>On the eighth day, the enemy's force marched up, with British colors
+flying, and invested the place. The Indian army was commanded by Captain
+Duquesne, with eleven other Canadian Frenchmen and several distinguished
+chiefs, and was the most formidable force which had yet invaded the
+settlements. The commander summoned the garrison to surrender &quot;in the
+name of his Britannic Majesty.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Boone and his men, perilous as was their situation, received the summons
+without apparent alarm, and requested a couple of days for the
+consideration of what should be done. This was granted; and Boone
+summoned his brave companions to council: <i>but fifty men appeared</i>! Yet
+these fifty, after a due consideration of the terms of capitulation
+proposed, and with the knowledge that they were surrounded by savage and
+remorseless enemies to the number of about <i>five hundred</i>, determined,
+unanimously, to &quot;<i>defend the fort as long as a man of them lived!</i>&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The two days having expired, Boone announced this determination from one
+of the bastions, and thanked the British commander for the notice given
+of his intended attack, and the time allowed the garrison for preparing
+to defend the Station. This reply to his summons was entirely unexpected
+by Duquesne, and he heard it with evident disappointment. Other terms
+were immediately proposed by him, which &quot;sounded so gratefully in the
+ears&quot; of the garrison that Boone agreed to treat; and, with eight of his
+companions, left the fort for this purpose. It was soon manifest,
+however, by the conduct of the Indians, that a snare had been laid for
+them; and escaping from their wily foes by a sudden effort, they
+re-entered the palisades, closed the gates, and betook themselves to the
+bastions.</p>
+
+<p>A hot attack upon the fort now instantly commenced; but the fire of the
+Indians was returned from the garrison with such unexpected briskness
+and fatal precision that the besiegers were compelled to fall back. They
+then sheltered themselves behind the nearest trees and stumps, and
+continued the attack with more caution. Losing a number of men himself,
+and perceiving no falling off in the strength or the marksmanship of the
+garrison, Duquesne resorted to an expedient which promised greater
+success.</p>
+
+<p>The fort stood upon the bank of the river, about sixty yards from its
+margin; and the purpose of the commander of the Indians was to undermine
+this, and blow up the garrison. Duquesne was pushing the mine under the
+fort with energy when his operations were discovered by the besieged.
+The miners precipitated the earth which they excavated into the river;
+and Boone, perceiving that the water was muddy below the fort, while it
+was clear above, instantly divined the cause, and at once ordered a deep
+trench to be cut inside the fort, to counteract the work of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>As the earth was dug up, it was thrown over the wall of the fort, in the
+face of the besieging commander. Duquesne was thus informed that his
+design had been discovered; and being convinced of the futility of any
+further attempts of that kind he discontinued his mining operations, and
+once more renewed the attack upon the Station in the manner of a regular
+Indian siege. His success, however, was no better than it had been
+before; the loss appeared to be all upon his side; his stock of
+provisions was nearly exhausted; having for nine days tried the bravery
+of his savage force, and tasked his own ingenuity to its utmost, he
+raised the siege, and abandoned the grand object of the expedition.</p>
+
+<p>During this siege, &quot;the most formidable,&quot; says Mr. Marshall, &quot;that had
+ever taken place in Kentucky from the number of Indians, the skill of
+the commanders, and the fierce countenances and savage dispositions of
+the warriors,&quot; only two men belonging to the Station were killed, and
+four others wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Duquesne lost thirty-seven men, and had many wounded, who, according to
+the invariable usage of the Indians, were immediately borne from the
+scene of action.</p>
+
+<p>Boonesborough was never again disturbed by any formidable body of
+Indians. New Stations were springing up every year between it and the
+Ohio River, and to pass beyond these for the purpose of striking a blow
+at an older and stronger enemy, was a piece of folly of which the
+Indians were never known to be guilty.</p>
+
+<p>During Boone's captivity among the Shawnees, his family, supposing that
+he had been killed, had left the Station and returned to their relatives
+and friends in North Carolina; and as early in the autumn as he could
+well leave, the brave and hardy warrior started to move them out again
+to Kentucky. He returned to the settlement with them early the next
+summer, and set a good example to his companions by industriously
+cultivating his farm, and volunteering his assistance, whenever it
+seemed needed, to the many immigrants who were now pouring into the
+country, and erecting new Stations in the neighborhood of Boonesborough.
+He was a good as well as a great man in his sphere, says Mr. Gallagher,
+(our chief authority for the foregoing incidents); and for his many and
+important services in the early settlements of Kentucky, he well
+deserved the title of Patriarch which was bestowed upon him during his
+life, and all the praises that have been sung to his memory since his
+death.<a name='FNanchor_38'></a><a href='#Footnote_38'><sup>[38]</sup></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XIII'></a><h2>CHAPTER XIII. </h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Captain Boone tried by court-martial&mdash;Honorably acquitted and
+promoted&mdash;Loses a large sum of money&mdash;His losses by law-suits and
+disputes about land&mdash;Defeat of Colonel Rogers's party&mdash;Colonel Bowman's
+expedition to Chilicothe&mdash;Arrival near the town&mdash;Colonel Logan attacks
+the town&mdash;Ordered by Colonel Bowman to retreat&mdash;Failure of the
+expedition&mdash;Consequences to Bowman and to Logan.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Some complaint having been made respecting Captain Boone's surrender of
+his party at the Blue Licks, and other parts of his military conduct,
+his friends Colonel Richard Callaway and Colonel Benjamin Logan,
+exhibited charges against him which occasioned his being tried by
+court-martial. This was undoubtedly done with a view to put an end to
+the calumny by disproving or explaining the charges. The result of the
+trial was an honorable acquittal increased popularity of the Captain
+among his fellow citizens, and his promotion to the rank of Major.<a name='FNanchor_39'></a><a href='#Footnote_39'><sup>[39]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>While Boone had been a prisoner among the Indians, his wife and family,
+supposing him to be dead, had returned to North Carolina. In the autumn
+of 1778 he went after them to the house of Mrs. Boone's father on the
+Yadkin.</p>
+
+<p>In 1779, a commission having been opened by the Virginia Legislature to
+settle Kentucky land claims, Major Boone &quot;laid out the chief of his
+little property to procure land warrants, and having raised about twenty
+thousand dollars in paper money, with which he intended to purchase
+them, on his way from Kentucky to Richmond, he was robbed of the whole,
+and left destitute of the means of procuring more. This heavy misfortune
+did not fall on himself alone. Large sums had been entrusted to him by
+his friends for similar purposes, and the loss was extensively felt.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Boone must have suffered much anxiety in consequence of this affair.
+Little is known respecting it, excepting that it did not impair the
+confidence of his friends in his perfect integrity.</p>
+
+<p>This appears in the following extract of a letter from Colonel Thomas
+Hart, late of Lexington, Kentucky, to Captain Nathaniel Hart, dated
+Grayfields, August 3d, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I observe what you say respecting our losses by Daniel Boone. [Boone
+had been robbed of funds in part belonging to T. and N. Hart.] I had
+heard of the misfortune soon after it happened, but not of my being
+partaker before now. I feel for the poor people who, perhaps, are to
+lose even their pre-emptions: but I must say, I feel more for Boone,
+whose character, I am told, suffers by it. Much degenerated must the
+people of this age be, when amongst them are to be found men to censure
+and blast the reputation of a person so just and upright, and in whose
+breast is a seat of virtue too pure to admit of a thought so base and
+dishonorable. I have known Boone in times of old, when poverty and
+distress had him fast by the hand: and in these wretched circumstances,
+I have ever found him of a noble and generous soul, despising every
+thing mean; and therefore I will freely grant him a discharge for
+whatever sums of mine he might have been possessed of at the time.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Boone's ignorance of legal proceedings, and his aversion to lawsuits,
+appear to have occasioned the loss of his real estate; and the loose
+manner in which titles were granted, one conflicting with another,
+occasioned similar losses to much more experienced and careful men at
+the same period.</p>
+
+<p>During the year 1779 the emigration to Kentucky was much greater than
+any previous one. The settlers do not seem to have been so much annoyed
+by the Indians as formerly. Yet this year is distinguished in the annals
+of Kentucky for the most bloody battle ever fought between the whites
+and Indians within her borders, with the single exception of that of the
+Blue Licks.</p>
+
+<p>It took place opposite to Cincinnati. Colonel Rogers had been down to
+New Orleans to procure supplies for the posts on the Upper Mississippi
+and Ohio. Having obtained them, he ascended these rivers until he
+reached the place mentioned above. Here he found the Indians in their
+canoes coming out of the mouth of the Little Miami, and crossing to the
+Kentucky side of the Ohio. He conceived the plan of surprising them as
+they landed. The Ohio was very low on the Kentucky side, so that a large
+sand-bar was laid bare, extending along the shore. Upon this Rogers
+landed his men, but, before they could reach the spot where they
+expected to attack the enemy, they were themselves attacked by such
+superior numbers that the issue of the contest was not doubtful for a
+single moment. Rogers and the greater part of his men were instantly
+killed. The few who were left fled toward the boats. But one of them was
+already in the possession of the Indians, whose flanks were extended in
+advance of the fugitives, and the few men remaining in the other pushed
+off from shore without waiting to take their comrades on board. These
+last now turned around upon their pursuers, and, furiously charging
+them, a small number broke through their ranks and escaped to
+Harrodsburg. The loss in this most lamentable affair was about sixty
+men, very nearly equal to that at Blue Licks.</p>
+
+<p>The Kentuckians resolved to invade the Indian country, and Chillicothe
+was selected as the point to feel the weight of their vengeance. Colonel
+Bowman issued a call, inviting all those who were willing to accompany
+him in the expedition to rendezvous at Harrodsburg. This was the manner
+of organizing such expeditions in Kentucky. An officer would invite
+volunteers to participate with him in an incursion into the Indian
+country. All who joined were expected to submit to his direction.</p>
+
+<p>On this occasion there was no want of zeal among the people. Bowman's
+reputation as a soldier was good, and three hundred men were soon
+collected, among whom were Logan and Harrod; both holding the rank of
+captain. It does not appear that either Boone or Kenton engaged in this
+enterprise. Indeed, the first is said to have been absent in North
+Carolina his family having returned there after his capture in the
+preceding year, supposing him to be dead.</p>
+
+<p>The expedition moved in the month of July&mdash;its destination well
+known&mdash;and its march so well conducted that it approached its object
+without discovery. From this circumstances, it would seem that the
+Indians were but little apprehensive of an invasion from those who had
+never before ventured on it, and whom they were in the habit of invading
+annually; or else so secure in their own courage that they feared no
+enemy, for no suspecting spy was out to foresee approaching danger.
+Arrived within a short distance of the town, night approached, and
+Colonel Bowman halted. Here it was determined to invest and attack the
+place just before the ensuing day, and several dispositions were then
+made very proper for the occasion, indicating a considerable share of
+military skill and caution, which gave reasonable promise of a
+successful issue. At a proper hour the little army separated, after a
+movement that placed it near the town the one part, under the command of
+Bowman in person&mdash;the other, under Captain Logan; to whom precise orders
+had been given to march, on the one hand, half round the town; while the
+Colonel, passing the other way, was to meet him, and give the signal for
+an assault. Logan immediately executed his orders, and the place was
+half enveloped. But he neither saw nor heard the commander-in-chief.
+Logan now ordered his men to conceal themselves in the grass and weeds,
+and behind such other objects as were present, as the day began to show
+itself, and he had not yet received the expected order to begin the
+attack nor had he been able, though anxious, to ascertain what had
+intercepted or delayed his superior officer. The men, on shifting about
+for hiding-places, had alarmed one of the Indians' dogs, who forthwith
+set to barking with the agitation of apparent fright. This brought out
+an Indian warrior, who proceeded with caution on the way that the dog
+seemed to direct his own attention, and in a short time, if he had
+continued his progress, might have been made a prisoner; but, at this
+critical moment, one of the party with the Colonel fired his gun; which
+the Indian, well understanding as coming from an enemy, gave an
+instantaneous and loud whoop, and ran immediately to his cabin. The
+alarm was instantly spread through the town, and preparation made for
+defense. The party with Logan was near enough to hear the bustle and to
+see the women and children escaping to the cover of the woods by a ridge
+which ran between them and where Colonel Bowman with his men had
+halted.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the warriors equipped themselves with their military
+habiliments, and repaired to a strong cabin; no doubt, designated in
+their councils for the like occurrences. By this time daylight had
+disclosed the whole scene, and several shots were discharged on the one
+side, and returned from the other, while some of Logan's men took
+possession of a few cabins, from which the Indians had retreated&mdash;or
+rather perhaps it should be said, repaired to their stronghold, the more
+effectually to defend themselves. The scheme was formed by Logan, and
+adopted by his men in the cabins, of making a movable breastwork out of
+the doors and floors&mdash;and of pushing it forward as a battery against the
+cabin in which the Indians had taken post; others of them had taken
+shelter from the fire of the enemy behind stumps, or logs, or the vacant
+cabins, and were waiting orders; when the Colonel finding that the
+Indians were on their defense, dispatched orders for a retreat. This
+order, received with astonishment, was obeyed with reluctance; and what
+rendered it the more distressing, was the unavoidable exposure which the
+men must encounter in the open field, or prairie, which surrounded the
+town: for they were apprized that from the moment they left their cover,
+the Indians would fire on them, until they were beyond the reach of
+their balls. A retreat, however, was deemed necessary, and every man was
+to shift for himself. Then, instead of one that was orderly, commanding,
+or supported&mdash;a scene of disorder, unmilitary and mortifying, took
+place: here a little squad would rush out of, or break from behind a
+cabin&mdash;there individuals would rise from a log, or start up from a
+stump, and run with all speed to gain the neighboring wood.</p>
+
+<p>At length, after the loss of several lives, the remnant of the invading
+force was reunited, and the retreat continued in tolerable order, under
+the painful reflection that the expedition had failed, without any
+adequate cause being known. This was, however, but the introduction to
+disgrace, if not of misfortune still more extraordinary and distressing.
+The Indian warriors, commanded by Blackfish, sallied from the town, and
+commenced a pursuit of the discomfited invaders of their forests and
+firesides, which they continued for some miles, harassing and galling
+the rear of the fugitives without being checked, notwithstanding the
+disparity of numbers. There not being more than thirty of the savages
+in pursuit. Bowman, finding himself thus pressed, at length halted his
+men in a low piece of ground covered with brush; as if he sought shelter
+from the enemy behind or among them. A situation more injudiciously
+chosen, if chosen at all, cannot be easily imagined&mdash;since of all
+others, it most favored the purposes of the Indians. In other respects
+the commander seems also to have lost his understanding&mdash;he gave no
+orders to fire&mdash;made no detachment to repulse the enemy, who, in a few
+minutes, by the whoops, yells, and firing, were heard on all sides&mdash;but
+stood as a mark to be shot at, or one panic struck. Some of the men
+fired, but without any precise object, for the Indians were scattered,
+and hid by the grass and bushes. What would have been the final result
+it is difficult to conjecture, if Logan, Harrod, Bulger, and a few
+others, had not mounted some of the pack-horses and scoured the woods,
+first in one direction then in another; rushing on the Indians wherever
+they could find them, until very fortunately Blackfish was killed; and
+this being soon known, the rest fled. It was in the evening when this
+event occurred, which being reported to the colonel, he resumed his
+march at dark&mdash;taking for his guide a creek near at hand, which he
+pursued all night without any remarkable occurrence&mdash;and in quiet and
+safety thence returned home, with the loss of nine men killed and
+another wounded: having taken two Indian scalps: which, however, was
+thought a trophy of small renown.</p>
+
+<p>A somewhat different account is given by some, in which Bowman is
+exculpated from all blame. According to this, it was the vigorous
+defense of the Indians which prevented him from fulfilling his part of
+the combinations. Be this as it may, it is certain that Bowman lost
+reputation by the expedition; while, on the other hand, the conduct of
+Logan raised him still higher in the estimation of the people.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XIV'></a><h2>CHAPTER XIV.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Invasion of Kentucky by Captain Byrd's party&mdash;He captures the garrisons
+at Ruddle's Station and Martin's Fort&mdash;Colonel Clark's invasion of the
+Indian country&mdash;He ravages the Indian towns&mdash;Adventure of Alexander
+McConnell&mdash;Skirmish at Pickaway&mdash;Result of the expedition&mdash;Boone goes
+to the Blue Licks with his brother&mdash;Attacked by the Indians&mdash;Boone's
+brother killed&mdash;Boone promoted to the rank of Lieutenant
+Colonel&mdash;Clark's galley&mdash;Squire Boone's Station removed to Bear's
+Creek&mdash;Attack by the Indians&mdash;Colonel Floyd's defeat&mdash;Affair of the
+McAfees&mdash;Attack on McAfee's Station repelled&mdash;Fort Jefferson
+evacuated&mdash;Attack on Montgomery Station&mdash;Rescue by General Logan.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>The year 1780 was distinguished for two events of much importance; the
+invasion of Kentucky by the British and Indians, under Colonel Byrd; and
+General Clark's attack upon the Shawanee towns. The first of these, was
+a severe and unexpected blow to Kentucky. Marshall says, that the people
+in their eagerness to take up land, had almost forgotten the existence
+of hostilities. Fatal security! and most fatal with such a foe, whose
+enterprises were conducted with such secrecy that their first
+announcement was their presence in the midst of the unprepared
+settlement. In fact, the carelessness of the Western borderers is often
+unaccountable, and this is not the least surprising instance of it.</p>
+
+<p>That they did not anticipate an attempt to retaliate the incursion of
+Bowman into the Indian country, is indeed astonishing. It was very
+fortunate for the Kentuckians that their enemies were as little gifted
+with perseverance, as they were with vigilance. This remark is to be
+understood in a restricted sense, of both parties. When once aroused to
+a sense of their danger none were more readily prepared, or more
+watchful to meet it than the settlers; and on the other hand, nothing
+could exceed the perseverance of the Indians in the beginning of their
+enterprises, but on the slightest success (not reverse) they wished to
+return to exhibit their trophies at home. Thus, on capturing Boone and
+his party, instead of pushing on and attacking the settlements which
+were thus weakened, they returned to display their prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>The consequences were that these defects neutralized each other, and no
+very decisive strokes were made by either side. But the English Governor
+Hamilton, who had hitherto contented himself with stimulating the
+Indians to hostilities, now aroused by the daring and success of Clark,
+prepared to send a powerful expedition by way of retaliation, against
+the settlements. Colonel Byrd was selected to command the forces which
+amounted to six hundred men, Canadians and Indians. To render them
+irresistible, they were supplied with two pieces of artillery. The posts
+on the Licking were the first objects of the expedition.</p>
+
+<p>In June they made their appearance before Ruddle's station; and this, it
+is said, was the first intimation that the garrison had received of
+their danger, though Butler states that the enemy were twelve days on
+their march from the Ohio. The incidents of the invasion are few. The
+fort at Ruddle's Station was in no condition to resist so powerful an
+enemy backed by artillery, the defenses being nowise superior to those
+we have before described.</p>
+
+<p>They were summoned to surrender in the name of his Britannic Majesty,
+with the promise of protection for their lives only. What could they do?
+The idea of resisting such a force was vain. The question presented
+itself to them thus. Whether they should surrender at once and give up
+their property, or enrage the Indians by a fruitless resistance, and
+lose their property and lives also. The decision was quickly made, the
+post was surrendered and the enemy thronged in, eager for plunder. The
+inmates of the fort were instantly seized, families were separated; for
+each Indian caught the first person whom he met, and claimed him or her
+as his prisoner. Three who made some resistance, were killed upon the
+spot. It was in vain that the settlers remonstrated with the British
+commander. He said it was impossible to restrain them. This doubtless
+was true enough, but he should have thought of it before he assumed the
+command of such a horde, and consented to lead them against weak
+settlements.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians demanded to be led at once against Martin's Fort, a post
+about five miles distant. Some say that the same scene was enacted over
+here; but another account states that so strongly was Colonel Byrd
+affected by the barbarities of the Indians, that he refused to advance
+further, unless they would consent to allow him to take charge of all
+the prisoners who should be taken. The same account goes on to say that
+the demand was complied with, and that on the surrender of Martin's
+Fort, this arrangement was actually made; the Indians taking possession
+of the property and the British of the prisoners. However this may be,
+the capture of this last-mentioned place, which was surrendered under
+the same circumstances as Ruddle's, was the last operation of that
+campaign. Some quote this as an instance of weakness; Butler, in
+particular, contrasts it with the energy of Clark.</p>
+
+<p>The sudden retreat of the enemy inspired the people with joy as great as
+their consternation had been at the news of his unexpected advance. Had
+he pressed on, there is but little doubt that all the Stations would
+have fallen into his hands, for there were not men enough to spare from
+them to meet him in the field. The greatest difficulty would have been
+the carriage of the artillery. The unfortunate people who had fallen
+into the hands of the Indians at Ruddle's Station, were obliged to
+accompany their captors on their rapid retreat, heavily laden with the
+plunder of their own dwellings. Some returned after peace was made, but
+too many, sinking under the fatigues of the journey, perished by the
+tomahawk.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the retreat of the enemy, General Clark, who was stationed at
+Fort Jefferson, called upon the Kentuckians to join him in an invasion
+of the Indian country. The reputation of Clark caused the call to be
+responded to with great readiness. A thousand men were collected, with
+whom Clark entered and devastated the enemy's territory. The principal
+towns were burned and the fields laid waste. But one skirmish was
+fought, and that at the Indian village of Pickaway. The loss was the
+same on both sides, seventeen men being killed in each army. Some
+writers who have not the slightest objection to war, very gravely
+express doubts as to whether the expedient of destroying the crops of
+the Indians was justifiable. It is generally treated by these men as if
+it was a wanton display of a vindictive spirit, when in reality it was
+dictated by the soundest policy; for when the Indians' harvests were
+destroyed, they were compelled to subsist their families altogether by
+hunting, and had no leisure for their murderous inroads upon the
+settlements. This result was plainly seen on this occasion, for it does
+not appear that the Indians attacked any of the settlements during the
+remainder of this year.</p>
+
+<p>An adventure which occurred in the spring, but was passed over for the
+more important operations of the campaign, claims our attention,
+presenting as it does a picture of the varieties of this mode of
+warfare. We quote from McClung:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Early in the spring of 1780 Mr. Alexander McConnel, of Lexington,
+Kentucky, went into the woods on foot to hunt deer. He soon killed a
+large buck, and returned home for a horse in order to bring it in.
+During his absence a party of five Indians, on one of their usual
+skulking expeditions, accidentally stumbled on the body of the deer, and
+perceiving that it had been recently killed, they naturally supposed
+that the hunter would speedily return to secure the flesh. Three of
+them, therefore, took their stations within close rifle-shot of the
+deer, while the other two followed the trail of the hunter, and waylaid
+the path by which he was expected to return. McConnel, expecting no
+danger, rode carelessly along the path, which the two scouts were
+watching, until he had come within view of the deer, when he was fired
+upon by the whole party, and his horse killed. While laboring to
+extricate himself from the dying animal, he was seized by his enemies,
+instantly overpowered, and borne off as a prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;His captors, however, seemed to be a merry, good-natured set of
+fellows, and permitted him to accompany them unbound; and, what was
+rather extraordinary, allowed him to retain his gun and hunting
+accoutrements. He accompanied them with great apparent cheerfulness
+through the day, and displayed his dexterity in shooting deer for the
+use of the company, until they began to regard him with great
+partiality. Having traveled with them in this manner for several days,
+they at length reached the banks of the Ohio River. Heretofore the
+Indians had taken the precaution to bind him at night, although not very
+securely; but, on that evening, he remonstrated with them on the
+subject, and complained so strongly of the pain which the cords gave
+him, that they merely wrapped the buffalo tug loosely around his wrists,
+and having tied it in an easy knot, and attached the extremities of the
+rope to their own bodies in order to prevent his moving without
+awakening them, they very composedly went to sleep, leaving the prisoner
+to follow their example or not, as he pleased.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;McConnel determined to effect his escape that night if possible, as on
+the following night they would cross the river, which would render it
+much more difficult. He therefore lay quietly until near midnight,
+anxiously ruminating upon the best means of effecting his object.
+Accidentally casting his eyes in the direction of his feet, they fell
+upon the glittering blade of a knife, which had escaped its sheath, and
+was now lying near the feet of one of the Indians. To reach it with his
+hands, without disturbing the two Indians to whom he was fastened, was
+impossible, and it was very hazardous to attempt to draw it up with his
+feet. This, however, he attempted. With much difficulty he grasped the
+blade between his toes, and, after repeated and long-continued efforts,
+succeeded at length in bringing it within reach of his hands.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;To cut his cords was then but the work of a moment, and gradually and
+silently extricating his person from the arms of the Indians, he walked
+to the fire and sat down. He saw that his work was but half done. That
+if he should attempt to return home without destroying his enemies, he
+would assuredly be pursued and probably overtaken, when his fate would
+be certain. On the other hand, it seemed almost impossible for a single
+man to succeed in a conflict with five Indians, even although unarmed
+and asleep. He could not hope to deal a blow with his knife so silently
+and fatally as to destroy each one of his enemies in turn without
+awakening the rest. Their slumbers were proverbially light and restless;
+and, if he failed with a single one, he must instantly be overpowered by
+the survivors. The knife, therefore, was out of the question. </p>
+
+<p>&quot;After anxious reflection for a few minutes, he formed his plan. The
+guns of the Indians were stacked near the fire; their knives and
+tomahawks were in sheaths by their sides. The latter he dared not touch
+for fear of awakening their owners; but the former he carefully removed,
+with the exception of two, and hid them in the woods, where he knew the
+Indians would not readily find them. He then returned to the spot where
+the Indians were still sleeping, perfectly ignorant of the fate
+preparing for them, and, taking a gun in each hand, he rested the
+muzzles upon a log within six feet of his victims, and, having taken
+deliberate aim at the head of one and the heart of another, he pulled
+both triggers at the same moment.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Both shots were fatal. At the report of the guns the others sprung to
+their feet and stared wildly around them. McConnel, who had run
+instantly to the spot where the other rifles were hid, hastily seized
+one of them and fired at two of his enemies who happened to stand in a
+line with each other. The nearest fell dead, being shot through the
+centre of the body; the second fell also, bellowing loudly, but quickly
+recovering, limped off into the woods as fast as possible. The fifth,
+and the only one who remained unhurt, darted off like a deer, with a
+yell which announced equal terror and astonishment. McConnel, not
+wishing to fight any more such battles, selected his own rifle from the
+stack, and made the best of his way to Lexington, where he arrived
+safely within two days.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Shortly afterward, Mrs. Dunlap, of Fayette, who had been several months
+a prisoner amongst the Indians on Mad River, made her escape, and
+returned to Lexington. She reported that the survivor returned to his
+tribe with a lamentable tale. He related that they had taken a fine
+young hunter near Lexington, and had brought him safely as far as the
+Ohio; that while encamped upon the bank of the river, a large party of
+white men had fallen upon them in the night, and killed all his
+companions, together with the poor defenseless prisoner, who lay bound
+hand and foot, unable either to escape or resist.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1780, Boone, who had brought his family back to Kentucky,
+went to the Blue Licks in company with his brother. They were attacked
+by a party of Indians, and Daniel's brother was killed; and he himself
+pursued by them with the assistance of a dog. Being hard pressed, he
+shot this animal to prevent his barking from giving the alarm, and so
+escaped.</p>
+
+<p>Kentucky having been divided into three counties, a more perfect
+organization of the militia was effected. A Colonel and a
+Lieutenant-Colonel were appointed for each county; those who held the
+first rank were Floyd, Logan, and Todd. Pope, Trigg, and Boone held the
+second. Clark was Brigadier-General, and commander-in-chief of all the
+Kentucky militia; besides which he had a small number of regulars at
+Fort Jefferson. Spies and scouting parties were continually employed,
+and a galley was constructed by Clark's order, which was furnished with
+light pieces of artillery. This new species of defense did not however
+take very well with the militia, who disliked serving upon the water,
+probably because they found their freedom of action too much
+circumscribed. The regulars were far too few to spare a force sufficient
+to man it, and it soon fell into disuse, though it is said to have been
+of considerable service while it was employed. Had the Kentuckians
+possessed such an auxiliary at the time of Byrd's invasion, it is
+probable that it would have been repelled. But on account of the
+reluctance of the militia to serve in it, this useful vessel was laid
+aside and left to rot. </p>
+
+<p>The campaign, if we may so term it, of 1781, began very early. In March,
+several parties of Indians entered Jefferson County at different points,
+and ambushing the paths, killed four men, among whom was Colonel William
+Linn. Captain Whitaker, with fifteen men, pursued one of the parties. He
+followed their trail to the Ohio, when supposing they had crossed over,
+he embarked his men in canoes to continue the pursuit. But as they were
+in the act of pushing off, the Indians, who were concealed in their
+rear, fired upon them, killing or wounding nine of the party.
+Notwithstanding this heavy loss, the survivors landed and put the
+Indians to flight. Neither the number of the savages engaged in this
+affair or their loss, is mentioned in the narrative. In April, a station
+which had been settled by Squire Boone, near Shelbyville, became alarmed
+by the report of the appearance of Indians. After some deliberation, it
+was determined to remove to the settlement on Bear's Creek. While on
+their way thither, they were attacked by a body of Indians, and defeated
+with considerable loss. These are all the details of this action we have
+been able to find. Colonel Floyd collected twenty-five men to pursue the
+Indians, but in spite of all his caution, fell into an ambuscade, which
+was estimated to consist of two hundred warriors. Half of Colonel
+Floyd's men were killed, and the survivors supposed that they had slain
+nine or ten of the Indians. This, however, is not probable; either the
+number of the Indians engaged, or their loss, is much exaggerated.
+Colonel Floyd himself had a narrow escape, being dismounted; he would
+have been made prisoner, but for the gallant conduct of Captain Wells,
+who gave him his horse, the colonel being exhausted, and ran by his
+side, to support him in the saddle. These officers had formerly been
+enemies, but the magnanimous behavior of Wells on this occasion, made
+them steadfast friends.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As if every month,&quot; says Marshall, &quot;was to furnish its distinguishing
+incident&mdash;in May, Samuel McAfee and another had set out from James
+McAfee's Station for a plantation at a small distance, and when advanced
+about one-fourth of a mile they were fired on; the man fell&mdash;McAfee
+wheeled and ran toward the fort; in fifteen steps he met an Indian&mdash;they
+each halt and present their guns, with muzzles almost touching&mdash;at the
+same instant they each pull trigger, McAfee's gun makes clear fire, the
+Indian's flashes in the pan&mdash;and he falls: McAfee continues his retreat,
+but the alarm being given, he meets his brothers, Robert and James&mdash;the
+first, though cautioned, ran along the path to see the dead Indian, by
+this time several Indians had gained the path between him and the fort.
+All his agility and dexterity was now put to the test&mdash;he flies from
+tree to tree, still aiming to get to the fort, but is pursued by an
+Indian; he throws himself over a fence, a hundred and fifty yards from
+the fort, and the Indian takes a tree&mdash;Robert, sheltered by the fence,
+was soon prepared for him, and while he puts his face by the side of the
+tree to look for his object, McAfee fires his rifle at it, and lodged
+the ball in his mouth&mdash;in this he finds his death, and McAfee escapes to
+the fort.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, James McAfee was in a situation of equal hazard and
+perplexity. Five Indians, lying in ambush, fired at, but missed him; he
+flies to a tree for safety, and instantly received a fire from three or
+four Indians on the other side&mdash;the bullets knock the dust about his
+feet, but do him no injury; he abandons the tree and makes good his
+retreat to the fort. One white man and two Indians were killed. Such
+were the incidents of Indian warfare&mdash;and such the fortunate escape of
+the brothers. </p>
+
+<p>Other events occurred in rapid succession&mdash;the Indians appear in all
+directions, and with horrid yells and menacing gestures commence a fire
+on the fort. It was returned with spirit; the women cast the
+bullets&mdash;the men discharged them at the enemy. This action lasted about
+two hours; the Indians then withdrew. The firing had been heard, and the
+neighborhood roused for the fight. Major McGary, with some of his men,
+and others from other stations, to the number of forty, appeared on the
+ground soon after the Indians had retreated, and determined on pursuing
+them. This was accordingly done with promptitude and celerity. At the
+distance of a mile the enemy were overtaken, attacked, and defeated,
+They fled&mdash;were pursued for several miles&mdash;and completely routed. Six or
+seven Indians were seen dead, and others wounded. One Kentuckian was
+killed in the action; another mortally wounded, who died after a few
+days. Before the Indians entirely withdrew from the fort, they killed
+all the cattle they saw, without making any use of them.</p>
+
+<p>From this time McAfee's Station was never more attacked, although it
+remained for several years an exposed frontier. Nor should the remark be
+omitted, that for the residue of the year, there were fewer incidents
+of a hostile nature than usual.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Jefferson, which had been established on the Mississippi, about
+five miles below the mouth of the Ohio, had excited the jealousy of the
+Choctaws and Chickasaws, who claimed the territory in which it was
+built. In order to appease them, it was deemed advisable to evacuate the
+post.</p>
+
+<p>The hostile tribes north of the Ohio had by this time found the strength
+of the settlers, and saw that unless they made a powerful effort, and
+that speedily, they must forever relinquish all hope of reconquering
+Kentucky. Such an effort was determined upon for the next year; and in
+order to weaken the whites as much as possible, till they were prepared
+for it, they continued to send out small parties, to infest the
+settlements.</p>
+
+<p>At a distance of about twelve miles from Logan's Fort, was a settlement
+called the Montgomery Station. Most of the people were connected with
+Logan's family. This Station was surrounded in the night. In the morning
+an attack was made. Several persons were killed and others captured. A
+girl who escaped spread the alarm; a messenger reached Logan's Fort, and
+General Logan with a strong party pursued the Indians, defeated them and
+recovered the prisoners.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XV'></a><h2>CHAPTER XV.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>News of Cornwallis's surrender&mdash;Its effects&mdash;Captain Estill's
+defeat&mdash;Grand army of Indians raised for the conquest of Kentucky&mdash;Simon
+Girty's speech&mdash;Attack on Hoy's Station&mdash;Investment of Bryant's
+Station&mdash;Expedient of the besieged to obtain water&mdash;Grand attack on the
+fort&mdash;Repulse&mdash;Regular siege commenced&mdash;Messengers sent to
+Lexington&mdash;Reinforcements obtained&mdash;Arrival near the fort&mdash;Ambushed and
+attacked&mdash;They enter the fort&mdash;Narrow escape of Girty&mdash;He proposes a
+capitulation&mdash;Parley&mdash;Reynolds' answer to Girty&mdash;The siege
+raised&mdash;Retreat of the Indians.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>In October, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. This event was
+received in Kentucky, as in other parts of the country, with great joy.
+The power of Britain was supposed to be broken, or at least so much
+crippled, that they would not be in a condition to assist their Indian
+allies, as they had previously done. The winter passed away quietly
+enough, and the people were once more lulled into security, from which
+they were again to be rudely awakened. Early in the spring the parties
+of the enemy recommenced their forays. Yet there was nothing in these
+to excite unusual apprehensions. At first they were scarcely equal in
+magnitude to those of the previous year. Cattle were killed, and horses
+stolen, and individuals or small parties were attacked. But in May an
+affair occurred possessing more interest, in a military point of view,
+than any other in the history of Indian wars.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of May, a party of about twenty-five Wyandots invested
+Estill's Station, on the south of the Kentucky River, killed one white
+man, took a negro prisoner, and after destroying the cattle, retreated.
+Soon after the Indians disappeared, Captain Estill raised a company of
+twenty-five men; with these he pursued the Indians, and on Hinkston's
+Fork of Licking, two miles below the Little Mountain, came within
+gunshot of them. They had just crossed the creek, which in that part is
+small, and were ascending one side as Estill's party descended the
+other, of two approaching hills of moderate elevation. The water-course
+which lay between, had produced an opening in the timber and brush,
+conducing to mutual discovery, while both hills were well set with
+trees, interspersed with saplings and bushes. Instantly after
+discovering the Indians, some of Captain Estill's men fired at them; at
+first they seemed alarmed, and made a movement like flight; but their
+chief, although wounded, gave them orders to stand and fight&mdash;on which
+they promptly prepared for battle by each man taking a tree and facing
+his enemy, as nearly in a line as practicable. In this position they
+returned the fire and entered into the battle, which they considered as
+inevitable, with all the fortitude and animation of individual and
+concerted bravery, so remarkable in this particular tribe.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Captain Estill, with due attention to what was passing
+on the opposite side, checked the progress of his men at about sixty
+yards distance from the foe, and gave orders to extend their lines in
+front of the Indians, to cover themselves by means of the trees, and to
+fire as the object should be seen&mdash;with a sure aim. This order,
+perfectly adapted to the occasion, was executed with alacrity, as far as
+circumstances would admit, and the desultory mode of Indian fighting was
+thought to require. So that both sides were preparing and ready at the
+same time for the bloody conflict which ensued, and which proved to be
+singularly obstinate.</p>
+
+<p>The numbers were equal; some have said, exactly twenty-five on each
+side. Others have mentioned that Captain Estill, upon seeing the Indians
+form for battle, dispatched one or two of his men upon the back trail to
+hasten forward a small reinforcement, which he supposed was following
+him; and if so, it gave the Indians the superiority of numbers without
+producing the desired assistance, for the reinforcement never arrived.</p>
+
+<p>Now were the hostile lines within rifle-shot, and the action became warm
+and general to their extent. Never was battle more like single combat
+since the use of fire-arms; each man sought his man, and fired only when
+he saw his mark; wounds and death were inflicted on either side&mdash;neither
+advancing nor retreating. The firing was deliberate; with caution they
+looked, but look they would, for the foe, although life itself was often
+the forfeit. And thus both sides firmly stood, or bravely fell, for more
+than an hour; upward of one-fourth of the combatants had fallen, never
+more to rise, on either side, and several others were wounded. Never,
+probably, was the native bravery or collected fortitude of men put to a
+test more severe. In the clangor of an ardent battle, when death is
+forgotten, it is nothing for the brave to die&mdash;when even cowards die
+like brave men&mdash;but in the cool and lingering expectation of death, none
+but the man of the true courage can stand. Such were those engaged in
+this conflict. Never was maneuvering more necessary or less
+practicable. Captain Estill had not a man to spare from his line, and
+deemed unsafe any movement in front with a view to force the enemy from
+their ground, because in such a movement he must expose his men, and
+some of them would inevitably fall before they could reach the
+adversary. This would increase the relative superiority of the enemy,
+while they would receive the survivors with tomahawk in hand, in the use
+of which they were practiced and expert. He clearly perceived that no
+advantage was to be gained over the Indians while the action was
+continued in their own mode of warfare. For although his men were
+probably the best <i>shooters</i>, the Indians were undoubtedly the most
+expert <i>hiders</i>; that victory itself, could it have been purchased with
+the loss of his last man, would afford but a melancholy consolation for
+the loss of friends and comrades; but even of victory, without some
+maneuvre, he could not assure himself. His situation was critical; his
+fate seemed suspended upon the events of the minute; the most prompt
+expedient was demanded. He cast his eyes over the scene; the creek was
+before him, and seemed to oppose a charge on the enemy&mdash;retreat he could
+not. On the one hand he observed a valley running from the creek toward
+the rear of the enemy's line, and immediately combining this
+circumstance with the urgency of his situation, rendered the more
+apparently hazardous by an attempt of the Indians to extend their line
+and take his in flank, he determined to detach six of his men by this
+valley to gain the flank or rear of the enemy; while himself, with the
+residue, maintained his position in front.</p>
+
+<p>The detachment was accordingly made under the command of Lieutenant
+Miller, to whom the route was shown and the order given, conformably to
+the above-mentioned determination; unfortunately, however, it was not
+executed. The lieutenant, either mistaking his way or intentionally
+betraying his duty, his honor, and his captain, did not proceed with the
+requisite dispatch; and the Indians, attentive to occurrences, finding
+out the weakened condition of their adversaries, rushed upon them and
+compelled a retreat, after Captain Estill and eight of his men were
+killed. Four others were badly wounded, who, notwithstanding, made their
+escape; so that only nine fell into the bands of the savages, who
+scalped and stripped them, of course.</p>
+
+<p>It was believed by the survivors of this action that one half of the
+Indians were killed; and this idea was corroborated by reports from
+their towns.</p>
+
+<p>There is also a tradition that Miller, with his detachment, crossed the
+creek, fell in with the enemy, lost one or two of his men, and had a
+third or fourth wounded before he retreated.</p>
+
+<p>The battle lasted two hours, and the Indian chief was himself killed
+immediately after he had slain Captain Estill; at least it is so stated
+in one account we have seen. This action had a very depressing effect
+upon the spirits of the Kentuckians. Yet its results to the victors were
+enough to make them say, with Pyrrhus, &quot;A few more such victories, and
+we shall be undone.&quot; It is very certain that the Indians would not have
+been willing to gain many such victories, even to accomplish their
+darling object&mdash;the expulsion of the whites from Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>The grand army, destined to accomplish the conquest of Kentucky,
+assembled at Chillicothe. A detachment from Detroit reinforced them, and
+before setting out, Simon Girty made a speech to them, enlarging on the
+ingratitude of the Long-knives in rebelling against their Great Father
+across the water. He described in glowing terms the fertility of
+Kentucky, exhorting them to recover it from the grasp of the Long-knife
+before he should be too strong for them. This speech met with the
+cordial approbation of the company; the army soon after took up its
+march for the settlements. Six hundred warriors, the flower of all the
+Northwestern tribes, were on their way to make what they knew must be
+their last effort to drive the intruders from their favorite
+hunting-ground.</p>
+
+<p>Various parties preceded the main body, and these appearing in different
+places created much confusion in the minds of the inhabitants in regard
+to the place where the blow was to fall. An attack was made upon the
+garrison at Hoy's Station, and two boys were taken prisoners. The
+Indians, twenty in number were pursued by Captain Holden, with seventeen
+men. He overtook them near the Blue Licks, (that fatal spot for the
+settlers,) and after a sharp conflict was obliged to retreat with the
+loss of four men.</p>
+
+<p>News of this disaster arrived at Bryant's Station, (a post on the
+Elkhorn, near the road from Lexington to Maysville,) on the fourteenth
+of August, and the garrison prepared to march to the assistance of Hoy's
+Station. But in the night the main body of the enemy arrived before the
+fort, it having been selected as the point for the first blow.</p>
+
+<p>The water for the use of the garrison was drawn from a spring at a
+considerable distance from the fort on the northwestern side. Near this
+spring the greater part of the enemy stationed themselves in ambush. On
+the other side of the fort a body was posted with orders to make a feint
+of attacking, in order to draw the attention of the garrison to that
+point, and give an opportunity for the main attack. At daylight the
+garrison, consisting of forty or fifty men, were preparing to march out,
+when they were startled by a heavy discharge of rifles, with an
+accompaniment of such yells as come only from an Indian's throat.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;All ran hastily to the picketing,&quot; says McClung, &quot;and beheld a small
+party of Indians exposed to open view, firing, yelling, and making the
+most furious gestures. The appearance was so singular, and so different
+from their usual manner of fighting, that some of the more wary and
+experienced of the garrison instantly pronounced it a decoy party, and
+restrained the young men from sallying out and attacking them, as some
+of them were strongly disposed to do. The opposite side of the fort was
+instantly manned, and several breaches in the picketing rapidly
+repaired. Their greatest distress arose from the prospect of suffering
+for water. The more experienced of the garrison felt satisfied that a
+powerful party was in ambuscade near the spring; but at the same time
+they supposed that the Indians would not unmask themselves until the
+firing upon the opposite side of the fort was returned with such warmth
+as to induce the belief that the feint had succeeded.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Acting upon this impression, and yielding to the urgent necessity of the
+case, they summoned all the women, without exception, and explaining to
+them the circumstances in which they were placed, and the improbability
+that any injury would be offered them, until the firing had been
+returned from the opposite side of the fort, they urged them to go in a
+body to the spring, and each to bring up a bucketfull of water. Some of
+the ladies, as was natural, had no relish for the undertaking, and asked
+why the men could not bring water as well as themselves? Observing that
+<i>they</i> were not bullet-proof, and that the Indians made no distinction
+between male and female scalps.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;To this it was answered, that women were in the habit of bringing water
+every morning to the fort and that if the Indians saw them engaged as
+usual, it would induce them to believe that their ambuscade was
+undiscovered, and that they would not unmask themselves for the sake of
+firing at a few women, when they hoped, by remaining concealed a few
+moments longer, to obtain complete possession of the fort. That if men
+should go down to the spring, the Indians would immediately suspect that
+something was wrong, would despair of succeeding by ambuscade, and would
+instantly rush upon them, follow them into the fort, or shoot them down
+at the spring. The decision was soon over.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A few of the boldest declared their readiness to brave the danger; and
+the younger and more timid rallying in the rear of these veterans, they
+all marched down in a body to the spring, within point-blank shot of
+more than five hundred Indian warriors. Some of the girls could not help
+betraying symptoms of terror, but the married women, in general, moved
+with a steadiness and composure which completely deceived the Indians.
+Not a shot was fired. The party were permitted to fill their buckets,
+one after another, without interruption; and although their steps became
+quicker and quicker, on their return, and when near the gate of the
+fort, degenerated into a rather unmilitary celerity, attended with some
+little crowding in passing the gate, yet not more than one-fifth of the
+water was spilled, and the eyes of the youngest had not dilated to more
+than double their ordinary size.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Being now amply supplied with water, they sent out thirteen young men to
+attack the decoy party, with orders to fire with great rapidity, and
+make as much noise as possible, but not to pursue the enemy too far,
+while the rest of the garrison took post on the opposite side of the
+fort, cocked their guns, and stood in readiness to receive the ambuscade
+as soon as it was unmasked. The firing of the light parties on the
+Lexington road was soon heard, and quickly became sharp and serious,
+gradually becoming more distant from the fort. Instantly, Girty sprung
+up at the head of his five hundred warriors, and rushed rapidly upon the
+western gate, ready to force his way over the undefended palisades. Into
+this immense mass of dusky bodies, the garrison poured several rapid
+volleys of rifle balls with destructive effect. Their consternation may
+be imagined. With wild cries they dispersed on the right and left, and
+in two minutes not an Indian was to be seen. At the same time, the
+party who had sallied out on the Lexington road, came running into the
+fort at the opposite gate, in high spirits, and laughing heartily at the
+success of their maneuvre.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>After this repulse, the Indians commenced the attack in regular form,
+that is regular Indian form, for they had no cannon, which was a great
+oversight, and one which we would not have expected them to make, after
+witnessing the terror with which they had inspired the Kentuckians in
+Byrd's invasion.</p>
+
+<p>Two men had left the garrison immediately upon discovering the Indians,
+to carry the news to Lexington and demand succor. On arriving at that
+place they found the men had mostly gone to Hoy's Station. The couriers
+pursued, and overtaking them, quickly brought them back. Sixteen
+horsemen, and forty or fifty on foot, started to the relief of Bryant's
+Station, and arrived before that place at two o'clock in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>To the left of the long and narrow lane, where the Maysville and
+Lexington road now runs, there were more than one hundred acres of green
+standing corn. The usual road from Lexington to Bryant's, ran parallel
+to the fence of this field, and only a few feet distant from it. On the
+opposite side of the road was a thick wood. Here, more than three
+hundred Indians lay in ambush, within pistol-shot of the road, awaiting
+the approach of the party. The horsemen came in view at a time when the
+firing had ceased, and every thing was quiet. Seeing no enemy, and
+hearing no noise, they entered the lane at a gallop, and were instantly
+saluted with a shower of rifle balls, from each side, at the distance of
+ten paces.</p>
+
+<p>At the first shot, the whole party set spurs to their horses, and rode
+at full speed through a rolling fire from either side, which continued
+for several hundred yards, but owing partly to the furious rate at which
+they rode, partly to the clouds of dust raised by the horses' feet, they
+all entered the fort unhurt. The men on foot were less fortunate. They
+were advancing through the corn-field, and might have reached the fort
+in safety, but for their eagerness to succor their friends. Without
+reflecting, that from the weight and extent of the fire, the enemy must
+have been ten times their number, they ran up with inconsiderate
+courage, to the spot where the firing was heard, and there found
+themselves cut off from the fort, and within pistol-shot of more than
+three hundred savages.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately the Indians' guns had just been discharged, and they had not
+yet had leisure to reload. At the sight of this brave body of footmen,
+however, they raised a hideous yell, and rushed upon them, tomahawk in
+hand. Nothing but the high corn and their loaded rifles, could have
+saved them from destruction. The Indians were cautious in rushing upon a
+loaded rifle with only a tomahawk, and when they halted to load their
+pieces, the Kentuckians ran with great rapidity, turning and dodging
+through the corn in every direction. Some entered the wood and escaped
+through the thickets of cane, some were shot down in the corn-field,
+others maintained a running fight, halting occasionally behind trees and
+keeping the enemy at bay with their rifles; for, of all men, the Indians
+are generally the most cautious in exposing themselves to danger. A
+stout, active, young fellow, was so hard pressed by Girty and several
+savages, that he was compelled to discharge his rifle, (however
+unwilling, having no time to reload it,) and Girty fell.</p>
+
+<p>It happened, however, that a piece of thick sole-leather was in his
+shot-pouch at the time, which received the ball, and preserved his life,
+although the force of the blow felled him to the ground. The savages
+halted upon his fall, and the young man escaped. Although the skirmish
+and the race lasted more than an hour, during which the corn-field
+presented a scene of turmoil and bustle which can scarcely be conceived,
+yet very few lives were lost. Only six of the white men were killed and
+wounded, and probably still fewer of the enemy, as the whites never
+fired until absolutely necessary, but reserved their loads as a check
+upon the enemy. Had the Indians pursued them to Lexington, they might
+have possessed themselves of it without resistance, as there was no
+force there to oppose them; but after following the fugitives for a few
+hundred yards, they returned to the hopeless siege of the fort.<a name='FNanchor_40'></a><a href='#Footnote_40'><sup>[40]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The day was nearly over, and the Indians were discouraged. They had made
+no perceptible impression upon the fort, but had sustained a severe
+loss; the country was aroused, and they feared to find themselves
+outnumbered in their turn. Girty determined to attempt to frighten them
+into a capitulation. For this purpose he cautiously approached the
+works, and suddenly showed himself on a large stump, from which he
+addressed the garrison. After extolling their valor, he assured them
+that their resistance was useless, as he expected his artillery shortly,
+when their fort would be crushed without difficulty. He promised them
+perfect security for their lives if they surrendered, and menaced them
+with the usual inflictions of Indian rage if they refused. He concluded
+by asking if they knew him. The garrison of course gave no credit to the
+promises of good treatment contained in this speech. They were too well
+acquainted with the facility with which such pledges were given and
+violated; but the mention of cannon was rather alarming, as the
+expedition of Colonel Byrd was fresh in the minds of all. None of the
+leaders made any answer to Girty, but a young man by the name of
+Reynolds, took upon himself to reply to it. In regard to the question of
+Girty, &quot;Whether the garrison knew him?&quot; he said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'That he was very well known; that he himself had a worthless dog, to
+which he had given the name of 'Simon Girty,' in consequence of his
+striking resemblance to the man of that name; that if he had either
+artillery or reinforcements, he might bring them up and be d&mdash;&mdash;d; that
+if either himself, or any of the naked rascals with him, found their way
+into the fort, they would disdain to use their guns against them, but
+would drive them out again with switches, of which they had collected a
+great number for that purpose alone; and finally he declared, that they
+also expected reinforcements; that the whole country was marching to
+their assistance; that if Girty and his gang of murderers remained
+twenty-four hours longer before the fort, their scalps would be found
+drying in the sun upon the roofs of their cabins.'&quot; <a name='FNanchor_41'></a><a href='#Footnote_41'><sup>[41]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Girty affected much sorrow for the inevitable destruction which he
+assured the garrison awaited them, in consequence of their obstinacy.
+All idea of continuing the siege was now abandoned. The besiegers
+evacuated their camp that very night; and with so much precipitation,
+that meat was left roasting before the fires. Though we cannot wonder at
+this relinquishing of a long-cherished scheme when we consider the
+character of the Indians, yet it would be impossible to account for the
+appearance of precipitancy, and even terror, with which their retreat
+was accompanied, did we not perceive it to be the first of a series of
+similar artifices, designed to draw on their enemies to their own
+destruction. There was nothing in the circumstances to excite great
+apprehensions. To be sure, they had been repulsed in their attempt on
+the fort with some loss, yet this loss (thirty men) would by no means
+have deterred a European force of similar numbers from prosecuting the
+enterprise. </p>
+
+<p>Girty and his great Indian army retired toward Ruddle's and Martin's
+Stations, on a circuitous route, toward Lower Blue Licks. They expected,
+however, to be pursued, and evidently desired it, as they left a broad
+trail behind them, and marked the trees which stood on their route with
+their tomahawks.<a name='FNanchor_42'></a><a href='#Footnote_42'><sup>[42]</sup></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XVI'></a><h2>CHAPTER XVI.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Arrival of Reinforcements at Bryant's Station&mdash;Colonel Daniel Boone, his
+son and brother among them&mdash;Colonels Trigg, Todd, and
+others&mdash;Consultation&mdash;Apprehensions of Boone and others&mdash;Arrival at the
+Blue Licks&mdash;Rash conduct of Major McGary&mdash;Battle of Blue Licks&mdash;Israel
+Boone, Colonels Todd and Trigg, and Majors Harland and McBride
+killed&mdash;Retreat of the whites&mdash;Colonel Boone nearly surrounded by
+Indians&mdash;Bravery of Netherland&mdash;Noble conduct of Reynolds&mdash;The fugitives
+meet Colonel Logan with his party&mdash;Return to the field of battle&mdash;Logan
+returns to Bryant's Station.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>The intelligence of the siege of Bryant's Station had spread far and
+wide, and the whole region round was in a state of intense excitement.
+The next morning after the enemy's retreat, reinforcements began to
+arrive, and in the course of the day successive bodies of militia
+presented themselves, to the number of one hundred and eighty men.</p>
+
+<p>Among this number was Colonel Daniel Boone, his son Israel, and his
+brother Samuel, with a strong party of men from Boonesborough. Colonel
+Stephen Trigg led a similar corps from Harrodsburg; and Colonel John
+Todd headed the militia from Lexington. Majors Harland, McGary, McBride,
+and Levi Todd were also among the arrivals.<a name='FNanchor_43'></a><a href='#Footnote_43'><sup>[43]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is said that nearly one-third of the whole force assembled at
+Bryant's Station were commissioned officers, many of whom had hurried to
+the relief of their countrymen. This superior activity is to be
+accounted for by the fact that the officers were generally selected from
+the most active and skillful of the pioneers.</p>
+
+<p>A consultation was held in a tumultuous manner, and it was determined to
+pursue the enemy at once. The Indians had retreated by way of the Lower
+Blue Licks. The pursuit was commenced without waiting for the junction
+of Colonel Logan, who was known to be coming up with a strong
+reinforcement. The trail of the enemy exhibited a degree of carelessness
+very unusual in an Indian retreat. Various articles were strewn along
+the path, as if in terror they had been abandoned. These symptoms, while
+they increased the ardor of the young men, excited the apprehensions of
+the more experienced borderers, and Boone in particular. He noticed
+that, amid all the signs of disorder so lavishly displayed, the Indians
+seemed to take even unusual care to conceal their numbers by contracting
+their camp. It would seem that the Indians had rather overdone their
+stratagem. It was very natural to those not much experienced in Indian
+warfare to suppose that the articles found strewn along the road had
+been abandoned in the hurry of flight; but when they found that the
+utmost pains had been taken to point out the way to them by chopping the
+trees, one would have thought that the rawest among them, who had only
+spent a few months on the border, could have seen through so transparent
+an artifice. But these indications were disregarded in the desire felt
+to punish the Indians for their invasion.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing was seen of the enemy till the Kentuckians reached the Blue
+Licks. Here, just as they arrived at Licking River, a few Indians were
+seen on the other side, retreating without any appearance of alarm. The
+troops now made a halt, and the officers held a consultation to
+determine on the course to be pursued. Colonel Daniel Boone, on being
+appealed to as the most experienced person present, gave his opinion as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That their situation was critical and delicate: that the force opposed
+to them was undoubtedly numerous and ready for battle, as might readily
+be seen from the leisurely retreat of the few Indians who had appeared
+upon the crest of the hill; that he was well acquainted with the ground
+in the neighborhood of the Licks, and was apprehensive that an ambuscade
+was formed at the distance of a mile in advance, where two ravines, one
+upon each side of the ridge, ran in such a manner that a concealed enemy
+might assail them at once both in front and flank before they were
+apprized of the danger.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It would be proper, therefore, to do one of two things. Either to await
+the arrival of Logan, who was now undoubtedly on his march to join them;
+or, if it was determined to attack without delay, that one-half of their
+number should march up the river, which there bends in an elliptical
+form, cross at the rapids, and fall upon the rear of the enemy, while
+the other division attacked them in front. At any rate, he strongly
+urged the necessity of reconnoitering the ground carefully before the
+main body crossed the river.&quot; <a name='FNanchor_44'></a><a href='#Footnote_44'><sup>[44]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>McClung, in his &quot;Western Adventures,&quot; doubts whether the plan of
+operation proposed by Colonel Boone would have been more successful than
+that actually adopted; suggesting that the enemy would have cut them off
+in detail, as at Estill's defeat.</p>
+
+<p>But before the officers could come to any conclusion, Major McGary
+dashed into the river on horseback, calling on all who were not cowards
+to follow. The next moment the whole of the party were advancing to the
+attack with the greatest ardor, but without any order whatever. Horse
+and foot struggled through the river together, and, without waiting to
+form, rushed up the ascent from the shore.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Suddenly,&quot; says McClung, &quot;the van halted. They had reached the spot
+mentioned by Boone, where the two ravines head, on each side of the
+ridge. Here a body of Indians presented themselves, and attacked the
+van. McGary's party instantly returned the fire, but under great
+disadvantage. They were upon a bare and open ridge; the Indians in a
+bushy ravine. The centre and rear, ignorant of the ground, hurried up to
+the assistance of the van, but were soon stopped by a terrible fire from
+the ravine which flanked them. They found themselves enclosed as if in
+the wings of a net, destitute of proper shelter, while the enemy were
+in a great measure covered from their fire. Still, however, they
+maintained their ground. The action became warm and bloody. The parties
+gradually closed, the Indians emerged from the ravine, and the fire
+became mutually destructive. The officers suffered dreadfully. Todd and
+Trigg in the rear, Harland, McBride, and young Israel Boone in front,
+were already killed.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Indians gradually extended their line to turn the right of the
+Kentuckians, and cut off their retreat. This was quickly perceived by
+the weight of the fire from that quarter, and the rear instantly fell
+back in disorder, and attempted to rush through their only opening to
+the river. The motion quickly communicated itself to the van, and a
+hurried retreat became general. The Indians instantly sprung forward in
+pursuit, and, falling upon them with their tomahawks, made a cruel
+slaughter. From the battle-ground to the river the spectacle was
+terrible. The horsemen, generally, escaped; but the foot, particularly
+the van, which had advanced furthest within the wings of the net, were
+almost totally destroyed. Colonel Boone, after witnessing the death of
+his son and many of his dearest friends, found himself almost entirely
+surrounded at the very commencement of the retreat.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Several hundred Indians were between him and the ford, to which the
+great mass of the fugitives were bending their flight, and to which the
+attention of the savages was principally directed. Being intimately
+acquainted with the ground, he, together with a few friends, dashed into
+the ravine which the Indians had occupied, but which most of them had
+now left to join in the pursuit. After sustaining one or two heavy
+fires, and baffling one or two small parties who pursued him for a short
+distance, he crossed the river below the ford by swimming, and, entering
+the wood at a point where there was no pursuit, returned by a circuitous
+route to Bryant's Station. In the mean time, the great mass of the
+victors and vanquished crowded the bank of the ford.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The slaughter was great in the river. The ford was crowded with horsemen
+and foot and Indians, all mingled together. Some were compelled to seek
+a passage above by swimming; some who could not swim were overtaken and
+killed at the edge of the water. A man by the name of Netherland, who
+had formerly been strongly suspected of cowardice, here displayed a
+coolness and presence of mind equally noble and unexpected. Being finely
+mounted, he had outstripped the great mass of fugitives, and crossed the
+river in safety. A dozen or twenty horsemen accompanied him, and,
+having placed the river between them and the enemy, showed a disposition
+to continue their flight, without regard to the safety of their friends
+who were on foot, and still struggling with the current.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Netherland instantly checked his horse, and in a loud voice, called upon
+his companions to halt, fire upon the Indians, and save those who were
+still in the stream. The party instantly obeyed; and facing about,
+poured a close and fatal discharge of rifles upon the foremost of the
+pursuers. The enemy instantly fell back from the opposite bank, and gave
+time for the harassed and miserable footmen to cross in safety. The
+check, however, was but momentary. Indians were seen crossing in great
+numbers above and below, and the flight again became general. Most of
+the foot left the great buffalo track, and plunging into the thickets,
+escaped by a circuitous route to Bryant's Station.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The pursuit was kept up for twenty miles, though with but little
+success. In the flight from the scene of action to the river, young
+Reynolds, (the same who replied to Girty's summons at Bryant's Station,)
+on horseback, overtook Captain Patterson on foot. This officer had not
+recovered from the effects of wounds received on a former occasion, and
+was altogether unable to keep up with the rest of the fugitives.</p>
+
+<p>Reynolds immediately dismounted, and gave the captain his horse.
+Continuing his flight on foot, he swam the river, but was made prisoner
+by a party of Indians. He was left in charge of a single Indian, whom he
+soon knocked down, and so escaped. For the assistance he so gallantly
+rendered him, Captain Patterson rewarded Reynolds with a present of two
+hundred acres of land.</p>
+
+<p>Sixty whites were killed in this battle of the Blue Licks, and seven
+made prisoners. Colonel Boone, in his Autobiography, says that he was
+informed that the Indian loss in killed, was four more than that of the
+Kentuckians, and that the former put four of the prisoners to death, to
+make the numbers equal. But this account does not seem worthy of credit,
+when we consider the vastly superior numbers of the Indians, their
+advantage of position, and the disorderly manner in which the
+Kentuckians advanced. If this account is true, the loss of the Indians
+in the actual battle must have been much greater than that of their
+opponents, many of the latter having been killed in the pursuit.</p>
+
+<p>As the loss of the Kentuckians on this occasion, the heaviest they had
+ever sustained, was undoubtedly caused by rashness, it becomes our duty,
+according to the established usage of historians, to attempt to show
+where the fault lies. The conduct of McGary, which brought on the
+action, appears to be the most culpable. He never denied the part which
+is generally attributed to him, but justified himself by saying that
+while at Bryant's Station, he had advised waiting for Logan, but was met
+with the charge of cowardice. He believed that Todd and Trigg were
+jealous of Logan, who was the senior Colonel, and would have taken the
+command had he come up. This statement he made to a gentleman several
+years after the battle took place. He said also to the same person, that
+when he found them hesitating in the presence of the enemy, he &quot;burst
+into a passion,&quot; called them cowards, and dashed into the river as
+before narrated. If this account be true, it may somewhat palliate, but
+certainly not justify the action.</p>
+
+<p>Before the fugitives reached Bryant's Station, they met Logan advancing
+with his detachment. The exaggerated accounts he received of the
+slaughter, induced him to return to the above-mentioned place. On the
+next morning all who had escaped from the battle were assembled, when
+Logan found himself at the head of four hundred and fifty men. With this
+force, accompanied by Colonel Boone, he set out for the scene of action,
+hoping that the enemy, encouraged by their success, would await his
+arrival. But when he reached the field, he found it deserted. The bodies
+of the slain Kentuckians, frightfully mangled, were strewed over the
+ground. After collecting and interring these, Logan and Boone, finding
+they could do nothing more, returned to Bryant's Station, where they
+disbanded the troops.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;By such rash men as McGary,&quot; says Mr. Peck,<a name='FNanchor_45'></a><a href='#Footnote_45'><sup>[45]</sup></a> &quot;Colonel Boone was
+charged with want of courage, when the result proved his superior wisdom
+and fore-sight. All the testimony gives Boone credit for his sagacity
+and correctness in judgment before the action, and his coolness and
+self-possession in covering the retreat. His report of this battle to
+Benjamin Harrison, Governor of Virginia, is one of the few documents
+that remain from his pen.&quot;</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>&quot;<i>Boone's Station, Fayette County, August 30th, 1782.</i></p>
+
+<p>&quot;Sir: Present circumstances of affairs cause me to write to your
+Excellency as follows. On the 16th instant, a large number of Indians,
+with some white men, attacked one of our frontier Stations, known by the
+name of Bryant's Station. The siege continued from about sunrise till
+about ten o'clock the next day, when they marched off. Notice being
+given to the neighboring Stations, we immediately raised one hundred and
+eighty-one horse, commanded by Colonel John Todd, including some of the
+Lincoln County militia, commanded by Colonel Trigg, and pursued about
+forty miles.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;On the 19th instant, we discovered the enemy lying in wait for us. On
+this discovery, we formed our columns into one single line, and marched
+up in their front within about forty yards, before there was a gun
+fired. Colonel Trigg commanded on the right, myself on the left, Major
+McGary in the centre, and Major Harlan the advanced party in front.
+From the manner in which we had formed, it fell to my lot to bring on
+the attack. This was done with a very heavy fire on both sides, and
+extended back of the line to Colonel Trigg, where the enemy were so
+strong they rushed up and broke the right wing at the first fire. Thus
+the enemy got in our rear, with the loss of seventy-seven of our men,
+and twelve wounded. Afterward we were reinforced by Colonel Logan, which
+made our force four hundred and sixty men. We marched again to the
+battle-ground; but finding the enemy had gone, we proceeded to bury the
+dead.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We found forty-three on the ground, and many lay about, which we could
+not stay to find, hungry and weary as we were, and somewhat dubious that
+the enemy might not have gone off quite. By the signs, we thought that
+the Indians had exceeded four hundred; while the whole of this militia
+of the county does not amount to more than one hundred and thirty. From
+these facts your Excellency may form an idea of our situation.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I know that your own circumstances are critical; but are we to be
+wholly forgotten? I hope not. I trust about five hundred men may be sent
+to our assistance immediately. If these shall be stationed as our county
+lieutenants shall deem necessary, it may be the means of saving our part
+of the country; but if they are placed under the direction of General
+Clark, they will be of little or no service to our settlement. The
+Falls lie one hundred miles west of us, and the Indians northeast; while
+our men are frequently called to protect them. I have encouraged the
+people in this county all that I could; but I can no longer justify them
+or myself to risk our lives here under such extraordinary hazards. The
+inhabitants of this county are very much alarmed at the thoughts of the
+Indians bringing another campaign into our country this fall. If this
+should be the case, it will break up these settlements. I hope,
+therefore, your Excellency will take the matter into consideration, and
+send us some relief as quick as possible.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;These are my sentiments, without consulting any person. Colonel Logan
+will, I expect, immediately send you an express, by whom I humbly
+request your Excellency's answer. In the meanwhile, I remain,&quot;</p>
+
+<p>DANIEL BOONE.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XVII'></a><h2>CHAPTER XVII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The Indians return home from the Blue Licks&mdash;They attack the settlements
+in Jefferson County&mdash;Affair at Simpson's Creek&mdash;General Clark's
+expedition to the Indian country&mdash;Colonel Boone joins it&mdash;Its
+effect&mdash;Attack of the Indians on the Crab Orchard settlement&mdash;Rumor of
+intended invasion by the Cherokees&mdash;Difficulties about the treaty with
+Great Britain&mdash;Hostilities of the Indians generally stimulated by
+renegade whites&mdash;Simon Girty&mdash;Causes of his hatred of the whites&mdash;Girty
+insulted by General Lewis&mdash;Joins the Indians at the battle of Point
+Pleasant&mdash;Story of his rescuing Simon Kenton&mdash;Crawford's expedition, and
+the burning of Crawford&mdash;Close of Girty's career.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Most of the Indians who had taken part in the battle of the Blue Licks,
+according to their custom, returned home to boast of their victory, thus
+abandoning all the advantages which might have resulted to them from
+following up their success. Some of them, however, attacked the
+settlements in Jefferson County but they were prevented from doing much
+mischief by the vigilance of the inhabitants. They succeeded, however,
+in breaking up a small settlement on Simpson's Creek. This they attacked
+in the night, while the men, wearied by a scout of several days, were
+asleep. The enemy entered the houses before their occupants were fully
+aroused. Notwithstanding this, several of the men defended themselves
+with great courage. Thomas Randolph killed several Indians before his
+wife and infant were struck down at his side, when he escaped with his
+remaining child through the roof. On reaching the ground he was assailed
+by two of the savages, but he beat them off, and escaped. Several women
+escaped to the woods, and two were secreted under the floor of a cabin,
+where they remained undiscovered. Still the Indians captured quite a
+number of women and children, some of whom they put to death on the road
+home. The rest were liberated the next year upon the conclusion of peace
+with the English.</p>
+
+<p>General George Rogers Clark proposed a retaliatory expedition into the
+Indian country, and to carry out the plan, called a council of the
+superior officers. The council agreed to his plan, and preparations were
+made to raise the requisite number of troops by drafting, if there
+should be any deficiency of volunteers. But it was not found necessary
+to resort to compulsory measures, both men and supplies for the
+expedition were raised without difficulty. The troops to the number of
+one thousand, all mounted, assembled at Bryant's Station, and the Falls
+of the Ohio, from whence the two detachments marched under Logan and
+Floyd to the mouth of the Licking, where general Clark assumed the
+command. Colonel Boone took part in this expedition; but probably as a
+volunteer. He is not mentioned as having a separate command.</p>
+
+<p>The history of this expedition, like most others of the same nature,
+possesses but little interest. The army with all the expedition they
+could make, and for which the species of force was peculiarly favorable,
+failed to surprise the Indians. These latter opposed no resistance of
+importance to the advance of the army. Occasionally, a straggling party
+would fire upon the Kentuckians, but never waited to receive a similar
+compliment in return. Seven Indians were taken prisoners, and three or
+four killed; one of them an old chief, too infirm to fly, was killed by
+Major McGary. The towns of the Indians were burnt, and their fields
+devastated. The expedition returned to Kentucky with the loss of four
+men, two of whom were accidentally killed by their own comrades.</p>
+
+<p>This invasion, though apparently so barren of result, is supposed to
+have produced a beneficial effect, by impressing the Indians with the
+numbers and courage of the Kentuckians. They appear from this time to
+have given up the expectation of reconquering the country, and confined
+their hostilities to the rapid incursions of small bands.</p>
+
+<p>During the expedition of Clark, a party of Indians penetrated to the
+Crab Orchard settlement. They made an attack upon a single house,
+containing only a woman, a negro man, and two or three children. One of
+the Indians, who had been sent in advance to reconnoitre, seeing the
+weakness of the garrison, thought to get all the glory of the
+achievement to himself.</p>
+
+<p>He boldly entered the house and seized the negro, who proving strongest,
+threw him on the floor, when the woman dispatched him with an axe. The
+other Indians coming up, attempted to force open the door which had been
+closed by the children during the scuffle. There was no gun in the
+house, but the woman seized an old barrel of one, and thrust the muzzle
+through the logs, at which the Indians retreated.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1783 passed away without any disturbance from the Indians, who
+were restrained by the desertion of their allies the British. In 1784,
+the southern frontier of Kentucky was alarmed by the rumor of an
+intended invasion by the Cherokees, and some preparations were made for
+an expedition against them, which fell through, however, because there
+was no authority to carry it on. The report of the hostility of the
+Cherokees proved to be untrue. </p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile difficulties arose in performance of the terms of the treaty
+between England and the United States. They appear to have originated in
+a dispute in regard to an article contained in the treaty, providing
+that the British army should not carry away with them any negroes or
+other property belonging to the American inhabitants. In consequence of
+what they deemed an infraction of this article, the Virginians refused
+to comply with another, which stipulated for the repeal of acts
+prohibiting the collection of debts due to British subjects. The
+British, on the other hand, refused to evacuate the western posts till
+this article was complied with. It was natural that the intercourse
+which had always existed between the Indians and the garrisons of these
+posts, during the period they had acted as allies, should continue, and
+it did.</p>
+
+<p>In the unwritten history of the difficulties of the United States
+Government with the Indian tribes within her established boundaries,
+nothing appears clearer than this truth: that the fierce and sanguinary
+resistance of the aborigines to the encroachments of the Anglo-Americans
+has ever been begun and continued more through the instigations of
+outlawed white men, who had sought protection among them from the arm of
+the law or the knife of individual vengeance, and been adopted into
+their tribes, than from the promptings of their own judgments, their
+disregard of death, their thirst for the blood of their oppressors, or
+their love of country.<a name='FNanchor_46'></a><a href='#Footnote_46'><sup>[46]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>That their sense of wrong has at all times been keen, their hate deadly,
+and their bravery great, is a fact beyond dispute; and that they have
+prized highly their old hunting-grounds, and felt a warm and lively
+attachment to their beautiful village-sites, and regarded with especial
+veneration the burial-places of their fathers, their whole history
+attests; but of their own weakness in war, before the arms and numbers
+of their enemies, they must have been convinced at a very early period:
+and they were neither so dull in apprehension, nor so weak in intellect,
+as not soon to have perceived the utter hopelessness, and felt the mad
+folly, of a continued contest with their invaders. Long before the
+settlement of the whites upon this continent, the Indians had been
+subject to bloody and exterminating wars among themselves; and such
+conflicts had generally resulted in the flight of the weaker party
+toward the West, and the occupancy of their lands by the conquerors.
+Many of the tribes had a tradition among them, and regarded it as their
+unchangeable destiny, that they were to journey from the rising to the
+setting sun, on their way to the bright waters and the green forests of
+the &quot;Spirit Land;&quot; and the working out of this destiny seems apparent,
+if not in the location, course, and character of the tumult and other
+remains of the great aboriginal nations of whom even tradition furnishes
+no account, certainly in what we know of the history of the tribes found
+on the Atlantic coast by the first European settlers.</p>
+
+<p>It seems fairly presumable, from our knowledge of the history and
+character of the North American Indians, that had they been left to the
+promptings of their own judgments, and been influenced only by the
+deliberations of their own councils, they would, after a brief, but
+perhaps most bloody, resistance to the encroachments of the whites, have
+bowed to what would have struck their untutored minds as an inevitable
+destiny, and year after year flowed silently, as the European wave
+pressed upon them, further and further into the vast wildernesses of the
+mighty West. But left to their own judgments, or their own
+deliberations, they never have been. Early armed by renegade white men
+with European weapons, and taught the improvement of their own rude
+instruments of warfare, and instigated not only to oppose the strides
+of their enemies after territory, but to commit depredations upon their
+settlements, and to attempt to chastise them at their very thresholds,
+they drew down upon themselves the wrath of a people which is not slow
+to anger, nor easily appeased; and as far back as the Revolution, if not
+as the colonizing of Massachusetts, their breasts were filled with a
+hatred of the whites, deadly and unslumbering. Through all our
+subsequent transactions with them, this feeling has been increasing in
+magnitude and intensity: and recent events have carried it to a pitch
+which will render it enduring forever, perhaps not in its activity, but
+certainly in its bitterness. Whether more amicable relations with the
+whites, during the first settlements made upon this continent by the
+Europeans, would have changed materially the ultimate destiny of the
+aboriginal tribes, is a question about which diversities of opinion may
+well be entertained; but it is not to be considered here.</p>
+
+<p>The fierce, and bloody, and continuous opposition which the Indians have
+made from the first to the encroachments of the Anglo-Americans, is
+matter of history; and close scrutiny will show, that the great
+instigators of that opposition have always, or nearly so, been <i>renegade
+white men</i>. Scattered through the tribes east of the Alleghanies,
+before and during the American Revolution, there were many such
+miscreants. Among the Western tribes, during the early settlement of
+Kentucky and Ohio, and at the period of the last war with Great Britain,
+there were a number, some of them men of talent and great activity. One
+of the boldest and most notorious of these latter, was one whom we have
+had frequent occasion to mention, SIMON GIRTY&mdash;for many years the
+scourge of the infant settlements in the West, the terror of women, and
+the bugaboo of children. This man was an adopted member of the great
+Wyandot nation, among whom he ranked high as an expert hunter, a brave
+warrior, and a powerful orator. His influence extended through all the
+tribes of the West, and was generally exerted to incite the Indians to
+expeditions against the &quot;Stations&quot; of Kentucky, and to acts of cruelty
+to their white prisoners. The bloodiest counsel was usually his; his was
+the voice which was raised loudest against his countrymen, who were
+preparing the way for the introduction of civilization and Christianity
+into this glorious region; and in all great attacks upon the frontier
+settlements he was one of the prime movers, and among the prominent
+leaders.</p>
+
+<p>Of the causes of that venomous hatred, which rankled in the bosom of
+Simon Girty against his countrymen, we have two or three versions: such
+as, that he early imbibed a feeling of contempt and abhorrence of
+civilized life, from the brutality of his father, the lapse from virtue
+of his mother, and the corruptions of the community in which he had his
+birth and passed his boyhood; that, while acting with the whites against
+the Indians on the Virginia border, he was stung to the quick, and
+deeply offended by the appointment to a station over his head, of one
+who was his junior in years, and had rendered nothing like his services
+to the frontiers; and that, when attached as a scout to Dunmore's
+expedition, an indignity was heaped upon him which thoroughly soured his
+nature, and drove him to the Indians, that he might more effectually
+execute a vengeance which he swore to wreak. The last reason assigned
+for his defection and animosity is the most probable of the three, rests
+upon good authority, and seems sufficient, his character considered, to
+account for his desertion and subsequent career among the Indians. </p>
+
+<p>The history of the indignity alluded to, as it has reached the
+writer<a name='FNanchor_47'></a><a href='#Footnote_47'><sup>[47]</sup></a> from one who was associated with Girty and a partaker in it,
+is as follows: The two were acting as scouts in the expedition set on
+foot by Governor Dunmore, of Virginia, in the year 1774, against the
+Indian towns of Ohio. The two divisions of the force raised for this
+expedition, the one commanded by Governor Dunmore in person, the other
+by General Andrew Lewis, were by the orders of the governor to form a
+junction at Point Pleasant, where the Great Kenhawa empties into the
+Ohio. At this place, General Lewis arrived with his command on the
+eleventh or twelfth of September; but after remaining here two or three
+weeks in anxious expectation of the approach of the other division, he
+received dispatches from the governor, informing him that Dunmore had
+changed his plan, and determined to march at once against the villages
+on the Scioto, and ordering him to cross the Ohio immediately and join
+him as speedily as possible. It was during the delay at the Point that
+the incident occurred which is supposed to have had such a tremendous
+influence upon Girty's after-life. He and his associate scout had
+rendered some two or three months' services, for which they had as yet
+drawn no part of their pay; and in their present idleness they
+discovered means of enjoyment, of which they had not money to avail
+themselves. In this strait, they called upon Gen. Lewis in person, at
+his quarters, and demanded their pay. For some unknown cause this was
+refused, which produced a slight murmuring on the part of the
+applicants, when General Lewis cursed them, and struck them several
+severe blows over their heads with his cane. Girty's associate was not
+much hurt; but he himself was so badly wounded on the forehead or temple
+that the blood streamed down his cheek and side to the floor. He quickly
+turned to leave the apartment; but, on reaching the door, wheeled round,
+planted his feet firmly upon the sill, braced an arm against either side
+of the frame, fixed his keen eyes unflinchingly upon the general,
+uttered the exclamation, &quot;<i>By God, sir, your quarters shall swim in
+blood for this</i>!&quot; and instantly disappeared beyond pursuit.</p>
+
+<p>General Lewis was not much pleased with the sudden and apparently
+causeless change which Governor Dunmore had made in the plan of the
+expedition. Nevertheless, he immediately prepared to obey the new
+orders, and had given directions for the construction of rafts upon
+which to cross the Ohio, when, before daylight on the morning of the
+10th of October, some of the scouts suddenly entered the encampment with
+the information that an immense body of Indians was just at hand,
+hastening upon the Point. This was the force of the brave and skillful
+chief Cornstalk, whose genius and valor were so conspicuous on that day,
+throughout the whole of which raged the hardly-contested and moat bloody
+<i>Battle of the Point</i>. Girty had fled from General Lewis immediately to
+the chief Cornstalk, forsworn his white nature, and leagued himself with
+the Redman forever; and with the Indians he was now advancing, under the
+cover of night, to surprise the Virginian camp. At the distance of only
+a mile from the Point, Cornstalk was met by a detachment of the
+Virginians, under the command of Colonel Charles Lewis, a brother of the
+general; and here, about sunrise on the 10th of October, 1774, commenced
+one of the longest, severest, and bloodiest battles ever fought upon the
+Western frontiers. It terminated, as we have seen, about sunset, with
+the defeat of the Indians it is true, but with a loss to the whites
+which carried mourning into many a mansion of the Old Dominion, and
+which was keenly felt throughout the country at the time, and
+remembered with sorrow long after.</p>
+
+<p>Girty having thrown himself among the Indians, as has been related, and
+embraced their cause, now retreated with them into the interior of Ohio,
+and ever after followed their fortunes without swerving. On arriving at
+the towns of the Wyandots, he was adopted into that tribe, and
+established himself at Upper Sandusky. Being active, of a strong
+constitution, fearless in the extreme, and at all times ready to join
+their war parties, lie soon became very popular among his new
+associates, and a man of much consequence. He was engaged in most of the
+expeditions against the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and
+Virginia&mdash;always brave and always cruel&mdash;till the year 1778, when
+occurred an incident which, as it is the only bright spot apparent on
+the whole dark career of the renegade, shall be related with some
+particularity.</p>
+
+<p>Girty happened to be at Lower Sandusky this year, when Kenton&mdash;known at
+that period as Simon Butler&mdash;was brought in to be executed by a party of
+Indians who had made him a prisoner on the banks of the Ohio. Years
+before, Kenton and Girty had been bosom companions at Fort Pitt, and
+served together subsequently in the commencement of Dunmore's
+expedition; but the victim was already blackened for the stake, and the
+renegade failed to recognize in him his former associate. Girty had at
+this time but just returned from an expedition against the frontier of
+Pennsylvania, which had been less successful than he had anticipated,
+and was enraged by disappointment. He, therefore, as soon as Kenton was
+brought into the village, began to give vent to a portion of his spleen
+by cuffing and kicking the prisoner, whom he eventually knocked down. He
+knew that Kenton had come from Kentucky; and this harsh treatment was
+bestowed in part, it is thought, to frighten the prisoner into answers
+of such questions as he might wish to ask him. He then inquired how many
+men there were in Kentucky. Kenton could not answer this question, but
+ran over the names and ranks of such of the officers as he at the time
+recollected. &quot;Do you know William Stewart?&quot; asked Girty. &quot;Perfectly
+well,&quot; replied Kenton; &quot;he is an old and intimate acquaintance.&quot; &quot;Ah!
+what is <i>your</i> name, then?&quot; &quot;Simon Butler,&quot; answered Kenton; and on the
+instant of this announcement the hardened renegade caught his old
+comrade by the hand, lifted him from the ground, pressed him to his
+bosom, asked his forgiveness for having treated him so brutally, and
+promised to do every thing in his power to save his life, and set him at
+liberty. &quot;Syme!&quot; said he, weeping like a child, &quot;you are condemned to
+die, but it shall go hard with me, I tell you, but I will save you from
+<i>that</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There have been various accounts given of this interesting scene, and
+all agree in representing Girty as having been deeply affected, and
+moved for the moment to penitence and tears. The foundation of McClung's
+detail of the speeches made upon the occasion was a manuscript dictated
+by Kenton himself a number of years before his death. From this writer
+we therefore quote:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As soon as Girty heard the name he became strongly agitated; and,
+springing from his seat, he threw his arms around Kenton's neck, and
+embraced him with much emotion. Then turning to the assembled warriors,
+who remained astonished spectators of this extraordinary scene, he
+addressed them in a short speech, which the deep earnestness of his
+tone, and the energy of his gesture, rendered eloquent. He informed them
+that the prisoner, whom they had just condemned to the stake, was his
+ancient comrade and bosom friend; that they had traveled the same
+war-path, slept upon the same blanket, and dwelt in the same wigwam. He
+entreated them to have compassion on his feelings&mdash;to spare him the
+agony of witnessing the torture of an old friend by the hands of his
+adopted brothers, and not to refuse so trifling a favor as the life of a
+white man to the earnest intercession of one who had proved, by three
+years' faithful service, that he was sincerely and zealously devoted to
+the cause of the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The speech was listened to in unbroken silence. As soon as he had
+finished, several chiefs expressed their approbation by a deep guttural
+interjection, while others were equally as forward in making known their
+objections to the proposal. They urged that his fate had already been
+determined in a large and solemn council, and that they would be acting
+like squaws to change their minds every hour. They insisted upon the
+flagrant misdemeanors of Kenton&mdash;that he had not only stolen their
+horses, but had flashed his gun at one of their young men&mdash;that it was
+vain to suppose that so bad a man could ever become an Indian at heart,
+like their brother Girty&mdash;that the Kentuckians were all alike&mdash;very bad
+people&mdash;and ought to be killed as fast as they were taken&mdash;and finally,
+they observed that many of their people had come from a distance, solely
+to assist at the torture of the prisoner, and pathetically painted the
+disappointment and chagrin with which they would hear that all their
+trouble had been for nothing.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Girty listened with obvious impatience to the young warriors who had so
+ably argued against a reprieve&mdash;and starting to his feet, as soon as the
+others had concluded, he urged his former request with great
+earnestness. He briefly, but strongly recapitulated his own services,
+and the many and weighty instances of attachment he had given. He asked
+if <i>he</i> could be suspected of partiality to the whites? When had he ever
+before interceded for any of that hated race? Had he not brought seven
+scalps home with him from the last expedition? and had he not submitted
+seven white prisoners that very evening to their discretion? Had he ever
+expressed a wish that a single captive should be saved? <i>This</i> was his
+first and should be his last request: for if they refused to <i>him</i>, what
+was never refused to the intercession of one of their natural chiefs,
+he would look upon himself as disgraced in their eyes, and considered as
+unworthy of confidence. Which of their own natural warriors had been
+more zealous than himself? From what expedition had he ever
+shrunk?&mdash;what white man had ever seen his back? Whose tomahawk had been
+bloodier than his? He would say no more. He asked it as a first and last
+favor, as an evidence that they approved of his zeal and fidelity, that
+the life of his bosom friend might be spared. Fresh speakers arose upon
+each side, and the debate was carried on for an hour and a half with
+great heat and energy.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;During the whole of this time, Kenton's feelings may readily be
+imagined. He could not understand a syllable of what was said. He saw
+that Girty spoke with deep earnestness, and that the eyes of the
+assembly were often turned upon himself with various expressions. He
+felt satisfied that his friend was pleading for his life, and that he
+was violently opposed by a large part of the council. At length the
+war-club was produced, and the final vote taken. Kenton watched its
+progress with thrilling emotion&mdash;which yielded to the most rapturous
+delight, as he perceived that those who struck the floor of the
+council-house, were decidedly inferior in number to those who passed it
+in silence. Having thus succeeded in his benevolent purpose, Girty lost
+no time in attending to the comfort of his friend. He led him into his
+own wigwam, and from his own store gave him a pair of moccasins and
+leggins, a breech-cloth, a hat, a coat, a handkerchief for his neck, and
+another for his head.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In the course of a few weeks, and after passing through some further
+difficulties, in which the renegade again stood by him faithfully,
+Kenton was sent to Detroit, from which place he effected his escape and
+returned to Kentucky. Girty remained with the Indians, retaining his old
+influence, and continuing his old career; and four years after the
+occurrences last detailed, in 1782, we find him a prominent figure in
+one of the blackest tragedies that have ever disgraced the annals of
+mankind. It is generally believed, by the old settlers and their
+immediate descendants, that the influence of Girty at this period, over
+the confederate tribes of the whole northwest, was almost supreme. He
+had, it is true, no delegated authority, and of course was powerless as
+regarded the final determination of any important measure; but his voice
+was permitted in council among the chiefs, and his inflaming harangues
+were always listened to with delight by the young warriors. Among the
+sachems and other head-men, he was what may well be styled a &quot;power
+behind the throne;&quot; and as it is well known that this unseen power is
+often &quot;greater than the throne itself,&quot; it may reasonably be presumed
+that Girty's influence was in reality all which it is supposed to have
+been. The horrible event alluded to above, was the <i>Burning of
+Crawford</i>; and as a knowledge of this dark passage in his life, is
+necessary to a full development of the character of the renegade, an
+account of the incident, as much condensed as possible, will be given
+from the histories of the unfortunate campaign of that year.</p>
+
+<p>The frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia, had been greatly
+harassed by repeated attacks from bands of Indians under Girty and some
+of the Wyandot and Shawnee chiefs, during the whole period of the
+Revolutionary War; and early in the spring of 1782, these savage
+incursions became so frequent and galling, and the common mode of
+fighting the Indians on the line of frontier, when forced to do so in
+self-defense, proved so inefficient, that it was found absolutely
+necessary to carry the war into the country of the enemy. For this
+purpose an expedition against the Wyandot towns on the Sandusky, was
+gotten up in May, and put under the command of Colonel William Crawford,
+a brave soldier of the Revolution. This force, amounting to upward of
+four hundred mounted volunteers, commenced its march through the
+wilderness northwest of the Ohio River, on the 25th of May, and reached
+the plains of the Sandusky on the 5th of June. A spirit of
+insubordination had manifested itself during the march, and on one
+occasion a small body of the volunteers abandoned the expedition and
+returned to their homes. The disaffection which had prevailed on the
+march, continued to disturb the commander and divide the ranks, after
+their arrival upon the very site (now deserted temporarily) of one of
+the enemy's principal towns; and the officers, yielding to the wishes of
+their men, had actually determined, in a hasty council, to abandon the
+objects of the expedition and return home, if they did not meet with the
+Indians in large force in the course of another day's march. Scarcely
+had this determination been announced, however, when Colonel Crawford
+received intelligence from his scouts, of the near approach of a large
+body of the enemy. Preparations were at once made for the engagement,
+which almost instantly commenced. It was now about the middle of the
+afternoon; and from this time till dusk the firing was hot and galling
+on both sides. About dark the Indians drew off their force, when the
+volunteers encamped upon the battle-ground, and slept on their arms.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, the battle was renewed by small detachments of the enemy,
+but no general engagement took place. The Indians had suffered severely
+from the close firing which ensued upon their first attack, and were now
+maneuvering and awaiting the arrival of reinforcements. No sooner had
+night closed upon this madly spent day, than the officers assembled in
+council. They were unanimous in the opinion that the enemy, already as
+they thought more numerous than their own force, was rapidly increasing
+in numbers. They therefore determined, without a dissenting voice, to
+retreat that night, as rapidly as circumstances would permit. This
+resolution was at once announced to the whole body of volunteers, and
+the arrangements necessary to carry it into effect were immediately
+commenced. By nine or ten o'clock every thing was in readiness&mdash;the
+troops properly disposed&mdash;and the retreat begun in good order. But
+unfortunately, says McClung, &quot;they had scarcely moved an hundred paces,
+when the report of several rifles was heard in the rear, in the
+direction of the Indian encampment. The troops instantly became very
+unsteady. At length a solitary voice, in the front rank, called out that
+their design was discovered, and that the Indians would soon be upon
+them. Nothing more was necessary. The cavalry were instantly broken;
+and, as usual, each man endeavored to save himself as he best could. A
+prodigious uproar ensued, which quickly communicated to the enemy that
+the white men had routed themselves, and that they had nothing to do but
+pick up stragglers.&quot; A scene of confusion and carnage now took place,
+which almost beggars description. All that night and for the whole of
+the next day, the work of hunting out, running down, and butchering,
+continued without intermission. But a relation of these sad occurrences
+does not properly belong to this narrative. The brief account of the
+expedition which has been given, was deemed necessary as an introduction
+to the event which now claims attention.</p>
+
+<p>Among the prisoners taken by the Indians, were Colonel Crawford, the
+commander, and Dr. Knight of Pittsburg, who had gone upon the
+expedition as surgeon. On the 10th of June, these gentlemen were
+marched toward the principal town of the Wyandots, where they arrived
+the next day. Here they beheld the mangled bodies of some of their late
+companions, and were doomed to see others, yet living, butchered before
+their eyes. Here, likewise, they saw Simon Girty, who appeared to take
+an infernal delight in gazing upon the dead bodies, and viewing the
+tortures which were inflicted upon the living. The features of this
+wretch, who had known Colonel Crawford at Fort Pitt, were clad in
+malicious smiles at beholding the brave soldier in his present strait;
+and toward Dr. Knight he conducted himself with insolence as well as
+barbarity. The Colonel was soon stripped naked, painted black, and
+commanded to sit down by a large fire which was blazing close at hand;
+and in this situation he was surrounded by all the old women and young
+boys of the town, and severely beaten with sticks and clubs. While this
+was going on, the Indians were sinking a large stake in the ground, and
+building a circle of brushwood and hickory sticks around it, with a
+diameter of some twelve or fifteen feet. These preparations completed,
+Crawford's hands were tied firmly behind his back, and by his wrists he
+was bound to the stake. The pile was then fired in several places, and
+the quick flames curled into the air. Girty took no part in these
+operations, but sat upon his horse at a little distance, observing them
+with a malignant satisfaction. Catching his eye at the moment the pile
+was fired, Crawford inquired of the renegade if the savages really meant
+to burn him. Girty coldly answered &quot;Yes,&quot; and the Colonel calmly
+resigned himself to his fate. The whole scene is minutely described in
+the several histories which have been written of this unfortunate
+expedition; but the particulars are too horrible to be dwelt upon here
+For more than two hours did the gallant soldier survive at that
+flame-girdled stake; and during the latter half of this time, he was put
+to every torture which savage ingenuity could devise, and hellish
+vengeance execute. Once only did a word escape his lips. In the
+extremity of his agony he again caught the eye of Girty; and he is
+reported to have exclaimed at this time, &quot;Girty! Girty! shoot me through
+the heart! Do not refuse me! quick!&mdash;quick!&quot; And it is said that the
+monster merely replied, &quot;Don't you see I have no gun, Colonel?&quot; then
+burst into a loud laugh and turned away. Crawford said no more; he sank
+repeatedly beneath the pain and suffocation which he endured, and was
+as often aroused by a new torture; but in a little while the &quot;vital
+spark&quot; fled, and the black and swollen body lay senseless at the foot of
+the stake.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Knight was now removed from the spot, and placed under the charge of
+a Shawanee warrior to be taken to Chillicothe, where he was to share in
+the terrible fate of his late companion. The Doctor, however, was
+fortunate enough to effect his escape; and after wandering through the
+wilderness for three weeks, in a state bordering on starvation, he
+reached Pittsburg. He had been an eye-witness of all the tortures
+inflicted upon the Colonel, and subsequently published a journal of the
+expedition; and it is from this that the particulars have been derived
+of the several accounts which have been published of the <i>Burning of
+Crawford</i>.<a name='FNanchor_48'></a><a href='#Footnote_48'><sup>[48]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It was not to be expected that such a man as Simon Girty could, for a
+great many years, maintain his influence among a people headed by chiefs
+and warriors like Black-Hoof, Buckongahelas, Little Turtle, Tarh&eacute;, and
+so forth. Accordingly we find the ascendancy of the renegade at its
+height about the period of the expedition against Bryant's Station,
+already described; and not long after this it began to wane, when,
+discontent and disappointment inducing him to give way to his natural
+appetites, he partook freely of all intoxicating liquors, and in the
+course of a few years became a beastly drunkard. It is believed that he
+at one time seriously meditated an abandonment of the Indians, and a
+return to the whites; and an anecdote related by McClung, in his notice
+of the emigration to Kentucky, by way of the Ohio River, in the year
+1785, would seem to give color to this opinion. But if the intention
+ever was seriously indulged, it is most likely that fear of the
+treatment he would receive on being recognized in the frontier
+settlements, on account of his many bloody enormities, prevented him
+from carrying it into effect. He remained with the Indians in Ohio till
+Wayne's victory, when he forsook the scenes of his former influence and
+savage greatness, and established himself somewhere in Upper Canada. He
+fought in the bloody engagement which terminated in the defeat and
+butchery of St. Clair's army in 1791, and was at the battle of the
+Fallen Timbers in 1794; but he had no command in either of those
+engagements, and was not at this time a man of any particular influence.</p>
+
+<p>In Canada, Girty was something of a trader, but gave himself up almost
+wholly to intoxicating drinks, and became a perfect sot. At this time he
+suffered much from rheumatism and other diseases; but he had grown a
+great braggart, and amidst his severest pains he would entertain his
+associates, and all who were willing to listen, with stories of his past
+pranks and cruelty. He had now the most exaggerated notions of the honor
+attaching to the character of a great warrior; and for some years before
+his death his constantly-expressed wish was, that he might find an
+opportunity of signalizing his last years by some daring action, and die
+upon the field of battle. Whether sincere in this wish or not, the
+opportunity was afforded him. He fought with the Indians at Proctor's
+defeat on the Thames in 1814, and was among those who were here cut down
+and trodden under foot by Colonel Johnson's regiment of mounted Kentuckians.</p>
+
+<p>Of the birth-place and family of Simon Girty we have not been able to
+procure any satisfactory information. It is generally supposed, from
+the fact that nearly all of his early companions were Virginians, that
+he was a native of the Old Dominion; but one of the early pioneers, (yet
+living in Franklin County,) who knew Girty at Pittsburg before his
+defection, thinks that his native State was Pennsylvania. This venerable
+gentleman is likewise of the opinion, that it was the disappointment of
+not getting an office to which he aspired that first filled Girty's
+breast with hatred of the whites, and roused in him those dark thoughts
+and bitter feelings which subsequently, on the occurrence of the first
+good opportunity, induced him to desert his countrymen and league
+himself with the Indians. That Girty was an applicant or candidate for
+some office, and was defeated in his efforts to obtain it by an
+individual who was generally considered less deserving of it than he, my
+informant has distinct recollections; and also remembers that his defeat
+was occasioned principally through the exertions, in behalf of his
+opponent, of Colonel William Crawford. This affords a key to the cause
+of Girty's fiend-like conduct toward the Colonel when, some ten years
+afterward, the latter was bound to the stake at one of the Wyandot
+towns, and in the extremity of his agony besought the renegade to put an
+end to his misery by shooting him through the heart: it offers no
+apology, however, for Girty's brutality on that occasion.</p>
+
+<p>The career of the renegade, commenced by treason and pursued through
+blood to the knee, affords a good lesson, which might well receive some
+remark; but this narrative has already extended to an unexpected length,
+and must here close. It is a dark record; but the histories of all new
+countries contain somewhat similar passages, and their preservation in
+this form may not be altogether without usefulness.<a name='FNanchor_49'></a><a href='#Footnote_49'><sup>[49]</sup></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XVIII'></a><h2>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Season of repose&mdash;Colonel Boone buys land&mdash;Builds a log house and goes
+to farming&mdash;Kentucky organized on a new basis&mdash;Colonel Boone surprised
+by Indians&mdash;Escapes&mdash;Manners and customs of the settlers&mdash;The autumn
+hunt&mdash;The house-warming.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>After the series of Indian hostilities recorded in the chapters
+immediately preceding this, Kentucky enjoyed a season of comparative
+repose. The cessation of hostilities between the United States and Great
+Britain in 1783, and the probable speedy cession of the British posts on
+the Northwestern frontier, discouraged the Indians, stopped their
+customary incursions on the Kentuckians, and gave them leisure to
+acquire and cultivate new tracts of land.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Boone, notwithstanding the heavy loss of money (which has been
+already mentioned) as he was on his journey to North Carolina, was now
+able to purchase several locations of land. He had been compensated for
+his military services by the Commonwealth of Virginia, to which Kentucky
+still belonged. On one of his locations he built a comfortable
+log-house and recommenced farming, with his usual industry and
+perseverance, varying the pursuits of agriculture with occasional
+indulgence in his favorite sport of hunting.</p>
+
+<p>In 1783 Kentucky organized herself on a new basis, Virginia having
+united the three counties into one district, having a court of common
+law and chancery for the whole territory which now forms the State of
+Kentucky. The seat of justice at first was at Harrodsburg; but for want
+of convenient accommodations for the sessions of the courts, they were
+subsequently removed to Danville, which, in consequence, became for a
+season the centre and capital of the State.<a name='FNanchor_50'></a><a href='#Footnote_50'><sup>[50]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A singular and highly characteristic adventure, in which Boone was
+engaged about this time, is thus narrated by Mr. Peck:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Though no hostile attacks from Indians disturbed the settlements, still
+there were small parties discovered, or <i>signs</i> seen on the frontier
+settlements. On one occasion, about this period, four Indians came to
+the farm of Colonel Boone, and nearly succeeded in taking him prisoner.
+The particulars are given as they were narrated by Boone himself, at the
+wedding of a granddaughter, a few months before his decease, and they
+furnish an illustration of his habitual self-possession and tact with
+Indians. At a short distance from his cabin he had raised a small patch
+of tobacco to supply his neighbors, (for Boone never used the 'filthy
+weed' himself,) the amount, perhaps, of one hundred and fifty hills. </p>
+
+<p>&quot;As a shelter for curing it, he had built an enclosure of rails, a dozen
+feet in height, and covered it with cane and grass. Stalks of tobacco
+are usually split and strung on sticks about four feet in length. The
+ends of these are laid on poles, placed across the tobacco house, and in
+tiers, one above the other to the roof. Boone had fixed his temporary
+shelter in such a manner as to have three tiers. He had covered the
+lower tier, and the tobacco had become dry, when he entered the shelter
+for the purpose of removing the sticks to the upper tier, preparatory to
+gathering the remainder of the crop. He had hoisted up the sticks from
+the lower to the second tier, and was standing on the poles that
+supported it while raising the sticks to the upper tier, when four stout
+Indians, with guns, entered the low door and called him by name. 'Now,
+Boone, we got you. You no get away more. We carry you off to Chillicothe
+this time. You no cheat us any more.' Boone looked down upon their
+up-turned faces, saw their loaded guns pointed at his breast, and
+recognizing some of his old friends, the Shawanees, who had made him
+prisoner near the Blue Licks in 1778, coolly and pleasantly responded,
+'Ah! old friends, glad to see you.' Perceiving that they manifested
+impatience to have him come down, he told them he was quite willing to
+go with them, and only begged they would wait where they were, and watch
+him closely, until he could finish removing his tobacco.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>While parleying with them, inquiring after old acquaintances, and
+proposing to give them his tobacco when cured, he diverted their
+attention from his purpose, until he had collected together a number of
+sticks of dry tobacco, and so turned them as to fall between the poles
+directly in their faces. At the same instant, he jumped upon them with
+as much of the dry tobacco as he could gather in his arms, filling their
+mouths and eyes with its pungent dust; and blinding and disabling them
+from following him, rushed out and hastened to his cabin, where he had
+the means of defense. Notwithstanding the narrow escape, he could not
+resist the temptation, after retreating some fifteen or twenty yards, to
+look round and see the success of his achievement. The Indians blinded
+and nearly suffocated, were stretching out their hands and feeling about
+in different directions, calling him by name and cursing him for a
+rogue, and themselves for fools. The old man, in telling the story,
+imitated their gestures and tones of voice with great glee.</p>
+
+<p>Emigration to Kentucky was now rapidly on the increase, and many new
+settlements were formed. The means of establishing comfortable
+homesteads increased. Horses, cattle, and swine were rapidly in creasing
+in number; and trading in various commodities became more general. From
+Philadelphia, merchandise was transported to Pittsburg on pack-horses,
+and thence taken down the Ohio River in flat-boats and distributed among
+the settlements on its banks. Country stores, land speculators, and
+paper money made their appearance, affording a clear augury of the
+future activity of the West in commercial industry and enterprise.</p>
+
+<a name='FIG6'></a><center>
+   <img src='images/boone-6.png' width='100%' alt='ILLUSTRATION: BOLD STRATEGEM OF BOONE' title='BOLD STRATEGEM OF BOONE'>
+</center>
+<center><b>BOLD STRATEGEM OF BOONE</b></center><br />
+
+
+<p>Most of the settlers came from the interior of North Carolina and
+Virginia; and brought with them the manners and customs of those States.
+These manners and customs were primitive enough. The following
+exceedingly graphic description, which we transcribe from &quot;Doddridge's
+Notes,&quot; will afford the reader a competent idea of rural life in the
+times of Daniel Boone.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;HUNTING.&mdash;This was an important part of the employment of the early
+settlers of this country. For some years the woods supplied them with
+the greater amount of their subsistence, and with regard to some
+families, at certain times, the whole of it; for it was no uncommon
+thing for families to live several months without a mouthful of bread.
+It frequently happened that there was no breakfast until it was obtained
+from the woods. Fur and peltry were the people's money. They had nothing
+else to give in exchange for rifles, salt, and iron, on the other side
+of the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The fall and early part of the winter was the season for hunting deer,
+and the whole of the winter, including part of the spring, for bears and
+fur-skinned animals. It was a customary saying that fur is good during
+every month in the name of which the letter R occurs.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The class of hunters with whom I was best acquainted, were those whose
+hunting ranges were on the eastern side of the river, and at the
+distance of eight or nine miles from it. As soon as the leaves were
+pretty well down, and the weather became rainy, accompanied with light
+snows, these men, after acting the part of husbandmen, so far as the
+state of warfare permitted them to do so, soon began to feel that they
+were hunters. They became uneasy at home. Every thing about them
+became disagreeable. The house was too warm. The feather-bed too soft,
+and even the good wife was not thought, for the time being, a proper
+companion. The mind of the hunter was wholly occupied with the camp and
+chase.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I have often seen them get up early in the morning at this season, walk
+hastily out, and look anxiously to the woods and snuff the autumnal
+winds with the highest rapture, then return into the house and cast a
+quick and attentive look at the rifle, which was always suspended to a
+joist by a couple of buck horns, or little forks. His hunting dog,
+understanding the intentions of his master, would wag his tail, and by
+every blandishment in his power express his readiness to accompany him
+to the woods.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A day was soon appointed for the march of the little cavalcade to the
+camp. Two or three horses furnished with pack-saddles were loaded with
+flour, Indian meal, blankets, and every thing else requisite for the use
+of the hunter.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A hunting camp, or what was called a half-faced cabin, was of the
+following form; the back part of it was sometimes a large log; at the
+distance of eight or ten feet from this, two stakes were set in the
+ground a few inches apart, and at the distance of eight or ten feet
+from these, two more, to receive the ends of the poles for the sides of
+the camp. The whole slope of the roof, was from the front to the back.
+The covering was made of slabs, skins, or blankets, or, if in the spring
+of the year, the bark of hickory or ash trees. The front was entirely
+open. The fire was built directly before this opening. The cracks
+between the logs were filled with moss. Dry leaves served for a bed. It
+is thus that a couple of men, in a few hours will construct for
+themselves a temporary, but tolerably comfortable defense, from the
+inclemencies of the weather. The beaver, otter, muskrat and squirrel are
+scarcely their equals in dispatch in fabricating for themselves a covert
+from the tempest!</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A little more pains would have made a hunting camp a defense against
+the Indians. A cabin ten feet square, bullet proof, and furnished with
+port-holes would have enabled two or three hunters to hold twenty
+Indians at bay for any length of time. But this precaution I believe was
+never attended to; hence the hunters were often surprised and killed in
+their camps.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The site for the camp was selected with all the sagacity of the
+woodsman, so as to have it sheltered by the surrounding hills from
+every wind, but more especially from those of the north and west.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;An uncle of mine, of the name of Samuel Teter, occupied the same camp
+for several years in succession. It was situated on one of the southern
+branches of Cross Creek. Although I lived for many years not more than
+fifteen miles from the place, it was not till within a very few years
+ago that I discovered its situation. It was shown me by a gentleman
+living in the neighborhood. Viewing the hills round about it I soon
+perceived the sagacity of the hunter in the site for his camp. Not a
+wind could touch him; and unless by the report of his gun or the sound
+of his axe, it would have been by mere accident if an Indian had
+discovered his concealment.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Hunting was not a mere ramble in pursuit of game, in which there was
+nothing of skill and calculation; on the contrary, the hunter, before he
+set out in the morning, was informed, by the state of the weather, in
+what situation he might reasonably expect to meet with his game; whether
+on the bottoms, sides or tops of the hills. In stormy weather, the deer
+always seek the most sheltered places, and the leeward side of the
+hills. In rainy weather, in which there is not much wind, they keep in
+the open woods on the highest ground.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In every situation it was requisite for the hunter to ascertain the
+course of the wind, so as to get the leeward of the game. This he
+effected by putting his finger in his mouth, and holding it there until
+it became warm, then holding it above his head, the side which first
+becomes cold shows which way the wind blows.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As it was requisite too for the hunter to know the cardinal points, he
+had only to observe the trees to ascertain them. The bark of an aged
+tree is thicker and much rougher on the north than on the south side.
+The same thing may be said of the moss: it is much thicker and stronger
+on the north than on the south side of the trees.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The whole business of the hunter consists of a succession of intrigues.
+From morning till night he was on the alert to <i>gain the</i> wind of his
+game, and approach them without being discovered. If he succeeded in
+killing a deer, he skinned it, and hung it up out of the reach of the
+wolves, and immediately resumed the chase till the close of the evening,
+when he bent his course toward the camp; when he arrived there he
+kindled up his fire, and together with his fellow hunter, cooked his
+supper. The supper finished, the adventures of the day furnished the
+tales for the evening. The spike buck, the two and three-pronged buck,
+the doe and barren doe, figured through their anecdotes with great
+advantage. It should seem that after hunting awhile on the same ground,
+the hunters became acquainted with nearly all the gangs of deer within
+their range, so as to know each flock of them when they saw them. Often
+some old buck, by the means of his superior sagacity and watchfulness,
+saved his little gang from the hunter's skill, by giving timely notice
+of his approach. The cunning of the hunter and that of the old buck were
+staked against each other, and it frequently happened that at the
+conclusion of the hunting season, the old fellow was left the free
+uninjured tenant of his forest; but if his rival succeeded in bringing
+him down, the victory, was followed by no small amount of boasting on
+the part of the conqueror.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When the weather was not suitable for hunting, the skins and carcasses
+of the game were brought in and disposed of.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Many of the hunters rested from their labors on the Sabbath day; some
+from a motive of piety; others said that whenever they hunted on Sunday,
+they were sure to have bad luck on the rest of the week.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;THE HOUSE-WARMING.&mdash;I will proceed to state the usual manner of
+settling a young couple in the world.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A spot was selected on a piece of land of one of the parents, for their
+habitation. A day was appointed shortly after their marriage, for
+commencing the work of building their cabin. The fatigue-party consisted
+of choppers, whose business it was to fell the trees and cut them off at
+proper lengths. A man with a team for hauling them to the place and
+arranging them, properly assorted, at the sides and ends of the
+building; a carpenter, if such he might be called, whose business it was
+to search the woods for a proper tree for making clapboards for the
+roof. The tree for this purpose must be straight-grained, and from three
+to four feet in diameter. The boards were split four feet long, with a
+large frown, and as wide as the timber would allow. They were used
+without planing or shaving Another division were employed in getting
+puncheons for the floor of the cabin; this was done by splitting trees,
+about eighteen inches in diameter, and hewing the faces of them with a
+broad-axe. They were half the length of the floor they were intended to
+make. The materials for the cabin were mostly prepared on the first
+day, and sometimes the foundation laid in the evening. The second day
+was allotted for the raising.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In the morning of the next day the neighbors collected for the raising.
+The first thing to be done was the election of four corner men, whose
+business it was to notch and place the logs. The rest of the company
+furnished them with the timbers. In the meantime the boards and
+puncheons were collecting for the floor and roof, so that by the time
+the cabin was a few rounds high, the sleepers and floor began to be
+laid. The door was made by sawing or cutting the logs in one side so as
+to make an opening about three feet wide. This opening was secured by
+upright pieces of timber about three inches thick, through which holes
+were bored into the ends of the logs for the purpose of pinning them
+fast. A similar opening, but wider, was made at the end for the chimney.
+This was built of logs, and made large, to admit of a back and jambs of
+stone. At the square, two end logs projected a foot or eighteen inches
+beyond the wall, to receive the butting poles, as they were called,
+against which the ends of the first row of clapboards was supported. The
+roof was formed by making the end logs shorter, until a single log
+formed the comb of the roof, on these logs the clapboards were placed,
+the ranges of them lapping some distance over those next below them,
+and kept in their places by logs, placed at proper distances upon them.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The roof, and sometimes the floor, were finished on the same day of the
+raising. A third day was commonly spent by a few carpenters in leveling
+off the floor, making a clapboard door and a table. This last was made
+of a split slab, and supported by four round legs set in auger-holes.
+Some three-legged stools were made in the same manner. Some pins stuck
+in the logs at the back of the house, supported some clapboards which
+served for shelves for the table furniture. A single fork, placed with
+its lower end in a hole in the floor, and the upper end fastened to a
+joist, served for a bedstead, by placing a pole in the fork with one end
+through a crack between the logs of the wall. This front pole was
+crossed by a shorter one within the fork, with its outer end through
+another crack. From the front pole, through a crack between the logs of
+the end of the house, the boards were put on which formed the bottom of
+the bed. Sometimes other poles were pinned to the fork a little distance
+above these, for the purpose of supporting the front and foot of the
+bed, while the walls were the supports of its back and head. A few pegs
+around the walls for a display of the coats of the women, and
+hunting-shirts of the men, and two small forks or buck-horns to a joist
+for the rifle and shot-pouch, completed the carpenter work.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In the mean time masons were at work. With the heart pieces of the
+timber of which the clapboards were made, they made billets for chunking
+up the cracks between the logs of the cabin and chimney; a large bed of
+mortar was made for daubing up these cracks; a few stones formed the
+back and jambs of the chimney.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The cabin being finished, the ceremony of house-warming took place,
+before the young couple were permitted to move into it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The house-warming was a dance of a whole night's continuance, made up
+of the relations of the bride and groom and their neighbors. On the day
+following the young couple took possession of their new mansion.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XIX'></a><h2>CHAPTER XIX.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Condition of the early settlers as it respects the mechanic
+arts&mdash;Throwing the tomahawk&mdash;Athletic sports&mdash;Dancing&mdash;Shooting at
+marks&mdash;Scarcity of Iron&mdash;Costume&mdash;Dwellings&mdash;Furniture&mdash;Employments&mdash;The
+women&mdash;Their character&mdash;Diet&mdash;Indian corn.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Before having the subject of the actual condition of the early settlers
+in the West, we take another extract from &quot;Doddridge's Notes,&quot;
+comprising his observations on the state of the mechanic arts among
+them, and an account of some of their favorite sports.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;MECHANIC ARTS.&mdash;In giving the history of the state of the mechanic arts
+as they were exercised at an early period of the settlement of this
+country, I shall present a people, driven by necessity to perform works
+of mechanical skill, far beyond what a person enjoying all the
+advantages of civilization would expect from a population placed in
+such destitute circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;My reader will naturally ask, where were their mills for grinding
+grain? Where their tanners for making leather? Where their smiths' shops
+for making and repairing their farming utensils? Who were their
+carpenters, tailors, cabinet-workmen, shoemakers, and weavers? The
+answer is, those manufacturers did not exist; nor had they any
+tradesmen, who were professedly such. Every family were under the
+necessity of doing every thing for themselves as well as they could. The
+hominy block and hand-mills were in use in most of our houses. The first
+was made of a large block of wood about three feet long, with an
+excavation burned in one end, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom,
+so that the action of the pestle on the bottom threw the corn up to the
+sides toward the top of it, from whence it continually fell down into
+the centre.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In consequence of this movement, the whole mass of the grain was pretty
+equally subjected to the strokes of the pestle. In the fall of the year,
+while the Indian corn was soft, the block and pestle did very well for
+making meal for johnny-cake and mush; but were rather slow when the corn
+became hard.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The sweep was sometimes used to lessen the toil of pounding grain into
+meal. This was a pole of some springy, elastic wood, thirty feet long or
+more; the butt end was placed under the side of a house, or a large
+stump; this pole was supported by two forks, placed about one-third of
+its length from the butt end, so as to elevate the small end about
+fifteen feet from the ground; to this was attached, by a large mortise a
+piece of sapling about five or six inches in diameter, and eight or ten
+feet long. The lower end of this was shaped so as to answer for a
+pestle. A pin of wood was put through it, at a proper height, so that
+two persons could work at the sweep at once. This simple machine very
+much lessened the labor and expedited the work.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I remember that when a boy I put up an excellent sweep at my father's.
+It was made of a sugar-tree sapling. It was kept going almost constantly
+from morning till night by our neighbors for a period of several weeks.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In the Greenbriar country, where they had a number of saltpeter caves,
+the first settlers made plenty of excellent gunpowder by the means of
+those sweeps and mortars.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A machine, still more simple than the mortar and pestle, was used for
+making meal while the corn was too soft to be beaten. It was called a
+grater. This was a half-circular piece of tin, perforated with a punch
+from the concave side, and nailed by its edges to a block of wood. The
+ears of corn were rubbed on the rough edge of the holes, while the meal
+fell through them on the board or block, to which the grater was nailed,
+which, being in a slanting direction, discharged the meal into a cloth
+or bowl placed for its reception. This, to be sure, was a slow way of
+making meal; but necessity has no law. </p>
+
+<p>&quot;The hand-mill was better than the mortar and grater. It was made of two
+circular stones, the lowest of which was called the bed-stone, the upper
+one the runner. These were placed in a hoop, with a spout for
+discharging the meal. A staff was let into a hole in the upper surface
+of the runner, near the outer edge, and its upper end through a hole in
+a board fastened to a joist above, so that two persons could be employed
+in turning the mill at the same time. The grain was put into the opening
+in the runner by hand. The mills are still in use in Palestine, the
+ancient country of the Jews. To a mill of this sort our Saviour alluded
+when, with reference to the destruction of Jerusalem, he said: 'Two
+women shall be grinding at a mill, the one shall be taken and the other
+left.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This mill is much preferable to that used at present in upper Egypt for
+making the dhourra bread. It is a smooth stone, placed on an inclined
+plane, upon which the grain is spread, which is made into meal by
+rubbing another stone up and down upon it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Our first water mills were of that description denominated tub-mills.
+It consists of a perpendicular shaft, to the lower end of which an
+horizontal wheel of about four or five feet diameter is attached, the
+upper end passes through the bedstone and carries the runner after the
+manner of a trundlehead. These mills were built with very little
+expense, and many of them answered the purpose very well.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Instead of bolting cloths, sifters were in general use. These were made
+of deer skins in the state of parchment, stretched over a hoop and
+perforated with a hot wire.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Our clothing was all of domestic manufacture. We had no other resource
+for clothing, and this, indeed, was a poor one. The crops of flax often
+failed, and the sheep were destroyed by the wolves. Linsey, which is
+made of flax and wool, the former the chain and the latter the filling,
+was the warmest and most substantial cloth we could make. Almost every
+house contained a loom, and almost every woman was a weaver.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Every family tanned their own leather. The tan vat was a large trough
+sunk to the upper edge in the ground. A quantity of bark was easily
+obtained every spring in clearing and fencing land. This, after drying,
+was brought in, and in wet days was shaved and pounded on a block of
+wood with an axe or mallet. Ashes were used in place of lime for taking
+off the hair. Bears' oil, hogs' lard, and tallow answered the place of
+fish oil. The leather, to be sure, was coarse; but it was substantially
+good. The operation of currying was performed by a drawing-knife with
+its edge turned, after the manner of a currying-knife. The blocking for
+the leather was made of soot and hogs' lard.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Almost every family contained its own tailors and shoemakers. Those who
+could not make shoes, could make shoepacks. These, like moccasins, were
+made of a single piece on the top of the foot. This was about two inches
+broad, and circular at the lower end. To this the main piece of leather
+was sewed, with a gathering stitch. The seam behind was like that of a
+moccasin. To the shoepack a sole was sometimes added. The women did the
+tailor-work. They could all cut-out, and make hunting-shirts, leggins,
+and drawers.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The state of society which exists in every country at an early period
+of its settlements, is well calculated to call into action every native
+mechanical genius. So it happened in this country. There was in almost
+every neighborhood, some one whose natural ingenuity enabled him to do
+many things for himself and his neighbors, far above what could have
+been reasonably expected. With the few tools which they brought with
+them into the country, they certainly performed wonders. Their plows,
+harrows with their wooden teeth, and sleds, were in many instances well
+made. Their cooper-ware, which comprehended every thing for holding milk
+and water, was generally pretty well executed. The cedar-ware, by having
+alternately a white and red stave, was then thought beautiful; many of
+their puncheon floors were very neat, their joints close, and the top
+even and smooth. Their looms, although heavy, did very well. Those who
+could not exercise these mechanic arts, were under the necessity of
+giving labor or barter to their neighbors, in exchange for the use of
+them, so far as their necessities required.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Sports.&mdash;One important pastime of our boys, was that of imitating the
+noise of every bird and beast in the woods. This faculty was not merely
+a pastime, but a very necessary part of education, on account of its
+utility in certain circumstances. The imitations of the gobbling, and
+other sounds of wild turkeys, often brought those keen-eyed, and
+ever-watchful tenants of the forest within the reach of their rifle. The
+bleating of the fawn, brought its dam to her death in the same way. The
+hunter often collected a company of mopish owls to the trees about his
+camp, and amused himself with their hoarse screaming; his howl would
+raise and obtain responses from a pack of wolves, so as to inform him of
+their neighborhood, as well as guard him against their depredations.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This imitative faculty was sometimes requisite as a measure of
+precaution in war. The Indians, when scattered about in a neighborhood,
+often collected together, by imitating turkeys by day, and wolves or
+owls by night. In similar situations, our people did the same. I have
+often witnessed the consternation of a whole settlement, in consequence
+of a few screeches of owls. An early and correct use of this imitative
+faculty was considered as an indication that its possessor would become,
+in due time, a good hunter and valiant warrior. Throwing the tomahawk
+was another boyish sport, in which many acquired considerable skill. The
+tomahawk, with its handle of a certain length, will make a given number
+of turns in a given distance. Say in five steps, it will strike with the
+edge, the handle downward; at the distance of seven and a half, it will
+strike with the edge, the handle upward, and so on. A little experience
+enabled the boy to measure the distance with his eye, when walking
+through the woods, and strike a tree with his tomahawk in any way he
+chose.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The athletic sports of running, jumping, and wrestling, were the
+pastimes of boys, in common with the men.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A well-grown boy, at the age of twelve or thirteen years, was furnished
+with a small rifle and shot-pouch. He then became a fort-soldier, and
+had his port hole assigned him. Hunting squirrels, turkeys, and
+raccoons, soon made him expert in the use of his gun.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Dancing was the principal amusement of our young people of both sexes.
+Their dances, to be sure, were of the simplest form. Three and
+four-handed reels and jigs. Country dances, cotillions, and minuets,
+were unknown. I remember to have seen, once or twice, a dance which was
+called 'The Irish Trot,' but I have long since forgotten its figure.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Shooting at marks was a common diversion among the men, when their
+stock of ammunition would allow it; this, however, was far from being
+always the case. The present mode of shooting off-hand was not then in
+practice. This mode was not considered as any trial of the value of a
+gun, nor indeed, as much of a test of the skill of a marksman. Their
+shooting was from a rest, and at as great a distance as the length and
+weight of the barrel of the gun would throw a ball on a horizontal
+level. Such was their regard to accuracy, in those sportive trials of
+their rifles, and of their own skill in the use of them, that they often
+put moss, or some other soft substance on the log or stump from which
+they shot, for fear of having the bullet thrown from the mark, by the
+spring of the barrel. When the rifle was held to the side of a tree for
+a rest, it was pressed against it as lightly as possible, for the same
+reason.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Rifles of former times were different from those of modern date; few of
+them carried more than forty five bullets to the pound. Bullets of a
+less size were not thought sufficiently heavy for hunting or war.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Our readers will pardon the length of these extracts from Doddridge, as
+they convey accurate pictures of many scenes of Western life in the
+times of Daniel Boone. We add to them a single extract from &quot;Ramsay's
+Annals of Tennessee.&quot; The early settlement of that State took place
+about the same time with that of Kentucky, and was made by emigrants
+from the same region. The following remarks are therefore perfectly
+applicable to the pioneers of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The settlement of Tennessee was unlike that of the present new country
+of the United States. Emigrants from the Atlantic cities, and from most
+points in the Western interior, now embark upon steamboats or other
+craft, and carrying with them all the conveniences and comforts of
+civilized life&mdash;indeed, many of its luxuries&mdash;are, in a few days,
+without toil, danger, or exposure, transported to their new abodes, and
+in a few months are surrounded with the appendages of home, of
+civilization, and the blessings of law and of society. The wilds of
+Minnesota and Nebraska by the agency of steam, or the stalwart arms of
+Western boatmen, are at once transformed into the settlements of a
+commercial and civilized people. Independence and St. Paul, six months
+after they are laid off, have their stores and their workshops, their
+artisans, and their mechanics. The mantua-maker and the tailor arrive in
+the same boat with the carpenter and mason. The professional man and the
+printer quickly follow. In the succeeding year the piano, the
+drawing-room, the restaurant, the billiard-table, the church bell, the
+village and the city in miniature, are all found, while the neighboring
+interior is yet a wilderness and a desert. The town and comfort, taste
+and urbanity are first; the clearing, the farm-house, the wagon-road and
+the improved country, second. It was far different on the frontier in
+Tennessee. At first a single Indian trail was the only entrance to the
+eastern border of it and for many years admitted only of the hunter and
+the pack-horse It was not till the year 1776 that a wagon was seen in
+Tennessee. In consequence of the want of roads&mdash;as well as of the great
+distance from sources of supply&mdash;the first inhabitants were without
+tools, and, of course, without mechanics&mdash;much more, without the
+conveniences of living and the comforts of house-keeping. Luxuries were
+absolutely unknown. Salt was brought on pack-horses from Augusta and
+Richmond, and readily commanded ten dollars a bushel. The salt gourd, in
+every cabin, was considered as a treasure. The sugar-maple furnished the
+only article of luxury on the frontier; coffee and tea being unknown, or
+beyond the reach of the settlers, sugar was seldom made, and was only
+used for the sick, or in the preparation of a <i>sweetened dram</i> at a
+wedding, or the arrival of a new-comer. The appendages of the kitchen,
+the cupboard, and the table were scanty and simple.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Iron was brought, at great expense, from the forges east of the
+mountain, on pack-horses, and was sold at an enormous price. Its use
+was, for this reason, confined to the construction and repair of plows
+and other farming utensils. Hinges, nails, and fastenings of that
+material, were seldom seen.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The costume of the first settlers corresponded well with the style of
+their buildings and the quality of their furniture. The hunting-shirt of
+the militiaman and the hunter was in general use. The rest of their
+apparel was in keeping with it&mdash;plain, substantial, and well adapted for
+comfort, use, and economy. The apparel of the pioneer's family was all
+home-made, and in a whole neighborhood there would not be seen, at the
+first settlement of the country, a single article of dress of foreign
+growth or manufacture. Half the year, in many families, shoes were not
+worn. Boots, a fur hat, and a coat with buttons on each side, attracted
+the gaze of the beholder, and sometimes received censure and rebuke. A
+stranger from the old States chose to doff his ruffles, his broadcloth,
+and his queue, rather than endure the scoff and ridicule of the
+backwoodsmen.&quot; </p>
+
+<p>The dwelling-house, on every frontier in Tennessee, was the log-cabin. A
+carpenter and a mason were not needed to build them&mdash;much less the
+painter, the glazier, or the upholsterer. Every settler had, besides his
+rifle, no other instrument but an axe, a hatchet, and a butcher-knife. A
+saw, an auger, a froe, and a broad-axe would supply a whole settlement,
+and were used as common property in the erection of the log-cabin. The
+floor of the cabin was sometimes the earth. No saw-mill was yet erected;
+and, if the means or leisure of the occupant authorized it, he split out
+puncheons for the floor and for the shutter of the entrance to his
+cabin. The door was hung with wooden hinges and fastened by a wooden
+latch.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Such was the habitation of the pioneer Tennessean. Scarcely can one of
+these structures, venerable for their years and the associations which
+cluster around them, be now seen, in Tennessee. Time and improvement
+have displaced them. Here and there in the older counties, may yet be
+seen the old log house, which sixty years ago sheltered the first
+emigrant, or gave, for the time, protection to a neighborhood, assembled
+within its strong and bullet-proof walls. Such an one is the east end of
+Mr. Martin's house, at Campbell's Station, and the centre part of the
+mansion of this writer, at Mecklenburg, once Gilliam's Station, changed
+somewhat, it is true, in some of its aspects, but preserving even yet,
+in the height of the story and in its old-fashioned and capacious
+fire-place, some of the features of primitive architecture on the
+frontier. Such, too, is the present dwelling-house of Mr. Tipton, on
+Ellejoy, in Blount County, and that of Mr. Glasgow Snoddy, in Sevier
+County. But these old buildings are becoming exceedingly rare, and soon
+not one of them will be seen. Their unsightly proportions and rude
+architecture will not much longer offend modern taste, nor provoke the
+idle and irreverent sneer of the fastidious and the fashionable. When
+the last one of these pioneer houses shall have fallen into decay and
+ruins, the memory of their first occupants will still be immortal and
+indestructible.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The interior of the cabin was no less unpretending and simple. The
+whole furniture, of the one apartment&mdash;answering in these primitive
+times the purposes of the kitchen, the dining-room, the nursery and the
+dormitory&mdash;were a plain home-made bedstead or two, some split-bottomed
+chairs and stools; a large puncheon, supported on four legs, used, as
+occasion required, for a bench or a table, a water shelf and a bucket;
+a spinning-wheel, and sometimes a loom, finished the catalogue. The
+wardrobe of the family was equally plain and simple. The walls of the
+house were hung round with the dresses of the females, the
+hunting-shirts, clothes, and the arms and shot-pouches of the men.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The labor and employment of a pioneer family were distributed in
+accordance with surrounding circumstances. To the men was assigned the
+duty of procuring subsistence and materials for clothing, erecting the
+cabin and the station, opening and cultivating the farm, hunting the
+wild beasts, and repelling and pursuing the Indians. The women spun the
+flax, the cotton and wool, wove the cloth, made them up, milked,
+churned, and prepared the food, and did their full share of the duties
+of house-keeping. Another thus describes them: 'There we behold woman in
+her true glory; not a doll to carry silks and jewels; not a puppet to be
+dandled by fops, an idol of profane adoration, reverenced to-day,
+discarded to-morrow; admired, but not respected; desired, but not
+esteemed; ruling by passion, not affection; imparting her weakness, not
+her constancy, to the sex she should exalt; the source and mirror of
+vanity. We see her as a wife, partaking of the cares, and guiding the
+labors of her husband, and by her domestic diligence spreading
+cheerfulness all around; for his sake, sharing the decent refinements of
+the world, without being fond of them; placing all her joy, all her
+happiness, in the merited approbation of the man she loves. As a mother,
+we find her the affectionate, the ardent instructress of the children
+she has reared from infancy, and trained them up to thought and virtue,
+to meditation and benevolence; addressing them as rational beings, and
+preparing them to become men and women in their turn.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Could there be happiness or comfort in such dwellings and such a state
+of society? To those who are accustomed to modern refinements, the truth
+appears like fable. The early occupants of log-cabins were among the
+most happy of mankind. Exercise and excitement gave them health; they
+were practically equal; common danger made them mutually dependant;
+brilliant hopes of future wealth and distinction led them on; and as
+there was ample room for all, and as each new-comer increased individual
+and general security, there was little room for that envy, jealousy,
+and hatred which constitute a large portion of human misery in older
+societies. Never were the story, the joke, the song, and the laugh
+better enjoyed than upon the hewed blocks, or puncheon stools, around
+the roaring log fire of the early Western settler. The lyre of Apollo
+was not hailed with more delight in primitive Greece than the advent of
+the first fiddler among the dwellers of the wilderness; and the polished
+daughters of the East never enjoyed themselves half so well, moving to
+the music of a full band, upon the elastic floor of their ornamented
+ball-room, as did the daughters of the emigrants, keeping time to a
+self-taught fiddler, on the bare earth or puncheon floor of the
+primitive log-cabin. The smile of the polished beauty is the wave of the
+lake, where the breeze plays gently over it, and her movement is the
+gentle stream which drains it; but the laugh of the log-cabin is the
+gush of nature's fountain, and its movement, its leaping water.'&quot; <a name='FNanchor_51'></a><a href='#Footnote_51'><sup>[51]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>&quot;On the frontier the diet was necessarily plain and homely, but
+exceedingly abundant and nutritive. The Goshen of America<a name='FNanchor_52'></a><a href='#Footnote_52'><sup>[52]</sup></a> furnished
+the richest milk, the finest butter, and the most savory and delicious
+meats. In their rude cabins, with their scanty and inartificial
+furniture, no people ever enjoyed in wholesome food a greater variety,
+or a superior quality of the necessaries of life. For bread, the Indian
+corn was exclusively used. It was not till 1790 that the settlers on the
+rich bottoms of Cumberland and Nollichucky discovered the remarkable
+adaptation of the soil and climate of Tennessee to the production of
+this grain. Emigrants from James River, the Catawba, and the Santee,
+were surprised at the amount and quality of the corn crops, surpassing
+greatly the best results of agricultural labor and care in the Atlantic
+States. This superiority still exists, and Tennessee, by the census of
+1850, was <i>the</i> corn State. Of all the farinacea, corn is best adapted
+to the condition of a pioneer people; and if idolatry is at all
+justifiable, Ceres, or certainly the Goddess of Indian corn, should have
+had a temple and a worshipers among the pioneers of Tennessee. Without
+that grain, the frontier settlements could not have been formed and
+maintained. It is the most certain crop&mdash;requires the least preparation
+of the ground&mdash;is most congenial to a virgin soil&mdash;needs not only the
+least amount of labor in its culture, but comes to maturity in the
+shortest time. The pith of the matured stalk of the corn is esculent
+and nutritious; and the stalk itself, compressed between rollers,
+furnishes what is known as corn-stalk molasses.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This grain requires, also, the least care and trouble in preserving it.
+It may safely stand all winter upon the stalk without injury from the
+weather or apprehension of damage by disease, or the accidents to which
+other grains are subject. Neither smut nor rust, nor weavil nor
+snow-storm, will hurt it. After its maturity, it is also prepared for
+use or the granary with little labor. The husking is a short process,
+and is even advantageously delayed till the moment arrives for using the
+corn. The machinery for converting it into food is also exceedingly
+simple and cheap. As soon as the ear is fully formed, it may be roasted
+or boiled, and forms thus an excellent and nourishing diet. At a later
+period it may be grated, and furnishes, in this form, the sweetest
+bread. The grains boiled in a variety of modes, either whole or broken
+in a mortar, or roasted in the ashes, or popped in an oven, are well
+relished. If the grain is to be converted into meal, a simple tub-mill
+answers the purpose best, as the meal <i>least perfectly ground</i> is always
+preferred. A bolting-cloth is not needed, as it diminishes the
+sweetness and value of the flour. The catalogue of the advantages of
+this meal might be extended further. Boiled in water, it forms the
+frontier dish called <i>mush</i>, which was eaten with milk, with honey,
+molasses, butter or gravy. Mixed with cold water, it is, at once, ready
+for the cook; covered with hot ashes, the preparation is called the ash
+cake; placed upon a piece of clapboard, and set near the coals, it forms
+the journey-cake; or managed in the same way, upon a helveless hoe, it
+forms the hoe-cake; put in an oven, and covered over with a heated lid,
+it is called, if in a large mass, a pone or loaf; if in smaller
+quantities, dodgers. It has the further advantage, over all other flour,
+that it requires in its preparation few culinary utensils, and neither
+sugar, yeast, eggs, spices, soda, potash, or other <i>et ceteras</i>, to
+qualify or perfect the bread. To all this, it may be added, that it is
+not only cheap and well tasted, but it is unquestionably the most
+wholesome and nutritive food. The largest and healthiest people in the
+world have lived upon it exclusively. It formed the principal bread of
+that robust race of men&mdash;giants in miniature&mdash;which, half a century
+since, was seen on the frontier.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The dignity of history is not lowered by this enumeration of the
+pre-eminent qualities of Indian corn. The rifle and the axe have had
+their influence in subduing the wilderness to the purposes of
+civilization, and they deserve their eulogists and trumpeters. Let
+paeans be sung all over the mighty West to Indian corn&mdash;without it, the
+West would have still been a wilderness. Was the frontier suddenly
+invaded? Without commissary or quartermaster, or other sources of
+supply, each soldier parched a peck of corn; a portion of it was put
+into his pockets, the remainder in his wallet, and, throwing it upon his
+saddle, with his rifle on his shoulder, he was ready, in half an hour,
+for the campaign. Did a flood of emigration inundate the frontier with
+an amount of consumers disproportioned to the supply of grain? The
+facility of raising the Indian corn, and its early maturity, gave
+promise and guaranty that the scarcity would be temporary and tolerable.
+Did the safety of the frontier demand the services of every adult
+militiaman? The boys and women could, themselves, raise corn and furnish
+ample supplies of bread. The crop could be gathered next year. Did an
+autumnal intermittent confine the whole family or the entire population
+to the sick bed? This certain concomitant of the clearing, and
+cultivating the new soil, mercifully withholds its paroxysms till the
+crop of corn is made. It requires no further labor or care afterward.
+Paeans, say we, and a temple and worshipers, to the Creator of Indian
+corn. The frontier man could gratefully say: 'He maketh me to lie down
+in green pastures. He leadeth me beside the still waters. Thou
+<i>preparest a table before me in presence of mine enemies</i>.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The sports of the frontier men were manly, athletic, or warlike&mdash;the
+chase, the bear hunt, the deer drive, shooting at the target, throwing
+the tomahawk, jumping, boxing and wrestling, foot and horse-racing.
+Playing marbles and pitching dollars, cards and backgammon, were little
+known, and were considered base or effeminate. The bugle, the violin,
+the fife and drum, furnished all the musical entertainments. These were
+much used and passionately admired. Weddings, military trainings,
+house-raisings, chopping frolics, were often followed with the fiddle,
+and dancing, and rural sports.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XX'></a><h2>CHAPTER XX.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Indian hostilities resumed&mdash;Expedition of Davis, Caffre, and
+McClure&mdash;Attack on Captain Ward's boat&mdash;Affair near Scagg's
+Creek&mdash;Growth of Kentucky&mdash;Population&mdash;Trade&mdash;General Logan calls a
+meeting at Danville&mdash;Convention called&mdash;Separation from Virginia
+proposed&mdash;Virginia consents&mdash;Kentucky admitted as an independent State
+of the Union&mdash;Indian hostilities&mdash;Expedition and death of Colonel
+Christian&mdash;Expedition of General Clark&mdash;Expedition of General
+Logan&mdash;Success of Captain Hardin&mdash;Defeat of Hargrove&mdash;Exploits of Simon
+Kenton&mdash;Affairs at the Elkhorn settlements&mdash;Treaty&mdash;Barman's expedition.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Kentucky was not yet entirely freed from Indian hostilities. There was
+no formidable invasion, such as to call for the exertions of Boone,
+Kenton and the other warriors of the border, but there were several
+occurrences which occasioned considerable alarm.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1784, a number of families started down the Ohio from
+Louisville in two flat boats. They were pursued by Indians in canoes,
+but awed by the determined aspect of the whites, they drew off, without
+so much as a gun being fired on either side.</p>
+
+<p>This same spring a party of southern Indians stole some horses from
+Lincoln County. Three young men, Davis, Caffre and McClure, pursued
+them, but failing to overtake them, concluded to make reprisals on the
+nearest Indian settlement. Not far from the Tennessee River, they fell
+in with an equal number of Indians. The two parties saluted each other
+in a very friendly manner, and agreed to journey in company. The whites,
+however, were by no means convinced of the sincerity of their
+companions, and, seeing them talking together very earnestly, became
+assured of their hostile intentions. It being determined to anticipate
+the Indians' attack; Caffre undertook to capture one of them, while his
+companions shot the other two. Accordingly he sprung upon the nearest
+Indian, and bore him to the ground; Davis's gun missed fire but McClure
+shot his man dead. The remaining Indian sprung to a tree from which
+shelter he shot Caffre, who was still struggling with the Indian he had
+grappled. He, in his turn was immediately shot by McClure. The Indian
+whom Caffre had attacked, extricated himself from the grasp of his dying
+antagonist, and seizing his rifle presented it at Davis, who was coming
+to the assistance of his friend. Davis took to flight, his rifle not
+being in good order, and was pursued by the Indian into the wood.
+McClure, loading his gun, followed them, but lost sight of both. Davis
+was never heard of afterward.</p>
+
+<p>McClure now concluded to retreat, but he had not proceeded far, before
+he met an Indian on horseback attended by a boy on foot. The warrior
+dismounted, and seating himself on a log, offered his pipe to McClure.
+Soon other Indians were seen advancing in the distance, when McClure's
+sociable friend, informed him that when his companions came up, they
+would take him (McClure) and put him on a horse, tying his feet under
+its belly. In order to convey to his white brother an adequate idea of
+the honor intended him, the Indian got astride the log and locked his
+feet together. McClure took this opportunity of shooting his amiable but
+rather eccentric companion, and then ran off into the woods and escaped.</p>
+
+<p>This affair the reader will bear in mind, was with southern Indians, not
+with those of the north-western tribes, from whom the Kentuckians had
+suffered most. The only demonstration of hostility made by these, this
+year, appears to have been the pursuit of the boats mentioned before. In
+March, 1785, a man of the name of Elliot, who had emigrated to the
+country near the mouth of the Kentucky River, was killed by Indians, and
+his house destroyed and family dispersed.</p>
+
+<p>As Colonel Thomas Marshall from Virginia was descending the Ohio, in a
+flat boat, he was hailed from the northern shore by a man, who announced
+himself as James Girty, and said that he had been placed by his brother
+Simon, to warn all boats of the danger of being attacked by the Indians.
+He told them that efforts would be made to decoy them ashore by means of
+renegade white men, who would represent themselves as in great distress.
+He exhorted them to steel their hearts against all such appeals, and to
+keep the middle of the river. He said that his brother regretted the
+injuries he had inflicted upon the whites, and would gladly repair them
+as much as possible, to be re-admitted to their society, having lost all
+his influence among the Indians. This repentance on the part of Girty
+seems to have been of short duration, as he remained among the Indians
+till his death, which according to some took place at the battle of the
+Thames, though others deny it.</p>
+
+<p>However sincere or lasting Girty's repentance had been, he could never
+have lived in safety among the whites; he had been too active, and if
+common accounts are to be credited, too savage in his hostility to them,
+to admit of forgiveness; and it is probable that a knowledge of this
+prevented him from abandoning the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;About the same time,&quot; says McClung, &quot;Captain James Ward, at present a
+highly-respectable citizen of Mason County, Kentucky, was descending the
+Ohio, under circumstances which rendered a rencontre with the Indians
+peculiarly to be dreaded. He, together with half a dozen others, one of
+them his nephew, embarked in a crazy boat, about forty-five feet long,
+and eight feet wide, with no other bulwark than a single pine plank,
+above each gunnel. The boat was much encumbered with baggage, and seven
+horses were on board. Having seen no enemy for several days, they had
+become secure and careless, and permitted the boat to drift within fifty
+yards of the Ohio shore. Suddenly, several hundred Indians showed
+themselves on the bank, and running down boldly to the water's edge,
+opened a heavy fire upon the boat. The astonishment of the crew may be
+conceived.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Captain Ward and his nephew were at the oars when the enemy appeared,
+and the captain knowing that their safety depended upon their agility to
+regain the middle of the river, kept his seat firmly, and exerted his
+utmost powers at the oar, but his nephew started up at sight of the
+enemy, seized his rifle, and was in the act of leveling it, when he
+received a ball in the breast, and fell dead in the bottom of the boat.
+Unfortunately, his oar fell into the river, and the Captain, having no
+one to pull against him, rather urged the boat nearer to the hostile
+shore than otherwise. He quickly seized a plank, however, and giving his
+oar to another of the crew, he took the station which his nephew had
+held, and unhurt by the shower of bullets which flew around him,
+continued to exert himself until the boat had reached a more
+respectable distance. He then, for the first time, looked around him in
+order to observe the condition of the crew.</p>
+
+<p>His nephew lay in his blood, perfectly lifeless; the horses had been all
+killed or mortally wounded. Some had fallen overboard; others were
+struggling violently, and causing their frail bark to dip water so
+abundantly as to excite the most serious apprehensions. But the crew
+presented the most singular spectacle. A captain, who had served with
+reputation in the continental army, seemed now totally bereft of his
+faculties. He lay upon his back in the bottom of the boat, with hands
+uplifted, and a countenance in which terror was personified, exclaiming
+in a tone of despair, &quot;Oh Lord! Oh Lord.&quot; A Dutchman, whose weight might
+amount to about three hundred pounds, was anxiously engaged in
+endeavoring to find shelter for his bulky person, which, from the
+lowness of the gunnels, was a very difficult undertaking. In spite of
+his utmost efforts, a portion of his posterior luxuriance appeared above
+the gunnel, and afforded a mark to the enemy, which brought a constant
+shower of balls around it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In vain he shifted his position. The hump still appeared, and the balls
+still flew around it, until the Dutchman losing all patience, raised
+his head above the gunnel, and in a tone of querulous remonstrance,
+called out, 'Oh now! quit tat tamned nonsense, tere, will you!' Not a
+shot was fired from the boat. At one time, after they had partly
+regained the current, Captain Ward attempted to bring his rifle to bear
+upon them, but so violent was the agitation of the boat, from the
+furious struggles of the horses, that he could not steady his piece
+within twenty yards of the enemy, and quickly laying it aside, returned
+to the oar. The Indians followed them down the river for more than an
+hour, but having no canoes they did not attempt to board; and as the
+boat was at length transferred to the opposite side of the river, they
+at length abandoned the pursuit and disappeared. None of the crew, save
+the young man already mentioned, were hurt, although the Dutchman's seat
+of honor served as a target for the space of an hour; and the
+continental captain was deeply mortified at the sudden, and, as he said,
+'unaccountable' panic which had seized him. Captain Ward himself was
+protected by a post, which had been fastened to the gunnel, and behind
+which he sat while rowing.&quot; <a name='FNanchor_53'></a><a href='#Footnote_53'><sup>[53]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>&quot;In October, a party of emigrants were attacked near Scagg's Creek, and
+six killed. Mrs. McClure, with four children, ran into the woods, where
+she might have remained concealed, if it had not been for the cries of
+her infant, whom she could not make up her mind to abandon. The Indians
+guided to her hiding-place by these cries, cruelly tomahawked the three
+oldest children, but made her prisoner with her remaining child. Captain
+Whitley, with twenty-one men, intercepted the party on its return, and
+dispersed them, killing two, and wounding the same number. The prisoners
+were rescued. A few days after, another party of emigrants were
+attacked, and nine of them killed. Captain Whitley again pursued the
+Indians. On coming up with them, they took to flight. Three were killed
+in the course of the pursuit; two by the gallant Captain himself. Some
+other depredations were committed this year, but none of as much
+importance as those we have mentioned.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>These acts of hostility on the part of the Indians led to the adoption
+of measures for the defense of the Colony, to which we shall presently
+call the reader's attention. </p>
+
+<p>&quot;Although,&quot; says Perkins,<a name='FNanchor_54'></a><a href='#Footnote_54'><sup>[54]</sup></a> &quot;Kentucky grew rapidly during the year
+1784, the emigrants numbering twelve, and the whole population thirty
+thousand; although a friendly meeting was held by Thomas J. Dalton, with
+the Piankeshaws, at Vincennes, in April; and though trade was extending
+itself into the clearings and among the canebrakes&mdash;Daniel Brodhead
+having opened his store at Louisville the previous year, and James
+Wilkinson having come to Lexington in February, as the leader of a large
+commercial company, formed in Philadelphia, still the cool and sagacious
+mind of Logan led him to prepare his fellow-citizens for trial and
+hardships. He called, in the autumn of 1784, a meeting of the people at
+Danville, to take measures for defending the country, and at this
+meeting the whole subject of the position and danger of Kentucky was
+examined and discussed, and it was agreed that a convention should meet
+in December to adopt some measures for the security of the settlements
+in the wilderness. Upon the 27th of that month it met, nor was it long
+before the idea became prominent that Kentucky must ask to be severed
+from Virginia, and left to her own guidance and control. But as no such
+conception was general, when the delegates to this first convention
+were chosen, they deemed it best to appoint a second, to meet during
+the next May, at which was specially to be considered the topic most
+interesting to those who were called on to think and vote&mdash;a complete
+separation from the parent State&mdash;political independence.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Several other conventions took place, in which the subject of a
+separation from Virginia was considered. In 1786 the Legislature of
+Virginia enacted the necessary preliminary provisions for the separation
+and erection of Kentucky into an independent State, with the condition
+that Congress should receive it into the Union, which was finally
+effected in the year 1792.</p>
+
+<p>Previously to this event, Indian hostilities were again renewed.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A number of Indians in April, 1786, stole some horses from the Bear
+Grass settlement, with which they crossed the Ohio. Colonel Christian
+pursued them into the Indian country, and, coming up with them,
+destroyed the whole party. How many there were is not stated. The whites
+lost two men, one of whom was the Colonel himself whose death was a
+severe loss to Kentucky. The following affair, which took place the
+same year, is given in the language of one who participated in it:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'After the battle of the Blue Licks, and in 1786 our family removed to
+Higgins' block-house on Licking River, one and a half miles above
+Cynthiana. Between those periods my father had been shot by the Indians,
+and my mother married Samuel Van Hook, who had been one of the party
+engaged in the defense at Ruddell's Station in 1780, and on its
+surrender was carried with the rest of the prisoners to Detroit.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Higgins' Fort, or block-house, had been built at the bank of the
+Licking, on precipitous rocks, at least thirty feet high, which served
+to protect us on every side but one. On the morning of the 12th of June,
+at daylight, the fort, which consisted of six or seven houses, was
+attacked by a party of Indians, fifteen or twenty in number. There was a
+cabin outside, below the fort, where William McCombs resided, although
+absent at that time. His son Andrew, and a man hired in the family,
+named Joseph McFall, on making their appearance at the door to wash
+themselves, were both shot down&mdash;McCombs through the knee, and McFall in
+the pit of the stomach. McFall ran to the block-house, and McCombs
+fell, unable to support himself longer, just after opening the door of
+his cabin, and was dragged in by his sisters, who barricaded the door
+instantly. On the level and only accessible side there was a corn-field,
+and the season being favorable, and the soil rich as well as new, the
+corn was more than breast high. Here the main body of the Indians lay
+concealed, while three or four who made the attack attempted thereby to
+decoy the whites outside of the defenses. Failing in this, they set fire
+to an old fence and corn-crib, and two stables, both long enough built
+to be thoroughly combustible. These had previously protected their
+approach in that direction. Captain Asa Reese was in command of our
+little fort. 'Boys,' said he, 'some of you must run over to Hinkston's
+or Harrison's.' These were one and a half and two miles off, but in
+different directions. Every man declined. I objected, alleging as my
+reason that he would give up the fort before I could bring relief; but
+on his assurance that he would hold out, I agreed to go. I jumped off
+the bank through the thicket of trees, which broke my fall, while they
+scratched my face and limbs. I got to the ground with a limb clenched in
+my hands, which I had grasped unawares in getting through. I recovered
+from the jar in less than a minute, crossed the Licking, and ran up a
+cow-path on the opposite side, which the cows from one of those forts
+had beat down in their visits for water. As soon as I had gained the
+bank I shouted to assure my friends of my safety, and to discourage the
+enemy. In less than an hour I was back, with a relief of ten horsemen,
+well armed, and driving in full chase after the Indians. But they had
+decamped immediately upon hearing my signal, well knowing what it meant,
+and it was deemed imprudent to pursue them with so weak a party&mdash;the
+whole force in Higgins' block-house hardly sufficing to guard the women
+and children there. McFall, from whom the bullet could not be extracted,
+lingered two days and nights in great pain, when he died, as did
+McCombs, on the ninth day, mortification then taking place.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;While these depredations were going on, most of the Northwestern tribes
+were ostensibly at peace with the country, treaties having recently been
+made. But the Kentuckians, exasperated by the repeated outrages,
+determined to have resort to their favorite expedient of invading the
+Indian country. How far they were justified in holding the tribes
+responsible for the actions of these roving plunderers, the reader must
+judge for himself. We may remark, however, that it does not seem
+distinctly proved that the Indians engaged in these attacks belonged to
+any of the tribes against whom the attack was to be made. But the
+backwoodsmen were never very scrupulous in such matters. They generally
+regarded the Indian race as a unit: an offense committed by one warrior
+might be lawfully punished on another. We often, in reading the history
+of the West, read of persons who, having lost relations by Indians of
+one tribe, made a practice of killing all whom they met, whether in
+peace or war. It is evident, as Marshall says, that no authority but
+that of Congress could render an expedition of this kind lawful. The
+Governor of Virginia had given instructions to the commanders of the
+counties to take the necessary means for defense; and the Kentuckians,
+giving a free interpretation to these instructions, decided that the
+expedition was necessary and resolved to undertake it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;General Clark was selected to command it, and to the standard of this
+favorite officer volunteers eagerly thronged. A thousand men were
+collected at the Falls of the Ohio, from whence the troops marched by
+land to St. Vincennes, while the provisions and other supplies were
+conveyed by water. The troops soon became discouraged. When the
+provisions reached Vincennes, after a delay of several days on account
+of the low water, it was found that a large proportion of them were
+spoiled. In consequence of this, the men were placed upon short
+allowance, with which, of course, they were not well pleased. In the
+delay in waiting for the boats, much of the enthusiasm of the men had
+evaporated; and it is said by some that General Clark dispatched a
+messenger to the towns, in advance of the troops, to offer them the
+choice of peace or war, which greatly lessened the chances of the
+success of the expedition. Though this measure would be only complying
+with the requirements of good faith, it is very doubtful if it was
+adopted, so utterly at variance would it be with the usual manner of
+conducting these expeditions.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;At any rate, when the army arrived within two days' march of the Indian
+towns, no less than three hundred of the men refused to proceed, nor
+could all the appeals of Clark induce them to alter their determination.
+They marched off in a body; and so discouraged were the others by this
+desertion, and the unfavorable circumstances in which they were placed,
+that a council held the evening after their departure concluded to
+relinquish the undertaking.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The whole of the troops returned to Kentucky in a very disorderly
+manner. Thus did this expedition, begun under the most favorable
+auspices&mdash;for the commander's reputation was greater than any other in
+the West, and the men were the elite of Kentucky&mdash;altogether fail of its
+object, the men not having even seen the enemy. Marshall, in accounting
+for this unexpected termination, says that Clark was no longer the man
+he had been; that he had injured his intellect by the use of spirituous
+liquors. Colonel Logan had at first accompanied Clark, but he soon
+returned to Kentucky to organize another expedition; that might, while
+the attention of the Indians was altogether engrossed by the advance of
+Clark, fall upon some unguarded point. He raised the requisite number of
+troops without difficulty, and by a rapid march completely surprised one
+of the Shawanee towns, which he destroyed, killing several of the
+warriors, and bringing away a number of prisoners. In regard to the
+results of the measures adopted by the Kentuckians, we quote from
+Marshall:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In October of this year, a large number of families traveling by land
+to Kentucky, known by the name of McNitt's company, were surprised in
+camp, at night, by a party of Indians, between Big and Little Laurel
+River, and totally defeated, with the loss of twenty-one persons killed;
+the rest dispersed, or taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;About the same time, Captain Hardin, from the south-western part of the
+district, with a party of men, made an excursion into the Indian
+country, surrounding the Saline; he fell in with a camp of Indians whom
+he attacked and defeated, killing four of them, without loss on his
+part.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Some time in December, Hargrove and others were defeated at the mouth
+of Buck Creek, on the Cumberland River. The Indians attacked in the
+night, killed one man, and wounded Hargrove; who directly became engaged
+in a rencontre with an Indian, armed with his tomahawk; of this he was
+disarmed, but escaped, leaving the weapon with Hargrove, who bore it
+off, glad to extricate himself. In this year also, Benjamin Price was
+killed near the three forks of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Thus ended, in a full renewal of the war, the year whose beginning had
+happily witnessed the completion of the treaties of peace.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;By this time, one thing must have been obvious to those who had
+attended to the course of events&mdash;and that was, that if the Indians came
+into the country, whether for peace or war, hostilities were inevitable.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>'If the white people went into their country, the same consequences
+followed. The parties were yet highly exasperated against each other;
+they had not cooled since the peace, if peace it could be called; and
+meet where they would, bloodshed was the result.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Whether the Indians to the north and west had ascertained, or not, that
+the two expeditions of this year were with or without the consent of
+Congress, they could but think the treaties vain things; and either made
+by those who had no right to make them, or no power to enforce them.
+With Kentuckians, it was known that the latter was the fact. To the
+Indians, the consequence was the same. They knew to a certainty, that
+the British had not surrendered the posts on the lakes&mdash;that it was from
+them they received their supplies; that they had been deceived, as to
+the United States getting the posts, and they were easily persuaded to
+believe, that these posts would not be transferred; and that in truth,
+the British, not the United States, had been the conquerors in the late
+war.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Such were the reflections which the state of facts would have
+justified, and at the same time have disposed them for war. The invasion
+of their country by two powerful armies from Kentucky, could leave no
+doubt of a disposition equally hostile on her part Congress, utterly
+destitute of the means for enforcing the treaties, either on the one
+side or the other, stood aloof, ruminating on the inexhaustible
+abundance of her own want of resources&mdash;and the abuse of herself for not
+possessing them.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>After this year, we hear of but few independent expeditions from
+Kentucky. Their militia were often called out to operate with the United
+States troops, and in Wayne's campaign were of much service; but this
+belongs to the general history of the United States. All that we have to
+relate of Kentucky now, is a series of predatory attacks by the Indians,
+varied occasionally by a spirited reprisal by a small party of whites.
+It is estimated that fifteen hundred persons were either killed or made
+prisoners in Kentucky after the year 1783.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;On the night of the 11th of April, 1787,&quot; says McClung, &quot;the house of a
+widow, in Bourbon County, became the scene of an adventure which we
+think deserves to be related. She occupied what is generally called a
+double cabin, in a lonely part of the country, one room of which was
+tenanted by the old lady herself, together with two grown sons, and a
+widowed daughter, at that time suckling an infant, while the other was
+occupied by two unmarried daughters, from sixteen to twenty years of
+age, together with a little girl not more than half grown. The hour was
+eleven o'clock at night. One of the unmarried daughters was still busily
+engaged at the loom, but the other members of the family, with the
+exception of one of the sons, had retired to rest. Some symptoms of an
+alarming nature had engaged the attention of the young man for an hour
+before any thing of a decided character took place.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The cry of owls was heard in the adjoining wood, answering each other
+in rather an unusual manner. The horses, which were enclosed as usual in
+a pound near the house, were more than commonly excited and by repeated
+snorting and galloping, announced the presence of some object of terror.
+The young man was often upon the point of awakening his brother, but was
+as often restrained by the fear of incurring ridicule and the reproach
+of timidity, at that time an unpardonable blemish in the character of a
+Kentuckian. At length hasty steps were heard in the yard, and quickly
+afterward, several loud knocks at the door, accompanied by the usual
+exclamation, 'Who keeps house?' in very good English. The young man,
+supposing from the language that some benighted settlers were at the
+door, hastily arose, and was advancing to withdraw the bar which secured
+it, when his mother, who had long lived upon the frontiers, and had
+probably detected the Indian tone in the demand for admission, instantly
+sprung out of bed, and ordered her son not to admit them, declaring that
+they were Indians.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;She instantly awakened her other son, and the two young men seized
+their guns, which were always charged, prepared to repel the enemy. The
+Indians, finding it impossible to enter under their assumed characters,
+began to thunder at the door with great violence, but a single shot from
+a loop-hole compelled them to shift the attack to some less exposed
+point and, unfortunately, they discovered the door of the other cabin,
+containing the three daughters. The rifles of the brothers could not be
+brought to bear upon this point, and by means of several rails taken
+from the yard fence, the door was forced from its hinges, and the three
+girls were at the mercy of the savages. One was instantly secured, but
+the eldest defended herself desperately with a knife which she had been
+using at the loom, and stabbed one of the Indians to the heart before
+she was tomahawked.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In the mean time the little girl, who had been overlooked by the enemy
+in their eagerness to secure the others, ran out into the yard, and
+might have effected her escape, had she taken advantage of the darkness
+and fled; but instead of that, the terrified little creature ran around
+the house wringing her hands, and crying out that her sisters were
+killed. The brothers, unable to hear her cries without risking every
+thing for her rescue, rushed to the door and were preparing to sally out
+to her assistance, when their mother threw herself before them and
+calmly declared that the child must be abandoned to its fate; that the
+sally would sacrifice the lives of all the rest, without the slightest
+benefit to the little girl. Just then the child uttered a loud scream,
+followed by a few faint moans, and all was again silent. Presently the
+crackling of flames was heard, accompanied by a triumphant yell from the
+Indians, announcing that they had set fire to that division of the
+house which had been occupied by the daughters, and of which they held
+undisputed possession.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The fire was quickly communicated to the rest of the building, and it
+became necessary to abandon it or perish in the flames. In the one case
+there was a possibility that some might escape; in the other, their fate
+would be equally certain and terrible. The rapid approach of the flames
+cut short their momentary suspense. The door was thrown open, and the
+old lady, supported by her eldest son, attempted to cross the fence at
+one point, while her daughter, carrying her child in her arms, and
+attended by the younger of the brothers, ran in a different direction.
+The blazing roof shed a light over the yard but little inferior to that
+of day, and the savages were distinctly seen awaiting the approach of
+their victims. The old lady was permitted to reach the stile unmolested,
+but in the act of crossing received several balls in her breast and fell
+dead. Her son, providentially, remained unhurt, and by extraordinary
+agility effected his escape.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The other party succeeded also in reaching the fence unhurt, but in
+the act of crossing, were vigorously assailed by several Indians, who,
+throwing down their guns, rushed upon them with their tomahawks. The
+young man defended his sister gallantly, firing upon the enemy as they
+approached, and then wielding the butt of his rifle with a fury that
+drew their whole attention upon himself, and gave his sister an
+opportunity of effecting her escape. He quickly fell, however, under the
+tomahawks of his enemies, and was found at daylight, scalped and mangled
+in a shocking manner. Of the whole family consisting of eight persons,
+when the attack commenced, only three escaped. Four were killed upon the
+spot, and one (the second daughter) carried off as a prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The neighborhood was quickly alarmed, and by daylight about thirty men
+were assembled under the command of Colonel Edwards. A light snow had
+fallen during the latter part of the night, and the Indian trail could
+be pursued at a gallop. It led directly into the mountainous country
+bordering upon Licking, and afforded evidences of great hurry and
+precipitation on the part of the fugitives. Unfortunately a hound had
+been permitted to accompany the whites, and as the trail became fresh
+and the scent warm, she followed it with eagerness, baying loudly and
+giving the alarm to the Indians. The consequences of this imprudence
+were soon displayed. The enemy finding the pursuit keen, and perceiving
+that the strength of the prisoner began to fail, instantly sunk their
+tomahawks in her head and left her, still warm and bleeding, upon the
+snow.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>As the whites came up, she retained strength enough to waive her hand in
+token of recognition, and appeared desirous of giving them some
+information, with regard to the enemy, but her strength was too far
+gone. Her brother sprung from his horse and knelt by her side,
+endeavoring to stop the effusion of blood, but in vain. She gave him her
+hand, muttered some inarticulate words, and expired within two minutes
+after the arrival of the party. The pursuit was renewed with additional
+ardor, and in twenty minutes the enemy was within view. They had taken
+possession of a steep narrow ridge and seemed desirous of magnifying
+their numbers in the eyes of the whites, as they ran rapidly from tree
+to tree, and maintained a steady yell in their most appalling tones. The
+pursuers, however, were too experienced to be deceived by so common an
+artifice, and being satisfied that the number of the enemy must be
+inferior to their own, they dismounted, tied their horses, and flanking
+out in such a manner as to enclose the enemy, ascended the ridge as
+rapidly as was consistent with a due regard to the shelter of their
+persons.</p>
+
+<p>The firing quickly commenced, and now for the first time they discovered
+that only two Indians were opposed to them. They had voluntarily
+sacrificed themselves for the safety of the main body, and succeeded in
+delaying pursuit until their friends could reach the mountains. One of
+them was instantly shot dead, and the other was badly wounded, as was
+evident from the blood upon his blanket, as well as that which filled
+his tracks in the snow for a considerable distance. The pursuit was
+recommenced, and urged keenly until night, when the trail entered a
+running stream and was lost. On the following morning the snow had
+melted, and every trace of the enemy was obliterated. This affair must
+be regarded as highly honorable to the skill, address, and activity of
+the Indians; and the self-devotion of the rear guard, is a lively
+instance of that magnanimity of which they are at times capable, and
+which is more remarkable in them, from the extreme caution, and tender
+regard for their own lives, which usually distinguished their warriors.</p>
+
+<p>From this time Simon Kenton's name became very prominent as a leader.
+This year, at the head of forty-six men, he pursued a body of Indians,
+but did not succeed in overtaking them, which he afterward regarded as a
+fortunate circumstance, as he ascertained that they were at least double
+the number of his own party. A man by the name of Scott, having been
+carried off by the Indians, Kenton followed them over the Ohio, and
+released him.</p>
+
+<p>As early as January, 1783, the Indians entered Kentucky, two of them
+were captured near Crab Orchard by Captain Whitley. The same month, a
+party stole a number of horses from the Elkhorn settlements; they were
+pursued and surprised in their camp. Their leader extricated his hand,
+by a singular stratagem. Springing up before the whites could fire, he
+went through a series of the most extraordinary antics, leaping and
+yelling as if frantic. This conduct absorbing the attention of the
+whites, his followers took advantage of the opportunity to escape. As
+soon as they had all disappeared, the wily chief plunged into the woods
+and was seen no more. The attacks were continued in March. Several
+parties and families suffered severely. Lieutenant McClure, following
+the trail of a marauding party of Indians, fell in with an other body,
+and in the skirmish that ensued, was mortally wounded.</p>
+
+<p>In 1789, a conference was held at the mouth of the Muskingum, with most
+of the northwestern tribes, the result of which was the conclusion of
+another treaty. The Shawanese were not included in this pacification.
+This tribe was the most constant in its enmity to the whites, of all the
+Western Indians. There was but little use in making peace with the
+Indians unless all were included; for as long as one tribe was at war,
+restless spirits among the others were found to take part with them, and
+the whites, on the other hand, were not particular to distinguish
+between hostile and friendly Indians.</p>
+
+<p>Though the depredations continued this year, no affair of unusual
+interest occurred; small parties of the Indians infested the
+settlements, murdering and plundering the inhabitants. They were
+generally pursued, but mostly without success. Major McMillan was
+attacked by six or seven Indians, but escaped unhurt after killing two
+of his assailants.</p>
+
+<p>A boat upon the Ohio was fired upon, five men killed, and a woman made
+prisoner. In their attacks upon boats, the Indians employed the
+stratagem of which the whites had been warned by Girty. White men would
+appear upon the shore, begging the crew to rescue them from the Indians,
+who were pursuing them. Some of these were renegades, and others
+prisoners compelled to act this part, under threats of death in its most
+dreadful form if they refused.</p>
+
+<p>The warning of Girty is supposed to have saved many persons from this
+artifice; but too often unable to resist the many appeals, emigrants
+became victims to the finest feelings of our nature.</p>
+
+<p>Thus in March, 1790, a boat descending the river was decoyed ashore, and
+no sooner had it reached the bank than it was captured by fifty Indians,
+who killed a man and a woman, and made the rest prisoners. An expedition
+was made against the Indians on the Sciota by General Harmer, of the
+United States army, and General Scott, of the Kentucky militia, but
+nothing of consequence was achieved. In May a number of people
+returning from Divine service, on Bear Grass Creek, were attacked, and
+one man killed, and a woman made prisoner, who was afterward tomahawked.
+Three days after, a boat containing six men and several families was
+captured by sixteen Indians without loss. The whites were all carried
+off by the Indians, who intended, it is said, to make them slaves; one
+of the men escaped and brought the news to the settlements.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall Harmer made a second expedition, which was attended with
+great disasters. Several marauding attacks of the Indians ensued; nor
+was peace finally restored until after the treaty of Greenville, which
+followed the subjugation of the Indians by General Wayne in 1794.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XXI'></a><h2>CHAPTER XXI.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Colonel Boone meets with the loss of all his land in Kentucky, and
+emigrates to Virginia&mdash;Resides on the Kenhawa, near Point
+Pleasant&mdash;Emigrates to Missouri&mdash;Is appointed commandant of a
+district&mdash;Mr. Audubon's narrative of a night passed with Boone.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>A period of severe adversity for Colonel Boone now ensued. His aversion
+to legal technicalities and his ignorance of legal forms were partly the
+cause of defects in the titles to the lands which he had long ago
+acquired, improved, and nobly defended. But the whole system of land
+titles in Kentucky at that early period was so utterly defective, that
+hundreds of others who were better informed and more careful than the
+old pioneer, lost their lands by litigation and the arts and rogueries
+of land speculators, who made it their business to hunt up defects in
+land titles.</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel lost all his land&mdash;even his beautiful farm near
+Boonesborough, which ought to have been held sacred by any men possessed
+of a particle of patriotism or honest feeling, was taken from him. He
+consequently left Kentucky and settled on the Kenhawa River in Virginia,
+not far from Point Pleasant. This removal appears to have taken place in
+the year 1790. He remained in this place several years, cultivating a
+farm, raising stock, and at the proper seasons indulging in his favorite
+sport of hunting.</p>
+
+<p>Some hunters who had been pursuing their sport on the western shores of
+the Missouri River gave Colonel Boone a very vivid description of that
+country, expatiating on the fertility of the land, the abundance of
+game, and the great herds of buffalo ranging over the vast expanse of
+the prairies. They also described the simple manners of the people, the
+absence of lawyers and lawsuits, and the Arcadian happiness which was
+enjoyed by all in the distant region, in such glowing terms that Boone
+resolved to emigrate and settle there, leaving his fourth son Jesse in
+the Kenhawa valley, where he had married and settled, and who did not
+follow him till several years after.<a name='FNanchor_55'></a><a href='#Footnote_55'><sup>[55]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Peck fixes the period of this emigration in 1795. Perkins, in his
+&quot;Western Annals,&quot; places it in 1797. His authority is an article of
+Thomas J. Hinde in the &quot;American Pioneer,&quot; who says: &quot;I was 'neighbor to
+Daniel Boone, the first white man that fortified against the. Indians in
+Kentucky. In October, 1797, I saw him on pack-horses take up his journey
+for Missouri, then Upper Louisiana.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Peck says:<a name='FNanchor_56'></a><a href='#Footnote_56'><sup>[56]</sup></a> &quot;At that period, and for several years after, the
+country of his retreat belonged to the Crown of Spain. His fame had
+reached this remote region before him; and he received of the
+Lieutenant-Governor, who resided at St. Louis, 'assurance that ample
+portions of land should be given to him and his family.' His first
+residence was in the Femme Osage settlement, in the District of St.
+Charles, about forty-five miles west of St. Louis. Here he remained with
+his son Daniel M. Boone until 1804, when he removed to the residence of
+his youngest son, Nathan Boone, with whom he continued till about 1810,
+when he went to reside with his son-in-law, Flanders Callaway. A
+commission from Don Charles D. Delassus, Lieutenant-Governor, dated July
+11th, 1800, appointing him commandant of the Femme Osage District, was
+tendered and accepted. He retained this command, which included both
+civil and military duties and he continued to discharge them with credit
+to himself, and to the satisfaction of all concerned, until the transfer
+of the government to the United States. The simple manners of the
+frontier people of Missouri exactly suited the peculiar habits and
+temper of Colonel Boone.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It was during his residence in Missouri that Colonel Boone was visited
+by the great naturalist, J.J. Audubon, who passed a night with him. In
+his Ornithological Biography, Mr. Audubon gives the following narrative
+of what passed on that occasion:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Daniel Boone, or, as he was usually called in the Western country,
+Colonel Boone, happened to spend a night with me under the same roof,
+more than twenty years ago.<a name='FNanchor_57'></a><a href='#Footnote_57'><sup>[57]</sup></a> We had returned from a shooting
+excursion, in the course of which his extraordinary skill in the
+management of the rifle had been fully displayed. On retiring to the
+room appropriated to that remarkable individual and myself for the
+night, I felt anxious to know more of his exploits and adventures than I
+did, and accordingly took the liberty of proposing numerous questions to
+him. The stature and general appearance of this wanderer of the Western
+forests approached the gigantic. His chest was broad and prominent; his
+muscular powers displayed themselves in every limb; his countenance gave
+indication of his great courage, enterprise, and perseverance; and when
+he spoke, the very motion of his lips brought the impression that
+whatever he uttered could not be otherwise than strictly true. I
+undressed, whilst he merely took off his hunting-shirt, and arranged a
+few folds of blankets on the floor, choosing rather to lie there, as he
+observed, than on the softest bed. When we had both disposed of
+ourselves, each after his own fashion, he related to me the following
+account of his powers of memory, which I lay before you, kind reader, in
+his own words, hoping that the simplicity of his style may prove
+interesting to you:&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'I was once,' said he, 'on a hunting expedition on the banks of the
+Green River, when the lower parts of this State (Kentucky) were still
+in the hands of Nature, and none but the sons of the soil were looked
+upon as its lawful proprietors. We Virginians had for some time been
+waging a war of intrusion upon them, and I, amongst the rest, rambled
+through the woods in pursuit of their race, as I now would follow the
+tracks of any ravenous animal. The Indians outwitted me one dark night,
+and I was as unexpectedly as suddenly made a prisoner by them. The trick
+had been managed with great skill; for no sooner had I extinguished the
+fire of my camp, and laid me down to rest, in full security, as I
+thought, than I felt myself seized by an indistinguishable number of
+hands, and was immediately pinioned, as if about to be led to the
+scaffold for execution. To have attempted to be refractory would have
+proved useless and dangerous to my life; and I suffered myself to be
+removed from my camp to theirs, a few miles distant, without uttering
+even a word of complaint. You are aware, I dare say, that to act in this
+manner was the best policy, as you understand that by so doing I proved
+to the Indians at once that I was born and bred as fearless of death as
+any of themselves.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'When we reached the camp, great rejoicings were exhibited. Two squaws
+and a few papooses appeared particularly delighted at the sight of me,
+and I was assured, by very unequivocal gestures and words, that, on the
+morrow, the mortal enemy of the Redskins would cease to live. I never
+opened my lips but was busy contriving some scheme which might enable me
+to give the rascals the slip before dawn. The women immediately fell a
+searching about my hunting-shirt for whatever they might think valuable,
+and, fortunately for me, soon found my flask tilled with <i>Monongahela</i>
+(that is, reader, strong whisky). A terrific grin was exhibited on their
+murderous countenances, while my heart throbbed with joy at the
+anticipation of their intoxication. The crew immediately began to beat
+their bellies and sing, as they passed the bottle from mouth to mouth.
+How often did I wish the flask ten times its size, and filled with
+aquafortis! I observed that the squaws drank more freely than the
+warriors, and again my spirits were about to be depressed, when the
+report of a gun was heard at a distance. The Indians all jumped on their
+feet. The singing and drinking were both brought to a stand, and I saw,
+with inexpressible joy, the men walk off to some distance and talk to
+the squaws. I knew that they were consulting about me, and I foresaw
+that in a few moments the warriors would go to discover the cause of the
+gun having been fired so near their camp. I expected that the squaws
+would be left to guard me. Well, sir, it was just so. They returned;
+the men took up their guns, and walked away. The squaws sat down again,
+and in less than five minutes had my bottle up to their dirty mouths,
+gurgling down their throats the remains of the whisky.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'With what pleasure did I see them becoming more and more drunk, until
+the liquor took such hold of them that it was quite impossible for these
+women to be of any service. They tumbled down, rolled about, and began
+to snore; when I, having no other chance of freeing myself from the
+cords that fastened me, rolled over and over toward the fire, and, after
+a short time, burned them asunder. I rose on my feet, stretched my
+stiffened sinews, snatched up my rifle, and, for once in my life spared
+that of Indians. I now recollect how desirous I once or twice felt to
+lay open the skulls of the wretches with my tomahawk; but when I again
+thought upon killing beings unprepared and unable to defend themselves,
+it looked like murder without need, and I gave up the idea.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'But, sir, I felt determined to mark the spot, and walking to a thrifty
+ash sapling I cut out of it three large chips, and ran off. I soon
+reached the river soon crossed it, and threw myself deep into the
+canebrakes, imitating the tracks of an Indian with my feet, so that no
+chance might be left for those from whom I had escaped to overtake me.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'It is now nearly twenty years since this happened, and more than five
+since I left the whites' settlements, which I might probably never have
+visited again had I not been called on as a witness in a lawsuit that
+was pending in Kentucky, and which I really believe would never have
+been settled had I not come forward and established the beginning of a
+certain boundary line. This is the story, sir:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Mr.&mdash;&mdash; moved from Old Virginia into Kentucky, and having a large
+tract granted to him in the new State, laid claim to a certain parcel of
+land adjoining Green River, and, as chance would have it, took for one
+of his corners the very ash tree on which I had made my mark, and
+finished his survey of some thousands of acres, beginning, as it is
+expressed in the deed, at an ash marked by three distinct notches of
+the tomahawk of a white man.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'The tree had grown much, and the bark had covered the marks; but,
+somehow or other, Mr.&mdash;&mdash;heard from some one all that I have already
+said to you, and thinking that I might remember the spot alluded to in
+the deed, but which was no longer discoverable, wrote for me to come and
+try at least to find the place or the tree. His letter mentioned that
+all my expenses should be paid, and not caring much about once more
+going back to Kentucky I started and met Mr.&mdash;&mdash;. After some
+conversation, the affair with the Indians came to my recollection. I
+considered for a while, and began to think that after all I could find
+the very spot, as well as the tree, if it was yet standing.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Mr.&mdash;&mdash; and I mounted our horses, and off we went to the Green River
+Bottoms. After some difficulties&mdash;for you must be aware, sir, that great
+changes have taken place in those woods&mdash;I found at last the spot where
+I had crossed the river, and, waiting for the moon to rise, made for the
+course in which I thought the ash tree grew. On approaching the place, I
+felt as if the Indians were there still, and as if I was still a
+prisoner among them. Mr.&mdash;&mdash; and I camped near what I conceived the
+spot, and waited until the return of day. </p>
+
+<p>&quot;'At the rising of the sun I was on foot, and, after a good deal of
+musing, thought that an ash tree then in sight must be the very one on
+which I had made my mark, I felt as if there could be no doubt of it,
+and mentioned my thought to Mr.&mdash;&mdash;. 'Well, Colonel Boone,' said he, 'if
+you think so, I hope it may prove true, but we must have some witnesses;
+do you stay here about, and I will go and bring some of the settlers
+whom I know.' I agreed. Mr.&mdash;&mdash; trotted off, and I, to pass the time,
+rambled about to see if a deer was still living in the land. But ah!
+sir, what a wonderful difference thirty years make in the country! Why,
+at the time when I was caught by the Indians, you would not have walked
+out in any direction for more than a mile without shooting a buck or a
+bear. There were then thousands of buffaloes on the hills in Kentucky;
+the land looked as if it never would become poor: and to hunt in those
+days was a pleasure indeed. But when I was left to myself on the banks
+of Green River, I dare say for the last time in my life, a few <i>signs</i>
+only of deer were to be seen, and, as to a deer itself, I saw none.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Mr.&mdash;&mdash; returned, accompanied by three gentlemen. They looked upon me
+as if I had been Washington himself, and walked to the ash tree which I
+now called my own, as if in quest of a long-lost treasure. I took an
+axe from one of them, and cut a few chips off the bark. Still no signs
+were to be seen. So I cut again until I thought it was time to be
+cautious, and I scraped and worked away with my butcher-knife until I
+<i>did</i> come to where my tomahawk had left an impression in the wood. We
+now went regularly to work, and scraped at the tree with care until
+three hacks, as plain as any three notches ever were, could be seen.
+Mr.&mdash;&mdash; and the other gentlemen were astonished, and I must allow I was
+as much surprised as pleased myself. I made affidavit of this remarkable
+occurrence in presence of these gentlemen. Mr.&mdash;&mdash; gained his cause. I
+left Green River forever, and came to where we now are; and sir I wish
+you a good-night.'&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XXII'></a><h2>CHAPTER XXII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Colonel Boone receives a large grant of land from the Spanish Government
+of Upper Louisiana&mdash;He loses it&mdash;Sketch of the history of
+Missouri&mdash;Colonel Boone's hunting&mdash;He pays his debts by the sale of
+furs&mdash;Taken sick in his hunting camp&mdash;Colonel Boone applies to Congress
+to recover his land&mdash;The Legislature of Kentucky supports his
+claim&mdash;Death of Mrs. Boone&mdash;Results of the application to
+Congress&mdash;Occupations of his declining years&mdash;Mr. Harding paints his
+portrait.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>In consideration of his official services as Syndic, ten thousand
+arpents<a name='FNanchor_58'></a><a href='#Footnote_58'><sup>[58]</sup></a> of excellent land were given to Colonel Boone by the
+Government. Under the special law, in order to make his title good, he
+should have obtained a confirmation of his grant from the immediate
+representative of the Crown, then residing in New Orleans. But his
+friend, the Commandant at St. Louis, undertook to dispense with his
+residence on the land which was another condition to a sound title, and
+Boone probably supposed that &quot;all would be right&quot; without attending to
+any of the formalities, and neglected to take the necessary steps for
+holding his land securely.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable that he foresaw that Missouri would soon become a part of
+the United States, and expected justice from that quarter. But in this
+he was disappointed, for when that event took place, the commissioners
+of the United States appointed to decide on confirmed claims felt
+constrained by their instructions and rejected Colonel Boone's claims
+for want of legal formalities.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was the noble pioneer a second time deprived of the recompense of
+his inestimable services by his inattention to the precautions
+necessary for securing his rights. This second misfortune came upon him
+some time after the period of which we are now writing.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime Colonel Boone found his residence in Missouri agreeable, and in
+every respect congenial to his habits and tastes. His duties as Syndic
+were light; and he was allowed ample time for the cultivation of his
+land, and for occasional tours of hunting, in which he so greatly
+delighted. Trapping beaver was another of his favorite pursuits, and in
+this new country he found abundance of this as well as other species of
+game.</p>
+
+<p>A greater part of the people of Missouri were emigrants from the United
+States, pioneers of the West, who had already resisted Indian
+aggressions, and were welcomed by the French and Spanish settlers as a
+clear accession to their military strength,</p>
+
+<p>A brief notice of the history of this State, showing how the different
+kinds of population came there, will be not inappropriate in this place.</p>
+
+<p>Though the French were the first settlers, and for a long time the
+principal inhabitants of Missouri, yet a very small portion of her
+present population is of that descent. A fort was built by that people
+as early as 1719, near the site of the present capital, called Fort
+Orleans, and its lead mines worked to some extent the next year. St.
+Genevieve, the oldest town in the State, was settled in 1755, and St.
+Louis in 1764. At the treaty of 1763 it was assigned, with all the
+territory west of the Mississippi, to Spain. &quot;In 1780, St. Louis was
+besieged and attacked by a body of British troops and Indians, fifteen
+hundred and forty strong.&quot; During the siege, sixty of the French were
+killed. The siege was raised by Colonel George Rogers Clark, who came
+with five hundred men to the relief of the place. At the close of the
+American Revolution, the territory west of the Mississippi remained with
+Spain till it was ceded to France, in 1801. In 1803, at the purchase of
+Louisiana, it came into the possession of the United States, and formed
+part of the territory of Louisiana, until the formation of the State of
+that name in 1812, when the remainder of the territory was named
+Missouri, from which (after a stormy debate in Congress as to the
+admission of slavery) was separated the present State of Missouri in
+1721.<a name='FNanchor_59'></a><a href='#Footnote_59'><sup>[59]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The office of Syndic, to which Colonel Boone had been appointed, is
+similar to that of justice of the peace under our own government: but it
+is more extensive, as combining military with civil powers. Its exercise
+in Colonel Boone's district did not by any means occupy the whole of his
+time and attention. On the contrary, he found sufficient time for
+hunting in the winter months&mdash;the regular hunting season. At first he
+was not very successful in obtaining valuable furs; but after two or
+three seasons, he was able to secure a sufficient quantity to enable
+him, by the proceeds of their sale, to discharge some outstanding debts
+in Kentucky; and he made a journey thither for that purpose. When he had
+seen each creditor, and paid him all he demanded, he returned home to
+Missouri, and on his arrival he had but half a dollar remaining. &quot;To his
+family,&quot; says Mr. Peck, &quot;and a circle of friends who had called to see
+him, he said, 'Now I am ready and willing to die. I am relieved from a
+burden that has long oppressed me. I have paid all my debts, and no one
+will say, when I am gone, 'Boone was a dishonest man.' I am perfectly
+willing to die.'&quot; <a name='FNanchor_60'></a><a href='#Footnote_60'><sup>[60]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Boone still continued his hunting excursions, attended sometimes by some
+friend: but most frequently by a black servant boy. On one of these
+occasions these two had to resist an attack of Osage Indians, whom they
+speedily put to flight. At another time, when he was entirely alone, a
+large encampment of Indians made its appearance in his neighborhood;
+and he was compelled to secrete himself for twenty days in his camp,
+cooking his food only in the middle of the night, so that the smoke of
+his fire would not be seen. At the end of this long period of inaction
+the Indians went off.</p>
+
+<p>At another time, while in his hunting camp, with only a negro boy for
+his attendant, he fell sick and lay a long time unable to go out. When
+sufficiently recovered to walk out, he pointed out to the boy a place
+where he wished to be buried if he should die in camp, and also gave the
+boy very exact directions about his burial, and the disposal of his
+rifle, blankets and peltry.<a name='FNanchor_61'></a><a href='#Footnote_61'><sup>[61]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Among the relations of Colonel Boone, who were settled in his
+neighborhood, were Daniel Morgan Boone, his eldest son then living, who
+had gone out before his father; Nattra, with his wife, who had followed
+in 1800; and Flanders Callaway, his son-in-law, who had come out about
+the time that Missouri, then Upper Louisiana, became a part of the
+United States territory.<a name='FNanchor_62'></a><a href='#Footnote_62'><sup>[62]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>We have already stated that the land granted to Colonel Boone, in
+consideration of his performing the duties of Syndic, was lost by his
+omission to comply with the legal formalities necessary to secure his
+title.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the ten thousand arpents of land thus lost, he had been
+entitled as a citizen to one thousand arpents of land according to the
+usage in other cases; but he appears not to have complied with the
+condition of actual residence on this land, and it was lost in
+consequence.</p>
+
+<p>In 1812, Colonel Boone sent a petition to Congress, praying for a
+confirmation of his original claims. In order to give greater weight to
+his application, he presented a memorial to the General Assembly of
+Kentucky, on the thirteenth of January, 1812, soliciting the aid of that
+body in obtaining from Congress the confirmation of his claims.</p>
+
+<p>The Legislature, by a unanimous vote, passed the following preamble and
+resolutions.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Legislature of Kentucky, taking into view the many eminent services
+rendered by Col. Boone, in exploring and settling the western country,
+from which great advantages have resulted, not only to this State, but
+to his country in general; and that from circumstances over which he had
+no control, he is now reduced to poverty, not having, so far as appears,
+an acre of land out of the vast territory he has been a great instrument
+in peopling; believing, also, that it is as unjust as it is impolitic,
+that useful enterprise and eminent services should go unrewarded by a
+government where merit confers the only distinction; and having
+sufficient reason to believe that a grant of ten thousand acres of land,
+which he claims in Upper Louisiana, would have been confirmed by the
+Spanish government, had not said territory passed, by cession, into the
+hands of the general government: wherefore.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Resolved, by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of
+Kentucky,&mdash;That our Senators in Congress be requested to make use of
+their exertions to procure a grant of land in said territory to said
+Boone, either the ten thousand acres to which he appears to have an
+equitable claim, from the grounds set forth to this Legislature, by way
+of confirmation, or to such quantity in such place as shall be deemed
+most advisable, by way of donation.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this action of the Legislature of Kentucky, Colonel
+Boone's appeal, like many other just and reasonable claims presented to
+Congress, was neglected for some time. During this period of anxious
+suspense, Mrs. Boone, the faithful and affectionate wife of the
+venerable pioneer, who had shared his toils and anxieties, and cheered
+his home for so many years, was taken from his side. She died in March,
+1813, at the age of seventy-six. The venerable pioneer was now to miss
+her cheerful companionship for the remainder of his life; and to a man
+of his affectionate disposition this must have been a severe privation.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Boone's memorial to Congress received the earnest and active
+support of Judge Coburn, Joseph Vance, Judge Burnett, and other
+distinguished men belonging to the Western country. But it was not till
+the 24th of December, 1813, that the Committee on Public Lands made a
+report on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>The report certainly is a very inconsistent one, as it fully admits the
+justice of his claim to eleven thousand arpents of land, and recommends
+Congress to give him the miserable pittance of one thousand arpents, to
+which he was entitled in common with all the other emigrants to Upper
+Louisiana! The act for the confirmation of the title passed on the 10th
+of February, 1814.</p>
+
+<p>For ten years before his decease, Colonel Boone gave up his favorite
+pursuit of hunting. The infirmities of age rendered it imprudent for him
+to venture alone in the woods. </p>
+
+<p>The closing years of Colonel Boone's life were passed in a manner
+entirely characteristic of the man. He appears to have considered love
+to mankind, reverence to the Supreme Being, delight in his works and
+constant usefulness, as the legitimate ends of life. After the decease
+of Mrs. Boone, he divided his time among the different members of his
+family, making his home with his eldest daughter, Mrs. Callaway,
+visiting his other children, and especially his youngest son, Major
+Nathan Boone, for longer or shorter periods, according to his
+inclination and convenience. He was greatly beloved by all his
+descendants, some of whom were of the fifth generation; and he took
+great delight in their society.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;His time at home,&quot; says Mr. Peck, &quot;was usually occupied in some useful
+manner. He made powder-horns for his grandchildren, neighbors, and
+friends, many of which were carved and ornamented with much taste. He
+repaired rifles, and performed various descriptions of handicraft with
+neatness and finish.&quot; Making powder-horns&mdash;repairing rifles&mdash;employments
+in pleasing unison with old pursuits, and by the associations thus
+raised in his mind, always recalling the pleasures of the chase, the
+stilly whispering hum of the pines, the fragrance of wild flowers, and
+the deep solitude of the primeval forest.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1820, Chester Harding, who of American artists is one
+of the most celebrated for the accuracy of his likenesses, paid a visit
+to Colonel Boone for the purpose of taking his portrait. The Colonel was
+quite feeble, and had to be supported by a friend, the Rev. J.E. Welsh,
+while sitting to the artist.<a name='FNanchor_63'></a><a href='#Footnote_63'><sup>[63]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>This portrait is the original from which most of the engravings of Boone
+have been executed. It represents him in his hunting-dress, with his
+large hunting-knife in his belt. The face is very thin and pale, and the
+hair perfectly white; the eyes of a bright blue color, and the
+expression of the countenance mild and pleasing.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XXIII'></a><h2>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Last illness, and death of Colonel Boone&mdash;His funeral&mdash;Account of his
+family&mdash;His remains and those of his wife removed from Missouri, and
+reinterred in the new cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky&mdash;Character of
+Colonel Boone.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>In September, 1820, Colonel Boone had an attack of fever, from which he
+recovered so as to make a visit to the house of his son, Major Nathan
+Boone. Soon after, from an indiscretion in his diet, he had a relapse;
+and after a confinement to the house of only three days, he expired on
+the 26th of September, in the eighty-sixth year of his age.</p>
+
+<p>He was buried in a coffin which he had kept ready for several years. His
+remains were laid by the side of those of his deceased wife. The great
+respect and reverence entertained toward him, attracted a large
+concourse from the neighboring country to the funeral. The Legislature
+of Missouri, then in session, passed a resolution that the members
+should wear the badge of mourning usual in such cases for twenty days;
+and an adjournment for one day took place.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Boone had five sons and four daughters The two oldest sons, as
+already related, were killed by the Indians. His third, Colonel Daniel
+Morgan Boone, resided in Missouri, and died about 1842, past the age of
+eighty. Jesse Boone, the fourth son, settled in Missouri about 1805, and
+died at St. Louis a few years after. Major Nathan Boone, the youngest
+child, resided for many years in Missouri, and received a commission in
+the United States Dragoons. He was still living at a recent date. Daniel
+Boone's daughters, Jemima, Susannah, Rebecca, and Lavinia, were all
+married, lived and died in Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>In 1845 the citizens of Frankfort, Kentucky, having prepared a rural
+cemetery, resolved to consecrate it by interring in it the remains of
+Daniel Boone and his wife. The consent of the family being obtained, the
+reinterment took place on the 20th of August of that year.</p>
+
+<p>The pageant was splendid and deeply interesting. A few survivors of
+Boone's contemporaries were present, gathered from all parts of the
+State, and a numerous train of his descendants and relatives led the van
+of the procession escorting the hearse, which was decorated with forest
+evergreens and white lilies, an appropriate tribute to the simple as
+well as glorious character of Boone, and a suitable emblem of his
+enduring fame. The address was delivered by Mr. Crittenden, and the
+concourse of citizens from Kentucky and the neighboring States was
+immense.</p>
+
+<p>The reader of the foregoing pages will have no difficulty in forming a
+correct estimate of Boone's character. He was one of the purest and
+noblest of the pioneers of the West. Regarding himself as an instrument
+in the hands of Providence for accomplishing great purposes, he was
+nevertheless always modest and unassuming, never seeking distinction,
+but always accepting the post of duty and danger.</p>
+
+<p>As a military leader he was remarkable for prudence, coolness, bravery,
+and imperturbable self-possession. His knowledge of the character of the
+Indians enabled him to divine their intentions and baffle their best
+laid plans; and notwithstanding his resistance of their inroads, he was
+always a great favorite amongst them. As a father, husband, and citizen,
+his character seems to have been faultless; and his intercourse with his
+fellow-men was always marked by the strictest integrity and honor.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<a name='COLONEL_BOONES_AUTOBIOGRAPHY'></a><h2>COLONEL BOONE'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY</h2>
+
+<p>[The following pages were dictated by Colonel Boone to John Filson, and
+published in 1784. Colonel Boone has been heard to say repeatedly since
+its publication, that &quot;it is every word true.&quot;]</p>
+
+<p>Curiosity is natural to the soul of man, and interesting objects have a
+powerful influence on our affections. Let these influencing powers
+actuate, by the permission or disposal of Providence, from selfish or
+social views, yet in time the mysterious will of Heaven is unfolded, and
+we behold our conduct, from whatsoever motives excited, operating to
+answer the important designs of Heaven. Thus we behold Kentucky, lately
+a howling wilderness, the habitation of savages and wild beasts, become
+a fruitful field; this region, so favorably distinguished by nature, now
+become the habitation of civilization, at a period unparalleled in
+history, in the midst of a raging war, and under all the disadvantages
+of emigration to a country so remote from the inhabited parts of the
+continent. Here, where the hand of violence shed the blood of the
+innocent; where the horrid yells of savages and the groans of the
+distressed sounded in our ears, we now hear the praises and adorations
+of our Creator; where wretched wigwams stood, the miserable abodes of
+savages, we behold the foundations of cities laid, that, in all
+probability, will equal the glory of the greatest upon earth. And we
+view Kentucky, situated on the fertile banks of the great Ohio, rising
+from obscurity to shine with splendor, equal to any other of the stars
+of the American hemisphere.</p>
+
+<p>The settling of this region well deserves a place in history. Most of
+the memorable events I have myself been exercised in; and, for the
+satisfaction of the public, will briefly relate the circumstance of my
+adventures, and scenes of life from my first movement to this country
+until this day.</p>
+
+<p>It was on the first of May, in the year 1769, that I resigned my
+domestic happiness for a time, and left my family and peaceable
+habitation on the Yadkin River, in North Carolina, to wander through the
+wilderness of America, in quest of the country of Kentucky, in company
+with John Finley, John Stewart, Joseph Holden, James Monay, and William
+Cool. We proceeded successfully, and after a long and fatiguing journey
+through a mountainous wilderness, in a westward direction. On the 7th of
+June following we found ourselves on Red River, where John Finley had
+formerly been trading with the Indians, and, from the top of an
+eminence, saw with pleasure the beautiful level of Kentucky. Here let me
+observe that for some time we had experienced the most uncomfortable
+weather, as a pre-libation of our future sufferings. At this place we
+encamped, and made a shelter to defend us from the inclement season,
+and began to hunt and reconnoitre the country. We found everywhere
+abundance of wild beasts of all sorts, through this vast forest. The
+buffalo were more frequent than I have seen cattle in the settlements,
+browsing on the leaves of the cane, or cropping the herbage on those
+extensive plains, fearless, because ignorant of the violence of man.
+Sometimes we saw hundreds in a drove, and the numbers about the salt
+springs were amazing. In this forest, the habitation of beasts of every
+kind natural to America, we practiced hunting with great success until
+the 22d day of December following.</p>
+
+<p>This day John Steward and I had a pleasing ramble, but fortune changed
+the scene in the close of it. We had passed through a great forest, on
+which stood myriads of trees, some gay with blossoms, and others rich
+with fruits. Nature was here a series of wonders, and a fund of delight.
+Here she displayed her ingenuity and industry in a variety of flowers
+and fruits, beautifully colored, elegantly shaped, and charmingly
+flavored; and we were diverted with innumerable animals presenting
+themselves perpetually to our view. In the decline of the day, near
+Kentucky River, as we ascended the brow of a small hill, a number of
+Indians rushed out of a thick canebrake upon us, and made us prisoners.
+The time of our sorrow was now arrived, and the scene fully opened. The
+Indians plundered us of what we had, and kept us in confinement seven
+days, treating us with common savage usage. During this time we
+discovered no uneasiness or desire to escape, which made them less
+suspicious of us; but in the dead of night, as we lay in a thick
+canebrake by a large fire, when sleep had locked-up their senses, my
+situation not disposing me for rest, I touched my companion, and gently
+awoke him. We improved this favorable opportunity and departed, leaving
+them to take their rest, and speedily directed our course toward our old
+camp, but found it plundered, and the company dispersed and gone home.
+About this time my brother, Squire Boone, with another adventurer, who
+came to explore the country shortly after us, was wandering through the
+forest, determined to find me if possible, and accidentally found our
+camp. Notwithstanding the unfortunate circumstances of our company, and
+our dangerous situation, as surrounded with hostile savages, our meeting
+so fortunately in the wilderness made us reciprocally sensible of the
+utmost satisfaction. So much does friendship triumph over misfortune,
+that sorrows and sufferings vanish at the meeting not only of real
+friends, but of the most distant acquaintances, and substitute happiness
+in their room.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this, my companion in captivity, John Stewart, was killed by
+the savages, and the man that came with my brother returned home by
+himself. We were then in a dangerous, helpless situation, exposed daily
+to perils and death among savages and wild beasts&mdash;not a white man in
+the country but ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>Thus situated, many hundred miles from our families in the howling
+wilderness, I believe few would have equally enjoyed the happiness we
+experienced. I often observed to my brother, &quot;You see now how little
+nature requires to be satisfied. Felicity, the companion of content, is
+rather found in our own breasts than in the enjoyment of external
+things; and I firmly believe it requires but a little philosophy to make
+a man happy in whatsoever state he is. This consists in a full
+resignation to the will of Providence; and a resigned soul finds
+pleasure in a path strewed with briers and thorns.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We continued not in a state of indolence, but hunted every day, and
+prepared a little cottage to defend us from the winter storms. We
+remained there undisturbed during the winter, and on the first day of
+May, 1770, my brother returned home to the settlement by himself, for a
+new recruit of horses and ammunition, leaving me by myself, without
+bread, salt, or sugar, without company of my fellow-creatures, or even a
+horse or dog. I confess I never before was under greater necessity of
+exercising philosophy and fortitude. A few days I passed uncomfortably.
+The idea of a beloved wife and family, and their anxiety upon the
+account of my absence and exposed situation, made sensible impressions
+on my heart. A thousand dreadful apprehensions presented themselves to
+my view, and had undoubtedly disposed me to melancholy, if further
+indulged.</p>
+
+<p>One day I undertook a tour through the country, and the diversity and
+beauties of nature I met with in this charming season, expelled every
+gloomy and vexatious thought. Just at the close of day the gentle gales
+retired, and left the place to the disposal of a profound calm. Not a
+breeze shook the most tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit of a
+commanding ridge, and, looking round with astonishing delight, beheld
+the ample plains, the beauteous tracts below. On the other hand, I
+surveyed the famous river Ohio, that rolled in silent dignity, marking
+the western boundary of Kentucky with inconceivable grandeur. At a vast
+distance I beheld the mountains lift their venerable brows, and
+penetrate the clouds. All things were still. I kindled a fire near a
+fountain of sweet water, and feasted on the loin of a buck, which a few
+hours before I had killed. The sullen shades of night soon overspread
+the whole hemisphere, and the earth seemed to gasp after the hovering
+moisture. My roving excursion this day had fatigued my body, and
+diverted my imagination. I laid me down to sleep, and I awoke not until
+the sun had chased away the night. I continued this tour, and in a few
+days explored a considerable part of the country, each day equally
+pleased as the first. I returned again to my old camp, which was not
+disturbed in my absence. I did not confine my lodging to it, but often
+reposed in thick canebrakes, to avoid the savages, who, I believe, often
+visited my camp, but, fortunately for me, in my absence. In this
+situation I was constantly exposed to danger and death. How unhappy such
+a situation for a man tormented with fear, which is vain if no danger
+comes, and if it does, only augments the pain! It was my happiness to be
+destitute of this afflicting passion, with which I had the greatest
+reason to be affected. The prowling wolves diverted my nocturnal hours
+with perpetual howlings; and the various species of animals in this vast
+forest, in the daytime, were continually in my view.</p>
+
+<p>Thus I was surrounded by plenty in the midst of want. I was happy in the
+midst of dangers and inconveniences. In such a diversity, it was
+impossible I should be disposed to melancholy. No populous city, with
+all the varieties of commerce and stately Structures, could afford so
+much pleasure to my mind as the beauties of nature I found here. </p>
+
+<p>Thus, through an uninterrupted scene of sylvan pleasures, I spent the
+time until the 27th day of July following, when my brother, to my great
+felicity, met me, according to appointment, at our old camp. Shortly
+after, we left this place, not thinking it safe to stay there longer,
+and proceeded to Cumberland River, reconnoitering that part of the
+country until March, 1771, and giving names to the different waters.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after, I returned home to my family, with a determination to bring
+them as soon as possible to live in Kentucky, which I esteemed a second
+paradise, at the risk of my life and fortune.</p>
+
+<p>I returned safe to my old habitation, and found my family in happy
+circumstances. I sold my farm on the Yadkin, and what goods we could not
+carry with us; and on the 25th day of September, 1773, bade a farewell
+to our friends, and proceeded on our journey to Kentucky, in company
+with five families more, and forty men that joined us in Powel's Valley,
+which is one hundred and fifty miles from the now settled parts of
+Kentucky, This promising beginning was soon overcast with a cloud of
+adversity; for, upon the 10th day of October, the rear of our company
+was attacked by a number of Indians, who killed six, and wounded one
+man. Of these, my eldest son was one that fell in the action. Though we
+defended ourselves and repulsed the enemy, yet this unhappy affair
+scattered our cattle, brought us into extreme difficulty, and so
+discouraged the whole company, that we retreated forty miles, to the
+settlement on Clinch River. We had passed over two mountains, viz,
+Powel's and Walden's, and were approaching Cumberland mountain when this
+adverse fortune overtook us. These mountains are in the wilderness, as
+we pass from the old settlements in Virginia to Kentucky, are ranged in
+a southwest and northeast direction, are of a great length and breadth,
+and not far distant from each other. Over these, nature hath formed
+passes that are less difficult than might be expected, from a view of
+such huge piles. The aspect of these cliffs is so wild and horrid, that
+it is impossible to behold them without terror. The spectator is apt to
+imagine that nature has formerly suffered some violent convulsion, and
+that these are the dismembered remains of the dreadful shock; the
+ruins, not of Persepolis or Palmyra, but of the world!</p>
+
+<p>I remained with my family on Clinch until the 6th of June, 1774, when I
+and one Michael Stoner were solicited by Governor Dunmore of Virginia to
+go to the falls of the Ohio, to conduct into the settlements a number of
+surveyors that had been sent thither by him some months before; this
+country having about this time drawn the attention of many adventurers.
+We immediately complied with the Governor's request, and conducted in
+the surveyors&mdash;completing a tour of eight hundred miles, through many
+difficulties, in sixty-two days.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after I returned home, I was ordered to take the command of three
+garrisons during the campaign which Governor Dunmore carried on against
+the Shawanese Indians; after the conclusion of which, the militia was
+discharged from each garrison, and I, being relieved from my post, was
+solicited by a number of North Carolina gentlemen, that were about
+purchasing the lands lying on the south side of Kentucky River, from the
+Cherokee Indians, to attend their treaty at Wataga, in March, 1775, to
+negotiate with them, and mention the boundaries of the purchase. This I
+accepted; and, at the request of the same gentlemen, undertook to mark
+out a road in the best passage from the settlement through the
+wilderness to Kentucky, with such assistance as I thought necessary to
+employ for such an important undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>I soon began this work, having collected a number of enterprising men,
+well armed. We proceeded with all possible expedition until we came
+within fifteen miles of where Boonesborough now stands, and where we
+were fired upon by a party of Indians, that killed two, and wounded two
+of our number; yet, although surprised and taken at a disadvantage, we
+stood our ground. This was on the 20th of March, 1775. Three days after,
+we were fired upon again, and had two men killed, and three wounded.
+Afterward we proceeded on to Kentucky River without opposition; and on
+the first day of April began to erect the fort of Boonesborough at a
+salt lick, about sixty yards from the river, on the south side.</p>
+
+<p>On the fourth day, the Indians killed one of our men. We were busily
+employed in building this fort until the fourteenth day of June
+following, without any further opposition from the Indians; and having
+finished the works, I returned to my family on Clinch.</p>
+
+<p>In a short time I proceeded to remove my family from Clinch to this
+garrison, where we arrived safe, without any other difficulties than
+such as are common to this passage; my wife and daughter being the first
+white women that ever stood on the banks of Kentucky River.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th day of December following, we had one man killed, and one
+wounded by the Indians, who seemed determined to persecute us for
+erecting this fortification.</p>
+
+<p>On the fourteenth day of July, 1776, two of Colonel Calaway's daughters,
+and one of mine, were taken prisoners near the fort. I immediately
+pursued the Indians with only eight men, and on the 16th overtook them,
+killed two of the party, and recovered the girls. The same day on which
+this attempt was made, the Indians divided themselves into different
+parties, and attacked several forts, which were shortly before this time
+erected, doing a great deal of mischief. This was extremely distressing
+to the new settlers. The innocent husbandman was shot down, while busy
+in cultivating the soil for his family's supply. Most of the cattle
+around the stations were destroyed. They continued their hostilities in
+this manner until the 15th of April, 1777, when they attacked
+Boonesborough with a party of above one hundred in number, killed one
+man, and wounded four. Their loss in this attack was not certainly known
+to us.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th day of July following, a party of about two hundred Indians
+attacked Boonesborough, killed one man and wounded two. They besieged us
+forty-eight hours, during which time seven of them were killed, and, at
+last, finding themselves not likely to prevail, they raised the siege
+and departed.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians had disposed their warriors in different parties at this
+time, and attacked the different garrisons, to prevent their assisting
+each other, and did much injury to the distressed inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th day of this month, Colonel Logan's fort was besieged by a
+party of about two hundred Indians. During this dreadful siege they did
+a great deal of mischief, distressed the garrison, in which were only
+fifteen men, killed two, and wounded one. The enemy's loss was
+uncertain, from the common practice which the Indians have of carrying
+off their dead in time of battle. Colonel Harrod's fort was then
+defended by only sixty-five men, and Boonesborough by twenty-two, there
+being no more forts or white men in the country, except at the Falls, a
+considerable distance from these; and all, taken collectively, were but
+a handful to the numerous warriors that were everywhere dispersed
+through the country, intent upon doing all the mischief that savage
+barbarity could invent. Thus we passed through a scene of sufferings
+that exceeds description.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of this month, a reinforcement of forty-five men arrived
+from North Carolina, and about the 20th of August following, Colonel
+Bowman arrived with one hundred men from Virginia. Now we began to
+strengthen; and hence, for the space of six weeks, we had skirmishes
+with Indians, in one quarter or another, almost every day.</p>
+
+<p>The savages now learned the superiority of the Long Knife, as they call
+the Virginians, by experience; being out-generalled in almost every
+battle. Our affairs began to wear a new aspect, and the enemy, not
+daring to venture on open war, practiced secret mischief at times.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st day of January, 1778, I went with a party of thirty men to
+the Blue Licks, on Licking River, to make salt for the different
+garrisons in the country.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th day of February, as I was hunting to procure meat for the
+company, I met with a party of one hundred and two Indians, and two
+Frenchmen, on their march against Boonesborough, that place being
+particularly the object of the enemy. They pursued, and took me; and
+brought me on the 8th day to the Licks, where twenty-seven of my party
+were, three of them having previously returned home with the salt. I,
+knowing it was impossible for them to escape, capitulated with the
+enemy, and, at a distance, in their view, gave notice to my men of their
+situation, with orders not to resist, but surrender themselves captives.</p>
+
+<p>The generous usage the Indians had promised before in my capitulation,
+was afterward fully complied with, and we proceeded with them as
+prisoners to Old Chilicothe, the principal Indian Town on Little Miami,
+where we arrived, after an uncomfortable journey, in very severe
+weather, on the 18th day of February, and received as good treatment as
+prisoners could expect from savages. On the 10th day of March following,
+I and ten of my men were conducted by forty Indians to Detroit, where we
+arrived the 30th day, and were treated by Governor Hamilton, the British
+commander at that post, with great humanity.</p>
+
+<p>During our travels, the Indians entertained me well, and their affection
+for me was so great, that they utterly refused to leave me there with
+the others, although the Governor offered them one hundred pounds
+sterling for me, on purpose to give me a parole to go home. Several
+English gentlemen there, being sensible of my adverse fortune, and
+touched with human sympathy, generously offered a friendly supply for my
+wants, which I refused, with many thanks for their kindness&mdash;adding,
+that I never expected it would be in my power to recompense such
+unmerited generosity.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians left my men in captivity with the British at Detroit, and on
+the 10th day of April brought me toward Old Chilicothe, where we arrived
+on the 25th day of the same month. This was a long and fatiguing march,
+through an exceedingly fertile country, remarkable for fine springs and
+streams of water. At Chilicothe I spent my time as comfortably as I
+could expect; was adopted, according to their custom, into a family,
+where I became a son, and had a great share in the affection of my new
+parents, brothers, sisters, and friends. I was exceedingly familiar and
+friendly with them, always appearing as cheerful and satisfied as
+possible, and they put great confidence in me. I often went a hunting
+with them, and frequently gained their applause for my activity at our
+shooting-matches. I was careful not to exceed many of them in shooting;
+for no people are more envious than they in this sport. I could observe,
+in their countenances and gestures, the greatest expressions of joy when
+they exceeded me; and, when the reverse happened, of envy. The Shawanese
+king took great notice of me, and treated me with profound respect and
+entire friendship, often entrusting me to hunt at my liberty. I
+frequently returned with the spoils of the woods, and as often presented
+some of what I had taken to him, expressive of duty to my sovereign. My
+food and lodging were in common with them; not so good, indeed, as I
+could desire, but necessity makes every thing acceptable.</p>
+
+<p>I now began to meditate an escape, and carefully avoided their
+suspicions, continuing with them at Old Chilicothe until the 1st day of
+June following, and then was taken by them to the salt springs on
+Scioto, and kept there making salt ten days. During this time I hunted
+some for them, and found the land, for a great extent about this river,
+to exceed the soil of Kentucky, if possible, and remarkably well
+watered.</p>
+
+<p>When I returned to Chilicothe, alarmed to see four hundred and fifty
+Indians, of their choicest warriors, painted and armed in a fearful
+manner, ready to march against Boonesborough, I determined to escape the
+first opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th, before sunrise, I departed in the most secret manner, and
+arrived at Boonesborough on the 20th, after a journey of one hundred and
+sixty miles, during which I had but one meal.</p>
+
+<p>I found our fortress in a bad state of defense; but we proceeded
+immediately to repair our flanks, strengthen our gates and posterns, and
+form double bastions, which we completed in ten days. In this time we
+daily expected the arrival of the Indian army; and at length, one of my
+fellow-prisoners, escaping from them, arrived, informing us that the
+enemy had, on account of my departure, postponed their expedition three
+weeks. The Indians had spies out viewing our movements, and were greatly
+alarmed with our increase in number and fortifications. The grand
+council of the nations were held frequently, and with more deliberation
+than usual. They evidently saw the approaching hour when the Long Knife
+would dispossess them of their desirable habitations; and, anxiously
+concerned for futurity, determined utterly to extirpate the whites out
+of Kentucky. We were not intimidated by their movements, but frequently
+gave them proofs of our courage.</p>
+
+<p>About the first of August, I made an incursion into the Indian Country
+with a party of nineteen men, in order to surprise a small town up
+Scioto, called Paint Creek Town. We advanced within four miles thereof,
+when we met a party of thirty Indians on their march against
+Boonesborough, intending to join the others from Chilicothe. A smart
+fight ensued between us for some time; at length the savages gave way
+and fled. We had no loss on our side; the enemy had one killed, and two
+wounded. We took from them three horses, and all their baggage; and
+being informed by two of our number that went to their town, that the
+Indians had entirely evacuated it, we proceeded no further, and returned
+with all possible expedition to assist our garrison against the other
+party. We passed by them on the sixth day, and on the seventh we arrived
+safe at Boonesborough.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th, the Indian army arrived, being four hundred and forty-four
+in number, commanded by Captain Duquesne, eleven other Frenchmen, and
+some of their own chiefs, and marched up within view of our fort, with
+British and French colors flying; and having sent a summons to me, in
+his Britannic Majesty's name, to surrender the fort, I requested two
+days consideration, which was granted.</p>
+
+<p>It was now a critical period with us. We were a small number in the
+garrison&mdash;a powerful army before our walls, whose appearance proclaimed
+inevitable death, fearfully painted, and marking their footsteps with
+desolation. Death was preferable to captivity; and if taken by storm, we
+must inevitably be devoted to destruction. In this situation we
+concluded to maintain our garrison, if possible. We immediately
+proceeded to collect what we could of our horses and other cattle, and
+bring them through the posterns into the fort; and in the evening of the
+9th, I returned answer that we were determined to defend our fort while
+a man was living. &quot;Now,&quot; said I to their commander, who stood
+attentively hearing my sentiments, &quot;we laugh at your formidable
+preparations; but thank you for giving us notice and time to provide for
+our defense. Your efforts will not prevail; for our gates shall forever
+deny you admittance.&quot; Whether this answer affected their courage or not
+I cannot tell; but contrary to our expectations, they formed a scheme to
+deceive us, declaring it was their orders, from Governor Hamilton, to
+take us captives, and not to destroy us; but if nine of us would come
+out and treat with them, they would immediately withdraw their forces
+from our walls, and return home peaceably. This sounded grateful in our
+ears; and we agreed to the proposal. </p>
+
+<p>We held the treaty within sixty yards of the garrison, on purpose to
+divert them from a breach of honor, as we could not avoid suspicions of
+the savages. In this situation the articles were formally agreed to, and
+signed; and the Indians told us it was customary with them on such
+occasions for two Indians to shake hands with every white man in the
+treaty, as an evidence of entire friendship. We agreed to this also, but
+were soon convinced their policy was to take us prisoners. They
+immediately grappled us; but, although surrounded by hundreds of
+savages, we extricated ourselves from them, and escaped all safe into
+the garrison, except one that was wounded, through a heavy fire from
+their army. They immediately attacked us on every side, and a constant
+heavy fire ensued between us, day and night, for the space of nine days.</p>
+
+<p>In this time the enemy began to undermine our fort, which was situated
+sixty yards from Kentucky River. They began at the water-mark, and
+proceeded in the bank some distance, which we understood by their making
+the water muddy with the clay; and we immediately proceeded to
+disappoint their design, by cutting a trench across their subterranean
+passage. The enemy, discovering our countermine by the clay we threw out
+of the fort, desisted from that stratagem; and experience now fully
+convincing them that neither their power nor policy could effect their
+purpose, on the 20th day of August they raised the siege and departed.</p>
+
+<p>During this siege, which threatened death in every form, we had two men
+killed, and four wounded, besides a number of cattle. We killed of the
+enemy thirty-seven, and wounded a great number. After they were gone, we
+picked up one hundred and twenty-five pounds weight of bullets, besides
+what stuck in the logs of our fort, which certainly is a great proof of
+their industry. Soon after this, I went into the settlement, and nothing
+worthy of a place in this account passed in my affairs for some time.</p>
+
+<p>During my absence from Kentucky, Colonel Bowman carried on an expedition
+against the Shawanese, at Old Chilicothe, with one hundred and sixty
+men, in July, 1779. Here they arrived undiscovered, and a battle ensued,
+which lasted until ten o'clock, A.M., when Colonel Bowman, finding he
+could not succeed at this time, retreated about thirty miles. The
+Indians, in the meantime, collecting all their forces, pursued and
+overtook him, when a smart fight continued near two hours, not to the
+advantage of Colonel Bowman's party.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Harrod proposed to mount a number of horse, and furiously to
+rush upon the savages, who at this time fought with remarkable fury.
+This desperate step had a happy effect, broke their line of battle, and
+the savages fled on all sides. In these two battles we had nine killed,
+and one wounded. The enemy's loss uncertain, only two scalps being
+taken.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d day of June, 1780, a large party of Indians and Canadians,
+about six hundred in number, commanded by Colonel Bird, attacked
+Riddle's and Martin's stations, at the forks of Licking River, with six
+pieces of artillery. They carried this expedition so secretly, that the
+unwary inhabitants did not discover them until they fired upon the
+forts; and, not being prepared to oppose them, were obliged to surrender
+themselves miserable captives to barbarous savages, who immediately
+after tomahawked one man and two women, and loaded all the others with
+heavy baggage, forcing them along toward their towns, able or unable to
+march. Such as were weak and faint by the way, they tomahawked. The
+tender women and helpless children fell victims to their cruelty. This,
+and the savage treatment they received afterward, is shocking to
+humanity and too barbarous to relate.</p>
+
+<p>The hostile disposition of the savages and their allies caused General
+Clarke, the commandant at the Falls of the Ohio, immediately to begin an
+expedition with his own regiment, and the armed force of the country,
+against Pecaway, the principal town of the Shawanese, on a branch of
+Great Miami, which he finished with great success, took seventeen
+scalps, and burnt the town to ashes, with the loss of seventeen men.</p>
+
+<p>About this time I returned to Kentucky with my family; and here, to
+avoid an inquiry into my conduct, the reader being before informed of my
+bringing my family to Kentucky, I am under the necessity of informing
+him that, during my captivity with the Indians, my wife, who despaired
+of ever seeing me again&mdash;expecting the Indians had put a period to my
+life, oppressed with the distresses of the country, and bereaved of me,
+her only happiness&mdash;had, before I returned, transported my family and
+goods on horses through the wilderness, amid a multitude of dangers, to
+her father's house in North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the troubles at Boonesborough, I went to them, and lived
+peaceably there until this time. The history of my going home, and
+returning with my family, forms a series of difficulties, an account of
+which would swell a volume; and, being foreign to my purpose, I shall
+purposely omit them.</p>
+
+<p>I settled my family in Boonesborough once more; and shortly after, on
+the 6th day of October, 1780, I went in company with my brother to the
+Blue Licks; and, on our return home, we were fired upon by a party of
+Indians. They shot him and pursued me, by the scent of their dog, three
+miles; but I killed the dog, and escaped. The winter soon came on, and
+was very severe, which confined the Indians to their wigwams.</p>
+
+<p>The severities of this winter caused great difficulties in Kentucky. The
+enemy had destroyed most of the corn the summer before. This necessary
+article was scarce and dear, and the inhabitants lived chiefly on the
+flesh of buffalo. The circumstances of many were very lamentable;
+however, being a hardy race of people, and accustomed to difficulties
+and necessities, they were wonderfully supported through all their
+sufferings, until the ensuing autumn, when we received abundance from
+the fertile soil.</p>
+
+<p>Toward spring we were frequently harassed by Indians; and in May, 1782,
+a party assaulted Ashton's station, killed one man, and took a negro
+prisoner. Captain Ashton, with twenty-five men, pursued and overtook the
+savages, and a smart fight ensued, which lasted two hours; but they,
+being superior in number, obliged Captain Ashton's party to retreat,
+with the loss of eight killed, and four mortally wounded; their brave
+commander himself being numbered among the dead.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians continued their hostilities; and, about the 10th of August
+following, two boys were taken from Major Hoy's station. This party was
+pursued by Captain Holder and seventeen men, who were also defeated,
+with the loss of four men killed, and one wounded. Our affairs became
+more and more alarming. Several stations which had lately been erected
+in the country were continually infested with savages, stealing their
+horses and killing the men at every opportunity. In a field, near
+Lexington, an Indian shot a man, and running to scalp him, was himself
+shot from the fort, and fell dead upon his enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Every day we experienced recent mischiefs. The barbarous savage nations
+of Shawanese, Cherokees, Wyandots, Tawas, Delawares, and several others
+near Detroit, united in a war against us, and assembled their choicest
+warriors at Old Chilicothe, to go on the expedition, in order to destroy
+us, and entirely depopulate the country. Their savage minds were
+inflamed to mischief by two abandoned men, Captains McKee and Girty.
+These led them to execute every diabolical scheme, and on the 15th day
+of August, commanded a party of Indians and Canadians, of about five
+hundred in number, against Bryant's station, five miles from Lexington.
+Without demanding a surrender, they furiously assaulted the garrison,
+which was happily prepared to oppose them; and, after they had expended
+much ammunition in vain, and killed the cattle round the fort, not being
+likely to make themselves masters of this place, they raised the siege,
+and departed in the morning of the third day after they came, with the
+loss of about thirty killed, and the number of wounded uncertain. Of the
+garrison, four were killed, and three wounded.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th day, Colonel Todd, Colonel Trigg, Major Harland, and myself,
+speedily collected one hundred and seventy-six men, well armed, and
+pursued the savages. They had marched beyond the Blue Licks, to a
+remarkable bend of the main fork of Licking River, about forty-three
+miles from Lexington, where we overtook them on the 19th day. The
+savages observing us, gave way; and we, being ignorant of their numbers,
+passed the river. When the enemy saw our proceedings, having greatly the
+advantage of us in situation, they formed the line of battle from one
+bend of Licking to the other, about a mile from the Blue Licks. An
+exceeding fierce battle immediately began, for about fifteen minutes,
+when we being overpowered by numbers, were obliged to retreat, with the
+loss of sixty-seven men, seven of whom were taken prisoners. The brave
+and much-lamented Colonels Todd and Trigg, Major Harland, and my second
+son, were among the dead. We were informed that the Indians, numbering
+their dead, found they had four killed more than we; and therefore four
+of the prisoners they had taken were, by general consent, ordered to be
+killed in a most barbarous manner by the young warriors, in order to
+train them up to cruelty; and then they proceeded to their towns.</p>
+
+<p>On our retreat we were met by Colonel Logan, hastening to join us, with
+a number of well-armed men. This powerful assistance we unfortunately
+wanted in the battle; for, notwithstanding the enemy's superiority of
+numbers, they acknowledged that, if they had received one more fire from
+us, they should undoubtedly have given way. So valiantly did our small
+party light, that to the memory of those who unfortunately fell in the
+battle, enough of honor cannot be paid. Had Colonel Logan and his party
+been with us, it is highly probable we should have given the savages a
+total defeat.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot reflect upon this dreadful scene, but sorrow fills my heart. A
+zeal for the defense of their country led these heroes to the scene of
+action, though with a few men to attack a powerful army of experienced
+warriors. When we gave way, they pursued us with the utmost eagerness,
+and in every quarter spread destruction. The river was difficult to
+cross, and many were killed in the flight&mdash;some just entering the river,
+some in the water, others after crossing, in ascending the cliffs. Some
+escaped on horseback, a few on foot; and, being dispersed everywhere in
+a few hours, brought the melancholy news of this unfortunate battle to
+Lexington. Many widows were now made. The reader may guess what sorrow
+filled the hearts of the inhabitants, exceeding any thing that I am able
+to describe. Being reinforced, we returned to bury the dead, and found
+their bodies strewed everywhere, cut and mangled in a dreadful manner.
+This mournful scene exhibited a horror almost unparalleled; some torn
+and eaten by wild beasts; those in the river eaten by fishes; all in
+such a putrefied condition, that no one could be distinguished from
+another.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as General Clark, then at the Falls of the Ohio&mdash;who was ever
+our ready friend, and merits the love and gratitude of all his
+countrymen&mdash;understood the circumstances of this unfortunate action, he
+ordered an expedition, with all possible haste, to pursue the savages,
+which was so expeditiously effected, that we overtook them within two
+miles of their towns; and probably might have obtained a great victory,
+had not two of their number met us about two hundred poles before we
+came up. These returned quick as lightning to their camp, with the
+alarming news of a mighty army in view. The savages fled in the utmost
+disorder, evacuated their towns, and reluctantly left their territory to
+our mercy. We immediately took possession of Old Chilicothe without
+opposition, being deserted by its inhabitants. We continued our pursuit
+through five towns on the Miami River, Old Chilicothe, Pecaway, New
+Chilicothe, Will's Towns, and Chilicothe&mdash;burnt them all to ashes,
+entirely destroyed their corn, and other fruits, and everywhere spread a
+scene of desolation in the country. In this expedition we took seven
+prisoners and five scalps, with the loss of only four men, two of whom
+were accidentally killed by our own army.</p>
+
+<p>This campaign in some measure damped the spirits of the Indians, and
+made them sensible of our superiority. Their connections were dissolved,
+their armies scattered, and a future invasion put entirely out of their
+power; yet they continued to practice mischief secretly upon the
+inhabitants, in the exposed parts of the country.</p>
+
+<p>In October following, a party made an incursion into that district
+called the Crab Orchard; and one of them, being advanced some distance
+before the others, boldly entered the house of a poor defenseless
+family, in which was only a negro man, a woman, and her children,
+terrified with the apprehensions of immediate death. The savage,
+perceiving their defenseless condition, without offering violence to the
+family, attempted to capture the negro, who happily proved an over-match
+for him, threw him on the ground, and in the struggle, the mother of the
+children drew an axe from a corner of the cottage, and cut his head off,
+while her little daughter shut the door. The savages instantly appeared,
+and applied their tomahawks to the door. An old rusty gun-barrel,
+without a lock, lay in a corner, which the mother put through a small
+crevice, and the savages, perceiving it, fled. In the meantime, the
+alarm spread through the neighborhood; the armed men collected
+immediately, and pursued the ravagers into the wilderness. Thus
+Providence, by the means of this negro, saved the whole of the poor
+family from destruction. From that time until the happy return of peace
+between the United States and Great Britain, the Indians did us no
+mischief. Finding the great king beyond the water disappointed in his
+expectations, and conscious of the importance of the Long Knife, and
+their own wretchedness, some of the nations immediately desired peace;
+to which, at present [1784], they seem universally disposed, and are
+sending ambassadors to General Clarke, at the Falls of the Ohio, with
+the minutes of their councils.</p>
+
+<p>To conclude, I can now say that I have verified the saying of an old
+Indian who signed Colonel Henderson's deed. Taking me by the hand, at
+the delivery thereof&mdash;&quot;Brother,&quot; said he, &quot;we have given you a fine
+land, but I believe you will have much trouble in settling it.&quot; My
+footsteps have often been marked with blood, and therefore I can truly
+subscribe to its original name. Two darling sons and a brother have I
+lost by savage hands, which have also taken from me forty valuable
+horses, and abundance of cattle. Many dark and sleepless nights have I
+been a companion for owls, separated from the cheerful society of men,
+scorched by the summer's sun, and pinched by the winter's cold&mdash;an
+instrument ordained to settle the wilderness. But now the scene is
+changed: peace crowns the sylvan shade.</p>
+
+<p>What thanks, what ardent and ceaseless thanks are due to that
+all-superintending Providence which has turned a cruel war into peace,
+brought order out of confusion, made the fierce savages placid, and
+turned away their hostile weapons from our country! May the same
+Almighty Goodness banish the accursed monster, war, from all lands,
+with, her hated associates, rapine and insatiable ambition! Let peace,
+descending from her native heaven, bid her olives spring amid the joyful
+nations; and plenty, in league with commerce, scatter blessings from her
+copious hand!</p>
+
+<p>This account of my adventures will inform the reader of the most
+remarkable events of this country. I now live in peace and safety,
+enjoying the sweets of liberty, and the bounties of Providence, with my
+once fellow-sufferers, in this delightful country, which I have seen
+purchased with a vast expense of blood and treasure: delighting in the
+prospect of its being, in a short time, one of the most opulent and
+powerful States on the continent of North America; which, with the love
+and gratitude of my countrymen, I esteem a sufficient reward for all my
+toil and dangers.</p>
+
+<p>DANIEL BOONE.
+<i>Fayette County</i>, KENTUCKY,</p>
+<br />
+
+<center>THE END.</center>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<a name='FOOTNOTES'></a><h2>FOOTNOTES</h2>
+
+<a name='Footnote_1'></a><a href='#FNanchor_1'>[1]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Pittsburg Gazette,&quot; quoted by Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_2'></a><a href='#FNanchor_2'>[2]</a><div class='note'><p> The eldest, James, was killed by the Indians in 1773, and
+his son Israel was killed at the battle of Blue Licks, August 19th,
+1782.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_3'></a><a href='#FNanchor_3'>[3]</a><div class='note'><p> Bogant gives 11th of February, 1735. Peck, February, 1735.
+Another account gives 1746 as the year of his birth, and Bucks County as
+his birth-place. The family record, in the hand writing of Daniel
+Boone's uncle, James, who was a school master, gives the 14th of July,
+1732.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_4'></a><a href='#FNanchor_4'>[4]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Adventures of Daniel Boone, the Kentucky Rifleman.&quot; By the
+author of &quot;Uncle Philip's Conversations.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_5'></a><a href='#FNanchor_5'>[5]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Life of Daniel Boone&quot; By John M. Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_6'></a><a href='#FNanchor_6'>[6]</a><div class='note'><p> John H. Wheeler. &quot;Historical Sketches of North Carolina.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_7'></a><a href='#FNanchor_7'>[7]</a><div class='note'><p> The children by this marriage were nine in number. <i>Sons:</i>
+James, born in 1756, Israel, Jesse, Daniel, and Nathan. <i>Daughters</i>:
+Susan, Jemima, Lavinia, and Rebecca. The eldest, James, was killed, as
+will appear in our subsequent narrative, by the Indians, in 1773; and
+Israel fell in the battle of Blue Licks, May 17th, 1782. In 1846,
+Nathan, a captain in the United States service, was the only surviving
+son.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_8'></a><a href='#FNanchor_8'>[8]</a><div class='note'><p> That is, the eastern boundary of Tennessee, which was then a part of North Carolina.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_9'></a><a href='#FNanchor_9'>[9]</a><div class='note'><p> Holston.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_10'></a><a href='#FNanchor_10'>[10]</a><div class='note'><p> The Ohio was known many years by this name.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_11'></a><a href='#FNanchor_11'>[11]</a><div class='note'><p> Monette. The Indian name of this range was Wasioto, and of
+the river, Shawnee.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_12'></a><a href='#FNanchor_12'>[12]</a><div class='note'><p> Howe.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_13'></a><a href='#FNanchor_13'>[13]</a><div class='note'><p> The original patent, signed by Governor Dinwiddie, and now
+in the possession of the writer, was presented to him by T.A.R. Nelson,
+Esq., of Jonesboro, Tennessee. It is probably the oldest grant in the
+State.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_14'></a><a href='#FNanchor_14'>[14]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck. Life of Boone.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_15'></a><a href='#FNanchor_15'>[15]</a><div class='note'><p> McClung. &quot;Western Adventures.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_16'></a><a href='#FNanchor_16'>[16]</a><div class='note'><p> Ornithological Biography, pp. 293-4.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_17'></a><a href='#FNanchor_17'>[17]</a><div class='note'><p> McClung.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_18'></a><a href='#FNanchor_18'>[18]</a><div class='note'><p> Perkins. &quot;Annals of the West.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_19'></a><a href='#FNanchor_19'>[19]</a><div class='note'><p> Perkins, &quot;Annals of the West.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_20'></a><a href='#FNanchor_20'>[20]</a><div class='note'><p> W.D. Gallagher, &quot;Hesperian,&quot; Vol. II., p 89.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_21'></a><a href='#FNanchor_21'>[21]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;History of the Backwoods.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_22'></a><a href='#FNanchor_22'>[22]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_23'></a><a href='#FNanchor_23'>[23]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_24'></a><a href='#FNanchor_24'>[24]</a><div class='note'><p> History of Kentucky.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_25'></a><a href='#FNanchor_25'>[25]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck. &quot;Life of Daniel Boone.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_26'></a><a href='#FNanchor_26'>[26]</a><div class='note'><p> Butler. &quot;History of Kentucky.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_27'></a><a href='#FNanchor_27'>[27]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck. &quot;Life
+of Daniel Boone.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_28'></a><a href='#FNanchor_28'>[28]</a><div class='note'><p> Mr. Peck mentions the spring of 1776, as the date of the
+arrival at Boonesborough of Colonel Richard Callaway, and an intimate
+friend of Boone, with his family, and the family of Benjamin Logan, who
+had returned for them the preceding autumn.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_29'></a><a href='#FNanchor_29'>[29]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_30'></a><a href='#FNanchor_30'>[30]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_31'></a><a href='#FNanchor_31'>[31]</a><div class='note'><p> Collins.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_32'></a><a href='#FNanchor_32'>[32]</a><div class='note'><p> Collins.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_33'></a><a href='#FNanchor_33'>[33]</a><div class='note'><p> Collins. &quot;Historical Sketches of Kentucky.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_34'></a><a href='#FNanchor_34'>[34]</a><div class='note'><p> Howe. &quot;Historical Collections of Virginia.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_35'></a><a href='#FNanchor_35'>[35]</a><div class='note'><p> Howe.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_36'></a><a href='#FNanchor_36'>[36]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Life of Daniel Boone.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_37'></a><a href='#FNanchor_37'>[37]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_38'></a><a href='#FNanchor_38'>[38]</a><div class='note'><p> W.D. Gallagher, in &quot;Hesperian.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_39'></a><a href='#FNanchor_39'>[39]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_40'></a><a href='#FNanchor_40'>[40]</a><div class='note'><p> McClung.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_41'></a><a href='#FNanchor_41'>[41]</a><div class='note'><p> McClung.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_42'></a><a href='#FNanchor_42'>[42]</a><div class='note'><p> Frost: &quot;Border Wars of the West.&quot; Peck: &quot;Life of Boone.&quot;
+McClung: &quot;Western Adventure.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_43'></a><a href='#FNanchor_43'>[43]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_44'></a><a href='#FNanchor_44'>[44]</a><div class='note'><p> McClung.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_45'></a><a href='#FNanchor_45'>[45]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Life of Boone,&quot; p. 130.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_46'></a><a href='#FNanchor_46'>[46]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher: &quot;Hesperian,&quot; vol. i., p. 343.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_47'></a><a href='#FNanchor_47'>[47]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_48'></a><a href='#FNanchor_48'>[48]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_49'></a><a href='#FNanchor_49'>[49]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_50'></a><a href='#FNanchor_50'>[50]</a><div class='note'><p> Perkins. Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_51'></a><a href='#FNanchor_51'>[51]</a><div class='note'><p> Kendall.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_52'></a><a href='#FNanchor_52'>[52]</a><div class='note'><p> Butler.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_53'></a><a href='#FNanchor_53'>[53]</a><div class='note'><p> McClung.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_54'></a><a href='#FNanchor_54'>[54]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Western Annals.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_55'></a><a href='#FNanchor_55'>[55]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_56'></a><a href='#FNanchor_56'>[56]</a><div class='note'><p> Life of Boone.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_57'></a><a href='#FNanchor_57'>[57]</a><div class='note'><p> This would be about the year 1810.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_58'></a><a href='#FNanchor_58'>[58]</a><div class='note'><p> An arpent of land is eighty-five-hundredths of an acre.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_59'></a><a href='#FNanchor_59'>[59]</a><div class='note'><p> Lippincott's Gazetteer.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_60'></a><a href='#FNanchor_60'>[60]</a><div class='note'><p> The owners of the money of which he was robbed on his
+journey to Virginia, as already related, had voluntarily relinquished
+all claims on him. This was a simple act of justice.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_61'></a><a href='#FNanchor_61'>[61]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_62'></a><a href='#FNanchor_62'>[62]</a><div class='note'><p> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_63'></a><a href='#FNanchor_63'>[63]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck. Life of Boone.</p></div>
+
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14023 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #14023 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14023)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Life & Times of Col. Daniel Boone, by Cecil
+B. Hartley, et al
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Life & Times of Col. Daniel Boone
+
+Author: Cecil B. Hartley
+
+Release Date: November 11, 2004  [eBook #14023]
+[Last updated: March 10, 2011]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE & TIMES OF COL. DANIEL
+BOONE***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Curtis Weyant, Thomas Hutchinson, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 14023-h.htm or 14023-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/2/14023/14023-h/14023-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/2/14023/14023-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+LIFE & TIMES OF COL. DANIEL BOONE
+
+Life of Daniel Boone, the Great Western Hunter and Pioneer,
+Comprising an Account of His Early History; His Daring and
+Remarkable Career as the First Settler of Kentucky; His
+Thrilling Adventures with the Indians, and His Wonderful Skill,
+Coolness and Sagacity under All the Hazardous and Trying
+Circumstances of Western Border Life
+
+To Which Is Added His Autobiography Complete as Dictated by
+Himself, and Showing His Own Belief That He Was an Instrument
+Ordained to Settle the Wilderness
+
+by
+
+CECIL B. HARTLEY
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BOONE'S INDIAN TOILETTE. PAGE 132]
+
+
+[Illustration: The Old Fort at Boonesborough]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The subject of the following biography, the celebrated Colonel Daniel
+Boone, is one of the most remarkable men which this country has produced.
+His character is marked with originality, and his actions were important
+and influential in one of the most interesting periods of our
+history--that of the early settlement of Kentucky. Boone is generally
+acknowledged as the founder of that State. His having explored it alone
+to a considerable extent; his leading the earliest bands of settlers;
+his founding Boonesborough, the nucleus of the future State; his having
+defended this and other stations successfully against the attacks of the
+Indians; and the prominent part which he took in military affairs at
+this period of distress and peril, certainly render his claims to the
+distinguished honor of founding Kentucky very strong.
+
+But Boone, personally, reaped very little benefit from his patriotic and
+disinterested exertions. The lands which he had first cultivated and
+defended, were taken from him by the chicanery of the law; other lands
+granted to him by the Spanish government were lost by his inattention to
+legal forms; and in his old age he was without an acre of land which he
+could call his own. A few years before his death a small tract, such as
+any other settler in Missouri was entitled to, was granted him by
+Congress. But he has left to his numerous posterity a nobler
+inheritance--that of an imperishable fame in the annals of his country!
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+The family of Daniel Boone--His grandfather emigrates to America,
+and settles in Bucks County, Pennsylvania--Family of Daniel Boone's
+father--Account of Exeter, the birth-place of Boone--Birth of Daniel
+Boone--Religion of his family--Boone's boyhood--Goes to
+school--Anecdote--Summary termination of his schooling.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Removal of Boone's father and family to North Carolina--Location on
+the Yadkin River--Character of the country and the people--Byron's
+description of the Backwoodsmen--Daniel Boone marries Rebecca Bryan--His
+farmer life in North Carolina--State of the country--Political troubles
+foreshadowed--Illegal fees and taxes--Probable effect of this state of
+things on Boone's mind--Signs of movement.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+The Seven Years' War--Cherokee War--Period of Boone's first
+long Excursion to the West--Extract from Wheeler's History of
+Tennessee--Indian accounts of the Western country--Indian traders--Their
+Reports--Western travelers--Doherty--Adair--Proceedings of the
+traders--Hunters--Scotch traders--Hunters accompany the traders to the
+West--Their reports concerning the country--Other adventurers--Dr.
+Walker's expedition--Settlements in South-western Virginia--Indian
+hostilities--Pendleton purchase--Dr. Walker's second expedition--Hunting
+company of Walker and others--Boone travels with them--Curious monument
+left by him.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Political and social condition of North
+Carolina--Taxes--Lawsuits--Ostentation and extravagance of foreigners
+and government officers--Oppression of the people--Murmurs--Open
+resistance--The Regulators--Willingness of Daniel Boone and others to
+migrate, and their reasons--John Finley's expedition to the West--His
+report to Boone--He determines to join Finley in his next hunting
+tour--New company formed, with Boone for leader--Preparations for
+starting--The party sets out--Travels for a month through the
+wilderness--First sight of Kentucky--Forming a camp--Hunting buffaloes
+and other game--Capture of Boone and Stuart by the Indians--Prudent
+dissimulation--Escape from the Indians--Return to the old camp--Their
+companions lost--Boone and Stuart renew their hunting.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Arrival of Squire Boone and a companion at the camp of Daniel
+Boone--Joyful meeting--News from home, and hunting resumed--Daniel
+Boone and Stuart surprised by the Indians--Stuart killed--Escape
+of Boone, and his return to camp--Squire Boone's companion lost
+in the woods--Residence of Daniel Boone and Squire Boone in the
+wilderness--Squire returns to North Carolina, obtains a fresh supply
+of ammunition, and again rejoins his brother at the old camp--Daniel
+Boone's own account of this remarkable period of his life--His return to
+North Carolina--His determination to settle in Kentucky--Other Western
+adventurers--the Long hunters--Washington in Kentucky--Bullitt's
+party--Floyd's party--Thompson's survey--First settlement of Tennessee.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Daniel Boone remains two years in North Carolina after his return from
+the West--He prepares to emigrate to Kentucky--Character of the early
+settlers to Kentucky--The first class, hunters--The second class, small
+farmers--The third class, men of wealth and government officers.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Daniel Boone sets out for Kentucky with his family and his brother,
+Squire Boone--Is joined by five families and forty men at Powell's
+Valley--The party is attacked by Indians, and Daniel Boone's oldest son
+is killed--The party return to the settlements on Clinch River--Boone,
+at the request of Governor Dunmore, goes to the West and conducts a
+party of surveyors to Virginia--Boone receives the command of three
+garrisons and the commission of Captain--He takes a part in the Dunmore
+war--Battle of Point Pleasant and termination of the war.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+The militia discharged--Captain Boone returns to his family--Henderson's
+company--Various companies of emigrants to Kentucky--Bounty
+lands--Harrod's party builds the first log-cabin erected in Kentucky,
+and founds Harrodsburg--Proceedings of Henderson's company--Agency of
+Captain Boone--He leads a company to open a road to Kentucky
+River--Conflicts with the Indians--Captain Boone founds
+Boonesborough--His own account of this expedition--His letter to
+Henderson--Account of Colonel Henderson and the Transylvania
+Company--Failure of the scheme--Probability of Boone having been several
+years in the service of Henderson.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Description of the Old Fort at Boonesborough--Usual methods of
+fortifications against the Indians--Arrival of more settlers at
+Boonesborough--Captain Boone returns to the Clinch River to bring out
+his family--He enlists new emigrants and starts for Kentucky--Reinforced
+by a large party at Powel's Valley--Arrival at Boonesborough--Arrival of
+many new settlers at Boonesborough and Harrod's settlement--Arrival of
+Kenton, Floyd, the McAfees, and other distinguished persons--Arrival of
+Colonel Richard Callaway.
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Disturbed state of the country in 1775--Breaking out of the Revolutionary
+war--Exposed situation of the Kentucky settlements--Hostility of the
+Indians excited by the British--First political convention in the
+West--Capture of Boone's daughter and the daughters of Colonel
+Callaway by the Indians--Their rescue by a party led by Boone and
+Callaway--Increased caution of the colonists at Boonesborough--Alarm
+and desertion of the Colonies in the West by land speculators and
+other adventurers--A reinforcement of forty-five men from North
+Carolina arrive at Boonesborough--Indian attack on Boonesborough in
+April--Another attack in July--Attack on Logan's Fort, and siege--Attack
+on Harrodsburg.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+Arrival of George Rogers Clark in Kentucky--Anecdote of his
+conversation with Ray--Clark and Jones chosen as delegates for the
+Colonies to the Virginia Legislature--Clark's important services in
+obtaining a political organization for Kentucky, and an abundant supply
+of gunpowder from the government of Virginia--Great labor and difficulty
+in bringing the powder to Harrodstown--Clark's expedition against
+Kaskaskias--Surprise and capture of their fort--Perilous and difficult
+march to Vincennes--Surprise and capture of that place--Extension of the
+Virginian settlements--Erection of Fort Jefferson.
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Scarcity of salt at Boonesborough--Boone goes to Blue Licks to make
+salt, and is captured by the Indians--Taken to Chilicothe--Affects
+contentment, and deceives the Indians--Taken to Detroit--Kindness of the
+British officers to him--Returns to Chilicothe--Adopted into an Indian
+family--Ceremonies of adoption--Boone sees a large force of Indians
+destined to attack Boonesborough--Escapes, and gives the alarm, and
+strengthens the fortifications at Boonesborough--News of delay by the
+Indians on account of Boone's escape--Boone goes on an expedition to the
+Scioto--Has a fight with a party of Indians--Returns to Boonesborough,
+which is immediately besieged by Captain Duquesne with five hundred
+Indians--Summons to surrender--Time gained--Attack commenced--Brave
+defense--Mines and countermines--Siege raised--Boone brings his family
+once more back to Boonesborough, and resumes farming.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+Captain Boone tried by court-martial--Honorably acquitted and
+promoted--Loses a large sum of money--His losses by law-suits and
+disputes about land--Defeat of Colonel Rogers's party--Colonel Bowman's
+expedition to Chilicothe--Arrival near the town--Colonel Logan attacks
+the town--Ordered by Colonel Bowman to retreat--Failure of the
+expedition--Consequences to Bowman and to Logan.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Invasion of Kentucky by Captain Byrd's party--He captures the garrisons
+at Ruddle's Station and Martin's Fort--Colonel Clark's invasion of the
+Indian country--He ravages the Indian towns--Adventure of Alexander
+McConnell--Skirmish at Pickaway--Result of the expedition--Boone goes
+to the Blue Licks with his brother--Attacked by the Indians--Boone's
+brother killed--Boone promoted to the rank of Lieutenant
+Colonel--Clark's galley--Squire Boone's Station removed to Bear's
+Creek--Attack by the Indians--Colonel Floyd's defeat--Affair of the
+McAfees--Attack on McAfee's Station repelled--Fort Jefferson
+evacuated--Attack on Montgomery Station--Rescue by General Logan.
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+News of Cornwallis's surrender--Its effects--Captain Estill's
+defeat--Grand army of Indians raised for the conquest of Kentucky--Simon
+Girty's speech--Attack on Hoy's Station--Investment of Bryant's
+Station--Expedient of the besieged to obtain water--Grand attack
+on the fort--Repulse--Regular siege commenced--Messengers sent to
+Lexington--Reinforcements obtained--Arrival near the fort--Ambushed and
+attacked--They enter the fort--Narrow escape of Girty--He proposes a
+capitulation--Parley--Reynolds' answer to Girty--The siege
+raised--Retreat of the Indians.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+Arrival of Reinforcements at Bryant's Station--Colonel Daniel
+Boone, his son and brother among them--Colonels Trigg, Todd, and
+others--Consultation--Apprehensions of Boone and others--Arrival at the
+Blue Licks--Rash conduct of Major McGary--Battle of Blue Licks--Israel
+Boone, Colonels Todd and Trigg, and Majors Harland and McBride
+killed--Retreat of the whites--Colonel Boone nearly surrounded by
+Indians--Bravery of Netherland--Noble conduct of Reynolds--The fugitives
+meet Colonel Logan with his party--Return to the field of battle--Logan
+returns to Bryant's Station.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+The Indians return home from the Blue Licks--They attack the settlements
+in Jefferson County--Affair at Simpson's Creek--General Clark's
+expedition to the Indian country--Colonel Boone joins it--Its
+effect--Attack of the Indians on the Crab Orchard settlement--Rumor of
+intended invasion by the Cherokees--Difficulties about the treaty with
+Great Britain--Hostilities of the Indians generally stimulated by
+renegade whites--Simon Girty--Causes of his hatred of the whites--Girty
+insulted by General Lewis--Joins the Indians at the battle of Point
+Pleasant--Story of his rescuing Simon Kenton--Crawford's expedition, and
+the burning of Crawford--Close of Girty's career.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+Season of repose--Colonel Boone buys land--Builds a log house and goes
+to farming--Kentucky organized on a new basis--Colonel Boone surprised
+by Indians--Escapes--Manners and customs of the settlers--The autumn
+hunt--The house-warming.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+Condition of the early settlers as it respects the mechanic
+arts--Throwing the tomahawk--Athletic sports--Dancing--Shooting at
+marks--Scarcity of Iron--Costume--Dwellings--Furniture--Employments--The
+women--Their character--Diet--Indian corn.
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+Indian hostilities resumed--Expedition of Davis, Caffre, and
+McClure--Attack on Captain Ward's boat--Affair near Scagg's
+Creek--Growth of Kentucky--Population--Trade--General Logan calls
+a meeting at Danville--Convention called--Separation from Virginia
+proposed--Virginia consents--Kentucky admitted as an independent
+State of the Union--Indian hostilities--Expedition and death of
+Colonel Christian--Expedition of General Clark--Expedition of General
+Logan--Success of Captain Hardin--Defeat of Hargrove--Exploits of Simon
+Kenton--Affairs at the Elkhorn settlements--Treaty--Barman's expedition.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+Colonel Boone meets with the loss of all his land in Kentucky,
+and emigrates to Virginia--Resides on the Kenhawa, near Point
+Pleasant--Emigrates to Missouri--Is appointed commandant of a
+district--Mr. Audubon's narrative of a night passed with Boone.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+Colonel Boone receives a large grant of land from the Spanish
+Government of Upper Louisiana--He loses it--Sketch of the history
+of Missouri--Colonel Boone's hunting--He pays his debts by the sale
+of furs--Taken sick in his hunting camp--Colonel Boone applies
+to Congress to recover his land--The Legislature of Kentucky
+supports his claim--Death of Mrs. Boone--Results of the application
+to Congress--Occupations of his declining years--Mr. Harding paints
+his portrait.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+Last illness, and death of Colonel Boone--His funeral--Account of his
+family--His remains and those of his wife removed from Missouri, and
+reinterred in the new cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky--Character of
+Colonel Boone.
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND TIMES OF COLONEL DANIEL BOONE.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+     The family of Daniel Boone--His grandfather emigrates to America,
+     and settles in Bucks County, Pennsylvania--Family of Daniel Boone's
+     father--Account of Exeter, the birth-place of Boone--Birth of
+     Daniel Boone--Religion of his family--Boone's boyhood--Goes to
+     School--Anecdote--Summary termination of his schooling.
+
+
+The immediate ancestors and near relations of the American Boone family,
+resided at Bradwinch about eight miles from Exeter, England. George
+Boone the grandfather of Daniel, emigrated to America and arrived, with
+Mary his wife, at Philadelphia, on the 10th of October, 1717. They
+brought with them eleven children, two daughters and nine sons. The
+names of three of the sons have come down to us, John, James, and
+Squire. The last of these, Squire Boone, was the father of Daniel.
+
+George Boone, immediately after his arrival in America, purchased a
+large tract of land in what is now Bucks County, which he settled, and
+called it Exeter, after the city near which he was born. The records
+distinguish it only as the township of Exeter, without any county. He
+purchased also various other tracts in Maryland and Virginia; and our
+tradition says, among others, the ground on which Georgetown, District
+of Columbia, now stands, and that he laid the town out, and gave it his
+own name. His sons John and James lived and died on the Exeter
+purchase.[1]
+
+Daniel Boone's father, Squire Boone, had seven sons and four daughters,
+viz.: James,[2] Samuel, Jonathan, Daniel, George, Squire, Edward, Sarah,
+Elizabeth, Mary, and Hannah.
+
+Exeter Township is situated in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and now has a
+population of over two thousand. Here Daniel Boone was born, on the 11th
+of February, 1735.[3]
+
+The maiden name of Boone's mother was Sarah Morgan. Some dispute has
+arisen respecting the religious persuasion of the Boone family. It would
+appear, on a review of the whole controversy, that before their removal
+to this country, the Boones were Episcopalians; but during their
+residence in Pennsylvania they permitted themselves to be considered
+Quakers. What sort of a Quaker Daniel Boone himself was, will be
+apparent in the course of our narrative.
+
+Exeter, the native place of Daniel Boone, was at this period a small
+frontier settlement, consisting of log-houses, surrounded with woods,
+which abounded with game of various kinds and were occasionally infested
+with hostile Indians. It is not surprising that Daniel, passing the
+period of his boyhood in such a place, should have acquired at an early
+age the accomplishments of a hunter and woodsman. From a mere child it
+was his chief delight to roam in the woods, to observe the wild haunts
+of Nature, and to pursue the wild animals which were then so abundant.
+
+Of the boyhood of Daniel Boone, one of his biographers gives the
+following account. Speaking of the residence of the family at Exeter,
+he says:[4]
+
+"Here they lived for ten years; and it was during this time that their
+son Daniel began to show his passion for hunting. He was scarcely able
+to carry a gun when he was shooting all the squirrels, raccoons, and
+even wild-cats (it is said), that he could find in that region. As he
+grew older, his courage increased, and then we find him amusing himself
+with higher game. Other lads in the neighborhood were soon taught by him
+the use of the rifle, and were then able to join him in his adventures.
+On one occasion, they all started out for a hunt, and, after amusing
+themselves till it was almost dark, were returning homeward, when
+suddenly a wild cry was heard in the woods. The boys screamed out,
+'A panther! A panther!' and ran off as fast as they could. Boone stood
+firmly, looking around for the animal. It was a panther indeed. His eye
+lighted upon him just in the act of springing toward him: in an instant
+he leveled his rifle, and shot him through the heart."
+
+"But this sort of sport was not enough for him. He seemed resolved to go
+away from men, and live in the forests with these animals. One morning
+he started off as usual, with his rifle and dog. Night came on, but
+Daniel did not return to his home. Another day and night passed away,
+and still the boy did not make his appearance. His parents were now
+greatly alarmed. The neighbors joined them in making search for the lad.
+After wandering about a great while, they at length saw smoke rising
+from a cabin in the distance. Upon reaching it, they found the boy. The
+floor of the cabin was covered with the skins of such animals as he had
+slain, and pieces of meat were roasting before the fire for his supper.
+Here, at a distance of three miles from any settlement, he had built his
+cabin of sods and branches, and sheltered himself in the wilderness."
+
+"It was while his father was living on the head-waters of the
+Schuylkill that young Boone received so far as we know, all his
+education. Short indeed were his schoolboy days. It happened that an
+Irish schoolmaster strolled into the settlement, and, by the advice of
+Mr. Boone and other parents, opened a school in the neighborhood. It was
+not then as it is now. Good school-houses were not scattered over the
+land; nor were schoolmasters always able to teach their pupils. The
+school-house where the boys of this settlement went was a log-cabin,
+built in the midst of the woods. The schoolmaster was a strange man;
+sometimes good-humored, and then indulging the lads; sometimes surly and
+ill-natured, and then beating them severely. It was his usual custom,
+after hearing the first lessons of the morning, to allow the children to
+be out for a half hour at play, during which time he strolled off to
+refresh himself from his labors. He always walked in the same direction,
+and the boys thought that after his return, when they were called in, he
+was generally more cruel than ever. They were whipped more severely, and
+oftentimes without any cause. They observed this, but did not know the
+meaning of it One morning young Boone asked that he might go out, and
+had scarcely left the school-room when he saw a squirrel running over
+the trunk of a fallen tree. True to his nature, he instantly gave chase,
+until at last the squirrel darted into a bower of vines and branches.
+Boone thrust his hand in, and, to his surprise, laid hold of a bottle of
+whiskey. This was in the direction of his master's morning walks, and he
+thought now that he understood the secret of much of his ill-nature. He
+returned to the school-room; but, when they were dismissed for that day,
+he told some of the larger boys of his discovery. Their plan was soon
+arranged. Early the next morning a bottle of whiskey, having tartar
+emetic in it, was placed in the bower, and the other bottle thrown away.
+At the usual hour, the lads were sent out to play, and the master
+started on his walk. But their play was to come afterward; they longed
+for the master to return. At length they were called in, and in a little
+time saw the success of their experiment. The master began to look pale
+and sick, yet still went on with his work. Several boys were called up,
+one after the other, to recite lessons, and all whipped soundly, whether
+right or wrong. At last young Boone was called out to answer questions
+in arithmetic. He came forward with his slate and pencil, and the master
+began: 'If you subtract six from nine, what remains?' said he. 'Three,
+sir,' said Boone. 'Very good,' said the master; 'now let us come to
+fractions. If you take three-quarters from a whole number, what
+remains?' 'The whole, sir,' answered Boone. 'You blockhead!' cried the
+master, beating him; 'you stupid little fool, how can you show that?'
+'If I take one bottle of whiskey,' said Boone, 'and put in its place
+another in which I have mixed an emetic, the whole will remain if nobody
+drinks it!' The Irishman, dreadfully sick, was now doubly enraged.
+He seized Boone, and commenced beating him; the children shouted and
+roared; the scuffle continued until Boone knocked the master down upon
+the floor, and rushed out of the room. It was a day of freedom now for
+the lads. The story soon ran through the neighborhood; Boone was rebuked
+by his parents, but the schoolmaster was dismissed, and thus ended the
+boy's education."
+
+"Thus freed from school, he now returned more ardently than ever to his
+favorite pursuit. His dog and rifle were his constant companions, and
+day after day he started from home, only to roam through the forests.
+Hunting seemed to be the only business of his life; and he was never so
+happy as when at night he came home laden with game. He was an untiring
+wanderer."
+
+Perhaps it was not a very serious misfortune for Daniel Boone that his
+school instruction was so scanty, for, "in another kind of education,"
+says Mr. Peck,[5] "not unfrequent in the wilds of the West, he was an
+adept. No Indian could poise the rifle, find his way through the
+pathless forest, or search out the retreats of game, more readily than
+Daniel Boone. In all that related to Indian sagacity, border life, or
+the tactics of the skillful hunter, he excelled. The successful training
+of a hunter, or woodsman, is a kind of education of mental discipline,
+differing from that of the school-room, but not less effective in giving
+vigor to the mind, quickness of apprehension, and habits of close
+observation. Boone was regularly trained in all that made him a
+successful backwoodsman. Indolence and imbecility never produced a
+Simon Kenton, a Tecumthè, or a Daniel Boone. To gain the skill of an
+accomplished hunter requires talents, patience, perseverance, sagacity,
+and habits of thinking. Amongst other qualifications, knowledge of human
+nature, and especially of Indian character is indispensable to the
+pioneer of a wilderness. Add to these, self-possession, self-control,
+and promptness in execution. Persons who are unaccustomed to a frontier
+residence know not how much, in the preservation of life, and in
+obtaining subsistence, depends on such characteristics!"
+
+In the woods surrounding the little settlement of Exeter, Boone had
+ample opportunity for perfecting himself in this species of mental
+discipline, and of gaining that physical training of the limbs and
+muscles so necessary in the pursuits of the active hunter and pioneer.
+We have no record of his ever having encountered the Indians during his
+residence in Pennsylvania. His knowledge of their peculiar modes of
+hunting and war was to be attained not less thoroughly at a somewhat
+later period of life.
+
+[Footnote 1: "Pittsburg Gazette," quoted by Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The eldest, James, was killed by the Indians in 1773, and
+his son Israel was killed at the battle of Blue Licks, August 19th,
+1782.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Bogant gives 11th of February, 1735. Peck, February, 1735.
+Another account gives 1746 as the year of his birth, and Bucks County
+as his birth-place. The family record, in the hand writing of Daniel
+Boone's uncle, James, who was a school master, gives the 14th of July,
+1732.]
+
+[Footnote 4: "Adventures of Daniel Boone, the Kentucky Rifleman." By the
+author of "Uncle Philip's Conversations."]
+
+[Footnote 5: "Life of Daniel Boone" By John M. Peck.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+     Removal of Boone's father and family to North Carolina--Location on
+     the Yadkin River--Character of the country and the people--Byron's
+     description of the backwoodsman--Daniel Boone marries Rebecca
+     Bryan--His farmer life in North Carolina--State of the
+     country--Political troubles foreshadowed--Illegal fees and
+     taxes--Probable effect of this state of things on Boone's
+     mind--Signs of movement.
+
+
+When Daniel Boone was still a youth, his father emigrated to North
+Carolina. The precise date of this removal of the family residence is
+not known. Mr. Peck, an excellent authority, says it took place when
+Daniel was about eighteen years old. This would make it about the year
+1752.
+
+The new residence of Squire Boone, Daniel's father, was near Holman's
+Ford, on the Yadkin River, about eight miles from Wilkesboro'. The fact
+of the great backwoodsman having passed many years of his life there
+is still remembered with pride by the inhabitants of that region. The
+capital of Watauga County, which was formed in 1849, is named Boone, in
+honor of Daniel Boone. The historian of North Carolina[6] is disposed
+to claim him as a son of the State. He says: "In North Carolina Daniel
+Boone was reared. Here his youthful days were spent; and here that bold
+spirit was trained, which so fearlessly encountered the perils through
+which he passed in after life. His fame is part of her property, and she
+has inscribed his name on a town in the region where his youth was
+spent."
+
+"The character of Boone is so peculiar," says Mr. Wheeler, "that it
+marks the age in which he lived; and his name is celebrated in the
+verses of the immortal Byron:"
+
+   "Of all men--
+    Who passes for in life and death most lucky,
+    Of the great names which in our faces stare,
+    Is Daniel Boone, backwoodsman of Kentucky."
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+   "Crime came not near him--she is not the child
+    Of Solitude. Health shrank not from him, for
+    Her home is in the rarely-trodden wild."
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+   "And tall and strong and swift of foot are they,
+    Beyond the dwarfing city's pale abortions,
+    Because their thoughts had never been the prey
+    Of care or gain; the green woods were their portions:
+    No sinking spirits told them they grew gray,
+    No fashions made them apes of her distortions.
+    Simple they were, not savage; and their rifles,
+    Though very true, were not yet used for trifles."
+
+   "Motion was in their days, rest in their slumbers,
+    And cheerfulness the handmaid of their toil.
+    Nor yet too many nor too few their numbers;
+    Corruption could not make their hearts her soil;
+    The lust which stings, the splendor which encumbers,
+    With the free foresters divide no spoil;
+    Serene, not sullen, were the solitudes
+    Of this unsighing people of the woods.'"
+
+We quote these beautiful lines, because they so aptly and forcibly
+describe the peculiar character of Boone; and to a certain extent, as
+Mr. Wheeler intimates, his character was that of his times and of his
+associates.
+
+It was during the residence of the family on the banks of the Yadkin,
+that Boone formed the acquaintance of Rebecca Bryan, whom he married.[7]
+The marriage appears, by comparison of dates, to have taken place in the
+year 1755. "One almost regrets," says Mr. Peck, "to spoil so beautiful a
+romance, as that which has had such extensive circulation in the various
+'Lives of Boone,' and which represents him as mistaking the bright eyes
+of this young lady, in the dark, for those of a deer; a mistake that
+nearly proved fatal from the unerring rifle of the young hunter. Yet in
+truth, we are bound to say, that no such mistake ever happened. Our
+backwoods swains never make such mistakes."
+
+The next five years after his marriage, Daniel Boone passed in the quiet
+pursuits of a farmer's life, varied occasionally by hunting excursions
+in the woods. The most quiet and careless of the citizens of North
+Carolina were not unobservant, however, of the political aspect of the
+times. During this period the people, by their representatives in the
+Legislature, began that opposition to the Royal authority, which was in
+after years to signalize North Carolina as one of the leading Colonies
+in the Revolutionary struggle.
+
+The newly-appointed Royal Governor, Arthur Dobbs, arrived at Newbern in
+the autumn of 1754. "Governor Dobbs's administration of ten years," says
+the historian Wheeler, "was a continued contest between himself and the
+Legislature, on matters frivolous and unimportant. A high-toned temper
+for Royal prerogatives on his part, and an indomitable resistance of the
+Colonists ... The people were much oppressed by Lord Grenville's agents.
+They seized Corbin, his agent, who lived below Edenton, and brought him
+to Enfield, where he was compelled to give bond and security to produce
+his books and disgorge his illegal fees."
+
+This matter of illegal fees was part of a system of oppression, kindred
+to the famous Stamp Act--a system which was destined to grow more and
+more intolerable under Governor Tryon's administration, and to lead to
+the formation of the famous company of Regulators, whose resistance of
+taxation and tyranny was soon to convulse the whole State.
+
+We are by no means to suppose that Daniel Boone was an unobservant
+spectator of what was passing even at the time we are speaking of,
+nor that the doings of the tax-gatherers had nothing to do with his
+subsequent movements. He not only hated oppression, but he hated also
+strife and disturbance; and already began to long for a new migration
+into the distant woods and quiet intervals, where politics and the
+tax-gatherer should not intrude.
+
+The population in his neighborhood was increasing, and new settlements
+were being formed along the Yadkin and its tributary streams, and
+explorations were made to the northwest on the banks of the Holston and
+Clinch Rivers. The times were already beginning to exhibit symptoms of
+restlessness and stir among the people, which was soon to result in the
+formation of new States and the settlement of the far West.
+
+[Footnote 6: John H. Wheeler. "Historical Sketches of North Carolina."]
+
+[Footnote 7: The children by this marriage were nine in number. _Sons:_
+James, born in 1756, Israel, Jesse, Daniel, and Nathan. _Daughters_:
+Susan, Jemima, Lavinia, and Rebecca. The eldest, James, was killed, as
+will appear in our subsequent narrative, by the Indians, in 1773; and
+Israel fell in the battle of Blue Licks, May 17th, 1782. In 1846,
+Nathan, a captain in the United States service, was the only surviving
+son.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+     The Seven Years' War--Cherokee war--Period of Boone's first long
+     excursions to the West--Extract from Wheeler's History of
+     Tennessee--Indian accounts of the western country--Indian
+     traders--Their reports--Western
+     travelers--Doherty--Adair--Proceedings of the
+     traders--Hunters--Scotch traders--Hunters accompany the traders to
+     the West--Their reports concerning the country--Other
+     adventurers--Dr. Walker's expedition--Settlements in South-western
+     Virginia--Indian hostilities--Pendleton purchase--Dr. Walker's
+     second expedition--Hunting company of Walker and others--Boone
+     travels with them--Curious monument left by him.
+
+
+The reader will recollect that the period referred to in the last
+chapter, comprehended the latter years of the celebrated Seven Years'
+War. During the chief portion of this period, the neighboring Colony
+of Virginia suffered all the horrors of Indian war on its western
+frontier--horrors from which even the ability, courage, and patriotism
+of Washington were for a long time unable to protect them. The war was
+virtually terminated by the campaign of 1759, when Quebec was taken.
+The next year Canada was ceded to England; and a Cherokee war, which had
+disturbed the border setters of North Carolina, was terminated. Daniel
+Boone's biographers all agree that it was about this time when he first
+began to make long excursions toward the West; but it is difficult to
+fix exactly the date of his first long journey through the woods in
+this direction. It is generally dated in 1771 or 1772, We now make a
+quotation from Ramsay's Annals of Tennessee, which shows, beyond the
+possibility of a doubt, that he hunted on the Wataga River in 1760, and
+renders it probable that he was in the West at an earlier date. Our
+readers will excuse the length of this quotation, as the first part of
+it gives so graphic a picture of the hunter and pioneer life of the
+times of Daniel Boone, and also shows what had been done by others in
+western explorations before Boone's expeditions commenced.
+
+"The Colonists of the Carolinas and of Virginia had been steadily
+advancing to the West, and we have traced their approaches in the
+direction of our eastern boundary,[8] to the base of the great
+Appalachian range."
+
+Of the country beyond it, little was positively known or accurately
+understood. A wandering Indian would imperfectly delineate upon the
+sand, a feeble outline of its more prominent physical features--its
+magnificent rivers, with their numerous tributaries--its lofty
+mountains, its dark forests, its extended plains and its vast extent.
+A voyage in a canoe, from the source of the Hogohegee[9] to the
+Wabash,[10] required for its performance, in their figurative language,
+'two paddles, two warriors, three moons.' The Ohio itself was but a
+tributary of a still larger river, of whose source, size and direction,
+no intelligible account could be communicated or understood. The Muscle
+Shoals and the obstructions in the river above them, were represented
+as mighty cataracts and fearful whirlpools, and the Suck, as an awful
+vortex. The wild beasts with which the illimitable forests abounded,
+were numbered by pointing to the leaves upon the trees, or the stars
+in a cloudless sky.
+
+"These glowing descriptions of the West seemed rather to stimulate
+than to satisfy the intense curiosity of the approaching settlers.
+Information more reliable, and more minute, was, from time to time,
+furnished from other sources. In the Atlantic cities, accounts had been
+received from French and Spanish traders, of the unparalleled beauty and
+fertility of the western interior. These reports, highly colored and
+amplified, were soon received and known upon the frontier. Besides,
+persons engaged in the interior traffic with the south-western Indian
+tribes had, in times of peace, penetrated their territories--traded
+with and resided amongst the natives--and upon their return to the white
+settlements, confirmed what had been previously reported in favor of the
+distant countries they had seen. As early as 1690, Doherty, a trader
+from Virginia, had visited the Cherokees and afterward lived among them
+a number of years. In 1730, Adair, from South Carolina, had traveled,
+not only through the towns of this tribe, but had extended his tour
+to most of the nations south and west of them. He was not only an
+enterprising trader but an intelligent tourist. To his observations upon
+the several tribes which he visited, we are indebted for most that is
+known of their earlier history. They were published in London in 1775.
+
+"In 1740 other traders went among the Cherokees from Virginia. They
+employed Mr Vaughan as a packman, to transport their goods. West of
+Amelia County, the country was then thinly inhabited; the last hunter's
+cabin that he saw was on Otter River, a branch of the Staunton, now in
+Bedford County, Va. The route pursued was along the Great Path to the
+centre of the Cherokee nation. The traders and pack-men generally
+confined themselves to this path till it crossed the Little Tennessee
+River, then spreading themselves out among the several Cherokee villages
+west of the mountain, continued their traffic as low down the Great
+Tennessee as the Indian settlements upon Occochappo or Bear Creek, below
+the Muscle Shoals, and there encountered the competition of other
+traders, who were supplied from New Orleans and Mobile. They returned
+heavily laden with peltries, to Charleston, or the more northern
+markets, where they were sold at highly remunerating prices. A hatchet,
+a pocket looking-glass, a piece of scarlet cloth, a trinket, and other
+articles of little value, which at Williamsburg could be bought for a
+few shillings, would command from an Indian hunter on the Hiwasse or
+Tennessee peltries amounting in value to double the number of pounds
+sterling. Exchanges were necessarily slow, but the profits realized from
+the operation were immensely large. In times of peace this traffic
+attracted the attention of many adventurous traders. It became mutually
+advantageous to the Indian not less than to the white man. The trap and
+the rifle, thus bartered for, procured, in one day, more game to the
+Cherokee hunter than his bow and arrow and his dead-fall would have
+secured during a month of toilsome hunting. Other advantages resulted
+from it to the whites. They became thus acquainted with the great
+avenues leading through the hunting grounds and to the occupied country
+of the neighboring tribes--an important circumstance in the condition of
+either war or peace. Further, the traders were an exact thermometer of
+the pacific or hostile intention and feelings of the Indians with whom
+they traded. Generally, they were foreigners, most frequently Scotchmen,
+who had not been long in the country, or upon the frontier, who, having
+experienced none of the cruelties, depredation or aggressions of the
+Indians, cherished none of the resentment and spirit of retaliation born
+with, and everywhere manifested, by the American settler. Thus, free
+from animosity against the aborigines, the trader was allowed to remain
+in the village where he traded unmolested, even when its warriors were
+singing the war song or brandishing the war club, preparatory to an
+invasion or massacre of the whites. Timely warning was thus often given
+by a returning packman to a feeble and unsuspecting settlement, of the
+perfidy and cruelty meditated against it.
+
+"This gainful commerce was, for a time, engrossed by the traders; but
+the monopoly was not allowed to continue long. Their rapid accumulations
+soon excited the cupidity of another class of adventurers; and the
+hunter, in his turn, became a co-pioneer with the trader, in the march
+of civilization to the wilds of the West. As the agricultural population
+approached the eastern base of the Alleghanies, the game became scarce,
+and was to be found by severe toil in almost inaccessible recesses
+and coves of the mountain. Packmen, returning from their trading
+expeditions, carried with them evidences, not only of the abundance
+of game across the mountains, but of the facility with which it was
+procured. Hunters began to accompany the traders to the Indian towns;
+but, unable to brook the tedious delay of procuring peltries by traffic,
+and impatient of restraint, they struck boldly into the wilderness,
+and western-like, to use a western phrase, set up for themselves. The
+reports of their return, and of their successful enterprise, stimulated
+other adventurers to a similar undertaking. 'As early as 1748 Doctor
+Thomas Walker, of Virginia, in company with Colonels Wood, Patton and
+Buchanan, and Captain Charles Campbell, and a number of hunters, made an
+exploring tour upon the western waters. Passing Powel's valley, he gave
+the name of 'Cumberland' to the lofty range of mountains on the west.
+Tracing this range in a south-western direction, he came to a remarkable
+depression in the chain: through this he passed, calling it 'Cumberland
+Gap.' On the western side of the range he found a beautiful mountain
+stream, which he named 'Cumberland River,' all in honor of the Duke of
+Cumberland, then prime minister of England.[11] These names have ever
+since been retained, and, with Loudon, are believed to be the only names
+in Tennessee of English origin."
+
+"Although Fort Loudon was erected as early as 1756, upon the Tennessee,
+yet it was in advance of any white settlements nearly one hundred and
+fifty miles, and was destroyed in 1760. The fort, too, at Long Island,
+within the boundaries of the present State of Tennessee, were erected
+in 1758, but no permanent settlements had yet been formed near it.
+Still occasional settlers had begun to fix their habitations in the
+south-western section of Virginia, and as early as 1754, six families
+were residing west of New River. 'On the breaking out of the French war,
+the Indians, in alliance with the French, made an irruption into these
+settlements, and massacred Burke and his family. The other families,
+finding their situation too perilous to be maintained, returned to the
+eastern side of New River; and the renewal of the attempt to carry the
+white settlements further west, was not made until after the close of
+that war.'"[12]
+
+[Sidenote: 1756]
+
+"Under a mistaken impression that the Virginia line, when extended west,
+would embrace it, a grant of land was this year made, by the authorities
+of Virginia, to Edmund Pendleton, for three thousand acres of land,
+lying in Augusta County, on a branch of the middle fork of the Indian
+river called West Creek,[13] now Sullivan County, Tennessee."
+
+[Sidenote: 1760]
+
+In this year, Doctor Walker again passed over Clinch and Powell's
+River, on a tour of exploration into what is now Kentucky.
+
+[Sidenote: 1761]
+
+'The Cherokees were now at peace with the whites, and hunters from the
+back settlements began with safety to penetrate deeper and further into
+the wilderness of Tennessee. Several of them, chiefly from Virginia,
+hearing of the abundance of game with which the woods were stocked, and
+allured by the prospects of gain, which might be drawn from this source,
+formed themselves into a company, composed of Wallen, Scaggs, Blevins,
+Cox, and fifteen others, and came into the valley since known as
+Carter's Valley, in Hawkins County, Tennessee. They hunted eighteen
+mouths upon Clinch and Powell's Rivers. Wallen's Creek and Wallen's
+Ridge received their name from the leader of the company; as also did
+the station which they erected in the present Lee County, Virginia,
+the name of Wallen's station. They penetrated as far north as Laurel
+Mountain, in Kentucky, where they terminated their journey, having met
+with a body of Indians, whom they supposed to be Shawnees. At the head
+of one of the companies that visited the West this year 'came Daniel
+Boon, from the Yadkin, in North Carolina, and traveled with them as low
+as the place where Abingdon now stands, and there left them.'
+
+"This is the first time the advent of Daniel Boon to the western wilds
+has been mentioned by historians, or by the several biographers of that
+distinguished pioneer and hunter. There is reason, however, to believe
+that he had hunted upon Watauga earlier. The writer is indebted to N.
+Gammon, Esq., formerly of Jonesboro, now a citizen of Knoxville, for
+the following inscription, still to be seen upon a beech tree, standing
+in sight and east of the present stage-road, leading from Jonesboro to
+Blountsville, and in the valley of Boon's Creek, a tributary of Watauga:"
+
+              D. Boon
+           CillED A. BAR On
+                Tree
+               in ThE
+                yEAR
+                1760
+
+"Boon was eighty-six years old when he died, which was September, 1820.
+He was thus twenty-six years old when the inscription was made. When he
+left the company of hunters in 1761, as mentioned above by Haywood, it
+is probable that he did so to revisit the theatre of a former hunt upon
+the creek that still bears his name, and where his camp is still pointed
+out near its banks. It is not improbable, indeed, that he belonged to,
+or accompanied, the party of Doctor Walker, on his first, or certainly
+on his second, tour of exploration in 1760. The inscription is
+sufficient authority, as this writer conceives, to date the arrival of
+Boon in Tennessee as early as its date, 1760, thus preceding the
+permanent settlement of the country nearly ten years."
+
+It will be observed that the historian in this extract, spells Boon
+without the final _e_, following the orthography of the hunter, in his
+inscription on the tree. This orthography Boone used at a later period,
+as we shall show. But the present received mode of spelling the name is
+the one which we have adopted in this work.
+
+On a subsequent page of Wheeler's history, we find the following
+memorandum:
+
+"Daniel Boone, who still lived on the Yadkin, though he had previously
+hunted on the Western waters, came again this year to explore the
+country, being employed for this purpose by Henderson & Company.
+With him came Samuel Callaway, his kinsman, and the ancestor of the
+respectable family of that name, pioneers of Tennessee, Kentucky, and
+Missouri. Callaway was at the side of Boon when, approaching the spurs
+of the Cumberland Mountain, and in view of the vast herds of buffalo
+grazing in the valleys between them, he exclaimed, 'I am richer than the
+man mentioned in Scripture, who owned the cattle on a thousand hills;
+I own the wild beasts of more than a thousand valleys.'"
+
+After Boone and Callaway, came another hunter, Henry Scaggins, who was
+also employed by Henderson. He extended his explorations to the Lower
+Cumberland, and fixed his station at Mansco's Lick.
+
+We shall have occasion to speak more particularly of Henderson's company
+and Boone's connection with it; but we will first call the reader's
+attention to the state of affairs in North Carolina at this period, and
+their probable influence on the course pursued by Daniel Boone.
+
+[Footnote 8: That is, the eastern boundary of Tennessee, which was then
+a part of North Carolina.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Holston.]
+
+[Footnote 10: The Ohio was known many years by this name.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Monette. The Indian name of this range was Wasioto, and of
+the river, Shawnee.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Howe.]
+
+[Footnote 13: The original patent, signed by Governor Dinwiddie, and now
+in the possession of the writer, was presented to him by T.A.R. Nelson,
+Esq., of Jonesboro, Tennessee. It is probably the oldest grant in the
+State.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+     Political and social condition of North
+     Carolina--Taxes--Lawsuits--Ostentation and extravagance of
+     foreigners and government officers--Oppression of the
+     people--Murmurs--Open resistance--The Regulators--Willingness of
+     Daniel Boone and others to migrate, and their reasons--John
+     Finley's expedition to the West--His report to Boone--He determines
+     to join Finley in his next hunting tour--New company formed, with
+     Boone for leader--Preparations for starting--The party sets
+     out--Travels for a month through the wilderness--First sight of
+     Kentucky--Forming a camp--Hunting buffaloes and other game--Capture
+     of Boone and Stuart by the Indians--Prudent dissimulation--Escape
+     from the Indians--Return to the old camp--Their companions
+     lost--Boone and Stuart renew their hunting.
+
+
+There were many circumstances in the social and political condition
+of the State of North Carolina, during the period of Daniel Boone's
+residence on the banks of the Yadkin, which were calculated to render
+him restless and quite willing to seek a home in the Western wilderness.
+Customs and fashions were changing. The Scotch traders, to whom we
+have referred in the last chapter, and others of the same class were
+introducing an ostentatious and expensive style of living, quite
+inappropriate to the rural population of the colony. In dress and
+equipage, they far surpassed the farmers and planters; and they were not
+backward in taking upon themselves airs of superiority on this account.
+In this they were imitated by the officers and agents of the Royal
+government of the colony, who were not less fond of luxury and show.
+To support their extravagant style of living, these minions of power,
+magistrates, lawyers, clerks of court, and tax-gatherers, demanded
+exorbitant fees for their services. The Episcopal clergy, supported by a
+legalized tax on the people, were not content with their salaries, but
+charged enormous fees for their occasional services. A fee of fifteen
+dollars was exacted from the poor farmer for performing the marriage
+service. The collection of taxes was enforced by suits at law, with
+enormous expense; and executions, levies, and distresses were of
+every-day occurrence. All sums exceeding forty shillings were sued for
+and executions obtained in the courts, the original debt being saddled
+with extortionate bills of cost. Sheriffs demanded more than was due,
+under threats of sheriff's sales; and they applied the gains thus made
+to their own use. Money, as is always the case in a new country, was
+exceedingly scarce, and the sufferings of the people were intolerable.
+
+Petitions to the Legislature for a redress of grievances were treated
+with contempt. The people assembled and formed themselves into an
+association for _regulating_ public grievances and abuse of power.
+Hence the name given to them of Regulators. They resolved "to pay only
+such taxes as were agreeable to law and applied to the purpose therein
+named, to pay no officer more than his legal fees." The subsequent
+proceedings of the Regulators, such as forcible resistance to officers
+and acts of personal violence toward them, at length brought on an
+actual collision between them and an armed force led by the Royal
+Governor, Tryon (May 16 1771,) at Alamanance, in which the Regulators
+were defeated; and the grievances continued with scarcely abated force
+till the Revolution brought relief.
+
+Under these circumstances, it is not surprising that Daniel Boone and
+others were quite willing to migrate to the West, if it were only to
+enjoy a quiet life; the dangers of Indian aggression being less dreaded
+than the visits of the tax-gather and the sheriff; and the solitude
+of the forest and prairie being preferred to the society of insolent
+foreigners; flaunting in the luxury and ostentation purchased by the
+spoils of fraud and oppression.
+
+Among the hunters and traders who pursued their avocations in the
+Western wilds was John Finley, or Findley, who led a party of hunters
+in 1767 to the neighborhood of the Louisa River, as the Kentucky River
+was then called, and spent the season in hunting and trapping. On his
+return, he visited Daniel Boone, and gave him a most glowing description
+of the country which he had visited--a country abounding in the richest
+and most fertile land, intersected by noble rivers, and teeming with
+herds of deer and buffaloes and numerous flocks of wild turkeys, to say
+nothing of the smaller game. To these descriptions Boone lent a willing
+ear. He resolved to accompany Finley in his next hunting expedition, and
+to see this terrestrial paradise with his own eyes, doubtless with the
+intention of ultimately seeking a home in that delightful region.
+
+Accordingly, a company of six persons was formed for a new expedition to
+the West, and Boone was chosen as leader. The names of the other members
+of this party were John Finley, John Stuart, Joseph Holden, James
+Moncey, and William Cool.
+
+Much preparation seems to have been required. Boone's wife, who was one
+of the best of housekeepers and managers, had to fit out his clothes,
+and to make arrangements for house-keeping during his expected long
+absence. His sons were now old enough to assist their mother in the
+management of the farm, but, doubtless, they had to be supplied with
+money and other necessaries before the father could venture to leave
+home; so that it was not till the 1st of May, 1769, that the party were
+able to set out, as Boone, in his autobiography, expresses it, "in quest
+of the country of Kentucky."
+
+It was more than a month before these adventurers came in sight of the
+promised land. We quote from Mr. Peck's excellent work the description
+which undoubtedly formed the authority on which the artist has relied
+in painting the accompanying engraving of "Daniel Boone's first view of
+Kentucky." It is as follows:
+
+"It was on the 7th of June, 1769, that six men, weary and wayworn, were
+seen winding their way up the steep side of a rugged mountain in the
+wilderness of Kentucky. Their dress was of the description usually worn
+at that period by all forest rangers. The outside garment was a hunting
+shirt, or loose open frock, made of dressed deer skins. Leggings or
+drawers, of the same material, covered the lower extremities, to which
+was appended a pair of moccasins for the feet. The cape or collar of
+the hunting shirt, and the seams of the leggings, were adorned with
+fringes. The under garments were of coarse cotton. A leather belt
+encircled the body; on the right side was suspended the tomahawk, to be
+used as a hatchet: on the left side was the hunting-knife, powder-horn,
+bullet-pouch, and other appendages indispensable for a hunter. Each
+person bore his trusty rifle; and, as the party slowly made their
+toilsome way amid the shrubs, and over the logs and loose rocks that
+accident had thrown into the obscure trail which they were following,
+each man kept a sharp look-out, as though danger or a lurking enemy was
+near. Their garments were soiled and rent, the unavoidable result of
+long traveling and exposure to the heavy rains that had fallen; for the
+weather had been stormy and most uncomfortable, and they had traversed
+a mountainous wilderness for several hundred miles. The leader of the
+party was of full size, with a hardy, robust, sinewy frame, and keen,
+piercing, hazel eyes, that glanced with quickness at every object as
+they passed on, now cast forward in the direction they were traveling
+for signs of an old trail, and in the next moment directed askance
+into the dense thicket, or into the deep ravine, as if watching some
+concealed enemy. The reader will recognize in this man the pioneer
+Boone, at the head of his companions."
+
+[Illustration: BOONE'S FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY.]
+
+"Toward the time of the setting sun, the party had reached the summit
+of the mountain range, up which they had toiled for some three or four
+hours, and which had bounded their prospect to the west during the day.
+Here new and indescribable scenery opened to their view. Before them,
+for an immense distance, as if spread out on a map, lay the rich and
+beautiful vales watered by the Kentucky River; for they had now reached
+one of its northern branches. The country immediately before them, to
+use a Western phrase, was 'rolling,' and, in places, abruptly hilly; but
+far in the vista was seen a beautiful expanse of level country, over
+which the buffalo, deer, and other forest animals, roamed unmolested
+while they fed on the luxuriant herbage of the forest. The countenances
+of the party lighted up with pleasure, congratulations were exchanged,
+the romantic tales of Finley were confirmed by ocular demonstration, and
+orders were given to encamp for the night in a neighboring ravine. In a
+deep gorge of the mountain a large tree had fallen, surrounded with a
+dense thicket, and hidden from observation by the abrupt and precipitous
+hills. This tree lay in a convenient position for the back of their
+camp. Logs were placed on the right and left, leaving the front open,
+where fire might be kindled against another log; and for shelter from
+the rains and heavy dews, bark was peeled from the linden tree."
+
+This rude structure appears to have been the head-quarters of the
+hunters through the whole summer and autumn, till late in December.
+During this time, they hunted the deer, the bear, and especially the
+buffalo. The buffaloes were found in great numbers, feeding on the
+leaves of the cane, and the rich and spontaneous fields of clover.
+
+During this long period, they saw no Indians. That part of the country
+was not inhabited by any tribe at that time, although it was used
+occasionally as a hunting ground by the Shawanese, the Cherokees and the
+Chickesaws. The land at that time belonged to the colony of Virginia,
+which then included what is now called Kentucky. The title to the ground
+was acquired by a treaty with the Indians, Oct. 5th, 1770. The Iroquois,
+at the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768, had already ceded their doubtful
+claim to the land south of the Ohio River, to Great Britain; so that
+Boone's company of hunters were not trespassing upon Indian territory
+at this time.[14] But they were destined nevertheless to be treated as
+intruders.
+
+On the 22d of December, Boone and John Stuart, one of his companions,
+left their encampment, and following one of the numerous paths which the
+buffalo had made through the cane, they plunged boldly into the interior
+of the forest. They had as yet, as we have already stated, seen no
+Indians, and the country had been reported as totally uninhabited. This
+was true in a strict sense, for although, as we have seen, the southern
+and northwestern tribes were in the habit of hunting here as upon
+neutral ground, yet not a single wigwam had been erected, nor did the
+land bear the slightest mark of having ever been cultivated.
+
+The different tribes would fall in with each other and from the fierce
+conflicts which generally followed these casual rencounters, the country
+had been known among them by the name of '_the dark and bloody ground!_'
+
+The two adventurers soon learned the additional danger to which they
+were exposed. While roving carelessly from canebrake to canebrake, and
+admiring the rank growth of vegetation, and the variety of timber which
+marked the fertility of the soil, they were suddenly alarmed by the
+appearance of a party of Indians, who, springing from their place of
+concealment, rushed upon them with a rapidity which rendered escape
+impossible.
+
+They were almost instantly seized, disarmed, and made prisoners. Their
+feelings may be readily imagined. They were in the hands of an enemy who
+knew no alternative between adoption and torture; and the numbers and
+fleetness of their captors, rendered escape by open means impossible,
+while their jealous vigilance seemed equally fatal to any secret
+attempt.
+
+Boone, however, was possessed of a temper admirably adapted to the
+circumstances in which he was placed. Of a cold and saturnine, rather
+than an arden disposition, he was never either so much elevated by
+good fortune or depressed by bad, as to lose for an instant the full
+possession of all his faculties. He saw that immediate escape was
+impossible, but he encouraged his companion, and constrained himself
+to accompany the Indians in all their excursions, with so calm and
+contented an air, that their vigilance insensibly began to relax.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTURE OF BOONE AND STUART.]
+
+On the seventh evening of their captivity, they encamped in a thick
+canebrake, and having built a large fire, lay down to rest. The party
+whose duty it was to watch, were weary and negligent, and about
+midnight, Boone, who had not closed an eye, ascertained from the deep
+breathing all around him, that the whole party, including Stuart, was
+in a deep sleep.
+
+Gently and gradually extricating himself from the Indians who lay around
+him, he walked cautiously to the spot where Stuart lay, and having
+succeeded in awakening him, without alarming the rest, he briefly
+informed him of his determination, and exhorted him to arise, make no
+noise, and follow him. Stuart, although ignorant of the design, and
+suddenly roused from sleep, fortunately obeyed with equal silence and
+celerity, and within a few minutes they were beyond hearing.
+
+Rapidly traversing the forest, by the light of the stars and the bark
+of the trees, they ascertained the direction in which the camp lay, but
+upon reaching it on the next day, to their great grief, they found it
+plundered and deserted, with nothing remaining to show the fate of their
+companions: and even to the day of his death, Boone knew not whether
+they had been killed or taken, or had voluntarily abandoned their cabin
+and returned.[15]
+
+Indeed it has never been ascertained what became of Finley and the rest
+of Boone's party of hunters. If Finley himself had returned to Carolina,
+so remarkable a person would undoubtedly have left some trace of himself
+in the history of his time; but no trace exists of any of the party who
+were left at the old camp by Boone and Stuart. Boone and Stuart resumed
+their hunting, although their ammunition was running low, and they were
+compelled, by the now well-known danger of Indian hostilities, to seek
+for more secret and secure hiding-places at night than their old
+encampment in the ravine.
+
+The only kind of firearms used by the backwoods hunter is the rifle.
+In the use of this weapon Boone was exceedingly skillful. The following
+anecdote, related by the celebrated naturalist, Audubon,[16] shows that
+he retained his wonderful precision of aim till a late period of his
+life.
+
+"Barking off squirrels is delightful sport, and, in my opinion,
+requires a greater degree of accuracy than any other. I first witnessed
+this manner of procuring squirrels whilst near the town of Frankfort.
+The performer was the celebrated Daniel Boone. We walked out together,
+and followed the rocky margins of the Kentucky River, until we reached
+a piece of flat land thickly covered with black walnuts, oaks, and
+hickories. As the general mast was a good one that year, squirrels were
+seen gamboling on every tree around us. My companion, a stout, hale,
+and athletic man, dressed in a homespun hunting-shirt, bare-legged and
+moccasined, carried a long and heavy rifle, which, as he was loading it,
+he said had proved efficient in all his former undertakings, and which
+he hoped would not fail on this occasion, as he felt proud to show me
+his skill. The gun was wiped, the powder measured, the ball patched with
+six-hundred-thread linen, and the charge sent home with a hickory rod.
+We moved not a step from the place, for the squirrels were so numerous
+that it was unnecessary to go after them. Boone pointed to one of these
+animals which had observed us, and was crouched on a branch about fifty
+paces distant, and bade me mark well the spot where the ball should hit.
+He raised his piece gradually, until the _bead_ (that being the name
+given by the Kentuckians to the _sight_) of the barrel was brought to
+a line with the spot which he intended to hit. The whip-like report
+resounded through the woods and along the hills in repeated echoes.
+Judge of my surprise, when I perceived that the ball had hit the piece
+of the bark immediately beneath the squirrel, and shivered it into
+splinters, the concussion produced by which had killed the animal, and
+sent it whirling through the air, as if it had been blown up by the
+explosion of a powder magazine. Boone kept up his firing, and before
+many hours had elapsed, we had procured as many squirrels as we wished;
+for you must know that to load a rifle requires only a moment, and that
+if it is wiped once after each shot, it will do duty for hours. Since
+that first interview with our veteran Boone, I have seen many other
+individuals perform the same feat."
+
+[Footnote 14: Peck. Life of Boone.]
+
+[Footnote 15: McClung. "Western Adventures."]
+
+[Footnote 16: Ornithological Biography, pp. 293-4.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+     Arrival of Squire Boone and a companion at the camp of Daniel
+     Boone--Joyful meeting--News from home, and hunting resumed--Daniel
+     Boone and Stuart surprised by the Indians, Stuart killed--Escape
+     of Boone, and his return to camp--Squire Boone's companion lost
+     in the woods--Residence of Daniel Boone and Squire Boone in the
+     wilderness--Squire returns to North Carolina, obtains a fresh
+     supply of ammunition, and again rejoins his brother at the old
+     camp--Daniel Boone's own account of this remarkable period of his
+     life--His return to North Carolina--His determination to settle in
+     Kentucky--Other Western adventurers--The Long hunters--Washington
+     in Kentucky--Bullitt's party--Floyd's party--Thompson's
+     survey--First settlement of Tennessee.
+
+
+In the early part of the month of January, 1770, Boone and Stuart were
+agreeably surprised by the arrival of Squire Boone, the younger brother
+of Daniel, accompanied by another man, whose name has not been handed
+down. The meeting took place as they were hunting in the woods. The
+new-comers were hailed at a distance with the usual greeting, "'Holloa!
+strangers, who are you?" to which they answered, "White men and
+friends." And friends indeed they were--friends in need; for they
+brought a supply of ammunition, and news from Daniel Boone's home
+and family on the Yadkin. They had had a weary journey through the
+wilderness, and although they had met with no Indians on their way, they
+had frequently come upon their traces in passing through the woods.
+Their purpose in undertaking this formidable journey had been to learn
+the fate of Boone and his party, whose safety was nearly despaired of by
+his friends in North Carolina, to hunt for themselves, and to convey a
+supply of ammunition to Boone. It is difficult to conceive the joy with
+which their opportune arrival was welcomed. They informed Boone that
+they had just seen the last night's encampment of Stuart and himself,
+so that the joyful meeting was not wholly unanticipated by them.
+
+Thus reinforced, the party, now consisting of four skillful hunters,
+might reasonably hope for increased security, and a fortunate issue to
+their protracted hunting tour. But they hunted in separate parties; and
+in one of these Daniel Boone and Stuart fell in with a party of Indians,
+who fired upon them. Stuart was shot dead and scalped by the Indians,
+but Boone escaped in the forest, and rejoined his brother and the
+remaining hunter of the party.
+
+A few days afterward this hunter was lost in the woods, and did not
+return as usual to the camp. Daniel and Squire made a long and anxious
+search for him; but it was all in vain. Years afterward a skeleton was
+discovered in the woods, which was supposed to be that of the lost
+hunter.
+
+The two brothers were thus left in the wilderness alone, separated
+by several hundred miles from home, surrounded by hostile Indians,
+and destitute of every thing but their rifles. After having had such
+melancholy experience of the dangers to which they were exposed, we
+would naturally suppose that their fortitude would have given way, and
+that they would instantly have returned to the settlements. But the most
+remarkable feature in Boone's character was a calm and cold equanimity
+which rarely rose to enthusiasm and never sunk to despondence.
+
+His courage undervalued the danger to which he was exposed, and his
+presence of mind, which never forsook him, enabled him, on all occasions
+to take the best means of avoiding it. The wilderness, with all its
+dangers and privations, had a charm for him, which is scarcely
+conceivable by one brought up in a city; and he determined to remain
+alone while his brother returned to Carolina for an additional supply of
+ammunition, as their original supply was nearly exhausted. His situation
+we should now suppose in the highest degree gloomy and dispiriting. The
+dangers which attended his brother on his return were nearly equal to
+his own; and each had left a wife and children, which Boone acknowledged
+cost him many an anxious thought.
+
+But the wild and solitary grandeur of the country around him, where not
+a tree had been cut, nor a house erected, was to him an inexhaustible
+source of admiration and delight; and he says to himself, that some
+of the most rapturous moments of his life were spent in those lonely
+rambles. The utmost caution was necessary to avoid the savages, and
+scarcely less to escape the ravenous hunger of the wolves that prowled
+nightly around him in immense numbers. He was compelled frequently to
+shift his lodging, and by undoubted signs, saw that the Indians had
+repeatedly visited his hut during his absence. He some times lay in
+canebrakes without fire, and heard the yells of the Indians around him.
+Fortunately, however, he never encountered them.[17]
+
+Mr. Perkins, in his Annals of the West, speaking of this sojourn
+of the brothers in the wilderness, says: And now commenced that most
+extraordinary life on the part of these two men which has, in a great
+measure, served to give celebrity to their names; we refer to their
+residence, entirely alone, for more than a year, in a land filled with
+the most subtle and unsparing enemies, and under the influence of no
+other motive, apparently, than a love of adventure, of Nature, and of
+solitude. Nor were they, during this time, always together. For three
+months, Daniel remained amid the forest utterly by himself, while his
+brother, with courage and capacity equal to his own, returned to North
+Carolina for a supply of powder and lead; with which he succeeded in
+rejoining the roamer of the wilderness in safety in July, 1770.
+
+It is almost impossible to conceive of the skill, coolness, and sagacity
+which enabled Daniel Boone to spend so many weeks in the midst of the
+Indians, and yet undiscovered by them. He appears to have changed his
+position continually--to have explored the whole centre of what forms
+now the State of Kentucky, and in so doing must have exposed himself to
+many different parties of the natives. A reader of Mr. Cooper's Last of
+the Mohicans may comprehend, in some measure, the arts by which he was
+preserved; but, after all, a natural gift seems to lie at the basis of
+such consummate woodcraft; an instinct, rather than any exercise of
+intellect, appears to have guided Boone in such matters, and made him
+pre-eminent among those who were most accomplished in the knowledge
+of forest life. Then we are to remember the week's captivity of the
+previous year; it was the first practical acquaintance that the pioneer
+had with the Western Indians, and we may be assured he spent that week
+in noting carefully the whole method of his captors. Indeed, we think
+it probable he remained in captivity so long that he might learn their
+arts, stratagems, and modes of concealment. We are, moreover, to keep in
+mind this fact: the woods of Kentucky were at that period filled with
+a species of nettle of such a character that, being once bent down,
+it did not recover itself, but remained prostrate, thus retaining the
+impression of a foot almost like snow--even a turkey might be tracked
+in it with perfect ease. This weed Boone would carefully avoid, but the
+natives, numerous and fearless, would commonly pay no regard to it, so
+that the white hunter was sure to have palpable signs of the presence
+of his enemies, and the direction they had taken. Considering these
+circumstances, it is even more remarkable that his brother should have
+returned in safety, with his loaded horses, than that he remained alone
+unharmed; though in the escape of both from captivity or death from
+January, 1770, until their return to the Atlantic rivers in March, 1771,
+there is something so wonderful that the old pioneer's phrase, that he
+was "an instrument ordained to settle the wilderness," seems entirely
+proper.
+
+Daniel Boone's own account of this period of his life, contained in his
+autobiography, is highly characteristic. It is as follows:
+
+"Thus situated, many hundred miles from our families in the howling
+wilderness, I believe few would have equally enjoyed the happiness we
+experienced. I often observed to my brother, 'You see now how little
+nature requires to be satisfied. Felicity, the companion of content,
+is rather found in our own breasts than in the enjoyment of external
+things; and I firmly believe it requires but a little philosophy to
+make a man happy in whatsoever state he is. This consists in a full
+resignation to Providence, and a resigned soul finds pleasure in a
+path strewed with briers and thorns.'
+
+"We continued not in a state of indolence, but hunted every day,
+and prepared a little cottage to defend us from the winter storms. We
+remained there undisturbed during the winter; and on the first of May,
+1770, my brother returned home to the settlement by himself for a new
+recruit of horses and ammunition, leaving me by myself, without bread,
+salt, or sugar, without company of my fellow-creatures, or even a
+horse or dog. I confess I never before was under greater necessity of
+exercising philosophy and fortitude. A few days I passed uncomfortably.
+The idea of a beloved wife and family, and their anxiety on account of
+my absence and exposed situation, made sensible impressions on my heart.
+A thousand dreadful apprehensions presented themselves to my view, and
+had undoubtedly disposed me to melancholy if further indulged.
+
+"One day I undertook a tour through the country, and the diversity and
+beauties of Nature I met with in this charming season expelled every
+gloomy and vexatious thought. Just at the close of day the gentle gales
+retired, and left the place to the disposal of a profound calm. Not
+a breeze shook the most tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit of a
+commanding ridge, and, looking round with astonishing delight, beheld
+the ample plains, the beauteous tracts below. On the other hand, I
+surveyed the famous river Ohio, that rolled in silent dignity, marking
+the western boundary of Kentucky with inconceivable grandeur. At a
+vast distance I beheld the mountains lift their venerable brows, and
+penetrate the clouds. All things were still. I kindled a fire near a
+fountain of sweet water, and feasted on the loin of a buck, which a few
+hours before I had killed. The fallen shades of night soon overspread
+the whole hemisphere, and the earth seemed to gape after the hovering
+moisture. My roving excursion this day had fatigued my body, and
+diverted my imagination. I laid me down to sleep, and I awoke not until
+the sun had chased away the night. I continued this tour, and in a few
+days explored a considerable part of the country, each day equally
+pleased as the first. I returned to my old camp, which was not disturbed
+in my absence. I did not confine my lodging to it, but often reposed in
+thick canebrakes to avoid the savages, who, I believe, often visited
+my camp, but fortunately for me in my absence. In this situation I was
+constantly exposed to danger and death. How unhappy such a situation for
+a man tormented with fear, which is vain if no danger comes, and, if it
+does, only augments the pain. It was my happiness to be destitute of
+this afflicting passion, with which I had the greatest reason to be
+affected. The prowling wolves diverted my nocturnal hours with perpetual
+howlings; and the various species of animals in this vast forest in the
+daytime were continually in my view.
+
+"Thus I was surrounded with plenty in the midst of want. I was happy
+in the midst of dangers and inconveniences. In such a diversity it was
+impossible I should be disposed to melancholy. No populous city, with
+all the varieties of commerce and stately structures, could afford so
+much pleasure to my mind as the beauties of Nature I found here.
+
+"Thus, through an uninterrupted scene of sylvan pleasures, I spent the
+time until the 27th day of July following, when my brother, to my great
+felicity, met me according to appointment, at our old camp. Shortly
+after we left this place, not thinking it safe to stay there any longer,
+and proceeded to Cumberland River, reconnoitering that part of the
+country until March, 1771, and giving names to the different waters.
+
+"Soon after, I returned home to my family, with a determination to bring
+them as soon as possible to live in Kentucky, which I esteemed a second
+paradise, at the risk of my life and fortune.
+
+"I returned safe to my old habitation, and found my family in happy
+circumstances."
+
+This extract is taken from the autobiography of Daniel Boone, written
+from his own dictation by John Filson, and published in 1784. Some
+writers have censured this production as inflated and bombastic. To us
+it seems simple and natural; and we have no doubt that the very words of
+Boone are given for the most part. The use of glowing imagery and strong
+figures is by no means confined to highly-educated persons. Those who
+are illiterate, as Boone certainly was, often indulge in this style.
+Even the Indians are remarkably fond of bold metaphors and other
+rhetorical figures, as is abundantly proved by their speeches and
+legends.
+
+While Boone had been engaged in his late hunting tour, other adventurers
+were examining the rich lands south of the Ohio.[18] Even in 1770, while
+Boone was wandering solitary in those Kentucky forests, a band of forty
+hunters, led by Colonel James Knox, had gathered from the valleys of
+New River, Clinch, and Holston, to chase the buffaloes of the West; nine
+of the forty had crossed the mountains, penetrated the desert and almost
+impassable country about the heads of the Cumberland, and explored the
+region on the borders of Kentucky and Tennessee. This hunting party,
+from the length of time it was absent, is known in the traditions of
+the West as the party of the Long Hunters. While these bold men were
+penetrating the valley of the Ohio, in the region of the Cumberland Gap,
+others came from Virginia and Pennsylvania, by the river; among them,
+and in the same year, that the Long Hunters were abroad, (1770), came no
+less noted a person than George Washington. His attention, as we have
+before said, had been turned to the lands along the Ohio, at a very
+early period; he had himself large claims, as well as far-reaching plans
+of settlement, and he wished with his own eyes to examine the Western
+lands, especially those about the mouth of the Kanawha. From the journal
+of his expedition, published by Mr. Sparks, in the Appendix to the
+second volume of his Washington Papers, we learn some valuable facts in
+reference to the position of affairs in the Ohio valley at that time.
+We learn, for instance, that the Virginians were rapidly surveying and
+settling the lands south of the river as far down as the Kanawhas; and
+that the Indians, notwithstanding the treaty of Fort Stanwix, were
+jealous and angry at this constant invasion of their hunting-grounds.
+
+"This jealousy and anger were not supposed to cool during the years
+next succeeding, and when Thomas Bullitt and his party descended the
+Ohio in the summer of 1773, he found that no settlements would be
+tolerated south of the river, unless the Indian hunting-grounds were
+left undisturbed. To leave them undisturbed was, however, no part of
+the plan of these white men.
+
+"This very party, which Bullitt led, and in which were the two McAfees,
+Hancock, Taylor, Drennon and others, separated, and while part went up
+the Kentucky River, explored the banks, and made important surveys,
+including the valley in which Frankfort stands, the remainder went on to
+the Falls, and laid out, in behalf of John Campbell and John Connolly,
+the plan of Louisville. All this took place in the summer of 1773; and
+in the autumn of that year, or early in the next, John Floyd, the deputy
+of Colonel William Preston, the surveyor of Fincastle County, Virginia,
+in which it was claimed that Kentucky was comprehended, also crossed the
+mountains; while General Thompson of Pennsylvania, made surveys upon
+the north fork of the Licking. When Boone, therefore, in September,
+commenced his march for the West, (as we shall presently relate), the
+choice regions which he had examined three years before, were known
+to numbers, and settlers were preparing to desecrate the silent and
+beautiful woods. Nor did the prospects of the English colonists stop
+with the settlements of Kentucky. In 1773, General Lyman, with a number
+of military adventurers, went to Natchez and laid out several townships
+in that vicinity; to which point emigration set so strongly, that we are
+told, four hundred families passed down the Ohio on their way thither,
+during six weeks of the summer of that year."[19]
+
+[Footnote 17: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Perkins. "Annals of the West."]
+
+[Footnote 19: Perkins, "Annals of the West."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+     Daniel Boone remains two years in North Carolina after his return
+     from the West--He prepares to emigrate to Kentucky--Character of
+     the early settlers to Kentucky--The first class, hunters--The
+     second class, small farmers--The third class, men of wealth and
+     government officers.
+
+
+Daniel Boone had now returned to his home on the banks of the Yadkin,
+after an absence of no less than two years, during which time he had
+not tasted, as he remarks in his autobiography, either salt, sugar, or
+bread. He must have enjoyed, in no ordinary degree, the comforts of
+home. Carolina, however, was to be his home but for a short time. He had
+fully determined to go with his family to Kentucky, and settle in that
+lovely region. He was destined to found a State.
+
+After Boone's return to North Carolina, more than two years passed away
+before he could complete the arrangements necessary for removing his
+family to Kentucky. He sold his farm on the Yadkin, which had been for
+many years under cultivation, and no doubt brought him a sum amply
+sufficient for the expenses of his journey and the furnishing of a new
+home in the promised land. He had, of course, to overcome the natural
+repugnance of his wife and children to leave the home which had become
+dear to them; and he had also to enlist other adventurers to accompany
+him. And here we deem it proper, before entering upon the account of his
+departure, to quote from a contemporary,[20] some general remarks on
+the character of the early settlers of Kentucky.
+
+"Throughout the United States, generally, the most erroneous notions
+prevail with respect to the character of the first settlers of Kentucky;
+and by several of the American novelists, the most ridiculous uses have
+been made of the fine materials for fiction which lie scattered over
+nearly the whole extent of that region of daring adventure and romantic
+incident. The common idea seems to be, that the first wanderers to
+Kentucky were a simple, ignorant, low-bred, good-for-nothing set of
+fellows, who left the frontiers and sterile places of the old States,
+where a considerable amount of labor was necessary to secure a
+livelihood, and sought the new and fertile country southeast of the Ohio
+River and northwest of the Cumberland Mountains, where corn would
+produce bread for them with simply the labor of planting, and where the
+achievements of their guns would supply them with meat and clothing; a
+set of men who, with that instinct which belongs to the beaver, built a
+number of log cabins on the banks of some secluded stream, which they
+surrounded with palisades for the better protection of their wives and
+children, and then went wandering about, with guns on their shoulders,
+or traps under their arms, leading a solitary, listless, _ruminating_
+life, till aroused by the appearance of danger, or a sudden attack from
+unseen enemies, when instantly they approved themselves the bravest of
+warriors, and the most expert of strategists. The romancers who have
+attempted to describe their habits of life and delineate their
+characters, catching this last idea, and imagining things probable of
+the country they were in, have drawn the one in lines the most grotesque
+and absurd, and colored the other with a pencil dipped in all hues but
+the right. To them the early pioneers appear to have been people of a
+character demi-devil, demi-savage, not only with out the remains of
+former civilization, but without even the recollection that they had
+been born and bred where people were, at the least, measurably sane,
+somewhat religiously inclined, and, for the most, civilly behaved.
+
+"Both of these conceptions of the character of the Pioneer Fathers are,
+to a certain extent, correct as regards _individuals_ among them; but
+the pictures which have often been given us, even when held up beside
+such _individuals_, will prove to be exaggerations in more respects than
+one. Daniel Boone is an individual instance of a man plunging into the
+depths of an unknown wilderness, shunning rather than seeking contact
+with his kind, his gun and trap the only companions of his solitude,
+and wandering about thus for months,"
+
+   "'No mark upon the tree, nor print, nor track,
+    To lead him forward, or to guide him back.'"
+
+"contented and happy; yet, for all this, if those who knew him well had
+any true conception of his character, Boone was a man of ambition, and
+shrewdness, and energy, and fine social qualities, and extreme sagacity.
+And individual instances there _may_ have been--though even this
+possibility is not sustained by the primitive histories of those
+times--of men who were so far _outre_ to the usual course of their
+kind, as to have afforded originals for the _Sam Huggs_ the _Nimrod
+Wildfires_, the _Ralph Stackpoles_, the _Tom Bruces_, and the
+_Earthquakes_, which so abound in most of those fictions whose _locale_
+is the Western country. But that naturalist who should attempt, by ever
+so minute a description of a pied blackbird, to give his readers a
+correct idea of the _Gracula Ferruginea_ of ornithologists, would not
+more utterly fail of accomplishing his object, than have the authors
+whose creations we have named, by delineating such individual
+instances--by holding up, as it were, such _outre_ specimens of an
+original class--failed to convey any thing like an accurate impression
+of the habits, customs, and general character of the western pioneers.
+
+"Daniel Boone, and those who accompanied him into the wildernesses of
+Kentucky, had been little more than hunters in their original homes,
+on the frontiers of North Carolina; and, with the exception of their
+leader, but little more than hunters did they continue after their
+emigration. The most glowing accounts of the beauty and fertility of
+the country northwest of the Laurel Ridge, had reached their ears from
+Finley and his companions; and they shouldered their guns, strapped
+their wallets upon their backs and wandered through the Cumberland Gap
+into the dense forests, and thick brakes, and beautiful plains which
+soon opened upon their visions, more to indulge a habit of roving, and
+gratify an excited curiosity, than from any other motive; and, arrived
+upon the head-waters of the Kentucky, they built themselves rude log
+cabins, and spent most of their lives in hunting and eating, and
+fighting marauding bands of Indians. Of a similar character were the
+earliest Virginians, who penetrated these wildernesses. The very first,
+indeed, who wandered from the parent State over the Laurel Ridge, down
+into the unknown regions on its northwest, came avowedly as hunters and
+trappers; and such of them as escaped the tomahawk of the Indian, with
+very few exceptions, remained hunters and trappers till their deaths.
+
+"But this first class of pioneers was not either numerous enough,
+or influential enough, to stamp its character upon the after-coming
+hundreds; and the second class of immigrants into Kentucky was composed
+of very different materials. Small farmers from North Carolina,
+Virginia, and Pennsylvania, for the most part, constituted this; and
+these daring adventurers brought with them intelligent and aspiring
+minds, industrious and persevering habits, a few of the comforts of
+civilized life, and some of the implements of husbandry. A number of
+them were men who had received the rudiments of an English education,
+and not a few of them had been reared up in the spirit, and a sincere
+observance of the forms, of religious worship. Many, perhaps most of
+them, were from the frontier settlements of the States named; and these
+combined the habits of the hunter and agriculturist, and possessed, with
+no inconsiderable knowledge of partially refined life, all that boldness
+and energy, which subsequently became so distinctive a trait of the
+character of the early settlers.
+
+"This second class of the pioneers, or at least the mass of those who
+constituted it, sought the plains and forests, and streams of Kentucky,
+not to indulge any inclination for listless ramblings; nor as hunters or
+trappers; nor yet for the purpose of gratifying an awakened curiosity:
+they came deliberately, soberly, thoughtfully, _in search of a home_,
+determined, from the outset, to win one, or perish in the attempt; they
+came to cast their lot in a land that was new, to better their worldly
+condition by the acquisition of demesnes, to build up a new commonwealth
+in an un-peopled region; they came with their wives, and their children,
+and their kindred, from places where the toil of the hand, and the sweat
+of the brow, could hardly supply them with bread, to a land in which
+ordinary industry would, almost at once, furnish all the necessaries of
+life, and when it was plain well-directed effort would ultimately secure
+its ease, its dignity, and its refinements. Poor in the past, and with
+scarce a hope, without a change of place, of a better condition of
+earthly existence, either for themselves or their offspring, they saw
+themselves, _with_ that change, rich in the future, and looked forward
+with certainty to a time when their children, if not themselves, would
+be in a condition improved beyond compare.
+
+"There was also a third class of pioneers, who in several respects
+differed as much from either the first or the second class, as these
+differed from each other. This class was composed, in great part, of men
+who came to Kentucky after the way had been in some measure prepared for
+immigrants, and yet before the setting in of that tide of population
+which, a year or two after the close of the American Revolution, poured
+so rapidly into these fertile regions from several of the Atlantic
+States. In this class of immigrants, there were many gentlemen of
+education, refinement, and no inconsiderable wealth; some of whom came
+to Kentucky as surveyors, others as commissioners from the parent State,
+and others again as land speculators; but most of them as _bona fide_
+immigrants, determined to pitch their tents in the Great West, at once
+to become _units_ of a new people, and to grow into affluence, and
+consideration, and renown, with the growth of a young and vigorous
+commonwealth.
+
+"Such were the founders of Kentucky; and in them we behold the elements
+of a society inferior, in all the essentials of goodness and greatness,
+to none in the world. First came the hunter and trapper, to trace the
+river courses, and spy out the choice spots of the land; then came the
+small farmer and the hardy adventurer, to cultivate the rich plains
+discovered, and lay the nucleuses of the towns and cities, which were
+so soon, and so rapidly, to spring up; and then came the surveyor, to
+mark the boundaries of individual possessions and give civil shape and
+strength to the unformed mass, the speculator to impart a new activity
+and keenness to the minds of men, and the chivalrous and educated
+gentleman, to infuse into the crude materials here collected together,
+the feelings and sentiments of refined existence, and to mold them into
+forms of conventional beauty and social excellence. Kentucky now began
+to have a _society_, in which were the sinews of war, the power of
+production, and the genius of improvement; and from this time, though
+still harassed, as she had been from the beginning, by the inroads of
+a brave and determined enemy on her north, her advancement was regular
+and rapid."
+
+[Footnote 20: W.D. Gallagher, "Hesperian," Vol. II., p 89.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+     Daniel Boone sets out for Kentucky with his family and his brother
+     Squire Boone--Is joined by five families and forty men at Powell's
+     Valley--The party is attacked by Indians and Daniel Boone's oldest
+     son is killed--The party return to the settlements on Clinch
+     River--Boone, at the request of Governor Dunmore, goes to the West
+     and conducts a party of surveyors to Virginia--Boone receives the
+     command of three garrisons and the commission of Captain--He takes
+     a part in the Dunmore war--Battle of Point Pleasant and termination
+     of the war.
+
+
+Having completed all his arrangements for the journey, on the 25th of
+September, 1774, Daniel Boone, with his wife and children, set out on
+his journey to the West. He was accompanied by his brother, Squire
+Boone; and the party took with them cattle and swine, with a view to
+the stocking of their farms, when they should arrive in Kentucky.
+Their bedding and other baggage was carried by pack-horses.
+
+At a place called Powel's Valley, the party was reinforced by another
+body of emigrants to the West consisting of five families and no less
+than forty able-bodied men; well armed and provided with provisions and
+ammunition.
+
+They now went on in high spirits, "camping out" every night in woods,
+under the shelter of rude tents constructed with poles covered with
+bed-clothes. They thus advanced on their journey without accident or
+alarm, until the 6th of October, when they were approaching a pass in
+the mountains, called Cumberland Gap. The young men who were engaged
+in driving the cattle had fallen in rear of the main body a distance
+of five or six miles, when they were suddenly assailed by a party of
+Indians, who killed six of their number and dispersed the cattle in the
+woods. A seventh man escaped with a wound. The reports of the musketry
+brought the remainder of the party to the rescue, who drove off the
+Indians and buried the dead. Among the slain was the oldest son of
+Daniel Boone.
+
+A council was now held to determine on their future proceedings.
+Notwithstanding the dreadful domestic misfortune which he had
+experienced in the loss of his son, Daniel Boone was for proceeding to
+Kentucky; in this opinion he was sustained by his brother and some of
+the other emigrants; but most of them were so much disheartened by the
+misfortune they had met with, that they insisted on returning; and Boone
+and his brother yielding to their wishes, returned to the settlement on
+the Clinch River, in the south-western part of Virginia, a distance of
+forty miles from the place where they had been surprised by the Indians.
+
+Here Boone was obliged to remain with his family for the present; but he
+had by no means relinquished his design of settling in Kentucky. This
+delay, however, was undoubtedly a providential one; for in consequence
+of the murder of the family of the Indian chief Logan, a terrible Indian
+war, called in history the Dunmore War, was impending, which broke out
+in the succeeding year, and extended to that part of the West to which
+Boone and his party were proceeding, when they were turned back by the
+attack of the Indians.
+
+In this war Daniel Boone was destined to take an active part. In his
+autobiography, already quoted, he says:
+
+"I remained with my family on Clinch until the 6th of June, 1774, when I
+and one Michael Stoner were solicited by Governor Dunmore, of Virginia,
+to go to the Falls of the Ohio, to conduct into the settlement a number
+of surveyors that had been sent thither by him some months before; this
+country having about this time drawn the attention of many adventurers.
+We immediately complied with the governor's request, and conducted in
+the surveyors, completing a tour of eight hundred miles, through many
+difficulties, in sixty-two day.
+
+"Soon after I returned home, I was ordered to take command of three
+garrisons, during the campaign which Governor Dunmore carried on against
+the Shawanese Indians."
+
+These three garrisons were on the frontier contiguous to each other;
+and with the command of them Boone received a commission as captain.
+
+We quote from a contemporary an account of the leading events of this
+campaign, and of the battle of Point Pleasant, which may be said to
+have terminated the war. Whether Boone was present at this battle is
+uncertain; but his well-known character for ability and courage, renders
+it probable that he took a part in the action.
+
+The settlers, now aware that a general warfare would be commenced by
+the Indians, immediately sent an express to Williamsburg, the seat of
+government in Virginia, communicating their apprehensions, and
+soliciting protection.
+
+The Legislature was in session at the time, and it was immediately
+resolved upon to raise an army of about three thousand men, and march
+into the heart of the Indian country.
+
+One half of the requisite number of troops was ordered to be raised in
+Virginia, and marched under General Andrew Lewis across the country to
+the mouth of the Kenhawa; and the remainder to be rendezvoused at Fort
+Pitt, and be commanded by Dunmore in person, who proposed to descend the
+Ohio and join Lewis at the place mentioned, from where the combined
+army was to march as circumstances might dictate at the time.
+
+By the 11th of September the troops under General Lewis, numbering about
+eleven hundred men, were in readiness to leave. The distance across to
+the mouth of the Kenhawa, was near one hundred and sixty miles through
+an unbroken wilderness. A competent guide was secured, the baggage
+mounted on pack horses, and in nineteen days they arrived at the place
+of destination.
+
+The next morning after the arrival of the army at Point Pleasant, as the
+point of land at the junction of the Kenhawa and the Ohio was called,
+two men were out some distance from the camp, in pursuit of a deer, and
+were suddenly fired upon by a large body of Indians; one was killed,
+and the other with difficulty retreated back to the army; who hastily
+reported "that he had seen a body of the enemy covering four acres of
+ground, as closely as they could stand by the side of each other."
+
+General Lewis was a remarkably cool and considerate man; and upon being
+informed of this, "after deliberately lighting his pipe," gave orders
+that the regiment under his brother, Colonel Charles Lewis, and another
+under Colonel Fleming, should march and reconnoiter the enemy, while he
+would place the remainder of the troops in order for battle. The two
+regiments marched without delay, and had not proceeded more than four
+hundred yards when they were met by the Indians, approaching for the
+same purpose. A skirmish immediately ensued, and before the contest had
+continued long, the colonels of the two regiments fell mortally wounded,
+when a disorder in the ranks followed, and the troops began a
+precipitate retreat; but almost at this moment another regiment under
+Colonel Field arriving to their aid and coming up with great firmness to
+the attack effectually checked the savages in the pursuit, and obliged
+them in turn to give way till they had retired behind a breastwork of
+logs and brush which they had partially constructed.
+
+Lewis, on his arrival at the place, had encamped quite on the point of
+land between the Ohio and Kenhawa, and having moved but a short distance
+out to the attack, the distance across from river to river was still but
+short. The Indians soon extending their ranks entirely across, had the
+Virginians completely hemmed in, and in the event of getting the better
+of them, had them at their disposal, as there could have been no chance
+for escape.
+
+Never was ground maintained with more obstinacy; for it was slowly, and
+with no precipitancy, that the Indians retired to their breastwork. The
+division under Lewis was first broken, although that under Fleming was
+nearly at the same moment attacked. This heroic officer first received
+two balls through his left wrist, but continued to exercise his command
+with the greatest coolness and presence of mind. His voice was
+continually heard, "Don't lose an inch of ground. Advance, outflank the
+enemy, and get between them and the river." But his men were about to
+be outflanked by the body that had just defeated Lewis; meanwhile the
+arrival of Colonel Field turned the fortune of the day, but not without
+a severe loss; Colonel Fleming was again wounded, by a shot through the
+lungs; yet he would not retire, and Colonel Field was killed as he was
+leading on his men. The whole line of the breastwork now became as a
+blaze of fire, which lasted nearly till the close of the day. Here the
+Indians under Logan, Cornstock, Elenipsico, Red-Eagle, and other mighty
+chiefs of the tribes of the Shawneese, Delawares, Mingos, Wyandots,
+and Cayugas, amounting, as was supposed, to fifteen hundred warriors,
+fought, as men will ever do for their country's wrongs, with a bravery
+which could only be equaled. The voice of the great Cornstock was often
+heard during the day, above the din of strife, calling on his men in
+these words: "Be strong! Be strong!" And when by the repeated charges
+of the whites, some of his warriors began to waver, he is said to have
+sunk his tomahawk into the head of one who was basely endeavoring to
+desert. General Lewis, finding at length that every charge upon the
+lines of the Indians lessened the number of his forces to an alarming
+degree, and rightly judging that if the Indians were not routed before
+it was dark, a day of more doubt might follow, he resolved to throw
+a body, if possible, into their rear. As the good fortune of the
+Virginians turned, the bank of the river favored this project, and
+forthwith three companies were detached upon the enterprise, under the
+three captains, Isaac Shelby (after renowned in the revolution, and
+since in the war with Canada,) George Matthews, and John Stewart. These
+companies got unobserved to their place of destination upon Crooked
+Creek, which runs into the Kenhawa. From the high weeds upon the bank of
+this little stream, they rushed upon the backs of the Indians with such
+fury, as to drive them from their works with precipitation. The day was
+now decided. The Indians, thus beset from a quarter they did not expect,
+were ready to conclude that a reinforcement had arrived. It was about,
+sunset when they fled across the Ohio, and immediately took up their
+march for their towns on the Scioto.
+
+Of the loss of both Indians and whites in this engagement, various
+statements have been given. A number amounting to seventy-five killed,
+and one hundred and forty wounded of the whites, has been rendered; with
+a loss on part of the Indians not so great, but not correctly known.[21]
+This was the severest battle ever fought with the Indians in Virginia.
+Shortly after this battle the Indians sent messengers to Governor
+Dunmore, suing for peace, and a treaty was accordingly concluded.
+In this treaty the Indians surrendered all claim to Kentucky. The Six
+Nations had already done the same thing at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix
+in 1768. The Cherokees had sold their claims to Henderson's company; so
+that when Boone settled in Kentucky it was effectually cleared of all
+Indian titles.
+
+[Footnote 21: "History of the Backwoods."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+     The militia discharged--Captain Boone returns to his
+     family--Henderson's company--Various companies of emigrants to
+     Kentucky--Bounty lands--Harrod's party builds the first log-cabin
+     erected in Kentucky, and founds Harrodsburg--Proceedings of
+     Henderson's company--Agency of Captain Boone--He leads a company to
+     open a road to Kentucky River--Conflicts with the Indians--Captain
+     Boone founds Boonesborough--His own account of this expedition--His
+     letter to Henderson--Account of Colonel Henderson and the
+     Transylvania Company--Failure of the scheme--Probability of Boone
+     having been several years in the service of Henderson.
+
+
+On the conclusion of Dunmore's war, the militia were discharged from
+service, the garrisons which had been under Captain Daniel Boone's
+command were broken up, and he once more returned to his family, who
+were still residing on Clinch River. But he was not long permitted to
+remain comparatively idle. Captain Boone's character as an able officer
+and a bold pioneer, was now well known and appreciated by the public.
+The marks of confidence bestowed on him by Governor Dunmore rendered
+him one of the most conspicuous men in the Southern colonies, and his
+services were soon to be put in requisition by the most considerable and
+remarkable of all the parties of adventurers who ever sought a home in
+the West. This was Henderson's company, called the Transylvania Company,
+to whose proceedings we shall presently refer.
+
+Between 1769 and 1773, various associations of men were formed, in
+Virginia and North Carolina, for visiting the newly-discovered regions
+and locating lands; and several daring adventurers, at different times
+during this period, penetrated to the head-waters of the Licking River,
+and did some surveying; but it was not till the year 1774 that the
+whites obtained any permanent foothold in Kentucky. From this year,
+therefore, properly dates the commencement of the early settlements of
+the State.[22]
+
+The first great impetus given to adventure in Kentucky was by the bounty
+in Western land given by Virginia to the officers and soldiers of her
+own troops who had served in the British army in the old war in Canada
+between the English and French. These lands were to be surveyed on the
+Ohio River, and its tributaries, by the claimants thus created, who
+had the privilege of selecting them wherever they pleased within the
+prescribed regions. The first locations were made upon the Great Kenawha
+in the year 1772, and the next on the south side of the Ohio itself the
+following year. During this year, likewise, extensive tracts of land
+were located on the north fork of the Licking, and surveys made of
+several salt-licks, and other choice spots. But 1774 was more signalized
+than had been any preceding year by the arrival, in the new "land of
+promise," of the claimants to portions of its territory, and the
+execution of surveys. Among the hardy adventurers who descended the Ohio
+this year and penetrated to the interior of Kentucky by the river of
+that name, was James Harrod, who led a party of Virginians from the
+shores of the Monongahela. He disembarked at a point still known as
+"Harrod's Landing," and, crossing the country in a direction nearly
+west, paused in the midst of a beautiful and fertile region, and _built
+the first log-cabin_ ever erected in Kentucky, on or near the site of
+the present town of Harrodsburg. This was in the spring, or early part
+of the summer, of 1774.[23]
+
+The high-wrought descriptions of the country north west of the Laurel
+Ridge, which were given by Daniel Boone upon his return to North
+Carolina after his first long visit to Kentucky, circulated with
+great rapidity throughout the entire State, exciting the avarice of
+speculators and inflaming the imaginations of nearly all classes of
+people. The organization of several companies, for the purpose of
+pushing adventure in the new regions and acquiring rights to land, was
+immediately attempted; but that which commenced under the auspices of
+Colonel Richard Henderson, a gentleman of education and means, soon
+engaged public attention by the extent and boldness of its scheme, and
+the energy of its movements; and either frightened from their purpose,
+or attracted to its own ranks, the principal of those individuals who
+had at first been active in endeavoring to form other associations.
+
+The whole of that vast extent of country lying within the natural
+boundaries constituted by the Ohio, Kentucky, and Cumberland rivers, was
+at this time claimed by a portion of the Cherokee Indians, who resided
+within the limits of North Carolina; and the scheme of Henderson's
+Company was nothing less than to take possession of this immense
+territory, under color of a purchase from those Indians, which they
+intended to make, and the preliminary negotiations for which were opened
+with the Cherokees, through the agency of Daniel Boone, as soon as the
+company was fully organized. Boone's mission to the Indians having been
+attended with complete success, and the result thereof being conveyed
+to the company, Colonel Henderson at once started for Fort Wataga, on
+a branch of the Holston River, fully authorized to effect the purchase;
+and here, on the 17th of March, 1775, he met the Indians in solemn
+council, delivered them a satisfactory consideration in merchandise,
+and received a deed signed by their head chiefs.
+
+The purchase made, the next important step was to take possession of the
+territory thus acquired. The proprietors were not slow to do this, but
+immediately collected a small company of brave and hardy men, which
+they sent into Kentucky, under the direction of Daniel Boone, to open a
+road from the Holston to the Kentucky River, and erect a Station at the
+mouth of Otter Creek upon this latter.
+
+After a laborious and hazardous march through the wilderness, during
+which four men were killed, and five others wounded, by trailing and
+skulking parties of hostile Indians, Boone and his company reached the
+banks of the Kentucky on the first of April, and descending this some
+fifteen miles, encamped upon the spot where Boonesborough now stands.
+Here the bushes were at once cut down, the ground leveled, the nearest
+trees felled, the foundations laid for a fort, and the first settlement
+of Kentucky commenced.
+
+Perhaps the reader would like to see Boone's own account of these
+proceedings. Here is the passage where he mentions it in his
+autobiography. He has just been speaking of Governor Dunmore's war
+against the Shawanese Indians: "After the conclusion of which, he says,
+the militia was discharged from each garrison, and I being relieved from
+my post, was solicited by a number of North Carolina gentlemen, that
+were about purchasing the lands lying on the South side of Kentucky
+River from the Cherokee Indians, to attend their treaty at Wataga, in
+March, 1775, to negotiate with them, and mention the boundaries of the
+purchase. This I accepted; and at the request of the same gentlemen,
+undertook to mark out a road in the best passage through the wilderness
+to Kentucky, with such assistance as I thought necessary to employ for
+such an important undertaking?
+
+"I soon began this work, having collected a number of enterprising men,
+well armed. We proceeded with all possible expedition until we came
+within fifteen miles of where Boonesborough now stands, and where we
+were fired upon by a party of Indians, that killed two, and wounded two
+of our number; yet, although surprised and taken at a disadvantage,
+we stood our ground. This was on the twentieth of March, 1775. Three
+days after we were fired upon again, and had two men killed and three
+wounded. Afterward we proceeded on to Kentucky River without opposition,
+and on the fifth day of April began to erect the fort of Boonesborough
+at a salt-lick, about sixty yards from the river, on the south side."
+
+"On the fourth day, the Indians killed one of our men. We were busily
+engaged in building the fort, until the fourteenth day of June
+following, without any further opposition from the Indians."
+
+In addition to this account by Captain Boone, we have another in a sort
+of official report made by him to Colonel Richard Henderson, the head
+of the company in whose service Boone was then employed. It is cited by
+Peck in his Life of Boone, as follows:
+
+
+"April 15th, 1775.
+
+"Dear Colonel: After my compliments to you, I shall acquaint you with
+our misfortune. On March the 25th a party of Indians fired on my company
+about half an hour before day, and killed Mr. Twitty and his negro, and
+wounded Mr. Walker very deeply but I hope he will recover.
+
+"On March the 28th, as we were hunting for provisions, we found Samuel
+Tate's son, who gave us an account that the Indians fired on their camp
+on the 27th day. My brother and I went down and found two men killed and
+scalped, Thomas McDowell and Jeremiah McPeters. I have sent a man down
+to all the lower companies in order to gather them all to the mouth
+of Otter Creek. My advice to you, sir, is to come or send as soon as
+possible. Your company is desired greatly, for the people are very
+uneasy, but are willing to stay and venture their lives with you; and
+now is the time to flusterate their (the Indians) intentions, and keep
+the country whilst we are in it. If we give way to them now, it will
+ever be the case This day we start from the battle-ground for the mouth
+of Otter Creek, where we shall immediately erect a fort, which will be
+done before you can come or send; then we can send ten men to meet you
+if you send for them.
+
+"I am, sir, your most obedient,
+
+"DANIEL BOONE.
+
+"N.B.--We stood on the ground and guarded our baggage till day, and lost
+nothing. We have about fifteen miles to Cantuck, at Otter Creek."
+
+Colonel Henderson was one of the most remarkable men of his time.
+He was born in Hanover County, Virginia, April 20th, 1735, the same year
+with Boone. He studied law, and was appointed judge of the Superior
+Court of North Carolina under the Colonial government. The troubled
+times of the Regulators shut up the courts of justice. In 1774 he
+engaged in his grand scheme of founding the republic of Transylvania,
+and united with him John Williams, Leonard Hendly Bullock, of Granville;
+William Johnston, James Hogg, Thomas Hart, John Lutterell, Nathaniel
+Hart, and David Hart, of Orange County, in the company which made the
+purchase of the immense tract of lands above referred to.
+
+The company took possession of the lands on the 20th of April, 1775; the
+Indians appointing an agent to deliver them according to law.
+
+The Governor of North Carolina, Martin, issued his proclamation in 1775,
+declaring this purchase illegal. The State subsequently granted 200,000
+acres to the company in lieu of this.
+
+The State of Virginia declared the same, but granted the company a
+remuneration of 200,000 acres, bounded by the Ohio and Green rivers. The
+State of Tennessee claimed the lands, but made a similar grant to the
+company in Powell's Valley. Thus, though the original scheme of founding
+an independent republic failed, the company made their fortunes by the
+speculation. Henderson died at his seat in Granville, January 30, 1785,
+universally beloved and respected.
+
+What makes Henderson and his company particularly interesting to the
+admirers of Daniel Boone is, the strong probability that the purchase of
+the Cherokees was made on his representation and by his advice. This is
+the opinion of Judge Hall and of Mr. Peck, who also believe that Boone
+was already in the service of Henderson when he made his long journey
+to Kentucky. "This theory," says Mr. Peck, "explains why his brother,
+Squire Boone, came out with supplies, and why they examined the country
+so fully and particularly between the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers."
+
+[Footnote 22: Gallagher.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Gallagher.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+     Description of the Old Fort at Boonesborough--Usual methods of
+     fortification against the Indians--Arrival of more settlers at
+     Boonesborough--Captain Boone returns to the Clinch River to
+     bring out his family--He enlists new emigrants and starts for
+     Kentucky--Reinforced by a large party at Powell's Valley--Arrival
+     at Boonesborough--Arrival of many new settlers at Boonesborough and
+     Harrod's settlement--Arrival of Kenton, Floyd, the McAfees, and
+     other distinguished persons--Arrival of Colonel Richard Callaway.
+
+
+As the old fort at Boonesborough became so celebrated in the Indian
+wars which followed its erection, our readers may be curious to know
+what sort of structure it was. "We have accordingly copied from a
+print in Collins' Historical Sketches of Kentucky a view of the fort,
+from a drawing made by Colonel Henderson himself, and the following
+description: 'It was situated adjacent to the river, with one of the
+angles resting on its bank near the water, and extending from it in the
+form of a parallelogram. The length of the fort, allowing twenty feet
+for each cabin and opening, must have been about two hundred and sixty,
+and the breadth one hundred and fifty feet. In a few days after the work
+was commenced, one of the men was killed by the Indians.' The houses,
+being built of hewn logs, were bullet proof. They were of a square
+form, and one of them projected from each corner, being connected by
+stockades. The remaining space on the four sides, as will be seen by
+the engraving, was filled up with cabins erected of rough logs, placed
+close together. The gates were on opposite sides, made of thick slabs
+of timber, and hung on wooden hinges. This was in accordance with the
+fashion of the day."
+
+"A fort, in those rude military times," says Butler,[24] "consisted of
+pieces of timber sharpened at the end and firmly lodged in the ground:
+rows of these pickets enclosed the desired space, which embraced the
+cabins of the inhabitants. A block-house or more, of superior care and
+strength, commanding the sides of the fort, with or without a ditch,
+completed the fortifications or Stations, as they were called. Generally
+the sides of the interior cabins formed the sides of the fort. Slight as
+this advance was in the art of war, it was more than sufficient against
+attacks of small arms in the hands of such desultory warriors, as their
+irregular supply of provisions necessarily rendered the Indians. Such
+was the nature of the military structures of the provision against their
+enemies. They were ever more formidable in the canebrakes and in the
+woods than before even these imperfect fortifications."
+
+We have seen in Boone's own account that the fort at Boonesborough was
+completed on the 14th of June, 1774. The buildings necessary for the
+accommodation and safety of the little colony, and of the relatives and
+friends by whom they expected to be joined during the summer and fall,
+were completed about this time. Colonel Henderson, Mr. John Luttrell,
+and Mr. Nathaniel Hart, three of the proprietors, arrived at the
+station, which was now named Boonesborough, in compliment to the
+intrepid pioneer. These gentlemen brought out with them between thirty
+and forty new settlers, a goodly number of pack-horses, and some of
+the necessaries of civilized life; and the Station, upon which various
+improvements were soon made, at once became quite a bustling, life-like,
+important _military_ place. Much pleased with the manner in which he had
+commenced the settlement of a new commonwealth, and laid the foundations
+of what he doubted not was soon to become a great city, Boone took a
+part of his men and returned to the settlement on Clinch River, for the
+purpose of setting an example to others by moving out his own family.
+
+The daring pioneer was now in high spirits, and more than ever
+enraptured with the deep forests and rich plains of Kentucky. He sounded
+their praises without intermission among the settlers on Clinch River,
+and soon induced a number of persons to agree to accompany him on his
+return to Boonesborough. He then went about making his domestic
+arrangements, for a final removal to Kentucky, with great energy; and
+these being soon completed, in September or October he turned his back
+upon his old home forever, and started with his family and a few
+followers toward that which his unsurpassed daring and rude skill had
+prepared for them in a new land. In Powell's Valley he found Hugh
+McGary, Richard Hogan, and Thomas Denton, with their families and
+followers, awaiting his arrival. His companions, as now increased,
+amounted to twenty-six men, four women, and four or five boys and girls,
+perhaps half grown; and placing himself at the head of this interesting
+little colony, he proudly led it through the Cumberland Gap into the
+wilderness beyond, where it was destined to be the germ of a great
+State.
+
+When this party had arrived at the head of Dick's River, McGary, Denton,
+and Hogan, with their families and a few followers, separated themselves
+from the rest, and struck through the forest for the spot where Harrod
+and his Monongahelians had built their cabin the year before. Boone,
+with the main body of the party, continued his original course, and
+in due time arrived safely at Boonesborough; "and Mrs. Boone and her
+daughter," it is always recorded with an air of pleasant exultation by
+the admirers of the old pioneer, "were the earliest white women in that
+region, and the first of their sex and color that ever stood upon the
+banks of the wild and beautiful Kentucky."
+
+During the latter part of the year 1775, a great many adventurers and
+surveyors, principally from Virginia and North Carolina, made their
+appearance in Kentucky; and for all such, Boonesborough was a place
+of general rendezvous. Some united themselves to Boone's colony, and
+remained permanently at his Station: others clustered abound Harrod's
+Old Cabin, and the Fort which had by this time been erected by Logan,
+and made "improvements" in the vicinity of each; but most of them
+returned to their several homes after having made such locations and
+surveys as they thought proper. Among those by whom Boone was visited
+in the course of this year, were several men who have subsequently
+rendered very important services in the settlement of the West, and
+attained great and deserved celebrity: such were Simon Kenton, John
+Floyd, the four brothers McAfee, and others. A tolerably good road,
+sufficient for the passage of pack-horses in single file, had been
+opened from the settlements on the Holston to Boonesborough, by the
+party which Boone led out early in the following spring; and this
+now became the thoroughfare for other adventurers, a number of whom
+removed their families from North Carolina to Kentucky, and settled
+at Boonesborough, during the fall and winter of this year. Colonel
+Richard Callaway was one of these; and there were others of equal
+respectability.
+
+[Footnote 24: History of Kentucky.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+     Disturbed state of the country in 1775--Breaking out of
+     the Revolutionary war--Exposed situation of the Kentucky
+     settlements--Hostility of the Indians excited by the British--First
+     political convention in the West--Capture of Boone's daughter and
+     the daughters of Colonel Callaway by the Indians--Their rescue by a
+     party led by Boone and Callaway--Increased caution of the colonists
+     at Boonesborough--Alarm and desertion of the Colonies in the West
+     by land speculators and other adventurers--A reinforcement of
+     forty-five men from North Carolina arrive at Boonesborough--Indian
+     attack on Boonesborough in April--Another attack in July--Attack
+     on Logan's Fort, and siege--Attack on Harrodsburg.
+
+
+The reader will not fail to remark that the period at which Daniel Boone
+commenced the settlement of Kentucky, was the most eventful one in the
+history of our country. In the year 1775 hostilities between Great
+Britain and her American Colonies commenced at Lexington and Concord,
+and the whole country was mustering in arms at the time when Boone and
+the other western emigrants were forming settlements four hundred miles
+beyond the frontiers of Virginia and the Carolinas. Encouraged by the
+treaty of Lord Dunmore with the Indians in 1774, and knowing the Indian
+titles to the lands they were occupying to have been extinguished, they
+naturally counted on an unmolested possession of the region they were
+settling. But in this expectation they were sorely disappointed. The
+English officers and agents in the northwest were indefatigable in
+stimulating the Indians to attack the American colonists in every
+quarter. They supplied them with arms and ammunition, bribed them with
+money, and aided and encouraged them to attack the feeble settlements in
+Kentucky and Tennessee. But Providence overruled these circumstances for
+the benefit of the Western country. "The settlement of Kentucky led to
+the conquest of the British posts in Illinois and Indiana, in 1778, and
+eventually threw the wide valleys of the West under control of the
+American Union."[25]
+
+The settlers in Kentucky in 1775, were still acting under the belief
+that the claims purchased by Henderson and Company from the Cherokees
+were valid, and that "the Proprietors of the Colony of Transylvania"
+were really founding a political State. Under this impression they
+took leases from the Company, and in the course of the year, eighteen
+delegates assembled in convention at Boonesborough, and acknowledged the
+Company as lawful proprietors, "established courts of justice, and rules
+for proceeding therein; also a militia law, a law for the preservation
+of game, and for appointing civil and militia officers."[26] This was
+the first political convention ever held in the Western Valley for the
+formation of a free government.[27]
+
+The winter and spring of 1776[28] were passed by the little colony
+of Boonesborough in hunting, fishing, clearing the lands immediately
+contiguous to the station, and putting in a crop of corn. The colonists
+were molested but once by their enemies during the winter, when one man
+was killed by a small band of marauding Indians, who suddenly appeared
+in the vicinity, and as suddenly departed.
+
+In the middle summer month, an incident of a thrilling character
+occurred, which cast a deep but only momentary shadow upon the little
+society of Boonesborough. This was the capture, by some skulking Indians
+belonging to a numerous band who were now prowling through the woods and
+brakes of Kentucky, and occasionally approaching the settlements for the
+purpose of plunder, of three young females, members of the families of
+Boone and Callaway.
+
+This incident, which has been taken as the ground-work of two or three
+western fictions, and also had thrown around it all the warm coloring of
+romance, by writers professing to deal only with the authentic, is thus
+briefly related in the papers of Colonel John Floyd, as quoted by Mr.
+Butler:
+
+"On the 7th of July, 1776, the Indians took out of a canoe which was
+in the river, within sight of Boonesborough, Miss Betsey Callaway, her
+sister Frances, and a daughter of Daniel Boone. The last two were about
+thirteen or fourteen years of age, and the other grown.
+
+"The affair happened late in the afternoon, and the spoilers left the
+canoe on the opposite side of the river from us, which prevented our
+getting over for some time to pursue them. Next morning by daylight we
+were on the track, but found they had totally prevented our following
+them by walking some distance apart through the thickest cane they could
+find. We observed their course, however, and on which side they had left
+their sign, and traveled upward of thirty miles. We then imagined that
+they would be less cautious in traveling, and made a turn in order to
+cross their trace, and had gone but a few miles before we found their
+tracks in a buffalo-path.
+
+"Pursuing this for the distance of about ten miles, we overtook them
+just as they were kindling a fire to cook. Our study had been more to
+get the prisoners without giving their captors time to murder them after
+they should discover us, than to kill the Indians.
+
+"We discovered each other nearly at the same time. Four of our party
+fired, and then all rushed upon them, which prevented their carrying
+any thing away except one shot-gun without any ammunition. Mr. Boone and
+myself had a pretty fair shot, just as they began to move off. I am well
+convinced I shot one through; the one he shot dropped his gun, mine had
+none."
+
+[Illustration: CAPTURE OF BOONE'S DAUGHTER.]
+
+"The place was very thick with cane; and being so much elated on
+recovering the three little broken-hearted girls, prevented our making
+any further search. We sent them off without moccasins, and not one of
+them with so much as a knife or a tomahawk."
+
+Although the people of the little colony of Boonesborough were not
+aware of the fact at the time, the marauding Indians who thus captured
+Miss Boone and the Misses Callaway, as they were amusing themselves by
+paddling about the foot of the rock in the canoe, were one of the many
+scouting parties of Indians who were scattered about watching all the
+different settlements in Kentucky, and preparing to attack them. The
+incident of the capture of the girls spread an alarm, and guards were
+stationed to defend the hands who were engaged in cultivating the
+ground.
+
+Toward autumn the alarm of Indian hostilities, and the knowledge that
+war was raging throughout the Colonies east of the mountains, excited
+so much alarm, that some three hundred land speculators and other
+adventurers deserted the Western country and returned to their old
+homes.[29]
+
+With the exception of the capture of the young girls mentioned
+above, no incident is recorded as having disturbed the tranquility of
+Boonesborough during the year 1776. An occasional immigrant added a new
+member to its little society, who assisted in the labors of the hardy
+colonists on the surrounding grounds. But its numbers received no
+considerable increase till the following summer, when (25th July, 1777,)
+a party of immigrants from North Carolina, consisting of forty-five men,
+arrived in the country, and took up their first abode in the wilderness
+at Boonesborough.
+
+This was a fortunate circumstance for that station, and great cause of
+rejoicing among all the settlements, for there were none of them that
+had not been much molested by the Indians since the opening of spring,
+and one or two of them had undergone long and regular Indian sieges.
+
+Boonesborough had been surrounded by about one hundred of the enemy,
+as early as the middle of April, 1777, and fiercely attacked. But the
+Indians were so warmly received by the garrison on this occasion, that
+they in a very little time withdrew, having killed one of the settlers,
+and wounded four others. Their own loss could not be ascertained.
+
+Increased to two hundred warriors, this party had returned to the attack
+of Boonesborough on the fourth of July.[30] On the present occasion,
+having sent detachments to alarm and annoy the neighboring settlements,
+in order that no reinforcements should be sent to Boonesborough, the
+Indians encamped about the place, with the object of attempting its
+reduction by a regular siege. After a close and vigorous attack for two
+days and nights, in which they succeeded in killing but one man and
+wounding four others, the Indians, losing all hope of success, suddenly,
+and with great clamor, raised the siege, and disappeared in the adjacent
+forest. Their own loss was seven warriors, whose fall was noted from the
+fort.
+
+After this attack, Boonesborough was disturbed no more by the Indians
+during the year. Had it been after the arrival of the immigrants above
+referred to, it would, in all probability, have taught its indefatigable
+enemies a lesson such as they had never then received at the hands of
+the Kentuckians.
+
+But notwithstanding these two considerable attacks, and the "signs"
+of Indians in the surrounding forests for the whole summer, the men
+continued to clear the lands adjacent to the Station, and to cultivate
+corn and garden vegetables, some always keeping a vigilant look-out
+while the others labored. For supplies of meat they depended upon the
+forests, each of the men taking his turn as a hunter, at great hazard.
+
+Meantime, the other settlements in Kentucky had suffered attacks
+from the Indians. Logan's Fort was invested by a force of one hundred
+Indians on the 20th of May, 1777, and after sustaining a vigorous
+siege for several days, was finally relieved by the timely arrival of
+a reinforcement commanded by Colonel Bowman. On the 7th of March, 1777,
+the fort at Harrodsburg, then called Harrodstown, was assailed by a body
+of Indians, but they were speedily driven off, one of their number being
+killed. The whites had four men wounded, one of whom afterward died of
+his wounds.
+
+[Footnote 25: Peck. "Life of Daniel Boone."]
+
+[Footnote 26: Butler. "History of Kentucky."]
+
+[Footnote 27: Peck. "Life of Daniel Boone."]
+
+[Footnote 28: Mr. Peck mentions the spring of 1776, as the date of the
+arrival at Boonesborough of Colonel Richard Callaway, and an intimate
+friend of Boone, with his family, and the family of Benjamin Logan, who
+had returned for them the preceding autumn.]
+
+[Footnote 29: Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Gallagher.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+     Arrival of George Rogers Clark in Kentucky--Anecdote of his
+     conversation with Ray--Clark and Jones chosen as delegates for the
+     Colonies to the Virginia Legislature--Clark's important services in
+     obtaining a political organization for Kentucky, and an abundant
+     supply of gunpowder from the government of Virginia--Great labor
+     and difficulty in bringing the powder to Harrodstown--Clark's
+     expedition against Kaskaskias--Surprise and capture of their
+     fort--Perilous and difficult march to Vincennes--Surprise and
+     capture of that place--Extension of the Virginian
+     settlements--Erection of Fort Jefferson.
+
+
+Among the most celebrated pioneers of the West, was General George
+Rogers Clark, who, at the time we are now writing of, bore the rank of
+Major. Anxious for the protection of the Western settlements, he was
+already planning his celebrated conquest of the British posts in the
+northwest.
+
+He first came to Kentucky in 1775, and penetrated to Harrodsburg, which
+had been reoccupied by Colonel Harrod. In this visit, from his well
+known and commanding talents, he was voluntarily placed in command
+of the irregular troops then in Kentucky In the fall he returned to
+Virginia, and came back again to Kentucky in 1776. Mr. Butler relates
+the following anecdote, received from the lips of General Ray, as having
+occurred with General Clark upon his second visit: "I had come down,"
+said General Ray, "to where I now live (about four miles north of
+Harrodsburg), to turn some horses in the range. I had killed a small
+blue-wing duck that was feeding in my spring, and had roasted it nicely
+on the brow of the hill, about twenty steps east of my house. After
+having taken it off to cool, I was much surprised on being suddenly
+accosted by a fine soldierly-looking man, who exclaimed, 'How do you do,
+my little fellow? What is your name? Ain't you afraid of being in the
+woods by yourself?' On satisfying his inquiries, I invited the traveler
+to partake of my duck, which he did, without leaving me a bone to pick,
+his appetite was so keen, though he should have been welcome to all the
+game I could have killed, when I afterward became acquainted with his
+noble and gallant soul." After satisfying his questions, he inquired of
+the stranger his own name and business in this remote region. "My name
+is Clark," he answered, "and I have come out to see what you brave
+fellows are doing in Kentucky, and to lend you a helping hand if
+necessary." General Ray, then a boy of sixteen, conducted Clark to
+Harrodsburg, where he spent his time in observation on the condition
+and prospects of the country, natural to his comprehensive mind, and
+assisting at every opportunity in its defense.
+
+At a general meeting of the settlers at Harrodstown, on the 6th of June,
+1775, General George Rogers Clark, and Gabriel John Jones, were chosen
+to represent them in the Assembly of Virginia.
+
+This, however, was not precisely the thing contemplated by Clark.[31]
+He wished that the people should appoint _agents_, with general powers
+to _negotiate_ with the government of Virginia, and in the event that
+that commonwealth should refuse to recognize the colonists as within its
+jurisdiction and under its protection, he proposed to employ the lands
+of the country as a fund to obtain settlers and establish an independent
+State. The election had, however, gone too far to change its object when
+Clark arrived at Harrodstown, and the gentlemen elected, although aware
+that the choice could give them no seat in the legislature, proceeded to
+Williamsburg, at that time the seat of government. After suffering the
+most severe privations in their journey through the wilderness, the
+delegates found, on their arrival in Virginia, that the Legislature had
+adjourned, whereupon Jones directed his steps to the settlements on the
+Holston, and left Clark to attend to the Kentucky mission alone.
+
+He immediately waited on Governor Henry, then lying sick at his
+residence in Hanover County, to whom he stated the objects of his
+journey. These meeting the approbation of the governor, he gave Clark a
+letter to the Executive Council of the State. "With this letter in his
+hand he appeared before the council, and after acquainting them fully
+with the condition and circumstances of the colony, he made application
+for five hundred-weight of gunpowder for the defense of the various
+stations. But with every disposition to assist and promote the growth of
+these remote and infant settlements, the council felt itself restrained
+by the uncertain and indefinite state of the relations existing between
+the colonists and the state of Virginia, from complying fully with his
+demand. The Kentuckians had not yet been recognized by the Legislature
+as citizens, and the proprietary claimants, Henderson & Co., were at
+this time exerting themselves to obtain from Virginia, a relinquishment
+of her jurisdiction over the new territory. The council, therefore,
+could only afford to _lend_ the gunpowder to the colonists as
+_friends_, not _give_ it to them as _fellow-citizens_."[32]
+
+At the same time, they required Clark to be personally responsible for
+its value, in the event the Legislature should refuse to recognize the
+Kentuckians as citizens, and in the mean time to defray the expense of
+its conveyance to Kentucky. Upon these terms he did not feel at liberty
+to accept the proffered assistance. He represented to the Council, that
+the emissaries of the British were employing every means to engage the
+Indians in the war; that the people in the remote and exposed Stations
+of Kentucky might be exterminated for the want of a supply which he, a
+private individual, had at so much hazard and hardship, sought for their
+relief, and that when this frontier bulwark was thus destroyed, the fury
+of the savages would burst like a tempest upon the heads of their own
+citizens.
+
+To these representations, however, the Council remained inexorable; the
+sympathy for the frontier settlers was deep, but the assistance already
+offered was a stretch of power, and they could go no further. The keeper
+of the public magazine was directed to deliver the powder to Clark; but
+having long reflected on the situation, prospects, and resources of the
+new country, his resolution to reject the assistance, on the proposed
+conditions, was made before he left the Council chamber.
+
+He determined to repair to Kentucky, as he had at first contemplated, to
+exert the resources of the country for the formation of an _independent
+State_. He accordingly returned the order of the Council in a letter,
+setting forth his reasons for declining to accept their powder on these
+terms, and intimating his design of applying for assistance elsewhere,
+adding "that a country which was not worth defending was not worth
+claiming." On the receipt of this letter the Council recalled Clark to
+their presence, and an order was passed on the 23d of August, 1776, for
+the transmission of the gunpowder, to Pittsburg, to be there delivered
+to Clark, or his order, for the use of the people of Kentucky. This was
+the first act in that long and affectionate interchange of good offices
+which subsisted between Kentucky and her parent State for so many years;
+and obvious as the reflection is, it may not be omitted, that on the
+successful termination of this negotiation hung the connection between
+Virginia and the splendid domain she afterward acquired west of the
+Alleghany Mountains.
+
+At the fall session of the Legislature of Virginia, Messrs. Jones and
+Clark laid the Kentucky memorial before that body. They were, of course,
+not admitted to seats, though late in the session they obtained, in
+opposition to the exertions of Colonels Henderson and Campbell, the
+formation of the territory, which now comprises the present State of
+that name, into the County of Kentucky. The first efficient political
+organization of Kentucky was thus obtained through the sagacity,
+influence, and exertions of George Rogers Clark, who must be ranked as
+the earliest founder of that Commonwealth. This act of the Virginia
+Legislature first gave it form and a political existence, and entitled
+it, under the constitution of Virginia, to a representation in the
+Assembly, as well as to a judicial and military establishment.
+
+Having obtained these important advantages from their mission, they
+received the intelligence that the powder was still at Pittsburg, and
+they determined to take that point in their route home, and carry it
+with them. The country around Pittsburg swarmed with Indians, evidently
+hostile to the whites, who would no doubt seek to interrupt their
+voyage.
+
+These circumstances created a necessity for the utmost caution as well
+as expedition in their movements, and they accordingly hastily embarked
+on the Ohio with only seven boatmen. They were hotly pursued the whole
+way by Indians, but succeeded in keeping in advance until they arrived
+at the mouth of Limestone Creek, at the spot where the city of Maysville
+now stands. They ascended this creek a short distance with their boat,
+and concealed their cargo at different places in the woods along its
+banks. They then turned their boat adrift, and directed their course to
+Harrodstown, intending to return with a sufficient escort to insure the
+safe transportation of the powder to its destination. This in a short
+time was successfully effected, and the colonists were thus abundantly
+supplied with the means of defense against the fierce enemies who beset
+them on all sides.[33]
+
+It was fortunate for Virginia, says a recent writer,[34] that she had
+at this time, on her western borders, an individual of rare military
+genius, in the person of Colonel George Rogers Clarke, "_the Hannibal
+of the West_," who not only saved her back settlements from Indian
+fury, but planted her standard far beyond the Ohio. The Governor of the
+Canadian settlements in the Illinois country, by every possible method,
+instigated the Indians to annoy the frontier.
+
+Virginia placed a small force of about 250 men under Clark, who,
+descending the Ohio, hid their boats, and marched northwardly, with
+their provisions on their backs. These being consumed, they subsisted
+for two days on roots, and, in a state of famine, appeared before
+Kaskaskias, unseen and unheard.
+
+At midnight they surprised and took the town and fort, which had
+resisted a much larger force; then seizing the golden moment, sent
+a detachment who with equal success surprised three other towns.
+Rocheblave, the obnoxious Governor, was sent to Virginia. On his person
+were found written instructions from Quebec to excite the Indians to
+hostilities, and reward them for the scalps of the Americans.
+
+The settlers transferred their allegiance to Virginia, and she, as the
+territory belonged to her by conquest and charter, in the autumnal
+session of 1778 erected it into a county to be called Illinois.
+Insulated in the heart of the Indian country, in the midst of the most
+ferocious tribes, few men but Clark could have preserved this
+acquisition.
+
+Hamilton, the Governor of Detroit, a bold and tyrannical
+personage, determined, with an overwhelming force of British and
+Indians, to penetrate up the Ohio to Fort Pitt to sweep all the
+principal settlements in his way, and besiege Kaskaskias. Clark
+despaired of keeping possession of the country, but he resolved to
+preserve this post, or die in its defense. While he was strengthening
+the fortifications, he received information that Hamilton, who was at
+Fort St. Vincent (Vincennes,) had weakened his force by sending some
+Indians against the frontiers.
+
+This information, to the genius of Clark, disclosed, with the rapidity
+of an electric flash, not only safety but new glory. To resolve to
+attack Hamilton before he could collect the Indians was the work of a
+moment--the only hope of saving the country. With a band of 150 gallant
+and hardy comrades, he marched across the country. It was in February,
+1779. When within nine miles of the enemy, it took these intrepid men
+five days to cross the drowned lands of the Wabash, having often to wade
+up to their breasts in water. Had not the weather been remarkably mild,
+they must have perished.
+
+On the evening of the 23d, they landed in sight of the fort, before the
+enemy knew any thing of their approach. After a siege of eighteen hours
+it surrendered, without the loss of a man to the besiegers. The Governor
+was sent prisoner to Williamsburg, and considerable stores fell into the
+possession of the conqueror.
+
+Other auspicious circumstances crowned this result. Clark, intercepting
+a convoy from Canada, on their way to this post, took the mail, forty
+prisoners, and goods to the value of $45,000; and to crown all, his
+express from Virginia arrived with the thanks of the Assembly to him and
+his gallant band for their reduction of the country about Kaskaskias.
+This year Virginia extended her western establishments through the
+agency of Colonel Clark, and had several fortifications erected, among
+which was Fort Jefferson, on the Mississippi.[35]
+
+[Footnote 31: Collins.]
+
+[Footnote 32: Collins.]
+
+[Footnote 33: Collins. "Historical Sketches of Kentucky."]
+
+[Footnote 34: Howe. "Historical Collections of Virginia."]
+
+[Footnote 35: Howe.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+     Scarcity of salt at Boonesborough--Boone goes to Blue Licks to make
+     salt, and is captured by the Indians--Taken to Chillicothe--Affects
+     contentment, and deceives the Indians--Taken to Detroit--Kindess of
+     the British officers to him--Returns to Chillicothe--Adopted into
+     an Indian family--Ceremonies of adoption--Boone sees a large force
+     of Indians destined to attack Boonesborough--Escapes, and gives the
+     alarm, and strengthens the fortifications at Boonesborough--News
+     of delay by the Indians on account of Boone's escape--Boone goes
+     on an expedition to the Scioto--Has a fight with a party of
+     Indians--Returns to Boonesborough, which is immediately besieged
+     by Captain Duquesne with five hundred Indians--Summons to
+     surrender--Time gained--Attack commenced--Brave defense--Mines and
+     countermines--Siege raised--Boone brings his family once more back
+     to Boonesborough, and resumes farming.
+
+
+While George Rogers Clark was engaged in his campaign against the
+British posts in the northwest, Daniel Boone was a prisoner among the
+Indians. The people at Boonesborough were suffering for want of salt.
+It could not be obtained conveniently from the Atlantic Colonies, but it
+could be manufactured at a place called the Blue Licks, from salt water,
+which abounded there.
+
+In January, 1778, accompanied by thirty men, Boone went to the Blue
+Licks to make salt for the different Stations; and on the 7th of
+February following, while out hunting, he fell in with one hundred
+and two Indian warriors, on their march to attack Boonesborough. He
+instantly fled, but being upward of fifty years old, he was unable to
+outstrip the fleet young men who pursued him, and was a second time
+taken prisoner. As usual, he was treated with kindness until his final
+fate should be determined, and was led back to the Licks, where his
+party were still encamped. Here Boone surrendered his whole party, to
+the number of twenty-seven, upon a promise on the part of the Indians
+of life and good treatment, both of which conditions were faithfully
+observed. This step was apparently unnecessary; but the result showed
+that it was a master-stroke of policy on Boone's part. He knew the
+nature of the Indians, and foresaw that they would forthwith return
+home with their prisoners, and thus save Boonesborough from attack.
+
+Had the Indians gone on to that place, by showing their prisoners
+and threatening to put them to the torture, they might have obtained
+important results. But they did nothing of the kind. As Boone had
+calculated, they went home with their prisoners and booty.
+
+Captain Boone has been censured for the surrender of his men, which
+he made at his own capture, and at a subsequent period was tried by
+court-martial and acquitted. This was a just decision. The surrender
+caused the Indians to return home with their prisoners instead of
+attacking Boonesborough, which would almost certainly have been taken
+and destroyed if this surrender had not been made.
+
+Elated with their unexpected success, the Indians now returned at once
+to old Chilicothe, the principal town of the Shawnees, on the Little
+Miami, treating their prisoners, during a march of three days in very
+cold and inclement weather, as well as they fared themselves, as
+regarded fire and provisions. Boone and his companions were kept in
+captivity by the Indians, and closely watched for several weeks, when
+the old pioneer and ten of his men were conducted to Detroit, then a
+British garrison, and all but Boone presented to the commandant, by whom
+they were all well treated. For the old pioneer himself, the Indians had
+conceived a particular liking; and they stubbornly refused to give him
+up, though several gentlemen of Detroit were very anxious they should
+leave him, and the commandant offered to ransom him by a liberal sum.
+He was therefore compelled to accompany them back to Chillicothe, their
+town on the Little Miami, which they reached after a march of fifteen
+days.
+
+Boone was now formally adopted as a son in one of the Indian families.
+"The forms of the ceremony of adoption," says Mr. Peck,[36] "were often
+severe and ludicrous. The hair of the head is plucked out by a painful
+and tedious operation, leaving a tuft, some three or four inches in
+diameter, on the crown, for the scalp-lock, which is cut and dressed up
+with ribbons and feathers. The candidate is then taken into the river in
+a state of nudity, and there thoroughly washed and rubbed, 'to take all
+his white blood out.' This ablution is usually performed by females. He
+is then taken to the council-house, where the chief makes a speech, in
+which he expatiates upon the distinguished honors conferred on him. His
+head and face are painted in the most approved and fashionable style,
+and the ceremony is concluded with a grand feast and smoking."
+
+After undergoing after this fashion what was not inaptly termed the
+Indian toilette, Boone was considered a regular member of the tribe, and
+by judiciously accommodating himself to his new condition, he rapidly
+won upon the regards of the Indians, and soon secured their confidence.
+They challenged him to a trial of skill at their shooting-matches--in
+which he took care not to excel them--invited him to accompany them on
+their hunting excursions, bestowed particular notice upon him in various
+ways, and always treated him with much consideration. As regarded merely
+his physical comfort, Boone's situation was, at this time, rather
+enviable than otherwise; but he felt a depressing anxiety with regard
+to his wife and children, and doubted the safety and prosperity of the
+Station, without his own watchfulness and superintendence. He therefore
+determined to escape from his captors at the earliest possible period,
+and very impatiently waited an opportunity for accomplishing this
+purpose.
+
+Early in June, a party of Indians went to the Scioto Licks to make
+salt. Boone was taken with them, but kept so constantly employed at
+the kettles, that he found no chance of escaping. Having sufficiently
+supplied themselves with the desired article, the party returned; and
+at the Chillicothe town, Boone found four hundred and fifty Indian
+warriors, armed well and painted in a most frightful manner, ready to
+march against Boonesborough: this was on the fifteenth or sixteenth of
+the month.
+
+Boone now saw the absolute necessity of escaping at once, and determined
+to make the attempt without delay. He rose at the usual time the next
+morning, and went out upon a hunt. His object was to give his wary
+masters the slip, in such a manner as would be least likely to excite
+their suspicions, and be the longest in determining them upon a pursuit.
+
+No sooner was he at such a distance from the town as would prevent
+observations of his movements, than he struck out rapidly in the
+direction of Boonesborough. So great was his anxiety, that he stopped
+not to kill any thing to eat; but performed his journey--a distance of
+one hundred and sixty miles--in less than five days, upon one meal,
+which, before starting, he had concealed in his basket. On arriving at
+Boonesborough, he found the fort, as he feared he should, in a bad state
+for defense; but his activity soon strengthened it, and his courage at
+once reinspired the sinking hearts of the garrison. Every thing was
+immediately put in proper condition for a vigorous defense, and all
+became impatient for intelligence of the movements of the enemy.
+
+A few days after Boone's escape from the Indians, one of his
+fellow-prisoners succeeded likewise in eluding their vigilance, and
+made his way safely and expeditiously to Boonesborough. This man arrived
+at the Station at a time when the garrison were hourly expecting the
+appearance of the enemy, and reported that, on account of Boone's
+elopement, the Indians had postponed their meditated invasion of the
+settled regions for three weeks.[37] It was discovered, however, that
+they had their spies in the country, watching the movements of the
+different garrisons; and this rendered the settlers wary and active, and
+gave all the Stations time and opportunity to strengthen themselves, and
+make every preparation for a powerful resistance of what, they could not
+but believe, was to be a long and great effort to drive them from the
+land, and utterly destroy their habitations.
+
+Week passed after week, but no enemy appeared. The state of anxiety and
+watchfulness in which the garrison at Boonesborough had, for so long a
+time, been kept, was becoming irksome, and the men were beginning to
+relax in their vigilance. This Boone observed, and it determined him to
+undertake an expedition, which he had been probably meditating for some
+time. On the 1st of August, therefore, with a company of nineteen of
+the brave spirits by whom he was surrounded, he left the fort with the
+intention of marching against and surprising one of the Indian towns on
+the Scioto. He advanced rapidly, but with great caution, and had reached
+a point within four or five miles of the town destined to taste of his
+vengeance, when he met its warriors, thirty in number, on their way to
+join the main Indian force, then on its march toward Boonesborough.
+
+An action immediately commenced, which terminated in the flight of the
+Indians, who lost one man and had two others wounded.
+
+Boone received no injury, but took three horses, and all the "plunder"
+of the war party. He then dispatched two spies to the Indian town, who
+returned with the intelligence that it was evacuated. On the receipt of
+this information, he started for Boonesborough with all possible haste
+hoping to reach the Station before the enemy, that he might give warning
+of their approach, and strengthen its numbers. He passed the main body
+of the Indians on the sixth day of his march, and on the seventh reached
+Boonesborough.
+
+On the eighth day, the enemy's force marched up, with British colors
+flying, and invested the place. The Indian army was commanded by Captain
+Duquesne, with eleven other Canadian Frenchmen and several distinguished
+chiefs, and was the most formidable force which had yet invaded the
+settlements. The commander summoned the garrison to surrender "in the
+name of his Britannic Majesty."
+
+Boone and his men, perilous as was their situation, received the
+summons without apparent alarm, and requested a couple of days for
+the consideration of what should be done. This was granted; and Boone
+summoned his brave companions to council: _but fifty men appeared_!
+Yet these fifty, after a due consideration of the terms of capitulation
+proposed, and with the knowledge that they were surrounded by savage and
+remorseless enemies to the number of about _five hundred_, determined,
+unanimously, to "_defend the fort as long as a man of them lived!_"
+
+The two days having expired, Boone announced this determination from one
+of the bastions, and thanked the British commander for the notice given
+of his intended attack, and the time allowed the garrison for preparing
+to defend the Station. This reply to his summons was entirely unexpected
+by Duquesne, and he heard it with evident disappointment. Other terms
+were immediately proposed by him, which "sounded so gratefully in the
+ears" of the garrison that Boone agreed to treat; and, with eight of
+his companions, left the fort for this purpose. It was soon manifest,
+however, by the conduct of the Indians, that a snare had been laid
+for them; and escaping from their wily foes by a sudden effort, they
+re-entered the palisades, closed the gates, and betook themselves to
+the bastions.
+
+A hot attack upon the fort now instantly commenced; but the fire of the
+Indians was returned from the garrison with such unexpected briskness
+and fatal precision that the besiegers were compelled to fall back.
+They then sheltered themselves behind the nearest trees and stumps, and
+continued the attack with more caution. Losing a number of men himself,
+and perceiving no falling off in the strength or the marksmanship of
+the garrison, Duquesne resorted to an expedient which promised greater
+success.
+
+The fort stood upon the bank of the river, about sixty yards from its
+margin; and the purpose of the commander of the Indians was to undermine
+this, and blow up the garrison. Duquesne was pushing the mine under the
+fort with energy when his operations were discovered by the besieged.
+The miners precipitated the earth which they excavated into the river;
+and Boone, perceiving that the water was muddy below the fort, while it
+was clear above, instantly divined the cause, and at once ordered a deep
+trench to be cut inside the fort, to counteract the work of the enemy.
+
+As the earth was dug up, it was thrown over the wall of the fort, in the
+face of the besieging commander. Duquesne was thus informed that his
+design had been discovered; and being convinced of the futility of any
+further attempts of that kind he discontinued his mining operations, and
+once more renewed the attack upon the Station in the manner of a regular
+Indian siege. His success, however, was no better than it had been
+before; the loss appeared to be all upon his side; his stock of
+provisions was nearly exhausted; having for nine days tried the bravery
+of his savage force, and tasked his own ingenuity to its utmost, he
+raised the siege, and abandoned the grand object of the expedition.
+
+During this siege, "the most formidable," says Mr. Marshall, "that had
+ever taken place in Kentucky from the number of Indians, the skill of
+the commanders, and the fierce countenances and savage dispositions of
+the warriors," only two men belonging to the Station were killed, and
+four others wounded.
+
+Duquesne lost thirty-seven men, and had many wounded, who, according to
+the invariable usage of the Indians, were immediately borne from the
+scene of action.
+
+Boonesborough was never again disturbed by any formidable body of
+Indians. New Stations were springing up every year between it and the
+Ohio River, and to pass beyond these for the purpose of striking a blow
+at an older and stronger enemy, was a piece of folly of which the
+Indians were never known to be guilty.
+
+During Boone's captivity among the Shawnees, his family, supposing that
+he had been killed, had left the Station and returned to their relatives
+and friends in North Carolina; and as early in the autumn as he could
+well leave, the brave and hardy warrior started to move them out again
+to Kentucky. He returned to the settlement with them early the next
+summer, and set a good example to his companions by industriously
+cultivating his farm, and volunteering his assistance, whenever it
+seemed needed, to the many immigrants who were now pouring into the
+country, and erecting new Stations in the neighborhood of Boonesborough.
+He was a good as well as a great man in his sphere, says Mr. Gallagher,
+(our chief authority for the foregoing incidents); and for his many and
+important services in the early settlements of Kentucky, he well
+deserved the title of Patriarch which was bestowed upon him during his
+life, and all the praises that have been sung to his memory since his
+death.[38]
+
+[Footnote 36: "Life of Daniel Boone."]
+
+[Footnote 37: Gallagher.]
+
+[Footnote 38: W.D. Gallagher, in "Hesperian."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+     Captain Boone tried by court-martial--Honorably acquitted and
+     promoted--Loses a large sum of money--His losses by lawsuits and
+     disputes about land--Defeat of Colonel Rogers's party--Colonel
+     Bowman's expedition to Chillicothe--Arrival near the town--Colonel
+     Logan attacks the town--Ordered by Colonel Bowman to
+     retreat--Failure of the expedition--Consequences to Bowman and to
+     Logan.
+
+
+Some complaint having been made respecting Captain Boone's surrender of
+his party at the Blue Licks, and other parts of his military conduct,
+his friends Colonel Richard Callaway and Colonel Benjamin Logan,
+exhibited charges against him which occasioned his being tried by
+court-martial. This was undoubtedly done with a view to put an end to
+the calumny by disproving or explaining the charges. The result of the
+trial was an honorable acquittal increased popularity of the Captain
+among his fellow citizens, and his promotion to the rank of Major.[39]
+
+While Boone had been a prisoner among the Indians, his wife and family,
+supposing him to be dead, had returned to North Carolina. In the autumn
+of 1778 he went after them to the house of Mrs. Boone's father on the
+Yadkin.
+
+In 1779, a commission having been opened by the Virginia Legislature
+to settle Kentucky land claims, Major Boone "laid out the chief of his
+little property to procure land warrants, and having raised about twenty
+thousand dollars in paper money, with which he intended to purchase
+them, on his way from Kentucky to Richmond, he was robbed of the whole,
+and left destitute of the means of procuring more. This heavy misfortune
+did not fall on himself alone. Large sums had been entrusted to him by
+his friends for similar purposes, and the loss was extensively felt."
+
+Boone must have suffered much anxiety in consequence of this affair.
+Little is known respecting it, excepting that it did not impair the
+confidence of his friends in his perfect integrity.
+
+This appears in the following extract of a letter from Colonel Thomas
+Hart, late of Lexington, Kentucky, to Captain Nathaniel Hart, dated
+Grayfields, August 3d, 1780.
+
+"I observe what you say respecting our losses by Daniel Boone. [Boone
+had been robbed of funds in part belonging to T. and N. Hart.] I had
+heard of the misfortune soon after it happened, but not of my being
+partaker before now. I feel for the poor people who, perhaps, are to
+lose even their pre-emptions: but I must say, I feel more for Boone,
+whose character, I am told, suffers by it. Much degenerated must the
+people of this age be, when amongst them are to be found men to censure
+and blast the reputation of a person so just and upright, and in whose
+breast is a seat of virtue too pure to admit of a thought so base and
+dishonorable. I have known Boone in times of old, when poverty and
+distress had him fast by the hand: and in these wretched circumstances,
+I have ever found him of a noble and generous soul, despising every
+thing mean; and therefore I will freely grant him a discharge for
+whatever sums of mine he might have been possessed of at the time."
+
+Boone's ignorance of legal proceedings, and his aversion to lawsuits,
+appear to have occasioned the loss of his real estate; and the loose
+manner in which titles were granted, one conflicting with another,
+occasioned similar losses to much more experienced and careful men at
+the same period.
+
+During the year 1779 the emigration to Kentucky was much greater than
+any previous one. The settlers do not seem to have been so much annoyed
+by the Indians as formerly. Yet this year is distinguished in the annals
+of Kentucky for the most bloody battle ever fought between the whites
+and Indians within her borders, with the single exception of that of the
+Blue Licks.
+
+It took place opposite to Cincinnati. Colonel Rogers had been down to
+New Orleans to procure supplies for the posts on the Upper Mississippi
+and Ohio. Having obtained them, he ascended these rivers until he
+reached the place mentioned above. Here he found the Indians in their
+canoes coming out of the mouth of the Little Miami, and crossing to the
+Kentucky side of the Ohio. He conceived the plan of surprising them as
+they landed. The Ohio was very low on the Kentucky side, so that a large
+sand-bar was laid bare, extending along the shore. Upon this Rogers
+landed his men, but, before they could reach the spot where they
+expected to attack the enemy, they were themselves attacked by such
+superior numbers that the issue of the contest was not doubtful for a
+single moment. Rogers and the greater part of his men were instantly
+killed. The few who were left fled toward the boats. But one of them was
+already in the possession of the Indians, whose flanks were extended in
+advance of the fugitives, and the few men remaining in the other pushed
+off from shore without waiting to take their comrades on board. These
+last now turned around upon their pursuers, and, furiously charging
+them, a small number broke through their ranks and escaped to
+Harrodsburg. The loss in this most lamentable affair was about sixty
+men, very nearly equal to that at Blue Licks.
+
+The Kentuckians resolved to invade the Indian country, and Chillicothe
+was selected as the point to feel the weight of their vengeance. Colonel
+Bowman issued a call, inviting all those who were willing to accompany
+him in the expedition to rendezvous at Harrodsburg. This was the manner
+of organizing such expeditions in Kentucky. An officer would invite
+volunteers to participate with him in an incursion into the Indian
+country. All who joined were expected to submit to his direction.
+
+On this occasion there was no want of zeal among the people. Bowman's
+reputation as a soldier was good, and three hundred men were soon
+collected, among whom were Logan and Harrod; both holding the rank of
+captain. It does not appear that either Boone or Kenton engaged in this
+enterprise. Indeed, the first is said to have been absent in North
+Carolina his family having returned there after his capture in the
+preceding year, supposing him to be dead.
+
+The expedition moved in the month of July--its destination well
+known--and its march so well conducted that it approached its object
+without discovery. From this circumstances, it would seem that the
+Indians were but little apprehensive of an invasion from those who had
+never before ventured on it, and whom they were in the habit of invading
+annually; or else so secure in their own courage that they feared no
+enemy, for no suspecting spy was out to foresee approaching danger.
+Arrived within a short distance of the town, night approached, and
+Colonel Bowman halted. Here it was determined to invest and attack the
+place just before the ensuing day, and several dispositions were then
+made very proper for the occasion, indicating a considerable share
+of military skill and caution, which gave reasonable promise of a
+successful issue. At a proper hour the little army separated, after a
+movement that placed it near the town the one part, under the command of
+Bowman in person--the other, under Captain Logan; to whom precise orders
+had been given to march, on the one hand, half round the town; while the
+Colonel, passing the other way, was to meet him, and give the signal for
+an assault. Logan immediately executed his orders, and the place was
+half enveloped. But he neither saw nor heard the commander-in-chief.
+Logan now ordered his men to conceal themselves in the grass and weeds,
+and behind such other objects as were present, as the day began to show
+itself, and he had not yet received the expected order to begin the
+attack nor had he been able, though anxious, to ascertain what had
+intercepted or delayed his superior officer. The men, on shifting about
+for hiding-places, had alarmed one of the Indians' dogs, who forthwith
+set to barking with the agitation of apparent fright. This brought out
+an Indian warrior, who proceeded with caution on the way that the dog
+seemed to direct his own attention, and in a short time, if he had
+continued his progress, might have been made a prisoner; but, at this
+critical moment, one of the party with the Colonel fired his gun;
+which the Indian, well understanding as coming from an enemy, gave an
+instantaneous and loud whoop, and ran immediately to his cabin. The
+alarm was instantly spread through the town, and preparation made for
+defense. The party with Logan was near enough to hear the bustle and to
+see the women and children escaping to the cover of the woods by a ridge
+which ran between them and where Colonel Bowman with his men had halted.
+
+In the mean time, the warriors equipped themselves with their military
+habiliments, and repaired to a strong cabin; no doubt, designated in
+their councils for the like occurrences. By this time daylight had
+disclosed the whole scene, and several shots were discharged on the
+one side, and returned from the other, while some of Logan's men took
+possession of a few cabins, from which the Indians had retreated--or
+rather perhaps it should be said, repaired to their stronghold, the more
+effectually to defend themselves. The scheme was formed by Logan, and
+adopted by his men in the cabins, of making a movable breastwork out of
+the doors and floors--and of pushing it forward as a battery against
+the cabin in which the Indians had taken post; others of them had taken
+shelter from the fire of the enemy behind stumps, or logs, or the vacant
+cabins, and were waiting orders; when the Colonel finding that the
+Indians were on their defense, dispatched orders for a retreat. This
+order, received with astonishment, was obeyed with reluctance; and what
+rendered it the more distressing, was the unavoidable exposure which the
+men must encounter in the open field, or prairie, which surrounded the
+town: for they were apprized that from the moment they left their cover,
+the Indians would fire on them, until they were beyond the reach of
+their balls. A retreat, however, was deemed necessary, and every man was
+to shift for himself. Then, instead of one that was orderly, commanding,
+or supported--a scene of disorder, unmilitary and mortifying, took
+place: here a little squad would rush out of, or break from behind a
+cabin--there individuals would rise from a log, or start up from a
+stump, and run with all speed to gain the neighboring wood.
+
+At length, after the loss of several lives, the remnant of the invading
+force was reunited, and the retreat continued in tolerable order, under
+the painful reflection that the expedition had failed, without any
+adequate cause being known. This was, however, but the introduction to
+disgrace, if not of misfortune still more extraordinary and distressing.
+The Indian warriors, commanded by Blackfish, sallied from the town, and
+commenced a pursuit of the discomfited invaders of their forests and
+firesides, which they continued for some miles, harassing and galling
+the rear of the fugitives without being checked, notwithstanding the
+disparity of numbers. There not being more than thirty of the savages
+in pursuit. Bowman, finding himself thus pressed, at length halted his
+men in a low piece of ground covered with brush; as if he sought shelter
+from the enemy behind or among them. A situation more injudiciously
+chosen, if chosen at all, cannot be easily imagined--since of all
+others, it most favored the purposes of the Indians. In other respects
+the commander seems also to have lost his understanding--he gave no
+orders to fire--made no detachment to repulse the enemy, who, in a few
+minutes, by the whoops, yells, and firing, were heard on all sides--but
+stood as a mark to be shot at, or one panic struck. Some of the men
+fired, but without any precise object, for the Indians were scattered,
+and hid by the grass and bushes. What would have been the final result
+it is difficult to conjecture, if Logan, Harrod, Bulger, and a few
+others, had not mounted some of the pack-horses and scoured the woods,
+first in one direction then in another; rushing on the Indians wherever
+they could find them, until very fortunately Blackfish was killed; and
+this being soon known, the rest fled. It was in the evening when this
+event occurred, which being reported to the colonel, he resumed his
+march at dark--taking for his guide a creek near at hand, which he
+pursued all night without any remarkable occurrence--and in quiet and
+safety thence returned home, with the loss of nine men killed and
+another wounded: having taken two Indian scalps: which, however, was
+thought a trophy of small renown.
+
+A somewhat different account is given by some, in which Bowman is
+exculpated from all blame. According to this, it was the vigorous
+defense of the Indians which prevented him from fulfilling his part of
+the combinations. Be this as it may, it is certain that Bowman lost
+reputation by the expedition; while, on the other hand, the conduct of
+Logan raised him still higher in the estimation of the people.
+
+[Footnote 39: Peck.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+     Invasion of Kentucky by Captain Byrd's party--He captures
+     the garrisons at Ruddle's Station and Martin's Fort--Colonel
+     Clark's invasion of the Indian country--He ravages the Indian
+     towns--Adventure of Alexander McConnell--Skirmish at
+     Pickaway--Result of the expedition--Boone goes to the Blue Licks
+     with his brother--Attacked by the Indians--Boone's brother
+     killed--Boone promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel--Clark's
+     galley--Squire Boone's Station removed to Bear's Creek--Attack by
+     the Indians--Colonel Floyd's defeat--Affair of the McAfees--Attack
+     on McAfee's Station repelled--Fort Jefferson evacuated--Attack on
+     Montgomery Station--Rescue by General Logan.
+
+
+The year 1780 was distinguished for two events of much importance;
+the invasion of Kentucky by the British and Indians, under Colonel Byrd;
+and General Clark's attack upon the Shawanee towns. The first of these,
+was a severe and unexpected blow to Kentucky. Marshall says, that the
+people in their eagerness to take up land, had almost forgotten the
+existence of hostilities. Fatal security! and most fatal with such a
+foe, whose enterprises were conducted with such secrecy that their
+first announcement was their presence in the midst of the unprepared
+settlement. In fact, the carelessness of the Western borderers is often
+unaccountable, and this is not the least surprising instance of it.
+
+That they did not anticipate an attempt to retaliate the incursion of
+Bowman into the Indian country, is indeed astonishing. It was very
+fortunate for the Kentuckians that their enemies were as little gifted
+with perseverance, as they were with vigilance. This remark is to be
+understood in a restricted sense, of both parties. When once aroused
+to a sense of their danger none were more readily prepared, or more
+watchful to meet it than the settlers; and on the other hand, nothing
+could exceed the perseverance of the Indians in the beginning of their
+enterprises, but on the slightest success (not reverse) they wished to
+return to exhibit their trophies at home. Thus, on capturing Boone and
+his party, instead of pushing on and attacking the settlements which
+were thus weakened, they returned to display their prisoners.
+
+The consequences were that these defects neutralized each other, and no
+very decisive strokes were made by either side. But the English Governor
+Hamilton, who had hitherto contented himself with stimulating the
+Indians to hostilities, now aroused by the daring and success of Clark,
+prepared to send a powerful expedition by way of retaliation, against
+the settlements. Colonel Byrd was selected to command the forces which
+amounted to six hundred men, Canadians and Indians. To render them
+irresistible, they were supplied with two pieces of artillery. The posts
+on the Licking were the first objects of the expedition.
+
+In June they made their appearance before Ruddle's station; and this,
+it is said, was the first intimation that the garrison had received of
+their danger, though Butler states that the enemy were twelve days on
+their march from the Ohio. The incidents of the invasion are few. The
+fort at Ruddle's Station was in no condition to resist so powerful an
+enemy backed by artillery, the defenses being nowise superior to those
+we have before described.
+
+They were summoned to surrender in the name of his Britannic Majesty,
+with the promise of protection for their lives only. What could they
+do? The idea of resisting such a force was vain. The question presented
+itself to them thus. Whether they should surrender at once and give up
+their property, or enrage the Indians by a fruitless resistance, and
+lose their property and lives also. The decision was quickly made, the
+post was surrendered and the enemy thronged in, eager for plunder. The
+inmates of the fort were instantly seized, families were separated; for
+each Indian caught the first person whom he met, and claimed him or her
+as his prisoner. Three who made some resistance, were killed upon the
+spot. It was in vain that the settlers remonstrated with the British
+commander. He said it was impossible to restrain them. This doubtless
+was true enough, but he should have thought of it before he assumed
+the command of such a horde, and consented to lead them against weak
+settlements.
+
+The Indians demanded to be led at once against Martin's Fort, a post
+about five miles distant. Some say that the same scene was enacted over
+here; but another account states that so strongly was Colonel Byrd
+affected by the barbarities of the Indians, that he refused to advance
+further, unless they would consent to allow him to take charge of all
+the prisoners who should be taken. The same account goes on to say that
+the demand was complied with, and that on the surrender of Martin's
+Fort, this arrangement was actually made; the Indians taking possession
+of the property and the British of the prisoners. However this may be,
+the capture of this last-mentioned place, which was surrendered under
+the same circumstances as Ruddle's, was the last operation of that
+campaign. Some quote this as an instance of weakness; Butler, in
+particular, contrasts it with the energy of Clark.
+
+The sudden retreat of the enemy inspired the people with joy as great
+as their consternation had been at the news of his unexpected advance.
+Had he pressed on, there is but little doubt that all the Stations would
+have fallen into his hands, for there were not men enough to spare from
+them to meet him in the field. The greatest difficulty would have been
+the carriage of the artillery. The unfortunate people who had fallen
+into the hands of the Indians at Ruddle's Station, were obliged to
+accompany their captors on their rapid retreat, heavily laden with the
+plunder of their own dwellings. Some returned after peace was made, but
+too many, sinking under the fatigues of the journey, perished by the
+tomahawk.
+
+Soon after the retreat of the enemy, General Clark, who was stationed at
+Fort Jefferson, called upon the Kentuckians to join him in an invasion
+of the Indian country. The reputation of Clark caused the call to be
+responded to with great readiness. A thousand men were collected, with
+whom Clark entered and devastated the enemy's territory. The principal
+towns were burned and the fields laid waste. But one skirmish was
+fought, and that at the Indian village of Pickaway. The loss was the
+same on both sides, seventeen men being killed in each army. Some
+writers who have not the slightest objection to war, very gravely
+express doubts as to whether the expedient of destroying the crops of
+the Indians was justifiable. It is generally treated by these men as if
+it was a wanton display of a vindictive spirit, when in reality it was
+dictated by the soundest policy; for when the Indians' harvests were
+destroyed, they were compelled to subsist their families altogether
+by hunting, and had no leisure for their murderous inroads upon the
+settlements. This result was plainly seen on this occasion, for it does
+not appear that the Indians attacked any of the settlements during the
+remainder of this year.
+
+An adventure which occurred in the spring, but was passed over for
+the more important operations of the campaign, claims our attention,
+presenting as it does a picture of the varieties of this mode of
+warfare. We quote from McClung:
+
+"Early in the spring of 1780 Mr. Alexander McConnel, of Lexington,
+Kentucky, went into the woods on foot to hunt deer. He soon killed
+a large buck, and returned home for a horse in order to bring it in.
+During his absence a party of five Indians, on one of their usual
+skulking expeditions, accidentally stumbled on the body of the deer,
+and perceiving that it had been recently killed, they naturally supposed
+that the hunter would speedily return to secure the flesh. Three of
+them, therefore, took their stations within close rifle-shot of the
+deer, while the other two followed the trail of the hunter, and waylaid
+the path by which he was expected to return. McConnel, expecting no
+danger, rode carelessly along the path, which the two scouts were
+watching, until he had come within view of the deer, when he was fired
+upon by the whole party, and his horse killed. While laboring to
+extricate himself from the dying animal, he was seized by his enemies,
+instantly overpowered, and borne off as a prisoner.
+
+"His captors, however, seemed to be a merry, good-natured set of
+fellows, and permitted him to accompany them unbound; and, what was
+rather extraordinary, allowed him to retain his gun and hunting
+accoutrements. He accompanied them with great apparent cheerfulness
+through the day, and displayed his dexterity in shooting deer for
+the use of the company, until they began to regard him with great
+partiality. Having traveled with them in this manner for several days,
+they at length reached the banks of the Ohio River. Heretofore the
+Indians had taken the precaution to bind him at night, although not
+very securely; but, on that evening, he remonstrated with them on the
+subject, and complained so strongly of the pain which the cords gave
+him, that they merely wrapped the buffalo tug loosely around his wrists,
+and having tied it in an easy knot, and attached the extremities of
+the rope to their own bodies in order to prevent his moving without
+awakening them, they very composedly went to sleep, leaving the
+prisoner to follow their example or not, as he pleased.
+
+"McConnel determined to effect his escape that night if possible, as
+on the following night they would cross the river, which would render
+it much more difficult. He therefore lay quietly until near midnight,
+anxiously ruminating upon the best means of effecting his object.
+Accidentally casting his eyes in the direction of his feet, they fell
+upon the glittering blade of a knife, which had escaped its sheath, and
+was now lying near the feet of one of the Indians. To reach it with his
+hands, without disturbing the two Indians to whom he was fastened, was
+impossible, and it was very hazardous to attempt to draw it up with his
+feet. This, however, he attempted. With much difficulty he grasped the
+blade between his toes, and, after repeated and long-continued efforts,
+succeeded at length in bringing it within reach of his hands.
+
+"To cut his cords was then but the work of a moment, and gradually and
+silently extricating his person from the arms of the Indians, he walked
+to the fire and sat down. He saw that his work was but half done. That
+if he should attempt to return home without destroying his enemies, he
+would assuredly be pursued and probably overtaken, when his fate would
+be certain. On the other hand, it seemed almost impossible for a single
+man to succeed in a conflict with five Indians, even although unarmed
+and asleep. He could not hope to deal a blow with his knife so silently
+and fatally as to destroy each one of his enemies in turn without
+awakening the rest. Their slumbers were proverbially light and restless;
+and, if he failed with a single one, he must instantly be overpowered by
+the survivors. The knife, therefore, was out of the question.
+
+"After anxious reflection for a few minutes, he formed his plan.
+The guns of the Indians were stacked near the fire; their knives and
+tomahawks were in sheaths by their sides. The latter he dared not touch
+for fear of awakening their owners; but the former he carefully removed,
+with the exception of two, and hid them in the woods, where he knew
+the Indians would not readily find them. He then returned to the spot
+where the Indians were still sleeping, perfectly ignorant of the fate
+preparing for them, and, taking a gun in each hand, he rested the
+muzzles upon a log within six feet of his victims, and, having taken
+deliberate aim at the head of one and the heart of another, he pulled
+both triggers at the same moment.
+
+"Both shots were fatal. At the report of the guns the others sprung
+to their feet and stared wildly around them. McConnel, who had run
+instantly to the spot where the other rifles were hid, hastily seized
+one of them and fired at two of his enemies who happened to stand in
+a line with each other. The nearest fell dead, being shot through the
+centre of the body; the second fell also, bellowing loudly, but quickly
+recovering, limped off into the woods as fast as possible. The fifth,
+and the only one who remained unhurt, darted off like a deer, with
+a yell which announced equal terror and astonishment. McConnel, not
+wishing to fight any more such battles, selected his own rifle from
+the stack, and made the best of his way to Lexington, where he arrived
+safely within two days.
+
+"Shortly afterward, Mrs. Dunlap, of Fayette, who had been several months
+a prisoner amongst the Indians on Mad River, made her escape, and
+returned to Lexington. She reported that the survivor returned to his
+tribe with a lamentable tale. He related that they had taken a fine
+young hunter near Lexington, and had brought him safely as far as the
+Ohio; that while encamped upon the bank of the river, a large party
+of white men had fallen upon them in the night, and killed all his
+companions, together with the poor defenseless prisoner, who lay bound
+hand and foot, unable either to escape or resist."
+
+In October, 1780, Boone, who had brought his family back to Kentucky,
+went to the Blue Licks in company with his brother. They were attacked
+by a party of Indians, and Daniel's brother was killed; and he himself
+pursued by them with the assistance of a dog. Being hard pressed, he
+shot this animal to prevent his barking from giving the alarm, and so
+escaped.
+
+Kentucky having been divided into three counties, a more
+perfect organization of the militia was effected. A Colonel and a
+Lieutenant-Colonel were appointed for each county; those who held the
+first rank were Floyd, Logan, and Todd. Pope, Trigg, and Boone held the
+second. Clark was Brigadier-General, and commander-in-chief of all the
+Kentucky militia; besides which he had a small number of regulars at
+Fort Jefferson. Spies and scouting parties were continually employed,
+and a galley was constructed by Clark's order, which was furnished with
+light pieces of artillery. This new species of defense did not however
+take very well with the militia, who disliked serving upon the water,
+probably because they found their freedom of action too much
+circumscribed. The regulars were far too few to spare a force sufficient
+to man it, and it soon fell into disuse, though it is said to have been
+of considerable service while it was employed. Had the Kentuckians
+possessed such an auxiliary at the time of Byrd's invasion, it is
+probable that it would have been repelled. But on account of the
+reluctance of the militia to serve in it, this useful vessel was laid
+aside and left to rot.
+
+The campaign, if we may so term it, of 1781, began very early. In March,
+several parties of Indians entered Jefferson County at different points,
+and ambushing the paths, killed four men, among whom was Colonel William
+Linn. Captain Whitaker, with fifteen men, pursued one of the parties.
+He followed their trail to the Ohio, when supposing they had crossed
+over, he embarked his men in canoes to continue the pursuit. But as
+they were in the act of pushing off, the Indians, who were concealed
+in their rear, fired upon them, killing or wounding nine of the party.
+Notwithstanding this heavy loss, the survivors landed and put the
+Indians to flight. Neither the number of the savages engaged in this
+affair or their loss, is mentioned in the narrative. In April, a station
+which had been settled by Squire Boone, near Shelbyville, became alarmed
+by the report of the appearance of Indians. After some deliberation,
+it was determined to remove to the settlement on Bear's Creek. While on
+their way thither, they were attacked by a body of Indians, and defeated
+with considerable loss. These are all the details of this action we have
+been able to find. Colonel Floyd collected twenty-five men to pursue
+the Indians, but in spite of all his caution, fell into an ambuscade,
+which was estimated to consist of two hundred warriors. Half of Colonel
+Floyd's men were killed, and the survivors supposed that they had slain
+nine or ten of the Indians. This, however, is not probable; either the
+number of the Indians engaged, or their loss, is much exaggerated.
+Colonel Floyd himself had a narrow escape, being dismounted; he would
+have been made prisoner, but for the gallant conduct of Captain Wells,
+who gave him his horse, the colonel being exhausted, and ran by his
+side, to support him in the saddle. These officers had formerly been
+enemies, but the magnanimous behavior of Wells on this occasion, made
+them steadfast friends.
+
+"As if every month," says Marshall, "was to furnish its distinguishing
+incident--in May, Samuel McAfee and another had set out from James
+McAfee's Station for a plantation at a small distance, and when advanced
+about one-fourth of a mile they were fired on; the man fell--McAfee
+wheeled and ran toward the fort; in fifteen steps he met an Indian--they
+each halt and present their guns, with muzzles almost touching--at the
+same instant they each pull trigger, McAfee's gun makes clear fire, the
+Indian's flashes in the pan--and he falls: McAfee continues his retreat,
+but the alarm being given, he meets his brothers, Robert and James--the
+first, though cautioned, ran along the path to see the dead Indian, by
+this time several Indians had gained the path between him and the fort.
+All his agility and dexterity was now put to the test--he flies from
+tree to tree, still aiming to get to the fort, but is pursued by an
+Indian; he throws himself over a fence, a hundred and fifty yards from
+the fort, and the Indian takes a tree--Robert, sheltered by the fence,
+was soon prepared for him, and while he puts his face by the side of the
+tree to look for his object, McAfee fires his rifle at it, and lodged
+the ball in his mouth--in this he finds his death, and McAfee escapes
+to the fort."
+
+In the mean time, James McAfee was in a situation of equal hazard and
+perplexity. Five Indians, lying in ambush, fired at, but missed him; he
+flies to a tree for safety, and instantly received a fire from three or
+four Indians on the other side--the bullets knock the dust about his
+feet, but do him no injury; he abandons the tree and makes good his
+retreat to the fort. One white man and two Indians were killed. Such
+were the incidents of Indian warfare--and such the fortunate escape of
+the brothers.
+
+Other events occurred in rapid succession--the Indians appear in
+all directions, and with horrid yells and menacing gestures commence
+a fire on the fort. It was returned with spirit; the women cast the
+bullets--the men discharged them at the enemy. This action lasted about
+two hours; the Indians then withdrew. The firing had been heard, and the
+neighborhood roused for the fight. Major McGary, with some of his men,
+and others from other stations, to the number of forty, appeared on the
+ground soon after the Indians had retreated, and determined on pursuing
+them. This was accordingly done with promptitude and celerity. At the
+distance of a mile the enemy were overtaken, attacked, and defeated,
+They fled--were pursued for several miles--and completely routed. Six
+or seven Indians were seen dead, and others wounded. One Kentuckian was
+killed in the action; another mortally wounded, who died after a few
+days. Before the Indians entirely withdrew from the fort, they killed
+all the cattle they saw, without making any use of them.
+
+From this time McAfee's Station was never more attacked, although it
+remained for several years an exposed frontier. Nor should the remark be
+omitted, that for the residue of the year, there were fewer incidents
+of a hostile nature than usual.
+
+Fort Jefferson, which had been established on the Mississippi, about
+five miles below the mouth of the Ohio, had excited the jealousy of
+the Choctaws and Chickasaws, who claimed the territory in which it was
+built. In order to appease them, it was deemed advisable to evacuate
+the post.
+
+The hostile tribes north of the Ohio had by this time found the strength
+of the settlers, and saw that unless they made a powerful effort, and
+that speedily, they must forever relinquish all hope of reconquering
+Kentucky. Such an effort was determined upon for the next year; and in
+order to weaken the whites as much as possible, till they were prepared
+for it, they continued to send out small parties, to infest the
+settlements.
+
+At a distance of about twelve miles from Logan's Fort, was a settlement
+called the Montgomery Station. Most of the people were connected with
+Logan's family. This Station was surrounded in the night. In the morning
+an attack was made. Several persons were killed and others captured. A
+girl who escaped spread the alarm; a messenger reached Logan's Fort, and
+General Logan with a strong party pursued the Indians, defeated them and
+recovered the prisoners.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+     News of Cornwallis's surrender--Its effects--Captain Estill's
+     defeat--Grand army of Indians raised for the conquest of
+     Kentucky--Simon Girty's speech--Attack on Hoy's Station--Investment
+     of Bryant's Station--Expedient of the besieged to obtain
+     water--Grand attack on the fort--Repulse--Regular siege
+     commenced--Messengers sent to Lexington--Reinforcements
+     obtained--Arrival near the fort--Ambushed and attacked--They
+     enter the fort--Narrow escape of Girty--He proposes a
+     capitulation--Parley--Reynolds's answer to Girty--The siege
+     raised--Retreat of the Indians.
+
+
+In October, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. This event was
+received in Kentucky, as in other parts of the country, with great joy.
+The power of Britain was supposed to be broken, or at least so much
+crippled, that they would not be in a condition to assist their Indian
+allies, as they had previously done. The winter passed away quietly
+enough, and the people were once more lulled into security, from which
+they were again to be rudely awakened. Early in the spring the parties
+of the enemy recommenced their forays. Yet there was nothing in these
+to excite unusual apprehensions. At first they were scarcely equal in
+magnitude to those of the previous year. Cattle were killed, and horses
+stolen, and individuals or small parties were attacked. But in May an
+affair occurred possessing more interest, in a military point of view,
+than any other in the history of Indian wars.
+
+In the month of May, a party of about twenty-five Wyandots invested
+Estill's Station, on the south of the Kentucky River, killed one white
+man, took a negro prisoner, and after destroying the cattle, retreated.
+Soon after the Indians disappeared, Captain Estill raised a company of
+twenty-five men; with these he pursued the Indians, and on Hinkston's
+Fork of Licking, two miles below the Little Mountain, came within
+gunshot of them. They had just crossed the creek, which in that part
+is small, and were ascending one side as Estill's party descended the
+other, of two approaching hills of moderate elevation. The water-course
+which lay between, had produced an opening in the timber and brush,
+conducing to mutual discovery, while both hills were well set with
+trees, interspersed with saplings and bushes. Instantly after
+discovering the Indians, some of Captain Estill's men fired at them; at
+first they seemed alarmed, and made a movement like flight; but their
+chief, although wounded, gave them orders to stand and fight--on which
+they promptly prepared for battle by each man taking a tree and facing
+his enemy, as nearly in a line as practicable. In this position they
+returned the fire and entered into the battle, which they considered
+as inevitable, with all the fortitude and animation of individual and
+concerted bravery, so remarkable in this particular tribe.
+
+In the mean time, Captain Estill, with due attention to what was passing
+on the opposite side, checked the progress of his men at about sixty
+yards distance from the foe, and gave orders to extend their lines
+in front of the Indians, to cover themselves by means of the trees,
+and to fire as the object should be seen--with a sure aim. This order,
+perfectly adapted to the occasion, was executed with alacrity, as far as
+circumstances would admit, and the desultory mode of Indian fighting was
+thought to require. So that both sides were preparing and ready at the
+same time for the bloody conflict which ensued, and which proved to be
+singularly obstinate.
+
+The numbers were equal; some have said, exactly twenty-five on each
+side. Others have mentioned that Captain Estill, upon seeing the Indians
+form for battle, dispatched one or two of his men upon the back trail to
+hasten forward a small reinforcement, which he supposed was following
+him; and if so, it gave the Indians the superiority of numbers without
+producing the desired assistance, for the reinforcement never arrived.
+
+Now were the hostile lines within rifle-shot, and the action became warm
+and general to their extent. Never was battle more like single combat
+since the use of fire-arms; each man sought his man, and fired only when
+he saw his mark; wounds and death were inflicted on either side--neither
+advancing nor retreating. The firing was deliberate; with caution they
+looked, but look they would, for the foe, although life itself was often
+the forfeit. And thus both sides firmly stood, or bravely fell, for more
+than an hour; upward of one-fourth of the combatants had fallen, never
+more to rise, on either side, and several others were wounded. Never,
+probably, was the native bravery or collected fortitude of men put to
+a test more severe. In the clangor of an ardent battle, when death is
+forgotten, it is nothing for the brave to die--when even cowards die
+like brave men--but in the cool and lingering expectation of death,
+none but the man of the true courage can stand. Such were those engaged
+in this conflict. Never was maneuvering more necessary or less
+practicable. Captain Estill had not a man to spare from his line, and
+deemed unsafe any movement in front with a view to force the enemy
+from their ground, because in such a movement he must expose his men,
+and some of them would inevitably fall before they could reach the
+adversary. This would increase the relative superiority of the enemy,
+while they would receive the survivors with tomahawk in hand, in the
+use of which they were practiced and expert. He clearly perceived that
+no advantage was to be gained over the Indians while the action was
+continued in their own mode of warfare. For although his men were
+probably the best _shooters_, the Indians were undoubtedly the most
+expert _hiders_; that victory itself, could it have been purchased with
+the loss of his last man, would afford but a melancholy consolation for
+the loss of friends and comrades; but even of victory, without some
+maneuvre, he could not assure himself. His situation was critical; his
+fate seemed suspended upon the events of the minute; the most prompt
+expedient was demanded. He cast his eyes over the scene; the creek was
+before him, and seemed to oppose a charge on the enemy--retreat he
+could not. On the one hand he observed a valley running from the creek
+toward the rear of the enemy's line, and immediately combining this
+circumstance with the urgency of his situation, rendered the more
+apparently hazardous by an attempt of the Indians to extend their line
+and take his in flank, he determined to detach six of his men by this
+valley to gain the flank or rear of the enemy; while himself, with the
+residue, maintained his position in front.
+
+The detachment was accordingly made under the command of Lieutenant
+Miller, to whom the route was shown and the order given, conformably to
+the above-mentioned determination; unfortunately, however, it was not
+executed. The lieutenant, either mistaking his way or intentionally
+betraying his duty, his honor, and his captain, did not proceed with the
+requisite dispatch; and the Indians, attentive to occurrences, finding
+out the weakened condition of their adversaries, rushed upon them and
+compelled a retreat, after Captain Estill and eight of his men were
+killed. Four others were badly wounded, who, notwithstanding, made their
+escape; so that only nine fell into the bands of the savages, who
+scalped and stripped them, of course.
+
+It was believed by the survivors of this action that one half of the
+Indians were killed; and this idea was corroborated by reports from
+their towns.
+
+There is also a tradition that Miller, with his detachment, crossed the
+creek, fell in with the enemy, lost one or two of his men, and had a
+third or fourth wounded before he retreated.
+
+The battle lasted two hours, and the Indian chief was himself killed
+immediately after he had slain Captain Estill; at least it is so stated
+in one account we have seen. This action had a very depressing effect
+upon the spirits of the Kentuckians. Yet its results to the victors were
+enough to make them say, with Pyrrhus, "A few more such victories, and
+we shall be undone." It is very certain that the Indians would not have
+been willing to gain many such victories, even to accomplish their
+darling object--the expulsion of the whites from Kentucky.
+
+The grand army, destined to accomplish the conquest of Kentucky,
+assembled at Chillicothe. A detachment from Detroit reinforced them, and
+before setting out, Simon Girty made a speech to them, enlarging on the
+ingratitude of the Long-knives in rebelling against their Great Father
+across the water. He described in glowing terms the fertility of
+Kentucky, exhorting them to recover it from the grasp of the Long-knife
+before he should be too strong for them. This speech met with the
+cordial approbation of the company; the army soon after took up its
+march for the settlements. Six hundred warriors, the flower of all the
+Northwestern tribes, were on their way to make what they knew must be
+their last effort to drive the intruders from their favorite
+hunting-ground.
+
+Various parties preceded the main body, and these appearing in different
+places created much confusion in the minds of the inhabitants in regard
+to the place where the blow was to fall. An attack was made upon the
+garrison at Hoy's Station, and two boys were taken prisoners. The
+Indians, twenty in number were pursued by Captain Holden, with seventeen
+men. He overtook them near the Blue Licks, (that fatal spot for the
+settlers,) and after a sharp conflict was obliged to retreat with the
+loss of four men.
+
+News of this disaster arrived at Bryant's Station, (a post on the
+Elkhorn, near the road from Lexington to Maysville,) on the fourteenth
+of August, and the garrison prepared to march to the assistance of Hoy's
+Station. But in the night the main body of the enemy arrived before the
+fort, it having been selected as the point for the first blow.
+
+The water for the use of the garrison was drawn from a spring at a
+considerable distance from the fort on the northwestern side. Near this
+spring the greater part of the enemy stationed themselves in ambush. On
+the other side of the fort a body was posted with orders to make a feint
+of attacking, in order to draw the attention of the garrison to that
+point, and give an opportunity for the main attack. At daylight the
+garrison, consisting of forty or fifty men, were preparing to march out,
+when they were startled by a heavy discharge of rifles, with an
+accompaniment of such yells as come only from an Indian's throat.
+
+"All ran hastily to the picketing," says McClung, "and beheld a small
+party of Indians exposed to open view, firing, yelling, and making the
+most furious gestures. The appearance was so singular, and so different
+from their usual manner of fighting, that some of the more wary and
+experienced of the garrison instantly pronounced it a decoy party, and
+restrained the young men from sallying out and attacking them, as some
+of them were strongly disposed to do. The opposite side of the fort was
+instantly manned, and several breaches in the picketing rapidly
+repaired. Their greatest distress arose from the prospect of suffering
+for water. The more experienced of the garrison felt satisfied that a
+powerful party was in ambuscade near the spring; but at the same time
+they supposed that the Indians would not unmask themselves until the
+firing upon the opposite side of the fort was returned with such warmth
+as to induce the belief that the feint had succeeded.
+
+"Acting upon this impression, and yielding to the urgent necessity of the
+case, they summoned all the women, without exception, and explaining to
+them the circumstances in which they were placed, and the improbability
+that any injury would be offered them, until the firing had been
+returned from the opposite side of the fort, they urged them to go in a
+body to the spring, and each to bring up a bucketfull of water. Some of
+the ladies, as was natural, had no relish for the undertaking, and asked
+why the men could not bring water as well as themselves? Observing that
+_they_ were not bullet-proof, and that the Indians made no distinction
+between male and female scalps.
+
+"To this it was answered, that women were in the habit of bringing water
+every morning to the fort and that if the Indians saw them engaged
+as usual, it would induce them to believe that their ambuscade was
+undiscovered, and that they would not unmask themselves for the sake of
+firing at a few women, when they hoped, by remaining concealed a few
+moments longer, to obtain complete possession of the fort. That if men
+should go down to the spring, the Indians would immediately suspect that
+something was wrong, would despair of succeeding by ambuscade, and would
+instantly rush upon them, follow them into the fort, or shoot them down
+at the spring. The decision was soon over.
+
+"A few of the boldest declared their readiness to brave the danger; and
+the younger and more timid rallying in the rear of these veterans, they
+all marched down in a body to the spring, within point-blank shot of
+more than five hundred Indian warriors. Some of the girls could not help
+betraying symptoms of terror, but the married women, in general, moved
+with a steadiness and composure which completely deceived the Indians.
+Not a shot was fired. The party were permitted to fill their buckets,
+one after another, without interruption; and although their steps became
+quicker and quicker, on their return, and when near the gate of the
+fort, degenerated into a rather unmilitary celerity, attended with some
+little crowding in passing the gate, yet not more than one-fifth of the
+water was spilled, and the eyes of the youngest had not dilated to more
+than double their ordinary size.
+
+"Being now amply supplied with water, they sent out thirteen young men
+to attack the decoy party, with orders to fire with great rapidity, and
+make as much noise as possible, but not to pursue the enemy too far,
+while the rest of the garrison took post on the opposite side of the
+fort, cocked their guns, and stood in readiness to receive the ambuscade
+as soon as it was unmasked. The firing of the light parties on the
+Lexington road was soon heard, and quickly became sharp and serious,
+gradually becoming more distant from the fort. Instantly, Girty sprung
+up at the head of his five hundred warriors, and rushed rapidly upon the
+western gate, ready to force his way over the undefended palisades.
+Into this immense mass of dusky bodies, the garrison poured several
+rapid volleys of rifle balls with destructive effect. Their consternation
+may be imagined. With wild cries they dispersed on the right and left,
+and in two minutes not an Indian was to be seen. At the same time, the
+party who had sallied out on the Lexington road, came running into the
+fort at the opposite gate, in high spirits, and laughing heartily at the
+success of their maneuvre."
+
+After this repulse, the Indians commenced the attack in regular form,
+that is regular Indian form, for they had no cannon, which was a great
+oversight, and one which we would not have expected them to make, after
+witnessing the terror with which they had inspired the Kentuckians in
+Byrd's invasion.
+
+Two men had left the garrison immediately upon discovering the Indians,
+to carry the news to Lexington and demand succor. On arriving at that
+place they found the men had mostly gone to Hoy's Station. The couriers
+pursued, and overtaking them, quickly brought them back. Sixteen
+horsemen, and forty or fifty on foot, started to the relief of Bryant's
+Station, and arrived before that place at two o'clock in the afternoon.
+
+To the left of the long and narrow lane, where the Maysville and
+Lexington road now runs, there were more than one hundred acres of green
+standing corn. The usual road from Lexington to Bryant's, ran parallel
+to the fence of this field, and only a few feet distant from it. On
+the opposite side of the road was a thick wood. Here, more than three
+hundred Indians lay in ambush, within pistol-shot of the road, awaiting
+the approach of the party. The horsemen came in view at a time when
+the firing had ceased, and every thing was quiet. Seeing no enemy, and
+hearing no noise, they entered the lane at a gallop, and were instantly
+saluted with a shower of rifle balls, from each side, at the distance
+of ten paces.
+
+At the first shot, the whole party set spurs to their horses, and rode
+at full speed through a rolling fire from either side, which continued
+for several hundred yards, but owing partly to the furious rate at which
+they rode, partly to the clouds of dust raised by the horses' feet, they
+all entered the fort unhurt. The men on foot were less fortunate. They
+were advancing through the corn-field, and might have reached the fort
+in safety, but for their eagerness to succor their friends. Without
+reflecting, that from the weight and extent of the fire, the enemy
+must have been ten times their number, they ran up with inconsiderate
+courage, to the spot where the firing was heard, and there found
+themselves cut off from the fort, and within pistol-shot of more than
+three hundred savages.
+
+Fortunately the Indians' guns had just been discharged, and they had not
+yet had leisure to reload. At the sight of this brave body of footmen,
+however, they raised a hideous yell, and rushed upon them, tomahawk in
+hand. Nothing but the high corn and their loaded rifles, could have
+saved them from destruction. The Indians were cautious in rushing upon
+a loaded rifle with only a tomahawk, and when they halted to load their
+pieces, the Kentuckians ran with great rapidity, turning and dodging
+through the corn in every direction. Some entered the wood and escaped
+through the thickets of cane, some were shot down in the corn-field,
+others maintained a running fight, halting occasionally behind trees and
+keeping the enemy at bay with their rifles; for, of all men, the Indians
+are generally the most cautious in exposing themselves to danger.
+A stout, active, young fellow, was so hard pressed by Girty and several
+savages, that he was compelled to discharge his rifle, (however
+unwilling, having no time to reload it,) and Girty fell.
+
+It happened, however, that a piece of thick sole-leather was in his
+shot-pouch at the time, which received the ball, and preserved his life,
+although the force of the blow felled him to the ground. The savages
+halted upon his fall, and the young man escaped. Although the skirmish
+and the race lasted more than an hour, during which the corn-field
+presented a scene of turmoil and bustle which can scarcely be conceived,
+yet very few lives were lost. Only six of the white men were killed and
+wounded, and probably still fewer of the enemy, as the whites never
+fired until absolutely necessary, but reserved their loads as a check
+upon the enemy. Had the Indians pursued them to Lexington, they might
+have possessed themselves of it without resistance, as there was no
+force there to oppose them; but after following the fugitives for a few
+hundred yards, they returned to the hopeless siege of the fort.[40]
+
+The day was nearly over, and the Indians were discouraged. They had
+made no perceptible impression upon the fort, but had sustained a
+severe loss; the country was aroused, and they feared to find themselves
+outnumbered in their turn. Girty determined to attempt to frighten them
+into a capitulation. For this purpose he cautiously approached the works,
+and suddenly showed himself on a large stump, from which he addressed
+the garrison. After extolling their valor, he assured them that their
+resistance was useless, as he expected his artillery shortly, when their
+fort would be crushed without difficulty. He promised them perfect
+security for their lives if they surrendered, and menaced them with the
+usual inflictions of Indian rage if they refused. He concluded by asking
+if they knew him. The garrison of course gave no credit to the promises
+of good treatment contained in this speech. They were too well
+acquainted with the facility with which such pledges were given
+and violated; but the mention of cannon was rather alarming, as the
+expedition of Colonel Byrd was fresh in the minds of all. None of
+the leaders made any answer to Girty, but a young man by the name of
+Reynolds, took upon himself to reply to it. In regard to the question
+of Girty, "Whether the garrison knew him?" he said:
+
+"'That he was very well known; that he himself had a worthless dog, to
+which he had given the name of 'Simon Girty,' in consequence of his
+striking resemblance to the man of that name; that if he had either
+artillery or reinforcements, he might bring them up and be d----d; that
+if either himself, or any of the naked rascals with him, found their way
+into the fort, they would disdain to use their guns against them, but
+would drive them out again with switches, of which they had collected
+a great number for that purpose alone; and finally he declared, that
+they also expected reinforcements; that the whole country was marching
+to their assistance; that if Girty and his gang of murderers remained
+twenty-four hours longer before the fort, their scalps would be found
+drying in the sun upon the roofs of their cabins.'"[41]
+
+Girty affected much sorrow for the inevitable destruction which he
+assured the garrison awaited them, in consequence of their obstinacy.
+All idea of continuing the siege was now abandoned. The besiegers
+evacuated their camp that very night; and with so much precipitation,
+that meat was left roasting before the fires. Though we cannot wonder
+at this relinquishing of a long-cherished scheme when we consider the
+character of the Indians, yet it would be impossible to account for the
+appearance of precipitancy, and even terror, with which their retreat
+was accompanied, did we not perceive it to be the first of a series
+of similar artifices, designed to draw on their enemies to their own
+destruction. There was nothing in the circumstances to excite great
+apprehensions. To be sure, they had been repulsed in their attempt on
+the fort with some loss, yet this loss (thirty men) would by no means
+have deterred a European force of similar numbers from prosecuting the
+enterprise.
+
+Girty and his great Indian army retired toward Ruddle's and Martin's
+Stations, on a circuitous route, toward Lower Blue Licks. They expected,
+however, to be pursued, and evidently desired it, as they left a broad
+trail behind them, and marked the trees which stood on their route with
+their tomahawks.[42]
+
+[Footnote 40: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 41: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 42: Frost: "Border Wars of the West." Peck: "Life of Boone."
+McClung: "Western Adventure."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+     Arrival of reinforcements at Bryant's Station--Colonel
+     Daniel Boone, his son and brother among them--Colonels
+     Trigg, Todd, and others--Great number of commissioned
+     officers--Consultation--Pursuit commenced without waiting for
+     Colonel Logan's reinforcement--Indian trail--Apprehensions
+     of Boone and others--Arrival at the Blue Licks--Indians
+     seen--Consultation--Colonel Boone's opinion--Rash conduct of Major
+     McGary--Battle of Blue Licks commenced--Fierce encounter with the
+     Indians--Israel Boone, Colonels Todd and Trigg, and Majors Harland
+     and McBride killed--Attempt of the Indians to outflank the
+     whites--Retreat of the whites--Colonel Boone nearly surrounded
+     by Indians--Cuts his way through them, and returns to Bryant's
+     Station--Great slaughter--Bravery of Netherland--Noble conduct of
+     Reynolds in saving Captain Patterson--Loss of the whites--Colonel
+     Boone's statement--Remarks on McGary's conduct--The fugitives meet
+     Colonel Logan with his party--Return to the field of battle--Logan
+     returns to Bryant's Station.
+
+
+The intelligence of the siege of Bryant's Station had spread far and
+wide, and the whole region round was in a state of intense excitement.
+The next morning after the enemy's retreat, reinforcements began to
+arrive, and in the course of the day successive bodies of militia
+presented themselves, to the number of one hundred and eighty men.
+
+Among this number was Colonel Daniel Boone, his son Israel, and his
+brother Samuel, with a strong party of men from Boonesborough. Colonel
+Stephen Trigg led a similar corps from Harrodsburg; and Colonel John
+Todd headed the militia from Lexington. Majors Harland, McGary, McBride,
+and Levi Todd were also among the arrivals.[43]
+
+It is said that nearly one-third of the whole force assembled at
+Bryant's Station were commissioned officers, many of whom had hurried
+to the relief of their countrymen. This superior activity is to be
+accounted for by the fact that the officers were generally selected
+from the most active and skillful of the pioneers.
+
+A consultation was held in a tumultuous manner, and it was determined
+to pursue the enemy at once. The Indians had retreated by way of the
+Lower Blue Licks. The pursuit was commenced without waiting for the
+junction of Colonel Logan, who was known to be coming up with a strong
+reinforcement. The trail of the enemy exhibited a degree of carelessness
+very unusual in an Indian retreat. Various articles were strewn along
+the path, as if in terror they had been abandoned. These symptoms, while
+they increased the ardor of the young men, excited the apprehensions
+of the more experienced borderers, and Boone in particular. He noticed
+that, amid all the signs of disorder so lavishly displayed, the Indians
+seemed to take even unusual care to conceal their numbers by contracting
+their camp. It would seem that the Indians had rather overdone their
+stratagem. It was very natural to those not much experienced in Indian
+warfare to suppose that the articles found strewn along the road had
+been abandoned in the hurry of flight; but when they found that the
+utmost pains had been taken to point out the way to them by chopping the
+trees, one would have thought that the rawest among them, who had only
+spent a few months on the border, could have seen through so transparent
+an artifice. But these indications were disregarded in the desire felt
+to punish the Indians for their invasion.
+
+Nothing was seen of the enemy till the Kentuckians reached the Blue
+Licks. Here, just as they arrived at Licking River, a few Indians were
+seen on the other side, retreating without any appearance of alarm.
+The troops now made a halt, and the officers held a consultation to
+determine on the course to be pursued. Colonel Daniel Boone, on being
+appealed to as the most experienced person present, gave his opinion as
+follows:
+
+"That their situation was critical and delicate: that the force opposed
+to them was undoubtedly numerous and ready for battle, as might readily
+be seen from the leisurely retreat of the few Indians who had appeared
+upon the crest of the hill; that he was well acquainted with the ground
+in the neighborhood of the Licks, and was apprehensive that an ambuscade
+was formed at the distance of a mile in advance, where two ravines, one
+upon each side of the ridge, ran in such a manner that a concealed enemy
+might assail them at once both in front and flank before they were
+apprized of the danger.
+
+"It would be proper, therefore, to do one of two things. Either to await
+the arrival of Logan, who was now undoubtedly on his march to join them;
+or, if it was determined to attack without delay, that one-half of their
+number should march up the river, which there bends in an elliptical
+form, cross at the rapids, and fall upon the rear of the enemy, while
+the other division attacked them in front. At any rate, he strongly
+urged the necessity of reconnoitering the ground carefully before the
+main body crossed the river."[44]
+
+McClung, in his "Western Adventures," doubts whether the plan of
+operation proposed by Colonel Boone would have been more successful than
+that actually adopted; suggesting that the enemy would have cut them off
+in detail, as at Estill's defeat.
+
+But before the officers could come to any conclusion, Major McGary
+dashed into the river on horseback, calling on all who were not cowards
+to follow. The next moment the whole of the party were advancing to the
+attack with the greatest ardor, but without any order whatever. Horse
+and foot struggled through the river together, and, without waiting to
+form, rushed up the ascent from the shore.
+
+"Suddenly," says McClung, "the van halted. They had reached the spot
+mentioned by Boone, where the two ravines head, on each side of the
+ridge. Here a body of Indians presented themselves, and attacked the
+van. McGary's party instantly returned the fire, but under great
+disadvantage. They were upon a bare and open ridge; the Indians in a
+bushy ravine. The centre and rear, ignorant of the ground, hurried up
+to the assistance of the van, but were soon stopped by a terrible fire
+from the ravine which flanked them. They found themselves enclosed as
+if in the wings of a net, destitute of proper shelter, while the enemy
+were in a great measure covered from their fire. Still, however, they
+maintained their ground. The action became warm and bloody. The parties
+gradually closed, the Indians emerged from the ravine, and the fire
+became mutually destructive. The officers suffered dreadfully. Todd and
+Trigg in the rear, Harland, McBride, and young Israel Boone in front,
+were already killed."
+
+"The Indians gradually extended their line to turn the right of the
+Kentuckians, and cut off their retreat. This was quickly perceived by
+the weight of the fire from that quarter, and the rear instantly fell
+back in disorder, and attempted to rush through their only opening to
+the river. The motion quickly communicated itself to the van, and a
+hurried retreat became general. The Indians instantly sprung forward
+in pursuit, and, falling upon them with their tomahawks, made a cruel
+slaughter. From the battle-ground to the river the spectacle was
+terrible. The horsemen, generally, escaped; but the foot, particularly
+the van, which had advanced furthest within the wings of the net, were
+almost totally destroyed. Colonel Boone, after witnessing the death of
+his son and many of his dearest friends, found himself almost entirely
+surrounded at the very commencement of the retreat."
+
+"Several hundred Indians were between him and the ford, to which the
+great mass of the fugitives were bending their flight, and to which the
+attention of the savages was principally directed. Being intimately
+acquainted with the ground, he, together with a few friends, dashed into
+the ravine which the Indians had occupied, but which most of them had
+now left to join in the pursuit. After sustaining one or two heavy
+fires, and baffling one or two small parties who pursued him for a short
+distance, he crossed the river below the ford by swimming, and, entering
+the wood at a point where there was no pursuit, returned by a circuitous
+route to Bryant's Station. In the mean time, the great mass of the
+victors and vanquished crowded the bank of the ford."
+
+"The slaughter was great in the river. The ford was crowded with horsemen
+and foot and Indians, all mingled together. Some were compelled to seek
+a passage above by swimming; some who could not swim were overtaken and
+killed at the edge of the water. A man by the name of Netherland, who
+had formerly been strongly suspected of cowardice, here displayed a
+coolness and presence of mind equally noble and unexpected. Being finely
+mounted, he had outstripped the great mass of fugitives, and crossed
+the river in safety. A dozen or twenty horsemen accompanied him, and,
+having placed the river between them and the enemy, showed a disposition
+to continue their flight, without regard to the safety of their friends
+who were on foot, and still struggling with the current."
+
+"Netherland instantly checked his horse, and in a loud voice, called
+upon his companions to halt, fire upon the Indians, and save those who
+were still in the stream. The party instantly obeyed; and facing about,
+poured a close and fatal discharge of rifles upon the foremost of the
+pursuers. The enemy instantly fell back from the opposite bank, and gave
+time for the harassed and miserable footmen to cross in safety. The
+check, however, was but momentary. Indians were seen crossing in great
+numbers above and below, and the flight again became general. Most of
+the foot left the great buffalo track, and plunging into the thickets,
+escaped by a circuitous route to Bryant's Station."
+
+The pursuit was kept up for twenty miles, though with but little
+success. In the flight from the scene of action to the river, young
+Reynolds, (the same who replied to Girty's summons at Bryant's Station,)
+on horseback, overtook Captain Patterson on foot. This officer had not
+recovered from the effects of wounds received on a former occasion, and
+was altogether unable to keep up with the rest of the fugitives.
+
+Reynolds immediately dismounted, and gave the captain his horse.
+Continuing his flight on foot, he swam the river, but was made prisoner
+by a party of Indians. He was left in charge of a single Indian, whom he
+soon knocked down, and so escaped. For the assistance he so gallantly
+rendered him, Captain Patterson rewarded Reynolds with a present of two
+hundred acres of land.
+
+Sixty whites were killed in this battle of the Blue Licks, and seven
+made prisoners. Colonel Boone, in his Autobiography, says that he was
+informed that the Indian loss in killed, was four more than that of the
+Kentuckians, and that the former put four of the prisoners to death,
+to make the numbers equal. But this account does not seem worthy of
+credit, when we consider the vastly superior numbers of the Indians,
+their advantage of position, and the disorderly manner in which the
+Kentuckians advanced. If this account is true, the loss of the Indians
+in the actual battle must have been much greater than that of their
+opponents, many of the latter having been killed in the pursuit.
+
+As the loss of the Kentuckians on this occasion, the heaviest they had
+ever sustained, was undoubtedly caused by rashness, it becomes our duty,
+according to the established usage of historians, to attempt to show
+where the fault lies. The conduct of McGary, which brought on the
+action, appears to be the most culpable. He never denied the part which
+is generally attributed to him, but justified himself by saying that
+while at Bryant's Station, he had advised waiting for Logan, but was
+met with the charge of cowardice. He believed that Todd and Trigg were
+jealous of Logan, who was the senior Colonel, and would have taken the
+command had he come up. This statement he made to a gentleman several
+years after the battle took place. He said also to the same person, that
+when he found them hesitating in the presence of the enemy, he "burst
+into a passion," called them cowards, and dashed into the river as
+before narrated. If this account be true, it may somewhat palliate, but
+certainly not justify the action.
+
+Before the fugitives reached Bryant's Station, they met Logan advancing
+with his detachment. The exaggerated accounts he received of the
+slaughter, induced him to return to the above-mentioned place. On the
+next morning all who had escaped from the battle were assembled, when
+Logan found himself at the head of four hundred and fifty men. With this
+force, accompanied by Colonel Boone, he set out for the scene of action,
+hoping that the enemy, encouraged by their success, would await his
+arrival. But when he reached the field, he found it deserted. The bodies
+of the slain Kentuckians, frightfully mangled, were strewed over the
+ground. After collecting and interring these, Logan and Boone, finding
+they could do nothing more, returned to Bryant's Station, where they
+disbanded the troops.
+
+"By such rash men as McGary," says Mr. Peck,[45] "Colonel Boone was
+charged with want of courage, when the result proved his superior wisdom
+and fore-sight. All the testimony gives Boone credit for his sagacity
+and correctness in judgment before the action, and his coolness and
+self-possession in covering the retreat. His report of this battle to
+Benjamin Harrison, Governor of Virginia, is one of the few documents
+that remain from his pen."
+
+"Boone's Station, Fayette County, August 30th, 1782.
+
+"Sir: Present circumstances of affairs cause me to write to your
+Excellency as follows. On the 16th instant, a large number of Indians,
+with some white men, attacked one of our frontier Stations, known by the
+name of Bryant's Station. The siege continued from about sunrise till
+about ten o'clock the next day, when they marched off. Notice being
+given to the neighboring Stations, we immediately raised one hundred and
+eighty-one horse, commanded by Colonel John Todd, including some of the
+Lincoln County militia, commanded by Colonel Trigg, and pursued about
+forty miles.
+
+"On the 19th instant, we discovered the enemy lying in wait for us.
+On this discovery, we formed our columns into one single line, and
+marched up in their front within about forty yards, before there was
+a gun fired. Colonel Trigg commanded on the right, myself on the left,
+Major McGary in the centre, and Major Harlan the advanced party in
+front. From the manner in which we had formed, it fell to my lot to
+bring on the attack. This was done with a very heavy fire on both sides,
+and extended back of the line to Colonel Trigg, where the enemy were so
+strong they rushed up and broke the right wing at the first fire. Thus
+the enemy got in our rear, with the loss of seventy-seven of our men,
+and twelve wounded. Afterward we were reinforced by Colonel Logan,
+which made our force four hundred and sixty men. We marched again to
+the battle-ground; but finding the enemy had gone, we proceeded to bury
+the dead.
+
+"We found forty-three on the ground, and many lay about, which we could
+not stay to find, hungry and weary as we were, and somewhat dubious that
+the enemy might not have gone off quite. By the signs, we thought that
+the Indians had exceeded four hundred; while the whole of this militia
+of the county does not amount to more than one hundred and thirty. From
+these facts your Excellency may form an idea of our situation.
+
+"I know that your own circumstances are critical; but are we to be
+wholly forgotten? I hope not. I trust about five hundred men may be sent
+to our assistance immediately. If these shall be stationed as our county
+lieutenants shall deem necessary, it may be the means of saving our part
+of the country; but if they are placed under the direction of General
+Clark, they will be of little or no service to our settlement. The Falls
+lie one hundred miles west of us, and the Indians northeast; while our
+men are frequently called to protect them. I have encouraged the people
+in this county all that I could; but I can no longer justify them or
+myself to risk our lives here under such extraordinary hazards. The
+inhabitants of this county are very much alarmed at the thoughts of
+the Indians bringing another campaign into our country this fall.
+If this should be the case, it will break up these settlements. I hope,
+therefore, your Excellency will take the matter into consideration, and
+send us some relief as quick as possible.
+
+"These are my sentiments, without consulting any person. Colonel Logan
+will, I expect, immediately send you an express, by whom I humbly
+request your Excellency's answer. In the meanwhile, I remain,"
+
+DANIEL BOONE.
+
+[Footnote 43: Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 44: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 45: "Life of Boone," p. 130.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+     The Indians return home from the Blue Licks--They attack
+     the settlements in Jefferson County--Affair at Simpson's
+     Creek--General Clark's expedition to the Indian country--Colonel
+     Boone joins it--Its effect--Attack of the Indians on the
+     Crab Orchard settlement--Rumor of intended invasion by
+     the Cherokees--Difficulties about the treaty with Great
+     Britain--Hostilities of the Indians generally stimulated by
+     renegade whites--Simon Girty--Causes of his hatred of the
+     whites--Girty insulted by General Lewis--Joins the Indians
+     at the battle of Point Pleasant--Story of his rescuing Simon
+     Kenton--Crawford's expedition, and the burning of Crawford--Close
+     of Girty's career.
+
+
+Most of the Indians who had taken part in the battle of the Blue Licks,
+according to their custom, returned home to boast of their victory,
+thus abandoning all the advantages which might have resulted to them
+from following up their success. Some of them, however, attacked the
+settlements in Jefferson County but they were prevented from doing much
+mischief by the vigilance of the inhabitants. They succeeded, however,
+in breaking up a small settlement on Simpson's Creek. This they attacked
+in the night, while the men, wearied by a scout of several days, were
+asleep. The enemy entered the houses before their occupants were fully
+aroused. Notwithstanding this, several of the men defended themselves
+with great courage. Thomas Randolph killed several Indians before his
+wife and infant were struck down at his side, when he escaped with his
+remaining child through the roof. On reaching the ground he was assailed
+by two of the savages, but he beat them off, and escaped. Several women
+escaped to the woods, and two were secreted under the floor of a cabin,
+where they remained undiscovered. Still the Indians captured quite a
+number of women and children, some of whom they put to death on the road
+home. The rest were liberated the next year upon the conclusion of peace
+with the English.
+
+General George Rogers Clark proposed a retaliatory expedition into
+the Indian country, and to carry out the plan, called a council of the
+superior officers. The council agreed to his plan, and preparations
+were made to raise the requisite number of troops by drafting, if there
+should be any deficiency of volunteers. But it was not found necessary
+to resort to compulsory measures, both men and supplies for the
+expedition were raised without difficulty. The troops to the number of
+one thousand, all mounted, assembled at Bryant's Station, and the Falls
+of the Ohio, from whence the two detachments marched under Logan and
+Floyd to the mouth of the Licking, where general Clark assumed the
+command. Colonel Boone took part in this expedition; but probably as
+a volunteer. He is not mentioned as having a separate command.
+
+The history of this expedition, like most others of the same nature,
+possesses but little interest. The army with all the expedition they
+could make, and for which the species of force was peculiarly favorable,
+failed to surprise the Indians. These latter opposed no resistance of
+importance to the advance of the army. Occasionally, a straggling party
+would fire upon the Kentuckians, but never waited to receive a similar
+compliment in return. Seven Indians were taken prisoners, and three or
+four killed; one of them an old chief, too infirm to fly, was killed
+by Major McGary. The towns of the Indians were burnt, and their fields
+devastated. The expedition returned to Kentucky with the loss of four
+men, two of whom were accidentally killed by their own comrades.
+
+This invasion, though apparently so barren of result, is supposed to
+have produced a beneficial effect, by impressing the Indians with the
+numbers and courage of the Kentuckians. They appear from this time to
+have given up the expectation of reconquering the country, and confined
+their hostilities to the rapid incursions of small bands.
+
+During the expedition of Clark, a party of Indians penetrated to the
+Crab Orchard settlement. They made an attack upon a single house,
+containing only a woman, a negro man, and two or three children. One of
+the Indians, who had been sent in advance to reconnoitre, seeing the
+weakness of the garrison, thought to get all the glory of the
+achievement to himself.
+
+He boldly entered the house and seized the negro, who proving strongest,
+threw him on the floor, when the woman dispatched him with an axe. The
+other Indians coming up, attempted to force open the door which had been
+closed by the children during the scuffle. There was no gun in the
+house, but the woman seized an old barrel of one, and thrust the muzzle
+through the logs, at which the Indians retreated.
+
+The year 1783 passed away without any disturbance from the Indians, who
+were restrained by the desertion of their allies the British. In 1784,
+the southern frontier of Kentucky was alarmed by the rumor of an
+intended invasion by the Cherokees, and some preparations were made for
+an expedition against them, which fell through, however, because there
+was no authority to carry it on. The report of the hostility of the
+Cherokees proved to be untrue.
+
+Meanwhile difficulties arose in performance of the terms of the treaty
+between England and the United States. They appear to have originated
+in a dispute in regard to an article contained in the treaty, providing
+that the British army should not carry away with them any negroes or
+other property belonging to the American inhabitants. In consequence of
+what they deemed an infraction of this article, the Virginians refused
+to comply with another, which stipulated for the repeal of acts
+prohibiting the collection of debts due to British subjects. The British,
+on the other hand, refused to evacuate the western posts till this
+article was complied with. It was natural that the intercourse which had
+always existed between the Indians and the garrisons of these posts,
+during the period they had acted as allies, should continue, and it did.
+
+In the unwritten history of the difficulties of the United States
+Government with the Indian tribes within her established boundaries,
+nothing appears clearer than this truth: that the fierce and sanguinary
+resistance of the aborigines to the encroachments of the Anglo-Americans
+has ever been begun and continued more through the instigations of
+outlawed white men, who had sought protection among them from the arm
+of the law or the knife of individual vengeance, and been adopted into
+their tribes, than from the promptings of their own judgments, their
+disregard of death, their thirst for the blood of their oppressors,
+or their love of country.[46]
+
+That their sense of wrong has at all times been keen, their hate deadly,
+and their bravery great, is a fact beyond dispute; and that they have
+prized highly their old hunting-grounds, and felt a warm and lively
+attachment to their beautiful village-sites, and regarded with especial
+veneration the burial-places of their fathers, their whole history
+attests; but of their own weakness in war, before the arms and numbers
+of their enemies, they must have been convinced at a very early period:
+and they were neither so dull in apprehension, nor so weak in intellect,
+as not soon to have perceived the utter hopelessness, and felt the mad
+folly, of a continued contest with their invaders. Long before the
+settlement of the whites upon this continent, the Indians had been
+subject to bloody and exterminating wars among themselves; and such
+conflicts had generally resulted in the flight of the weaker party
+toward the West, and the occupancy of their lands by the conquerors.
+Many of the tribes had a tradition among them, and regarded it as their
+unchangeable destiny, that they were to journey from the rising to the
+setting sun, on their way to the bright waters and the green forests of
+the "Spirit Land;" and the working out of this destiny seems apparent,
+if not in the location, course, and character of the tumult and other
+remains of the great aboriginal nations of whom even tradition furnishes
+no account, certainly in what we know of the history of the tribes found
+on the Atlantic coast by the first European settlers.
+
+It seems fairly presumable, from our knowledge of the history and
+character of the North American Indians, that had they been left to
+the promptings of their own judgments, and been influenced only by the
+deliberations of their own councils, they would, after a brief, but
+perhaps most bloody, resistance to the encroachments of the whites, have
+bowed to what would have struck their untutored minds as an inevitable
+destiny, and year after year flowed silently, as the European wave
+pressed upon them, further and further into the vast wildernesses
+of the mighty West. But left to their own judgments, or their own
+deliberations, they never have been. Early armed by renegade white men
+with European weapons, and taught the improvement of their own rude
+instruments of warfare, and instigated not only to oppose the strides
+of their enemies after territory, but to commit depredations upon their
+settlements, and to attempt to chastise them at their very thresholds,
+they drew down upon themselves the wrath of a people which is not slow
+to anger, nor easily appeased; and as far back as the Revolution,
+if not as the colonizing of Massachusetts, their breasts were filled
+with a hatred of the whites, deadly and unslumbering. Through all our
+subsequent transactions with them, this feeling has been increasing in
+magnitude and intensity: and recent events have carried it to a pitch
+which will render it enduring forever, perhaps not in its activity, but
+certainly in its bitterness. Whether more amicable relations with the
+whites, during the first settlements made upon this continent by the
+Europeans, would have changed materially the ultimate destiny of the
+aboriginal tribes, is a question about which diversities of opinion
+may well be entertained; but it is not to be considered here.
+
+The fierce, and bloody, and continuous opposition which the Indians
+have made from the first to the encroachments of the Anglo-Americans,
+is matter of history; and close scrutiny will show, that the great
+instigators of that opposition have always, or nearly so, been _renegade
+white men_. Scattered through the tribes east of the Alleghanies,
+before and during the American Revolution, there were many such
+miscreants. Among the Western tribes, during the early settlement of
+Kentucky and Ohio, and at the period of the last war with Great Britain,
+there were a number, some of them men of talent and great activity.
+One of the boldest and most notorious of these latter, was one whom we
+have had frequent occasion to mention, SIMON GIRTY--for many years the
+scourge of the infant settlements in the West, the terror of women, and
+the bugaboo of children. This man was an adopted member of the great
+Wyandot nation, among whom he ranked high as an expert hunter, a brave
+warrior, and a powerful orator. His influence extended through all the
+tribes of the West, and was generally exerted to incite the Indians to
+expeditions against the "Stations" of Kentucky, and to acts of cruelty
+to their white prisoners. The bloodiest counsel was usually his; his
+was the voice which was raised loudest against his countrymen, who were
+preparing the way for the introduction of civilization and Christianity
+into this glorious region; and in all great attacks upon the frontier
+settlements he was one of the prime movers, and among the prominent
+leaders.
+
+Of the causes of that venomous hatred, which rankled in the bosom of
+Simon Girty against his countrymen, we have two or three versions:
+such as, that he early imbibed a feeling of contempt and abhorrence of
+civilized life, from the brutality of his father, the lapse from virtue
+of his mother, and the corruptions of the community in which he had his
+birth and passed his boyhood; that, while acting with the whites against
+the Indians on the Virginia border, he was stung to the quick, and
+deeply offended by the appointment to a station over his head, of one
+who was his junior in years, and had rendered nothing like his services
+to the frontiers; and that, when attached as a scout to Dunmore's
+expedition, an indignity was heaped upon him which thoroughly soured his
+nature, and drove him to the Indians, that he might more effectually
+execute a vengeance which he swore to wreak. The last reason assigned
+for his defection and animosity is the most probable of the three, rests
+upon good authority, and seems sufficient, his character considered, to
+account for his desertion and subsequent career among the Indians.
+
+The history of the indignity alluded to, as it has reached the
+writer[47] from one who was associated with Girty and a partaker in it,
+is as follows: The two were acting as scouts in the expedition set on
+foot by Governor Dunmore, of Virginia, in the year 1774, against the
+Indian towns of Ohio. The two divisions of the force raised for this
+expedition, the one commanded by Governor Dunmore in person, the other
+by General Andrew Lewis, were by the orders of the governor to form a
+junction at Point Pleasant, where the Great Kenhawa empties into the
+Ohio. At this place, General Lewis arrived with his command on the
+eleventh or twelfth of September; but after remaining here two or three
+weeks in anxious expectation of the approach of the other division, he
+received dispatches from the governor, informing him that Dunmore had
+changed his plan, and determined to march at once against the villages
+on the Scioto, and ordering him to cross the Ohio immediately and join
+him as speedily as possible. It was during the delay at the Point that
+the incident occurred which is supposed to have had such a tremendous
+influence upon Girty's after-life. He and his associate scout had
+rendered some two or three months' services, for which they had as
+yet drawn no part of their pay; and in their present idleness they
+discovered means of enjoyment, of which they had not money to avail
+themselves. In this strait, they called upon Gen. Lewis in person,
+at his quarters, and demanded their pay. For some unknown cause this
+was refused, which produced a slight murmuring on the part of the
+applicants, when General Lewis cursed them, and struck them several
+severe blows over their heads with his cane. Girty's associate was not
+much hurt; but he himself was so badly wounded on the forehead or temple
+that the blood streamed down his cheek and side to the floor. He quickly
+turned to leave the apartment; but, on reaching the door, wheeled round,
+planted his feet firmly upon the sill, braced an arm against either
+side of the frame, fixed his keen eyes unflinchingly upon the general,
+uttered the exclamation, "_By God, sir, your quarters shall swim in
+blood for this_!" and instantly disappeared beyond pursuit.
+
+General Lewis was not much pleased with the sudden and apparently
+causeless change which Governor Dunmore had made in the plan of the
+expedition. Nevertheless, he immediately prepared to obey the new
+orders, and had given directions for the construction of rafts upon
+which to cross the Ohio, when, before daylight on the morning of the
+10th of October, some of the scouts suddenly entered the encampment
+with the information that an immense body of Indians was just at hand,
+hastening upon the Point. This was the force of the brave and skillful
+chief Cornstalk, whose genius and valor were so conspicuous on that day,
+throughout the whole of which raged the hardly-contested and moat bloody
+_Battle of the Point_. Girty had fled from General Lewis immediately to
+the chief Cornstalk, forsworn his white nature, and leagued himself with
+the Redman forever; and with the Indians he was now advancing, under
+the cover of night, to surprise the Virginian camp. At the distance of
+only a mile from the Point, Cornstalk was met by a detachment of the
+Virginians, under the command of Colonel Charles Lewis, a brother of the
+general; and here, about sunrise on the 10th of October, 1774, commenced
+one of the longest, severest, and bloodiest battles ever fought upon the
+Western frontiers. It terminated, as we have seen, about sunset, with
+the defeat of the Indians it is true, but with a loss to the whites
+which carried mourning into many a mansion of the Old Dominion, and
+which was keenly felt throughout the country at the time, and
+remembered with sorrow long after.
+
+Girty having thrown himself among the Indians, as has been related,
+and embraced their cause, now retreated with them into the interior
+of Ohio, and ever after followed their fortunes without swerving. On
+arriving at the towns of the Wyandots, he was adopted into that tribe,
+and established himself at Upper Sandusky. Being active, of a strong
+constitution, fearless in the extreme, and at all times ready to
+join their war parties, lie soon became very popular among his new
+associates, and a man of much consequence. He was engaged in most of
+the expeditions against the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and
+Virginia--always brave and always cruel--till the year 1778, when
+occurred an incident which, as it is the only bright spot apparent
+on the whole dark career of the renegade, shall be related with some
+particularity.
+
+Girty happened to be at Lower Sandusky this year, when Kenton--known at
+that period as Simon Butler--was brought in to be executed by a party
+of Indians who had made him a prisoner on the banks of the Ohio.
+Years before, Kenton and Girty had been bosom companions at Fort Pitt,
+and served together subsequently in the commencement of Dunmore's
+expedition; but the victim was already blackened for the stake, and the
+renegade failed to recognize in him his former associate. Girty had at
+this time but just returned from an expedition against the frontier of
+Pennsylvania, which had been less successful than he had anticipated,
+and was enraged by disappointment. He, therefore, as soon as Kenton was
+brought into the village, began to give vent to a portion of his spleen
+by cuffing and kicking the prisoner, whom he eventually knocked down.
+He knew that Kenton had come from Kentucky; and this harsh treatment was
+bestowed in part, it is thought, to frighten the prisoner into answers
+of such questions as he might wish to ask him. He then inquired how many
+men there were in Kentucky. Kenton could not answer this question, but
+ran over the names and ranks of such of the officers as he at the time
+recollected. "Do you know William Stewart?" asked Girty. "Perfectly
+well," replied Kenton; "he is an old and intimate acquaintance."
+"Ah! what is _your_ name, then?" "Simon Butler," answered Kenton; and
+on the instant of this announcement the hardened renegade caught his
+old comrade by the hand, lifted him from the ground, pressed him to his
+bosom, asked his forgiveness for having treated him so brutally, and
+promised to do every thing in his power to save his life, and set him
+at liberty. "Syme!" said he, weeping like a child, "you are condemned
+to die, but it shall go hard with me, I tell you, but I will save you
+from _that_."
+
+There have been various accounts given of this interesting scene, and
+all agree in representing Girty as having been deeply affected, and
+moved for the moment to penitence and tears. The foundation of McClung's
+detail of the speeches made upon the occasion was a manuscript dictated
+by Kenton himself a number of years before his death. From this writer
+we therefore quote:
+
+"As soon as Girty heard the name he became strongly agitated; and,
+springing from his seat, he threw his arms around Kenton's neck, and
+embraced him with much emotion. Then turning to the assembled warriors,
+who remained astonished spectators of this extraordinary scene, he
+addressed them in a short speech, which the deep earnestness of his
+tone, and the energy of his gesture, rendered eloquent. He informed
+them that the prisoner, whom they had just condemned to the stake, was
+his ancient comrade and bosom friend; that they had traveled the same
+war-path, slept upon the same blanket, and dwelt in the same wigwam.
+He entreated them to have compassion on his feelings--to spare him the
+agony of witnessing the torture of an old friend by the hands of his
+adopted brothers, and not to refuse so trifling a favor as the life of
+a white man to the earnest intercession of one who had proved, by three
+years' faithful service, that he was sincerely and zealously devoted to
+the cause of the Indians.
+
+"The speech was listened to in unbroken silence. As soon as he had
+finished, several chiefs expressed their approbation by a deep guttural
+interjection, while others were equally as forward in making known their
+objections to the proposal. They urged that his fate had already been
+determined in a large and solemn council, and that they would be acting
+like squaws to change their minds every hour. They insisted upon the
+flagrant misdemeanors of Kenton--that he had not only stolen their
+horses, but had flashed his gun at one of their young men--that it was
+vain to suppose that so bad a man could ever become an Indian at heart,
+like their brother Girty--that the Kentuckians were all alike--very bad
+people--and ought to be killed as fast as they were taken--and finally,
+they observed that many of their people had come from a distance, solely
+to assist at the torture of the prisoner, and pathetically painted the
+disappointment and chagrin with which they would hear that all their
+trouble had been for nothing.
+
+"Girty listened with obvious impatience to the young warriors who had
+so ably argued against a reprieve--and starting to his feet, as soon
+as the others had concluded, he urged his former request with great
+earnestness. He briefly, but strongly recapitulated his own services,
+and the many and weighty instances of attachment he had given. He asked
+if _he_ could be suspected of partiality to the whites? When had he ever
+before interceded for any of that hated race? Had he not brought seven
+scalps home with him from the last expedition? and had he not submitted
+seven white prisoners that very evening to their discretion? Had he ever
+expressed a wish that a single captive should be saved? _This_ was his
+first and should be his last request: for if they refused to _him_, what
+was never refused to the intercession of one of their natural chiefs,
+he would look upon himself as disgraced in their eyes, and considered
+as unworthy of confidence. Which of their own natural warriors had
+been more zealous than himself? From what expedition had he ever
+shrunk?--what white man had ever seen his back? Whose tomahawk had been
+bloodier than his? He would say no more. He asked it as a first and last
+favor, as an evidence that they approved of his zeal and fidelity, that
+the life of his bosom friend might be spared. Fresh speakers arose upon
+each side, and the debate was carried on for an hour and a half with
+great heat and energy.
+
+"During the whole of this time, Kenton's feelings may readily
+be imagined. He could not understand a syllable of what was said.
+He saw that Girty spoke with deep earnestness, and that the eyes of
+the assembly were often turned upon himself with various expressions.
+He felt satisfied that his friend was pleading for his life, and that
+he was violently opposed by a large part of the council. At length the
+war-club was produced, and the final vote taken. Kenton watched its
+progress with thrilling emotion--which yielded to the most rapturous
+delight, as he perceived that those who struck the floor of the
+council-house, were decidedly inferior in number to those who passed it
+in silence. Having thus succeeded in his benevolent purpose, Girty lost
+no time in attending to the comfort of his friend. He led him into his
+own wigwam, and from his own store gave him a pair of moccasins and
+leggins, a breech-cloth, a hat, a coat, a handkerchief for his neck,
+and another for his head."
+
+In the course of a few weeks, and after passing through some
+further difficulties, in which the renegade again stood by him
+faithfully, Kenton was sent to Detroit, from which place he effected
+his escape and returned to Kentucky. Girty remained with the Indians,
+retaining his old influence, and continuing his old career; and four
+years after the occurrences last detailed, in 1782, we find him a
+prominent figure in one of the blackest tragedies that have ever
+disgraced the annals of mankind. It is generally believed, by the old
+settlers and their immediate descendants, that the influence of Girty
+at this period, over the confederate tribes of the whole northwest,
+was almost supreme. He had, it is true, no delegated authority, and
+of course was powerless as regarded the final determination of any
+important measure; but his voice was permitted in council among the
+chiefs, and his inflaming harangues were always listened to with delight
+by the young warriors. Among the sachems and other head-men, he was what
+may well be styled a "power behind the throne;" and as it is well known
+that this unseen power is often "greater than the throne itself," it may
+reasonably be presumed that Girty's influence was in reality all which
+it is supposed to have been. The horrible event alluded to above, was
+the _Burning of Crawford_; and as a knowledge of this dark passage in
+his life, is necessary to a full development of the character of the
+renegade, an account of the incident, as much condensed as possible,
+will be given from the histories of the unfortunate campaign of that
+year.
+
+The frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia, had been
+greatly harassed by repeated attacks from bands of Indians under Girty
+and some of the Wyandot and Shawnee chiefs, during the whole period
+of the Revolutionary War; and early in the spring of 1782, these savage
+incursions became so frequent and galling, and the common mode of
+fighting the Indians on the line of frontier, when forced to do so
+in self-defense, proved so inefficient, that it was found absolutely
+necessary to carry the war into the country of the enemy. For this
+purpose an expedition against the Wyandot towns on the Sandusky, was
+gotten up in May, and put under the command of Colonel William Crawford,
+a brave soldier of the Revolution. This force, amounting to upward
+of four hundred mounted volunteers, commenced its march through the
+wilderness northwest of the Ohio River, on the 25th of May, and
+reached the plains of the Sandusky on the 5th of June. A spirit of
+insubordination had manifested itself during the march, and on one
+occasion a small body of the volunteers abandoned the expedition and
+returned to their homes. The disaffection which had prevailed on the
+march, continued to disturb the commander and divide the ranks, after
+their arrival upon the very site (now deserted temporarily) of one of
+the enemy's principal towns; and the officers, yielding to the wishes of
+their men, had actually determined, in a hasty council, to abandon the
+objects of the expedition and return home, if they did not meet with the
+Indians in large force in the course of another day's march. Scarcely
+had this determination been announced, however, when Colonel Crawford
+received intelligence from his scouts, of the near approach of a large
+body of the enemy. Preparations were at once made for the engagement,
+which almost instantly commenced. It was now about the middle of the
+afternoon; and from this time till dusk the firing was hot and galling
+on both sides. About dark the Indians drew off their force, when the
+volunteers encamped upon the battle-ground, and slept on their arms.
+
+The next day, the battle was renewed by small detachments of the
+enemy, but no general engagement took place. The Indians had suffered
+severely from the close firing which ensued upon their first attack,
+and were now maneuvering and awaiting the arrival of reinforcements.
+No sooner had night closed upon this madly spent day, than the officers
+assembled in council. They were unanimous in the opinion that the enemy,
+already as they thought more numerous than their own force, was rapidly
+increasing in numbers. They therefore determined, without a dissenting
+voice, to retreat that night, as rapidly as circumstances would permit.
+This resolution was at once announced to the whole body of volunteers,
+and the arrangements necessary to carry it into effect were immediately
+commenced. By nine or ten o'clock every thing was in readiness--the
+troops properly disposed--and the retreat begun in good order. But
+unfortunately, says McClung, "they had scarcely moved an hundred paces,
+when the report of several rifles was heard in the rear, in the
+direction of the Indian encampment. The troops instantly became very
+unsteady. At length a solitary voice, in the front rank, called out that
+their design was discovered, and that the Indians would soon be upon
+them. Nothing more was necessary. The cavalry were instantly broken;
+and, as usual, each man endeavored to save himself as he best could.
+A prodigious uproar ensued, which quickly communicated to the enemy that
+the white men had routed themselves, and that they had nothing to do but
+pick up stragglers." A scene of confusion and carnage now took place,
+which almost beggars description. All that night and for the whole of
+the next day, the work of hunting out, running down, and butchering,
+continued without intermission. But a relation of these sad occurrences
+does not properly belong to this narrative. The brief account of the
+expedition which has been given, was deemed necessary as an introduction
+to the event which now claims attention.
+
+Among the prisoners taken by the Indians, were Colonel Crawford,
+the commander, and Dr. Knight of Pittsburg, who had gone upon the
+expedition as surgeon. On the 10th of June, these gentlemen were
+marched toward the principal town of the Wyandots, where they arrived
+the next day. Here they beheld the mangled bodies of some of their late
+companions, and were doomed to see others, yet living, butchered before
+their eyes. Here, likewise, they saw Simon Girty, who appeared to take
+an infernal delight in gazing upon the dead bodies, and viewing the
+tortures which were inflicted upon the living. The features of this
+wretch, who had known Colonel Crawford at Fort Pitt, were clad in
+malicious smiles at beholding the brave soldier in his present strait;
+and toward Dr. Knight he conducted himself with insolence as well as
+barbarity. The Colonel was soon stripped naked, painted black, and
+commanded to sit down by a large fire which was blazing close at hand;
+and in this situation he was surrounded by all the old women and young
+boys of the town, and severely beaten with sticks and clubs. While this
+was going on, the Indians were sinking a large stake in the ground, and
+building a circle of brushwood and hickory sticks around it, with a
+diameter of some twelve or fifteen feet. These preparations completed,
+Crawford's hands were tied firmly behind his back, and by his wrists
+he was bound to the stake. The pile was then fired in several places,
+and the quick flames curled into the air. Girty took no part in these
+operations, but sat upon his horse at a little distance, observing them
+with a malignant satisfaction. Catching his eye at the moment the pile
+was fired, Crawford inquired of the renegade if the savages really
+meant to burn him. Girty coldly answered "Yes," and the Colonel calmly
+resigned himself to his fate. The whole scene is minutely described
+in the several histories which have been written of this unfortunate
+expedition; but the particulars are too horrible to be dwelt upon
+here For more than two hours did the gallant soldier survive at that
+flame-girdled stake; and during the latter half of this time, he was
+put to every torture which savage ingenuity could devise, and hellish
+vengeance execute. Once only did a word escape his lips. In the
+extremity of his agony he again caught the eye of Girty; and he is
+reported to have exclaimed at this time, "Girty! Girty! shoot me through
+the heart! Do not refuse me! quick!--quick!" And it is said that the
+monster merely replied, "Don't you see I have no gun, Colonel?" then
+burst into a loud laugh and turned away. Crawford said no more; he sank
+repeatedly beneath the pain and suffocation which he endured, and was
+as often aroused by a new torture; but in a little while the "vital
+spark" fled, and the black and swollen body lay senseless at the foot
+of the stake.
+
+Dr. Knight was now removed from the spot, and placed under the charge
+of a Shawanee warrior to be taken to Chillicothe, where he was to share
+in the terrible fate of his late companion. The Doctor, however, was
+fortunate enough to effect his escape; and after wandering through the
+wilderness for three weeks, in a state bordering on starvation, he
+reached Pittsburg. He had been an eye-witness of all the tortures
+inflicted upon the Colonel, and subsequently published a journal of the
+expedition; and it is from this that the particulars have been derived
+of the several accounts which have been published of the _Burning of
+Crawford_.[48]
+
+It was not to be expected that such a man as Simon Girty could, for a
+great many years, maintain his influence among a people headed by chiefs
+and warriors like Black-Hoof, Buckongahelas, Little Turtle, Tarhé, and
+so forth. Accordingly we find the ascendancy of the renegade at its
+height about the period of the expedition against Bryant's Station,
+already described; and not long after this it began to wane, when,
+discontent and disappointment inducing him to give way to his natural
+appetites, he partook freely of all intoxicating liquors, and in the
+course of a few years became a beastly drunkard. It is believed that
+he at one time seriously meditated an abandonment of the Indians, and a
+return to the whites; and an anecdote related by McClung, in his notice
+of the emigration to Kentucky, by way of the Ohio River, in the year
+1785, would seem to give color to this opinion. But if the intention
+ever was seriously indulged, it is most likely that fear of the
+treatment he would receive on being recognized in the frontier
+settlements, on account of his many bloody enormities, prevented him
+from carrying it into effect. He remained with the Indians in Ohio till
+Wayne's victory, when he forsook the scenes of his former influence and
+savage greatness, and established himself somewhere in Upper Canada.
+He fought in the bloody engagement which terminated in the defeat and
+butchery of St. Clair's army in 1791, and was at the battle of the
+Fallen Timbers in 1794; but he had no command in either of those
+engagements, and was not at this time a man of any particular influence.
+
+In Canada, Girty was something of a trader, but gave himself up almost
+wholly to intoxicating drinks, and became a perfect sot. At this time
+he suffered much from rheumatism and other diseases; but he had grown
+a great braggart, and amidst his severest pains he would entertain his
+associates, and all who were willing to listen, with stories of his past
+pranks and cruelty. He had now the most exaggerated notions of the honor
+attaching to the character of a great warrior; and for some years before
+his death his constantly-expressed wish was, that he might find an
+opportunity of signalizing his last years by some daring action, and
+die upon the field of battle. Whether sincere in this wish or not, the
+opportunity was afforded him. He fought with the Indians at Proctor's
+defeat on the Thames in 1814, and was among those who were here cut
+down and trodden under foot by Colonel Johnson's regiment of mounted
+Kentuckians.
+
+Of the birth-place and family of Simon Girty we have not been able to
+procure any satisfactory information. It is generally supposed, from
+the fact that nearly all of his early companions were Virginians, that
+he was a native of the Old Dominion; but one of the early pioneers,
+(yet living in Franklin County,) who knew Girty at Pittsburg before his
+defection, thinks that his native State was Pennsylvania. This venerable
+gentleman is likewise of the opinion, that it was the disappointment
+of not getting an office to which he aspired that first filled Girty's
+breast with hatred of the whites, and roused in him those dark thoughts
+and bitter feelings which subsequently, on the occurrence of the first
+good opportunity, induced him to desert his countrymen and league
+himself with the Indians. That Girty was an applicant or candidate
+for some office, and was defeated in his efforts to obtain it by an
+individual who was generally considered less deserving of it than he,
+my informant has distinct recollections; and also remembers that his
+defeat was occasioned principally through the exertions, in behalf of his
+opponent, of Colonel William Crawford. This affords a key to the cause
+of Girty's fiend-like conduct toward the Colonel when, some ten years
+afterward, the latter was bound to the stake at one of the Wyandot
+towns, and in the extremity of his agony besought the renegade to put
+an end to his misery by shooting him through the heart: it offers no
+apology, however, for Girty's brutality on that occasion.
+
+The career of the renegade, commenced by treason and pursued through
+blood to the knee, affords a good lesson, which might well receive some
+remark; but this narrative has already extended to an unexpected length,
+and must here close. It is a dark record; but the histories of all new
+countries contain somewhat similar passages, and their preservation in
+this form may not be altogether without usefulness.[49]
+
+[Footnote 46: Gallagher: "Hesperian," vol. i., p. 343.]
+
+[Footnote 47: Gallagher.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Gallagher.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Gallagher.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+     Season of repose--Colonel Boone buys land--Builds a log-house and
+     goes to farming--Kentucky organized on a new basis--The three
+     Counties united in one district, and Courts established--Colonel
+     Boone surprised by Indians--Escapes by a bold stratagem--Increase
+     of emigration--Transportation of goods commences--Primitive manners
+     and customs of the settlers--Hunting--The autumn hunt--The hunting
+     camp-Qualifications of a good hunter--Animals hunted--The process
+     of building and furnishing a cabin--The house-warming.
+
+
+After the series of Indian hostilities recorded in the chapters
+immediately preceding this, Kentucky enjoyed a season of comparative
+repose. The cessation of hostilities between the United States and
+Great Britain in 1783, and the probable speedy cession of the British
+posts on the Northwestern frontier, discouraged the Indians, stopped
+their customary incursions on the Kentuckians, and gave them leisure
+to acquire and cultivate new tracts of land.
+
+Colonel Boone, notwithstanding the heavy loss of money (which has been
+already mentioned) as he was on his journey to North Carolina, was now
+able to purchase several locations of land. He had been compensated for
+his military services by the Commonwealth of Virginia, to which Kentucky
+still belonged. On one of his locations he built a comfortable log-house
+and recommenced farming, with his usual industry and perseverance,
+varying the pursuits of agriculture with occasional indulgence in his
+favorite sport of hunting.
+
+In 1783 Kentucky organized herself on a new basis, Virginia having
+united the three counties into one district, having a court of common
+law and chancery for the whole territory which now forms the State of
+Kentucky. The seat of justice at first was at Harrodsburg; but for want
+of convenient accommodations for the sessions of the courts, they were
+subsequently removed to Danville, which, in consequence, became for a
+season the centre and capital of the State.[50]
+
+A singular and highly characteristic adventure, in which Boone was
+engaged about this time, is thus narrated by Mr. Peck:
+
+"Though no hostile attacks from Indians disturbed the settlements, still
+there were small parties discovered, or _signs_ seen on the frontier
+settlements. On one occasion, about this period, four Indians came to
+the farm of Colonel Boone, and nearly succeeded in taking him prisoner.
+The particulars are given as they were narrated by Boone himself, at the
+wedding of a granddaughter, a few months before his decease, and they
+furnish an illustration of his habitual self-possession and tact with
+Indians. At a short distance from his cabin he had raised a small patch
+of tobacco to supply his neighbors, (for Boone never used the 'filthy
+weed' himself,) the amount, perhaps, of one hundred and fifty hills.
+
+"As a shelter for curing it, he had built an enclosure of rails, a dozen
+feet in height, and covered it with cane and grass. Stalks of tobacco
+are usually split and strung on sticks about four feet in length. The
+ends of these are laid on poles, placed across the tobacco house, and in
+tiers, one above the other to the roof. Boone had fixed his temporary
+shelter in such a manner as to have three tiers. He had covered the
+lower tier, and the tobacco had become dry, when he entered the shelter
+for the purpose of removing the sticks to the upper tier, preparatory
+to gathering the remainder of the crop. He had hoisted up the sticks
+from the lower to the second tier, and was standing on the poles that
+supported it while raising the sticks to the upper tier, when four stout
+Indians, with guns, entered the low door and called him by name. 'Now,
+Boone, we got you. You no get away more. We carry you off to Chillicothe
+this time. You no cheat us any more.' Boone looked down upon their
+up-turned faces, saw their loaded guns pointed at his breast, and
+recognizing some of his old friends, the Shawanees, who had made him
+prisoner near the Blue Licks in 1778, coolly and pleasantly responded,
+'Ah! old friends, glad to see you.' Perceiving that they manifested
+impatience to have him come down, he told them he was quite willing to
+go with them, and only begged they would wait where they were, and watch
+him closely, until he could finish removing his tobacco."
+
+While parleying with them, inquiring after old acquaintances, and
+proposing to give them his tobacco when cured, he diverted their
+attention from his purpose, until he had collected together a number of
+sticks of dry tobacco, and so turned them as to fall between the poles
+directly in their faces. At the same instant, he jumped upon them with
+as much of the dry tobacco as he could gather in his arms, filling their
+mouths and eyes with its pungent dust; and blinding and disabling them
+from following him, rushed out and hastened to his cabin, where he had
+the means of defense. Notwithstanding the narrow escape, he could not
+resist the temptation, after retreating some fifteen or twenty yards, to
+look round and see the success of his achievement. The Indians blinded
+and nearly suffocated, were stretching out their hands and feeling about
+in different directions, calling him by name and cursing him for a
+rogue, and themselves for fools. The old man, in telling the story,
+imitated their gestures and tones of voice with great glee.
+
+Emigration to Kentucky was now rapidly on the increase, and many
+new settlements were formed. The means of establishing comfortable
+homesteads increased. Horses, cattle, and swine were rapidly in creasing
+in number; and trading in various commodities became more general. From
+Philadelphia, merchandise was transported to Pittsburg on pack-horses,
+and thence taken down the Ohio River in flat-boats and distributed among
+the settlements on its banks. Country stores, land speculators, and
+paper money made their appearance, affording a clear augury of the
+future activity of the West in commercial industry and enterprise.
+
+[Illustration: BOLD STRATEGEM OF BOONE]
+
+Most of the settlers came from the interior of North Carolina and
+Virginia; and brought with them the manners and customs of those
+States. These manners and customs were primitive enough. The following
+exceedingly graphic description, which we transcribe from "Doddridge's
+Notes," will afford the reader a competent idea of rural life in the
+times of Daniel Boone.
+
+"HUNTING.--This was an important part of the employment of the early
+settlers of this country. For some years the woods supplied them with
+the greater amount of their subsistence, and with regard to some
+families, at certain times, the whole of it; for it was no uncommon
+thing for families to live several months without a mouthful of bread.
+It frequently happened that there was no breakfast until it was obtained
+from the woods. Fur and peltry were the people's money. They had nothing
+else to give in exchange for rifles, salt, and iron, on the other side
+of the mountains.
+
+"The fall and early part of the winter was the season for hunting deer,
+and the whole of the winter, including part of the spring, for bears and
+fur-skinned animals. It was a customary saying that fur is good during
+every month in the name of which the letter R occurs.
+
+"The class of hunters with whom I was best acquainted, were those
+whose hunting ranges were on the eastern side of the river, and at the
+distance of eight or nine miles from it. As soon as the leaves were
+pretty well down, and the weather became rainy, accompanied with light
+snows, these men, after acting the part of husbandmen, so far as the
+state of warfare permitted them to do so, soon began to feel that
+they were hunters. They became uneasy at home. Every thing about them
+became disagreeable. The house was too warm. The feather-bed too soft,
+and even the good wife was not thought, for the time being, a proper
+companion. The mind of the hunter was wholly occupied with the camp
+and chase.
+
+"I have often seen them get up early in the morning at this season,
+walk hastily out, and look anxiously to the woods and snuff the autumnal
+winds with the highest rapture, then return into the house and cast a
+quick and attentive look at the rifle, which was always suspended to
+a joist by a couple of buck horns, or little forks. His hunting dog,
+understanding the intentions of his master, would wag his tail, and by
+every blandishment in his power express his readiness to accompany him
+to the woods.
+
+"A day was soon appointed for the march of the little cavalcade to the
+camp. Two or three horses furnished with pack-saddles were loaded with
+flour, Indian meal, blankets, and every thing else requisite for the use
+of the hunter.
+
+"A hunting camp, or what was called a half-faced cabin, was of the
+following form; the back part of it was sometimes a large log; at the
+distance of eight or ten feet from this, two stakes were set in the
+ground a few inches apart, and at the distance of eight or ten feet
+from these, two more, to receive the ends of the poles for the sides of
+the camp. The whole slope of the roof, was from the front to the back.
+The covering was made of slabs, skins, or blankets, or, if in the spring
+of the year, the bark of hickory or ash trees. The front was entirely
+open. The fire was built directly before this opening. The cracks
+between the logs were filled with moss. Dry leaves served for a bed.
+It is thus that a couple of men, in a few hours will construct for
+themselves a temporary, but tolerably comfortable defense, from the
+inclemencies of the weather. The beaver, otter, muskrat and squirrel are
+scarcely their equals in dispatch in fabricating for themselves a covert
+from the tempest!
+
+"A little more pains would have made a hunting camp a defense against
+the Indians. A cabin ten feet square, bullet proof, and furnished with
+port-holes would have enabled two or three hunters to hold twenty
+Indians at bay for any length of time. But this precaution I believe was
+never attended to; hence the hunters were often surprised and killed in
+their camps.
+
+"The site for the camp was selected with all the sagacity of the
+woodsman, so as to have it sheltered by the surrounding hills from
+every wind, but more especially from those of the north and west.
+
+"An uncle of mine, of the name of Samuel Teter, occupied the same camp
+for several years in succession. It was situated on one of the southern
+branches of Cross Creek. Although I lived for many years not more than
+fifteen miles from the place, it was not till within a very few years
+ago that I discovered its situation. It was shown me by a gentleman
+living in the neighborhood. Viewing the hills round about it I soon
+perceived the sagacity of the hunter in the site for his camp. Not a
+wind could touch him; and unless by the report of his gun or the sound
+of his axe, it would have been by mere accident if an Indian had
+discovered his concealment.
+
+"Hunting was not a mere ramble in pursuit of game, in which there was
+nothing of skill and calculation; on the contrary, the hunter, before he
+set out in the morning, was informed, by the state of the weather, in
+what situation he might reasonably expect to meet with his game; whether
+on the bottoms, sides or tops of the hills. In stormy weather, the deer
+always seek the most sheltered places, and the leeward side of the
+hills. In rainy weather, in which there is not much wind, they keep in
+the open woods on the highest ground.
+
+"In every situation it was requisite for the hunter to ascertain the
+course of the wind, so as to get the leeward of the game. This he
+effected by putting his finger in his mouth, and holding it there until
+it became warm, then holding it above his head, the side which first
+becomes cold shows which way the wind blows.
+
+"As it was requisite too for the hunter to know the cardinal points,
+he had only to observe the trees to ascertain them. The bark of an aged
+tree is thicker and much rougher on the north than on the south side.
+The same thing may be said of the moss: it is much thicker and stronger
+on the north than on the south side of the trees.
+
+"The whole business of the hunter consists of a succession of intrigues.
+From morning till night he was on the alert to _gain the_ wind of his
+game, and approach them without being discovered. If he succeeded in
+killing a deer, he skinned it, and hung it up out of the reach of the
+wolves, and immediately resumed the chase till the close of the evening,
+when he bent his course toward the camp; when he arrived there he
+kindled up his fire, and together with his fellow hunter, cooked his
+supper. The supper finished, the adventures of the day furnished the
+tales for the evening. The spike buck, the two and three-pronged buck,
+the doe and barren doe, figured through their anecdotes with great
+advantage. It should seem that after hunting awhile on the same ground,
+the hunters became acquainted with nearly all the gangs of deer within
+their range, so as to know each flock of them when they saw them. Often
+some old buck, by the means of his superior sagacity and watchfulness,
+saved his little gang from the hunter's skill, by giving timely notice
+of his approach. The cunning of the hunter and that of the old buck were
+staked against each other, and it frequently happened that at the
+conclusion of the hunting season, the old fellow was left the free
+uninjured tenant of his forest; but if his rival succeeded in bringing
+him down, the victory, was followed by no small amount of boasting on
+the part of the conqueror.
+
+"When the weather was not suitable for hunting, the skins and carcasses
+of the game were brought in and disposed of.
+
+"Many of the hunters rested from their labors on the Sabbath day; some
+from a motive of piety; others said that whenever they hunted on Sunday,
+they were sure to have bad luck on the rest of the week.
+
+"THE HOUSE-WARMING.--I will proceed to state the usual manner of
+settling a young couple in the world.
+
+"A spot was selected on a piece of land of one of the parents, for
+their habitation. A day was appointed shortly after their marriage, for
+commencing the work of building their cabin. The fatigue-party consisted
+of choppers, whose business it was to fell the trees and cut them off
+at proper lengths. A man with a team for hauling them to the place
+and arranging them, properly assorted, at the sides and ends of the
+building; a carpenter, if such he might be called, whose business it
+was to search the woods for a proper tree for making clapboards for the
+roof. The tree for this purpose must be straight-grained, and from three
+to four feet in diameter. The boards were split four feet long, with
+a large frown, and as wide as the timber would allow. They were used
+without planing or shaving Another division were employed in getting
+puncheons for the floor of the cabin; this was done by splitting trees,
+about eighteen inches in diameter, and hewing the faces of them with a
+broad-axe. They were half the length of the floor they were intended
+to make. The materials for the cabin were mostly prepared on the first
+day, and sometimes the foundation laid in the evening. The second day
+was allotted for the raising.
+
+"In the morning of the next day the neighbors collected for the raising.
+The first thing to be done was the election of four corner men, whose
+business it was to notch and place the logs. The rest of the company
+furnished them with the timbers. In the meantime the boards and
+puncheons were collecting for the floor and roof, so that by the time
+the cabin was a few rounds high, the sleepers and floor began to be
+laid. The door was made by sawing or cutting the logs in one side so as
+to make an opening about three feet wide. This opening was secured by
+upright pieces of timber about three inches thick, through which holes
+were bored into the ends of the logs for the purpose of pinning them
+fast. A similar opening, but wider, was made at the end for the chimney.
+This was built of logs, and made large, to admit of a back and jambs of
+stone. At the square, two end logs projected a foot or eighteen inches
+beyond the wall, to receive the butting poles, as they were called,
+against which the ends of the first row of clapboards was supported.
+The roof was formed by making the end logs shorter, until a single log
+formed the comb of the roof, on these logs the clapboards were placed,
+the ranges of them lapping some distance over those next below them,
+and kept in their places by logs, placed at proper distances upon them.
+
+"The roof, and sometimes the floor, were finished on the same day of the
+raising. A third day was commonly spent by a few carpenters in leveling
+off the floor, making a clapboard door and a table. This last was made
+of a split slab, and supported by four round legs set in auger-holes.
+Some three-legged stools were made in the same manner. Some pins stuck
+in the logs at the back of the house, supported some clapboards which
+served for shelves for the table furniture. A single fork, placed with
+its lower end in a hole in the floor, and the upper end fastened to a
+joist, served for a bedstead, by placing a pole in the fork with one
+end through a crack between the logs of the wall. This front pole was
+crossed by a shorter one within the fork, with its outer end through
+another crack. From the front pole, through a crack between the logs of
+the end of the house, the boards were put on which formed the bottom of
+the bed. Sometimes other poles were pinned to the fork a little distance
+above these, for the purpose of supporting the front and foot of the
+bed, while the walls were the supports of its back and head. A few
+pegs around the walls for a display of the coats of the women, and
+hunting-shirts of the men, and two small forks or buck-horns to a
+joist for the rifle and shot-pouch, completed the carpenter work.
+
+"In the mean time masons were at work. With the heart pieces of the
+timber of which the clapboards were made, they made billets for chunking
+up the cracks between the logs of the cabin and chimney; a large bed of
+mortar was made for daubing up these cracks; a few stones formed the
+back and jambs of the chimney.
+
+"The cabin being finished, the ceremony of house-warming took place,
+before the young couple were permitted to move into it.
+
+"The house-warming was a dance of a whole night's continuance, made up
+of the relations of the bride and groom and their neighbors. On the day
+following the young couple took possession of their new mansion."
+
+[Footnote 50: Perkins. Peck.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+     Condition of the early settlers as it respects the
+     mechanic arts--Want of skilled mechanics--Hominy block and
+     hand-mill--Sweeps--Gunpowder--Water mills Clothing--Leather--Farm
+     tools--Wooden ware--Sports--Imitating birds--Throwing the
+     tomahawk--Athletic sports--Dancing--Shooting at marks--Emigration of
+     the present time compared with that of the early settlers--Scarcity
+     of iron--Costume--Dwellings--Furniture--Employments--The women--Their
+     character--Diet--Indian corn--The great improvements in facilitating
+     the early settlement of the West--Amusements.
+
+
+Before having the subject of the actual condition of the early
+settlers in the West, we take another extract from "Doddridge's Notes,"
+comprising his observations on the state of the mechanic arts among
+them, and an account of some of their favorite sports.
+
+"MECHANIC ARTS.--In giving the history of the state of the mechanic
+arts as they were exercised at an early period of the settlement of this
+country, I shall present a people, driven by necessity to perform works
+of mechanical skill, far beyond what a person enjoying all the advantages
+of civilization would expect from a population placed in such destitute
+circumstances.
+
+"My reader will naturally ask, where were their mills for grinding
+grain? Where their tanners for making leather? Where their smiths'
+shops for making and repairing their farming utensils? Who were their
+carpenters, tailors, cabinet-workmen, shoemakers, and weavers? The
+answer is, those manufacturers did not exist; nor had they any
+tradesmen, who were professedly such. Every family were under the
+necessity of doing every thing for themselves as well as they could.
+The hominy block and hand-mills were in use in most of our houses.
+The first was made of a large block of wood about three feet long, with
+an excavation burned in one end, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom,
+so that the action of the pestle on the bottom threw the corn up to the
+sides toward the top of it, from whence it continually fell down into
+the centre.
+
+"In consequence of this movement, the whole mass of the grain was pretty
+equally subjected to the strokes of the pestle. In the fall of the year,
+while the Indian corn was soft, the block and pestle did very well for
+making meal for johnny-cake and mush; but were rather slow when the corn
+became hard.
+
+"The sweep was sometimes used to lessen the toil of pounding grain into
+meal. This was a pole of some springy, elastic wood, thirty feet long
+or more; the butt end was placed under the side of a house, or a large
+stump; this pole was supported by two forks, placed about one-third
+of its length from the butt end, so as to elevate the small end about
+fifteen feet from the ground; to this was attached, by a large mortise
+a piece of sapling about five or six inches in diameter, and eight or
+ten feet long. The lower end of this was shaped so as to answer for a
+pestle. A pin of wood was put through it, at a proper height, so that
+two persons could work at the sweep at once. This simple machine very
+much lessened the labor and expedited the work.
+
+"I remember that when a boy I put up an excellent sweep at my father's.
+It was made of a sugar-tree sapling. It was kept going almost constantly
+from morning till night by our neighbors for a period of several weeks."
+
+In the Greenbriar country, where they had a number of saltpeter caves,
+the first settlers made plenty of excellent gunpowder by the means of
+those sweeps and mortars.
+
+"A machine, still more simple than the mortar and pestle, was used for
+making meal while the corn was too soft to be beaten. It was called a
+grater. This was a half-circular piece of tin, perforated with a punch
+from the concave side, and nailed by its edges to a block of wood. The
+ears of corn were rubbed on the rough edge of the holes, while the meal
+fell through them on the board or block, to which the grater was nailed,
+which, being in a slanting direction, discharged the meal into a cloth
+or bowl placed for its reception. This, to be sure, was a slow way of
+making meal; but necessity has no law.
+
+"The hand-mill was better than the mortar and grater. It was made of
+two circular stones, the lowest of which was called the bed-stone,
+the upper one the runner. These were placed in a hoop, with a spout for
+discharging the meal. A staff was let into a hole in the upper surface
+of the runner, near the outer edge, and its upper end through a hole in
+a board fastened to a joist above, so that two persons could be employed
+in turning the mill at the same time. The grain was put into the opening
+in the runner by hand. The mills are still in use in Palestine, the
+ancient country of the Jews. To a mill of this sort our Saviour alluded
+when, with reference to the destruction of Jerusalem, he said: 'Two
+women shall be grinding at a mill, the one shall be taken and the other
+left.'
+
+"This mill is much preferable to that used at present in upper Egypt for
+making the dhourra bread. It is a smooth stone, placed on an inclined
+plane, upon which the grain is spread, which is made into meal by
+rubbing another stone up and down upon it.
+
+"Our first water mills were of that description denominated tub-mills.
+It consists of a perpendicular shaft, to the lower end of which an
+horizontal wheel of about four or five feet diameter is attached, the
+upper end passes through the bedstone and carries the runner after the
+manner of a trundlehead. These mills were built with very little expense,
+and many of them answered the purpose very well.
+
+"Instead of bolting cloths, sifters were in general use. These were made
+of deer skins in the state of parchment, stretched over a hoop and
+perforated with a hot wire.
+
+"Our clothing was all of domestic manufacture. We had no other resource
+for clothing, and this, indeed, was a poor one. The crops of flax often
+failed, and the sheep were destroyed by the wolves. Linsey, which is
+made of flax and wool, the former the chain and the latter the filling,
+was the warmest and most substantial cloth we could make. Almost every
+house contained a loom, and almost every woman was a weaver.
+
+"Every family tanned their own leather. The tan vat was a large trough
+sunk to the upper edge in the ground. A quantity of bark was easily
+obtained every spring in clearing and fencing land. This, after drying,
+was brought in, and in wet days was shaved and pounded on a block of
+wood with an axe or mallet. Ashes were used in place of lime for taking
+off the hair. Bears' oil, hogs' lard, and tallow answered the place of
+fish oil. The leather, to be sure, was coarse; but it was substantially
+good. The operation of currying was performed by a drawing-knife with
+its edge turned, after the manner of a currying-knife. The blocking for
+the leather was made of soot and hogs' lard.
+
+"Almost every family contained its own tailors and shoemakers. Those who
+could not make shoes, could make shoepacks. These, like moccasins, were
+made of a single piece on the top of the foot. This was about two inches
+broad, and circular at the lower end. To this the main piece of leather
+was sewed, with a gathering stitch. The seam behind was like that of a
+moccasin. To the shoepack a sole was sometimes added. The women did the
+tailor-work. They could all cut-out, and make hunting-shirts, leggins,
+and drawers.
+
+"The state of society which exists in every country at an early period
+of its settlements, is well calculated to call into action every native
+mechanical genius. So it happened in this country. There was in almost
+every neighborhood, some one whose natural ingenuity enabled him to do
+many things for himself and his neighbors, far above what could have
+been reasonably expected. With the few tools which they brought with
+them into the country, they certainly performed wonders. Their plows,
+harrows with their wooden teeth, and sleds, were in many instances well
+made. Their cooper-ware, which comprehended every thing for holding milk
+and water, was generally pretty well executed. The cedar-ware, by having
+alternately a white and red stave, was then thought beautiful; many of
+their puncheon floors were very neat, their joints close, and the top
+even and smooth. Their looms, although heavy, did very well. Those who
+could not exercise these mechanic arts, were under the necessity of
+giving labor or barter to their neighbors, in exchange for the use of
+them, so far as their necessities required.
+
+"Sports.--One important pastime of our boys, was that of imitating the
+noise of every bird and beast in the woods. This faculty was not merely
+a pastime, but a very necessary part of education, on account of its
+utility in certain circumstances. The imitations of the gobbling,
+and other sounds of wild turkeys, often brought those keen-eyed, and
+ever-watchful tenants of the forest within the reach of their rifle.
+The bleating of the fawn, brought its dam to her death in the same way.
+The hunter often collected a company of mopish owls to the trees about
+his camp, and amused himself with their hoarse screaming; his howl would
+raise and obtain responses from a pack of wolves, so as to inform him of
+their neighborhood, as well as guard him against their depredations.
+
+"This imitative faculty was sometimes requisite as a measure of
+precaution in war. The Indians, when scattered about in a neighborhood,
+often collected together, by imitating turkeys by day, and wolves or
+owls by night. In similar situations, our people did the same. I have
+often witnessed the consternation of a whole settlement, in consequence
+of a few screeches of owls. An early and correct use of this imitative
+faculty was considered as an indication that its possessor would become,
+in due time, a good hunter and valiant warrior. Throwing the tomahawk
+was another boyish sport, in which many acquired considerable skill.
+The tomahawk, with its handle of a certain length, will make a given
+number of turns in a given distance. Say in five steps, it will strike
+with the edge, the handle downward; at the distance of seven and a half,
+it will strike with the edge, the handle upward, and so on. A little
+experience enabled the boy to measure the distance with his eye, when
+walking through the woods, and strike a tree with his tomahawk in any
+way he chose.
+
+"The athletic sports of running, jumping, and wrestling, were the
+pastimes of boys, in common with the men.
+
+"A well-grown boy, at the age of twelve or thirteen years, was furnished
+with a small rifle and shot-pouch. He then became a fort-soldier, and
+had his port hole assigned him. Hunting squirrels, turkeys, and
+raccoons, soon made him expert in the use of his gun.
+
+"Dancing was the principal amusement of our young people of both sexes.
+Their dances, to be sure, were of the simplest form. Three and
+four-handed reels and jigs. Country dances, cotillions, and minuets,
+were unknown. I remember to have seen, once or twice, a dance which was
+called 'The Irish Trot,' but I have long since forgotten its figure."
+
+"Shooting at marks was a common diversion among the men, when their
+stock of ammunition would allow it; this, however, was far from being
+always the case. The present mode of shooting off-hand was not then in
+practice. This mode was not considered as any trial of the value of a
+gun, nor indeed, as much of a test of the skill of a marksman. Their
+shooting was from a rest, and at as great a distance as the length and
+weight of the barrel of the gun would throw a ball on a horizontal
+level. Such was their regard to accuracy, in those sportive trials of
+their rifles, and of their own skill in the use of them, that they often
+put moss, or some other soft substance on the log or stump from which
+they shot, for fear of having the bullet thrown from the mark, by the
+spring of the barrel. When the rifle was held to the side of a tree for
+a rest, it was pressed against it as lightly as possible, for the same
+reason.
+
+"Rifles of former times were different from those of modern date; few
+of them carried more than forty five bullets to the pound. Bullets of
+a less size were not thought sufficiently heavy for hunting or war."
+
+Our readers will pardon the length of these extracts from Doddridge,
+as they convey accurate pictures of many scenes of Western life in the
+times of Daniel Boone. We add to them a single extract from "Ramsay's
+Annals of Tennessee." The early settlement of that State took place
+about the same time with that of Kentucky, and was made by emigrants
+from the same region. The following remarks are therefore perfectly
+applicable to the pioneers of Kentucky.
+
+"The settlement of Tennessee was unlike that of the present new country
+of the United States. Emigrants from the Atlantic cities, and from most
+points in the Western interior, now embark upon steamboats or other
+craft, and carrying with them all the conveniences and comforts of
+civilized life--indeed, many of its luxuries--are, in a few days,
+without toil, danger, or exposure, transported to their new abodes,
+and in a few months are surrounded with the appendages of home, of
+civilization, and the blessings of law and of society. The wilds of
+Minnesota and Nebraska by the agency of steam, or the stalwart arms
+of Western boatmen, are at once transformed into the settlements of a
+commercial and civilized people. Independence and St. Paul, six months
+after they are laid off, have their stores and their workshops, their
+artisans, and their mechanics. The mantua-maker and the tailor arrive
+in the same boat with the carpenter and mason. The professional man
+and the printer quickly follow. In the succeeding year the piano, the
+drawing-room, the restaurant, the billiard-table, the church bell, the
+village and the city in miniature, are all found, while the neighboring
+interior is yet a wilderness and a desert. The town and comfort, taste
+and urbanity are first; the clearing, the farm-house, the wagon-road and
+the improved country, second. It was far different on the frontier in
+Tennessee. At first a single Indian trail was the only entrance to the
+eastern border of it and for many years admitted only of the hunter and
+the pack-horse It was not till the year 1776 that a wagon was seen in
+Tennessee. In consequence of the want of roads--as well as of the great
+distance from sources of supply--the first inhabitants were without
+tools, and, of course, without mechanics--much more, without the
+conveniences of living and the comforts of house-keeping. Luxuries were
+absolutely unknown. Salt was brought on pack-horses from Augusta and
+Richmond, and readily commanded ten dollars a bushel. The salt gourd, in
+every cabin, was considered as a treasure. The sugar-maple furnished the
+only article of luxury on the frontier; coffee and tea being unknown, or
+beyond the reach of the settlers, sugar was seldom made, and was only
+used for the sick, or in the preparation of a _sweetened dram_ at a
+wedding, or the arrival of a new-comer. The appendages of the kitchen,
+the cupboard, and the table were scanty and simple.
+
+"Iron was brought, at great expense, from the forges east of the
+mountain, on pack-horses, and was sold at an enormous price. Its use
+was, for this reason, confined to the construction and repair of plows
+and other farming utensils. Hinges, nails, and fastenings of that
+material, were seldom seen.
+
+"The costume of the first settlers corresponded well with the style of
+their buildings and the quality of their furniture. The hunting-shirt
+of the militiaman and the hunter was in general use. The rest of their
+apparel was in keeping with it--plain, substantial, and well adapted for
+comfort, use, and economy. The apparel of the pioneer's family was all
+home-made, and in a whole neighborhood there would not be seen, at the
+first settlement of the country, a single article of dress of foreign
+growth or manufacture. Half the year, in many families, shoes were not
+worn. Boots, a fur hat, and a coat with buttons on each side, attracted
+the gaze of the beholder, and sometimes received censure and rebuke. A
+stranger from the old States chose to doff his ruffles, his broadcloth,
+and his queue, rather than endure the scoff and ridicule of the
+backwoodsmen."
+
+The dwelling-house, on every frontier in Tennessee, was the log-cabin.
+A carpenter and a mason were not needed to build them--much less the
+painter, the glazier, or the upholsterer. Every settler had, besides his
+rifle, no other instrument but an axe, a hatchet, and a butcher-knife. A
+saw, an auger, a froe, and a broad-axe would supply a whole settlement,
+and were used as common property in the erection of the log-cabin. The
+floor of the cabin was sometimes the earth. No saw-mill was yet erected;
+and, if the means or leisure of the occupant authorized it, he split
+out puncheons for the floor and for the shutter of the entrance to his
+cabin. The door was hung with wooden hinges and fastened by a wooden
+latch.
+
+"Such was the habitation of the pioneer Tennessean. Scarcely can one of
+these structures, venerable for their years and the associations which
+cluster around them, be now seen, in Tennessee. Time and improvement
+have displaced them. Here and there in the older counties, may yet
+be seen the old log house, which sixty years ago sheltered the first
+emigrant, or gave, for the time, protection to a neighborhood, assembled
+within its strong and bullet-proof walls. Such an one is the east end of
+Mr. Martin's house, at Campbell's Station, and the centre part of the
+mansion of this writer, at Mecklenburg, once Gilliam's Station, changed
+somewhat, it is true, in some of its aspects, but preserving even yet,
+in the height of the story and in its old-fashioned and capacious
+fire-place, some of the features of primitive architecture on the
+frontier. Such, too, is the present dwelling-house of Mr. Tipton, on
+Ellejoy, in Blount County, and that of Mr. Glasgow Snoddy, in Sevier
+County. But these old buildings are becoming exceedingly rare, and soon
+not one of them will be seen. Their unsightly proportions and rude
+architecture will not much longer offend modern taste, nor provoke the
+idle and irreverent sneer of the fastidious and the fashionable. When
+the last one of these pioneer houses shall have fallen into decay and
+ruins, the memory of their first occupants will still be immortal and
+indestructible.
+
+"The interior of the cabin was no less unpretending and simple. The
+whole furniture, of the one apartment--answering in these primitive
+times the purposes of the kitchen, the dining-room, the nursery
+and the dormitory--were a plain home-made bedstead or two, some
+split-bottomed chairs and stools; a large puncheon, supported on four
+legs, used, as occasion required, for a bench or a table, a water shelf
+and a bucket; a spinning-wheel, and sometimes a loom, finished the
+catalogue. The wardrobe of the family was equally plain and simple.
+The walls of the house were hung round with the dresses of the females,
+the hunting-shirts, clothes, and the arms and shot-pouches of the men.
+
+"The labor and employment of a pioneer family were distributed in
+accordance with surrounding circumstances. To the men was assigned the
+duty of procuring subsistence and materials for clothing, erecting the
+cabin and the station, opening and cultivating the farm, hunting the
+wild beasts, and repelling and pursuing the Indians. The women spun
+the flax, the cotton and wool, wove the cloth, made them up, milked,
+churned, and prepared the food, and did their full share of the duties
+of house-keeping. Another thus describes them: 'There we behold woman
+in her true glory; not a doll to carry silks and jewels; not a puppet
+to be dandled by fops, an idol of profane adoration, reverenced to-day,
+discarded to-morrow; admired, but not respected; desired, but not
+esteemed; ruling by passion, not affection; imparting her weakness,
+not her constancy, to the sex she should exalt; the source and mirror
+of vanity. We see her as a wife, partaking of the cares, and guiding
+the labors of her husband, and by her domestic diligence spreading
+cheerfulness all around; for his sake, sharing the decent refinements
+of the world, without being fond of them; placing all her joy, all her
+happiness, in the merited approbation of the man she loves. As a mother,
+we find her the affectionate, the ardent instructress of the children
+she has reared from infancy, and trained them up to thought and virtue,
+to meditation and benevolence; addressing them as rational beings, and
+preparing them to become men and women in their turn.
+
+"'Could there be happiness or comfort in such dwellings and such a state
+of society? To those who are accustomed to modern refinements, the truth
+appears like fable. The early occupants of log-cabins were among the
+most happy of mankind. Exercise and excitement gave them health; they
+were practically equal; common danger made them mutually dependant;
+brilliant hopes of future wealth and distinction led them on; and as
+there was ample room for all, and as each new-comer increased individual
+and general security, there was little room for that envy, jealousy,
+and hatred which constitute a large portion of human misery in older
+societies. Never were the story, the joke, the song, and the laugh
+better enjoyed than upon the hewed blocks, or puncheon stools, around
+the roaring log fire of the early Western settler. The lyre of Apollo
+was not hailed with more delight in primitive Greece than the advent of
+the first fiddler among the dwellers of the wilderness; and the polished
+daughters of the East never enjoyed themselves half so well, moving to
+the music of a full band, upon the elastic floor of their ornamented
+ball-room, as did the daughters of the emigrants, keeping time to a
+self-taught fiddler, on the bare earth or puncheon floor of the
+primitive log-cabin. The smile of the polished beauty is the wave of the
+lake, where the breeze plays gently over it, and her movement is the
+gentle stream which drains it; but the laugh of the log-cabin is the
+gush of nature's fountain, and its movement, its leaping water.'"[51]
+
+"On the frontier the diet was necessarily plain and homely, but
+exceedingly abundant and nutritive. The Goshen of America[52] furnished
+the richest milk, the finest butter, and the most savory and delicious
+meats. In their rude cabins, with their scanty and inartificial
+furniture, no people ever enjoyed in wholesome food a greater variety,
+or a superior quality of the necessaries of life. For bread, the Indian
+corn was exclusively used. It was not till 1790 that the settlers on the
+rich bottoms of Cumberland and Nollichucky discovered the remarkable
+adaptation of the soil and climate of Tennessee to the production of
+this grain. Emigrants from James River, the Catawba, and the Santee,
+were surprised at the amount and quality of the corn crops, surpassing
+greatly the best results of agricultural labor and care in the Atlantic
+States. This superiority still exists, and Tennessee, by the census of
+1850, was _the_ corn State. Of all the farinacea, corn is best adapted
+to the condition of a pioneer people; and if idolatry is at all
+justifiable, Ceres, or certainly the Goddess of Indian corn, should have
+had a temple and a worshipers among the pioneers of Tennessee. Without
+that grain, the frontier settlements could not have been formed and
+maintained. It is the most certain crop--requires the least preparation
+of the ground--is most congenial to a virgin soil--needs not only the
+least amount of labor in its culture, but comes to maturity in the
+shortest time. The pith of the matured stalk of the corn is esculent
+and nutritious; and the stalk itself, compressed between rollers,
+furnishes what is known as corn-stalk molasses."
+
+"This grain requires, also, the least care and trouble in preserving
+it. It may safely stand all winter upon the stalk without injury from
+the weather or apprehension of damage by disease, or the accidents to
+which other grains are subject. Neither smut nor rust, nor weavil nor
+snow-storm, will hurt it. After its maturity, it is also prepared for
+use or the granary with little labor. The husking is a short process,
+and is even advantageously delayed till the moment arrives for using
+the corn. The machinery for converting it into food is also exceedingly
+simple and cheap. As soon as the ear is fully formed, it may be roasted
+or boiled, and forms thus an excellent and nourishing diet. At a later
+period it may be grated, and furnishes, in this form, the sweetest
+bread. The grains boiled in a variety of modes, either whole or broken
+in a mortar, or roasted in the ashes, or popped in an oven, are well
+relished. If the grain is to be converted into meal, a simple tub-mill
+answers the purpose best, as the meal _least perfectly ground_ is
+always preferred. A bolting-cloth is not needed, as it diminishes the
+sweetness and value of the flour. The catalogue of the advantages of
+this meal might be extended further. Boiled in water, it forms the
+frontier dish called _mush_, which was eaten with milk, with honey,
+molasses, butter or gravy. Mixed with cold water, it is, at once, ready
+for the cook; covered with hot ashes, the preparation is called the ash
+cake; placed upon a piece of clapboard, and set near the coals, it forms
+the journey-cake; or managed in the same way, upon a helveless hoe,
+it forms the hoe-cake; put in an oven, and covered over with a heated
+lid, it is called, if in a large mass, a pone or loaf; if in smaller
+quantities, dodgers. It has the further advantage, over all other flour,
+that it requires in its preparation few culinary utensils, and neither
+sugar, yeast, eggs, spices, soda, potash, or other _et ceteras_, to
+qualify or perfect the bread. To all this, it may be added, that it
+is not only cheap and well tasted, but it is unquestionably the most
+wholesome and nutritive food. The largest and healthiest people in the
+world have lived upon it exclusively. It formed the principal bread of
+that robust race of men--giants in miniature--which, half a century
+since, was seen on the frontier.
+
+"The dignity of history is not lowered by this enumeration of the
+pre-eminent qualities of Indian corn. The rifle and the axe have
+had their influence in subduing the wilderness to the purposes of
+civilization, and they deserve their eulogists and trumpeters. Let
+paeans be sung all over the mighty West to Indian corn--without it,
+the West would have still been a wilderness. Was the frontier suddenly
+invaded? Without commissary or quartermaster, or other sources of
+supply, each soldier parched a peck of corn; a portion of it was put
+into his pockets, the remainder in his wallet, and, throwing it upon his
+saddle, with his rifle on his shoulder, he was ready, in half an hour,
+for the campaign. Did a flood of emigration inundate the frontier with
+an amount of consumers disproportioned to the supply of grain? The
+facility of raising the Indian corn, and its early maturity, gave
+promise and guaranty that the scarcity would be temporary and tolerable.
+Did the safety of the frontier demand the services of every adult
+militiaman? The boys and women could, themselves, raise corn and furnish
+ample supplies of bread. The crop could be gathered next year. Did an
+autumnal intermittent confine the whole family or the entire population
+to the sick bed? This certain concomitant of the clearing, and
+cultivating the new soil, mercifully withholds its paroxysms till the
+crop of corn is made. It requires no further labor or care afterward.
+Paeans, say we, and a temple and worshipers, to the Creator of Indian
+corn. The frontier man could gratefully say: 'He maketh me to lie down
+in green pastures. He leadeth me beside the still waters. Thou
+_preparest a table before me in presence of mine enemies_.'
+
+"The sports of the frontier men were manly, athletic, or warlike--the
+chase, the bear hunt, the deer drive, shooting at the target, throwing
+the tomahawk, jumping, boxing and wrestling, foot and horse-racing.
+Playing marbles and pitching dollars, cards and backgammon, were little
+known, and were considered base or effeminate. The bugle, the violin,
+the fife and drum, furnished all the musical entertainments. These were
+much used and passionately admired. Weddings, military trainings,
+house-raisings, chopping frolics, were often followed with the fiddle,
+and dancing, and rural sports."
+
+[Footnote 51: Kendall.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Butler.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+     Indian hostilities resumed--Expedition of Davis, Caffre and
+     McClure--Murder of Elliot--Marshall's river adventure--Attack
+     on Captain Ward's boat--Affair near Scaggs' Creek--Growth of
+     Kentucky--Population--Trade--General Logan calls a meeting at
+     Danville--Danger of the country from Indian hostilities, and
+     necessity of defense considered--Convention called--Separation from
+     Virginia proposed--Other conventions-Virginia consents--Kentucky
+     admitted as an independent State of the Union--Indian
+     hostilities--Expedition and death of Colonel Christian--Attack
+     on Higgins' Fort--Expedition of General Clark--Its utter
+     failure--Expedition of General Logan--Surprises and destroys
+     a Shawanese town--Success of Captain Hardin--Defeat of
+     Hargrove--Affairs in Bourbon County--Exploits of Simon
+     Kenton--Affairs at the Elkhorn settlements--Treaty--Harman's
+     expedition--Final pacification of the Indians after Wayne's
+     victory.
+
+
+Kentucky was not yet entirely freed from Indian hostilities. There was
+no formidable invasion, such as to call for the exertions of Boone,
+Kenton and the other warriors of the border, but there were several
+occurrences which occasioned considerable alarm.
+
+In the spring of 1784, a number of families started down the Ohio from
+Louisville in two flat boats. They were pursued by Indians in canoes,
+but awed by the determined aspect of the whites, they drew off, without
+so much as a gun being fired on either side.
+
+This same spring a party of southern Indians stole some horses from
+Lincoln County. Three young men, Davis, Caffre and McClure, pursued
+them, but failing to overtake them, concluded to make reprisals on the
+nearest Indian settlement. Not far from the Tennessee River, they fell
+in with an equal number of Indians. The two parties saluted each other
+in a very friendly manner, and agreed to journey in company. The
+whites, however, were by no means convinced of the sincerity of their
+companions, and, seeing them talking together very earnestly, became
+assured of their hostile intentions. It being determined to anticipate
+the Indians' attack; Caffre undertook to capture one of them, while his
+companions shot the other two. Accordingly he sprung upon the nearest
+Indian, and bore him to the ground; Davis's gun missed fire but McClure
+shot his man dead. The remaining Indian sprung to a tree from which
+shelter he shot Caffre, who was still struggling with the Indian he had
+grappled. He, in his turn was immediately shot by McClure. The Indian
+whom Caffre had attacked, extricated himself from the grasp of his
+dying antagonist, and seizing his rifle presented it at Davis, who was
+coming to the assistance of his friend. Davis took to flight, his rifle
+not being in good order, and was pursued by the Indian into the wood.
+McClure, loading his gun, followed them, but lost sight of both.
+Davis was never heard of afterward.
+
+McClure now concluded to retreat, but he had not proceeded far, before
+he met an Indian on horseback attended by a boy on foot. The warrior
+dismounted, and seating himself on a log, offered his pipe to McClure.
+Soon other Indians were seen advancing in the distance, when McClure's
+sociable friend, informed him that when his companions came up, they
+would take him (McClure) and put him on a horse, tying his feet under
+its belly. In order to convey to his white brother an adequate idea of
+the honor intended him, the Indian got astride the log and locked his
+feet together. McClure took this opportunity of shooting his amiable but
+rather eccentric companion, and then ran off into the woods and escaped.
+
+This affair the reader will bear in mind, was with southern Indians, not
+with those of the north-western tribes, from whom the Kentuckians had
+suffered most. The only demonstration of hostility made by these, this
+year, appears to have been the pursuit of the boats mentioned before.
+In March, 1785, a man of the name of Elliot, who had emigrated to the
+country near the mouth of the Kentucky River, was killed by Indians,
+and his house destroyed and family dispersed.
+
+As Colonel Thomas Marshall from Virginia was descending the Ohio, in a
+flat boat, he was hailed from the northern shore by a man, who announced
+himself as James Girty, and said that he had been placed by his brother
+Simon, to warn all boats of the danger of being attacked by the Indians.
+He told them that efforts would be made to decoy them ashore by means of
+renegade white men, who would represent themselves as in great distress.
+He exhorted them to steel their hearts against all such appeals, and to
+keep the middle of the river. He said that his brother regretted the
+injuries he had inflicted upon the whites, and would gladly repair them
+as much as possible, to be re-admitted to their society, having lost all
+his influence among the Indians. This repentance on the part of Girty
+seems to have been of short duration, as he remained among the Indians
+till his death, which according to some took place at the battle of the
+Thames, though others deny it.
+
+However sincere or lasting Girty's repentance had been, he could never
+have lived in safety among the whites; he had been too active, and if
+common accounts are to be credited, too savage in his hostility to them,
+to admit of forgiveness; and it is probable that a knowledge of this
+prevented him from abandoning the Indians.
+
+"About the same time," says McClung, "Captain James Ward, at present a
+highly-respectable citizen of Mason County, Kentucky, was descending the
+Ohio, under circumstances which rendered a rencontre with the Indians
+peculiarly to be dreaded. He, together with half a dozen others, one of
+them his nephew, embarked in a crazy boat, about forty-five feet long,
+and eight feet wide, with no other bulwark than a single pine plank,
+above each gunnel. The boat was much encumbered with baggage, and seven
+horses were on board. Having seen no enemy for several days, they had
+become secure and careless, and permitted the boat to drift within
+fifty yards of the Ohio shore. Suddenly, several hundred Indians showed
+themselves on the bank, and running down boldly to the water's edge,
+opened a heavy fire upon the boat. The astonishment of the crew may be
+conceived."
+
+Captain Ward and his nephew were at the oars when the enemy appeared,
+and the captain knowing that their safety depended upon their agility
+to regain the middle of the river, kept his seat firmly, and exerted
+his utmost powers at the oar, but his nephew started up at sight of
+the enemy, seized his rifle, and was in the act of leveling it, when
+he received a ball in the breast, and fell dead in the bottom of the
+boat. Unfortunately, his oar fell into the river, and the Captain,
+having no one to pull against him, rather urged the boat nearer to the
+hostile shore than otherwise. He quickly seized a plank, however, and
+giving his oar to another of the crew, he took the station which his
+nephew had held, and unhurt by the shower of bullets which flew around
+him, continued to exert himself until the boat had reached a more
+respectable distance. He then, for the first time, looked around him
+in order to observe the condition of the crew.
+
+His nephew lay in his blood, perfectly lifeless; the horses had been
+all killed or mortally wounded. Some had fallen overboard; others were
+struggling violently, and causing their frail bark to dip water so
+abundantly as to excite the most serious apprehensions. But the crew
+presented the most singular spectacle. A captain, who had served with
+reputation in the continental army, seemed now totally bereft of his
+faculties. He lay upon his back in the bottom of the boat, with hands
+uplifted, and a countenance in which terror was personified, exclaiming
+in a tone of despair, "Oh Lord! Oh Lord." A Dutchman, whose weight
+might amount to about three hundred pounds, was anxiously engaged in
+endeavoring to find shelter for his bulky person, which, from the
+lowness of the gunnels, was a very difficult undertaking. In spite of
+his utmost efforts, a portion of his posterior luxuriance appeared above
+the gunnel, and afforded a mark to the enemy, which brought a constant
+shower of balls around it.
+
+"In vain he shifted his position. The hump still appeared, and the balls
+still flew around it, until the Dutchman losing all patience, raised
+his head above the gunnel, and in a tone of querulous remonstrance,
+called out, 'Oh now! quit tat tamned nonsense, tere, will you!' Not
+a shot was fired from the boat. At one time, after they had partly
+regained the current, Captain Ward attempted to bring his rifle to
+bear upon them, but so violent was the agitation of the boat, from the
+furious struggles of the horses, that he could not steady his piece
+within twenty yards of the enemy, and quickly laying it aside, returned
+to the oar. The Indians followed them down the river for more than an
+hour, but having no canoes they did not attempt to board; and as the
+boat was at length transferred to the opposite side of the river, they
+at length abandoned the pursuit and disappeared. None of the crew, save
+the young man already mentioned, were hurt, although the Dutchman's
+seat of honor served as a target for the space of an hour; and the
+continental captain was deeply mortified at the sudden, and, as he said,
+'unaccountable' panic which had seized him. Captain Ward himself was
+protected by a post, which had been fastened to the gunnel, and behind
+which he sat while rowing."[53]
+
+"In October, a party of emigrants were attacked near Scagg's Creek, and
+six killed. Mrs. McClure, with four children, ran into the woods, where
+she might have remained concealed, if it had not been for the cries of
+her infant, whom she could not make up her mind to abandon. The Indians
+guided to her hiding-place by these cries, cruelly tomahawked the three
+oldest children, but made her prisoner with her remaining child. Captain
+Whitley, with twenty-one men, intercepted the party on its return, and
+dispersed them, killing two, and wounding the same number. The prisoners
+were rescued. A few days after, another party of emigrants were
+attacked, and nine of them killed. Captain Whitley again pursued the
+Indians. On coming up with them, they took to flight. Three were killed
+in the course of the pursuit; two by the gallant Captain himself. Some
+other depredations were committed this year, but none of as much
+importance as those we have mentioned."
+
+These acts of hostility on the part of the Indians led to the adoption
+of measures for the defense of the Colony, to which we shall presently
+call the reader's attention.
+
+"Although," says Perkins,[54] "Kentucky grew rapidly during the year
+1784, the emigrants numbering twelve, and the whole population thirty
+thousand; although a friendly meeting was held by Thomas J. Dalton, with
+the Piankeshaws, at Vincennes, in April; and though trade was extending
+itself into the clearings and among the canebrakes--Daniel Brodhead
+having opened his store at Louisville the previous year, and James
+Wilkinson having come to Lexington in February, as the leader of a large
+commercial company, formed in Philadelphia, still the cool and sagacious
+mind of Logan led him to prepare his fellow-citizens for trial and
+hardships. He called, in the autumn of 1784, a meeting of the people
+at Danville, to take measures for defending the country, and at this
+meeting the whole subject of the position and danger of Kentucky was
+examined and discussed, and it was agreed that a convention should meet
+in December to adopt some measures for the security of the settlements
+in the wilderness. Upon the 27th of that month it met, nor was it long
+before the idea became prominent that Kentucky must ask to be severed
+from Virginia, and left to her own guidance and control. But as no such
+conception was general, when the delegates to this first convention
+were chosen, they deemed it best to appoint a second, to meet during
+the next May, at which was specially to be considered the topic most
+interesting to those who were called on to think and vote--a complete
+separation from the parent State--political independence."
+
+Several other conventions took place, in which the subject of a
+separation from Virginia was considered. In 1786 the Legislature of
+Virginia enacted the necessary preliminary provisions for the separation
+and erection of Kentucky into an independent State, with the condition
+that Congress should receive it into the Union, which was finally
+effected in the year 1792.
+
+Previously to this event, Indian hostilities were again renewed.
+
+"A number of Indians in April, 1786, stole some horses from the
+Bear Grass settlement, with which they crossed the Ohio. Colonel
+Christian pursued them into the Indian country, and, coming up with
+them, destroyed the whole party. How many there were is not stated. The
+whites lost two men, one of whom was the Colonel himself whose death was
+a severe loss to Kentucky. The following affair, which took place the
+same year, is given in the language of one who participated in it:
+
+"'After the battle of the Blue Licks, and in 1786 our family removed
+to Higgins' block-house on Licking River, one and a half miles above
+Cynthiana. Between those periods my father had been shot by the Indians,
+and my mother married Samuel Van Hook, who had been one of the party
+engaged in the defense at Ruddell's Station in 1780, and on its
+surrender was carried with the rest of the prisoners to Detroit.
+
+"'Higgins' Fort, or block-house, had been built at the bank of the
+Licking, on precipitous rocks, at least thirty feet high, which served
+to protect us on every side but one. On the morning of the 12th of June,
+at daylight, the fort, which consisted of six or seven houses, was
+attacked by a party of Indians, fifteen or twenty in number. There was
+a cabin outside, below the fort, where William McCombs resided, although
+absent at that time. His son Andrew, and a man hired in the family,
+named Joseph McFall, on making their appearance at the door to wash
+themselves, were both shot down--McCombs through the knee, and McFall
+in the pit of the stomach. McFall ran to the block-house, and McCombs
+fell, unable to support himself longer, just after opening the door of
+his cabin, and was dragged in by his sisters, who barricaded the door
+instantly. On the level and only accessible side there was a corn-field,
+and the season being favorable, and the soil rich as well as new, the
+corn was more than breast high. Here the main body of the Indians lay
+concealed, while three or four who made the attack attempted thereby to
+decoy the whites outside of the defenses. Failing in this, they set fire
+to an old fence and corn-crib, and two stables, both long enough built
+to be thoroughly combustible. These had previously protected their
+approach in that direction. Captain Asa Reese was in command of our
+little fort. 'Boys,' said he, 'some of you must run over to Hinkston's
+or Harrison's.' These were one and a half and two miles off, but in
+different directions. Every man declined. I objected, alleging as my
+reason that he would give up the fort before I could bring relief; but
+on his assurance that he would hold out, I agreed to go. I jumped off
+the bank through the thicket of trees, which broke my fall, while they
+scratched my face and limbs. I got to the ground with a limb clenched in
+my hands, which I had grasped unawares in getting through. I recovered
+from the jar in less than a minute, crossed the Licking, and ran up a
+cow-path on the opposite side, which the cows from one of those forts
+had beat down in their visits for water. As soon as I had gained the
+bank I shouted to assure my friends of my safety, and to discourage the
+enemy. In less than an hour I was back, with a relief of ten horsemen,
+well armed, and driving in full chase after the Indians. But they had
+decamped immediately upon hearing my signal, well knowing what it meant,
+and it was deemed imprudent to pursue them with so weak a party--the
+whole force in Higgins' block-house hardly sufficing to guard the women
+and children there. McFall, from whom the bullet could not be extracted,
+lingered two days and nights in great pain, when he died, as did
+McCombs, on the ninth day, mortification then taking place.'
+
+"While these depredations were going on, most of the Northwestern tribes
+were ostensibly at peace with the country, treaties having recently
+been made. But the Kentuckians, exasperated by the repeated outrages,
+determined to have resort to their favorite expedient of invading the
+Indian country. How far they were justified in holding the tribes
+responsible for the actions of these roving plunderers, the reader
+must judge for himself. We may remark, however, that it does not seem
+distinctly proved that the Indians engaged in these attacks belonged
+to any of the tribes against whom the attack was to be made. But the
+backwoodsmen were never very scrupulous in such matters. They generally
+regarded the Indian race as a unit: an offense committed by one warrior
+might be lawfully punished on another. We often, in reading the history
+of the West, read of persons who, having lost relations by Indians of
+one tribe, made a practice of killing all whom they met, whether in
+peace or war. It is evident, as Marshall says, that no authority but
+that of Congress could render an expedition of this kind lawful. The
+Governor of Virginia had given instructions to the commanders of the
+counties to take the necessary means for defense; and the Kentuckians,
+giving a free interpretation to these instructions, decided that the
+expedition was necessary and resolved to undertake it.
+
+"General Clark was selected to command it, and to the standard of
+this favorite officer volunteers eagerly thronged. A thousand men
+were collected at the Falls of the Ohio, from whence the troops marched
+by land to St. Vincennes, while the provisions and other supplies
+were conveyed by water. The troops soon became discouraged. When the
+provisions reached Vincennes, after a delay of several days on account
+of the low water, it was found that a large proportion of them were
+spoiled. In consequence of this, the men were placed upon short
+allowance, with which, of course, they were not well pleased. In the
+delay in waiting for the boats, much of the enthusiasm of the men had
+evaporated; and it is said by some that General Clark dispatched a
+messenger to the towns, in advance of the troops, to offer them the
+choice of peace or war, which greatly lessened the chances of the
+success of the expedition. Though this measure would be only complying
+with the requirements of good faith, it is very doubtful if it was
+adopted, so utterly at variance would it be with the usual manner
+of conducting these expeditions.
+
+"At any rate, when the army arrived within two days' march of the Indian
+towns, no less than three hundred of the men refused to proceed, nor
+could all the appeals of Clark induce them to alter their determination.
+They marched off in a body; and so discouraged were the others by this
+desertion, and the unfavorable circumstances in which they were placed,
+that a council held the evening after their departure concluded to
+relinquish the undertaking."
+
+The whole of the troops returned to Kentucky in a very disorderly
+manner. Thus did this expedition, begun under the most favorable
+auspices--for the commander's reputation was greater than any other in
+the West, and the men were the elite of Kentucky--altogether fail of its
+object, the men not having even seen the enemy. Marshall, in accounting
+for this unexpected termination, says that Clark was no longer the man
+he had been; that he had injured his intellect by the use of spirituous
+liquors. Colonel Logan had at first accompanied Clark, but he soon
+returned to Kentucky to organize another expedition; that might, while
+the attention of the Indians was altogether engrossed by the advance of
+Clark, fall upon some unguarded point. He raised the requisite number
+of troops without difficulty, and by a rapid march completely surprised
+one of the Shawanee towns, which he destroyed, killing several of the
+warriors, and bringing away a number of prisoners. In regard to the
+results of the measures adopted by the Kentuckians, we quote from
+Marshall:
+
+"In October of this year, a large number of families traveling by land
+to Kentucky, known by the name of McNitt's company, were surprised in
+camp, at night, by a party of Indians, between Big and Little Laurel
+River, and totally defeated, with the loss of twenty-one persons killed;
+the rest dispersed, or taken prisoners.
+
+"About the same time, Captain Hardin, from the south-western part of
+the district, with a party of men, made an excursion into the Indian
+country, surrounding the Saline; he fell in with a camp of Indians whom
+he attacked and defeated, killing four of them, without loss on his
+part.
+
+"Some time in December, Hargrove and others were defeated at the mouth
+of Buck Creek, on the Cumberland River. The Indians attacked in the
+night, killed one man, and wounded Hargrove; who directly became engaged
+in a rencontre with an Indian, armed with his tomahawk; of this he was
+disarmed, but escaped, leaving the weapon with Hargrove, who bore it
+off, glad to extricate himself. In this year also, Benjamin Price was
+killed near the three forks of Kentucky.
+
+"Thus ended, in a full renewal of the war, the year whose beginning had
+happily witnessed the completion of the treaties of peace.
+
+"By this time, one thing must have been obvious to those who had
+attended to the course of events--and that was, that if the Indians came
+into the country, whether for peace or war, hostilities were inevitable."
+
+'If the white people went into their country, the same consequences
+followed. The parties were yet highly exasperated against each other;
+they had not cooled since the peace, if peace it could be called; and
+meet where they would, bloodshed was the result.'
+
+"Whether the Indians to the north and west had ascertained, or not, that
+the two expeditions of this year were with or without the consent of
+Congress, they could but think the treaties vain things; and either made
+by those who had no right to make them, or no power to enforce them.
+With Kentuckians, it was known that the latter was the fact. To the
+Indians, the consequence was the same. They knew to a certainty, that
+the British had not surrendered the posts on the lakes--that it was from
+them they received their supplies; that they had been deceived, as to
+the United States getting the posts, and they were easily persuaded to
+believe, that these posts would not be transferred; and that in truth,
+the British, not the United States, had been the conquerors in the late
+war."
+
+"Such were the reflections which the state of facts would have
+justified, and at the same time have disposed them for war. The invasion
+of their country by two powerful armies from Kentucky, could leave no
+doubt of a disposition equally hostile on her part Congress, utterly
+destitute of the means for enforcing the treaties, either on the one
+side or the other, stood aloof, ruminating on the inexhaustible abundance
+of her own want of resources--and the abuse of herself for not possessing
+them."
+
+After this year, we hear of but few independent expeditions from
+Kentucky. Their militia were often called out to operate with the United
+States troops, and in Wayne's campaign were of much service; but this
+belongs to the general history of the United States. All that we have to
+relate of Kentucky now, is a series of predatory attacks by the Indians,
+varied occasionally by a spirited reprisal by a small party of whites.
+It is estimated that fifteen hundred persons were either killed or made
+prisoners in Kentucky after the year 1783.
+
+"On the night of the 11th of April, 1787," says McClung, "the house of
+a widow, in Bourbon County, became the scene of an adventure which we
+think deserves to be related. She occupied what is generally called a
+double cabin, in a lonely part of the country, one room of which was
+tenanted by the old lady herself, together with two grown sons, and a
+widowed daughter, at that time suckling an infant, while the other was
+occupied by two unmarried daughters, from sixteen to twenty years of
+age, together with a little girl not more than half grown. The hour was
+eleven o'clock at night. One of the unmarried daughters was still busily
+engaged at the loom, but the other members of the family, with the
+exception of one of the sons, had retired to rest. Some symptoms of an
+alarming nature had engaged the attention of the young man for an hour
+before any thing of a decided character took place.
+
+"The cry of owls was heard in the adjoining wood, answering each other
+in rather an unusual manner. The horses, which were enclosed as usual in
+a pound near the house, were more than commonly excited and by repeated
+snorting and galloping, announced the presence of some object of terror.
+The young man was often upon the point of awakening his brother, but was
+as often restrained by the fear of incurring ridicule and the reproach
+of timidity, at that time an unpardonable blemish in the character of a
+Kentuckian. At length hasty steps were heard in the yard, and quickly
+afterward, several loud knocks at the door, accompanied by the usual
+exclamation, 'Who keeps house?' in very good English. The young man,
+supposing from the language that some benighted settlers were at the
+door, hastily arose, and was advancing to withdraw the bar which secured
+it, when his mother, who had long lived upon the frontiers, and had
+probably detected the Indian tone in the demand for admission, instantly
+sprung out of bed, and ordered her son not to admit them, declaring that
+they were Indians.
+
+"She instantly awakened her other son, and the two young men seized
+their guns, which were always charged, prepared to repel the enemy. The
+Indians, finding it impossible to enter under their assumed characters,
+began to thunder at the door with great violence, but a single shot from
+a loop-hole compelled them to shift the attack to some less exposed
+point and, unfortunately, they discovered the door of the other cabin,
+containing the three daughters. The rifles of the brothers could not be
+brought to bear upon this point, and by means of several rails taken
+from the yard fence, the door was forced from its hinges, and the three
+girls were at the mercy of the savages. One was instantly secured, but
+the eldest defended herself desperately with a knife which she had been
+using at the loom, and stabbed one of the Indians to the heart before
+she was tomahawked.
+
+"In the mean time the little girl, who had been overlooked by the enemy
+in their eagerness to secure the others, ran out into the yard, and
+might have effected her escape, had she taken advantage of the darkness
+and fled; but instead of that, the terrified little creature ran around
+the house wringing her hands, and crying out that her sisters were
+killed. The brothers, unable to hear her cries without risking every
+thing for her rescue, rushed to the door and were preparing to sally
+out to her assistance, when their mother threw herself before them and
+calmly declared that the child must be abandoned to its fate; that the
+sally would sacrifice the lives of all the rest, without the slightest
+benefit to the little girl. Just then the child uttered a loud scream,
+followed by a few faint moans, and all was again silent. Presently the
+crackling of flames was heard, accompanied by a triumphant yell from
+the Indians, announcing that they had set fire to that division of the
+house which had been occupied by the daughters, and of which they held
+undisputed possession.
+
+"The fire was quickly communicated to the rest of the building, and it
+became necessary to abandon it or perish in the flames. In the one case
+there was a possibility that some might escape; in the other, their fate
+would be equally certain and terrible. The rapid approach of the flames
+cut short their momentary suspense. The door was thrown open, and the
+old lady, supported by her eldest son, attempted to cross the fence
+at one point, while her daughter, carrying her child in her arms, and
+attended by the younger of the brothers, ran in a different direction.
+The blazing roof shed a light over the yard but little inferior to that
+of day, and the savages were distinctly seen awaiting the approach of
+their victims. The old lady was permitted to reach the stile unmolested,
+but in the act of crossing received several balls in her breast and fell
+dead. Her son, providentially, remained unhurt, and by extraordinary
+agility effected his escape.
+
+"The other party succeeded also in reaching the fence unhurt, but
+in the act of crossing, were vigorously assailed by several Indians,
+who, throwing down their guns, rushed upon them with their tomahawks.
+The young man defended his sister gallantly, firing upon the enemy as
+they approached, and then wielding the butt of his rifle with a fury
+that drew their whole attention upon himself, and gave his sister an
+opportunity of effecting her escape. He quickly fell, however, under the
+tomahawks of his enemies, and was found at daylight, scalped and mangled
+in a shocking manner. Of the whole family consisting of eight persons,
+when the attack commenced, only three escaped. Four were killed upon the
+spot, and one (the second daughter) carried off as a prisoner.
+
+"The neighborhood was quickly alarmed, and by daylight about thirty men
+were assembled under the command of Colonel Edwards. A light snow had
+fallen during the latter part of the night, and the Indian trail could
+be pursued at a gallop. It led directly into the mountainous country
+bordering upon Licking, and afforded evidences of great hurry and
+precipitation on the part of the fugitives. Unfortunately a hound had
+been permitted to accompany the whites, and as the trail became fresh
+and the scent warm, she followed it with eagerness, baying loudly and
+giving the alarm to the Indians. The consequences of this imprudence
+were soon displayed. The enemy finding the pursuit keen, and perceiving
+that the strength of the prisoner began to fail, instantly sunk their
+tomahawks in her head and left her, still warm and bleeding, upon the
+snow."
+
+As the whites came up, she retained strength enough to waive her
+hand in token of recognition, and appeared desirous of giving them
+some information, with regard to the enemy, but her strength was too
+far gone. Her brother sprung from his horse and knelt by her side,
+endeavoring to stop the effusion of blood, but in vain. She gave him her
+hand, muttered some inarticulate words, and expired within two minutes
+after the arrival of the party. The pursuit was renewed with additional
+ardor, and in twenty minutes the enemy was within view. They had taken
+possession of a steep narrow ridge and seemed desirous of magnifying
+their numbers in the eyes of the whites, as they ran rapidly from tree
+to tree, and maintained a steady yell in their most appalling tones.
+The pursuers, however, were too experienced to be deceived by so common
+an artifice, and being satisfied that the number of the enemy must be
+inferior to their own, they dismounted, tied their horses, and flanking
+out in such a manner as to enclose the enemy, ascended the ridge as
+rapidly as was consistent with a due regard to the shelter of their
+persons.
+
+The firing quickly commenced, and now for the first time they discovered
+that only two Indians were opposed to them. They had voluntarily
+sacrificed themselves for the safety of the main body, and succeeded in
+delaying pursuit until their friends could reach the mountains. One of
+them was instantly shot dead, and the other was badly wounded, as was
+evident from the blood upon his blanket, as well as that which filled
+his tracks in the snow for a considerable distance. The pursuit was
+recommenced, and urged keenly until night, when the trail entered a
+running stream and was lost. On the following morning the snow had
+melted, and every trace of the enemy was obliterated. This affair must
+be regarded as highly honorable to the skill, address, and activity
+of the Indians; and the self-devotion of the rear guard, is a lively
+instance of that magnanimity of which they are at times capable, and
+which is more remarkable in them, from the extreme caution, and tender
+regard for their own lives, which usually distinguished their warriors.
+
+From this time Simon Kenton's name became very prominent as a leader.
+This year, at the head of forty-six men, he pursued a body of Indians,
+but did not succeed in overtaking them, which he afterward regarded as a
+fortunate circumstance, as he ascertained that they were at least double
+the number of his own party. A man by the name of Scott, having been
+carried off by the Indians, Kenton followed them over the Ohio, and
+released him.
+
+As early as January, 1783, the Indians entered Kentucky, two of them
+were captured near Crab Orchard by Captain Whitley. The same month, a
+party stole a number of horses from the Elkhorn settlements; they were
+pursued and surprised in their camp. Their leader extricated his hand,
+by a singular stratagem. Springing up before the whites could fire, he
+went through a series of the most extraordinary antics, leaping and
+yelling as if frantic. This conduct absorbing the attention of the
+whites, his followers took advantage of the opportunity to escape.
+As soon as they had all disappeared, the wily chief plunged into the
+woods and was seen no more. The attacks were continued in March. Several
+parties and families suffered severely. Lieutenant McClure, following
+the trail of a marauding party of Indians, fell in with an other body,
+and in the skirmish that ensued, was mortally wounded.
+
+In 1789, a conference was held at the mouth of the Muskingum, with most
+of the northwestern tribes, the result of which was the conclusion of
+another treaty. The Shawanese were not included in this pacification.
+This tribe was the most constant in its enmity to the whites, of all
+the Western Indians. There was but little use in making peace with the
+Indians unless all were included; for as long as one tribe was at war,
+restless spirits among the others were found to take part with them,
+and the whites, on the other hand, were not particular to distinguish
+between hostile and friendly Indians.
+
+Though the depredations continued this year, no affair of unusual
+interest occurred; small parties of the Indians infested the
+settlements, murdering and plundering the inhabitants. They were
+generally pursued, but mostly without success. Major McMillan was
+attacked by six or seven Indians, but escaped unhurt after killing two
+of his assailants.
+
+A boat upon the Ohio was fired upon, five men killed, and a woman
+made prisoner. In their attacks upon boats, the Indians employed the
+stratagem of which the whites had been warned by Girty. White men would
+appear upon the shore, begging the crew to rescue them from the Indians,
+who were pursuing them. Some of these were renegades, and others
+prisoners compelled to act this part, under threats of death in its most
+dreadful form if they refused.
+
+The warning of Girty is supposed to have saved many persons from this
+artifice; but too often unable to resist the many appeals, emigrants
+became victims to the finest feelings of our nature.
+
+Thus in March, 1790, a boat descending the river was decoyed ashore, and
+no sooner had it reached the bank than it was captured by fifty Indians,
+who killed a man and a woman, and made the rest prisoners. An expedition
+was made against the Indians on the Sciota by General Harmer, of the
+United States army, and General Scott, of the Kentucky militia, but
+nothing of consequence was achieved. In May a number of people
+returning from Divine service, on Bear Grass Creek, were attacked, and
+one man killed, and a woman made prisoner, who was afterward tomahawked.
+Three days after, a boat containing six men and several families was
+captured by sixteen Indians without loss. The whites were all carried
+off by the Indians, who intended, it is said, to make them slaves; one
+of the men escaped and brought the news to the settlements.
+
+In the fall Harmer made a second expedition, which was attended with
+great disasters. Several marauding attacks of the Indians ensued; nor
+was peace finally restored until after the treaty of Greenville, which
+followed the subjugation of the Indians by General Wayne in 1794.
+
+[Footnote 53: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 54: "Western Annals."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+     Colonel Boone meets with the loss of all his land in Kentucky,
+     and emigrates to Virginia--Resides on the Kenhawas, near Point
+     Pleasant--Hears of the fertility of Missouri, and the abundance of
+     game there--Emigrates to Missouri--Is appointed commandant of a
+     district under the Spanish Government--Mr. Audubon's narrative of
+     a night passed with Boone, and the narratives made by him during
+     the night--Extraordinary power of his memory.
+
+
+A period of severe adversity for Colonel Boone now ensued. His aversion
+to legal technicalities and his ignorance of legal forms were partly
+the cause of defects in the titles to the lands which he had long ago
+acquired, improved, and nobly defended. But the whole system of land
+titles in Kentucky at that early period was so utterly defective, that
+hundreds of others who were better informed and more careful than the
+old pioneer, lost their lands by litigation and the arts and rogueries
+of land speculators, who made it their business to hunt up defects in
+land titles.
+
+The Colonel lost all his land--even his beautiful farm near
+Boonesborough, which ought to have been held sacred by any men possessed
+of a particle of patriotism or honest feeling, was taken from him. He
+consequently left Kentucky and settled on the Kenhawa River in Virginia,
+not far from Point Pleasant. This removal appears to have taken place in
+the year 1790. He remained in this place several years, cultivating a
+farm, raising stock, and at the proper seasons indulging in his favorite
+sport of hunting.
+
+Some hunters who had been pursuing their sport on the western shores of
+the Missouri River gave Colonel Boone a very vivid description of that
+country, expatiating on the fertility of the land, the abundance of
+game, and the great herds of buffalo ranging over the vast expanse of
+the prairies. They also described the simple manners of the people, the
+absence of lawyers and lawsuits, and the Arcadian happiness which was
+enjoyed by all in the distant region, in such glowing terms that Boone
+resolved to emigrate and settle there, leaving his fourth son Jesse in
+the Kenhawa valley, where he had married and settled, and who did not
+follow him till several years after.[55]
+
+Mr. Peck fixes the period of this emigration in 1795. Perkins, in his
+"Western Annals," places it in 1797. His authority is an article of
+Thomas J. Hinde in the "American Pioneer," who says: "I was 'neighbor to
+Daniel Boone, the first white man that fortified against the. Indians in
+Kentucky. In October, 1797, I saw him on pack-horses take up his journey
+for Missouri, then Upper Louisiana."
+
+Mr. Peck says:[56] "At that period, and for several years after,
+the country of his retreat belonged to the Crown of Spain. His fame
+had reached this remote region before him; and he received of the
+Lieutenant-Governor, who resided at St. Louis, 'assurance that ample
+portions of land should be given to him and his family.' His first
+residence was in the Femme Osage settlement, in the District of St.
+Charles, about forty-five miles west of St. Louis. Here he remained
+with his son Daniel M. Boone until 1804, when he removed to the residence
+of his youngest son, Nathan Boone, with whom he continued till about
+1810, when he went to reside with his son-in-law, Flanders Callaway.
+A commission from Don Charles D. Delassus, Lieutenant-Governor, dated
+July 11th, 1800, appointing him commandant of the Femme Osage District,
+was tendered and accepted. He retained this command, which included both
+civil and military duties and he continued to discharge them with credit
+to himself, and to the satisfaction of all concerned, until the transfer
+of the government to the United States. The simple manners of the
+frontier people of Missouri exactly suited the peculiar habits and
+temper of Colonel Boone."
+
+It was during his residence in Missouri that Colonel Boone was visited
+by the great naturalist, J.J. Audubon, who passed a night with him. In
+his Ornithological Biography, Mr. Audubon gives the following narrative
+of what passed on that occasion:
+
+"Daniel Boone, or, as he was usually called in the Western country,
+Colonel Boone, happened to spend a night with me under the same roof,
+more than twenty years ago.[57] We had returned from a shooting
+excursion, in the course of which his extraordinary skill in the
+management of the rifle had been fully displayed. On retiring to the
+room appropriated to that remarkable individual and myself for the
+night, I felt anxious to know more of his exploits and adventures than
+I did, and accordingly took the liberty of proposing numerous questions
+to him. The stature and general appearance of this wanderer of the
+Western forests approached the gigantic. His chest was broad and
+prominent; his muscular powers displayed themselves in every limb;
+his countenance gave indication of his great courage, enterprise, and
+perseverance; and when he spoke, the very motion of his lips brought
+the impression that whatever he uttered could not be otherwise than
+strictly true. I undressed, whilst he merely took off his hunting-shirt,
+and arranged a few folds of blankets on the floor, choosing rather to
+lie there, as he observed, than on the softest bed. When we had both
+disposed of ourselves, each after his own fashion, he related to me the
+following account of his powers of memory, which I lay before you, kind
+reader, in his own words, hoping that the simplicity of his style may
+prove interesting to you:"
+
+"'I was once,' said he, 'on a hunting expedition on the banks of the
+Green River, when the lower parts of this State (Kentucky) were still
+in the hands of Nature, and none but the sons of the soil were looked
+upon as its lawful proprietors. We Virginians had for some time been
+waging a war of intrusion upon them, and I, amongst the rest, rambled
+through the woods in pursuit of their race, as I now would follow the
+tracks of any ravenous animal. The Indians outwitted me one dark night,
+and I was as unexpectedly as suddenly made a prisoner by them. The trick
+had been managed with great skill; for no sooner had I extinguished
+the fire of my camp, and laid me down to rest, in full security, as
+I thought, than I felt myself seized by an indistinguishable number
+of hands, and was immediately pinioned, as if about to be led to the
+scaffold for execution. To have attempted to be refractory would have
+proved useless and dangerous to my life; and I suffered myself to be
+removed from my camp to theirs, a few miles distant, without uttering
+even a word of complaint. You are aware, I dare say, that to act in this
+manner was the best policy, as you understand that by so doing I proved
+to the Indians at once that I was born and bred as fearless of death as
+any of themselves.
+
+"'When we reached the camp, great rejoicings were exhibited. Two squaws
+and a few papooses appeared particularly delighted at the sight of me,
+and I was assured, by very unequivocal gestures and words, that, on the
+morrow, the mortal enemy of the Redskins would cease to live. I never
+opened my lips but was busy contriving some scheme which might enable me
+to give the rascals the slip before dawn. The women immediately fell a
+searching about my hunting-shirt for whatever they might think valuable,
+and, fortunately for me, soon found my flask tilled with _Monongahela_
+(that is, reader, strong whisky). A terrific grin was exhibited on
+their murderous countenances, while my heart throbbed with joy at the
+anticipation of their intoxication. The crew immediately began to beat
+their bellies and sing, as they passed the bottle from mouth to mouth.
+How often did I wish the flask ten times its size, and filled with
+aquafortis! I observed that the squaws drank more freely than the
+warriors, and again my spirits were about to be depressed, when the
+report of a gun was heard at a distance. The Indians all jumped on their
+feet. The singing and drinking were both brought to a stand, and I saw,
+with inexpressible joy, the men walk off to some distance and talk to
+the squaws. I knew that they were consulting about me, and I foresaw
+that in a few moments the warriors would go to discover the cause of the
+gun having been fired so near their camp. I expected that the squaws
+would be left to guard me. Well, sir, it was just so. They returned;
+the men took up their guns, and walked away. The squaws sat down again,
+and in less than five minutes had my bottle up to their dirty mouths,
+gurgling down their throats the remains of the whisky.
+
+"'With what pleasure did I see them becoming more and more drunk, until
+the liquor took such hold of them that it was quite impossible for these
+women to be of any service. They tumbled down, rolled about, and began
+to snore; when I, having no other chance of freeing myself from the
+cords that fastened me, rolled over and over toward the fire, and, after
+a short time, burned them asunder. I rose on my feet, stretched my
+stiffened sinews, snatched up my rifle, and, for once in my life spared
+that of Indians. I now recollect how desirous I once or twice felt to
+lay open the skulls of the wretches with my tomahawk; but when I again
+thought upon killing beings unprepared and unable to defend themselves,
+it looked like murder without need, and I gave up the idea.
+
+"'But, sir, I felt determined to mark the spot, and walking to a thrifty
+ash sapling I cut out of it three large chips, and ran off. I soon
+reached the river soon crossed it, and threw myself deep into the
+canebrakes, imitating the tracks of an Indian with my feet, so that no
+chance might be left for those from whom I had escaped to overtake me.
+
+"'It is now nearly twenty years since this happened, and more than five
+since I left the whites' settlements, which I might probably never have
+visited again had I not been called on as a witness in a lawsuit that
+was pending in Kentucky, and which I really believe would never have
+been settled had I not come forward and established the beginning of
+a certain boundary line. This is the story, sir:
+
+"'Mr. ---- moved from Old Virginia into Kentucky, and having a large
+tract granted to him in the new State, laid claim to a certain parcel
+of land adjoining Green River, and, as chance would have it, took for
+one of his corners the very ash tree on which I had made my mark, and
+finished his survey of some thousands of acres, beginning, as it is
+expressed in the deed, at an ash marked by three distinct notches of
+the tomahawk of a white man."
+
+"'The tree had grown much, and the bark had covered the marks; but,
+somehow or other, Mr. ---- heard from some one all that I have already
+said to you, and thinking that I might remember the spot alluded to in
+the deed, but which was no longer discoverable, wrote for me to come
+and try at least to find the place or the tree. His letter mentioned
+that all my expenses should be paid, and not caring much about once
+more going back to Kentucky I started and met Mr. ----. After some
+conversation, the affair with the Indians came to my recollection.
+I considered for a while, and began to think that after all I could
+find the very spot, as well as the tree, if it was yet standing.
+
+"'Mr. ---- and I mounted our horses, and off we went to the Green River
+Bottoms. After some difficulties--for you must be aware, sir, that great
+changes have taken place in those woods--I found at last the spot where
+I had crossed the river, and, waiting for the moon to rise, made for the
+course in which I thought the ash tree grew. On approaching the place,
+I felt as if the Indians were there still, and as if I was still a
+prisoner among them. Mr. ---- and I camped near what I conceived the
+spot, and waited until the return of day.
+
+"'At the rising of the sun I was on foot, and, after a good deal of
+musing, thought that an ash tree then in sight must be the very one on
+which I had made my mark, I felt as if there could be no doubt of it,
+and mentioned my thought to Mr. ----. 'Well, Colonel Boone,' said he, 'if
+you think so, I hope it may prove true, but we must have some witnesses;
+do you stay here about, and I will go and bring some of the settlers
+whom I know.' I agreed. Mr. ---- trotted off, and I, to pass the time,
+rambled about to see if a deer was still living in the land. But ah!
+sir, what a wonderful difference thirty years make in the country! Why,
+at the time when I was caught by the Indians, you would not have walked
+out in any direction for more than a mile without shooting a buck or a
+bear. There were then thousands of buffaloes on the hills in Kentucky;
+the land looked as if it never would become poor: and to hunt in those
+days was a pleasure indeed. But when I was left to myself on the banks
+of Green River, I dare say for the last time in my life, a few _signs_
+only of deer were to be seen, and, as to a deer itself, I saw none.
+
+"'Mr. ---- returned, accompanied by three gentlemen. They looked upon me
+as if I had been Washington himself, and walked to the ash tree which
+I now called my own, as if in quest of a long-lost treasure. I took an
+axe from one of them, and cut a few chips off the bark. Still no signs
+were to be seen. So I cut again until I thought it was time to be
+cautious, and I scraped and worked away with my butcher-knife until
+I _did_ come to where my tomahawk had left an impression in the wood.
+We now went regularly to work, and scraped at the tree with care until
+three hacks, as plain as any three notches ever were, could be seen.
+Mr. ---- and the other gentlemen were astonished, and I must allow I was
+as much surprised as pleased myself. I made affidavit of this remarkable
+occurrence in presence of these gentlemen. Mr. ---- gained his cause.
+I left Green River forever, and came to where we now are; and sir I wish
+you a good-night.'"
+
+
+[Footnote 55: Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 56: Life of Boone.]
+
+[Footnote 57: This would be about the year 1810.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+     Colonel Boone receives a large grant of land from the Spanish
+     Government of Upper Louisiana--He subsequently loses it by
+     neglecting to secure the formal title--His law suits in his
+     new home--Character of the people--Sketch of the history of
+     Missouri--Colonel Boone's hunting--He pays his debts by the
+     sale of furs--Hunting excursions continued--In danger from the
+     Indians--Taken sick in his hunting camp--His relatives settled in
+     his neighborhood--Colonel Boone applies to Congress to recover his
+     land--The Legislature of Kentucky supports his claim--Death of
+     Mrs. Boone--Results of the application to Congress--He receives
+     one-eleventh part of his just claim--He ceases to hunt--Occupations
+     of his declining years--Mr. Harding paints his portrait.
+
+
+In consideration of his official services as Syndic, ten thousand
+arpents[58] of excellent land were given to Colonel Boone by the
+Government. Under the special law, in order to make his title good, he
+should have obtained a confirmation of his grant from the immediate
+representative of the Crown, then residing in New Orleans. But his
+friend, the Commandant at St. Louis, undertook to dispense with his
+residence on the land which was another condition to a sound title, and
+Boone probably supposed that "all would be right" without attending to
+any of the formalities, and neglected to take the necessary steps for
+holding his land securely.
+
+It is probable that he foresaw that Missouri would soon become a part of
+the United States, and expected justice from that quarter. But in this
+he was disappointed, for when that event took place, the commissioners
+of the United States appointed to decide on confirmed claims felt
+constrained by their instructions and rejected Colonel Boone's claims
+for want of legal formalities.
+
+Thus was the noble pioneer a second time deprived of the recompense
+of his inestimable services by his inattention to the precautions
+necessary for securing his rights. This second misfortune came upon
+him some time after the period of which we are now writing.
+
+Meantime Colonel Boone found his residence in Missouri agreeable, and in
+every respect congenial to his habits and tastes. His duties as Syndic
+were light; and he was allowed ample time for the cultivation of his
+land, and for occasional tours of hunting, in which he so greatly
+delighted. Trapping beaver was another of his favorite pursuits, and
+in this new country he found abundance of this as well as other species
+of game.
+
+A greater part of the people of Missouri were emigrants from the
+United States, pioneers of the West, who had already resisted Indian
+aggressions, and were welcomed by the French and Spanish settlers as
+a clear accession to their military strength,
+
+A brief notice of the history of this State, showing how the different
+kinds of population came there, will be not inappropriate in this place.
+
+Though the French were the first settlers, and for a long time the
+principal inhabitants of Missouri, yet a very small portion of her
+present population is of that descent. A fort was built by that people
+as early as 1719, near the site of the present capital, called Fort
+Orleans, and its lead mines worked to some extent the next year. St.
+Genevieve, the oldest town in the State, was settled in 1755, and St.
+Louis in 1764. At the treaty of 1763 it was assigned, with all the
+territory west of the Mississippi, to Spain. "In 1780, St. Louis was
+besieged and attacked by a body of British troops and Indians, fifteen
+hundred and forty strong." During the siege, sixty of the French were
+killed. The siege was raised by Colonel George Rogers Clark, who came
+with five hundred men to the relief of the place. At the close of the
+American Revolution, the territory west of the Mississippi remained with
+Spain till it was ceded to France, in 1801. In 1803, at the purchase of
+Louisiana, it came into the possession of the United States, and formed
+part of the territory of Louisiana, until the formation of the State
+of that name in 1812, when the remainder of the territory was named
+Missouri, from which (after a stormy debate in Congress as to the
+admission of slavery) was separated the present State of Missouri in
+1721.[59]
+
+The office of Syndic, to which Colonel Boone had been appointed, is
+similar to that of justice of the peace under our own government: but it
+is more extensive, as combining military with civil powers. Its exercise
+in Colonel Boone's district did not by any means occupy the whole of
+his time and attention. On the contrary, he found sufficient time for
+hunting in the winter months--the regular hunting season. At first he
+was not very successful in obtaining valuable furs; but after two or
+three seasons, he was able to secure a sufficient quantity to enable
+him, by the proceeds of their sale, to discharge some outstanding debts
+in Kentucky; and he made a journey thither for that purpose. When he had
+seen each creditor, and paid him all he demanded, he returned home to
+Missouri, and on his arrival he had but half a dollar remaining. "To his
+family," says Mr. Peck, "and a circle of friends who had called to see
+him, he said, 'Now I am ready and willing to die. I am relieved from a
+burden that has long oppressed me. I have paid all my debts, and no one
+will say, when I am gone, 'Boone was a dishonest man.' I am perfectly
+willing to die.'"[60]
+
+Boone still continued his hunting excursions, attended sometimes by some
+friend: but most frequently by a black servant boy. On one of these
+occasions these two had to resist an attack of Osage Indians, whom they
+speedily put to flight. At another time, when he was entirely alone, a
+large encampment of Indians made its appearance in his neighborhood;
+and he was compelled to secrete himself for twenty days in his camp,
+cooking his food only in the middle of the night, so that the smoke of
+his fire would not be seen. At the end of this long period of inaction
+the Indians went off.
+
+At another time, while in his hunting camp, with only a negro boy for
+his attendant, he fell sick and lay a long time unable to go out. When
+sufficiently recovered to walk out, he pointed out to the boy a place
+where he wished to be buried if he should die in camp, and also gave
+the boy very exact directions about his burial, and the disposal of his
+rifle, blankets and peltry.[61]
+
+Among the relations of Colonel Boone, who were settled in his
+neighborhood, were Daniel Morgan Boone, his eldest son then living, who
+had gone out before his father; Nattra, with his wife, who had followed
+in 1800; and Flanders Callaway, his son-in-law, who had come out about
+the time that Missouri, then Upper Louisiana, became a part of the
+United States territory.[62]
+
+We have already stated that the land granted to Colonel Boone, in
+consideration of his performing the duties of Syndic, was lost by his
+omission to comply with the legal formalities necessary to secure his
+title.
+
+In addition to the ten thousand arpents of land thus lost, he had been
+entitled as a citizen to one thousand arpents of land according to the
+usage in other cases; but he appears not to have complied with the
+condition of actual residence on this land, and it was lost in
+consequence.
+
+In 1812, Colonel Boone sent a petition to Congress, praying for a
+confirmation of his original claims. In order to give greater weight
+to his application, he presented a memorial to the General Assembly of
+Kentucky, on the thirteenth of January, 1812, soliciting the aid of that
+body in obtaining from Congress the confirmation of his claims.
+
+The Legislature, by a unanimous vote, passed the following preamble and
+resolutions.
+
+"The Legislature of Kentucky, taking into view the many eminent services
+rendered by Col. Boone, in exploring and settling the western country,
+from which great advantages have resulted, not only to this State, but
+to his country in general; and that from circumstances over which he had
+no control, he is now reduced to poverty, not having, so far as appears,
+an acre of land out of the vast territory he has been a great instrument
+in peopling; believing, also, that it is as unjust as it is impolitic,
+that useful enterprise and eminent services should go unrewarded by a
+government where merit confers the only distinction; and having
+sufficient reason to believe that a grant of ten thousand acres of land,
+which he claims in Upper Louisiana, would have been confirmed by the
+Spanish government, had not said territory passed, by cession, into the
+hands of the general government: wherefore.
+
+"Resolved, by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of
+Kentucky,--That our Senators in Congress be requested to make use of
+their exertions to procure a grant of land in said territory to said
+Boone, either the ten thousand acres to which he appears to have an
+equitable claim, from the grounds set forth to this Legislature, by way
+of confirmation, or to such quantity in such place as shall be deemed
+most advisable, by way of donation."
+
+Notwithstanding this action of the Legislature of Kentucky, Colonel
+Boone's appeal, like many other just and reasonable claims presented to
+Congress, was neglected for some time. During this period of anxious
+suspense, Mrs. Boone, the faithful and affectionate wife of the
+venerable pioneer, who had shared his toils and anxieties, and cheered
+his home for so many years, was taken from his side. She died in March,
+1813, at the age of seventy-six. The venerable pioneer was now to miss
+her cheerful companionship for the remainder of his life; and to a man
+of his affectionate disposition this must have been a severe privation.
+
+Colonel Boone's memorial to Congress received the earnest and active
+support of Judge Coburn, Joseph Vance, Judge Burnett, and other
+distinguished men belonging to the Western country. But it was not till
+the 24th of December, 1813, that the Committee on Public Lands made a
+report on the subject.
+
+The report certainly is a very inconsistent one, as it fully admits the
+justice of his claim to eleven thousand arpents of land, and recommends
+Congress to give him the miserable pittance of one thousand arpents, to
+which he was entitled in common with all the other emigrants to Upper
+Louisiana! The act for the confirmation of the title passed on the 10th
+of February, 1814.
+
+For ten years before his decease, Colonel Boone gave up his favorite
+pursuit of hunting. The infirmities of age rendered it imprudent for him
+to venture alone in the woods.
+
+The closing years of Colonel Boone's life were passed in a manner
+entirely characteristic of the man. He appears to have considered love
+to mankind, reverence to the Supreme Being, delight in his works and
+constant usefulness, as the legitimate ends of life. After the decease
+of Mrs. Boone, he divided his time among the different members of his
+family, making his home with his eldest daughter, Mrs. Callaway,
+visiting his other children, and especially his youngest son, Major
+Nathan Boone, for longer or shorter periods, according to his
+inclination and convenience. He was greatly beloved by all his
+descendants, some of whom were of the fifth generation; and he took
+great delight in their society.
+
+"His time at home," says Mr. Peck, "was usually occupied in some useful
+manner. He made powder-horns for his grandchildren, neighbors, and
+friends, many of which were carved and ornamented with much taste. He
+repaired rifles, and performed various descriptions of handicraft with
+neatness and finish." Making powder-horns--repairing rifles--employments
+in pleasing unison with old pursuits, and by the associations thus
+raised in his mind, always recalling the pleasures of the chase, the
+stilly whispering hum of the pines, the fragrance of wild flowers, and
+the deep solitude of the primeval forest.
+
+In the summer of 1820, Chester Harding, who of American artists is one
+of the most celebrated for the accuracy of his likenesses, paid a visit
+to Colonel Boone for the purpose of taking his portrait. The Colonel was
+quite feeble, and had to be supported by a friend, the Rev. J.E. Welsh,
+while sitting to the artist.[63]
+
+This portrait is the original from which most of the engravings of Boone
+have been executed. It represents him in his hunting-dress, with his
+large hunting-knife in his belt. The face is very thin and pale, and
+the hair perfectly white; the eyes of a bright blue color, and the
+expression of the countenance mild and pleasing.
+
+[Footnote 58: An arpent of land is eighty-five-hundredths of an acre.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Lippincott's Gazetteer.]
+
+[Footnote 60: The owners of the money of which he was robbed on his
+journey to Virginia, as already related, had voluntarily relinquished
+all claims on him. This was a simple act of justice.]
+
+[Footnote 61: Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 62: Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 63: Peck. Life of Boone.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+     Last illness, and death of Colonel Boone--His funeral--Account
+     of his family--His remains and those of his wife removed from
+     Missouri, and reinterred in the new cemetery in Frankfort,
+     Kentucky--Character of Colonel Boone.
+
+
+In September, 1820, Colonel Boone had an attack of fever, from which he
+recovered so as to make a visit to the house of his son, Major Nathan
+Boone. Soon after, from an indiscretion in his diet, he had a relapse;
+and after a confinement to the house of only three days, he expired on
+the 26th of September, in the eighty-sixth year of his age.
+
+He was buried in a coffin which he had kept ready for several years.
+His remains were laid by the side of those of his deceased wife. The
+great respect and reverence entertained toward him, attracted a large
+concourse from the neighboring country to the funeral. The Legislature
+of Missouri, then in session, passed a resolution that the members
+should wear the badge of mourning usual in such cases for twenty days;
+and an adjournment for one day took place.
+
+Colonel Boone had five sons and four daughters The two oldest sons, as
+already related, were killed by the Indians. His third, Colonel Daniel
+Morgan Boone, resided in Missouri, and died about 1842, past the age of
+eighty. Jesse Boone, the fourth son, settled in Missouri about 1805, and
+died at St. Louis a few years after. Major Nathan Boone, the youngest
+child, resided for many years in Missouri, and received a commission in
+the United States Dragoons. He was still living at a recent date. Daniel
+Boone's daughters, Jemima, Susannah, Rebecca, and Lavinia, were all
+married, lived and died in Kentucky.
+
+In 1845 the citizens of Frankfort, Kentucky, having prepared a rural
+cemetery, resolved to consecrate it by interring in it the remains of
+Daniel Boone and his wife. The consent of the family being obtained,
+the reinterment took place on the 20th of August of that year.
+
+The pageant was splendid and deeply interesting. A few survivors of
+Boone's contemporaries were present, gathered from all parts of the
+State, and a numerous train of his descendants and relatives led the van
+of the procession escorting the hearse, which was decorated with forest
+evergreens and white lilies, an appropriate tribute to the simple as
+well as glorious character of Boone, and a suitable emblem of his
+enduring fame. The address was delivered by Mr. Crittenden, and the
+concourse of citizens from Kentucky and the neighboring States was
+immense.
+
+The reader of the foregoing pages will have no difficulty in forming
+a correct estimate of Boone's character. He was one of the purest and
+noblest of the pioneers of the West. Regarding himself as an instrument
+in the hands of Providence for accomplishing great purposes, he was
+nevertheless always modest and unassuming, never seeking distinction,
+but always accepting the post of duty and danger.
+
+As a military leader he was remarkable for prudence, coolness, bravery,
+and imperturbable self-possession. His knowledge of the character of the
+Indians enabled him to divine their intentions and baffle their best
+laid plans; and notwithstanding his resistance of their inroads, he was
+always a great favorite amongst them. As a father, husband, and citizen,
+his character seems to have been faultless; and his intercourse with his
+fellow-men was always marked by the strictest integrity and honor.
+
+
+
+
+COLONEL BOONE'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY
+
+[The following pages were dictated by Colonel Boone to John Filson, and
+published in 1784. Colonel Boone has been heard to say repeatedly since
+its publication, that "it is every word true."]
+
+Curiosity is natural to the soul of man, and interesting objects have
+a powerful influence on our affections. Let these influencing powers
+actuate, by the permission or disposal of Providence, from selfish or
+social views, yet in time the mysterious will of Heaven is unfolded, and
+we behold our conduct, from whatsoever motives excited, operating to
+answer the important designs of Heaven. Thus we behold Kentucky, lately
+a howling wilderness, the habitation of savages and wild beasts, become
+a fruitful field; this region, so favorably distinguished by nature,
+now become the habitation of civilization, at a period unparalleled in
+history, in the midst of a raging war, and under all the disadvantages
+of emigration to a country so remote from the inhabited parts of the
+continent. Here, where the hand of violence shed the blood of the
+innocent; where the horrid yells of savages and the groans of the
+distressed sounded in our ears, we now hear the praises and adorations
+of our Creator; where wretched wigwams stood, the miserable abodes
+of savages, we behold the foundations of cities laid, that, in all
+probability, will equal the glory of the greatest upon earth. And we
+view Kentucky, situated on the fertile banks of the great Ohio, rising
+from obscurity to shine with splendor, equal to any other of the stars
+of the American hemisphere.
+
+The settling of this region well deserves a place in history. Most
+of the memorable events I have myself been exercised in; and, for the
+satisfaction of the public, will briefly relate the circumstance of my
+adventures, and scenes of life from my first movement to this country
+until this day.
+
+It was on the first of May, in the year 1769, that I resigned my
+domestic happiness for a time, and left my family and peaceable
+habitation on the Yadkin River, in North Carolina, to wander through the
+wilderness of America, in quest of the country of Kentucky, in company
+with John Finley, John Stewart, Joseph Holden, James Monay, and William
+Cool. We proceeded successfully, and after a long and fatiguing journey
+through a mountainous wilderness, in a westward direction. On the 7th
+of June following we found ourselves on Red River, where John Finley
+had formerly been trading with the Indians, and, from the top of an
+eminence, saw with pleasure the beautiful level of Kentucky. Here let
+me observe that for some time we had experienced the most uncomfortable
+weather, as a pre-libation of our future sufferings. At this place we
+encamped, and made a shelter to defend us from the inclement season,
+and began to hunt and reconnoitre the country. We found everywhere
+abundance of wild beasts of all sorts, through this vast forest. The
+buffalo were more frequent than I have seen cattle in the settlements,
+browsing on the leaves of the cane, or cropping the herbage on those
+extensive plains, fearless, because ignorant of the violence of man.
+Sometimes we saw hundreds in a drove, and the numbers about the salt
+springs were amazing. In this forest, the habitation of beasts of every
+kind natural to America, we practiced hunting with great success until
+the 22d day of December following.
+
+This day John Steward and I had a pleasing ramble, but fortune changed
+the scene in the close of it. We had passed through a great forest, on
+which stood myriads of trees, some gay with blossoms, and others rich
+with fruits. Nature was here a series of wonders, and a fund of delight.
+Here she displayed her ingenuity and industry in a variety of flowers
+and fruits, beautifully colored, elegantly shaped, and charmingly
+flavored; and we were diverted with innumerable animals presenting
+themselves perpetually to our view. In the decline of the day, near
+Kentucky River, as we ascended the brow of a small hill, a number of
+Indians rushed out of a thick canebrake upon us, and made us prisoners.
+The time of our sorrow was now arrived, and the scene fully opened.
+The Indians plundered us of what we had, and kept us in confinement
+seven days, treating us with common savage usage. During this time we
+discovered no uneasiness or desire to escape, which made them less
+suspicious of us; but in the dead of night, as we lay in a thick
+canebrake by a large fire, when sleep had locked-up their senses, my
+situation not disposing me for rest, I touched my companion, and gently
+awoke him. We improved this favorable opportunity and departed, leaving
+them to take their rest, and speedily directed our course toward our old
+camp, but found it plundered, and the company dispersed and gone home.
+About this time my brother, Squire Boone, with another adventurer, who
+came to explore the country shortly after us, was wandering through the
+forest, determined to find me if possible, and accidentally found our
+camp. Notwithstanding the unfortunate circumstances of our company, and
+our dangerous situation, as surrounded with hostile savages, our meeting
+so fortunately in the wilderness made us reciprocally sensible of the
+utmost satisfaction. So much does friendship triumph over misfortune,
+that sorrows and sufferings vanish at the meeting not only of real
+friends, but of the most distant acquaintances, and substitute happiness
+in their room.
+
+Soon after this, my companion in captivity, John Stewart, was killed
+by the savages, and the man that came with my brother returned home by
+himself. We were then in a dangerous, helpless situation, exposed daily
+to perils and death among savages and wild beasts--not a white man in
+the country but ourselves.
+
+Thus situated, many hundred miles from our families in the howling
+wilderness, I believe few would have equally enjoyed the happiness we
+experienced. I often observed to my brother, "You see now how little
+nature requires to be satisfied. Felicity, the companion of content,
+is rather found in our own breasts than in the enjoyment of external
+things; and I firmly believe it requires but a little philosophy to
+make a man happy in whatsoever state he is. This consists in a full
+resignation to the will of Providence; and a resigned soul finds
+pleasure in a path strewed with briers and thorns."
+
+We continued not in a state of indolence, but hunted every day, and
+prepared a little cottage to defend us from the winter storms. We
+remained there undisturbed during the winter, and on the first day of
+May, 1770, my brother returned home to the settlement by himself, for
+a new recruit of horses and ammunition, leaving me by myself, without
+bread, salt, or sugar, without company of my fellow-creatures, or even
+a horse or dog. I confess I never before was under greater necessity of
+exercising philosophy and fortitude. A few days I passed uncomfortably.
+The idea of a beloved wife and family, and their anxiety upon the
+account of my absence and exposed situation, made sensible impressions
+on my heart. A thousand dreadful apprehensions presented themselves to
+my view, and had undoubtedly disposed me to melancholy, if further
+indulged.
+
+One day I undertook a tour through the country, and the diversity and
+beauties of nature I met with in this charming season, expelled every
+gloomy and vexatious thought. Just at the close of day the gentle gales
+retired, and left the place to the disposal of a profound calm. Not
+a breeze shook the most tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit of a
+commanding ridge, and, looking round with astonishing delight, beheld
+the ample plains, the beauteous tracts below. On the other hand, I
+surveyed the famous river Ohio, that rolled in silent dignity, marking
+the western boundary of Kentucky with inconceivable grandeur. At a
+vast distance I beheld the mountains lift their venerable brows, and
+penetrate the clouds. All things were still. I kindled a fire near a
+fountain of sweet water, and feasted on the loin of a buck, which a few
+hours before I had killed. The sullen shades of night soon overspread
+the whole hemisphere, and the earth seemed to gasp after the hovering
+moisture. My roving excursion this day had fatigued my body, and
+diverted my imagination. I laid me down to sleep, and I awoke not until
+the sun had chased away the night. I continued this tour, and in a few
+days explored a considerable part of the country, each day equally
+pleased as the first. I returned again to my old camp, which was not
+disturbed in my absence. I did not confine my lodging to it, but often
+reposed in thick canebrakes, to avoid the savages, who, I believe,
+often visited my camp, but, fortunately for me, in my absence. In this
+situation I was constantly exposed to danger and death. How unhappy such
+a situation for a man tormented with fear, which is vain if no danger
+comes, and if it does, only augments the pain! It was my happiness to
+be destitute of this afflicting passion, with which I had the greatest
+reason to be affected. The prowling wolves diverted my nocturnal hours
+with perpetual howlings; and the various species of animals in this vast
+forest, in the daytime, were continually in my view.
+
+Thus I was surrounded by plenty in the midst of want. I was happy
+in the midst of dangers and inconveniences. In such a diversity, it was
+impossible I should be disposed to melancholy. No populous city, with
+all the varieties of commerce and stately Structures, could afford so
+much pleasure to my mind as the beauties of nature I found here.
+
+Thus, through an uninterrupted scene of sylvan pleasures, I spent the
+time until the 27th day of July following, when my brother, to my great
+felicity, met me, according to appointment, at our old camp. Shortly
+after, we left this place, not thinking it safe to stay there longer,
+and proceeded to Cumberland River, reconnoitering that part of the
+country until March, 1771, and giving names to the different waters.
+
+Soon after, I returned home to my family, with a determination to bring
+them as soon as possible to live in Kentucky, which I esteemed a second
+paradise, at the risk of my life and fortune.
+
+I returned safe to my old habitation, and found my family in happy
+circumstances. I sold my farm on the Yadkin, and what goods we could not
+carry with us; and on the 25th day of September, 1773, bade a farewell
+to our friends, and proceeded on our journey to Kentucky, in company
+with five families more, and forty men that joined us in Powel's Valley,
+which is one hundred and fifty miles from the now settled parts of
+Kentucky, This promising beginning was soon overcast with a cloud of
+adversity; for, upon the 10th day of October, the rear of our company
+was attacked by a number of Indians, who killed six, and wounded one
+man. Of these, my eldest son was one that fell in the action. Though
+we defended ourselves and repulsed the enemy, yet this unhappy affair
+scattered our cattle, brought us into extreme difficulty, and so
+discouraged the whole company, that we retreated forty miles, to the
+settlement on Clinch River. We had passed over two mountains, viz,
+Powel's and Walden's, and were approaching Cumberland mountain when this
+adverse fortune overtook us. These mountains are in the wilderness, as
+we pass from the old settlements in Virginia to Kentucky, are ranged in
+a southwest and northeast direction, are of a great length and breadth,
+and not far distant from each other. Over these, nature hath formed
+passes that are less difficult than might be expected, from a view of
+such huge piles. The aspect of these cliffs is so wild and horrid, that
+it is impossible to behold them without terror. The spectator is apt
+to imagine that nature has formerly suffered some violent convulsion,
+and that these are the dismembered remains of the dreadful shock; the
+ruins, not of Persepolis or Palmyra, but of the world!
+
+I remained with my family on Clinch until the 6th of June, 1774, when
+I and one Michael Stoner were solicited by Governor Dunmore of Virginia
+to go to the falls of the Ohio, to conduct into the settlements a number
+of surveyors that had been sent thither by him some months before; this
+country having about this time drawn the attention of many adventurers.
+We immediately complied with the Governor's request, and conducted in
+the surveyors--completing a tour of eight hundred miles, through many
+difficulties, in sixty-two days.
+
+Soon after I returned home, I was ordered to take the command of three
+garrisons during the campaign which Governor Dunmore carried on against
+the Shawanese Indians; after the conclusion of which, the militia was
+discharged from each garrison, and I, being relieved from my post, was
+solicited by a number of North Carolina gentlemen, that were about
+purchasing the lands lying on the south side of Kentucky River, from the
+Cherokee Indians, to attend their treaty at Wataga, in March, 1775, to
+negotiate with them, and mention the boundaries of the purchase. This
+I accepted; and, at the request of the same gentlemen, undertook to
+mark out a road in the best passage from the settlement through the
+wilderness to Kentucky, with such assistance as I thought necessary
+to employ for such an important undertaking.
+
+I soon began this work, having collected a number of enterprising men,
+well armed. We proceeded with all possible expedition until we came
+within fifteen miles of where Boonesborough now stands, and where we
+were fired upon by a party of Indians, that killed two, and wounded two
+of our number; yet, although surprised and taken at a disadvantage, we
+stood our ground. This was on the 20th of March, 1775. Three days after,
+we were fired upon again, and had two men killed, and three wounded.
+Afterward we proceeded on to Kentucky River without opposition; and on
+the first day of April began to erect the fort of Boonesborough at a
+salt lick, about sixty yards from the river, on the south side.
+
+On the fourth day, the Indians killed one of our men. We were busily
+employed in building this fort until the fourteenth day of June
+following, without any further opposition from the Indians; and having
+finished the works, I returned to my family on Clinch.
+
+In a short time I proceeded to remove my family from Clinch to this
+garrison, where we arrived safe, without any other difficulties than
+such as are common to this passage; my wife and daughter being the first
+white women that ever stood on the banks of Kentucky River.
+
+On the 24th day of December following, we had one man killed, and one
+wounded by the Indians, who seemed determined to persecute us for
+erecting this fortification.
+
+On the fourteenth day of July, 1776, two of Colonel Calaway's daughters,
+and one of mine, were taken prisoners near the fort. I immediately
+pursued the Indians with only eight men, and on the 16th overtook them,
+killed two of the party, and recovered the girls. The same day on which
+this attempt was made, the Indians divided themselves into different
+parties, and attacked several forts, which were shortly before this time
+erected, doing a great deal of mischief. This was extremely distressing
+to the new settlers. The innocent husbandman was shot down, while busy
+in cultivating the soil for his family's supply. Most of the cattle
+around the stations were destroyed. They continued their hostilities
+in this manner until the 15th of April, 1777, when they attacked
+Boonesborough with a party of above one hundred in number, killed one
+man, and wounded four. Their loss in this attack was not certainly known
+to us.
+
+On the 4th day of July following, a party of about two hundred Indians
+attacked Boonesborough, killed one man and wounded two. They besieged us
+forty-eight hours, during which time seven of them were killed, and, at
+last, finding themselves not likely to prevail, they raised the siege
+and departed.
+
+The Indians had disposed their warriors in different parties at this
+time, and attacked the different garrisons, to prevent their assisting
+each other, and did much injury to the distressed inhabitants.
+
+On the 19th day of this month, Colonel Logan's fort was besieged by
+a party of about two hundred Indians. During this dreadful siege they
+did a great deal of mischief, distressed the garrison, in which were
+only fifteen men, killed two, and wounded one. The enemy's loss was
+uncertain, from the common practice which the Indians have of carrying
+off their dead in time of battle. Colonel Harrod's fort was then
+defended by only sixty-five men, and Boonesborough by twenty-two, there
+being no more forts or white men in the country, except at the Falls,
+a considerable distance from these; and all, taken collectively, were
+but a handful to the numerous warriors that were everywhere dispersed
+through the country, intent upon doing all the mischief that savage
+barbarity could invent. Thus we passed through a scene of sufferings
+that exceeds description.
+
+On the 25th of this month, a reinforcement of forty-five men arrived
+from North Carolina, and about the 20th of August following, Colonel
+Bowman arrived with one hundred men from Virginia. Now we began to
+strengthen; and hence, for the space of six weeks, we had skirmishes
+with Indians, in one quarter or another, almost every day.
+
+The savages now learned the superiority of the Long Knife, as they call
+the Virginians, by experience; being out-generalled in almost every
+battle. Our affairs began to wear a new aspect, and the enemy, not
+daring to venture on open war, practiced secret mischief at times.
+
+On the 1st day of January, 1778, I went with a party of thirty men
+to the Blue Licks, on Licking River, to make salt for the different
+garrisons in the country.
+
+On the 7th day of February, as I was hunting to procure meat for the
+company, I met with a party of one hundred and two Indians, and two
+Frenchmen, on their march against Boonesborough, that place being
+particularly the object of the enemy. They pursued, and took me; and
+brought me on the 8th day to the Licks, where twenty-seven of my party
+were, three of them having previously returned home with the salt.
+I, knowing it was impossible for them to escape, capitulated with the
+enemy, and, at a distance, in their view, gave notice to my men of their
+situation, with orders not to resist, but surrender themselves captives.
+
+The generous usage the Indians had promised before in my capitulation,
+was afterward fully complied with, and we proceeded with them as
+prisoners to Old Chilicothe, the principal Indian Town on Little Miami,
+where we arrived, after an uncomfortable journey, in very severe
+weather, on the 18th day of February, and received as good treatment as
+prisoners could expect from savages. On the 10th day of March following,
+I and ten of my men were conducted by forty Indians to Detroit, where we
+arrived the 30th day, and were treated by Governor Hamilton, the British
+commander at that post, with great humanity.
+
+During our travels, the Indians entertained me well, and their affection
+for me was so great, that they utterly refused to leave me there with
+the others, although the Governor offered them one hundred pounds
+sterling for me, on purpose to give me a parole to go home. Several
+English gentlemen there, being sensible of my adverse fortune, and
+touched with human sympathy, generously offered a friendly supply for
+my wants, which I refused, with many thanks for their kindness--adding,
+that I never expected it would be in my power to recompense such
+unmerited generosity.
+
+The Indians left my men in captivity with the British at Detroit,
+and on the 10th day of April brought me toward Old Chilicothe, where
+we arrived on the 25th day of the same month. This was a long and
+fatiguing march, through an exceedingly fertile country, remarkable for
+fine springs and streams of water. At Chilicothe I spent my time as
+comfortably as I could expect; was adopted, according to their custom,
+into a family, where I became a son, and had a great share in the
+affection of my new parents, brothers, sisters, and friends. I was
+exceedingly familiar and friendly with them, always appearing as
+cheerful and satisfied as possible, and they put great confidence in me.
+I often went a hunting with them, and frequently gained their applause
+for my activity at our shooting-matches. I was careful not to exceed
+many of them in shooting; for no people are more envious than they in
+this sport. I could observe, in their countenances and gestures, the
+greatest expressions of joy when they exceeded me; and, when the reverse
+happened, of envy. The Shawanese king took great notice of me, and
+treated me with profound respect and entire friendship, often entrusting
+me to hunt at my liberty. I frequently returned with the spoils of
+the woods, and as often presented some of what I had taken to him,
+expressive of duty to my sovereign. My food and lodging were in common
+with them; not so good, indeed, as I could desire, but necessity makes
+every thing acceptable.
+
+I now began to meditate an escape, and carefully avoided their
+suspicions, continuing with them at Old Chilicothe until the 1st day
+of June following, and then was taken by them to the salt springs on
+Scioto, and kept there making salt ten days. During this time I hunted
+some for them, and found the land, for a great extent about this river,
+to exceed the soil of Kentucky, if possible, and remarkably well
+watered.
+
+When I returned to Chilicothe, alarmed to see four hundred and fifty
+Indians, of their choicest warriors, painted and armed in a fearful
+manner, ready to march against Boonesborough, I determined to escape
+the first opportunity.
+
+On the 16th, before sunrise, I departed in the most secret manner, and
+arrived at Boonesborough on the 20th, after a journey of one hundred and
+sixty miles, during which I had but one meal.
+
+I found our fortress in a bad state of defense; but we proceeded
+immediately to repair our flanks, strengthen our gates and posterns, and
+form double bastions, which we completed in ten days. In this time we
+daily expected the arrival of the Indian army; and at length, one of my
+fellow-prisoners, escaping from them, arrived, informing us that the
+enemy had, on account of my departure, postponed their expedition three
+weeks. The Indians had spies out viewing our movements, and were greatly
+alarmed with our increase in number and fortifications. The grand
+council of the nations were held frequently, and with more deliberation
+than usual. They evidently saw the approaching hour when the Long Knife
+would dispossess them of their desirable habitations; and, anxiously
+concerned for futurity, determined utterly to extirpate the whites out
+of Kentucky. We were not intimidated by their movements, but frequently
+gave them proofs of our courage.
+
+About the first of August, I made an incursion into the Indian
+Country with a party of nineteen men, in order to surprise a small
+town up Scioto, called Paint Creek Town. We advanced within four miles
+thereof, when we met a party of thirty Indians on their march against
+Boonesborough, intending to join the others from Chilicothe. A smart
+fight ensued between us for some time; at length the savages gave way
+and fled. We had no loss on our side; the enemy had one killed, and two
+wounded. We took from them three horses, and all their baggage; and
+being informed by two of our number that went to their town, that the
+Indians had entirely evacuated it, we proceeded no further, and returned
+with all possible expedition to assist our garrison against the other
+party. We passed by them on the sixth day, and on the seventh we arrived
+safe at Boonesborough.
+
+On the 8th, the Indian army arrived, being four hundred and forty-four
+in number, commanded by Captain Duquesne, eleven other Frenchmen, and
+some of their own chiefs, and marched up within view of our fort, with
+British and French colors flying; and having sent a summons to me, in
+his Britannic Majesty's name, to surrender the fort, I requested two
+days consideration, which was granted.
+
+It was now a critical period with us. We were a small number in the
+garrison--a powerful army before our walls, whose appearance proclaimed
+inevitable death, fearfully painted, and marking their footsteps with
+desolation. Death was preferable to captivity; and if taken by storm,
+we must inevitably be devoted to destruction. In this situation we
+concluded to maintain our garrison, if possible. We immediately
+proceeded to collect what we could of our horses and other cattle, and
+bring them through the posterns into the fort; and in the evening of
+the 9th, I returned answer that we were determined to defend our fort
+while a man was living. "Now," said I to their commander, who stood
+attentively hearing my sentiments, "we laugh at your formidable
+preparations; but thank you for giving us notice and time to provide for
+our defense. Your efforts will not prevail; for our gates shall forever
+deny you admittance." Whether this answer affected their courage or not
+I cannot tell; but contrary to our expectations, they formed a scheme to
+deceive us, declaring it was their orders, from Governor Hamilton, to
+take us captives, and not to destroy us; but if nine of us would come
+out and treat with them, they would immediately withdraw their forces
+from our walls, and return home peaceably. This sounded grateful in our
+ears; and we agreed to the proposal.
+
+We held the treaty within sixty yards of the garrison, on purpose to
+divert them from a breach of honor, as we could not avoid suspicions of
+the savages. In this situation the articles were formally agreed to,
+and signed; and the Indians told us it was customary with them on such
+occasions for two Indians to shake hands with every white man in the
+treaty, as an evidence of entire friendship. We agreed to this also,
+but were soon convinced their policy was to take us prisoners. They
+immediately grappled us; but, although surrounded by hundreds of
+savages, we extricated ourselves from them, and escaped all safe into
+the garrison, except one that was wounded, through a heavy fire from
+their army. They immediately attacked us on every side, and a constant
+heavy fire ensued between us, day and night, for the space of nine days.
+
+In this time the enemy began to undermine our fort, which was situated
+sixty yards from Kentucky River. They began at the water-mark, and
+proceeded in the bank some distance, which we understood by their
+aking the water muddy with the clay; and we immediately proceeded to
+disappoint their design, by cutting a trench across their subterranean
+passage. The enemy, discovering our countermine by the clay we threw out
+of the fort, desisted from that stratagem; and experience now fully
+convincing them that neither their power nor policy could effect their
+purpose, on the 20th day of August they raised the siege and departed.
+
+During this siege, which threatened death in every form, we had two men
+killed, and four wounded, besides a number of cattle. We killed of the
+enemy thirty-seven, and wounded a great number. After they were gone, we
+picked up one hundred and twenty-five pounds weight of bullets, besides
+what stuck in the logs of our fort, which certainly is a great proof of
+their industry. Soon after this, I went into the settlement, and nothing
+worthy of a place in this account passed in my affairs for some time.
+
+During my absence from Kentucky, Colonel Bowman carried on an expedition
+against the Shawanese, at Old Chilicothe, with one hundred and sixty
+men, in July, 1779. Here they arrived undiscovered, and a battle ensued,
+which lasted until ten o'clock, A.M., when Colonel Bowman, finding he
+could not succeed at this time, retreated about thirty miles. The
+Indians, in the meantime, collecting all their forces, pursued and
+overtook him, when a smart fight continued near two hours, not to the
+advantage of Colonel Bowman's party.
+
+Colonel Harrod proposed to mount a number of horse, and furiously to
+rush upon the savages, who at this time fought with remarkable fury.
+This desperate step had a happy effect, broke their line of battle, and
+the savages fled on all sides. In these two battles we had nine killed,
+and one wounded. The enemy's loss uncertain, only two scalps being
+taken.
+
+On the 22d day of June, 1780, a large party of Indians and Canadians,
+about six hundred in number, commanded by Colonel Bird, attacked
+Riddle's and Martin's stations, at the forks of Licking River, with
+six pieces of artillery. They carried this expedition so secretly, that
+the unwary inhabitants did not discover them until they fired upon the
+forts; and, not being prepared to oppose them, were obliged to surrender
+themselves miserable captives to barbarous savages, who immediately
+after tomahawked one man and two women, and loaded all the others with
+heavy baggage, forcing them along toward their towns, able or unable
+to march. Such as were weak and faint by the way, they tomahawked.
+The tender women and helpless children fell victims to their cruelty.
+This, and the savage treatment they received afterward, is shocking to
+humanity and too barbarous to relate.
+
+The hostile disposition of the savages and their allies caused General
+Clarke, the commandant at the Falls of the Ohio, immediately to begin an
+expedition with his own regiment, and the armed force of the country,
+against Pecaway, the principal town of the Shawanese, on a branch of
+Great Miami, which he finished with great success, took seventeen
+scalps, and burnt the town to ashes, with the loss of seventeen men.
+
+About this time I returned to Kentucky with my family; and here, to
+avoid an inquiry into my conduct, the reader being before informed of my
+bringing my family to Kentucky, I am under the necessity of informing
+him that, during my captivity with the Indians, my wife, who despaired
+of ever seeing me again--expecting the Indians had put a period to my
+life, oppressed with the distresses of the country, and bereaved of me,
+her only happiness--had, before I returned, transported my family and
+goods on horses through the wilderness, amid a multitude of dangers,
+to her father's house in North Carolina.
+
+Shortly after the troubles at Boonesborough, I went to them, and lived
+peaceably there until this time. The history of my going home, and
+returning with my family, forms a series of difficulties, an account of
+which would swell a volume; and, being foreign to my purpose, I shall
+purposely omit them.
+
+I settled my family in Boonesborough once more; and shortly after, on
+the 6th day of October, 1780, I went in company with my brother to the
+Blue Licks; and, on our return home, we were fired upon by a party of
+Indians. They shot him and pursued me, by the scent of their dog, three
+miles; but I killed the dog, and escaped. The winter soon came on, and
+was very severe, which confined the Indians to their wigwams.
+
+The severities of this winter caused great difficulties in Kentucky.
+The enemy had destroyed most of the corn the summer before. This
+necessary article was scarce and dear, and the inhabitants lived chiefly
+on the flesh of buffalo. The circumstances of many were very lamentable;
+however, being a hardy race of people, and accustomed to difficulties
+and necessities, they were wonderfully supported through all their
+sufferings, until the ensuing autumn, when we received abundance from
+the fertile soil.
+
+Toward spring we were frequently harassed by Indians; and in May, 1782,
+a party assaulted Ashton's station, killed one man, and took a negro
+prisoner. Captain Ashton, with twenty-five men, pursued and overtook the
+savages, and a smart fight ensued, which lasted two hours; but they,
+being superior in number, obliged Captain Ashton's party to retreat,
+with the loss of eight killed, and four mortally wounded; their brave
+commander himself being numbered among the dead.
+
+The Indians continued their hostilities; and, about the 10th of August
+following, two boys were taken from Major Hoy's station. This party was
+pursued by Captain Holder and seventeen men, who were also defeated,
+with the loss of four men killed, and one wounded. Our affairs became
+more and more alarming. Several stations which had lately been erected
+in the country were continually infested with savages, stealing their
+horses and killing the men at every opportunity. In a field, near
+Lexington, an Indian shot a man, and running to scalp him, was himself
+shot from the fort, and fell dead upon his enemy.
+
+Every day we experienced recent mischiefs. The barbarous savage nations
+of Shawanese, Cherokees, Wyandots, Tawas, Delawares, and several others
+near Detroit, united in a war against us, and assembled their choicest
+warriors at Old Chilicothe, to go on the expedition, in order to destroy
+us, and entirely depopulate the country. Their savage minds were
+inflamed to mischief by two abandoned men, Captains McKee and Girty.
+These led them to execute every diabolical scheme, and on the 15th day
+of August, commanded a party of Indians and Canadians, of about five
+hundred in number, against Bryant's station, five miles from Lexington.
+Without demanding a surrender, they furiously assaulted the garrison,
+which was happily prepared to oppose them; and, after they had expended
+much ammunition in vain, and killed the cattle round the fort, not being
+likely to make themselves masters of this place, they raised the siege,
+and departed in the morning of the third day after they came, with the
+loss of about thirty killed, and the number of wounded uncertain. Of the
+garrison, four were killed, and three wounded.
+
+On the 18th day, Colonel Todd, Colonel Trigg, Major Harland, and myself,
+speedily collected one hundred and seventy-six men, well armed, and
+pursued the savages. They had marched beyond the Blue Licks, to a
+remarkable bend of the main fork of Licking River, about forty-three
+miles from Lexington, where we overtook them on the 19th day. The
+savages observing us, gave way; and we, being ignorant of their numbers,
+passed the river. When the enemy saw our proceedings, having greatly the
+advantage of us in situation, they formed the line of battle from one
+bend of Licking to the other, about a mile from the Blue Licks. An
+exceeding fierce battle immediately began, for about fifteen minutes,
+when we being overpowered by numbers, were obliged to retreat, with the
+loss of sixty-seven men, seven of whom were taken prisoners. The brave
+and much-lamented Colonels Todd and Trigg, Major Harland, and my second
+son, were among the dead. We were informed that the Indians, numbering
+their dead, found they had four killed more than we; and therefore four
+of the prisoners they had taken were, by general consent, ordered to be
+killed in a most barbarous manner by the young warriors, in order to
+train them up to cruelty; and then they proceeded to their towns.
+
+On our retreat we were met by Colonel Logan, hastening to join us, with
+a number of well-armed men. This powerful assistance we unfortunately
+wanted in the battle; for, notwithstanding the enemy's superiority of
+numbers, they acknowledged that, if they had received one more fire from
+us, they should undoubtedly have given way. So valiantly did our small
+party light, that to the memory of those who unfortunately fell in the
+battle, enough of honor cannot be paid. Had Colonel Logan and his party
+been with us, it is highly probable we should have given the savages a
+total defeat.
+
+I cannot reflect upon this dreadful scene, but sorrow fills my heart.
+A zeal for the defense of their country led these heroes to the scene of
+action, though with a few men to attack a powerful army of experienced
+warriors. When we gave way, they pursued us with the utmost eagerness,
+and in every quarter spread destruction. The river was difficult to
+cross, and many were killed in the flight--some just entering the river,
+some in the water, others after crossing, in ascending the cliffs. Some
+escaped on horseback, a few on foot; and, being dispersed everywhere in
+a few hours, brought the melancholy news of this unfortunate battle to
+Lexington. Many widows were now made. The reader may guess what sorrow
+filled the hearts of the inhabitants, exceeding any thing that I am able
+to describe. Being reinforced, we returned to bury the dead, and found
+their bodies strewed everywhere, cut and mangled in a dreadful manner.
+This mournful scene exhibited a horror almost unparalleled; some torn
+and eaten by wild beasts; those in the river eaten by fishes; all in
+such a putrefied condition, that no one could be distinguished from
+another.
+
+As soon as General Clark, then at the Falls of the Ohio--who was
+ever our ready friend, and merits the love and gratitude of all his
+countrymen--understood the circumstances of this unfortunate action, he
+ordered an expedition, with all possible haste, to pursue the savages,
+which was so expeditiously effected, that we overtook them within two
+miles of their towns; and probably might have obtained a great victory,
+had not two of their number met us about two hundred poles before we
+came up. These returned quick as lightning to their camp, with the
+alarming news of a mighty army in view. The savages fled in the utmost
+disorder, evacuated their towns, and reluctantly left their territory
+to our mercy. We immediately took possession of Old Chilicothe without
+opposition, being deserted by its inhabitants. We continued our pursuit
+through five towns on the Miami River, Old Chilicothe, Pecaway, New
+Chilicothe, Will's Towns, and Chilicothe--burnt them all to ashes,
+entirely destroyed their corn, and other fruits, and everywhere spread
+a scene of desolation in the country. In this expedition we took seven
+prisoners and five scalps, with the loss of only four men, two of whom
+were accidentally killed by our own army.
+
+This campaign in some measure damped the spirits of the Indians, and
+made them sensible of our superiority. Their connections were dissolved,
+their armies scattered, and a future invasion put entirely out of their
+power; yet they continued to practice mischief secretly upon the
+inhabitants, in the exposed parts of the country.
+
+In October following, a party made an incursion into that district
+called the Crab Orchard; and one of them, being advanced some distance
+before the others, boldly entered the house of a poor defenseless
+family, in which was only a negro man, a woman, and her children,
+terrified with the apprehensions of immediate death. The savage,
+perceiving their defenseless condition, without offering violence to the
+family, attempted to capture the negro, who happily proved an over-match
+for him, threw him on the ground, and in the struggle, the mother of the
+children drew an axe from a corner of the cottage, and cut his head off,
+while her little daughter shut the door. The savages instantly appeared,
+and applied their tomahawks to the door. An old rusty gun-barrel,
+without a lock, lay in a corner, which the mother put through a small
+crevice, and the savages, perceiving it, fled. In the meantime, the
+alarm spread through the neighborhood; the armed men collected
+immediately, and pursued the ravagers into the wilderness. Thus
+Providence, by the means of this negro, saved the whole of the poor
+family from destruction. From that time until the happy return of peace
+between the United States and Great Britain, the Indians did us no
+mischief. Finding the great king beyond the water disappointed in his
+expectations, and conscious of the importance of the Long Knife, and
+their own wretchedness, some of the nations immediately desired peace;
+to which, at present [1784], they seem universally disposed, and are
+sending ambassadors to General Clarke, at the Falls of the Ohio, with
+the minutes of their councils.
+
+To conclude, I can now say that I have verified the saying of an old
+Indian who signed Colonel Henderson's deed. Taking me by the hand, at
+the delivery thereof--"Brother," said he, "we have given you a fine
+land, but I believe you will have much trouble in settling it." My
+footsteps have often been marked with blood, and therefore I can truly
+subscribe to its original name. Two darling sons and a brother have
+I lost by savage hands, which have also taken from me forty valuable
+horses, and abundance of cattle. Many dark and sleepless nights have
+I been a companion for owls, separated from the cheerful society of
+men, scorched by the summer's sun, and pinched by the winter's cold--an
+instrument ordained to settle the wilderness. But now the scene is
+changed: peace crowns the sylvan shade.
+
+What thanks, what ardent and ceaseless thanks are due to that
+all-superintending Providence which has turned a cruel war into peace,
+brought order out of confusion, made the fierce savages placid, and
+turned away their hostile weapons from our country! May the same
+Almighty Goodness banish the accursed monster, war, from all lands,
+with, her hated associates, rapine and insatiable ambition! Let peace,
+descending from her native heaven, bid her olives spring amid the joyful
+nations; and plenty, in league with commerce, scatter blessings from her
+copious hand!
+
+This account of my adventures will inform the reader of the most
+remarkable events of this country. I now live in peace and safety,
+enjoying the sweets of liberty, and the bounties of Providence, with
+my once fellow-sufferers, in this delightful country, which I have seen
+purchased with a vast expense of blood and treasure: delighting in the
+prospect of its being, in a short time, one of the most opulent and
+powerful States on the continent of North America; which, with the love
+and gratitude of my countrymen, I esteem a sufficient reward for all my
+toil and dangers.
+
+DANIEL BOONE.
+
+Fayette County, KENTUCKY.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE & TIMES OF COL. DANIEL BOONE***
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Life & Times of Col. Daniel Boone, by Cecil B. Hartley, et al</title>
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Life & Times of Col. Daniel Boone, by Cecil
+B. Hartley, et al</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Life & Times of Col. Daniel Boone</p>
+<p>Author: Cecil B. Hartley</p>
+<p>Release Date: November 11, 2004  [eBook #14023]</p>
+<p>[Last updated: March 10, 2011]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE & TIMES OF COL. DANIEL BOONE***</p>
+<br><br><h4>E-text prepared by Curtis Weyant, Thomas Hutchinson,<br>
+            and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</h4><br><br>
+<hr class="full" noshade>
+<br />
+<a name='FIG1'></a><center>
+   <a href="images/boone-1.png">
+   <img src='images/boone-1.png' width='50%'
+   alt='THE OLD FORT AT BOONESBOROUGH' title='THE OLD FORT AT BOONESBOROUGH'></a>
+</center>
+<center><b>The Old Fort at Boonesborough</b></center><br />
+
+<hr style='width: 75%;' />
+<br />
+<a name='FIG2'></a><center>
+   <a href="images/boone-2.png">
+   <img src='images/boone-2.png' width='50%'
+   alt='BOONES INDIAN TOILETTE  PAGE 132' title='BOONES INDIAN TOILETTE  PAGE 132'>
+   </a>
+</center>
+<center><b>BOONE'S INDIAN TOILETTE. PAGE 132</b></center><br />
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<a name='LIFE_OF_DANIEL_BOONE'></a><h1>LIFE OF DANIEL BOONE,<br />
+<br />The<br /><br />
+GREAT WESTERN HUNTER AND PIONEER,<br /><br />
+</h1>
+<h2>
+Comprising An<br /><br />
+
+Account Of His Early History; His Daring And Remarkable Career
+As The First Settler Of Kentucky; His Thrilling Adventures
+With The Indians, And His Wonderful Skill, Coolness And
+Sagacity Under All The Hazardous And Trying
+Circumstances Of Western Border Life.<br /></h2>
+
+<br /><br /> <br />
+
+<h3>BY CECIL B. HARTLEY.</h3><br />
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<br />
+<h4>To Which Is Added<br />
+His Autobiography Complete As Dictated By Himself, And Showing<br />
+His Own Belief That He Was An Instrument<br />
+Ordained To Settle The Wilderness.</h4>
+<br />
+
+<!--
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<br />
+<p>PHILADELPHIA:<br />
+JOHN E. POTTER AND COMPANY,<br />
+No. 617 SANSOM STREET.<br />
+<br /><br />
+<p>Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 865, by<br />
+JOHN E. POTTER,<br />
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States,<br />
+in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.</p>
+<br />
+//-->
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='PREFACE'></a><h2>PREFACE</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>The subject of the following biography, the celebrated Colonel Daniel
+Boone, is one of the most remarkable men which this country has produced.
+His character is marked with originality, and his actions were important
+and influential in one of the most interesting periods of our
+history&mdash;that of the early settlement of Kentucky. Boone is generally
+acknowledged as the founder of that State. His having explored it alone
+to a considerable extent; his leading the earliest bands of settlers;
+his founding Boonesborough, the nucleus of the future State; his having
+defended this and other stations successfully against the attacks of the
+Indians; and the prominent part which he took in military affairs at
+this period of distress and peril, certainly render his claims to the
+distinguished honor of founding Kentucky very strong.</p>
+
+<p>But Boone, personally, reaped very little benefit from his patriotic and
+disinterested exertions. The lands which he had first cultivated and
+defended, were taken from him by the chicanery of the law; other lands
+granted to him by the Spanish government were lost by his inattention to
+legal forms; and in his old age he was without an acre of land which he
+could call his own. A few years before his death a small tract, such as
+any other settler in Missouri was entitled to, was granted him by
+Congress. But he has left to his numerous posterity a nobler
+inheritance&mdash;that of an imperishable fame in the annals of his country!</p>
+<br /><br /><br />
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CONTENTS'></a><h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. -->
+ <a href='#PREFACE'><b>PREFACE</b></a><br />
+ <br /><a href='#CHAPTER_I'><b>CHAPTER I.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The family of Daniel Boone&mdash;His grandfather emigrates to America, and
+settles in Bucks County, Pennsylvania&mdash;Family of Daniel Boone's
+father&mdash;Account of Exeter, the birth-place of Boone&mdash;Birth of Daniel
+Boone&mdash;Religion of his family&mdash;Boone's boyhood&mdash;Goes to
+school&mdash;Anecdote&mdash;Summary termination of his schooling.</p>
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_II'><b>CHAPTER II.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Removal of Boone's father and family to North Carolina&mdash;Location on the
+Yadkin River&mdash;Character of the country and the people&mdash;Byron's
+description of the Backwoodsmen&mdash;Daniel Boone marries Rebecca Bryan&mdash;His
+farmer life in North Carolina&mdash;State of the country&mdash;Political troubles
+foreshadowed&mdash;Illegal fees and taxes&mdash;Probable effect of this state of
+things on Boone's mind&mdash;Signs of movement.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_III'><b>CHAPTER III.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The Seven Years' War&mdash;Cherokee War&mdash;Period of Boone's first long
+Excursion to the West&mdash;Extract from Wheeler's History of
+Tennessee&mdash;Indian accounts of the Western country&mdash;Indian traders&mdash;Their
+Reports&mdash;Western travelers&mdash;Doherty&mdash;Adair&mdash;Proceedings of the
+traders&mdash;Hunters&mdash;Scotch traders&mdash;Hunters accompany the traders to the
+West&mdash;Their reports concerning the country&mdash;Other adventurers&mdash;Dr.
+Walker's expedition&mdash;Settlements in South-western Virginia&mdash;Indian
+hostilities&mdash;Pendleton purchase&mdash;Dr. Walker's second expedition&mdash;Hunting
+company of Walker and others&mdash;Boone travels with them&mdash;Curious monument
+left by him.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_IV'><b>CHAPTER IV.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Political and social condition of North
+Carolina&mdash;Taxes&mdash;Lawsuits&mdash;Ostentation and extravagance of foreigners
+and government officers&mdash;Oppression of the people&mdash;Murmurs&mdash;Open
+resistance&mdash;The Regulators&mdash;Willingness of Daniel Boone and others to
+migrate, and their reasons&mdash;John Finley's expedition to the West&mdash;His
+report to Boone&mdash;He determines to join Finley in his next hunting
+tour&mdash;New company formed, with Boone for leader&mdash;Preparations for
+starting&mdash;The party sets out&mdash;Travels for a month through the
+wilderness&mdash;First sight of Kentucky&mdash;Forming a camp&mdash;Hunting buffaloes
+and other game&mdash;Capture of Boone and Stuart by the Indians&mdash;Prudent
+dissimulation&mdash;Escape from the Indians&mdash;Return to the old camp&mdash;Their
+companions lost&mdash;Boone and Stuart renew their hunting.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_V'><b>CHAPTER V</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Arrival of Squire Boone and a companion at the camp of Daniel
+Boone&mdash;Joyful meeting&mdash;News from home, and hunting resumed&mdash;Daniel Boone
+and Stuart surprised by the Indians&mdash;Stuart killed&mdash;Escape of Boone, and
+his return to camp&mdash;Squire Boone's companion lost in the
+woods&mdash;Residence of Daniel Boone and Squire Boone in the
+wilderness&mdash;Squire returns to North Carolina, obtains a fresh supply of
+ammunition, and again rejoins his brother at the old camp&mdash;Daniel
+Boone's own account of this remarkable period of his life&mdash;His return to
+North Carolina&mdash;His determination to settle in Kentucky&mdash;Other Western
+adventurers&mdash;the Long hunters&mdash;Washington in Kentucky&mdash;Bullitt's
+party&mdash;Floyd's party&mdash;Thompson's survey&mdash;First settlement of Tennessee.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_VI'><b>CHAPTER VI.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Daniel Boone remains two years in North Carolina after his return from
+the West&mdash;He prepares to emigrate to Kentucky&mdash;Character of the early
+settlers to Kentucky&mdash;The first class, hunters&mdash;The second class, small
+farmers&mdash;The third class, men of wealth and government officers.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_VII'><b>CHAPTER VII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Daniel Boone sets out for
+Kentucky with his family and his brother,
+Squire Boone&mdash;Is joined by five families and forty men at Powell's
+Valley&mdash;The party is attacked by Indians, and Daniel Boone's oldest son
+is killed&mdash;The party return to the settlements on Clinch River&mdash;Boone,
+at the request of Governor Dunmore, goes to the West and conducts a
+party of surveyors to Virginia&mdash;Boone receives the command of three
+garrisons and the commission of Captain&mdash;He takes a part in the Dunmore
+war&mdash;Battle of Point Pleasant and termination of the war.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_VIII'><b>CHAPTER VIII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The militia discharged&mdash;Captain Boone returns to his family&mdash;Henderson's
+company&mdash;Various companies of emigrants to Kentucky&mdash;Bounty
+lands&mdash;Harrod's party builds the first log-cabin erected in Kentucky,
+and founds Harrodsburg&mdash;Proceedings of Henderson's company&mdash;Agency of
+Captain Boone&mdash;He leads a company to open a road to Kentucky
+River&mdash;Conflicts with the Indians&mdash;Captain Boone founds
+Boonesborough&mdash;His own account of this expedition&mdash;His letter to
+Henderson&mdash;Account of Colonel Henderson and the Transylvania
+Company&mdash;Failure of the scheme&mdash;Probability of Boone having been several
+years in the service of Henderson.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_IX'><b>CHAPTER IX.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Description of the Old Fort at Boonesborough&mdash;Usual methods of
+fortifications against the Indians&mdash;Arrival of more settlers at
+Boonesborough&mdash;Captain Boone returns to the Clinch River to bring out
+his family&mdash;He enlists new emigrants and starts for Kentucky&mdash;Reinforced
+by a large party at Powel's Valley&mdash;Arrival at Boonesborough&mdash;Arrival of
+many new settlers at Boonesborough and Harrod's settlement&mdash;Arrival of
+Kenton, Floyd, the McAfees, and other distinguished persons&mdash;Arrival of
+Colonel Richard Callaway.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_X'><b>CHAPTER X.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Disturbed state of the country in 1775&mdash;Breaking out of the
+Revolutionary war&mdash;Exposed situation of the Kentucky
+settlements&mdash;Hostility of the Indians excited by the British&mdash;First
+political convention in the West&mdash;Capture of Boone's daughter and the
+daughters of Colonel Callaway by the Indians&mdash;Their rescue by a party
+led by Boone and Callaway&mdash;Increased caution of the colonists at
+Boonesborough&mdash;Alarm and desertion of the Colonies in the West by land
+speculators and other adventurers&mdash;A reinforcement of forty-five men
+from North Carolina arrive at Boonesborough&mdash;Indian attack on
+Boonesborough in April&mdash;Another attack in July&mdash;Attack on Logan's Fort,
+and siege&mdash;Attack on Harrodsburg.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XI'><b>CHAPTER XI.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Arrival of George Rogers Clark in Kentucky&mdash;Anecdote of his conversation
+with Ray&mdash;Clark and Jones chosen as delegates for the Colonies to the
+Virginia Legislature&mdash;Clark's important services in obtaining a
+political organization for Kentucky, and an abundant supply of gunpowder
+from the government of Virginia&mdash;Great labor and difficulty in bringing
+the powder to Harrodstown&mdash;Clark's expedition against
+Kaskaskias&mdash;Surprise and capture of their fort&mdash;Perilous and difficult
+march to Vincennes&mdash;Surprise and capture of that place&mdash;Extension of
+the Virginian settlements&mdash;Erection of Fort Jefferson.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XII'><b>CHAPTER XII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Scarcity of salt at Boonesborough&mdash;Boone goes to Blue Licks to make
+salt, and is captured by the Indians&mdash;Taken to Chilicothe&mdash;Affects
+contentment, and deceives the Indians&mdash;Taken to Detroit&mdash;Kindness of the
+British officers to him&mdash;Returns to Chilicothe&mdash;Adopted into an Indian
+family&mdash;Ceremonies of adoption&mdash;Boone sees a large force of Indians
+destined to attack Boonesborough&mdash;Escapes, and gives the alarm, and
+strengthens the fortifications at Boonesborough&mdash;News of delay by the
+Indians on account of Boone's escape&mdash;Boone goes on an expedition to the
+Scioto&mdash;Has a fight with a party of Indians&mdash;Returns to Boonesborough,
+which is immediately besieged by Captain Duquesne with five hundred
+Indians&mdash;Summons to surrender&mdash;Time gained&mdash;Attack commenced&mdash;Brave
+defense&mdash;Mines and countermines&mdash;Siege raised&mdash;Boone brings his family
+once more back to Boonesborough, and resumes farming.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XIII'><b>CHAPTER XIII. </b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Captain Boone tried by court-martial&mdash;Honorably acquitted and
+promoted&mdash;Loses a large sum of money&mdash;His losses by law-suits and
+disputes about land&mdash;Defeat of Colonel Rogers's party&mdash;Colonel Bowman's
+expedition to Chilicothe&mdash;Arrival near the town&mdash;Colonel Logan attacks
+the town&mdash;Ordered by Colonel Bowman to retreat&mdash;Failure of the
+expedition&mdash;Consequences to Bowman and to Logan.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XIV'><b>CHAPTER XIV.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Invasion of Kentucky by Captain Byrd's party&mdash;He captures the garrisons
+at Ruddle's Station and Martin's Fort&mdash;Colonel Clark's invasion of the
+Indian country&mdash;He ravages the Indian towns&mdash;Adventure of Alexander
+McConnell&mdash;Skirmish at Pickaway&mdash;Result of the expedition&mdash;Boone goes
+to the Blue Licks with his brother&mdash;Attacked by the Indians&mdash;Boone's
+brother killed&mdash;Boone promoted to the rank of Lieutenant
+Colonel&mdash;Clark's galley&mdash;Squire Boone's Station removed to Bear's
+Creek&mdash;Attack by the Indians&mdash;Colonel Floyd's defeat&mdash;Affair of the
+McAfees&mdash;Attack on McAfee's Station repelled&mdash;Fort Jefferson
+evacuated&mdash;Attack on Montgomery Station&mdash;Rescue by General Logan.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XV'><b>CHAPTER XV.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>News of Cornwallis's surrender&mdash;Its effects&mdash;Captain Estill's
+defeat&mdash;Grand army of Indians raised for the conquest of Kentucky&mdash;Simon
+Girty's speech&mdash;Attack on Hoy's Station&mdash;Investment of Bryant's
+Station&mdash;Expedient of the besieged to obtain water&mdash;Grand attack on the
+fort&mdash;Repulse&mdash;Regular siege commenced&mdash;Messengers sent to
+Lexington&mdash;Reinforcements obtained&mdash;Arrival near the fort&mdash;Ambushed and
+attacked&mdash;They enter the fort&mdash;Narrow escape of Girty&mdash;He proposes a
+capitulation&mdash;Parley&mdash;Reynolds' answer to Girty&mdash;The siege
+raised&mdash;Retreat of the Indians.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XVI'><b>CHAPTER XVI.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Arrival of Reinforcements at Bryant's Station&mdash;Colonel Daniel Boone, his
+son and brother among them&mdash;Colonels Trigg, Todd, and
+others&mdash;Consultation&mdash;Apprehensions of Boone and others&mdash;Arrival at the
+Blue Licks&mdash;Rash conduct of Major McGary&mdash;Battle of Blue Licks&mdash;Israel
+Boone, Colonels Todd and Trigg, and Majors Harland and McBride
+killed&mdash;Retreat of the whites&mdash;Colonel Boone nearly surrounded by
+Indians&mdash;Bravery of Netherland&mdash;Noble conduct of Reynolds&mdash;The fugitives
+meet Colonel Logan with his party&mdash;Return to the field of battle&mdash;Logan
+returns to Bryant's Station.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XVII'><b>CHAPTER XVII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The Indians return home from the Blue Licks&mdash;They attack the settlements
+in Jefferson County&mdash;Affair at Simpson's Creek&mdash;General Clark's
+expedition to the Indian country&mdash;Colonel Boone joins it&mdash;Its
+effect&mdash;Attack of the Indians on the Crab Orchard settlement&mdash;Rumor of
+intended invasion by the Cherokees&mdash;Difficulties about the treaty with
+Great Britain&mdash;Hostilities of the Indians generally stimulated by
+renegade whites&mdash;Simon Girty&mdash;Causes of his hatred of the whites&mdash;Girty
+insulted by General Lewis&mdash;Joins the Indians at the battle of Point
+Pleasant&mdash;Story of his rescuing Simon Kenton&mdash;Crawford's expedition, and
+the burning of Crawford&mdash;Close of Girty's career.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XVIII'><b>CHAPTER XVIII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Season of repose&mdash;Colonel Boone buys land&mdash;Builds a log house and goes
+to farming&mdash;Kentucky organized on a new basis&mdash;Colonel Boone surprised
+by Indians&mdash;Escapes&mdash;Manners and customs of the settlers&mdash;The autumn
+hunt&mdash;The house-warming.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XIX'><b>CHAPTER XIX.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Condition of the early settlers as it respects the mechanic
+arts&mdash;Throwing the tomahawk&mdash;Athletic sports&mdash;Dancing&mdash;Shooting at
+marks&mdash;Scarcity of Iron&mdash;Costume&mdash;Dwellings&mdash;Furniture&mdash;Employments&mdash;The
+women&mdash;Their character&mdash;Diet&mdash;Indian corn.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XX'><b>CHAPTER XX.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Indian hostilities resumed&mdash;Expedition of Davis, Caffre, and
+McClure&mdash;Attack on Captain Ward's boat&mdash;Affair near Scagg's
+Creek&mdash;Growth of Kentucky&mdash;Population&mdash;Trade&mdash;General Logan calls a
+meeting at Danville&mdash;Convention called&mdash;Separation from Virginia
+proposed&mdash;Virginia consents&mdash;Kentucky admitted as an independent State
+of the Union&mdash;Indian hostilities&mdash;Expedition and death of Colonel
+Christian&mdash;Expedition of General Clark&mdash;Expedition of General
+Logan&mdash;Success of Captain Hardin&mdash;Defeat of Hargrove&mdash;Exploits of Simon
+Kenton&mdash;Affairs at the Elkhorn settlements&mdash;Treaty&mdash;Barman's expedition.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XXI'><b>CHAPTER XXI.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Colonel Boone meets with the loss of all his land in Kentucky, and
+emigrates to Virginia&mdash;Resides on the Kenhawa, near Point
+Pleasant&mdash;Emigrates to Missouri&mdash;Is appointed commandant of a
+district&mdash;Mr. Audubon's narrative of a night passed with Boone.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XXII'><b>CHAPTER XXII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Colonel Boone receives a large grant of land from the Spanish Government
+of Upper Louisiana&mdash;He loses it&mdash;Sketch of the history of
+Missouri&mdash;Colonel Boone's hunting&mdash;He pays his debts by the sale of
+furs&mdash;Taken sick in his hunting camp&mdash;Colonel Boone applies to Congress
+to recover his land&mdash;The Legislature of Kentucky supports his
+claim&mdash;Death of Mrs. Boone&mdash;Results of the application to
+Congress&mdash;Occupations of his declining years&mdash;Mr. Harding paints his
+portrait.</p>
+<br />
+
+<br /><a href='#CHAPTER_XXIII'><b>CHAPTER XXIII.</b></a><br />
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Last illness, and death of Colonel Boone&mdash;His funeral&mdash;Account of his
+family&mdash;His remains and those of his wife removed from Missouri, and
+reinterred in the new cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky&mdash;Character of
+Colonel Boone.</p>
+
+<br /><br /><a href='#COLONEL_BOONES_AUTOBIOGRAPHY'><b>COLONEL BOONE'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY</b></a><br /><br />
+
+<br /><br /><a href='#FOOTNOTES'><b>FOOTNOTES</b></a>
+<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. -->
+
+
+<br />
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<a name='LIFE_AND_TIMES'></a><h2>LIFE AND TIMES<br />
+   <br />
+   OF<br />
+   <br />
+   COLONEL DANIEL BOONE.</h2><br /><br />
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_I'></a><h2>CHAPTER I.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The family of Daniel Boone&mdash;His grandfather emigrates to America, and
+settles in Bucks County, Pennsylvania&mdash;Family of Daniel Boone's
+father&mdash;Account of Exeter, the birth-place of Boone&mdash;Birth of Daniel
+Boone&mdash;Religion of his family&mdash;Boone's boyhood&mdash;Goes to
+school&mdash;Anecdote&mdash;Summary termination of his schooling.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>The immediate ancestors and near relations of the American Boone family,
+resided at Bradwinch about eight miles from Exeter, England. George
+Boone the grandfather of Daniel, emigrated to America and arrived, with
+Mary his wife, at Philadelphia, on the 10th of October, 1717. They
+brought with them eleven children, two daughters and nine sons. The
+names of three of the sons have come down to us, John, James, and
+Squire. The last of these, Squire Boone, was the father of Daniel.</p>
+
+<p>George Boone, immediately after his arrival in America, purchased a
+large tract of land in what is now Bucks County, which he settled, and
+called it Exeter, after the city near which he was born. The records
+distinguish it only as the township of Exeter, without any county. He
+purchased also various other tracts in Maryland and Virginia; and our
+tradition says, among others, the ground on which Georgetown, District
+of Columbia, now stands, and that he laid the town out, and gave it his
+own name. His sons John and James lived and died on the Exeter
+purchase.<a name='FNanchor_1'></a><a href='#Footnote_1'><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Daniel Boone's father, Squire Boone, had seven sons and four daughters,
+viz.: James,<a name='FNanchor_2'></a><a href='#Footnote_2'><sup>[2]</sup></a> Samuel, Jonathan, Daniel, George, Squire, Edward, Sarah,
+Elizabeth, Mary, and Hannah.</p>
+
+<p>Exeter Township is situated in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and now has a
+population of over two thousand. Here Daniel Boone was born, on the 11th
+of February, 1735.<a name='FNanchor_3'></a><a href='#Footnote_3'><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The maiden name of Boone's mother was Sarah Morgan. Some dispute has
+arisen respecting the religious persuasion of the Boone family. It would
+appear, on a review of the whole controversy, that before their removal
+to this country, the Boones were Episcopalians; but during their
+residence in Pennsylvania they permitted themselves to be considered
+Quakers. What sort of a Quaker Daniel Boone himself was, will be
+apparent in the course of our narrative.</p>
+
+<p>Exeter, the native place of Daniel Boone, was at this period a small
+frontier settlement, consisting of log-houses, surrounded with woods,
+which abounded with game of various kinds and were occasionally infested
+with hostile Indians. It is not surprising that Daniel, passing the
+period of his boyhood in such a place, should have acquired at an early
+age the accomplishments of a hunter and woodsman. From a mere child it
+was his chief delight to roam in the woods, to observe the wild haunts
+of Nature, and to pursue the wild animals which were then so abundant.</p>
+
+<p>Of the boyhood of Daniel Boone, one of his biographers gives the
+following account. Speaking of the residence of the family at Exeter, he
+says:<a name='FNanchor_4'></a><a href='#Footnote_4'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>&quot;Here they lived for ten years; and it was during this time that their
+son Daniel began to show his passion for hunting. He was scarcely able
+to carry a gun when he was shooting all the squirrels, raccoons, and
+even wild-cats (it is said), that he could find in that region. As he
+grew older, his courage increased, and then we find him amusing himself
+with higher game. Other lads in the neighborhood were soon taught by him
+the use of the rifle, and were then able to join him in his adventures.
+On one occasion, they all started out for a hunt, and, after amusing
+themselves till it was almost dark, were returning homeward, when
+suddenly a wild cry was heard in the woods. The boys screamed out, 'A
+panther! A panther!' and ran off as fast as they could. Boone stood
+firmly, looking around for the animal. It was a panther indeed. His eye
+lighted upon him just in the act of springing toward him: in an instant
+he leveled his rifle, and shot him through the heart.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;But this sort of sport was not enough for him. He seemed resolved to go
+away from men, and live in the forests with these animals. One morning
+he started off as usual, with his rifle and dog. Night came on, but
+Daniel did not return to his home. Another day and night passed away,
+and still the boy did not make his appearance. His parents were now
+greatly alarmed. The neighbors joined them in making search for the lad.
+After wandering about a great while, they at length saw smoke rising
+from a cabin in the distance. Upon reaching it, they found the boy. The
+floor of the cabin was covered with the skins of such animals as he had
+slain, and pieces of meat were roasting before the fire for his supper.
+Here, at a distance of three miles from any settlement, he had built his
+cabin of sods and branches, and sheltered himself in the wilderness.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It was while his father was living on the head-waters of the
+Schuylkill that young Boone received so far as we know, all his
+education. Short indeed were his schoolboy days. It happened that an
+Irish schoolmaster strolled into the settlement, and, by the advice of
+Mr. Boone and other parents, opened a school in the neighborhood. It was
+not then as it is now. Good school-houses were not scattered over the
+land; nor were schoolmasters always able to teach their pupils. The
+school-house where the boys of this settlement went was a log-cabin,
+built in the midst of the woods. The schoolmaster was a strange man;
+sometimes good-humored, and then indulging the lads; sometimes surly and
+ill-natured, and then beating them severely. It was his usual custom,
+after hearing the first lessons of the morning, to allow the children to
+be out for a half hour at play, during which time he strolled off to
+refresh himself from his labors. He always walked in the same direction,
+and the boys thought that after his return, when they were called in, he
+was generally more cruel than ever. They were whipped more severely, and
+oftentimes without any cause. They observed this, but did not know the
+meaning of it One morning young Boone asked that he might go out, and
+had scarcely left the school-room when he saw a squirrel running over
+the trunk of a fallen tree. True to his nature, he instantly gave chase,
+until at last the squirrel darted into a bower of vines and branches.
+Boone thrust his hand in, and, to his surprise, laid hold of a bottle of
+whiskey. This was in the direction of his master's morning walks, and he
+thought now that he understood the secret of much of his ill-nature. He
+returned to the school-room; but, when they were dismissed for that day,
+he told some of the larger boys of his discovery. Their plan was soon
+arranged. Early the next morning a bottle of whiskey, having tartar
+emetic in it, was placed in the bower, and the other bottle thrown away.
+At the usual hour, the lads were sent out to play, and the master
+started on his walk. But their play was to come afterward; they longed
+for the master to return. At length they were called in, and in a little
+time saw the success of their experiment. The master began to look pale
+and sick, yet still went on with his work. Several boys were called up,
+one after the other, to recite lessons, and all whipped soundly, whether
+right or wrong. At last young Boone was called out to answer questions
+in arithmetic. He came forward with his slate and pencil, and the master
+began: 'If you subtract six from nine, what remains?' said he. 'Three,
+sir,' said Boone. 'Very good,' said the master; 'now let us come to
+fractions. If you take three-quarters from a whole number, what
+remains?' 'The whole, sir,' answered Boone. 'You blockhead!' cried the
+master, beating him; 'you stupid little fool, how can you show that?'
+'If I take one bottle of whiskey,' said Boone, 'and put in its place
+another in which I have mixed an emetic,'the whole will remain if nobody
+drinks it!' The Irishman, dreadfully sick, was now doubly enraged. He
+seized Boone, and commenced beating him; the children shouted and
+roared; the scuffle continued until Boone knocked the master down upon
+the floor, and rushed out of the room. It was a day of freedom now for
+the lads. The story soon ran through the neighborhood; Boone was rebuked
+by his parents, but the schoolmaster was dismissed, and thus ended the
+boy's education.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Thus freed from school, he now returned more ardently than ever to his
+favorite pursuit. His dog and rifle were his constant companions, and
+day after day he started from home, only to roam through the forests.
+Hunting seemed to be the only business of his life; and he was never so
+happy as when at night he came home laden with game. He was an untiring
+wanderer.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps it was not a very serious misfortune for Daniel Boone that his
+school instruction was so scanty, for, &quot;in another kind of education,&quot;
+says Mr. Peck,<a name='FNanchor_5'></a><a href='#Footnote_5'><sup>[5]</sup></a> &quot;not unfrequent in the wilds of the West, he was an
+adept. No Indian could poise the rifle, find his way through the
+pathless forest, or search out the retreats of game, more readily than
+Daniel Boone. In all that related to Indian sagacity, border life, or
+the tactics of the skillful hunter, he excelled. The successful training
+of a hunter, or woodsman, is a kind of education of mental discipline,
+differing from that of the school-room, but not less effective in giving
+vigor to the mind, quickness of apprehension, and habits of close
+observation. Boone was regularly trained in all that made him a
+successful backwoodsman. Indolence and imbecility never produced a Simon
+Kenton, a Tecumth&egrave;, or a Daniel Boone. To gain the skill of an
+accomplished hunter requires talents, patience, perseverance, sagacity,
+and habits of thinking. Amongst other qualifications, knowledge of human
+nature, and especially of Indian character is indispensable to the
+pioneer of a wilderness. Add to these, self-possession, self-control,
+and promptness in execution. Persons who are unaccustomed to a frontier
+residence know not how much, in the preservation of life, and in
+obtaining subsistence, depends on such characteristics!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In the woods surrounding the little settlement of Exeter, Boone had
+ample opportunity for perfecting himself in this species of mental
+discipline, and of gaining that physical training of the limbs and
+muscles so necessary in the pursuits of the active hunter and pioneer.
+We have no record of his ever having encountered the Indians during his
+residence in Pennsylvania. His knowledge of their peculiar modes of
+hunting and war was to be attained not less thoroughly at a somewhat
+later period of life. </p>
+
+
+
+<br />
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_II'></a><h2>CHAPTER II.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Removal of Boone's father and family to North Carolina&mdash;Location on the
+Yadkin River&mdash;Character of the country and the people&mdash;Byron's
+description of the Backwoodsmen&mdash;Daniel Boone marries Rebecca Bryan&mdash;His
+farmer life in North Carolina&mdash;State of the country&mdash;Political troubles
+foreshadowed&mdash;Illegal fees and taxes&mdash;Probable effect of this state of
+things on Boone's mind&mdash;Signs of movement.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>When Daniel Boone was still a youth, his father emigrated to North
+Carolina. The precise date of this removal of the family residence is
+not known. Mr. Peck, an excellent authority, says it took place when
+Daniel was about eighteen years old. This would make it about the year
+1752.</p>
+
+<p>The new residence of Squire Boone, Daniel's father, was near Holman's
+Ford, on the Yadkin River, about eight miles from Wilkesboro'. The fact
+of the great backwoodsman having passed many years of his life there is
+still remembered with pride by the inhabitants of that region. The
+capital of Watauga County, which was formed in 1849, is named Boone, in
+honor of Daniel Boone. The historian of North Carolina<a name='FNanchor_6'></a><a href='#Footnote_6'><sup>[6]</sup></a> is disposed
+to claim him as a son of the State. He says: &quot;In North Carolina Daniel
+Boone was reared. Here his youthful days were spent; and here that bold
+spirit was trained, which so fearlessly encountered the perils through
+which he passed in after life. His fame is part of her property, and she
+has inscribed his name on a town in the region where his youth was
+spent.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The character of Boone is so peculiar,&quot; says Mr. Wheeler, &quot;that it
+marks the age in which he lived; and his name is celebrated in the
+verses of the immortal Byron:&quot;</p>
+
+<span style='margin-left: 1.5em;'>&quot;Of all men&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Who passes for in life and death most lucky,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Of the great names which in our faces stare,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Is Daniel Boone, backwoodsman of Kentucky.&quot;</span><br />
+
+<br />
+
+<span style='margin-left: 1.5em;'>&quot;Crime came not near him&mdash;she is not the child</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Of Solitude. Health shrank not from him, for</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Her home is in the rarely-trodden wild.&quot;</span><br />
+
+<br />
+
+<span style='margin-left: 1.5em;'>&quot;And tall and strong and swift of foot are they,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Beyond the dwarfing city's pale abortions,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Because their thoughts had never been the prey</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Of care or gain; the green woods were their portions:</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>No sinking spirits told them they grew gray,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>No fashions made them apes of her distortions.</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Simple they were, not savage; and their rifles,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Though very true, were not yet used for trifles.&quot;</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style='margin-left: 1.5em;'>&quot;Motion was in their days, rest in their slumbers,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>And cheerfulness the handmaid of their toil.</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Nor yet too many nor too few their numbers;</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Corruption could not make their hearts her soil;</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>The lust which stings, the splendor which encumbers,</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>With the free foresters divide no spoil;</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Serene, not sullen, were the solitudes</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'>Of this unsighing people of the woods.'&quot;</span><br />
+
+<p>We quote these beautiful lines, because they so aptly and forcibly
+describe the peculiar character of Boone; and to a certain extent, as
+Mr. Wheeler intimates, his character was that of his times and of his
+associates.</p>
+
+<p>It was during the residence of the family on the banks of the Yadkin,
+that Boone formed the acquaintance of Rebecca Bryan, whom he married.<a name='FNanchor_7'></a><a href='#Footnote_7'><sup>[7]</sup></a>
+The marriage appears, by comparison of dates, to have taken place in the
+year 1755. &quot;One almost regrets,&quot; says Mr. Peck, &quot;to spoil so beautiful a
+romance, as that which has had such extensive circulation in the various
+'Lives of Boone,' and which represents him as mistaking the bright eyes
+of this young lady, in the dark, for those of a deer; a mistake that
+nearly proved fatal from the unerring rifle of the young hunter. Yet in
+truth, we are bound to say, that no such mistake ever happened. Our
+backwoods swains never make such mistakes.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The next five years after his marriage, Daniel Boone passed in the quiet
+pursuits of a farmer's life, varied occasionally by hunting excursions
+in the woods. The most quiet and careless of the citizens of North
+Carolina were not unobservant, however, of the political aspect of the
+times. During this period the people, by their representatives in the
+Legislature, began that opposition to the Royal authority, which was in
+after years to signalize North Carolina as one of the leading Colonies
+in the Revolutionary struggle.</p>
+
+<p>The newly-appointed Royal Governor, Arthur Dobbs, arrived at Newbern in
+the autumn of 1754. &quot;Governor Dobbs's administration of ten years,&quot; says
+the historian Wheeler, &quot;was a continued contest between himself and the
+Legislature, on matters frivolous and unimportant. A high-toned temper
+for Royal prerogatives on his part, and an indomitable resistance of the
+Colonists ... The people were much oppressed by Lord Grenville's agents.
+They seized Corbin, his agent, who lived below Edenton, and brought him
+to Enfield, where he was compelled to give bond and security to produce
+his books and disgorge his illegal fees.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This matter of illegal fees was part of a system of oppression, kindred
+to the famous Stamp Act&mdash;a system which was destined to grow more and
+more intolerable under Governor Tryon's administration, and to lead to
+the formation of the famous company of Regulators, whose resistance of
+taxation and tyranny was soon to convulse the whole State.</p>
+
+<p>We are by no means to suppose that Daniel Boone was an unobservant
+spectator of what was passing even at the time we are speaking of, nor
+that the doings of the tax-gatherers had nothing to do with his
+subsequent movements. He not only hated oppression, but he hated also
+strife and disturbance; and already began to long for a new migration
+into the distant woods and quiet intervals, where politics and the
+tax-gatherer should not intrude.</p>
+
+<p>The population in his neighborhood was increasing, and new settlements
+were being formed along the Yadkin and its tributary streams, and
+explorations were made to the northwest on the banks of the Holston and
+Clinch Rivers. The times were already beginning to exhibit symptoms of
+restlessness and stir among the people, which was soon to result in the
+formation of new States and the settlement of the far West.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_III'></a><h2>CHAPTER III.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The Seven Years' War&mdash;Cherokee War&mdash;Period of Boone's first long
+Excursion to the West&mdash;Extract from Wheeler's History of
+Tennessee&mdash;Indian accounts of the Western country&mdash;Indian traders&mdash;Their
+Reports&mdash;Western travelers&mdash;Doherty&mdash;Adair&mdash;Proceedings of the
+traders&mdash;Hunters&mdash;Scotch traders&mdash;Hunters accompany the traders to the
+West&mdash;Their reports concerning the country&mdash;Other adventurers&mdash;Dr.
+Walker's expedition&mdash;Settlements in South-western Virginia&mdash;Indian
+hostilities&mdash;Pendleton purchase&mdash;Dr. Walker's second expedition&mdash;Hunting
+company of Walker and others&mdash;Boone travels with them&mdash;Curious monument
+left by him.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>The reader will recollect that the period referred to in the last
+chapter, comprehended the latter years of the celebrated Seven Years'
+War. During the chief portion of this period, the neighboring Colony of
+Virginia suffered all the horrors of Indian war on its western
+frontier&mdash;horrors from which even the ability, courage, and patriotism
+of Washington were for a long time unable to protect them. The war was
+virtually terminated by the campaign of 1759, when Quebec was taken. The
+next year Canada was ceded to England; and a Cherokee war, which had
+disturbed the border setters of North Carolina, was terminated. Daniel
+Boone's biographers all agree that it was about this time when he first
+began to make long excursions toward the West; but it is difficult to
+fix exactly the date of his first long journey through the woods in
+this direction. It is generally dated in 1771 or 1772, We now make a
+quotation from Ramsay's Annals of Tennessee, which shows, beyond the
+possibility of a doubt, that he hunted on the Wataga River in 1760, and
+renders it probable that he was in the West at an earlier date. Our
+readers will excuse the length of this quotation, as the first part of
+it gives so graphic a picture of the hunter and pioneer life of the
+times of Daniel Boone, and also shows what had been done by others in
+western explorations before Boone's expeditions commenced.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Colonists of the Carolinas and of Virginia had been steadily
+advancing to the West, and we have traced their approaches in the
+direction of our eastern boundary,<a name='FNanchor_8'></a><a href='#Footnote_8'><sup>[8]</sup></a> to the base of the great
+Appalachian range.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Of the country beyond it, little was positively known or accurately
+understood. A wandering Indian would imperfectly delineate upon the
+sand, a feeble outline of its more prominent physical features&mdash;its
+magnificent rivers, with their numerous tributaries&mdash;its lofty
+mountains, its dark forests, its extended plains and its vast extent. A
+voyage in a canoe, from the source of the Hogohegee<a name='FNanchor_9'></a><a href='#Footnote_9'><sup>[9]</sup></a> to the
+Wabash,<a name='FNanchor_10'></a><a href='#Footnote_10'><sup>[10]</sup></a> required for its performance, in their figurative language,
+'two paddles, two warriors, three moons.' The Ohio itself was but a
+tributary of a still larger river, of whose source, size and direction,
+no intelligible account could be communicated or understood. The Muscle
+Shoals and the obstructions in the river above them, were represented as
+mighty cataracts and fearful whirlpools, and the Suck, as an awful
+vortex. The wild beasts with which the illimitable forests abounded,
+were numbered by pointing to the leaves upon the trees, or the stars in
+a cloudless sky.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;These glowing descriptions of the West seemed rather to stimulate than
+to satisfy the intense curiosity of the approaching settlers.
+Information more reliable, and more minute, was, from time to time,
+furnished from other sources. In the Atlantic cities, accounts had been
+received from French and Spanish traders, of the unparalleled beauty and
+fertility of the western interior. These reports, highly colored and
+amplified, were soon received and known upon the frontier. Besides,
+persons engaged in the interior traffic with the south-western Indian
+tribes had, in times of peace, penetrated their territories&mdash;traded
+with and resided amongst the natives&mdash;and upon their return to the white
+settlements, confirmed what had been previously reported in favor of the
+distant countries they had seen. As early as 1690, Doherty, a trader
+from Virginia, had visited the Cherokees and afterward lived among them
+a number of years. In 1730, Adair, from South Carolina, had traveled,
+not only through the towns of this tribe, but had extended his tour to
+most of the nations south and west of them. He was not only an
+enterprising trader but an intelligent tourist. To his observations upon
+the several tribes which he visited, we are indebted for most that is
+known of their earlier history. They were published in London in 1775.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In 1740 other traders went among the Cherokees from Virginia. They
+employed Mr Vaughan as a packman, to transport their goods. West of
+Amelia County, the country was then thinly inhabited; the last hunter's
+cabin that he saw was on Otter River, a branch of the Staunton, now in
+Bedford County, Va. The route pursued was along the Great Path to the
+centre of the Cherokee nation. The traders and pack-men generally
+confined themselves to this path till it crossed the Little Tennessee
+River, then spreading themselves out among the several Cherokee villages
+west of the mountain, continued their traffic as low down the Great
+Tennessee as the Indian settlements upon Occochappo or Bear Creek, below
+the Muscle Shoals, and there encountered the competition of other
+traders, who were supplied from New Orleans and Mobile. They returned
+heavily laden with peltries, to Charleston, or the more northern
+markets, where they were sold at highly remunerating prices. A hatchet,
+a pocket looking-glass, a piece of scarlet cloth, a trinket, and other
+articles of little value, which at Williamsburg could be bought for a
+few shillings, would command from an Indian hunter on the Hiwasse or
+Tennessee peltries amounting in value to double the number of pounds
+sterling. Exchanges were necessarily slow, but the profits realized from
+the operation were immensely large. In times of peace this traffic
+attracted the attention of many adventurous traders. It became mutually
+advantageous to the Indian not less than to the white man. The trap and
+the rifle, thus bartered for, procured, in one day, more game to the
+Cherokee hunter than his bow and arrow and his dead-fall would have
+secured during a month of toilsome hunting. Other advantages resulted
+from it to the whites. They became thus acquainted with the great
+avenues leading through the hunting grounds and to the occupied country
+of the neighboring tribes&mdash;an important circumstance in the condition of
+either war or peace. Further, the traders were an exact thermometer of
+the pacific or hostile intention and feelings of the Indians with whom
+they traded. Generally, they were foreigners, most frequently Scotchmen,
+who had not been long in the country, or upon the frontier, who, having
+experienced none of the cruelties, depredation or aggressions of the
+Indians, cherished none of the resentment and spirit of retaliation born
+with, and everywhere manifested, by the American settler. Thus, free
+from animosity against the aborigines, the trader was allowed to remain
+in the village where he traded unmolested, even when its warriors were
+singing the war song or brandishing the war club, preparatory to an
+invasion or massacre of the whites. Timely warning was thus often given
+by a returning packman to a feeble and unsuspecting settlement, of the
+perfidy and cruelty meditated against it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This gainful commerce was, for a time, engrossed by the traders; but
+the monopoly was not allowed to continue long. Their rapid accumulations
+soon excited the cupidity of another class of adventurers; and the
+hunter, in his turn, became a co-pioneer with the trader, in the march
+of civilization to the wilds of the West. As the agricultural population
+approached the eastern base of the Alleghanies, the game became scarce,
+and was to be found by severe toil in almost inaccessible recesses and
+coves of the mountain. Packmen, returning from their trading
+expeditions, carried with them evidences, not only of the abundance of
+game across the mountains, but of the facility with which it was
+procured. Hunters began to accompany the traders to the Indian towns;
+but, unable to brook the tedious delay of procuring peltries by traffic,
+and impatient of restraint, they struck boldly into the wilderness, and
+western-like, to use a western phrase, set up for themselves. The
+reports of their return, and of their successful enterprise, stimulated
+other adventurers to a similar undertaking. 'As early as 1748 Doctor
+Thomas Walker, of Virginia, in company with Colonels Wood, Patton and
+Buchanan, and Captain Charles Campbell, and a number of hunters, made an
+exploring tour upon the western waters. Passing Powel's valley, he gave
+the name of 'Cumberland' to the lofty range of mountains on the west.
+Tracing this range in a south-western direction, he came to a remarkable
+depression in the chain: through this he passed, calling it 'Cumberland
+Gap.' On the western side of the range he found a beautiful mountain
+stream, which he named 'Cumberland River,' all in honor of the Duke of
+Cumberland, then prime minister of England.<a name='FNanchor_11'></a><a href='#Footnote_11'><sup>[11]</sup></a> These names have ever
+since been retained, and, with Loudon, are believed to be the only names
+in Tennessee of English origin.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Although Fort Loudon was erected as early as 1756, upon the Tennessee,
+yet it was in advance of any white settlements nearly one hundred and
+fifty miles, and was destroyed in 1760. The fort, too, at Long Island,
+within the boundaries of the present State of Tennessee, were erected in
+1758, but no permanent settlements had yet been formed near it. Still
+occasional settlers had begun to fix their habitations in the
+south-western section of Virginia, and as early as 1754, six families
+were residing west of New River. 'On the breaking out of the French war,
+the Indians, in alliance with the French, made an irruption into these
+settlements, and massacred Burke and his family. The other families,
+finding their situation too perilous to be maintained, returned to the
+eastern side of New River; and the renewal of the attempt to carry the
+white settlements further west, was not made until after the close of
+that war.'&quot; <a name='FNanchor_12'></a><a href='#Footnote_12'><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='sidenote'>1756</div>
+
+<p>&quot;Under a mistaken impression that the Virginia line, when extended west,
+would embrace it, a grant of land was this year made, by the authorities
+of Virginia, to Edmund Pendleton, for three thousand acres of land,
+lying in Augusta County, on a branch of the middle fork of the Indian
+river called West Creek,<a name='FNanchor_13'></a><a href='#Footnote_13'><sup>[13]</sup></a> now Sullivan County, Tennessee.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class='sidenote'>1760</div>
+
+<p>In this year, Doctor Walker again passed over Clinch and Powell's
+River, on a tour of exploration into what is now Kentucky.</p>
+
+<div class='sidenote'>1761</div>
+
+<p>'The Cherokees were now at peace with the whites, and hunters from the
+back settlements began with safety to penetrate deeper and further into
+the wilderness of Tennessee. Several of them, chiefly from Virginia,
+hearing of the abundance of game with which the woods were stocked, and
+allured by the prospects of gain, which might be drawn from this source,
+formed themselves into a company, composed of Wallen, Scaggs, Blevins,
+Cox, and fifteen others, and came into the valley since known as
+Carter's Valley, in Hawkins County, Tennessee. They hunted eighteen
+mouths upon Clinch and Powell's Rivers. Wallen's Creek and Wallen's
+Ridge received their name from the leader of the company; as also did
+the station which they erected in the present Lee County, Virginia, the
+name of Wallen's station. They penetrated as far north as Laurel
+Mountain, in Kentucky, where they terminated their journey, having met
+with a body of Indians, whom they supposed to be Shawnees. At the head
+of one of the companies that visited the West this year 'came Daniel
+Boon, from the Yadkin, in North Carolina, and traveled with them as low
+as the place where Abingdon now stands, and there left them.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This is the first time the advent of Daniel Boon to the western wilds
+has been mentioned by historians, or by the several biographers of that
+distinguished pioneer and hunter. There is reason, however, to believe
+that he had hunted upon Watauga earlier. The writer is indebted to N.
+Gammon, Esq., formerly of Jonesboro, now a citizen of Knoxville, for the
+following inscription, still to be seen upon a beech tree, standing in
+sight and east of the present stage-road, leading from Jonesboro to
+Blountsville, and in the valley of Boon's Creek, a tributary of Watauga:&quot;</p>
+
+<span style='margin-left: 6em;'><i>D. Boon</i></span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 3em;'>CillED       A. BAR           On</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 6em;'><i>Tree</i></span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 5em;'>in  ThE</span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 6em;'><i>yEAR</i></span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 6em;'><i>1760</i></span><br />
+
+<p>&quot;Boon was eighty-six years old when he died, which was September, 1820.
+He was thus twenty-six years old when the inscription was made. When he
+left the company of hunters in 1761, as mentioned above by Haywood, it
+is probable that he did so to revisit the theatre of a former hunt upon
+the creek that still bears his name, and where his camp is still pointed
+out near its banks. It is not improbable, indeed, that he belonged to,
+or accompanied, the party of Doctor Walker, on his first, or certainly
+on his second, tour of exploration in 1760. The inscription is
+sufficient authority, as this writer conceives, to date the arrival of
+Boon in Tennessee as early as its date, 1760, thus preceding the
+permanent settlement of the country nearly ten years.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It will be observed that the historian in this extract, spells Boon
+without the final <i>e</i>, following the orthography of the hunter, in his
+inscription on the tree. This orthography Boone used at a later period,
+as we shall show. But the present received mode of spelling the name is
+the one which we have adopted in this work.</p>
+
+<p>On a subsequent page of Wheeler's history, we find the following
+memorandum:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Daniel Boone, who still lived on the Yadkin, though he had previously
+hunted on the Western waters, came again this year to explore the
+country, being employed for this purpose by Henderson &amp; Company. With
+him came Samuel Callaway, his kinsman, and the ancestor of the
+respectable family of that name, pioneers of Tennessee, Kentucky, and
+Missouri. Callaway was at the side of Boon when, approaching the spurs
+of the Cumberland Mountain, and in view of the vast herds of buffalo
+grazing in the valleys between them, he exclaimed, 'I am richer than the
+man mentioned in Scripture, who owned the cattle on a thousand hills; I
+own the wild beasts of more than a thousand valleys.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>After Boone and Callaway, came another hunter, Henry Scaggins, who was
+also employed by Henderson. He extended his explorations to the Lower
+Cumberland, and fixed his station at Mansco's Lick.</p>
+
+<p>We shall have occasion to speak more particularly of Henderson's company
+and Boone's connection with it; but we will first call the reader's
+attention to the state of affairs in North Carolina at this period, and
+their probable influence on the course pursued by Daniel Boone.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_IV'></a><h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Political and social condition of North
+Carolina&mdash;Taxes&mdash;Lawsuits&mdash;Ostentation and extravagance of foreigners
+and government officers&mdash;Oppression of the people&mdash;Murmurs&mdash;Open
+resistance&mdash;The Regulators&mdash;Willingness of Daniel Boone and others to
+migrate, and their reasons&mdash;John Finley's expedition to the West&mdash;His
+report to Boone&mdash;He determines to join Finley in his next hunting
+tour&mdash;New company formed, with Boone for leader&mdash;Preparations for
+starting&mdash;The party sets out&mdash;Travels for a month through the
+wilderness&mdash;First sight of Kentucky&mdash;Forming a camp&mdash;Hunting buffaloes
+and other game&mdash;Capture of Boone and Stuart by the Indians&mdash;Prudent
+dissimulation&mdash;Escape from the Indians&mdash;Return to the old camp&mdash;Their
+companions lost&mdash;Boone and Stuart renew their hunting.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>There were many circumstances in the social and political condition of
+the State of North Carolina, during the period of Daniel Boone's
+residence on the banks of the Yadkin, which were calculated to render
+him restless and quite willing to seek a home in the Western wilderness.
+Customs and fashions were changing. The Scotch traders, to whom we have
+referred in the last chapter, and others of the same class were
+introducing an ostentatious and expensive style of living, quite
+inappropriate to the rural population of the colony. In dress and
+equipage, they far surpassed the farmers and planters; and they were not
+backward in taking upon themselves airs of superiority on this account.
+In this they were imitated by the officers and agents of the Royal
+government of the colony, who were not less fond of luxury and show. To
+support their extravagant style of living, these minions of power,
+magistrates, lawyers, clerks of court, and tax-gatherers, demanded
+exorbitant fees for their services. The Episcopal clergy, supported by a
+legalized tax on the people, were not content with their salaries, but
+charged enormous fees for their occasional services. A fee of fifteen
+dollars was exacted from the poor farmer for performing the marriage
+service. The collection of taxes was enforced by suits at law, with
+enormous expense; and executions, levies, and distresses were of
+every-day occurrence. All sums exceeding forty shillings were sued for
+and executions obtained in the courts, the original debt being saddled
+with extortionate bills of cost. Sheriffs demanded more than was due,
+under threats of sheriff's sales; and they applied the gains thus made
+to their own use. Money, as is always the case in a new country, was
+exceedingly scarce, and the sufferings of the people were intolerable.</p>
+
+<p>Petitions to the Legislature for a redress of grievances were treated
+with contempt. The people assembled and formed themselves into an
+association for <i>regulating</i> public grievances and abuse of power.
+Hence the name given to them of Regulators. They resolved &quot;to pay only
+such taxes as were agreeable to law and applied to the purpose therein
+named, to pay no officer more than his legal fees.&quot; The subsequent
+proceedings of the Regulators, such as forcible resistance to officers
+and acts of personal violence toward them, at length brought on an
+actual collision between them and an armed force led by the Royal
+Governor, Tryon (May 16 1771,) at Alamanance, in which the Regulators
+were defeated; and the grievances continued with scarcely abated force
+till the Revolution brought relief.</p>
+
+<p>Under these circumstances, it is not surprising that Daniel Boone and
+others were quite willing to migrate to the West, if it were only to
+enjoy a quiet life; the dangers of Indian aggression being less dreaded
+than the visits of the tax-gather and the sheriff; and the solitude of
+the forest and prairie being preferred to the society of insolent
+foreigners; flaunting in the luxury and ostentation purchased by the
+spoils of fraud and oppression.</p>
+
+<p>Among the hunters and traders who pursued their avocations in the
+Western wilds was John Finley, or Findley, who led a party of hunters in
+1767 to the neighborhood of the Louisa River, as the Kentucky River was
+then called, and spent the season in hunting and trapping. On his
+return, he visited Daniel Boone, and gave him a most glowing description
+of the country which he had visited&mdash;a country abounding in the richest
+and most fertile land, intersected by noble rivers, and teeming with
+herds of deer and buffaloes and numerous flocks of wild turkeys, to say
+nothing of the smaller game. To these descriptions Boone lent a willing
+ear. He resolved to accompany Finley in his next hunting expedition, and
+to see this terrestrial paradise with his own eyes, doubtless with the
+intention of ultimately seeking a home in that delightful region.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, a company of six persons was formed for a new expedition to
+the West, and Boone was chosen as leader. The names of the other members
+of this party were John Finley, John Stuart, Joseph Holden, James
+Moncey, and William Cool.</p>
+
+<p>Much preparation seems to have been required. Boone's wife, who was one
+of the best of housekeepers and managers, had to fit out his clothes,
+and to make arrangements for house-keeping during his expected long
+absence. His sons were now old enough to assist their mother in the
+management of the farm, but, doubtless, they had to be supplied with
+money and other necessaries before the father could venture to leave
+home; so that it was not till the 1st of May, 1769, that the party were
+able to set out, as Boone, in his autobiography, expresses it, &quot;in quest
+of the country of Kentucky.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It was more than a month before these adventurers came in sight of the
+promised land. We quote from Mr. Peck's excellent work the description
+which undoubtedly formed the authority on which the artist has relied in
+painting the accompanying engraving of &quot;Daniel Boone's first view of
+Kentucky.&quot; It is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It was on the 7th of June, 1769, that six men, weary and wayworn, were
+seen winding their way up the steep side of a rugged mountain in the
+wilderness of Kentucky. Their dress was of the description usually worn
+at that period by all forest rangers. The outside garment was a hunting
+shirt, or loose open frock, made of dressed deer skins. Leggings or
+drawers, of the same material, covered the lower extremities, to which
+was appended a pair of moccasins for the feet. The cape or collar of the
+hunting shirt, and the seams of the leggings, were adorned with
+fringes. The under garments were of coarse cotton. A leather belt
+encircled the body; on the right side was suspended the tomahawk, to be
+used as a hatchet: on the left side was the hunting-knife, powder-horn,
+bullet-pouch, and other appendages indispensable for a hunter. Each
+person bore his trusty rifle; and, as the party slowly made their
+toilsome way amid the shrubs, and over the logs and loose rocks that
+accident had thrown into the obscure trail which they were following,
+each man kept a sharp look-out, as though danger or a lurking enemy was
+near. Their garments were soiled and rent, the unavoidable result of
+long traveling and exposure to the heavy rains that had fallen; for the
+weather had been stormy and most uncomfortable, and they had traversed a
+mountainous wilderness for several hundred miles. The leader of the
+party was of full size, with a hardy, robust, sinewy frame, and keen,
+piercing, hazel eyes, that glanced with quickness at every object as
+they passed on, now cast forward in the direction they were traveling
+for signs of an old trail, and in the next moment directed askance into
+the dense thicket, or into the deep ravine, as if watching some
+concealed enemy. The reader will recognize in this man the pioneer
+Boone, at the head of his companions.&quot;</p>
+
+<a name='FIG3'></a><center>
+   <img src='images/boone-3.png' width='100%' alt='ILLUSTRATION: BOONES FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY' title='BOONES FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY'>
+</center>
+<center><b>BOONE'S FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY</b></center><br />
+
+
+<p>&quot;Toward the time of the setting sun, the party had reached the summit of
+the mountain range, up which they had toiled for some three or four
+hours, and which had bounded their prospect to the west during the day.
+Here new and indescribable scenery opened to their view. Before them,
+for an immense distance, as if spread out on a map, lay the rich and
+beautiful vales watered by the Kentucky River; for they had now reached
+one of its northern branches. The country immediately before them, to
+use a Western phrase, was 'rolling,' and, in places, abruptly hilly; but
+far in the vista was seen a beautiful expanse of level country, over
+which the buffalo, deer, and other forest animals, roamed unmolested
+while they fed on the luxuriant herbage of the forest. The countenances
+of the party lighted up with pleasure, congratulations were exchanged,
+the romantic tales of Finley were confirmed by ocular demonstration, and
+orders were given to encamp for the night in a neighboring ravine. In a
+deep gorge of the mountain a large tree had fallen, surrounded with a
+dense thicket, and hidden from observation by the abrupt and precipitous
+hills. This tree lay in a convenient position for the back of their
+camp. Logs were placed on the right and left, leaving the front open,
+where fire might be kindled against another log; and for shelter from
+the rains and heavy dews, bark was peeled from the linden tree.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This rude structure appears to have been the head-quarters of the
+hunters through the whole summer and autumn, till late in December.
+During this time, they hunted the deer, the bear, and especially the
+buffalo. The buffaloes were found in great numbers, feeding on the
+leaves of the cane, and the rich and spontaneous fields of clover.</p>
+
+<p>During this long period, they saw no Indians. That part of the country
+was not inhabited by any tribe at that time, although it was used
+occasionally as a hunting ground by the Shawanese, the Cherokees and the
+Chickesaws. The land at that time belonged to the colony of Virginia,
+which then included what is now called Kentucky. The title to the ground
+was acquired by a treaty with the Indians, Oct. 5th, 1770. The Iroquois,
+at the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768, had already ceded their doubtful
+claim to the land south of the Ohio River, to Great Britain; so that
+Boone's company of hunters were not trespassing upon Indian territory
+at this time.<a name='FNanchor_14'></a><a href='#Footnote_14'><sup>[14]</sup></a> But they were destined nevertheless to be treated as
+intruders.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of December, Boone and John Stuart, one of his companions,
+left their encampment, and following one of the numerous paths which the
+buffalo had made through the cane, they plunged boldly into the interior
+of the forest. They had as yet, as we have already stated, seen no
+Indians, and the country had been reported as totally uninhabited. This
+was true in a strict sense, for although, as we have seen, the southern
+and northwestern tribes were in the habit of hunting here as upon
+neutral ground, yet not a single wigwam had been erected, nor did the
+land bear the slightest mark of having ever been cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>The different tribes would fall in with each other and from the fierce
+conflicts which generally followed these casual rencounters, the country
+had been known among them by the name of '<i>the dark and bloody ground!</i>'</p>
+
+<p>The two adventurers soon learned the additional danger to which they
+were exposed. While roving carelessly from canebrake to canebrake, and
+admiring the rank growth of vegetation, and the variety of timber which
+marked the fertility of the soil, they were suddenly alarmed by the
+appearance of a party of Indians, who, springing from their place of
+concealment, rushed upon them with a rapidity which rendered escape
+impossible.</p>
+
+<p>They were almost instantly seized, disarmed, and made prisoners. Their
+feelings may be readily imagined. They were in the hands of an enemy who
+knew no alternative between adoption and torture; and the numbers and
+fleetness of their captors, rendered escape by open means impossible,
+while their jealous vigilance seemed equally fatal to any secret
+attempt.</p>
+
+<p>Boone, however, was possessed of a temper admirably adapted to the
+circumstances in which he was placed. Of a cold and saturnine, rather
+than an arden disposition, he was never either so much elevated by good
+fortune or depressed by bad, as to lose for an instant the full
+possession of all his faculties. He saw that immediate escape was
+impossible, but he encouraged his companion, and constrained himself
+to accompany the Indians in all their excursions, with so calm and
+contented an air, that their vigilance insensibly began to relax.</p>
+
+<a name='FIG4'></a><center>
+   <img src='images/boone-4.png' width='100%' alt='ILLUSTRATION: CAPTURE OF BOONE AND STUART' title='CAPTURE OF BOONE AND STUART'>
+</center>
+<center><b>CAPTURE OF BOONE AND STUART</b></center><br />
+
+
+<p>On the seventh evening of their captivity, they encamped in a thick
+canebrake, and having built a large fire, lay down to rest. The party
+whose duty it was to watch, were weary and negligent, and about
+midnight, Boone, who had not closed an eye, ascertained from the deep
+breathing all around him, that the whole party, including Stuart, was in
+a deep sleep.</p>
+
+<p>Gently and gradually extricating himself from the Indians who lay around
+him, he walked cautiously to the spot where Stuart lay, and having
+succeeded in awakening him, without alarming the rest, he briefly
+informed him of his determination, and exhorted him to arise, make no
+noise, and follow him. Stuart, although ignorant of the design, and
+suddenly roused from sleep, fortunately obeyed with equal silence and
+celerity, and within a few minutes they were beyond hearing.</p>
+
+<p>Rapidly traversing the forest, by the light of the stars and the bark of
+the trees, they ascertained the direction in which the camp lay, but
+upon reaching it on the next day, to their great grief, they found it
+plundered and deserted, with nothing remaining to show the fate of their
+companions: and even to the day of his death, Boone knew not whether
+they had been killed or taken, or had voluntarily abandoned their cabin
+and returned.<a name='FNanchor_15'></a><a href='#Footnote_15'><sup>[15]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Indeed it has never been ascertained what became of Finley and the rest
+of Boone's party of hunters. If Finley himself had returned to Carolina,
+so remarkable a person would undoubtedly have left some trace of himself
+in the history of his time; but no trace exists of any of the party who
+were left at the old camp by Boone and Stuart. Boone and Stuart resumed
+their hunting, although their ammunition was running low, and they were
+compelled, by the now well-known danger of Indian hostilities, to seek
+for more secret and secure hiding-places at night than their old
+encampment in the ravine.</p>
+
+<p>The only kind of firearms used by the backwoods hunter is the rifle. In
+the use of this weapon Boone was exceedingly skillful. The following
+anecdote, related by the celebrated naturalist, Audubon,<a name='FNanchor_16'></a><a href='#Footnote_16'><sup>[16]</sup></a> shows that
+he retained his wonderful precision of aim till a late period of his
+life.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Barking off squirrels is delightful sport, and, in my opinion,
+requires a greater degree of accuracy than any other. I first witnessed
+this manner of procuring squirrels whilst near the town of Frankfort.
+The performer was the celebrated Daniel Boone. We walked out together,
+and followed the rocky margins of the Kentucky River, until we reached a
+piece of flat land thickly covered with black walnuts, oaks, and
+hickories. As the general mast was a good one that year, squirrels were
+seen gamboling on every tree around us. My companion, a stout, hale, and
+athletic man, dressed in a homespun hunting-shirt, bare-legged and
+moccasined, carried a long and heavy rifle, which, as he was loading it,
+he said had proved efficient in all his former undertakings, and which
+he hoped would not fail on this occasion, as he felt proud to show me
+his skill. The gun was wiped, the powder measured, the ball patched with
+six-hundred-thread linen, and the charge sent home with a hickory rod.
+We moved not a step from the place, for the squirrels were so numerous
+that it was unnecessary to go after them. Boone pointed to one of these
+animals which had observed us, and was crouched on a branch about fifty
+paces distant, and bade me mark well the spot where the ball should hit.
+He raised his piece gradually, until the <i>bead</i> (that being the name
+given by the Kentuckians to the <i>sight</i>) of the barrel was brought to a
+line with the spot which he intended to hit. The whip-like report
+resounded through the woods and along the hills in repeated echoes.
+Judge of my surprise, when I perceived that the ball had hit the piece
+of the bark immediately beneath the squirrel, and shivered it into
+splinters, the concussion produced by which had killed the animal, and
+sent it whirling through the air, as if it had been blown up by the
+explosion of a powder magazine. Boone kept up his firing, and before
+many hours had elapsed, we had procured as many squirrels as we wished;
+for you must know that to load a rifle requires only a moment, and that
+if it is wiped once after each shot, it will do duty for hours. Since
+that first interview with our veteran Boone, I have seen many other
+individuals perform the same feat.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_V'></a><h2>CHAPTER V</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Arrival of Squire Boone and a companion at the camp of Daniel
+Boone&mdash;Joyful meeting&mdash;News from home, and hunting resumed&mdash;Daniel Boone
+and Stuart surprised by the Indians&mdash;Stuart killed&mdash;Escape of Boone, and
+his return to camp&mdash;Squire Boone's companion lost in the
+woods&mdash;Residence of Daniel Boone and Squire Boone in the
+wilderness&mdash;Squire returns to North Carolina, obtains a fresh supply of
+ammunition, and again rejoins his brother at the old camp&mdash;Daniel
+Boone's own account of this remarkable period of his life&mdash;His return to
+North Carolina&mdash;His determination to settle in Kentucky&mdash;Other Western
+adventurers&mdash;the Long hunters&mdash;Washington in Kentucky&mdash;Bullitt's
+party&mdash;Floyd's party&mdash;Thompson's survey&mdash;First settlement of Tennessee.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>In the early part of the month of January, 1770, Boone and Stuart were
+agreeably surprised by the arrival of Squire Boone, the younger brother
+of Daniel, accompanied by another man, whose name has not been handed
+down. The meeting took place as they were hunting in the woods. The
+new-comers were hailed at a distance with the usual greeting, &quot;'Holloa!
+strangers, who are you?&quot; to which they answered, &quot;White men and
+friends.&quot; And friends indeed they were&mdash;friends in need; for they
+brought a supply of ammunition, and news from Daniel Boone's home and
+family on the Yadkin. They had had a weary journey through the
+wilderness, and although they had met with no Indians on their way, they
+had frequently come upon their traces in passing through the woods.
+Their purpose in undertaking this formidable journey had been to learn
+the fate of Boone and his party, whose safety was nearly despaired of by
+his friends in North Carolina, to hunt for themselves, and to convey a
+supply of ammunition to Boone. It is difficult to conceive the joy with
+which their opportune arrival was welcomed. They informed Boone that
+they had just seen the last night's encampment of Stuart and himself, so
+that the joyful meeting was not wholly unanticipated by them.</p>
+
+<p>Thus reinforced, the party, now consisting of four skillful hunters,
+might reasonably hope for increased security, and a fortunate issue to
+their protracted hunting tour. But they hunted in separate parties; and
+in one of these Daniel Boone and Stuart fell in with a party of Indians,
+who fired upon them. Stuart was shot dead and scalped by the Indians,
+but Boone escaped in the forest, and rejoined his brother and the
+remaining hunter of the party.</p>
+
+<p>A few days afterward this hunter was lost in the woods, and did not
+return as usual to the camp. Daniel and Squire made a long and anxious
+search for him; but it was all in vain. Years afterward a skeleton was
+discovered in the woods, which was supposed to be that of the lost
+hunter.</p>
+
+<p>The two brothers were thus left in the wilderness alone, separated by
+several hundred miles from home, surrounded by hostile Indians, and
+destitute of every thing but their rifles. After having had such
+melancholy experience of the dangers to which they were exposed, we
+would naturally suppose that their fortitude would have given way, and
+that they would instantly have returned to the settlements. But the most
+remarkable feature in Boone's character was a calm and cold equanimity
+which rarely rose to enthusiasm and never sunk to despondence.</p>
+
+<p>His courage undervalued the danger to which he was exposed, and his
+presence of mind, which never forsook him, enabled him, on all occasions
+to take the best means of avoiding it. The wilderness, with all its
+dangers and privations, had a charm for him, which is scarcely
+conceivable by one brought up in a city; and he determined to remain
+alone while his brother returned to Carolina for an additional supply of
+ammunition, as their original supply was nearly exhausted. His situation
+we should now suppose in the highest degree gloomy and dispiriting. The
+dangers which attended his brother on his return were nearly equal to
+his own; and each had left a wife and children, which Boone acknowledged
+cost him many an anxious thought.</p>
+
+<p>But the wild and solitary grandeur of the country around him, where not
+a tree had been cut, nor a house erected, was to him an inexhaustible
+source of admiration and delight; and he says to himself, that some of
+the most rapturous moments of his life were spent in those lonely
+rambles. The utmost caution was necessary to avoid the savages, and
+scarcely less to escape the ravenous hunger of the wolves that prowled
+nightly around him in immense numbers. He was compelled frequently to
+shift his lodging, and by undoubted signs, saw that the Indians had
+repeatedly visited his hut during his absence. He some times lay in
+canebrakes without fire, and heard the yells of the Indians around him.
+Fortunately, however, he never encountered them.<a name='FNanchor_17'></a><a href='#Footnote_17'><sup>[17]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Perkins, in his Annals of the West, speaking of this sojourn of the
+brothers in the wilderness, says: And now commenced that most
+extraordinary life on the part of these two men which has, in a great
+measure, served to give celebrity to their names; we refer to their
+residence, entirely alone, for more than a year, in a land filled with
+the most subtle and unsparing enemies, and under the influence of no
+other motive, apparently, than a love of adventure, of Nature, and of
+solitude. Nor were they, during this time, always together. For three
+months, Daniel remained amid the forest utterly by himself, while his
+brother, with courage and capacity equal to his own, returned to North
+Carolina for a supply of powder and lead; with which he succeeded in
+rejoining the roamer of the wilderness in safety in July, 1770.</p>
+
+<p>It is almost impossible to conceive of the skill, coolness, and sagacity
+which enabled Daniel Boone to spend so many weeks in the midst of the
+Indians, and yet undiscovered by them. He appears to have changed his
+position continually&mdash;to have explored the whole centre of what forms
+now the State of Kentucky, and in so doing must have exposed himself to
+many different parties of the natives. A reader of Mr. Cooper's Last of
+the Mohicans may comprehend, in some measure, the arts by which he was
+preserved; but, after all, a natural gift seems to lie at the basis of
+such consummate woodcraft; an instinct, rather than any exercise of
+intellect, appears to have guided Boone in such matters, and made him
+pre-eminent among those who were most accomplished in the knowledge of
+forest life. Then we are to remember the week's captivity of the
+previous year; it was the first practical acquaintance that the pioneer
+had with the Western Indians, and we may be assured he spent that week
+in noting carefully the whole method of his captors. Indeed, we think it
+probable he remained in captivity so long that he might learn their
+arts, stratagems, and modes of concealment. We are, moreover, to keep in
+mind this fact: the woods of Kentucky were at that period filled with a
+species of nettle of such a character that, being once bent down, it did
+not recover itself, but remained prostrate, thus retaining the
+impression of a foot almost like snow&mdash;even a turkey might be tracked in
+it with perfect ease. This weed Boone would carefully avoid, but the
+natives, numerous and fearless, would commonly pay no regard to it, so
+that the white hunter was sure to have palpable signs of the presence of
+his enemies, and the direction they had taken. Considering these
+circumstances, it is even more remarkable that his brother should have
+returned in safety, with his loaded horses, than that he remained alone
+unharmed; though in the escape of both from captivity or death from
+January, 1770, until their return to the Atlantic rivers in March, 1771,
+there is something so wonderful that the old pioneer's phrase, that he
+was &quot;an instrument ordained to settle the wilderness,&quot; seems entirely
+proper.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel Boone's own account of this period of his life, contained in his
+autobiography, is highly characteristic. It is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Thus situated, many hundred miles from our families in the howling
+wilderness, I believe few would have equally enjoyed the happiness we
+experienced. I often observed to my brother, 'You see now how little
+nature requires to be satisfied. Felicity, the companion of content, is
+rather found in our own breasts than in the enjoyment of external
+things; and I firmly believe it requires but a little philosophy to make
+a man happy in whatsoever state he is. This consists in a full
+resignation to Providence, and a resigned soul finds pleasure in a path
+strewed with briers and thorns.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We continued not in a state of indolence, but hunted every day, and
+prepared a little cottage to defend us from the winter storms. We
+remained there undisturbed during the winter; and on the first of May,
+1770, my brother returned home to the settlement by himself for a new
+recruit of horses and ammunition, leaving me by myself, without bread,
+salt, or sugar, without company of my fellow-creatures, or even a horse
+or dog. I confess I never before was under greater necessity of
+exercising philosophy and fortitude. A few days I passed uncomfortably.
+The idea of a beloved wife and family, and their anxiety on account of
+my absence and exposed situation, made sensible impressions on my heart.
+A thousand dreadful apprehensions presented themselves to my view, and
+had undoubtedly disposed me to melancholy if further indulged.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;One day I undertook a tour through the country, and the diversity and
+beauties of Nature I met with in this charming season expelled every
+gloomy and vexatious thought. Just at the close of day the gentle gales
+retired, and left the place to the disposal of a profound calm. Not a
+breeze shook the most tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit of a
+commanding ridge, and, looking round with astonishing delight, beheld
+the ample plains, the beauteous tracts below. On the other hand, I
+surveyed the famous river Ohio, that rolled in silent dignity, marking
+the western boundary of Kentucky with inconceivable grandeur. At a vast
+distance I beheld the mountains lift their venerable brows, and
+penetrate the clouds. All things were still. I kindled a fire near a
+fountain of sweet water, and feasted on the loin of a buck, which a few
+hours before I had killed. The fallen shades of night soon overspread
+the whole hemisphere, and the earth seemed to gape after the hovering
+moisture. My roving excursion this day had fatigued my body, and
+diverted my imagination. I laid me down to sleep, and I awoke not until
+the sun had chased away the night. I continued this tour, and in a few
+days explored a considerable part of the country, each day equally
+pleased as the first. I returned to my old camp, which was not disturbed
+in my absence. I did not confine my lodging to it, but often reposed in
+thick canebrakes to avoid the savages, who, I believe, often visited my
+camp, but fortunately for me in my absence. In this situation I was
+constantly exposed to danger and death. How unhappy such a situation for
+a man tormented with fear, which is vain if no danger comes, and, if it
+does, only augments the pain. It was my happiness to be destitute of
+this afflicting passion, with which I had the greatest reason to be
+affected. The prowling wolves diverted my nocturnal hours with perpetual
+howlings; and the various species of animals in this vast forest in the
+daytime were continually in my view. </p>
+
+<p>&quot;Thus I was surrounded with plenty in the midst of want. I was happy in
+the midst of dangers and inconveniences. In such a diversity it was
+impossible I should be disposed to melancholy. No populous city, with
+all the varieties of commerce and stately structures, could afford so
+much pleasure to my mind as the beauties of Nature I found here.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Thus, through an uninterrupted scene of sylvan pleasures, I spent the
+time until the 27th day of July following, when my brother, to my great
+felicity, met me according to appointment, at our old camp. Shortly
+after we left this place, not thinking it safe to stay there any longer,
+and proceeded to Cumberland River, reconnoitering that part of the
+country until March, 1771, and giving names to the different waters.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Soon after, I returned home to my family, with a determination to bring
+them as soon as possible to live in Kentucky, which I esteemed a second
+paradise, at the risk of my life and fortune.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I returned safe to my old habitation, and found my family in happy
+circumstances.&quot; </p>
+
+<p>This extract is taken from the autobiography of Daniel Boone, written
+from his own dictation by John Filson, and published in 1784. Some
+writers have censured this production as inflated and bombastic. To us
+it seems simple and natural; and we have no doubt that the very words of
+Boone are given for the most part. The use of glowing imagery and strong
+figures is by no means confined to highly-educated persons. Those who
+are illiterate, as Boone certainly was, often indulge in this style.
+Even the Indians are remarkably fond of bold metaphors and other
+rhetorical figures, as is abundantly proved by their speeches and
+legends.</p>
+
+<p>While Boone had been engaged in his late hunting tour, other adventurers
+were examining the rich lands south of the Ohio.<a name='FNanchor_18'></a><a href='#Footnote_18'><sup>[18]</sup></a> Even in 1770, while
+Boone was wandering solitary in those Kentucky forests, a band of forty
+hunters, led by Colonel James Knox, had gathered from the valleys of
+New River, Clinch, and Holston, to chase the buffaloes of the West; nine
+of the forty had crossed the mountains, penetrated the desert and almost
+impassable country about the heads of the Cumberland, and explored the
+region on the borders of Kentucky and Tennessee. This hunting party,
+from the length of time it was absent, is known in the traditions of the
+West as the party of the Long Hunters. While these bold men were
+penetrating the valley of the Ohio, in the region of the Cumberland Gap,
+others came from Virginia and Pennsylvania, by the river; among them,
+and in the same year, that the Long Hunters were abroad, (1770), came no
+less noted a person than George Washington. His attention, as we have
+before said, had been turned to the lands along the Ohio, at a very
+early period; he had himself large claims, as well as far-reaching plans
+of settlement, and he wished with his own eyes to examine the Western
+lands, especially those about the mouth of the Kanawha. From the journal
+of his expedition, published by Mr. Sparks, in the Appendix to the
+second volume of his Washington Papers, we learn some valuable facts in
+reference to the position of affairs in the Ohio valley at that time. We
+learn, for instance, that the Virginians were rapidly surveying and
+settling the lands south of the river as far down as the Kanawhas; and
+that the Indians, notwithstanding the treaty of Fort Stanwix, were
+jealous and angry at this constant invasion of their hunting-grounds.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This jealousy and anger were not supposed to cool during the years next
+succeeding, and when Thomas Bullitt and his party descended the Ohio in
+the summer of 1773, he found that no settlements would be tolerated
+south of the river, unless the Indian hunting-grounds were left
+undisturbed. To leave them undisturbed was, however, no part of the plan
+of these white men.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This very party, which Bullitt led, and in which were the two McAfees,
+Hancock, Taylor, Drennon and others, separated, and while part went up
+the Kentucky River, explored the banks, and made important surveys,
+including the valley in which Frankfort stands, the remainder went on to
+the Falls, and laid out, in behalf of John Campbell and John Connolly,
+the plan of Louisville. All this took place in the summer of 1773; and
+in the autumn of that year, or early in the next, John Floyd, the deputy
+of Colonel William Preston, the surveyor of Fincastle County, Virginia,
+in which it was claimed that Kentucky was comprehended, also crossed the
+mountains; while General Thompson of Pennsylvania, made surveys upon the
+north fork of the Licking. When Boone, therefore, in September,
+commenced his march for the West, (as we shall presently relate), the
+choice regions which he had examined three years before, were known to
+numbers, and settlers were preparing to desecrate the silent and
+beautiful woods. Nor did the prospects of the English colonists stop
+with the settlements of Kentucky. In 1773, General Lyman, with a number
+of military adventurers, went to Natchez and laid out several townships
+in that vicinity; to which point emigration set so strongly, that we are
+told, four hundred families passed down the Ohio on their way thither,
+during six weeks of the summer of that year.&quot; <a name='FNanchor_19'></a><a href='#Footnote_19'><sup>[19]</sup></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_VI'></a><h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Daniel Boone remains two years in North Carolina after his return from
+the West&mdash;He prepares to emigrate to Kentucky&mdash;Character of the early
+settlers to Kentucky&mdash;The first class, hunters&mdash;The second class, small
+farmers&mdash;The third class, men of wealth and government officers.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Daniel Boone had now returned to his home on the banks of the Yadkin,
+after an absence of no less than two years, during which time he had not
+tasted, as he remarks in his autobiography, either salt, sugar, or
+bread. He must have enjoyed, in no ordinary degree, the comforts of
+home. Carolina, however, was to be his home but for a short time. He had
+fully determined to go with his family to Kentucky, and settle in that
+lovely region. He was destined to found a State.</p>
+
+<p>After Boone's return to North Carolina, more than two years passed away
+before he could complete the arrangements necessary for removing his
+family to Kentucky. He sold his farm on the Yadkin, which had been for
+many years under cultivation, and no doubt brought him a sum amply
+sufficient for the expenses of his journey and the furnishing of a new
+home in the promised land. He had, of course, to overcome the natural
+repugnance of his wife and children to leave the home which had become
+dear to them; and he had also to enlist other adventurers to accompany
+him. And here we deem it proper, before entering upon the account of his
+departure, to quote from a contemporary,<a name='FNanchor_20'></a><a href='#Footnote_20'><sup>[20]</sup></a> some general
+remarks on the character of the early settlers of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Throughout the United States, generally, the most erroneous notions
+prevail with respect to the character of the first settlers of Kentucky;
+and by several of the American novelists, the most ridiculous uses have
+been made of the fine materials for fiction which lie scattered over
+nearly the whole extent of that region of daring adventure and romantic
+incident. The common idea seems to be, that the first wanderers to
+Kentucky were a simple, ignorant, low-bred, good-for-nothing set of
+fellows, who left the frontiers and sterile places of the old States,
+where a considerable amount of labor was necessary to secure a
+livelihood, and sought the new and fertile country southeast of the Ohio
+River and northwest of the Cumberland Mountains, where corn would
+produce bread for them with simply the labor of planting, and where the
+achievements of their guns would supply them with meat and clothing; a
+set of men who, with that instinct which belongs to the beaver, built a
+number of log cabins on the banks of some secluded stream, which they
+surrounded with palisades for the better protection of their wives and
+children, and then went wandering about, with guns on their shoulders,
+or traps under their arms, leading a solitary, listless, <i>ruminating</i>
+life, till aroused by the appearance of danger, or a sudden attack from
+unseen enemies, when instantly they approved themselves the bravest of
+warriors, and the most expert of strategists. The romancers who have
+attempted to describe their habits of life and delineate their
+characters, catching this last idea, and imagining things probable of
+the country they were in, have drawn the one in lines the most grotesque
+and absurd, and colored the other with a pencil dipped in all hues but
+the right. To them the early pioneers appear to have been people of a
+character demi-devil, demi-savage, not only with out the remains of
+former civilization, but without even the recollection that they had
+been born and bred where people were, at the least, measurably sane,
+somewhat religiously inclined, and, for the most, civilly behaved.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Both of these conceptions of the character of the Pioneer Fathers are,
+to a certain extent, correct as regards <i>individuals</i> among them; but
+the pictures which have often been given us, even when held up beside
+such <i>individuals</i>, will prove to be exaggerations in more respects than
+one. Daniel Boone is an individual instance of a man plunging into the
+depths of an unknown wilderness, shunning rather than seeking contact
+with his kind, his gun and trap the only companions of his solitude,
+and wandering about thus for months,&quot;</p>
+
+<span style='margin-left: 1.5em;'><i>&quot;'No mark upon the tree, nor print, nor track,</i></span><br />
+<span style='margin-left: 2em;'><i>To lead him forward, or to guide him back.'&quot;</i></span><br />
+
+<p>&quot;contented and happy; yet, for all this, if those who knew him well had
+any true conception of his character, Boone was a man of ambition, and
+shrewdness, and energy, and fine social qualities, and extreme sagacity.
+And individual instances there <i>may</i> have been&mdash;though even this
+possibility is not sustained by the primitive histories of those
+times&mdash;of men who were so far <i>outre</i> to the usual course of their kind,
+as to have afforded originals for the <i>Sam Huggs</i> the <i>Nimrod
+Wildfires</i>, the <i>Ralph Stackpoles</i>, the <i>Tom Bruces</i>, and the
+<i>Earthquakes</i>, which so abound in most of those fictions whose <i>locale</i>
+is the Western country. But that naturalist who should attempt, by ever
+so minute a description of a pied blackbird, to give his readers a
+correct idea of the <i>Gracula Ferruginea</i> of ornithologists, would not
+more utterly fail of accomplishing his object, than have the authors
+whose creations we have named, by delineating such individual
+instances&mdash;by holding up, as it were, such <i>outre</i> specimens of an
+original class&mdash;failed to convey any thing like an accurate impression
+of the habits, customs, and general character of the western pioneers.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Daniel Boone, and those who accompanied him into the wildernesses of
+Kentucky, had been little more than hunters in their original homes, on
+the frontiers of North Carolina; and, with the exception of their
+leader, but little more than hunters did they continue after their
+emigration. The most glowing accounts of the beauty and fertility of the
+country northwest of the Laurel Ridge, had reached their ears from
+Finley and his companions; and they shouldered their guns, strapped
+their wallets upon their backs and wandered through the Cumberland Gap
+into the dense forests, and thick brakes, and beautiful plains which
+soon opened upon their visions, more to indulge a habit of roving, and
+gratify an excited curiosity, than from any other motive; and, arrived
+upon the head-waters of the Kentucky, they built themselves rude log
+cabins, and spent most of their lives in hunting and eating, and
+fighting marauding bands of Indians. Of a similar character were the
+earliest Virginians, who penetrated these wildernesses. The very first,
+indeed, who wandered from the parent State over the Laurel Ridge, down
+into the unknown regions on its northwest, came avowedly as hunters and
+trappers; and such of them as escaped the tomahawk of the Indian, with
+very few exceptions, remained hunters and trappers till their deaths.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;But this first class of pioneers was not either numerous enough, or
+influential enough, to stamp its character upon the after-coming
+hundreds; and the second class of immigrants into Kentucky was composed
+of very different materials. Small farmers from North Carolina,
+Virginia, and Pennsylvania, for the most part, constituted this; and
+these daring adventurers brought with them intelligent and aspiring
+minds, industrious and persevering habits, a few of the comforts of
+civilized life, and some of the implements of husbandry. A number of
+them were men who had received the rudiments of an English education,
+and not a few of them had been reared up in the spirit, and a sincere
+observance of the forms, of religious worship. Many, perhaps most of
+them, were from the frontier settlements of the States named; and these
+combined the habits of the hunter and agriculturist, and possessed, with
+no inconsiderable knowledge of partially refined life, all that boldness
+and energy, which subsequently became so distinctive a trait of the
+character of the early settlers.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This second class of the pioneers, or at least the mass of those who
+constituted it, sought the plains and forests, and streams of Kentucky,
+not to indulge any inclination for listless ramblings; nor as hunters or
+trappers; nor yet for the purpose of gratifying an awakened curiosity:
+they came deliberately, soberly, thoughtfully, <i>in search of a home</i>,
+determined, from the outset, to win one, or perish in the attempt; they
+came to cast their lot in a land that was new, to better their worldly
+condition by the acquisition of demesnes, to build up a new commonwealth
+in an un-peopled region; they came with their wives, and their children,
+and their kindred, from places where the toil of the hand, and the sweat
+of the brow, could hardly supply them with bread, to a land in which
+ordinary industry would, almost at once, furnish all the necessaries of
+life, and when it was plain well-directed effort would ultimately secure
+its ease, its dignity, and its refinements. Poor in the past, and with
+scarce a hope, without a change of place, of a better condition of
+earthly existence, either for themselves or their offspring, they saw
+themselves, <i>with</i> that change, rich in the future, and looked forward
+with certainty to a time when their children, if not themselves, would
+be in a condition improved beyond compare.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There was also a third class of pioneers, who in several respects
+differed as much from either the first or the second class, as these
+differed from each other. This class was composed, in great part, of men
+who came to Kentucky after the way had been in some measure prepared for
+immigrants, and yet before the setting in of that tide of population
+which, a year or two after the close of the American Revolution, poured
+so rapidly into these fertile regions from several of the Atlantic
+States. In this class of immigrants, there were many gentlemen of
+education, refinement, and no inconsiderable wealth; some of whom came
+to Kentucky as surveyors, others as commissioners from the parent State,
+and others again as land speculators; but most of them as <i>bona fide</i>
+immigrants, determined to pitch their tents in the Great West, at once
+to become <i>units</i> of a new people, and to grow into affluence, and
+consideration, and renown, with the growth of a young and vigorous
+commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Such were the founders of Kentucky; and in them we behold the elements
+of a society inferior, in all the essentials of goodness and greatness,
+to none in the world. First came the hunter and trapper, to trace the
+river courses, and spy out the choice spots of the land; then came the
+small farmer and the hardy adventurer, to cultivate the rich plains
+discovered, and lay the nucleuses of the towns and cities, which were so
+soon, and so rapidly, to spring up; and then came the surveyor, to mark
+the boundaries of individual possessions and give civil shape and
+strength to the unformed mass, the speculator to impart a new activity
+and keenness to the minds of men, and the chivalrous and educated
+gentleman, to infuse into the crude materials here collected together,
+the feelings and sentiments of refined existence, and to mold them into
+forms of conventional beauty and social excellence. Kentucky now began
+to have a <i>society</i>, in which were the sinews of war, the power of
+production, and the genius of improvement; and from this time, though
+still harassed, as she had been from the beginning, by the inroads of a
+brave and determined enemy on her north, her advancement was regular and
+rapid.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_VII'></a><h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Daniel Boone sets out for Kentucky with his family and his brother,
+Squire Boone&mdash;Is joined by five families and forty men at Powell's
+Valley&mdash;The party is attacked by Indians, and Daniel Boone 's oldest son
+is killed&mdash;The party return to the settlements on Clinch River&mdash;Boone,
+at the request of Governor Dunmore, goes to the West and conducts a
+party of surveyors to Virginia&mdash;Boone receives the command of three
+garrisons and the commission of Captain&mdash;He takes a part in the Dunmore
+war&mdash;Battle of Point Pleasant and termination of the war.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Having completed all his arrangements for the journey, on the 25th of
+September, 1774, Daniel Boone, with his wife and children, set out on
+his journey to the West. He was accompanied by his brother, Squire
+Boone; and the party took with them cattle and swine, with a view to the
+stocking of their farms, when they should arrive in Kentucky. Their
+bedding and other baggage was carried by pack-horses.</p>
+
+<p>At a place called Powel's Valley, the party was reinforced by another
+body of emigrants to the West consisting of five families and no less
+than forty able-bodied men; well armed and provided with provisions and
+ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>They now went on in high spirits, &quot;camping out&quot; every night in woods,
+under the shelter of rude tents constructed with poles covered with
+bed-clothes. They thus advanced on their journey without accident or
+alarm, until the 6th of October, when they were approaching a pass in
+the mountains, called Cumberland Gap. The young men who were engaged in
+driving the cattle had fallen in rear of the main body a distance of
+five or six miles, when they were suddenly assailed by a party of
+Indians, who killed six of their number and dispersed the cattle in the
+woods. A seventh man escaped with a wound. The reports of the musketry
+brought the remainder of the party to the rescue, who drove off the
+Indians and buried the dead. Among the slain was the oldest son of
+Daniel Boone.</p>
+
+<p>A council was now held to determine on their future proceedings.
+Notwithstanding the dreadful domestic misfortune which he had
+experienced in the loss of his son, Daniel Boone was for proceeding to
+Kentucky; in this opinion he was sustained by his brother and some of
+the other emigrants; but most of them were so much disheartened by the
+misfortune they had met with, that they insisted on returning; and Boone
+and his brother yielding to their wishes, returned to the settlement on
+the Clinch River, in the south-western part of Virginia, a distance of
+forty miles from the place where they had been surprised by the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>Here Boone was obliged to remain with his family for the present; but he
+had by no means relinquished his design of settling in Kentucky. This
+delay, however, was undoubtedly a providential one; for in consequence
+of the murder of the family of the Indian chief Logan, a terrible Indian
+war, called in history the Dunmore War, was impending, which broke out
+in the succeeding year, and extended to that part of the West to which
+Boone and his party were proceeding, when they were turned back by the
+attack of the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>In this war Daniel Boone was destined to take an active part. In his
+autobiography, already quoted, he says:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I remained with my family on Clinch until the 6th of June, 1774, when I
+and one Michael Stoner were solicited by Governor Dunmore, of Virginia,
+to go to the Falls of the Ohio, to conduct into the settlement a number
+of surveyors that had been sent thither by him some months before; this
+country having about this time drawn the attention of many adventurers.
+We immediately complied with the governor's request, and conducted in
+the surveyors, completing a tour of eight hundred miles, through many
+difficulties, in sixty-two day.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Soon after I returned home, I was ordered to take command of three
+garrisons, during the campaign which Governor Dunmore carried on against
+the Shawanese Indians.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>These three garrisons were on the frontier contiguous to each other;
+and with the command of them Boone received a commission as captain.</p>
+
+<p>We quote from a contemporary an account of the leading events of this
+campaign, and of the battle of Point Pleasant, which may be said to have
+terminated the war. Whether Boone was present at this battle is
+uncertain; but his well-known character for ability and courage, renders
+it probable that he took a part in the action.</p>
+
+<p>The settlers, now aware that a general warfare would be commenced by the
+Indians, immediately sent an express to Williamsburg, the seat of
+government in Virginia, communicating their apprehensions, and
+soliciting protection.</p>
+
+<p>The Legislature was in session at the time, and it was immediately
+resolved upon to raise an army of about three thousand men, and march
+into the heart of the Indian country.</p>
+
+<p>One half of the requisite number of troops was ordered to be raised in
+Virginia, and marched under General Andrew Lewis across the country to
+the mouth of the Kenhawa; and the remainder to be rendezvoused at Fort
+Pitt, and be commanded by Dunmore in person, who proposed to descend the
+Ohio and join Lewis at the place mentioned, from where the combined
+army was to march as circumstances might dictate at the time.</p>
+
+<p>By the 11th of September the troops under General Lewis, numbering about
+eleven hundred men, were in readiness to leave. The distance across to
+the mouth of the Kenhawa, was near one hundred and sixty miles through
+an unbroken wilderness. A competent guide was secured, the baggage
+mounted on pack horses, and in nineteen days they arrived at the place
+of destination.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning after the arrival of the army at Point Pleasant, as the
+point of land at the junction of the Kenhawa and the Ohio was called,
+two men were out some distance from the camp, in pursuit of a deer, and
+were suddenly fired upon by a large body of Indians; one was killed, and
+the other with difficulty retreated back to the army; who hastily
+reported &quot;that he had seen a body of the enemy covering four acres of
+ground, as closely as they could stand by the side of each other.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>General Lewis was a remarkably cool and considerate man; and upon being
+informed of this, &quot;after deliberately lighting his pipe,&quot; gave orders
+that the regiment under his brother, Colonel Charles Lewis, and another
+under Colonel Fleming, should march and reconnoiter the enemy, while he
+would place the remainder of the troops in order for battle. The two
+regiments marched without delay, and had not proceeded more than four
+hundred yards when they were met by the Indians, approaching for the
+same purpose. A skirmish immediately ensued, and before the contest had
+continued long, the colonels of the two regiments fell mortally wounded,
+when a disorder in the ranks followed, and the troops began a
+precipitate retreat; but almost at this moment another regiment under
+Colonel Field arriving to their aid and coming up with great firmness to
+the attack effectually checked the savages in the pursuit, and obliged
+them in turn to give way till they had retired behind a breastwork of
+logs and brush which they had partially constructed.</p>
+
+<p>Lewis, on his arrival at the place, had encamped quite on the point of
+land between the Ohio and Kenhawa, and having moved but a short distance
+out to the attack, the distance across from river to river was still but
+short. The Indians soon extending their ranks entirely across, had the
+Virginians completely hemmed in, and in the event of getting the better
+of them, had them at their disposal, as there could have been no chance
+for escape.</p>
+
+<p>Never was ground maintained with more obstinacy; for it was slowly, and
+with no precipitancy, that the Indians retired to their breastwork. The
+division under Lewis was first broken, although that under Fleming was
+nearly at the same moment attacked. This heroic officer first received
+two balls through his left wrist, but continued to exercise his command
+with the greatest coolness and presence of mind. His voice was
+continually heard, &quot;Don't lose an inch of ground. Advance, outflank the
+enemy, and get between them and the river.&quot; But his men were about to be
+outflanked by the body that had just defeated Lewis; meanwhile the
+arrival of Colonel Field turned the fortune of the day, but not without
+a severe loss; Colonel Fleming was again wounded, by a shot through the
+lungs; yet he would not retire, and Colonel Field was killed as he was
+leading on his men. The whole line of the breastwork now became as a
+blaze of fire, which lasted nearly till the close of the day. Here the
+Indians under Logan, Cornstock, Elenipsico, Red-Eagle, and other mighty
+chiefs of the tribes of the Shawneese, Delawares, Mingos, Wyandots, and
+Cayugas, amounting, as was supposed, to fifteen hundred warriors,
+fought, as men will ever do for their country's wrongs, with a bravery
+which could only be equaled. The voice of the great Cornstock was often
+heard during the day, above the din of strife, calling on his men in
+these words: &quot;Be strong! Be strong!&quot; And when by the repeated charges
+of the whites, some of his warriors began to waver, he is said to have
+sunk his tomahawk into the head of one who was basely endeavoring to
+desert. General Lewis, finding at length that every charge upon the
+lines of the Indians lessened the number of his forces to an alarming
+degree, and rightly judging that if the Indians were not routed before
+it was dark, a day of more doubt might follow, he resolved to throw a
+body, if possible, into their rear. As the good fortune of the
+Virginians turned, the bank of the river favored this project, and
+forthwith three companies were detached upon the enterprise, under the
+three captains, Isaac Shelby (after renowned in the revolution, and
+since in the war with Canada,) George Matthews, and John Stewart. These
+companies got unobserved to their place of destination upon Crooked
+Creek, which runs into the Kenhawa. From the high weeds upon the bank of
+this little stream, they rushed upon the backs of the Indians with such
+fury, as to drive them from their works with precipitation. The day was
+now decided. The Indians, thus beset from a quarter they did not expect,
+were ready to conclude that a reinforcement had arrived. It was about,
+sunset when they fled across the Ohio, and immediately took up their
+march for their towns on the Scioto.</p>
+
+<p>Of the loss of both Indians and whites in this engagement, various
+statements have been given. A number amounting to seventy-five killed,
+and one hundred and forty wounded of the whites, has been rendered; with
+a loss on part of the Indians not so great, but not correctly known.<a name='FNanchor_21'></a><a href='#Footnote_21'><sup>[21]</sup></a>
+This was the severest battle ever fought with the Indians in Virginia.
+Shortly after this battle the Indians sent messengers to Governor
+Dunmore, suing for peace, and a treaty was accordingly concluded. In
+this treaty the Indians surrendered all claim to Kentucky. The Six
+Nations had already done the same thing at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in
+1768. The Cherokees had sold their claims to Henderson's company; so
+that when Boone settled in Kentucky it was effectually cleared of all
+Indian titles.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_VIII'></a><h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The militia discharged&mdash;Captain Boone returns to his family&mdash;Henderson's
+company&mdash;Various companies of emigrants to Kentucky&mdash;Bounty
+lands&mdash;Harrod's party builds the first log-cabin erected in Kentucky,
+and founds Harrodsburg&mdash;Proceedings of Henderson's company&mdash;Agency of
+Captain Boone&mdash;He leads a company to open a road to Kentucky
+River&mdash;Conflicts with the Indians&mdash;Captain Boone founds
+Boonesborough&mdash;His own account of this expedition&mdash;His letter to
+Henderson&mdash;Account of Colonel Henderson and the Transylvania
+Company&mdash;Failure of the scheme&mdash;Probability of Boone having been several
+years in the service of Henderson.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>On the conclusion of Dunmore's war, the militia were discharged from
+service, the garrisons which had been under Captain Daniel Boone's
+command were broken up, and he once more returned to his family, who
+were still residing on Clinch River. But he was not long permitted to
+remain comparatively idle. Captain Boone's character as an able officer
+and a bold pioneer, was now well known and appreciated by the public.
+The marks of confidence bestowed on him by Governor Dunmore rendered him
+one of the most conspicuous men in the Southern colonies, and his
+services were soon to be put in requisition by the most considerable and
+remarkable of all the parties of adventurers who ever sought a home in
+the West. This was Henderson's company, called the Transylvania Company,
+to whose proceedings we shall presently refer.</p>
+
+<p>Between 1769 and 1773, various associations of men were formed, in
+Virginia and North Carolina, for visiting the newly-discovered regions
+and locating lands; and several daring adventurers, at different times
+during this period, penetrated to the head-waters of the Licking River,
+and did some surveying; but it was not till the year 1774 that the
+whites obtained any permanent foothold in Kentucky. From this year,
+therefore, properly dates the commencement of the early settlements of
+the State.<a name='FNanchor_22'></a><a href='#Footnote_22'><sup>[22]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The first great impetus given to adventure in Kentucky was by the bounty
+in Western land given by Virginia to the officers and soldiers of her
+own troops who had served in the British army in the old war in Canada
+between the English and French. These lands were to be surveyed on the
+Ohio River, and its tributaries, by the claimants thus created, who had
+the privilege of selecting them wherever they pleased within the
+prescribed regions. The first locations were made upon the Great Kenawha
+in the year 1772, and the next on the south side of the Ohio itself the
+following year. During this year, likewise, extensive tracts of land
+were located on the north fork of the Licking, and surveys made of
+several salt-licks, and other choice spots. But 1774 was more signalized
+than had been any preceding year by the arrival, in the new &quot;land of
+promise,&quot; of the claimants to portions of its territory, and the
+execution of surveys. Among the hardy adventurers who descended the Ohio
+this year and penetrated to the interior of Kentucky by the river of
+that name, was James Harrod, who led a party of Virginians from the
+shores of the Monongahela. He disembarked at a point still known as
+&quot;Harrod's Landing,&quot; and, crossing the country in a direction nearly
+west, paused in the midst of a beautiful and fertile region, and <i>built
+the first log-cabin</i> ever erected in Kentucky, on or near the site of
+the present town of Harrodsburg. This was in the spring, or early part
+of the summer, of 1774.<a name='FNanchor_23'></a><a href='#Footnote_23'><sup>[23]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The high-wrought descriptions of the country north west of the Laurel
+Ridge, which were given by Daniel Boone upon his return to North
+Carolina after his first long visit to Kentucky, circulated with great
+rapidity throughout the entire State, exciting the avarice of
+speculators and inflaming the imaginations of nearly all classes of
+people. The organization of several companies, for the purpose of
+pushing adventure in the new regions and acquiring rights to land, was
+immediately attempted; but that which commenced under the auspices of
+Colonel Richard Henderson, a gentleman of education and means, soon
+engaged public attention by the extent and boldness of its scheme, and
+the energy of its movements; and either frightened from their purpose,
+or attracted to its own ranks, the principal of those individuals who
+had at first been active in endeavoring to form other associations.</p>
+
+<p>The whole of that vast extent of country lying within the natural
+boundaries constituted by the Ohio, Kentucky, and Cumberland rivers, was
+at this time claimed by a portion of the Cherokee Indians, who resided
+within the limits of North Carolina; and the scheme of Henderson's
+Company was nothing less than to take possession of this immense
+territory, under color of a purchase from those Indians, which they
+intended to make, and the preliminary negotiations for which were opened
+with the Cherokees, through the agency of Daniel Boone, as soon as the
+company was fully organized. Boone's mission to the Indians having been
+attended with complete success, and the result thereof being conveyed to
+the company, Colonel Henderson at once started for Fort Wataga, on a
+branch of the Holston River, fully authorized to effect the purchase;
+and here, on the 17th of March, 1775, he met the Indians in solemn
+council, delivered them a satisfactory consideration in merchandise, and
+received a deed signed by their head chiefs.</p>
+
+<p>The purchase made, the next important step was to take possession of the
+territory thus acquired. The proprietors were not slow to do this, but
+immediately collected a small company of brave and hardy men, which
+they sent into Kentucky, under the direction of Daniel Boone, to open a
+road from the Holston to the Kentucky River, and erect a Station at the
+mouth of Otter Creek upon this latter.</p>
+
+<p>After a laborious and hazardous march through the wilderness, during
+which four men were killed, and five others wounded, by trailing and
+skulking parties of hostile Indians, Boone and his company reached the
+banks of the Kentucky on the first of April, and descending this some
+fifteen miles, encamped upon the spot where Boonesborough now stands.
+Here the bushes were at once cut down, the ground leveled, the nearest
+trees felled, the foundations laid for a fort, and the first settlement
+of Kentucky commenced.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the reader would like to see Boone's own account of these
+proceedings. Here is the passage where he mentions it in his
+autobiography. He has just been speaking of Governor Dunmore's war
+against the Shawanese Indians: &quot;After the conclusion of which, he says,
+the militia was discharged from each garrison, and I being relieved from
+my post, was solicited by a number of North Carolina gentlemen, that
+were about purchasing the lands lying on the South side of Kentucky
+River from the Cherokee Indians, to attend their treaty at Wataga, in
+March, 1775, to negotiate with them, and mention the boundaries of the
+purchase. This I accepted; and at the request of the same gentlemen,
+undertook to mark out a road in the best passage through the wilderness
+to Kentucky, with such assistance as I thought necessary to employ for
+such an important undertaking?</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I soon began this work, having collected a number of enterprising men,
+well armed. We proceeded with all possible expedition until we came
+within fifteen miles of where Boonesborough now stands, and where we
+were fired upon by a party of Indians, that killed two, and wounded two
+of our number; yet, although surprised and taken at a disadvantage, we
+stood our ground. This was on the twentieth of March, 1775. Three days
+after we were fired upon again, and had two men killed and three
+wounded. Afterward we proceeded on to Kentucky River without opposition,
+and on the fifth day of April began to erect the fort of Boonesborough
+at a salt-lick, about sixty yards from the river, on the south side.&quot; </p>
+
+<p>&quot;On the fourth day, the Indians killed one of our men. We were busily
+engaged in building the fort, until the fourteenth day of June
+following, without any further opposition from the Indians.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In addition to this account by Captain Boone, we have another in a sort
+of official report made by him to Colonel Richard Henderson, the head of
+the company in whose service Boone was then employed. It is cited by
+Peck in his Life of Boone, as follows:</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>&quot;<i>April 15th, 1775</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Dear Colonel: After my compliments to you, I shall acquaint you with
+our misfortune. On March the 25th a party of Indians fired on my company
+about half an hour before day, and killed Mr. Twitty and his negro, and
+wounded Mr. Walker very deeply but I hope he will recover.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;On March the 28th, as we were hunting for provisions, we found Samuel
+Tate's son, who gave us an account that the Indians fired on their camp
+on the 27th day. My brother and I went down and found two men killed and
+scalped, Thomas McDowell and Jeremiah McPeters. I have sent a man down
+to all the lower companies in order to gather them all to the mouth of
+Otter Creek. My advice to you, sir, is to come or send as soon as
+possible. Your company is desired greatly, for the people are very
+uneasy, but are willing to stay and venture their lives with you; and
+now is the time to flusterate their (the Indians) intentions, and keep
+the country whilst we are in it. If we give way to them now, it will
+ever be the case This day we start from the battle-ground for the mouth
+of Otter Creek, where we shall immediately erect a fort, which will be
+done before you can come or send; then we can send ten men to meet you
+if you send for them.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am, sir, your most obedient,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;DANIEL BOONE.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;N.B.&mdash;We stood on the ground and guarded our baggage till day, and lost
+nothing. We have about fifteen miles to Cantuck, at Otter Creek.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Henderson was one of the most remarkable men of his time. He was
+born in Hanover County, Virginia, April 20th, 1735, the same year with
+Boone. He studied law, and was appointed judge of the Superior Court of
+North Carolina under the Colonial government. The troubled times of the
+Regulators shut up the courts of justice. In 1774 he engaged in his
+grand scheme of founding the republic of Transylvania, and united with
+him John Williams, Leonard Hendly Bullock, of Granville; William
+Johnston, James Hogg, Thomas Hart, John Lutterell, Nathaniel Hart, and
+David Hart, of Orange County, in the company which made the purchase of
+the immense tract of lands above referred to.</p>
+
+<p>The company took possession of the lands on the 20th of April, 1775; the
+Indians appointing an agent to deliver them according to law.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor of North Carolina, Martin, issued his proclamation in 1775,
+declaring this purchase illegal. The State subsequently granted 200,000
+acres to the company in lieu of this.</p>
+
+<p>The State of Virginia declared the same, but granted the company a
+remuneration of 200,000 acres, bounded by the Ohio and Green rivers. The
+State of Tennessee claimed the lands, but made a similar grant to the
+company in Powell's Valley. Thus, though the original scheme of founding
+an independent republic failed, the company made their fortunes by the
+speculation. Henderson died at his seat in Granville, January 30, 1785,
+universally beloved and respected.</p>
+
+<p>What makes Henderson and his company particularly interesting to the
+admirers of Daniel Boone is, the strong probability that the purchase of
+the Cherokees was made on his representation and by his advice. This is
+the opinion of Judge Hall and of Mr. Peck, who also believe that Boone
+was already in the service of Henderson when he made his long journey to
+Kentucky. &quot;This theory,&quot; says Mr. Peck, &quot;explains why his brother,
+Squire Boone, came out with supplies, and why they examined the country
+so fully and particularly between the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_IX'></a><h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Description of the Old Fort at Boonesborough&mdash;Usual methods of
+fortifications against the Indians&mdash;Arrival of more settlers at
+Boonesborough&mdash;Captain Boone returns to the Clinch River to bring out
+his family&mdash;He enlists new emigrants and starts for Kentucky&mdash;Reinforced
+by a large party at Powel's Valley&mdash;Arrival at Boonesborough&mdash;Arrival of
+many new settlers at Boonesborough and Harrod's settlement&mdash;Arrival of
+Kenton, Floyd, the McAfees, and other distinguished persons&mdash;Arrival of
+Colonel Richard Callaway.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>As the old fort at Boonesborough became so celebrated in the Indian wars
+which followed its erection, our readers may be curious to know what
+sort of structure it was. &quot;We have accordingly copied from a print in
+Collins' Historical Sketches of Kentucky a view of the fort, from a
+drawing made by Colonel Henderson himself, and the following
+description: 'It was situated adjacent to the river, with one of the
+angles resting on its bank near the water, and extending from it in the
+form of a parallelogram. The length of the fort, allowing twenty feet
+for each cabin and opening, must have been about two hundred and sixty,
+and the breadth one hundred and fifty feet. In a few days after the work
+was commenced, one of the men was killed by the Indians.' The houses,
+being built of hewn logs, were bullet proof. They were of a square form,
+and one of them projected from each corner, being connected by
+stockades. The remaining space on the four sides, as will be seen by the
+engraving, was filled up with cabins erected of rough logs, placed close
+together. The gates were on opposite sides, made of thick slabs of
+timber, and hung on wooden hinges. This was in accordance with the
+fashion of the day.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A fort, in those rude military times,&quot; says Butler,<a name='FNanchor_24'></a><a href='#Footnote_24'><sup>[24]</sup></a> &quot;consisted of
+pieces of timber sharpened at the end and firmly lodged in the ground:
+rows of these pickets enclosed the desired space, which embraced the
+cabins of the inhabitants. A block-house or more, of superior care and
+strength, commanding the sides of the fort, with or without a ditch,
+completed the fortifications or Stations, as they were called. Generally
+the sides of the interior cabins formed the sides of the fort. Slight as
+this advance was in the art of war, it was more than sufficient against
+attacks of small arms in the hands of such desultory warriors, as their
+irregular supply of provisions necessarily rendered the Indians. Such
+was the nature of the military structures of the provision against their
+enemies. They were ever more formidable in the canebrakes and in the
+woods than before even these imperfect fortifications.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We have seen in Boone's own account that the fort at Boonesborough was
+completed on the 14th of June, 1774. The buildings necessary for the
+accommodation and safety of the little colony, and of the relatives and
+friends by whom they expected to be joined during the summer and fall,
+were completed about this time. Colonel Henderson, Mr. John Luttrell,
+and Mr. Nathaniel Hart, three of the proprietors, arrived at the
+station, which was now named Boonesborough, in compliment to the
+intrepid pioneer. These gentlemen brought out with them between thirty
+and forty new settlers, a goodly number of pack-horses, and some of the
+necessaries of civilized life; and the Station, upon which various
+improvements were soon made, at once became quite a bustling, life-like,
+important <i>military</i> place. Much pleased with the manner in which he had
+commenced the settlement of a new commonwealth, and laid the foundations
+of what he doubted not was soon to become a great city, Boone took a
+part of his men and returned to the settlement on Clinch River, for the
+purpose of setting an example to others by moving out his own family.</p>
+
+<p>The daring pioneer was now in high spirits, and more than ever
+enraptured with the deep forests and rich plains of Kentucky. He sounded
+their praises without intermission among the settlers on Clinch River,
+and soon induced a number of persons to agree to accompany him on his
+return to Boonesborough. He then went about making his domestic
+arrangements, for a final removal to Kentucky, with great energy; and
+these being soon completed, in September or October he turned his back
+upon his old home forever, and started with his family and a few
+followers toward that which his unsurpassed daring and rude skill had
+prepared for them in a new land. In Powell's Valley he found Hugh
+McGary, Richard Hogan, and Thomas Denton, with their families and
+followers, awaiting his arrival. His companions, as now increased,
+amounted to twenty-six men, four women, and four or five boys and girls,
+perhaps half grown; and placing himself at the head of this interesting
+little colony, he proudly led it through the Cumberland Gap into the
+wilderness beyond, where it was destined to be the germ of a great
+State.</p>
+
+<p>When this party had arrived at the head of Dick's River, McGary, Denton,
+and Hogan, with their families and a few followers, separated themselves
+from the rest, and struck through the forest for the spot where Harrod
+and his Monongahelians had built their cabin the year before. Boone,
+with the main body of the party, continued his original course, and in
+due time arrived safely at Boonesborough; &quot;and Mrs. Boone and her
+daughter,&quot; it is always recorded with an air of pleasant exultation by
+the admirers of the old pioneer, &quot;were the earliest white women in that
+region, and the first of their sex and color that ever stood upon the
+banks of the wild and beautiful Kentucky.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>During the latter part of the year 1775, a great many adventurers and
+surveyors, principally from Virginia and North Carolina, made their
+appearance in Kentucky; and for all such, Boonesborough was a place of
+general rendezvous. Some united themselves to Boone's colony, and
+remained permanently at his Station: others clustered abound Harrod's
+Old Cabin, and the Fort which had by this time been erected by Logan,
+and made &quot;improvements&quot; in the vicinity of each; but most of them
+returned to their several homes after having made such locations and
+surveys as they thought proper. Among those by whom Boone was visited in
+the course of this year, were several men who have subsequently rendered
+very important services in the settlement of the West, and attained
+great and deserved celebrity: such were Simon Kenton, John Floyd, the
+four brothers McAfee, and others. A tolerably good road, sufficient for
+the passage of pack-horses in single file, had been opened from the
+settlements on the Holston to Boonesborough, by the party which Boone
+led out early in the following spring; and this now became the
+thoroughfare for other adventurers, a number of whom removed their
+families from North Carolina to Kentucky, and settled at Boonesborough,
+during the fall and winter of this year. Colonel Richard Callaway was
+one of these; and there were others of equal respectability.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_X'></a><h2>CHAPTER X.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Disturbed state of the country in 1775&mdash;Breaking out of the
+Revolutionary war&mdash;Exposed situation of the Kentucky
+settlements&mdash;Hostility of the Indians excited by the British&mdash;First
+political convention in the West&mdash;Capture of Boone's daughter and the
+daughters of Colonel Callaway by the Indians&mdash;Their rescue by a party
+led by Boone and Callaway&mdash;Increased caution of the colonists at
+Boonesborough&mdash;Alarm and desertion of the Colonies in the West by land
+speculators and other adventurers&mdash;A reinforcement of forty-five men
+from North Carolina arrive at Boonesborough&mdash;Indian attack on
+Boonesborough in April&mdash;Another attack in July&mdash;Attack on Logan's Fort,
+and siege&mdash;Attack on Harrodsburg.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>The reader will not fail to remark that the period at which Daniel Boone
+commenced the settlement of Kentucky, was the most eventful one in the
+history of our country. In the year 1775 hostilities between Great
+Britain and her American Colonies commenced at Lexington and Concord,
+and the whole country was mustering in arms at the time when Boone and
+the other western emigrants were forming settlements four hundred miles
+beyond the frontiers of Virginia and the Carolinas. Encouraged by the
+treaty of Lord Dunmore with the Indians in 1774, and knowing the Indian
+titles to the lands they were occupying to have been extinguished, they
+naturally counted on an unmolested possession of the region they were
+settling. But in this expectation they were sorely disappointed. The
+English officers and agents in the northwest were indefatigable in
+stimulating the Indians to attack the American colonists in every
+quarter. They supplied them with arms and ammunition, bribed them with
+money, and aided and encouraged them to attack the feeble settlements in
+Kentucky and Tennessee. But Providence overruled these circumstances for
+the benefit of the Western country. &quot;The settlement of Kentucky led to
+the conquest of the British posts in Illinois and Indiana, in 1778, and
+eventually threw the wide valleys of the West under control of the
+American Union.&quot; <a name='FNanchor_25'></a><a href='#Footnote_25'><sup>[25]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The settlers in Kentucky in 1775, were still acting under the belief
+that the claims purchased by Henderson and Company from the Cherokees
+were valid, and that &quot;the Proprietors of the Colony of Transylvania&quot;
+were really founding a political State. Under this impression they took
+leases from the Company, and in the course of the year, eighteen
+delegates assembled in convention at Boonesborough, and acknowledged the
+Company as lawful proprietors, &quot;established courts of justice, and rules
+for proceeding therein; also a militia law, a law for the preservation
+of game, and for appointing civil and militia officers.&quot; <a name='FNanchor_26'></a><a href='#Footnote_26'><sup>[26]</sup></a> This was
+the first political convention ever held in the Western Valley for the
+formation of a free government.<a name='FNanchor_27'></a><a href='#Footnote_27'><sup>[27]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The winter and spring of 1776<a name='FNanchor_28'></a><a href='#Footnote_28'><sup>[28]</sup></a> were passed by the little colony of
+Boonesborough in hunting, fishing, clearing the lands immediately
+contiguous to the station, and putting in a crop of corn. The colonists
+were molested but once by their enemies during the winter, when one man
+was killed by a small band of marauding Indians, who suddenly appeared
+in the vicinity, and as suddenly departed.</p>
+
+<p>In the middle summer month, an incident of a thrilling character
+occurred, which cast a deep but only momentary shadow upon the little
+society of Boonesborough. This was the capture, by some skulking Indians
+belonging to a numerous band who were now prowling through the woods and
+brakes of Kentucky, and occasionally approaching the settlements for the
+purpose of plunder, of three young females, members of the families of
+Boone and Callaway.</p>
+
+<p>This incident, which has been taken as the ground-work of two or three
+western fictions, and also had thrown around it all the warm coloring of
+romance, by writers professing to deal only with the authentic, is thus
+briefly related in the papers of Colonel John Floyd, as quoted by Mr.
+Butler:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;On the 7th of July, 1776, the Indians took out of a canoe which was in
+the river, within sight of Boonesborough, Miss Betsey Callaway, her
+sister Frances, and a daughter of Daniel Boone. The last two were about
+thirteen or fourteen years of age, and the other grown.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The affair happened late in the afternoon, and the spoilers left the
+canoe on the opposite side of the river from us, which prevented our
+getting over for some time to pursue them. Next morning by daylight we
+were on the track, but found they had totally prevented our following
+them by walking some distance apart through the thickest cane they could
+find. We observed their course, however, and on which side they had left
+their sign, and traveled upward of thirty miles. We then imagined that
+they would be less cautious in traveling, and made a turn in order to
+cross their trace, and had gone but a few miles before we found their
+tracks in a buffalo-path.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Pursuing this for the distance of about ten miles, we overtook them
+just as they were kindling a fire to cook. Our study had been more to
+get the prisoners without giving their captors time to murder them after
+they should discover us, than to kill the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We discovered each other nearly at the same time. Four of our party
+fired, and then all rushed upon them, which prevented their carrying
+any thing away except one shot-gun without any ammunition. Mr. Boone and
+myself had a pretty fair shot, just as they began to move off. I am well
+convinced I shot one through; the one he shot dropped his gun, mine had
+none.&quot;</p>
+
+<a name='FIG5'></a><center>
+   <img src='images/boone-5.png' width='100%' alt='ILLUSTRATION: CAPTURE OF BOONES DAUGHTER' title='CAPTURE OF BOONES DAUGHTER'>
+</center>
+<center><b>CAPTURE OF BOONE'S DAUGHTER</b></center><br />
+
+
+<p>&quot;The place was very thick with cane; and being so much elated on
+recovering the three little broken-hearted girls, prevented our making
+any further search. We sent them off without moccasins, and not one of
+them with so much as a knife or a tomahawk.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Although the people of the little colony of Boonesborough were not aware
+of the fact at the time, the marauding Indians who thus captured Miss
+Boone and the Misses Callaway, as they were amusing themselves by
+paddling about the foot of the rock in the canoe, were one of the many
+scouting parties of Indians who were scattered about watching all the
+different settlements in Kentucky, and preparing to attack them. The
+incident of the capture of the girls spread an alarm, and guards were
+stationed to defend the hands who were engaged in cultivating the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>Toward autumn the alarm of Indian hostilities, and the knowledge that
+war was raging throughout the Colonies east of the mountains, excited so
+much alarm, that some three hundred land speculators and other
+adventurers deserted the Western country and returned to their old
+homes.<a name='FNanchor_29'></a><a href='#Footnote_29'><sup>[29]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>With the exception of the capture of the young girls mentioned above, no
+incident is recorded as having disturbed the tranquility of
+Boonesborough during the year 1776. An occasional immigrant added a new
+member to its little society, who assisted in the labors of the hardy
+colonists on the surrounding grounds. But its numbers received no
+considerable increase till the following summer, when (25th July, 1777,)
+a party of immigrants from North Carolina, consisting of forty-five men,
+arrived in the country, and took up their first abode in the wilderness
+at Boonesborough.</p>
+
+<p>This was a fortunate circumstance for that station, and great cause of
+rejoicing among all the settlements, for there were none of them that
+had not been much molested by the Indians since the opening of spring,
+and one or two of them had undergone long and regular Indian sieges.</p>
+
+<p>Boonesborough had been surrounded by about one hundred of the enemy, as
+early as the middle of April, 1777, and fiercely attacked. But the
+Indians were so warmly received by the garrison on this occasion, that
+they in a very little time withdrew, having killed one of the settlers,
+and wounded four others. Their own loss could not be ascertained.</p>
+
+<p>Increased to two hundred warriors, this party had returned to the attack
+of Boonesborough on the fourth of July.<a name='FNanchor_30'></a><a href='#Footnote_30'><sup>[30]</sup></a> On the present occasion,
+having sent detachments to alarm and annoy the neighboring settlements,
+in order that no reinforcements should be sent to Boonesborough, the
+Indians encamped about the place, with the object of attempting its
+reduction by a regular siege. After a close and vigorous attack for two
+days and nights, in which they succeeded in killing but one man and
+wounding four others, the Indians, losing all hope of success, suddenly,
+and with great clamor, raised the siege, and disappeared in the adjacent
+forest. Their own loss was seven warriors, whose fall was noted from the
+fort.</p>
+
+<p>After this attack, Boonesborough was disturbed no more by the Indians
+during the year. Had it been after the arrival of the immigrants above
+referred to, it would, in all probability, have taught its indefatigable
+enemies a lesson such as they had never then received at the hands of
+the Kentuckians.</p>
+
+<p>But notwithstanding these two considerable attacks, and the &quot;signs&quot; of
+Indians in the surrounding forests for the whole summer, the men
+continued to clear the lands adjacent to the Station, and to cultivate
+corn and garden vegetables, some always keeping a vigilant look-out
+while the others labored. For supplies of meat they depended upon the
+forests, each of the men taking his turn as a hunter, at great hazard.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime, the other settlements in Kentucky had suffered attacks from
+the Indians. Logan's Fort was invested by a force of one hundred Indians
+on the 20th of May, 1777, and after sustaining a vigorous siege for
+several days, was finally relieved by the timely arrival of a
+reinforcement commanded by Colonel Bowman. On the 7th of March, 1777,
+the fort at Harrodsburg, then called Harrodstown, was assailed by a body
+of Indians, but they were speedily driven off, one of their number being
+killed. The whites had four men wounded, one of whom afterward died of
+his wounds.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XI'></a><h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Arrival of George Rogers Clark in Kentucky&mdash;Anecdote of his conversation
+with Ray&mdash;Clark and Jones chosen as delegates for the Colonies to the
+Virginia Legislature&mdash;Clark's important services in obtaining a
+political organization for Kentucky, and an abundant supply of gunpowder
+from the government of Virginia&mdash;Great labor and difficulty in bringing
+the powder to Harrodstown&mdash;Clark's expedition against
+Kaskaskias&mdash;Surprise and capture of their fort&mdash;Perilous and difficult
+march to Vincennes&mdash;Surprise and capture of that place&mdash;Extension of
+the Virginian settlements&mdash;Erection of Fort Jefferson.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Among the most celebrated pioneers of the West, was General George
+Rogers Clark, who, at the time we are now writing of, bore the rank of
+Major. Anxious for the protection of the Western settlements, he was
+already planning his celebrated conquest of the British posts in the
+northwest.</p>
+
+<p>He first came to Kentucky in 1775, and penetrated to Harrodsburg, which
+had been reoccupied by Colonel Harrod. In this visit, from his well
+known and commanding talents, he was voluntarily placed in command of
+the irregular troops then in Kentucky In the fall he returned to
+Virginia, and came back again to Kentucky in 1776. Mr. Butler relates
+the following anecdote, received from the lips of General Ray, as having
+occurred with General Clark upon his second visit: &quot;I had come down,&quot;
+said General Ray, &quot;to where I now live (about four miles north of
+Harrodsburg), to turn some horses in the range. I had killed a small
+blue-wing duck that was feeding in my spring, and had roasted it nicely
+on the brow of the hill, about twenty steps east of my house. After
+having taken it off to cool, I was much surprised on being suddenly
+accosted by a fine soldierly-looking man, who exclaimed, 'How do you do,
+my little fellow? What is your name? Ain't you afraid of being in the
+woods by yourself?' On satisfying his inquiries, I invited the traveler
+to partake of my duck, which he did, without leaving me a bone to pick,
+his appetite was so keen, though he should have been welcome to all the
+game I could have killed, when I afterward became acquainted with his
+noble and gallant soul.&quot; After satisfying his questions, he inquired of
+the stranger his own name and business in this remote region. &quot;My name
+is Clark,&quot; he answered, &quot;and I have come out to see what you brave
+fellows are doing in Kentucky, and to lend you a helping hand if
+necessary.&quot; General Ray, then a boy of sixteen, conducted Clark to
+Harrodsburg, where he spent his time in observation on the condition and
+prospects of the country, natural to his comprehensive mind, and
+assisting at every opportunity in its defense.</p>
+
+<p>At a general meeting of the settlers at Harrodstown, on the 6th of June,
+1775, General George Rogers Clark, and Gabriel John Jones, were chosen
+to represent them in the Assembly of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>This, however, was not precisely the thing contemplated by Clark.<a name='FNanchor_31'></a><a href='#Footnote_31'><sup>[31]</sup></a> He
+wished that the people should appoint <i>agents</i>, with general powers to
+<i>negotiate</i> with the government of Virginia, and in the event that that
+commonwealth should refuse to recognize the colonists as within its
+jurisdiction and under its protection, he proposed to employ the lands
+of the country as a fund to obtain settlers and establish an independent
+State. The election had, however, gone too far to change its object when
+Clark arrived at Harrodstown, and the gentlemen elected, although aware
+that the choice could give them no seat in the legislature, proceeded to
+Williamsburg, at that time the seat of government. After suffering the
+most severe privations in their journey through the wilderness, the
+delegates found, on their arrival in Virginia, that the Legislature had
+adjourned, whereupon Jones directed his steps to the settlements on the
+Holston, and left Clark to attend to the Kentucky mission alone.</p>
+
+<p>He immediately waited on Governor Henry, then lying sick at his
+residence in Hanover County, to whom he stated the objects of his
+journey. These meeting the approbation of the governor, he gave Clark a
+letter to the Executive Council of the State. &quot;With this letter in his
+hand he appeared before the council, and after acquainting them fully
+with the condition and circumstances of the colony, he made application
+for five hundred-weight of gunpowder for the defense of the various
+stations. But with every disposition to assist and promote the growth of
+these remote and infant settlements, the council felt itself restrained
+by the uncertain and indefinite state of the relations existing between
+the colonists and the state of Virginia, from complying fully with his
+demand. The Kentuckians had not yet been recognized by the Legislature
+as citizens, and the proprietary claimants, Henderson &amp; Co., were at
+this time exerting themselves to obtain from Virginia, a relinquishment
+of her jurisdiction over the new territory. The council, therefore,
+could only afford to <i>lend</i> the gunpowder to the colonists as
+<i>friends</i>, not <i>give</i> it to them as <i>fellow-citizens</i>.&quot;
+<a name='FNanchor_32'></a><a href='#Footnote_32'><sup>[32]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>At the same time, they required Clark to be personally responsible for
+its value, in the event the Legislature should refuse to recognize the
+Kentuckians as citizens, and in the mean time to defray the expense of
+its conveyance to Kentucky. Upon these terms he did not feel at liberty
+to accept the proffered assistance. He represented to the Council, that
+the emissaries of the British were employing every means to engage the
+Indians in the war; that the people in the remote and exposed Stations
+of Kentucky might be exterminated for the want of a supply which he, a
+private individual, had at so much hazard and hardship, sought for their
+relief, and that when this frontier bulwark was thus destroyed, the fury
+of the savages would burst like a tempest upon the heads of their own
+citizens. </p>
+
+<p>To these representations, however, the Council remained inexorable; the
+sympathy for the frontier settlers was deep, but the assistance already
+offered was a stretch of power, and they could go no further. The keeper
+of the public magazine was directed to deliver the powder to Clark; but
+having long reflected on the situation, prospects, and resources of the
+new country, his resolution to reject the assistance, on the proposed
+conditions, was made before he left the Council chamber.</p>
+
+<p>He determined to repair to Kentucky, as he had at first contemplated, to
+exert the resources of the country for the formation of an <i>independent
+State</i>. He accordingly returned the order of the Council in a letter,
+setting forth his reasons for declining to accept their powder on these
+terms, and intimating his design of applying for assistance elsewhere,
+adding &quot;that a country which was not worth defending was not worth
+claiming.&quot; On the receipt of this letter the Council recalled Clark to
+their presence, and an order was passed on the 23d of August, 1776, for
+the transmission of the gunpowder, to Pittsburg, to be there delivered
+to Clark, or his order, for the use of the people of Kentucky. This was
+the first act in that long and affectionate interchange of good offices
+which subsisted between Kentucky and her parent State for so many years;
+and obvious as the reflection is, it may not be omitted, that on the
+successful termination of this negotiation hung the connection between
+Virginia and the splendid domain she afterward acquired west of the
+Alleghany Mountains.</p>
+
+<p>At the fall session of the Legislature of Virginia, Messrs. Jones and
+Clark laid the Kentucky memorial before that body. They were, of course,
+not admitted to seats, though late in the session they obtained, in
+opposition to the exertions of Colonels Henderson and Campbell, the
+formation of the territory, which now comprises the present State of
+that name, into the County of Kentucky. The first efficient political
+organization of Kentucky was thus obtained through the sagacity,
+influence, and exertions of George Rogers Clark, who must be ranked as
+the earliest founder of that Commonwealth. This act of the Virginia
+Legislature first gave it form and a political existence, and entitled
+it, under the constitution of Virginia, to a representation in the
+Assembly, as well as to a judicial and military establishment.</p>
+
+<p>Having obtained these important advantages from their mission, they
+received the intelligence that the powder was still at Pittsburg, and
+they determined to take that point in their route home, and carry it
+with them. The country around Pittsburg swarmed with Indians, evidently
+hostile to the whites, who would no doubt seek to interrupt their
+voyage.</p>
+
+<p>These circumstances created a necessity for the utmost caution as well
+as expedition in their movements, and they accordingly hastily embarked
+on the Ohio with only seven boatmen. They were hotly pursued the whole
+way by Indians, but succeeded in keeping in advance until they arrived
+at the mouth of Limestone Creek, at the spot where the city of Maysville
+now stands. They ascended this creek a short distance with their boat,
+and concealed their cargo at different places in the woods along its
+banks. They then turned their boat adrift, and directed their course to
+Harrodstown, intending to return with a sufficient escort to insure the
+safe transportation of the powder to its destination. This in a short
+time was successfully effected, and the colonists were thus abundantly
+supplied with the means of defense against the fierce enemies who beset
+them on all sides.<a name='FNanchor_33'></a><a href='#Footnote_33'><sup>[33]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It was fortunate for Virginia, says a recent writer,<a name='FNanchor_34'></a><a href='#Footnote_34'><sup>[34]</sup></a> that she had at
+this time, on her western borders, an individual of rare military
+genius, in the person of Colonel George Rogers Clarke, &quot;<i>the Hannibal of
+the West</i>,&quot; who not only saved her back settlements from Indian fury,
+but planted her standard far beyond the Ohio. The Governor of the
+Canadian settlements in the Illinois country, by every possible method,
+instigated the Indians to annoy the frontier.</p>
+
+<p>Virginia placed a small force of about 250 men under Clark, who,
+descending the Ohio, hid their boats, and marched northwardly, with
+their provisions on their backs. These being consumed, they subsisted
+for two days on roots, and, in a state of famine, appeared before
+Kaskaskias, unseen and unheard.</p>
+
+<p>At midnight they surprised and took the town and fort, which had
+resisted a much larger force; then seizing the golden moment, sent a
+detachment who with equal success surprised three other towns.
+Rocheblave, the obnoxious Governor, was sent to Virginia. On his person
+were found written instructions from Quebec to excite the Indians to
+hostilities, and reward them for the scalps of the Americans.</p>
+
+<p>The settlers transferred their allegiance to Virginia, and she, as the
+territory belonged to her by conquest and charter, in the autumnal
+session of 1778 erected it into a county to be called Illinois.
+Insulated in the heart of the Indian country, in the midst of the most
+ferocious tribes, few men but Clark could have preserved this
+acquisition.</p>
+
+<p>Hamilton, the Governor of Detroit, a bold and tyrannical personage,
+determined, with an overwhelming force of British and Indians, to
+penetrate up the Ohio to Fort Pitt to sweep all the principal
+settlements in his way, and besiege Kaskaskias. Clark despaired of
+keeping possession of the country, but he resolved to preserve this
+post, or die in its defense. While he was strengthening the
+fortifications, he received information that Hamilton, who was at Fort
+St. Vincent (Vincennes,) had weakened his force by sending some Indians
+against the frontiers.</p>
+
+<p>This information, to the genius of Clark, disclosed, with the rapidity
+of an electric flash, not only safety but new glory. To resolve to
+attack Hamilton before he could collect the Indians was the work of a
+moment&mdash;the only hope of saving the country. With a band of 150 gallant
+and hardy comrades, he marched across the country. It was in February,
+1779. When within nine miles of the enemy, it took these intrepid men
+five days to cross the drowned lands of the Wabash, having often to wade
+up to their breasts in water. Had not the weather been remarkably mild,
+they must have perished.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 23d, they landed in sight of the fort, before the
+enemy knew any thing of their approach. After a siege of eighteen hours
+it surrendered, without the loss of a man to the besiegers. The Governor
+was sent prisoner to Williamsburg, and considerable stores fell into the
+possession of the conqueror.</p>
+
+<p>Other auspicious circumstances crowned this result. Clark, intercepting
+a convoy from Canada, on their way to this post, took the mail, forty
+prisoners, and goods to the value of $45,000; and to crown all, his
+express from Virginia arrived with the thanks of the Assembly to him and
+his gallant band for their reduction of the country about Kaskaskias.
+This year Virginia extended her western establishments through the
+agency of Colonel Clark, and had several fortifications erected, among
+which was Fort Jefferson, on the Mississippi.<a name='FNanchor_35'></a><a href='#Footnote_35'><sup>[35]</sup></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XII'></a><h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Scarcity of salt at Boonesborough&mdash;Boone goes to Blue Licks to make
+salt, and is captured by the Indians&mdash;Taken to Chilicothe&mdash;Affects
+contentment, and deceives the Indians&mdash;Taken to Detroit&mdash;Kindness of the
+British officers to him&mdash;Returns to Chilicothe&mdash;Adopted into an Indian
+family&mdash;Ceremonies of adoption&mdash;Boone sees a large force of Indians
+destined to attack Boonesborough&mdash;Escapes, and gives the alarm, and
+strengthens the fortifications at Boonesborough&mdash;News of delay by the
+Indians on account of Boone's escape&mdash;Boone goes on an expedition to the
+Scioto&mdash;Has a fight with a party of Indians&mdash;Returns to Boonesborough,
+which is immediately besieged by Captain Duquesne with five hundred
+Indians&mdash;Summons to surrender&mdash;Time gained&mdash;Attack commenced&mdash;Brave
+defense&mdash;Mines and countermines&mdash;Siege raised&mdash;Boone brings his family
+once more back to Boonesborough, and resumes farming.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>While George Rogers Clark was engaged in his campaign against the
+British posts in the northwest, Daniel Boone was a prisoner among the
+Indians. The people at Boonesborough were suffering for want of salt. It
+could not be obtained conveniently from the Atlantic Colonies, but it
+could be manufactured at a place called the Blue Licks, from salt water,
+which abounded there.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1778, accompanied by thirty men, Boone went to the Blue
+Licks to make salt for the different Stations; and on the 7th of
+February following, while out hunting, he fell in with one hundred and
+two Indian warriors, on their march to attack Boonesborough. He
+instantly fled, but being upward of fifty years old, he was unable to
+outstrip the fleet young men who pursued him, and was a second time
+taken prisoner. As usual, he was treated with kindness until his final
+fate should be determined, and was led back to the Licks, where his
+party were still encamped. Here Boone surrendered his whole party, to
+the number of twenty-seven, upon a promise on the part of the Indians of
+life and good treatment, both of which conditions were faithfully
+observed. This step was apparently unnecessary; but the result showed
+that it was a master-stroke of policy on Boone's part. He knew the
+nature of the Indians, and foresaw that they would forthwith return home
+with their prisoners, and thus save Boonesborough from attack.</p>
+
+<p>Had the Indians gone on to that place, by showing their prisoners and
+threatening to put them to the torture, they might have obtained
+important results. But they did nothing of the kind. As Boone had
+calculated, they went home with their prisoners and booty.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Boone has been censured for the surrender of his men, which he
+made at his own capture, and at a subsequent period was tried by
+court-martial and acquitted. This was a just decision. The surrender
+caused the Indians to return home with their prisoners instead of
+attacking Boonesborough, which would almost certainly have been taken
+and destroyed if this surrender had not been made.</p>
+
+<p>Elated with their unexpected success, the Indians now returned at once
+to old Chilicothe, the principal town of the Shawnees, on the Little
+Miami, treating their prisoners, during a march of three days in very
+cold and inclement weather, as well as they fared themselves, as
+regarded fire and provisions. Boone and his companions were kept in
+captivity by the Indians, and closely watched for several weeks, when
+the old pioneer and ten of his men were conducted to Detroit, then a
+British garrison, and all but Boone presented to the commandant, by whom
+they were all well treated. For the old pioneer himself, the Indians had
+conceived a particular liking; and they stubbornly refused to give him
+up, though several gentlemen of Detroit were very anxious they should
+leave him, and the commandant offered to ransom him by a liberal sum. He
+was therefore compelled to accompany them back to Chillicothe, their
+town on the Little Miami, which they reached after a march of fifteen
+days.</p>
+
+<p>Boone was now formally adopted as a son in one of the Indian families.
+&quot;The forms of the ceremony of adoption,&quot; says Mr. Peck,<a name='FNanchor_36'></a><a href='#Footnote_36'><sup>[36]</sup></a> &quot;were often
+severe and ludicrous. The hair of the head is plucked out by a painful
+and tedious operation, leaving a tuft, some three or four inches in
+diameter, on the crown, for the scalp-lock, which is cut and dressed up
+with ribbons and feathers. The candidate is then taken into the river in
+a state of nudity, and there thoroughly washed and rubbed, 'to take all
+his white blood out.' This ablution is usually performed by females. He
+is then taken to the council-house, where the chief makes a speech, in
+which he expatiates upon the distinguished honors conferred on him. His
+head and face are painted in the most approved and fashionable style,
+and the ceremony is concluded with a grand feast and smoking.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>After undergoing after this fashion what was not inaptly termed the
+Indian toilette, Boone was considered a regular member of the tribe, and
+by judiciously accommodating himself to his new condition, he rapidly
+won upon the regards of the Indians, and soon secured their confidence.
+They challenged him to a trial of skill at their shooting-matches&mdash;in
+which he took care not to excel them&mdash;invited him to accompany them on
+their hunting excursions, bestowed particular notice upon him in various
+ways, and always treated him with much consideration. As regarded merely
+his physical comfort, Boone's situation was, at this time, rather
+enviable than otherwise; but he felt a depressing anxiety with regard to
+his wife and children, and doubted the safety and prosperity of the
+Station, without his own watchfulness and superintendence. He therefore
+determined to escape from his captors at the earliest possible period,
+and very impatiently waited an opportunity for accomplishing this
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Early in June, a party of Indians went to the Scioto Licks to make
+salt. Boone was taken with them, but kept so constantly employed at the
+kettles, that he found no chance of escaping. Having sufficiently
+supplied themselves with the desired article, the party returned; and at
+the Chillicothe town, Boone found four hundred and fifty Indian
+warriors, armed well and painted in a most frightful manner, ready to
+march against Boonesborough: this was on the fifteenth or sixteenth of
+the month.</p>
+
+<p>Boone now saw the absolute necessity of escaping at once, and determined
+to make the attempt without delay. He rose at the usual time the next
+morning, and went out upon a hunt. His object was to give his wary
+masters the slip, in such a manner as would be least likely to excite
+their suspicions, and be the longest in determining them upon a pursuit.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner was he at such a distance from the town as would prevent
+observations of his movements, than he struck out rapidly in the
+direction of Boonesborough. So great was his anxiety, that he stopped
+not to kill any thing to eat; but performed his journey&mdash;a distance of
+one hundred and sixty miles&mdash;in less than five days, upon one meal,
+which, before starting, he had concealed in his basket. On arriving at
+Boonesborough, he found the fort, as he feared he should, in a bad state
+for defense; but his activity soon strengthened it, and his courage at
+once reinspired the sinking hearts of the garrison. Every thing was
+immediately put in proper condition for a vigorous defense, and all
+became impatient for intelligence of the movements of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>A few days after Boone's escape from the Indians, one of his
+fellow-prisoners succeeded likewise in eluding their vigilance, and made
+his way safely and expeditiously to Boonesborough. This man arrived at
+the Station at a time when the garrison were hourly expecting the
+appearance of the enemy, and reported that, on account of Boone's
+elopement, the Indians had postponed their meditated invasion of the
+settled regions for three weeks.<a name='FNanchor_37'></a><a href='#Footnote_37'><sup>[37]</sup></a> It was discovered, however, that
+they had their spies in the country, watching the movements of the
+different garrisons; and this rendered the settlers wary and active, and
+gave all the Stations time and opportunity to strengthen themselves, and
+make every preparation for a powerful resistance of what, they could not
+but believe, was to be a long and great effort to drive them from the
+land, and utterly destroy their habitations.</p>
+
+<p>Week passed after week, but no enemy appeared. The state of anxiety and
+watchfulness in which the garrison at Boonesborough had, for so long a
+time, been kept, was becoming irksome, and the men were beginning to
+relax in their vigilance. This Boone observed, and it determined him to
+undertake an expedition, which he had been probably meditating for some
+time. On the 1st of August, therefore, with a company of nineteen of the
+brave spirits by whom he was surrounded, he left the fort with the
+intention of marching against and surprising one of the Indian towns on
+the Scioto. He advanced rapidly, but with great caution, and had reached
+a point within four or five miles of the town destined to taste of his
+vengeance, when he met its warriors, thirty in number, on their way to
+join the main Indian force, then on its march toward Boonesborough.</p>
+
+<p>An action immediately commenced, which terminated in the flight of the
+Indians, who lost one man and had two others wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Boone received no injury, but took three horses, and all the &quot;plunder&quot;
+of the war party. He then dispatched two spies to the Indian town, who
+returned with the intelligence that it was evacuated. On the receipt of
+this information, he started for Boonesborough with all possible haste
+hoping to reach the Station before the enemy, that he might give warning
+of their approach, and strengthen its numbers. He passed the main body
+of the Indians on the sixth day of his march, and on the seventh reached
+Boonesborough.</p>
+
+<p>On the eighth day, the enemy's force marched up, with British colors
+flying, and invested the place. The Indian army was commanded by Captain
+Duquesne, with eleven other Canadian Frenchmen and several distinguished
+chiefs, and was the most formidable force which had yet invaded the
+settlements. The commander summoned the garrison to surrender &quot;in the
+name of his Britannic Majesty.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Boone and his men, perilous as was their situation, received the summons
+without apparent alarm, and requested a couple of days for the
+consideration of what should be done. This was granted; and Boone
+summoned his brave companions to council: <i>but fifty men appeared</i>! Yet
+these fifty, after a due consideration of the terms of capitulation
+proposed, and with the knowledge that they were surrounded by savage and
+remorseless enemies to the number of about <i>five hundred</i>, determined,
+unanimously, to &quot;<i>defend the fort as long as a man of them lived!</i>&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The two days having expired, Boone announced this determination from one
+of the bastions, and thanked the British commander for the notice given
+of his intended attack, and the time allowed the garrison for preparing
+to defend the Station. This reply to his summons was entirely unexpected
+by Duquesne, and he heard it with evident disappointment. Other terms
+were immediately proposed by him, which &quot;sounded so gratefully in the
+ears&quot; of the garrison that Boone agreed to treat; and, with eight of his
+companions, left the fort for this purpose. It was soon manifest,
+however, by the conduct of the Indians, that a snare had been laid for
+them; and escaping from their wily foes by a sudden effort, they
+re-entered the palisades, closed the gates, and betook themselves to the
+bastions.</p>
+
+<p>A hot attack upon the fort now instantly commenced; but the fire of the
+Indians was returned from the garrison with such unexpected briskness
+and fatal precision that the besiegers were compelled to fall back. They
+then sheltered themselves behind the nearest trees and stumps, and
+continued the attack with more caution. Losing a number of men himself,
+and perceiving no falling off in the strength or the marksmanship of the
+garrison, Duquesne resorted to an expedient which promised greater
+success.</p>
+
+<p>The fort stood upon the bank of the river, about sixty yards from its
+margin; and the purpose of the commander of the Indians was to undermine
+this, and blow up the garrison. Duquesne was pushing the mine under the
+fort with energy when his operations were discovered by the besieged.
+The miners precipitated the earth which they excavated into the river;
+and Boone, perceiving that the water was muddy below the fort, while it
+was clear above, instantly divined the cause, and at once ordered a deep
+trench to be cut inside the fort, to counteract the work of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>As the earth was dug up, it was thrown over the wall of the fort, in the
+face of the besieging commander. Duquesne was thus informed that his
+design had been discovered; and being convinced of the futility of any
+further attempts of that kind he discontinued his mining operations, and
+once more renewed the attack upon the Station in the manner of a regular
+Indian siege. His success, however, was no better than it had been
+before; the loss appeared to be all upon his side; his stock of
+provisions was nearly exhausted; having for nine days tried the bravery
+of his savage force, and tasked his own ingenuity to its utmost, he
+raised the siege, and abandoned the grand object of the expedition.</p>
+
+<p>During this siege, &quot;the most formidable,&quot; says Mr. Marshall, &quot;that had
+ever taken place in Kentucky from the number of Indians, the skill of
+the commanders, and the fierce countenances and savage dispositions of
+the warriors,&quot; only two men belonging to the Station were killed, and
+four others wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Duquesne lost thirty-seven men, and had many wounded, who, according to
+the invariable usage of the Indians, were immediately borne from the
+scene of action.</p>
+
+<p>Boonesborough was never again disturbed by any formidable body of
+Indians. New Stations were springing up every year between it and the
+Ohio River, and to pass beyond these for the purpose of striking a blow
+at an older and stronger enemy, was a piece of folly of which the
+Indians were never known to be guilty.</p>
+
+<p>During Boone's captivity among the Shawnees, his family, supposing that
+he had been killed, had left the Station and returned to their relatives
+and friends in North Carolina; and as early in the autumn as he could
+well leave, the brave and hardy warrior started to move them out again
+to Kentucky. He returned to the settlement with them early the next
+summer, and set a good example to his companions by industriously
+cultivating his farm, and volunteering his assistance, whenever it
+seemed needed, to the many immigrants who were now pouring into the
+country, and erecting new Stations in the neighborhood of Boonesborough.
+He was a good as well as a great man in his sphere, says Mr. Gallagher,
+(our chief authority for the foregoing incidents); and for his many and
+important services in the early settlements of Kentucky, he well
+deserved the title of Patriarch which was bestowed upon him during his
+life, and all the praises that have been sung to his memory since his
+death.<a name='FNanchor_38'></a><a href='#Footnote_38'><sup>[38]</sup></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XIII'></a><h2>CHAPTER XIII. </h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Captain Boone tried by court-martial&mdash;Honorably acquitted and
+promoted&mdash;Loses a large sum of money&mdash;His losses by law-suits and
+disputes about land&mdash;Defeat of Colonel Rogers's party&mdash;Colonel Bowman's
+expedition to Chilicothe&mdash;Arrival near the town&mdash;Colonel Logan attacks
+the town&mdash;Ordered by Colonel Bowman to retreat&mdash;Failure of the
+expedition&mdash;Consequences to Bowman and to Logan.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Some complaint having been made respecting Captain Boone's surrender of
+his party at the Blue Licks, and other parts of his military conduct,
+his friends Colonel Richard Callaway and Colonel Benjamin Logan,
+exhibited charges against him which occasioned his being tried by
+court-martial. This was undoubtedly done with a view to put an end to
+the calumny by disproving or explaining the charges. The result of the
+trial was an honorable acquittal increased popularity of the Captain
+among his fellow citizens, and his promotion to the rank of Major.<a name='FNanchor_39'></a><a href='#Footnote_39'><sup>[39]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>While Boone had been a prisoner among the Indians, his wife and family,
+supposing him to be dead, had returned to North Carolina. In the autumn
+of 1778 he went after them to the house of Mrs. Boone's father on the
+Yadkin.</p>
+
+<p>In 1779, a commission having been opened by the Virginia Legislature to
+settle Kentucky land claims, Major Boone &quot;laid out the chief of his
+little property to procure land warrants, and having raised about twenty
+thousand dollars in paper money, with which he intended to purchase
+them, on his way from Kentucky to Richmond, he was robbed of the whole,
+and left destitute of the means of procuring more. This heavy misfortune
+did not fall on himself alone. Large sums had been entrusted to him by
+his friends for similar purposes, and the loss was extensively felt.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Boone must have suffered much anxiety in consequence of this affair.
+Little is known respecting it, excepting that it did not impair the
+confidence of his friends in his perfect integrity.</p>
+
+<p>This appears in the following extract of a letter from Colonel Thomas
+Hart, late of Lexington, Kentucky, to Captain Nathaniel Hart, dated
+Grayfields, August 3d, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I observe what you say respecting our losses by Daniel Boone. [Boone
+had been robbed of funds in part belonging to T. and N. Hart.] I had
+heard of the misfortune soon after it happened, but not of my being
+partaker before now. I feel for the poor people who, perhaps, are to
+lose even their pre-emptions: but I must say, I feel more for Boone,
+whose character, I am told, suffers by it. Much degenerated must the
+people of this age be, when amongst them are to be found men to censure
+and blast the reputation of a person so just and upright, and in whose
+breast is a seat of virtue too pure to admit of a thought so base and
+dishonorable. I have known Boone in times of old, when poverty and
+distress had him fast by the hand: and in these wretched circumstances,
+I have ever found him of a noble and generous soul, despising every
+thing mean; and therefore I will freely grant him a discharge for
+whatever sums of mine he might have been possessed of at the time.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Boone's ignorance of legal proceedings, and his aversion to lawsuits,
+appear to have occasioned the loss of his real estate; and the loose
+manner in which titles were granted, one conflicting with another,
+occasioned similar losses to much more experienced and careful men at
+the same period.</p>
+
+<p>During the year 1779 the emigration to Kentucky was much greater than
+any previous one. The settlers do not seem to have been so much annoyed
+by the Indians as formerly. Yet this year is distinguished in the annals
+of Kentucky for the most bloody battle ever fought between the whites
+and Indians within her borders, with the single exception of that of the
+Blue Licks.</p>
+
+<p>It took place opposite to Cincinnati. Colonel Rogers had been down to
+New Orleans to procure supplies for the posts on the Upper Mississippi
+and Ohio. Having obtained them, he ascended these rivers until he
+reached the place mentioned above. Here he found the Indians in their
+canoes coming out of the mouth of the Little Miami, and crossing to the
+Kentucky side of the Ohio. He conceived the plan of surprising them as
+they landed. The Ohio was very low on the Kentucky side, so that a large
+sand-bar was laid bare, extending along the shore. Upon this Rogers
+landed his men, but, before they could reach the spot where they
+expected to attack the enemy, they were themselves attacked by such
+superior numbers that the issue of the contest was not doubtful for a
+single moment. Rogers and the greater part of his men were instantly
+killed. The few who were left fled toward the boats. But one of them was
+already in the possession of the Indians, whose flanks were extended in
+advance of the fugitives, and the few men remaining in the other pushed
+off from shore without waiting to take their comrades on board. These
+last now turned around upon their pursuers, and, furiously charging
+them, a small number broke through their ranks and escaped to
+Harrodsburg. The loss in this most lamentable affair was about sixty
+men, very nearly equal to that at Blue Licks.</p>
+
+<p>The Kentuckians resolved to invade the Indian country, and Chillicothe
+was selected as the point to feel the weight of their vengeance. Colonel
+Bowman issued a call, inviting all those who were willing to accompany
+him in the expedition to rendezvous at Harrodsburg. This was the manner
+of organizing such expeditions in Kentucky. An officer would invite
+volunteers to participate with him in an incursion into the Indian
+country. All who joined were expected to submit to his direction.</p>
+
+<p>On this occasion there was no want of zeal among the people. Bowman's
+reputation as a soldier was good, and three hundred men were soon
+collected, among whom were Logan and Harrod; both holding the rank of
+captain. It does not appear that either Boone or Kenton engaged in this
+enterprise. Indeed, the first is said to have been absent in North
+Carolina his family having returned there after his capture in the
+preceding year, supposing him to be dead.</p>
+
+<p>The expedition moved in the month of July&mdash;its destination well
+known&mdash;and its march so well conducted that it approached its object
+without discovery. From this circumstances, it would seem that the
+Indians were but little apprehensive of an invasion from those who had
+never before ventured on it, and whom they were in the habit of invading
+annually; or else so secure in their own courage that they feared no
+enemy, for no suspecting spy was out to foresee approaching danger.
+Arrived within a short distance of the town, night approached, and
+Colonel Bowman halted. Here it was determined to invest and attack the
+place just before the ensuing day, and several dispositions were then
+made very proper for the occasion, indicating a considerable share of
+military skill and caution, which gave reasonable promise of a
+successful issue. At a proper hour the little army separated, after a
+movement that placed it near the town the one part, under the command of
+Bowman in person&mdash;the other, under Captain Logan; to whom precise orders
+had been given to march, on the one hand, half round the town; while the
+Colonel, passing the other way, was to meet him, and give the signal for
+an assault. Logan immediately executed his orders, and the place was
+half enveloped. But he neither saw nor heard the commander-in-chief.
+Logan now ordered his men to conceal themselves in the grass and weeds,
+and behind such other objects as were present, as the day began to show
+itself, and he had not yet received the expected order to begin the
+attack nor had he been able, though anxious, to ascertain what had
+intercepted or delayed his superior officer. The men, on shifting about
+for hiding-places, had alarmed one of the Indians' dogs, who forthwith
+set to barking with the agitation of apparent fright. This brought out
+an Indian warrior, who proceeded with caution on the way that the dog
+seemed to direct his own attention, and in a short time, if he had
+continued his progress, might have been made a prisoner; but, at this
+critical moment, one of the party with the Colonel fired his gun; which
+the Indian, well understanding as coming from an enemy, gave an
+instantaneous and loud whoop, and ran immediately to his cabin. The
+alarm was instantly spread through the town, and preparation made for
+defense. The party with Logan was near enough to hear the bustle and to
+see the women and children escaping to the cover of the woods by a ridge
+which ran between them and where Colonel Bowman with his men had
+halted.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the warriors equipped themselves with their military
+habiliments, and repaired to a strong cabin; no doubt, designated in
+their councils for the like occurrences. By this time daylight had
+disclosed the whole scene, and several shots were discharged on the one
+side, and returned from the other, while some of Logan's men took
+possession of a few cabins, from which the Indians had retreated&mdash;or
+rather perhaps it should be said, repaired to their stronghold, the more
+effectually to defend themselves. The scheme was formed by Logan, and
+adopted by his men in the cabins, of making a movable breastwork out of
+the doors and floors&mdash;and of pushing it forward as a battery against the
+cabin in which the Indians had taken post; others of them had taken
+shelter from the fire of the enemy behind stumps, or logs, or the vacant
+cabins, and were waiting orders; when the Colonel finding that the
+Indians were on their defense, dispatched orders for a retreat. This
+order, received with astonishment, was obeyed with reluctance; and what
+rendered it the more distressing, was the unavoidable exposure which the
+men must encounter in the open field, or prairie, which surrounded the
+town: for they were apprized that from the moment they left their cover,
+the Indians would fire on them, until they were beyond the reach of
+their balls. A retreat, however, was deemed necessary, and every man was
+to shift for himself. Then, instead of one that was orderly, commanding,
+or supported&mdash;a scene of disorder, unmilitary and mortifying, took
+place: here a little squad would rush out of, or break from behind a
+cabin&mdash;there individuals would rise from a log, or start up from a
+stump, and run with all speed to gain the neighboring wood.</p>
+
+<p>At length, after the loss of several lives, the remnant of the invading
+force was reunited, and the retreat continued in tolerable order, under
+the painful reflection that the expedition had failed, without any
+adequate cause being known. This was, however, but the introduction to
+disgrace, if not of misfortune still more extraordinary and distressing.
+The Indian warriors, commanded by Blackfish, sallied from the town, and
+commenced a pursuit of the discomfited invaders of their forests and
+firesides, which they continued for some miles, harassing and galling
+the rear of the fugitives without being checked, notwithstanding the
+disparity of numbers. There not being more than thirty of the savages
+in pursuit. Bowman, finding himself thus pressed, at length halted his
+men in a low piece of ground covered with brush; as if he sought shelter
+from the enemy behind or among them. A situation more injudiciously
+chosen, if chosen at all, cannot be easily imagined&mdash;since of all
+others, it most favored the purposes of the Indians. In other respects
+the commander seems also to have lost his understanding&mdash;he gave no
+orders to fire&mdash;made no detachment to repulse the enemy, who, in a few
+minutes, by the whoops, yells, and firing, were heard on all sides&mdash;but
+stood as a mark to be shot at, or one panic struck. Some of the men
+fired, but without any precise object, for the Indians were scattered,
+and hid by the grass and bushes. What would have been the final result
+it is difficult to conjecture, if Logan, Harrod, Bulger, and a few
+others, had not mounted some of the pack-horses and scoured the woods,
+first in one direction then in another; rushing on the Indians wherever
+they could find them, until very fortunately Blackfish was killed; and
+this being soon known, the rest fled. It was in the evening when this
+event occurred, which being reported to the colonel, he resumed his
+march at dark&mdash;taking for his guide a creek near at hand, which he
+pursued all night without any remarkable occurrence&mdash;and in quiet and
+safety thence returned home, with the loss of nine men killed and
+another wounded: having taken two Indian scalps: which, however, was
+thought a trophy of small renown.</p>
+
+<p>A somewhat different account is given by some, in which Bowman is
+exculpated from all blame. According to this, it was the vigorous
+defense of the Indians which prevented him from fulfilling his part of
+the combinations. Be this as it may, it is certain that Bowman lost
+reputation by the expedition; while, on the other hand, the conduct of
+Logan raised him still higher in the estimation of the people.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XIV'></a><h2>CHAPTER XIV.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Invasion of Kentucky by Captain Byrd's party&mdash;He captures the garrisons
+at Ruddle's Station and Martin's Fort&mdash;Colonel Clark's invasion of the
+Indian country&mdash;He ravages the Indian towns&mdash;Adventure of Alexander
+McConnell&mdash;Skirmish at Pickaway&mdash;Result of the expedition&mdash;Boone goes
+to the Blue Licks with his brother&mdash;Attacked by the Indians&mdash;Boone's
+brother killed&mdash;Boone promoted to the rank of Lieutenant
+Colonel&mdash;Clark's galley&mdash;Squire Boone's Station removed to Bear's
+Creek&mdash;Attack by the Indians&mdash;Colonel Floyd's defeat&mdash;Affair of the
+McAfees&mdash;Attack on McAfee's Station repelled&mdash;Fort Jefferson
+evacuated&mdash;Attack on Montgomery Station&mdash;Rescue by General Logan.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>The year 1780 was distinguished for two events of much importance; the
+invasion of Kentucky by the British and Indians, under Colonel Byrd; and
+General Clark's attack upon the Shawanee towns. The first of these, was
+a severe and unexpected blow to Kentucky. Marshall says, that the people
+in their eagerness to take up land, had almost forgotten the existence
+of hostilities. Fatal security! and most fatal with such a foe, whose
+enterprises were conducted with such secrecy that their first
+announcement was their presence in the midst of the unprepared
+settlement. In fact, the carelessness of the Western borderers is often
+unaccountable, and this is not the least surprising instance of it.</p>
+
+<p>That they did not anticipate an attempt to retaliate the incursion of
+Bowman into the Indian country, is indeed astonishing. It was very
+fortunate for the Kentuckians that their enemies were as little gifted
+with perseverance, as they were with vigilance. This remark is to be
+understood in a restricted sense, of both parties. When once aroused to
+a sense of their danger none were more readily prepared, or more
+watchful to meet it than the settlers; and on the other hand, nothing
+could exceed the perseverance of the Indians in the beginning of their
+enterprises, but on the slightest success (not reverse) they wished to
+return to exhibit their trophies at home. Thus, on capturing Boone and
+his party, instead of pushing on and attacking the settlements which
+were thus weakened, they returned to display their prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>The consequences were that these defects neutralized each other, and no
+very decisive strokes were made by either side. But the English Governor
+Hamilton, who had hitherto contented himself with stimulating the
+Indians to hostilities, now aroused by the daring and success of Clark,
+prepared to send a powerful expedition by way of retaliation, against
+the settlements. Colonel Byrd was selected to command the forces which
+amounted to six hundred men, Canadians and Indians. To render them
+irresistible, they were supplied with two pieces of artillery. The posts
+on the Licking were the first objects of the expedition.</p>
+
+<p>In June they made their appearance before Ruddle's station; and this, it
+is said, was the first intimation that the garrison had received of
+their danger, though Butler states that the enemy were twelve days on
+their march from the Ohio. The incidents of the invasion are few. The
+fort at Ruddle's Station was in no condition to resist so powerful an
+enemy backed by artillery, the defenses being nowise superior to those
+we have before described.</p>
+
+<p>They were summoned to surrender in the name of his Britannic Majesty,
+with the promise of protection for their lives only. What could they do?
+The idea of resisting such a force was vain. The question presented
+itself to them thus. Whether they should surrender at once and give up
+their property, or enrage the Indians by a fruitless resistance, and
+lose their property and lives also. The decision was quickly made, the
+post was surrendered and the enemy thronged in, eager for plunder. The
+inmates of the fort were instantly seized, families were separated; for
+each Indian caught the first person whom he met, and claimed him or her
+as his prisoner. Three who made some resistance, were killed upon the
+spot. It was in vain that the settlers remonstrated with the British
+commander. He said it was impossible to restrain them. This doubtless
+was true enough, but he should have thought of it before he assumed the
+command of such a horde, and consented to lead them against weak
+settlements.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians demanded to be led at once against Martin's Fort, a post
+about five miles distant. Some say that the same scene was enacted over
+here; but another account states that so strongly was Colonel Byrd
+affected by the barbarities of the Indians, that he refused to advance
+further, unless they would consent to allow him to take charge of all
+the prisoners who should be taken. The same account goes on to say that
+the demand was complied with, and that on the surrender of Martin's
+Fort, this arrangement was actually made; the Indians taking possession
+of the property and the British of the prisoners. However this may be,
+the capture of this last-mentioned place, which was surrendered under
+the same circumstances as Ruddle's, was the last operation of that
+campaign. Some quote this as an instance of weakness; Butler, in
+particular, contrasts it with the energy of Clark.</p>
+
+<p>The sudden retreat of the enemy inspired the people with joy as great as
+their consternation had been at the news of his unexpected advance. Had
+he pressed on, there is but little doubt that all the Stations would
+have fallen into his hands, for there were not men enough to spare from
+them to meet him in the field. The greatest difficulty would have been
+the carriage of the artillery. The unfortunate people who had fallen
+into the hands of the Indians at Ruddle's Station, were obliged to
+accompany their captors on their rapid retreat, heavily laden with the
+plunder of their own dwellings. Some returned after peace was made, but
+too many, sinking under the fatigues of the journey, perished by the
+tomahawk.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the retreat of the enemy, General Clark, who was stationed at
+Fort Jefferson, called upon the Kentuckians to join him in an invasion
+of the Indian country. The reputation of Clark caused the call to be
+responded to with great readiness. A thousand men were collected, with
+whom Clark entered and devastated the enemy's territory. The principal
+towns were burned and the fields laid waste. But one skirmish was
+fought, and that at the Indian village of Pickaway. The loss was the
+same on both sides, seventeen men being killed in each army. Some
+writers who have not the slightest objection to war, very gravely
+express doubts as to whether the expedient of destroying the crops of
+the Indians was justifiable. It is generally treated by these men as if
+it was a wanton display of a vindictive spirit, when in reality it was
+dictated by the soundest policy; for when the Indians' harvests were
+destroyed, they were compelled to subsist their families altogether by
+hunting, and had no leisure for their murderous inroads upon the
+settlements. This result was plainly seen on this occasion, for it does
+not appear that the Indians attacked any of the settlements during the
+remainder of this year.</p>
+
+<p>An adventure which occurred in the spring, but was passed over for the
+more important operations of the campaign, claims our attention,
+presenting as it does a picture of the varieties of this mode of
+warfare. We quote from McClung:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Early in the spring of 1780 Mr. Alexander McConnel, of Lexington,
+Kentucky, went into the woods on foot to hunt deer. He soon killed a
+large buck, and returned home for a horse in order to bring it in.
+During his absence a party of five Indians, on one of their usual
+skulking expeditions, accidentally stumbled on the body of the deer, and
+perceiving that it had been recently killed, they naturally supposed
+that the hunter would speedily return to secure the flesh. Three of
+them, therefore, took their stations within close rifle-shot of the
+deer, while the other two followed the trail of the hunter, and waylaid
+the path by which he was expected to return. McConnel, expecting no
+danger, rode carelessly along the path, which the two scouts were
+watching, until he had come within view of the deer, when he was fired
+upon by the whole party, and his horse killed. While laboring to
+extricate himself from the dying animal, he was seized by his enemies,
+instantly overpowered, and borne off as a prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;His captors, however, seemed to be a merry, good-natured set of
+fellows, and permitted him to accompany them unbound; and, what was
+rather extraordinary, allowed him to retain his gun and hunting
+accoutrements. He accompanied them with great apparent cheerfulness
+through the day, and displayed his dexterity in shooting deer for the
+use of the company, until they began to regard him with great
+partiality. Having traveled with them in this manner for several days,
+they at length reached the banks of the Ohio River. Heretofore the
+Indians had taken the precaution to bind him at night, although not very
+securely; but, on that evening, he remonstrated with them on the
+subject, and complained so strongly of the pain which the cords gave
+him, that they merely wrapped the buffalo tug loosely around his wrists,
+and having tied it in an easy knot, and attached the extremities of the
+rope to their own bodies in order to prevent his moving without
+awakening them, they very composedly went to sleep, leaving the prisoner
+to follow their example or not, as he pleased.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;McConnel determined to effect his escape that night if possible, as on
+the following night they would cross the river, which would render it
+much more difficult. He therefore lay quietly until near midnight,
+anxiously ruminating upon the best means of effecting his object.
+Accidentally casting his eyes in the direction of his feet, they fell
+upon the glittering blade of a knife, which had escaped its sheath, and
+was now lying near the feet of one of the Indians. To reach it with his
+hands, without disturbing the two Indians to whom he was fastened, was
+impossible, and it was very hazardous to attempt to draw it up with his
+feet. This, however, he attempted. With much difficulty he grasped the
+blade between his toes, and, after repeated and long-continued efforts,
+succeeded at length in bringing it within reach of his hands.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;To cut his cords was then but the work of a moment, and gradually and
+silently extricating his person from the arms of the Indians, he walked
+to the fire and sat down. He saw that his work was but half done. That
+if he should attempt to return home without destroying his enemies, he
+would assuredly be pursued and probably overtaken, when his fate would
+be certain. On the other hand, it seemed almost impossible for a single
+man to succeed in a conflict with five Indians, even although unarmed
+and asleep. He could not hope to deal a blow with his knife so silently
+and fatally as to destroy each one of his enemies in turn without
+awakening the rest. Their slumbers were proverbially light and restless;
+and, if he failed with a single one, he must instantly be overpowered by
+the survivors. The knife, therefore, was out of the question. </p>
+
+<p>&quot;After anxious reflection for a few minutes, he formed his plan. The
+guns of the Indians were stacked near the fire; their knives and
+tomahawks were in sheaths by their sides. The latter he dared not touch
+for fear of awakening their owners; but the former he carefully removed,
+with the exception of two, and hid them in the woods, where he knew the
+Indians would not readily find them. He then returned to the spot where
+the Indians were still sleeping, perfectly ignorant of the fate
+preparing for them, and, taking a gun in each hand, he rested the
+muzzles upon a log within six feet of his victims, and, having taken
+deliberate aim at the head of one and the heart of another, he pulled
+both triggers at the same moment.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Both shots were fatal. At the report of the guns the others sprung to
+their feet and stared wildly around them. McConnel, who had run
+instantly to the spot where the other rifles were hid, hastily seized
+one of them and fired at two of his enemies who happened to stand in a
+line with each other. The nearest fell dead, being shot through the
+centre of the body; the second fell also, bellowing loudly, but quickly
+recovering, limped off into the woods as fast as possible. The fifth,
+and the only one who remained unhurt, darted off like a deer, with a
+yell which announced equal terror and astonishment. McConnel, not
+wishing to fight any more such battles, selected his own rifle from the
+stack, and made the best of his way to Lexington, where he arrived
+safely within two days.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Shortly afterward, Mrs. Dunlap, of Fayette, who had been several months
+a prisoner amongst the Indians on Mad River, made her escape, and
+returned to Lexington. She reported that the survivor returned to his
+tribe with a lamentable tale. He related that they had taken a fine
+young hunter near Lexington, and had brought him safely as far as the
+Ohio; that while encamped upon the bank of the river, a large party of
+white men had fallen upon them in the night, and killed all his
+companions, together with the poor defenseless prisoner, who lay bound
+hand and foot, unable either to escape or resist.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1780, Boone, who had brought his family back to Kentucky,
+went to the Blue Licks in company with his brother. They were attacked
+by a party of Indians, and Daniel's brother was killed; and he himself
+pursued by them with the assistance of a dog. Being hard pressed, he
+shot this animal to prevent his barking from giving the alarm, and so
+escaped.</p>
+
+<p>Kentucky having been divided into three counties, a more perfect
+organization of the militia was effected. A Colonel and a
+Lieutenant-Colonel were appointed for each county; those who held the
+first rank were Floyd, Logan, and Todd. Pope, Trigg, and Boone held the
+second. Clark was Brigadier-General, and commander-in-chief of all the
+Kentucky militia; besides which he had a small number of regulars at
+Fort Jefferson. Spies and scouting parties were continually employed,
+and a galley was constructed by Clark's order, which was furnished with
+light pieces of artillery. This new species of defense did not however
+take very well with the militia, who disliked serving upon the water,
+probably because they found their freedom of action too much
+circumscribed. The regulars were far too few to spare a force sufficient
+to man it, and it soon fell into disuse, though it is said to have been
+of considerable service while it was employed. Had the Kentuckians
+possessed such an auxiliary at the time of Byrd's invasion, it is
+probable that it would have been repelled. But on account of the
+reluctance of the militia to serve in it, this useful vessel was laid
+aside and left to rot. </p>
+
+<p>The campaign, if we may so term it, of 1781, began very early. In March,
+several parties of Indians entered Jefferson County at different points,
+and ambushing the paths, killed four men, among whom was Colonel William
+Linn. Captain Whitaker, with fifteen men, pursued one of the parties. He
+followed their trail to the Ohio, when supposing they had crossed over,
+he embarked his men in canoes to continue the pursuit. But as they were
+in the act of pushing off, the Indians, who were concealed in their
+rear, fired upon them, killing or wounding nine of the party.
+Notwithstanding this heavy loss, the survivors landed and put the
+Indians to flight. Neither the number of the savages engaged in this
+affair or their loss, is mentioned in the narrative. In April, a station
+which had been settled by Squire Boone, near Shelbyville, became alarmed
+by the report of the appearance of Indians. After some deliberation, it
+was determined to remove to the settlement on Bear's Creek. While on
+their way thither, they were attacked by a body of Indians, and defeated
+with considerable loss. These are all the details of this action we have
+been able to find. Colonel Floyd collected twenty-five men to pursue the
+Indians, but in spite of all his caution, fell into an ambuscade, which
+was estimated to consist of two hundred warriors. Half of Colonel
+Floyd's men were killed, and the survivors supposed that they had slain
+nine or ten of the Indians. This, however, is not probable; either the
+number of the Indians engaged, or their loss, is much exaggerated.
+Colonel Floyd himself had a narrow escape, being dismounted; he would
+have been made prisoner, but for the gallant conduct of Captain Wells,
+who gave him his horse, the colonel being exhausted, and ran by his
+side, to support him in the saddle. These officers had formerly been
+enemies, but the magnanimous behavior of Wells on this occasion, made
+them steadfast friends.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As if every month,&quot; says Marshall, &quot;was to furnish its distinguishing
+incident&mdash;in May, Samuel McAfee and another had set out from James
+McAfee's Station for a plantation at a small distance, and when advanced
+about one-fourth of a mile they were fired on; the man fell&mdash;McAfee
+wheeled and ran toward the fort; in fifteen steps he met an Indian&mdash;they
+each halt and present their guns, with muzzles almost touching&mdash;at the
+same instant they each pull trigger, McAfee's gun makes clear fire, the
+Indian's flashes in the pan&mdash;and he falls: McAfee continues his retreat,
+but the alarm being given, he meets his brothers, Robert and James&mdash;the
+first, though cautioned, ran along the path to see the dead Indian, by
+this time several Indians had gained the path between him and the fort.
+All his agility and dexterity was now put to the test&mdash;he flies from
+tree to tree, still aiming to get to the fort, but is pursued by an
+Indian; he throws himself over a fence, a hundred and fifty yards from
+the fort, and the Indian takes a tree&mdash;Robert, sheltered by the fence,
+was soon prepared for him, and while he puts his face by the side of the
+tree to look for his object, McAfee fires his rifle at it, and lodged
+the ball in his mouth&mdash;in this he finds his death, and McAfee escapes to
+the fort.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, James McAfee was in a situation of equal hazard and
+perplexity. Five Indians, lying in ambush, fired at, but missed him; he
+flies to a tree for safety, and instantly received a fire from three or
+four Indians on the other side&mdash;the bullets knock the dust about his
+feet, but do him no injury; he abandons the tree and makes good his
+retreat to the fort. One white man and two Indians were killed. Such
+were the incidents of Indian warfare&mdash;and such the fortunate escape of
+the brothers. </p>
+
+<p>Other events occurred in rapid succession&mdash;the Indians appear in all
+directions, and with horrid yells and menacing gestures commence a fire
+on the fort. It was returned with spirit; the women cast the
+bullets&mdash;the men discharged them at the enemy. This action lasted about
+two hours; the Indians then withdrew. The firing had been heard, and the
+neighborhood roused for the fight. Major McGary, with some of his men,
+and others from other stations, to the number of forty, appeared on the
+ground soon after the Indians had retreated, and determined on pursuing
+them. This was accordingly done with promptitude and celerity. At the
+distance of a mile the enemy were overtaken, attacked, and defeated,
+They fled&mdash;were pursued for several miles&mdash;and completely routed. Six or
+seven Indians were seen dead, and others wounded. One Kentuckian was
+killed in the action; another mortally wounded, who died after a few
+days. Before the Indians entirely withdrew from the fort, they killed
+all the cattle they saw, without making any use of them.</p>
+
+<p>From this time McAfee's Station was never more attacked, although it
+remained for several years an exposed frontier. Nor should the remark be
+omitted, that for the residue of the year, there were fewer incidents
+of a hostile nature than usual.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Jefferson, which had been established on the Mississippi, about
+five miles below the mouth of the Ohio, had excited the jealousy of the
+Choctaws and Chickasaws, who claimed the territory in which it was
+built. In order to appease them, it was deemed advisable to evacuate the
+post.</p>
+
+<p>The hostile tribes north of the Ohio had by this time found the strength
+of the settlers, and saw that unless they made a powerful effort, and
+that speedily, they must forever relinquish all hope of reconquering
+Kentucky. Such an effort was determined upon for the next year; and in
+order to weaken the whites as much as possible, till they were prepared
+for it, they continued to send out small parties, to infest the
+settlements.</p>
+
+<p>At a distance of about twelve miles from Logan's Fort, was a settlement
+called the Montgomery Station. Most of the people were connected with
+Logan's family. This Station was surrounded in the night. In the morning
+an attack was made. Several persons were killed and others captured. A
+girl who escaped spread the alarm; a messenger reached Logan's Fort, and
+General Logan with a strong party pursued the Indians, defeated them and
+recovered the prisoners.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XV'></a><h2>CHAPTER XV.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>News of Cornwallis's surrender&mdash;Its effects&mdash;Captain Estill's
+defeat&mdash;Grand army of Indians raised for the conquest of Kentucky&mdash;Simon
+Girty's speech&mdash;Attack on Hoy's Station&mdash;Investment of Bryant's
+Station&mdash;Expedient of the besieged to obtain water&mdash;Grand attack on the
+fort&mdash;Repulse&mdash;Regular siege commenced&mdash;Messengers sent to
+Lexington&mdash;Reinforcements obtained&mdash;Arrival near the fort&mdash;Ambushed and
+attacked&mdash;They enter the fort&mdash;Narrow escape of Girty&mdash;He proposes a
+capitulation&mdash;Parley&mdash;Reynolds' answer to Girty&mdash;The siege
+raised&mdash;Retreat of the Indians.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>In October, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. This event was
+received in Kentucky, as in other parts of the country, with great joy.
+The power of Britain was supposed to be broken, or at least so much
+crippled, that they would not be in a condition to assist their Indian
+allies, as they had previously done. The winter passed away quietly
+enough, and the people were once more lulled into security, from which
+they were again to be rudely awakened. Early in the spring the parties
+of the enemy recommenced their forays. Yet there was nothing in these
+to excite unusual apprehensions. At first they were scarcely equal in
+magnitude to those of the previous year. Cattle were killed, and horses
+stolen, and individuals or small parties were attacked. But in May an
+affair occurred possessing more interest, in a military point of view,
+than any other in the history of Indian wars.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of May, a party of about twenty-five Wyandots invested
+Estill's Station, on the south of the Kentucky River, killed one white
+man, took a negro prisoner, and after destroying the cattle, retreated.
+Soon after the Indians disappeared, Captain Estill raised a company of
+twenty-five men; with these he pursued the Indians, and on Hinkston's
+Fork of Licking, two miles below the Little Mountain, came within
+gunshot of them. They had just crossed the creek, which in that part is
+small, and were ascending one side as Estill's party descended the
+other, of two approaching hills of moderate elevation. The water-course
+which lay between, had produced an opening in the timber and brush,
+conducing to mutual discovery, while both hills were well set with
+trees, interspersed with saplings and bushes. Instantly after
+discovering the Indians, some of Captain Estill's men fired at them; at
+first they seemed alarmed, and made a movement like flight; but their
+chief, although wounded, gave them orders to stand and fight&mdash;on which
+they promptly prepared for battle by each man taking a tree and facing
+his enemy, as nearly in a line as practicable. In this position they
+returned the fire and entered into the battle, which they considered as
+inevitable, with all the fortitude and animation of individual and
+concerted bravery, so remarkable in this particular tribe.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Captain Estill, with due attention to what was passing
+on the opposite side, checked the progress of his men at about sixty
+yards distance from the foe, and gave orders to extend their lines in
+front of the Indians, to cover themselves by means of the trees, and to
+fire as the object should be seen&mdash;with a sure aim. This order,
+perfectly adapted to the occasion, was executed with alacrity, as far as
+circumstances would admit, and the desultory mode of Indian fighting was
+thought to require. So that both sides were preparing and ready at the
+same time for the bloody conflict which ensued, and which proved to be
+singularly obstinate.</p>
+
+<p>The numbers were equal; some have said, exactly twenty-five on each
+side. Others have mentioned that Captain Estill, upon seeing the Indians
+form for battle, dispatched one or two of his men upon the back trail to
+hasten forward a small reinforcement, which he supposed was following
+him; and if so, it gave the Indians the superiority of numbers without
+producing the desired assistance, for the reinforcement never arrived.</p>
+
+<p>Now were the hostile lines within rifle-shot, and the action became warm
+and general to their extent. Never was battle more like single combat
+since the use of fire-arms; each man sought his man, and fired only when
+he saw his mark; wounds and death were inflicted on either side&mdash;neither
+advancing nor retreating. The firing was deliberate; with caution they
+looked, but look they would, for the foe, although life itself was often
+the forfeit. And thus both sides firmly stood, or bravely fell, for more
+than an hour; upward of one-fourth of the combatants had fallen, never
+more to rise, on either side, and several others were wounded. Never,
+probably, was the native bravery or collected fortitude of men put to a
+test more severe. In the clangor of an ardent battle, when death is
+forgotten, it is nothing for the brave to die&mdash;when even cowards die
+like brave men&mdash;but in the cool and lingering expectation of death, none
+but the man of the true courage can stand. Such were those engaged in
+this conflict. Never was maneuvering more necessary or less
+practicable. Captain Estill had not a man to spare from his line, and
+deemed unsafe any movement in front with a view to force the enemy from
+their ground, because in such a movement he must expose his men, and
+some of them would inevitably fall before they could reach the
+adversary. This would increase the relative superiority of the enemy,
+while they would receive the survivors with tomahawk in hand, in the use
+of which they were practiced and expert. He clearly perceived that no
+advantage was to be gained over the Indians while the action was
+continued in their own mode of warfare. For although his men were
+probably the best <i>shooters</i>, the Indians were undoubtedly the most
+expert <i>hiders</i>; that victory itself, could it have been purchased with
+the loss of his last man, would afford but a melancholy consolation for
+the loss of friends and comrades; but even of victory, without some
+maneuvre, he could not assure himself. His situation was critical; his
+fate seemed suspended upon the events of the minute; the most prompt
+expedient was demanded. He cast his eyes over the scene; the creek was
+before him, and seemed to oppose a charge on the enemy&mdash;retreat he could
+not. On the one hand he observed a valley running from the creek toward
+the rear of the enemy's line, and immediately combining this
+circumstance with the urgency of his situation, rendered the more
+apparently hazardous by an attempt of the Indians to extend their line
+and take his in flank, he determined to detach six of his men by this
+valley to gain the flank or rear of the enemy; while himself, with the
+residue, maintained his position in front.</p>
+
+<p>The detachment was accordingly made under the command of Lieutenant
+Miller, to whom the route was shown and the order given, conformably to
+the above-mentioned determination; unfortunately, however, it was not
+executed. The lieutenant, either mistaking his way or intentionally
+betraying his duty, his honor, and his captain, did not proceed with the
+requisite dispatch; and the Indians, attentive to occurrences, finding
+out the weakened condition of their adversaries, rushed upon them and
+compelled a retreat, after Captain Estill and eight of his men were
+killed. Four others were badly wounded, who, notwithstanding, made their
+escape; so that only nine fell into the bands of the savages, who
+scalped and stripped them, of course.</p>
+
+<p>It was believed by the survivors of this action that one half of the
+Indians were killed; and this idea was corroborated by reports from
+their towns.</p>
+
+<p>There is also a tradition that Miller, with his detachment, crossed the
+creek, fell in with the enemy, lost one or two of his men, and had a
+third or fourth wounded before he retreated.</p>
+
+<p>The battle lasted two hours, and the Indian chief was himself killed
+immediately after he had slain Captain Estill; at least it is so stated
+in one account we have seen. This action had a very depressing effect
+upon the spirits of the Kentuckians. Yet its results to the victors were
+enough to make them say, with Pyrrhus, &quot;A few more such victories, and
+we shall be undone.&quot; It is very certain that the Indians would not have
+been willing to gain many such victories, even to accomplish their
+darling object&mdash;the expulsion of the whites from Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>The grand army, destined to accomplish the conquest of Kentucky,
+assembled at Chillicothe. A detachment from Detroit reinforced them, and
+before setting out, Simon Girty made a speech to them, enlarging on the
+ingratitude of the Long-knives in rebelling against their Great Father
+across the water. He described in glowing terms the fertility of
+Kentucky, exhorting them to recover it from the grasp of the Long-knife
+before he should be too strong for them. This speech met with the
+cordial approbation of the company; the army soon after took up its
+march for the settlements. Six hundred warriors, the flower of all the
+Northwestern tribes, were on their way to make what they knew must be
+their last effort to drive the intruders from their favorite
+hunting-ground.</p>
+
+<p>Various parties preceded the main body, and these appearing in different
+places created much confusion in the minds of the inhabitants in regard
+to the place where the blow was to fall. An attack was made upon the
+garrison at Hoy's Station, and two boys were taken prisoners. The
+Indians, twenty in number were pursued by Captain Holden, with seventeen
+men. He overtook them near the Blue Licks, (that fatal spot for the
+settlers,) and after a sharp conflict was obliged to retreat with the
+loss of four men.</p>
+
+<p>News of this disaster arrived at Bryant's Station, (a post on the
+Elkhorn, near the road from Lexington to Maysville,) on the fourteenth
+of August, and the garrison prepared to march to the assistance of Hoy's
+Station. But in the night the main body of the enemy arrived before the
+fort, it having been selected as the point for the first blow.</p>
+
+<p>The water for the use of the garrison was drawn from a spring at a
+considerable distance from the fort on the northwestern side. Near this
+spring the greater part of the enemy stationed themselves in ambush. On
+the other side of the fort a body was posted with orders to make a feint
+of attacking, in order to draw the attention of the garrison to that
+point, and give an opportunity for the main attack. At daylight the
+garrison, consisting of forty or fifty men, were preparing to march out,
+when they were startled by a heavy discharge of rifles, with an
+accompaniment of such yells as come only from an Indian's throat.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;All ran hastily to the picketing,&quot; says McClung, &quot;and beheld a small
+party of Indians exposed to open view, firing, yelling, and making the
+most furious gestures. The appearance was so singular, and so different
+from their usual manner of fighting, that some of the more wary and
+experienced of the garrison instantly pronounced it a decoy party, and
+restrained the young men from sallying out and attacking them, as some
+of them were strongly disposed to do. The opposite side of the fort was
+instantly manned, and several breaches in the picketing rapidly
+repaired. Their greatest distress arose from the prospect of suffering
+for water. The more experienced of the garrison felt satisfied that a
+powerful party was in ambuscade near the spring; but at the same time
+they supposed that the Indians would not unmask themselves until the
+firing upon the opposite side of the fort was returned with such warmth
+as to induce the belief that the feint had succeeded.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Acting upon this impression, and yielding to the urgent necessity of the
+case, they summoned all the women, without exception, and explaining to
+them the circumstances in which they were placed, and the improbability
+that any injury would be offered them, until the firing had been
+returned from the opposite side of the fort, they urged them to go in a
+body to the spring, and each to bring up a bucketfull of water. Some of
+the ladies, as was natural, had no relish for the undertaking, and asked
+why the men could not bring water as well as themselves? Observing that
+<i>they</i> were not bullet-proof, and that the Indians made no distinction
+between male and female scalps.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;To this it was answered, that women were in the habit of bringing water
+every morning to the fort and that if the Indians saw them engaged as
+usual, it would induce them to believe that their ambuscade was
+undiscovered, and that they would not unmask themselves for the sake of
+firing at a few women, when they hoped, by remaining concealed a few
+moments longer, to obtain complete possession of the fort. That if men
+should go down to the spring, the Indians would immediately suspect that
+something was wrong, would despair of succeeding by ambuscade, and would
+instantly rush upon them, follow them into the fort, or shoot them down
+at the spring. The decision was soon over.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A few of the boldest declared their readiness to brave the danger; and
+the younger and more timid rallying in the rear of these veterans, they
+all marched down in a body to the spring, within point-blank shot of
+more than five hundred Indian warriors. Some of the girls could not help
+betraying symptoms of terror, but the married women, in general, moved
+with a steadiness and composure which completely deceived the Indians.
+Not a shot was fired. The party were permitted to fill their buckets,
+one after another, without interruption; and although their steps became
+quicker and quicker, on their return, and when near the gate of the
+fort, degenerated into a rather unmilitary celerity, attended with some
+little crowding in passing the gate, yet not more than one-fifth of the
+water was spilled, and the eyes of the youngest had not dilated to more
+than double their ordinary size.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Being now amply supplied with water, they sent out thirteen young men to
+attack the decoy party, with orders to fire with great rapidity, and
+make as much noise as possible, but not to pursue the enemy too far,
+while the rest of the garrison took post on the opposite side of the
+fort, cocked their guns, and stood in readiness to receive the ambuscade
+as soon as it was unmasked. The firing of the light parties on the
+Lexington road was soon heard, and quickly became sharp and serious,
+gradually becoming more distant from the fort. Instantly, Girty sprung
+up at the head of his five hundred warriors, and rushed rapidly upon the
+western gate, ready to force his way over the undefended palisades. Into
+this immense mass of dusky bodies, the garrison poured several rapid
+volleys of rifle balls with destructive effect. Their consternation may
+be imagined. With wild cries they dispersed on the right and left, and
+in two minutes not an Indian was to be seen. At the same time, the
+party who had sallied out on the Lexington road, came running into the
+fort at the opposite gate, in high spirits, and laughing heartily at the
+success of their maneuvre.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>After this repulse, the Indians commenced the attack in regular form,
+that is regular Indian form, for they had no cannon, which was a great
+oversight, and one which we would not have expected them to make, after
+witnessing the terror with which they had inspired the Kentuckians in
+Byrd's invasion.</p>
+
+<p>Two men had left the garrison immediately upon discovering the Indians,
+to carry the news to Lexington and demand succor. On arriving at that
+place they found the men had mostly gone to Hoy's Station. The couriers
+pursued, and overtaking them, quickly brought them back. Sixteen
+horsemen, and forty or fifty on foot, started to the relief of Bryant's
+Station, and arrived before that place at two o'clock in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>To the left of the long and narrow lane, where the Maysville and
+Lexington road now runs, there were more than one hundred acres of green
+standing corn. The usual road from Lexington to Bryant's, ran parallel
+to the fence of this field, and only a few feet distant from it. On the
+opposite side of the road was a thick wood. Here, more than three
+hundred Indians lay in ambush, within pistol-shot of the road, awaiting
+the approach of the party. The horsemen came in view at a time when the
+firing had ceased, and every thing was quiet. Seeing no enemy, and
+hearing no noise, they entered the lane at a gallop, and were instantly
+saluted with a shower of rifle balls, from each side, at the distance of
+ten paces.</p>
+
+<p>At the first shot, the whole party set spurs to their horses, and rode
+at full speed through a rolling fire from either side, which continued
+for several hundred yards, but owing partly to the furious rate at which
+they rode, partly to the clouds of dust raised by the horses' feet, they
+all entered the fort unhurt. The men on foot were less fortunate. They
+were advancing through the corn-field, and might have reached the fort
+in safety, but for their eagerness to succor their friends. Without
+reflecting, that from the weight and extent of the fire, the enemy must
+have been ten times their number, they ran up with inconsiderate
+courage, to the spot where the firing was heard, and there found
+themselves cut off from the fort, and within pistol-shot of more than
+three hundred savages.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately the Indians' guns had just been discharged, and they had not
+yet had leisure to reload. At the sight of this brave body of footmen,
+however, they raised a hideous yell, and rushed upon them, tomahawk in
+hand. Nothing but the high corn and their loaded rifles, could have
+saved them from destruction. The Indians were cautious in rushing upon a
+loaded rifle with only a tomahawk, and when they halted to load their
+pieces, the Kentuckians ran with great rapidity, turning and dodging
+through the corn in every direction. Some entered the wood and escaped
+through the thickets of cane, some were shot down in the corn-field,
+others maintained a running fight, halting occasionally behind trees and
+keeping the enemy at bay with their rifles; for, of all men, the Indians
+are generally the most cautious in exposing themselves to danger. A
+stout, active, young fellow, was so hard pressed by Girty and several
+savages, that he was compelled to discharge his rifle, (however
+unwilling, having no time to reload it,) and Girty fell.</p>
+
+<p>It happened, however, that a piece of thick sole-leather was in his
+shot-pouch at the time, which received the ball, and preserved his life,
+although the force of the blow felled him to the ground. The savages
+halted upon his fall, and the young man escaped. Although the skirmish
+and the race lasted more than an hour, during which the corn-field
+presented a scene of turmoil and bustle which can scarcely be conceived,
+yet very few lives were lost. Only six of the white men were killed and
+wounded, and probably still fewer of the enemy, as the whites never
+fired until absolutely necessary, but reserved their loads as a check
+upon the enemy. Had the Indians pursued them to Lexington, they might
+have possessed themselves of it without resistance, as there was no
+force there to oppose them; but after following the fugitives for a few
+hundred yards, they returned to the hopeless siege of the fort.<a name='FNanchor_40'></a><a href='#Footnote_40'><sup>[40]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The day was nearly over, and the Indians were discouraged. They had made
+no perceptible impression upon the fort, but had sustained a severe
+loss; the country was aroused, and they feared to find themselves
+outnumbered in their turn. Girty determined to attempt to frighten them
+into a capitulation. For this purpose he cautiously approached the
+works, and suddenly showed himself on a large stump, from which he
+addressed the garrison. After extolling their valor, he assured them
+that their resistance was useless, as he expected his artillery shortly,
+when their fort would be crushed without difficulty. He promised them
+perfect security for their lives if they surrendered, and menaced them
+with the usual inflictions of Indian rage if they refused. He concluded
+by asking if they knew him. The garrison of course gave no credit to the
+promises of good treatment contained in this speech. They were too well
+acquainted with the facility with which such pledges were given and
+violated; but the mention of cannon was rather alarming, as the
+expedition of Colonel Byrd was fresh in the minds of all. None of the
+leaders made any answer to Girty, but a young man by the name of
+Reynolds, took upon himself to reply to it. In regard to the question of
+Girty, &quot;Whether the garrison knew him?&quot; he said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'That he was very well known; that he himself had a worthless dog, to
+which he had given the name of 'Simon Girty,' in consequence of his
+striking resemblance to the man of that name; that if he had either
+artillery or reinforcements, he might bring them up and be d&mdash;&mdash;d; that
+if either himself, or any of the naked rascals with him, found their way
+into the fort, they would disdain to use their guns against them, but
+would drive them out again with switches, of which they had collected a
+great number for that purpose alone; and finally he declared, that they
+also expected reinforcements; that the whole country was marching to
+their assistance; that if Girty and his gang of murderers remained
+twenty-four hours longer before the fort, their scalps would be found
+drying in the sun upon the roofs of their cabins.'&quot; <a name='FNanchor_41'></a><a href='#Footnote_41'><sup>[41]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Girty affected much sorrow for the inevitable destruction which he
+assured the garrison awaited them, in consequence of their obstinacy.
+All idea of continuing the siege was now abandoned. The besiegers
+evacuated their camp that very night; and with so much precipitation,
+that meat was left roasting before the fires. Though we cannot wonder at
+this relinquishing of a long-cherished scheme when we consider the
+character of the Indians, yet it would be impossible to account for the
+appearance of precipitancy, and even terror, with which their retreat
+was accompanied, did we not perceive it to be the first of a series of
+similar artifices, designed to draw on their enemies to their own
+destruction. There was nothing in the circumstances to excite great
+apprehensions. To be sure, they had been repulsed in their attempt on
+the fort with some loss, yet this loss (thirty men) would by no means
+have deterred a European force of similar numbers from prosecuting the
+enterprise. </p>
+
+<p>Girty and his great Indian army retired toward Ruddle's and Martin's
+Stations, on a circuitous route, toward Lower Blue Licks. They expected,
+however, to be pursued, and evidently desired it, as they left a broad
+trail behind them, and marked the trees which stood on their route with
+their tomahawks.<a name='FNanchor_42'></a><a href='#Footnote_42'><sup>[42]</sup></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XVI'></a><h2>CHAPTER XVI.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Arrival of Reinforcements at Bryant's Station&mdash;Colonel Daniel Boone, his
+son and brother among them&mdash;Colonels Trigg, Todd, and
+others&mdash;Consultation&mdash;Apprehensions of Boone and others&mdash;Arrival at the
+Blue Licks&mdash;Rash conduct of Major McGary&mdash;Battle of Blue Licks&mdash;Israel
+Boone, Colonels Todd and Trigg, and Majors Harland and McBride
+killed&mdash;Retreat of the whites&mdash;Colonel Boone nearly surrounded by
+Indians&mdash;Bravery of Netherland&mdash;Noble conduct of Reynolds&mdash;The fugitives
+meet Colonel Logan with his party&mdash;Return to the field of battle&mdash;Logan
+returns to Bryant's Station.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>The intelligence of the siege of Bryant's Station had spread far and
+wide, and the whole region round was in a state of intense excitement.
+The next morning after the enemy's retreat, reinforcements began to
+arrive, and in the course of the day successive bodies of militia
+presented themselves, to the number of one hundred and eighty men.</p>
+
+<p>Among this number was Colonel Daniel Boone, his son Israel, and his
+brother Samuel, with a strong party of men from Boonesborough. Colonel
+Stephen Trigg led a similar corps from Harrodsburg; and Colonel John
+Todd headed the militia from Lexington. Majors Harland, McGary, McBride,
+and Levi Todd were also among the arrivals.<a name='FNanchor_43'></a><a href='#Footnote_43'><sup>[43]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is said that nearly one-third of the whole force assembled at
+Bryant's Station were commissioned officers, many of whom had hurried to
+the relief of their countrymen. This superior activity is to be
+accounted for by the fact that the officers were generally selected from
+the most active and skillful of the pioneers.</p>
+
+<p>A consultation was held in a tumultuous manner, and it was determined to
+pursue the enemy at once. The Indians had retreated by way of the Lower
+Blue Licks. The pursuit was commenced without waiting for the junction
+of Colonel Logan, who was known to be coming up with a strong
+reinforcement. The trail of the enemy exhibited a degree of carelessness
+very unusual in an Indian retreat. Various articles were strewn along
+the path, as if in terror they had been abandoned. These symptoms, while
+they increased the ardor of the young men, excited the apprehensions of
+the more experienced borderers, and Boone in particular. He noticed
+that, amid all the signs of disorder so lavishly displayed, the Indians
+seemed to take even unusual care to conceal their numbers by contracting
+their camp. It would seem that the Indians had rather overdone their
+stratagem. It was very natural to those not much experienced in Indian
+warfare to suppose that the articles found strewn along the road had
+been abandoned in the hurry of flight; but when they found that the
+utmost pains had been taken to point out the way to them by chopping the
+trees, one would have thought that the rawest among them, who had only
+spent a few months on the border, could have seen through so transparent
+an artifice. But these indications were disregarded in the desire felt
+to punish the Indians for their invasion.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing was seen of the enemy till the Kentuckians reached the Blue
+Licks. Here, just as they arrived at Licking River, a few Indians were
+seen on the other side, retreating without any appearance of alarm. The
+troops now made a halt, and the officers held a consultation to
+determine on the course to be pursued. Colonel Daniel Boone, on being
+appealed to as the most experienced person present, gave his opinion as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That their situation was critical and delicate: that the force opposed
+to them was undoubtedly numerous and ready for battle, as might readily
+be seen from the leisurely retreat of the few Indians who had appeared
+upon the crest of the hill; that he was well acquainted with the ground
+in the neighborhood of the Licks, and was apprehensive that an ambuscade
+was formed at the distance of a mile in advance, where two ravines, one
+upon each side of the ridge, ran in such a manner that a concealed enemy
+might assail them at once both in front and flank before they were
+apprized of the danger.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It would be proper, therefore, to do one of two things. Either to await
+the arrival of Logan, who was now undoubtedly on his march to join them;
+or, if it was determined to attack without delay, that one-half of their
+number should march up the river, which there bends in an elliptical
+form, cross at the rapids, and fall upon the rear of the enemy, while
+the other division attacked them in front. At any rate, he strongly
+urged the necessity of reconnoitering the ground carefully before the
+main body crossed the river.&quot; <a name='FNanchor_44'></a><a href='#Footnote_44'><sup>[44]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>McClung, in his &quot;Western Adventures,&quot; doubts whether the plan of
+operation proposed by Colonel Boone would have been more successful than
+that actually adopted; suggesting that the enemy would have cut them off
+in detail, as at Estill's defeat.</p>
+
+<p>But before the officers could come to any conclusion, Major McGary
+dashed into the river on horseback, calling on all who were not cowards
+to follow. The next moment the whole of the party were advancing to the
+attack with the greatest ardor, but without any order whatever. Horse
+and foot struggled through the river together, and, without waiting to
+form, rushed up the ascent from the shore.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Suddenly,&quot; says McClung, &quot;the van halted. They had reached the spot
+mentioned by Boone, where the two ravines head, on each side of the
+ridge. Here a body of Indians presented themselves, and attacked the
+van. McGary's party instantly returned the fire, but under great
+disadvantage. They were upon a bare and open ridge; the Indians in a
+bushy ravine. The centre and rear, ignorant of the ground, hurried up to
+the assistance of the van, but were soon stopped by a terrible fire from
+the ravine which flanked them. They found themselves enclosed as if in
+the wings of a net, destitute of proper shelter, while the enemy were
+in a great measure covered from their fire. Still, however, they
+maintained their ground. The action became warm and bloody. The parties
+gradually closed, the Indians emerged from the ravine, and the fire
+became mutually destructive. The officers suffered dreadfully. Todd and
+Trigg in the rear, Harland, McBride, and young Israel Boone in front,
+were already killed.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Indians gradually extended their line to turn the right of the
+Kentuckians, and cut off their retreat. This was quickly perceived by
+the weight of the fire from that quarter, and the rear instantly fell
+back in disorder, and attempted to rush through their only opening to
+the river. The motion quickly communicated itself to the van, and a
+hurried retreat became general. The Indians instantly sprung forward in
+pursuit, and, falling upon them with their tomahawks, made a cruel
+slaughter. From the battle-ground to the river the spectacle was
+terrible. The horsemen, generally, escaped; but the foot, particularly
+the van, which had advanced furthest within the wings of the net, were
+almost totally destroyed. Colonel Boone, after witnessing the death of
+his son and many of his dearest friends, found himself almost entirely
+surrounded at the very commencement of the retreat.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Several hundred Indians were between him and the ford, to which the
+great mass of the fugitives were bending their flight, and to which the
+attention of the savages was principally directed. Being intimately
+acquainted with the ground, he, together with a few friends, dashed into
+the ravine which the Indians had occupied, but which most of them had
+now left to join in the pursuit. After sustaining one or two heavy
+fires, and baffling one or two small parties who pursued him for a short
+distance, he crossed the river below the ford by swimming, and, entering
+the wood at a point where there was no pursuit, returned by a circuitous
+route to Bryant's Station. In the mean time, the great mass of the
+victors and vanquished crowded the bank of the ford.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The slaughter was great in the river. The ford was crowded with horsemen
+and foot and Indians, all mingled together. Some were compelled to seek
+a passage above by swimming; some who could not swim were overtaken and
+killed at the edge of the water. A man by the name of Netherland, who
+had formerly been strongly suspected of cowardice, here displayed a
+coolness and presence of mind equally noble and unexpected. Being finely
+mounted, he had outstripped the great mass of fugitives, and crossed the
+river in safety. A dozen or twenty horsemen accompanied him, and,
+having placed the river between them and the enemy, showed a disposition
+to continue their flight, without regard to the safety of their friends
+who were on foot, and still struggling with the current.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Netherland instantly checked his horse, and in a loud voice, called upon
+his companions to halt, fire upon the Indians, and save those who were
+still in the stream. The party instantly obeyed; and facing about,
+poured a close and fatal discharge of rifles upon the foremost of the
+pursuers. The enemy instantly fell back from the opposite bank, and gave
+time for the harassed and miserable footmen to cross in safety. The
+check, however, was but momentary. Indians were seen crossing in great
+numbers above and below, and the flight again became general. Most of
+the foot left the great buffalo track, and plunging into the thickets,
+escaped by a circuitous route to Bryant's Station.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The pursuit was kept up for twenty miles, though with but little
+success. In the flight from the scene of action to the river, young
+Reynolds, (the same who replied to Girty's summons at Bryant's Station,)
+on horseback, overtook Captain Patterson on foot. This officer had not
+recovered from the effects of wounds received on a former occasion, and
+was altogether unable to keep up with the rest of the fugitives.</p>
+
+<p>Reynolds immediately dismounted, and gave the captain his horse.
+Continuing his flight on foot, he swam the river, but was made prisoner
+by a party of Indians. He was left in charge of a single Indian, whom he
+soon knocked down, and so escaped. For the assistance he so gallantly
+rendered him, Captain Patterson rewarded Reynolds with a present of two
+hundred acres of land.</p>
+
+<p>Sixty whites were killed in this battle of the Blue Licks, and seven
+made prisoners. Colonel Boone, in his Autobiography, says that he was
+informed that the Indian loss in killed, was four more than that of the
+Kentuckians, and that the former put four of the prisoners to death, to
+make the numbers equal. But this account does not seem worthy of credit,
+when we consider the vastly superior numbers of the Indians, their
+advantage of position, and the disorderly manner in which the
+Kentuckians advanced. If this account is true, the loss of the Indians
+in the actual battle must have been much greater than that of their
+opponents, many of the latter having been killed in the pursuit.</p>
+
+<p>As the loss of the Kentuckians on this occasion, the heaviest they had
+ever sustained, was undoubtedly caused by rashness, it becomes our duty,
+according to the established usage of historians, to attempt to show
+where the fault lies. The conduct of McGary, which brought on the
+action, appears to be the most culpable. He never denied the part which
+is generally attributed to him, but justified himself by saying that
+while at Bryant's Station, he had advised waiting for Logan, but was met
+with the charge of cowardice. He believed that Todd and Trigg were
+jealous of Logan, who was the senior Colonel, and would have taken the
+command had he come up. This statement he made to a gentleman several
+years after the battle took place. He said also to the same person, that
+when he found them hesitating in the presence of the enemy, he &quot;burst
+into a passion,&quot; called them cowards, and dashed into the river as
+before narrated. If this account be true, it may somewhat palliate, but
+certainly not justify the action.</p>
+
+<p>Before the fugitives reached Bryant's Station, they met Logan advancing
+with his detachment. The exaggerated accounts he received of the
+slaughter, induced him to return to the above-mentioned place. On the
+next morning all who had escaped from the battle were assembled, when
+Logan found himself at the head of four hundred and fifty men. With this
+force, accompanied by Colonel Boone, he set out for the scene of action,
+hoping that the enemy, encouraged by their success, would await his
+arrival. But when he reached the field, he found it deserted. The bodies
+of the slain Kentuckians, frightfully mangled, were strewed over the
+ground. After collecting and interring these, Logan and Boone, finding
+they could do nothing more, returned to Bryant's Station, where they
+disbanded the troops.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;By such rash men as McGary,&quot; says Mr. Peck,<a name='FNanchor_45'></a><a href='#Footnote_45'><sup>[45]</sup></a> &quot;Colonel Boone was
+charged with want of courage, when the result proved his superior wisdom
+and fore-sight. All the testimony gives Boone credit for his sagacity
+and correctness in judgment before the action, and his coolness and
+self-possession in covering the retreat. His report of this battle to
+Benjamin Harrison, Governor of Virginia, is one of the few documents
+that remain from his pen.&quot;</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>&quot;<i>Boone's Station, Fayette County, August 30th, 1782.</i></p>
+
+<p>&quot;Sir: Present circumstances of affairs cause me to write to your
+Excellency as follows. On the 16th instant, a large number of Indians,
+with some white men, attacked one of our frontier Stations, known by the
+name of Bryant's Station. The siege continued from about sunrise till
+about ten o'clock the next day, when they marched off. Notice being
+given to the neighboring Stations, we immediately raised one hundred and
+eighty-one horse, commanded by Colonel John Todd, including some of the
+Lincoln County militia, commanded by Colonel Trigg, and pursued about
+forty miles.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;On the 19th instant, we discovered the enemy lying in wait for us. On
+this discovery, we formed our columns into one single line, and marched
+up in their front within about forty yards, before there was a gun
+fired. Colonel Trigg commanded on the right, myself on the left, Major
+McGary in the centre, and Major Harlan the advanced party in front.
+From the manner in which we had formed, it fell to my lot to bring on
+the attack. This was done with a very heavy fire on both sides, and
+extended back of the line to Colonel Trigg, where the enemy were so
+strong they rushed up and broke the right wing at the first fire. Thus
+the enemy got in our rear, with the loss of seventy-seven of our men,
+and twelve wounded. Afterward we were reinforced by Colonel Logan, which
+made our force four hundred and sixty men. We marched again to the
+battle-ground; but finding the enemy had gone, we proceeded to bury the
+dead.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We found forty-three on the ground, and many lay about, which we could
+not stay to find, hungry and weary as we were, and somewhat dubious that
+the enemy might not have gone off quite. By the signs, we thought that
+the Indians had exceeded four hundred; while the whole of this militia
+of the county does not amount to more than one hundred and thirty. From
+these facts your Excellency may form an idea of our situation.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I know that your own circumstances are critical; but are we to be
+wholly forgotten? I hope not. I trust about five hundred men may be sent
+to our assistance immediately. If these shall be stationed as our county
+lieutenants shall deem necessary, it may be the means of saving our part
+of the country; but if they are placed under the direction of General
+Clark, they will be of little or no service to our settlement. The
+Falls lie one hundred miles west of us, and the Indians northeast; while
+our men are frequently called to protect them. I have encouraged the
+people in this county all that I could; but I can no longer justify them
+or myself to risk our lives here under such extraordinary hazards. The
+inhabitants of this county are very much alarmed at the thoughts of the
+Indians bringing another campaign into our country this fall. If this
+should be the case, it will break up these settlements. I hope,
+therefore, your Excellency will take the matter into consideration, and
+send us some relief as quick as possible.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;These are my sentiments, without consulting any person. Colonel Logan
+will, I expect, immediately send you an express, by whom I humbly
+request your Excellency's answer. In the meanwhile, I remain,&quot;</p>
+
+<p>DANIEL BOONE.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XVII'></a><h2>CHAPTER XVII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>The Indians return home from the Blue Licks&mdash;They attack the settlements
+in Jefferson County&mdash;Affair at Simpson's Creek&mdash;General Clark's
+expedition to the Indian country&mdash;Colonel Boone joins it&mdash;Its
+effect&mdash;Attack of the Indians on the Crab Orchard settlement&mdash;Rumor of
+intended invasion by the Cherokees&mdash;Difficulties about the treaty with
+Great Britain&mdash;Hostilities of the Indians generally stimulated by
+renegade whites&mdash;Simon Girty&mdash;Causes of his hatred of the whites&mdash;Girty
+insulted by General Lewis&mdash;Joins the Indians at the battle of Point
+Pleasant&mdash;Story of his rescuing Simon Kenton&mdash;Crawford's expedition, and
+the burning of Crawford&mdash;Close of Girty's career.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Most of the Indians who had taken part in the battle of the Blue Licks,
+according to their custom, returned home to boast of their victory, thus
+abandoning all the advantages which might have resulted to them from
+following up their success. Some of them, however, attacked the
+settlements in Jefferson County but they were prevented from doing much
+mischief by the vigilance of the inhabitants. They succeeded, however,
+in breaking up a small settlement on Simpson's Creek. This they attacked
+in the night, while the men, wearied by a scout of several days, were
+asleep. The enemy entered the houses before their occupants were fully
+aroused. Notwithstanding this, several of the men defended themselves
+with great courage. Thomas Randolph killed several Indians before his
+wife and infant were struck down at his side, when he escaped with his
+remaining child through the roof. On reaching the ground he was assailed
+by two of the savages, but he beat them off, and escaped. Several women
+escaped to the woods, and two were secreted under the floor of a cabin,
+where they remained undiscovered. Still the Indians captured quite a
+number of women and children, some of whom they put to death on the road
+home. The rest were liberated the next year upon the conclusion of peace
+with the English.</p>
+
+<p>General George Rogers Clark proposed a retaliatory expedition into the
+Indian country, and to carry out the plan, called a council of the
+superior officers. The council agreed to his plan, and preparations were
+made to raise the requisite number of troops by drafting, if there
+should be any deficiency of volunteers. But it was not found necessary
+to resort to compulsory measures, both men and supplies for the
+expedition were raised without difficulty. The troops to the number of
+one thousand, all mounted, assembled at Bryant's Station, and the Falls
+of the Ohio, from whence the two detachments marched under Logan and
+Floyd to the mouth of the Licking, where general Clark assumed the
+command. Colonel Boone took part in this expedition; but probably as a
+volunteer. He is not mentioned as having a separate command.</p>
+
+<p>The history of this expedition, like most others of the same nature,
+possesses but little interest. The army with all the expedition they
+could make, and for which the species of force was peculiarly favorable,
+failed to surprise the Indians. These latter opposed no resistance of
+importance to the advance of the army. Occasionally, a straggling party
+would fire upon the Kentuckians, but never waited to receive a similar
+compliment in return. Seven Indians were taken prisoners, and three or
+four killed; one of them an old chief, too infirm to fly, was killed by
+Major McGary. The towns of the Indians were burnt, and their fields
+devastated. The expedition returned to Kentucky with the loss of four
+men, two of whom were accidentally killed by their own comrades.</p>
+
+<p>This invasion, though apparently so barren of result, is supposed to
+have produced a beneficial effect, by impressing the Indians with the
+numbers and courage of the Kentuckians. They appear from this time to
+have given up the expectation of reconquering the country, and confined
+their hostilities to the rapid incursions of small bands.</p>
+
+<p>During the expedition of Clark, a party of Indians penetrated to the
+Crab Orchard settlement. They made an attack upon a single house,
+containing only a woman, a negro man, and two or three children. One of
+the Indians, who had been sent in advance to reconnoitre, seeing the
+weakness of the garrison, thought to get all the glory of the
+achievement to himself.</p>
+
+<p>He boldly entered the house and seized the negro, who proving strongest,
+threw him on the floor, when the woman dispatched him with an axe. The
+other Indians coming up, attempted to force open the door which had been
+closed by the children during the scuffle. There was no gun in the
+house, but the woman seized an old barrel of one, and thrust the muzzle
+through the logs, at which the Indians retreated.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1783 passed away without any disturbance from the Indians, who
+were restrained by the desertion of their allies the British. In 1784,
+the southern frontier of Kentucky was alarmed by the rumor of an
+intended invasion by the Cherokees, and some preparations were made for
+an expedition against them, which fell through, however, because there
+was no authority to carry it on. The report of the hostility of the
+Cherokees proved to be untrue. </p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile difficulties arose in performance of the terms of the treaty
+between England and the United States. They appear to have originated in
+a dispute in regard to an article contained in the treaty, providing
+that the British army should not carry away with them any negroes or
+other property belonging to the American inhabitants. In consequence of
+what they deemed an infraction of this article, the Virginians refused
+to comply with another, which stipulated for the repeal of acts
+prohibiting the collection of debts due to British subjects. The
+British, on the other hand, refused to evacuate the western posts till
+this article was complied with. It was natural that the intercourse
+which had always existed between the Indians and the garrisons of these
+posts, during the period they had acted as allies, should continue, and
+it did.</p>
+
+<p>In the unwritten history of the difficulties of the United States
+Government with the Indian tribes within her established boundaries,
+nothing appears clearer than this truth: that the fierce and sanguinary
+resistance of the aborigines to the encroachments of the Anglo-Americans
+has ever been begun and continued more through the instigations of
+outlawed white men, who had sought protection among them from the arm of
+the law or the knife of individual vengeance, and been adopted into
+their tribes, than from the promptings of their own judgments, their
+disregard of death, their thirst for the blood of their oppressors, or
+their love of country.<a name='FNanchor_46'></a><a href='#Footnote_46'><sup>[46]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>That their sense of wrong has at all times been keen, their hate deadly,
+and their bravery great, is a fact beyond dispute; and that they have
+prized highly their old hunting-grounds, and felt a warm and lively
+attachment to their beautiful village-sites, and regarded with especial
+veneration the burial-places of their fathers, their whole history
+attests; but of their own weakness in war, before the arms and numbers
+of their enemies, they must have been convinced at a very early period:
+and they were neither so dull in apprehension, nor so weak in intellect,
+as not soon to have perceived the utter hopelessness, and felt the mad
+folly, of a continued contest with their invaders. Long before the
+settlement of the whites upon this continent, the Indians had been
+subject to bloody and exterminating wars among themselves; and such
+conflicts had generally resulted in the flight of the weaker party
+toward the West, and the occupancy of their lands by the conquerors.
+Many of the tribes had a tradition among them, and regarded it as their
+unchangeable destiny, that they were to journey from the rising to the
+setting sun, on their way to the bright waters and the green forests of
+the &quot;Spirit Land;&quot; and the working out of this destiny seems apparent,
+if not in the location, course, and character of the tumult and other
+remains of the great aboriginal nations of whom even tradition furnishes
+no account, certainly in what we know of the history of the tribes found
+on the Atlantic coast by the first European settlers.</p>
+
+<p>It seems fairly presumable, from our knowledge of the history and
+character of the North American Indians, that had they been left to the
+promptings of their own judgments, and been influenced only by the
+deliberations of their own councils, they would, after a brief, but
+perhaps most bloody, resistance to the encroachments of the whites, have
+bowed to what would have struck their untutored minds as an inevitable
+destiny, and year after year flowed silently, as the European wave
+pressed upon them, further and further into the vast wildernesses of the
+mighty West. But left to their own judgments, or their own
+deliberations, they never have been. Early armed by renegade white men
+with European weapons, and taught the improvement of their own rude
+instruments of warfare, and instigated not only to oppose the strides
+of their enemies after territory, but to commit depredations upon their
+settlements, and to attempt to chastise them at their very thresholds,
+they drew down upon themselves the wrath of a people which is not slow
+to anger, nor easily appeased; and as far back as the Revolution, if not
+as the colonizing of Massachusetts, their breasts were filled with a
+hatred of the whites, deadly and unslumbering. Through all our
+subsequent transactions with them, this feeling has been increasing in
+magnitude and intensity: and recent events have carried it to a pitch
+which will render it enduring forever, perhaps not in its activity, but
+certainly in its bitterness. Whether more amicable relations with the
+whites, during the first settlements made upon this continent by the
+Europeans, would have changed materially the ultimate destiny of the
+aboriginal tribes, is a question about which diversities of opinion may
+well be entertained; but it is not to be considered here.</p>
+
+<p>The fierce, and bloody, and continuous opposition which the Indians have
+made from the first to the encroachments of the Anglo-Americans, is
+matter of history; and close scrutiny will show, that the great
+instigators of that opposition have always, or nearly so, been <i>renegade
+white men</i>. Scattered through the tribes east of the Alleghanies,
+before and during the American Revolution, there were many such
+miscreants. Among the Western tribes, during the early settlement of
+Kentucky and Ohio, and at the period of the last war with Great Britain,
+there were a number, some of them men of talent and great activity. One
+of the boldest and most notorious of these latter, was one whom we have
+had frequent occasion to mention, SIMON GIRTY&mdash;for many years the
+scourge of the infant settlements in the West, the terror of women, and
+the bugaboo of children. This man was an adopted member of the great
+Wyandot nation, among whom he ranked high as an expert hunter, a brave
+warrior, and a powerful orator. His influence extended through all the
+tribes of the West, and was generally exerted to incite the Indians to
+expeditions against the &quot;Stations&quot; of Kentucky, and to acts of cruelty
+to their white prisoners. The bloodiest counsel was usually his; his was
+the voice which was raised loudest against his countrymen, who were
+preparing the way for the introduction of civilization and Christianity
+into this glorious region; and in all great attacks upon the frontier
+settlements he was one of the prime movers, and among the prominent
+leaders.</p>
+
+<p>Of the causes of that venomous hatred, which rankled in the bosom of
+Simon Girty against his countrymen, we have two or three versions: such
+as, that he early imbibed a feeling of contempt and abhorrence of
+civilized life, from the brutality of his father, the lapse from virtue
+of his mother, and the corruptions of the community in which he had his
+birth and passed his boyhood; that, while acting with the whites against
+the Indians on the Virginia border, he was stung to the quick, and
+deeply offended by the appointment to a station over his head, of one
+who was his junior in years, and had rendered nothing like his services
+to the frontiers; and that, when attached as a scout to Dunmore's
+expedition, an indignity was heaped upon him which thoroughly soured his
+nature, and drove him to the Indians, that he might more effectually
+execute a vengeance which he swore to wreak. The last reason assigned
+for his defection and animosity is the most probable of the three, rests
+upon good authority, and seems sufficient, his character considered, to
+account for his desertion and subsequent career among the Indians. </p>
+
+<p>The history of the indignity alluded to, as it has reached the
+writer<a name='FNanchor_47'></a><a href='#Footnote_47'><sup>[47]</sup></a> from one who was associated with Girty and a partaker in it,
+is as follows: The two were acting as scouts in the expedition set on
+foot by Governor Dunmore, of Virginia, in the year 1774, against the
+Indian towns of Ohio. The two divisions of the force raised for this
+expedition, the one commanded by Governor Dunmore in person, the other
+by General Andrew Lewis, were by the orders of the governor to form a
+junction at Point Pleasant, where the Great Kenhawa empties into the
+Ohio. At this place, General Lewis arrived with his command on the
+eleventh or twelfth of September; but after remaining here two or three
+weeks in anxious expectation of the approach of the other division, he
+received dispatches from the governor, informing him that Dunmore had
+changed his plan, and determined to march at once against the villages
+on the Scioto, and ordering him to cross the Ohio immediately and join
+him as speedily as possible. It was during the delay at the Point that
+the incident occurred which is supposed to have had such a tremendous
+influence upon Girty's after-life. He and his associate scout had
+rendered some two or three months' services, for which they had as yet
+drawn no part of their pay; and in their present idleness they
+discovered means of enjoyment, of which they had not money to avail
+themselves. In this strait, they called upon Gen. Lewis in person, at
+his quarters, and demanded their pay. For some unknown cause this was
+refused, which produced a slight murmuring on the part of the
+applicants, when General Lewis cursed them, and struck them several
+severe blows over their heads with his cane. Girty's associate was not
+much hurt; but he himself was so badly wounded on the forehead or temple
+that the blood streamed down his cheek and side to the floor. He quickly
+turned to leave the apartment; but, on reaching the door, wheeled round,
+planted his feet firmly upon the sill, braced an arm against either side
+of the frame, fixed his keen eyes unflinchingly upon the general,
+uttered the exclamation, &quot;<i>By God, sir, your quarters shall swim in
+blood for this</i>!&quot; and instantly disappeared beyond pursuit.</p>
+
+<p>General Lewis was not much pleased with the sudden and apparently
+causeless change which Governor Dunmore had made in the plan of the
+expedition. Nevertheless, he immediately prepared to obey the new
+orders, and had given directions for the construction of rafts upon
+which to cross the Ohio, when, before daylight on the morning of the
+10th of October, some of the scouts suddenly entered the encampment with
+the information that an immense body of Indians was just at hand,
+hastening upon the Point. This was the force of the brave and skillful
+chief Cornstalk, whose genius and valor were so conspicuous on that day,
+throughout the whole of which raged the hardly-contested and moat bloody
+<i>Battle of the Point</i>. Girty had fled from General Lewis immediately to
+the chief Cornstalk, forsworn his white nature, and leagued himself with
+the Redman forever; and with the Indians he was now advancing, under the
+cover of night, to surprise the Virginian camp. At the distance of only
+a mile from the Point, Cornstalk was met by a detachment of the
+Virginians, under the command of Colonel Charles Lewis, a brother of the
+general; and here, about sunrise on the 10th of October, 1774, commenced
+one of the longest, severest, and bloodiest battles ever fought upon the
+Western frontiers. It terminated, as we have seen, about sunset, with
+the defeat of the Indians it is true, but with a loss to the whites
+which carried mourning into many a mansion of the Old Dominion, and
+which was keenly felt throughout the country at the time, and
+remembered with sorrow long after.</p>
+
+<p>Girty having thrown himself among the Indians, as has been related, and
+embraced their cause, now retreated with them into the interior of Ohio,
+and ever after followed their fortunes without swerving. On arriving at
+the towns of the Wyandots, he was adopted into that tribe, and
+established himself at Upper Sandusky. Being active, of a strong
+constitution, fearless in the extreme, and at all times ready to join
+their war parties, lie soon became very popular among his new
+associates, and a man of much consequence. He was engaged in most of the
+expeditions against the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and
+Virginia&mdash;always brave and always cruel&mdash;till the year 1778, when
+occurred an incident which, as it is the only bright spot apparent on
+the whole dark career of the renegade, shall be related with some
+particularity.</p>
+
+<p>Girty happened to be at Lower Sandusky this year, when Kenton&mdash;known at
+that period as Simon Butler&mdash;was brought in to be executed by a party of
+Indians who had made him a prisoner on the banks of the Ohio. Years
+before, Kenton and Girty had been bosom companions at Fort Pitt, and
+served together subsequently in the commencement of Dunmore's
+expedition; but the victim was already blackened for the stake, and the
+renegade failed to recognize in him his former associate. Girty had at
+this time but just returned from an expedition against the frontier of
+Pennsylvania, which had been less successful than he had anticipated,
+and was enraged by disappointment. He, therefore, as soon as Kenton was
+brought into the village, began to give vent to a portion of his spleen
+by cuffing and kicking the prisoner, whom he eventually knocked down. He
+knew that Kenton had come from Kentucky; and this harsh treatment was
+bestowed in part, it is thought, to frighten the prisoner into answers
+of such questions as he might wish to ask him. He then inquired how many
+men there were in Kentucky. Kenton could not answer this question, but
+ran over the names and ranks of such of the officers as he at the time
+recollected. &quot;Do you know William Stewart?&quot; asked Girty. &quot;Perfectly
+well,&quot; replied Kenton; &quot;he is an old and intimate acquaintance.&quot; &quot;Ah!
+what is <i>your</i> name, then?&quot; &quot;Simon Butler,&quot; answered Kenton; and on the
+instant of this announcement the hardened renegade caught his old
+comrade by the hand, lifted him from the ground, pressed him to his
+bosom, asked his forgiveness for having treated him so brutally, and
+promised to do every thing in his power to save his life, and set him at
+liberty. &quot;Syme!&quot; said he, weeping like a child, &quot;you are condemned to
+die, but it shall go hard with me, I tell you, but I will save you from
+<i>that</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There have been various accounts given of this interesting scene, and
+all agree in representing Girty as having been deeply affected, and
+moved for the moment to penitence and tears. The foundation of McClung's
+detail of the speeches made upon the occasion was a manuscript dictated
+by Kenton himself a number of years before his death. From this writer
+we therefore quote:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As soon as Girty heard the name he became strongly agitated; and,
+springing from his seat, he threw his arms around Kenton's neck, and
+embraced him with much emotion. Then turning to the assembled warriors,
+who remained astonished spectators of this extraordinary scene, he
+addressed them in a short speech, which the deep earnestness of his
+tone, and the energy of his gesture, rendered eloquent. He informed them
+that the prisoner, whom they had just condemned to the stake, was his
+ancient comrade and bosom friend; that they had traveled the same
+war-path, slept upon the same blanket, and dwelt in the same wigwam. He
+entreated them to have compassion on his feelings&mdash;to spare him the
+agony of witnessing the torture of an old friend by the hands of his
+adopted brothers, and not to refuse so trifling a favor as the life of a
+white man to the earnest intercession of one who had proved, by three
+years' faithful service, that he was sincerely and zealously devoted to
+the cause of the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The speech was listened to in unbroken silence. As soon as he had
+finished, several chiefs expressed their approbation by a deep guttural
+interjection, while others were equally as forward in making known their
+objections to the proposal. They urged that his fate had already been
+determined in a large and solemn council, and that they would be acting
+like squaws to change their minds every hour. They insisted upon the
+flagrant misdemeanors of Kenton&mdash;that he had not only stolen their
+horses, but had flashed his gun at one of their young men&mdash;that it was
+vain to suppose that so bad a man could ever become an Indian at heart,
+like their brother Girty&mdash;that the Kentuckians were all alike&mdash;very bad
+people&mdash;and ought to be killed as fast as they were taken&mdash;and finally,
+they observed that many of their people had come from a distance, solely
+to assist at the torture of the prisoner, and pathetically painted the
+disappointment and chagrin with which they would hear that all their
+trouble had been for nothing.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Girty listened with obvious impatience to the young warriors who had so
+ably argued against a reprieve&mdash;and starting to his feet, as soon as the
+others had concluded, he urged his former request with great
+earnestness. He briefly, but strongly recapitulated his own services,
+and the many and weighty instances of attachment he had given. He asked
+if <i>he</i> could be suspected of partiality to the whites? When had he ever
+before interceded for any of that hated race? Had he not brought seven
+scalps home with him from the last expedition? and had he not submitted
+seven white prisoners that very evening to their discretion? Had he ever
+expressed a wish that a single captive should be saved? <i>This</i> was his
+first and should be his last request: for if they refused to <i>him</i>, what
+was never refused to the intercession of one of their natural chiefs,
+he would look upon himself as disgraced in their eyes, and considered as
+unworthy of confidence. Which of their own natural warriors had been
+more zealous than himself? From what expedition had he ever
+shrunk?&mdash;what white man had ever seen his back? Whose tomahawk had been
+bloodier than his? He would say no more. He asked it as a first and last
+favor, as an evidence that they approved of his zeal and fidelity, that
+the life of his bosom friend might be spared. Fresh speakers arose upon
+each side, and the debate was carried on for an hour and a half with
+great heat and energy.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;During the whole of this time, Kenton's feelings may readily be
+imagined. He could not understand a syllable of what was said. He saw
+that Girty spoke with deep earnestness, and that the eyes of the
+assembly were often turned upon himself with various expressions. He
+felt satisfied that his friend was pleading for his life, and that he
+was violently opposed by a large part of the council. At length the
+war-club was produced, and the final vote taken. Kenton watched its
+progress with thrilling emotion&mdash;which yielded to the most rapturous
+delight, as he perceived that those who struck the floor of the
+council-house, were decidedly inferior in number to those who passed it
+in silence. Having thus succeeded in his benevolent purpose, Girty lost
+no time in attending to the comfort of his friend. He led him into his
+own wigwam, and from his own store gave him a pair of moccasins and
+leggins, a breech-cloth, a hat, a coat, a handkerchief for his neck, and
+another for his head.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In the course of a few weeks, and after passing through some further
+difficulties, in which the renegade again stood by him faithfully,
+Kenton was sent to Detroit, from which place he effected his escape and
+returned to Kentucky. Girty remained with the Indians, retaining his old
+influence, and continuing his old career; and four years after the
+occurrences last detailed, in 1782, we find him a prominent figure in
+one of the blackest tragedies that have ever disgraced the annals of
+mankind. It is generally believed, by the old settlers and their
+immediate descendants, that the influence of Girty at this period, over
+the confederate tribes of the whole northwest, was almost supreme. He
+had, it is true, no delegated authority, and of course was powerless as
+regarded the final determination of any important measure; but his voice
+was permitted in council among the chiefs, and his inflaming harangues
+were always listened to with delight by the young warriors. Among the
+sachems and other head-men, he was what may well be styled a &quot;power
+behind the throne;&quot; and as it is well known that this unseen power is
+often &quot;greater than the throne itself,&quot; it may reasonably be presumed
+that Girty's influence was in reality all which it is supposed to have
+been. The horrible event alluded to above, was the <i>Burning of
+Crawford</i>; and as a knowledge of this dark passage in his life, is
+necessary to a full development of the character of the renegade, an
+account of the incident, as much condensed as possible, will be given
+from the histories of the unfortunate campaign of that year.</p>
+
+<p>The frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia, had been greatly
+harassed by repeated attacks from bands of Indians under Girty and some
+of the Wyandot and Shawnee chiefs, during the whole period of the
+Revolutionary War; and early in the spring of 1782, these savage
+incursions became so frequent and galling, and the common mode of
+fighting the Indians on the line of frontier, when forced to do so in
+self-defense, proved so inefficient, that it was found absolutely
+necessary to carry the war into the country of the enemy. For this
+purpose an expedition against the Wyandot towns on the Sandusky, was
+gotten up in May, and put under the command of Colonel William Crawford,
+a brave soldier of the Revolution. This force, amounting to upward of
+four hundred mounted volunteers, commenced its march through the
+wilderness northwest of the Ohio River, on the 25th of May, and reached
+the plains of the Sandusky on the 5th of June. A spirit of
+insubordination had manifested itself during the march, and on one
+occasion a small body of the volunteers abandoned the expedition and
+returned to their homes. The disaffection which had prevailed on the
+march, continued to disturb the commander and divide the ranks, after
+their arrival upon the very site (now deserted temporarily) of one of
+the enemy's principal towns; and the officers, yielding to the wishes of
+their men, had actually determined, in a hasty council, to abandon the
+objects of the expedition and return home, if they did not meet with the
+Indians in large force in the course of another day's march. Scarcely
+had this determination been announced, however, when Colonel Crawford
+received intelligence from his scouts, of the near approach of a large
+body of the enemy. Preparations were at once made for the engagement,
+which almost instantly commenced. It was now about the middle of the
+afternoon; and from this time till dusk the firing was hot and galling
+on both sides. About dark the Indians drew off their force, when the
+volunteers encamped upon the battle-ground, and slept on their arms.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, the battle was renewed by small detachments of the enemy,
+but no general engagement took place. The Indians had suffered severely
+from the close firing which ensued upon their first attack, and were now
+maneuvering and awaiting the arrival of reinforcements. No sooner had
+night closed upon this madly spent day, than the officers assembled in
+council. They were unanimous in the opinion that the enemy, already as
+they thought more numerous than their own force, was rapidly increasing
+in numbers. They therefore determined, without a dissenting voice, to
+retreat that night, as rapidly as circumstances would permit. This
+resolution was at once announced to the whole body of volunteers, and
+the arrangements necessary to carry it into effect were immediately
+commenced. By nine or ten o'clock every thing was in readiness&mdash;the
+troops properly disposed&mdash;and the retreat begun in good order. But
+unfortunately, says McClung, &quot;they had scarcely moved an hundred paces,
+when the report of several rifles was heard in the rear, in the
+direction of the Indian encampment. The troops instantly became very
+unsteady. At length a solitary voice, in the front rank, called out that
+their design was discovered, and that the Indians would soon be upon
+them. Nothing more was necessary. The cavalry were instantly broken;
+and, as usual, each man endeavored to save himself as he best could. A
+prodigious uproar ensued, which quickly communicated to the enemy that
+the white men had routed themselves, and that they had nothing to do but
+pick up stragglers.&quot; A scene of confusion and carnage now took place,
+which almost beggars description. All that night and for the whole of
+the next day, the work of hunting out, running down, and butchering,
+continued without intermission. But a relation of these sad occurrences
+does not properly belong to this narrative. The brief account of the
+expedition which has been given, was deemed necessary as an introduction
+to the event which now claims attention.</p>
+
+<p>Among the prisoners taken by the Indians, were Colonel Crawford, the
+commander, and Dr. Knight of Pittsburg, who had gone upon the
+expedition as surgeon. On the 10th of June, these gentlemen were
+marched toward the principal town of the Wyandots, where they arrived
+the next day. Here they beheld the mangled bodies of some of their late
+companions, and were doomed to see others, yet living, butchered before
+their eyes. Here, likewise, they saw Simon Girty, who appeared to take
+an infernal delight in gazing upon the dead bodies, and viewing the
+tortures which were inflicted upon the living. The features of this
+wretch, who had known Colonel Crawford at Fort Pitt, were clad in
+malicious smiles at beholding the brave soldier in his present strait;
+and toward Dr. Knight he conducted himself with insolence as well as
+barbarity. The Colonel was soon stripped naked, painted black, and
+commanded to sit down by a large fire which was blazing close at hand;
+and in this situation he was surrounded by all the old women and young
+boys of the town, and severely beaten with sticks and clubs. While this
+was going on, the Indians were sinking a large stake in the ground, and
+building a circle of brushwood and hickory sticks around it, with a
+diameter of some twelve or fifteen feet. These preparations completed,
+Crawford's hands were tied firmly behind his back, and by his wrists he
+was bound to the stake. The pile was then fired in several places, and
+the quick flames curled into the air. Girty took no part in these
+operations, but sat upon his horse at a little distance, observing them
+with a malignant satisfaction. Catching his eye at the moment the pile
+was fired, Crawford inquired of the renegade if the savages really meant
+to burn him. Girty coldly answered &quot;Yes,&quot; and the Colonel calmly
+resigned himself to his fate. The whole scene is minutely described in
+the several histories which have been written of this unfortunate
+expedition; but the particulars are too horrible to be dwelt upon here
+For more than two hours did the gallant soldier survive at that
+flame-girdled stake; and during the latter half of this time, he was put
+to every torture which savage ingenuity could devise, and hellish
+vengeance execute. Once only did a word escape his lips. In the
+extremity of his agony he again caught the eye of Girty; and he is
+reported to have exclaimed at this time, &quot;Girty! Girty! shoot me through
+the heart! Do not refuse me! quick!&mdash;quick!&quot; And it is said that the
+monster merely replied, &quot;Don't you see I have no gun, Colonel?&quot; then
+burst into a loud laugh and turned away. Crawford said no more; he sank
+repeatedly beneath the pain and suffocation which he endured, and was
+as often aroused by a new torture; but in a little while the &quot;vital
+spark&quot; fled, and the black and swollen body lay senseless at the foot of
+the stake.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Knight was now removed from the spot, and placed under the charge of
+a Shawanee warrior to be taken to Chillicothe, where he was to share in
+the terrible fate of his late companion. The Doctor, however, was
+fortunate enough to effect his escape; and after wandering through the
+wilderness for three weeks, in a state bordering on starvation, he
+reached Pittsburg. He had been an eye-witness of all the tortures
+inflicted upon the Colonel, and subsequently published a journal of the
+expedition; and it is from this that the particulars have been derived
+of the several accounts which have been published of the <i>Burning of
+Crawford</i>.<a name='FNanchor_48'></a><a href='#Footnote_48'><sup>[48]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It was not to be expected that such a man as Simon Girty could, for a
+great many years, maintain his influence among a people headed by chiefs
+and warriors like Black-Hoof, Buckongahelas, Little Turtle, Tarh&eacute;, and
+so forth. Accordingly we find the ascendancy of the renegade at its
+height about the period of the expedition against Bryant's Station,
+already described; and not long after this it began to wane, when,
+discontent and disappointment inducing him to give way to his natural
+appetites, he partook freely of all intoxicating liquors, and in the
+course of a few years became a beastly drunkard. It is believed that he
+at one time seriously meditated an abandonment of the Indians, and a
+return to the whites; and an anecdote related by McClung, in his notice
+of the emigration to Kentucky, by way of the Ohio River, in the year
+1785, would seem to give color to this opinion. But if the intention
+ever was seriously indulged, it is most likely that fear of the
+treatment he would receive on being recognized in the frontier
+settlements, on account of his many bloody enormities, prevented him
+from carrying it into effect. He remained with the Indians in Ohio till
+Wayne's victory, when he forsook the scenes of his former influence and
+savage greatness, and established himself somewhere in Upper Canada. He
+fought in the bloody engagement which terminated in the defeat and
+butchery of St. Clair's army in 1791, and was at the battle of the
+Fallen Timbers in 1794; but he had no command in either of those
+engagements, and was not at this time a man of any particular influence.</p>
+
+<p>In Canada, Girty was something of a trader, but gave himself up almost
+wholly to intoxicating drinks, and became a perfect sot. At this time he
+suffered much from rheumatism and other diseases; but he had grown a
+great braggart, and amidst his severest pains he would entertain his
+associates, and all who were willing to listen, with stories of his past
+pranks and cruelty. He had now the most exaggerated notions of the honor
+attaching to the character of a great warrior; and for some years before
+his death his constantly-expressed wish was, that he might find an
+opportunity of signalizing his last years by some daring action, and die
+upon the field of battle. Whether sincere in this wish or not, the
+opportunity was afforded him. He fought with the Indians at Proctor's
+defeat on the Thames in 1814, and was among those who were here cut down
+and trodden under foot by Colonel Johnson's regiment of mounted Kentuckians.</p>
+
+<p>Of the birth-place and family of Simon Girty we have not been able to
+procure any satisfactory information. It is generally supposed, from
+the fact that nearly all of his early companions were Virginians, that
+he was a native of the Old Dominion; but one of the early pioneers, (yet
+living in Franklin County,) who knew Girty at Pittsburg before his
+defection, thinks that his native State was Pennsylvania. This venerable
+gentleman is likewise of the opinion, that it was the disappointment of
+not getting an office to which he aspired that first filled Girty's
+breast with hatred of the whites, and roused in him those dark thoughts
+and bitter feelings which subsequently, on the occurrence of the first
+good opportunity, induced him to desert his countrymen and league
+himself with the Indians. That Girty was an applicant or candidate for
+some office, and was defeated in his efforts to obtain it by an
+individual who was generally considered less deserving of it than he, my
+informant has distinct recollections; and also remembers that his defeat
+was occasioned principally through the exertions, in behalf of his
+opponent, of Colonel William Crawford. This affords a key to the cause
+of Girty's fiend-like conduct toward the Colonel when, some ten years
+afterward, the latter was bound to the stake at one of the Wyandot
+towns, and in the extremity of his agony besought the renegade to put an
+end to his misery by shooting him through the heart: it offers no
+apology, however, for Girty's brutality on that occasion.</p>
+
+<p>The career of the renegade, commenced by treason and pursued through
+blood to the knee, affords a good lesson, which might well receive some
+remark; but this narrative has already extended to an unexpected length,
+and must here close. It is a dark record; but the histories of all new
+countries contain somewhat similar passages, and their preservation in
+this form may not be altogether without usefulness.<a name='FNanchor_49'></a><a href='#Footnote_49'><sup>[49]</sup></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XVIII'></a><h2>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Season of repose&mdash;Colonel Boone buys land&mdash;Builds a log house and goes
+to farming&mdash;Kentucky organized on a new basis&mdash;Colonel Boone surprised
+by Indians&mdash;Escapes&mdash;Manners and customs of the settlers&mdash;The autumn
+hunt&mdash;The house-warming.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>After the series of Indian hostilities recorded in the chapters
+immediately preceding this, Kentucky enjoyed a season of comparative
+repose. The cessation of hostilities between the United States and Great
+Britain in 1783, and the probable speedy cession of the British posts on
+the Northwestern frontier, discouraged the Indians, stopped their
+customary incursions on the Kentuckians, and gave them leisure to
+acquire and cultivate new tracts of land.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Boone, notwithstanding the heavy loss of money (which has been
+already mentioned) as he was on his journey to North Carolina, was now
+able to purchase several locations of land. He had been compensated for
+his military services by the Commonwealth of Virginia, to which Kentucky
+still belonged. On one of his locations he built a comfortable
+log-house and recommenced farming, with his usual industry and
+perseverance, varying the pursuits of agriculture with occasional
+indulgence in his favorite sport of hunting.</p>
+
+<p>In 1783 Kentucky organized herself on a new basis, Virginia having
+united the three counties into one district, having a court of common
+law and chancery for the whole territory which now forms the State of
+Kentucky. The seat of justice at first was at Harrodsburg; but for want
+of convenient accommodations for the sessions of the courts, they were
+subsequently removed to Danville, which, in consequence, became for a
+season the centre and capital of the State.<a name='FNanchor_50'></a><a href='#Footnote_50'><sup>[50]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A singular and highly characteristic adventure, in which Boone was
+engaged about this time, is thus narrated by Mr. Peck:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Though no hostile attacks from Indians disturbed the settlements, still
+there were small parties discovered, or <i>signs</i> seen on the frontier
+settlements. On one occasion, about this period, four Indians came to
+the farm of Colonel Boone, and nearly succeeded in taking him prisoner.
+The particulars are given as they were narrated by Boone himself, at the
+wedding of a granddaughter, a few months before his decease, and they
+furnish an illustration of his habitual self-possession and tact with
+Indians. At a short distance from his cabin he had raised a small patch
+of tobacco to supply his neighbors, (for Boone never used the 'filthy
+weed' himself,) the amount, perhaps, of one hundred and fifty hills. </p>
+
+<p>&quot;As a shelter for curing it, he had built an enclosure of rails, a dozen
+feet in height, and covered it with cane and grass. Stalks of tobacco
+are usually split and strung on sticks about four feet in length. The
+ends of these are laid on poles, placed across the tobacco house, and in
+tiers, one above the other to the roof. Boone had fixed his temporary
+shelter in such a manner as to have three tiers. He had covered the
+lower tier, and the tobacco had become dry, when he entered the shelter
+for the purpose of removing the sticks to the upper tier, preparatory to
+gathering the remainder of the crop. He had hoisted up the sticks from
+the lower to the second tier, and was standing on the poles that
+supported it while raising the sticks to the upper tier, when four stout
+Indians, with guns, entered the low door and called him by name. 'Now,
+Boone, we got you. You no get away more. We carry you off to Chillicothe
+this time. You no cheat us any more.' Boone looked down upon their
+up-turned faces, saw their loaded guns pointed at his breast, and
+recognizing some of his old friends, the Shawanees, who had made him
+prisoner near the Blue Licks in 1778, coolly and pleasantly responded,
+'Ah! old friends, glad to see you.' Perceiving that they manifested
+impatience to have him come down, he told them he was quite willing to
+go with them, and only begged they would wait where they were, and watch
+him closely, until he could finish removing his tobacco.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>While parleying with them, inquiring after old acquaintances, and
+proposing to give them his tobacco when cured, he diverted their
+attention from his purpose, until he had collected together a number of
+sticks of dry tobacco, and so turned them as to fall between the poles
+directly in their faces. At the same instant, he jumped upon them with
+as much of the dry tobacco as he could gather in his arms, filling their
+mouths and eyes with its pungent dust; and blinding and disabling them
+from following him, rushed out and hastened to his cabin, where he had
+the means of defense. Notwithstanding the narrow escape, he could not
+resist the temptation, after retreating some fifteen or twenty yards, to
+look round and see the success of his achievement. The Indians blinded
+and nearly suffocated, were stretching out their hands and feeling about
+in different directions, calling him by name and cursing him for a
+rogue, and themselves for fools. The old man, in telling the story,
+imitated their gestures and tones of voice with great glee.</p>
+
+<p>Emigration to Kentucky was now rapidly on the increase, and many new
+settlements were formed. The means of establishing comfortable
+homesteads increased. Horses, cattle, and swine were rapidly in creasing
+in number; and trading in various commodities became more general. From
+Philadelphia, merchandise was transported to Pittsburg on pack-horses,
+and thence taken down the Ohio River in flat-boats and distributed among
+the settlements on its banks. Country stores, land speculators, and
+paper money made their appearance, affording a clear augury of the
+future activity of the West in commercial industry and enterprise.</p>
+
+<a name='FIG6'></a><center>
+   <img src='images/boone-6.png' width='100%' alt='ILLUSTRATION: BOLD STRATEGEM OF BOONE' title='BOLD STRATEGEM OF BOONE'>
+</center>
+<center><b>BOLD STRATEGEM OF BOONE</b></center><br />
+
+
+<p>Most of the settlers came from the interior of North Carolina and
+Virginia; and brought with them the manners and customs of those States.
+These manners and customs were primitive enough. The following
+exceedingly graphic description, which we transcribe from &quot;Doddridge's
+Notes,&quot; will afford the reader a competent idea of rural life in the
+times of Daniel Boone.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;HUNTING.&mdash;This was an important part of the employment of the early
+settlers of this country. For some years the woods supplied them with
+the greater amount of their subsistence, and with regard to some
+families, at certain times, the whole of it; for it was no uncommon
+thing for families to live several months without a mouthful of bread.
+It frequently happened that there was no breakfast until it was obtained
+from the woods. Fur and peltry were the people's money. They had nothing
+else to give in exchange for rifles, salt, and iron, on the other side
+of the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The fall and early part of the winter was the season for hunting deer,
+and the whole of the winter, including part of the spring, for bears and
+fur-skinned animals. It was a customary saying that fur is good during
+every month in the name of which the letter R occurs.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The class of hunters with whom I was best acquainted, were those whose
+hunting ranges were on the eastern side of the river, and at the
+distance of eight or nine miles from it. As soon as the leaves were
+pretty well down, and the weather became rainy, accompanied with light
+snows, these men, after acting the part of husbandmen, so far as the
+state of warfare permitted them to do so, soon began to feel that they
+were hunters. They became uneasy at home. Every thing about them
+became disagreeable. The house was too warm. The feather-bed too soft,
+and even the good wife was not thought, for the time being, a proper
+companion. The mind of the hunter was wholly occupied with the camp and
+chase.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I have often seen them get up early in the morning at this season, walk
+hastily out, and look anxiously to the woods and snuff the autumnal
+winds with the highest rapture, then return into the house and cast a
+quick and attentive look at the rifle, which was always suspended to a
+joist by a couple of buck horns, or little forks. His hunting dog,
+understanding the intentions of his master, would wag his tail, and by
+every blandishment in his power express his readiness to accompany him
+to the woods.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A day was soon appointed for the march of the little cavalcade to the
+camp. Two or three horses furnished with pack-saddles were loaded with
+flour, Indian meal, blankets, and every thing else requisite for the use
+of the hunter.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A hunting camp, or what was called a half-faced cabin, was of the
+following form; the back part of it was sometimes a large log; at the
+distance of eight or ten feet from this, two stakes were set in the
+ground a few inches apart, and at the distance of eight or ten feet
+from these, two more, to receive the ends of the poles for the sides of
+the camp. The whole slope of the roof, was from the front to the back.
+The covering was made of slabs, skins, or blankets, or, if in the spring
+of the year, the bark of hickory or ash trees. The front was entirely
+open. The fire was built directly before this opening. The cracks
+between the logs were filled with moss. Dry leaves served for a bed. It
+is thus that a couple of men, in a few hours will construct for
+themselves a temporary, but tolerably comfortable defense, from the
+inclemencies of the weather. The beaver, otter, muskrat and squirrel are
+scarcely their equals in dispatch in fabricating for themselves a covert
+from the tempest!</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A little more pains would have made a hunting camp a defense against
+the Indians. A cabin ten feet square, bullet proof, and furnished with
+port-holes would have enabled two or three hunters to hold twenty
+Indians at bay for any length of time. But this precaution I believe was
+never attended to; hence the hunters were often surprised and killed in
+their camps.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The site for the camp was selected with all the sagacity of the
+woodsman, so as to have it sheltered by the surrounding hills from
+every wind, but more especially from those of the north and west.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;An uncle of mine, of the name of Samuel Teter, occupied the same camp
+for several years in succession. It was situated on one of the southern
+branches of Cross Creek. Although I lived for many years not more than
+fifteen miles from the place, it was not till within a very few years
+ago that I discovered its situation. It was shown me by a gentleman
+living in the neighborhood. Viewing the hills round about it I soon
+perceived the sagacity of the hunter in the site for his camp. Not a
+wind could touch him; and unless by the report of his gun or the sound
+of his axe, it would have been by mere accident if an Indian had
+discovered his concealment.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Hunting was not a mere ramble in pursuit of game, in which there was
+nothing of skill and calculation; on the contrary, the hunter, before he
+set out in the morning, was informed, by the state of the weather, in
+what situation he might reasonably expect to meet with his game; whether
+on the bottoms, sides or tops of the hills. In stormy weather, the deer
+always seek the most sheltered places, and the leeward side of the
+hills. In rainy weather, in which there is not much wind, they keep in
+the open woods on the highest ground.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In every situation it was requisite for the hunter to ascertain the
+course of the wind, so as to get the leeward of the game. This he
+effected by putting his finger in his mouth, and holding it there until
+it became warm, then holding it above his head, the side which first
+becomes cold shows which way the wind blows.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As it was requisite too for the hunter to know the cardinal points, he
+had only to observe the trees to ascertain them. The bark of an aged
+tree is thicker and much rougher on the north than on the south side.
+The same thing may be said of the moss: it is much thicker and stronger
+on the north than on the south side of the trees.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The whole business of the hunter consists of a succession of intrigues.
+From morning till night he was on the alert to <i>gain the</i> wind of his
+game, and approach them without being discovered. If he succeeded in
+killing a deer, he skinned it, and hung it up out of the reach of the
+wolves, and immediately resumed the chase till the close of the evening,
+when he bent his course toward the camp; when he arrived there he
+kindled up his fire, and together with his fellow hunter, cooked his
+supper. The supper finished, the adventures of the day furnished the
+tales for the evening. The spike buck, the two and three-pronged buck,
+the doe and barren doe, figured through their anecdotes with great
+advantage. It should seem that after hunting awhile on the same ground,
+the hunters became acquainted with nearly all the gangs of deer within
+their range, so as to know each flock of them when they saw them. Often
+some old buck, by the means of his superior sagacity and watchfulness,
+saved his little gang from the hunter's skill, by giving timely notice
+of his approach. The cunning of the hunter and that of the old buck were
+staked against each other, and it frequently happened that at the
+conclusion of the hunting season, the old fellow was left the free
+uninjured tenant of his forest; but if his rival succeeded in bringing
+him down, the victory, was followed by no small amount of boasting on
+the part of the conqueror.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When the weather was not suitable for hunting, the skins and carcasses
+of the game were brought in and disposed of.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Many of the hunters rested from their labors on the Sabbath day; some
+from a motive of piety; others said that whenever they hunted on Sunday,
+they were sure to have bad luck on the rest of the week.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;THE HOUSE-WARMING.&mdash;I will proceed to state the usual manner of
+settling a young couple in the world.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A spot was selected on a piece of land of one of the parents, for their
+habitation. A day was appointed shortly after their marriage, for
+commencing the work of building their cabin. The fatigue-party consisted
+of choppers, whose business it was to fell the trees and cut them off at
+proper lengths. A man with a team for hauling them to the place and
+arranging them, properly assorted, at the sides and ends of the
+building; a carpenter, if such he might be called, whose business it was
+to search the woods for a proper tree for making clapboards for the
+roof. The tree for this purpose must be straight-grained, and from three
+to four feet in diameter. The boards were split four feet long, with a
+large frown, and as wide as the timber would allow. They were used
+without planing or shaving Another division were employed in getting
+puncheons for the floor of the cabin; this was done by splitting trees,
+about eighteen inches in diameter, and hewing the faces of them with a
+broad-axe. They were half the length of the floor they were intended to
+make. The materials for the cabin were mostly prepared on the first
+day, and sometimes the foundation laid in the evening. The second day
+was allotted for the raising.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In the morning of the next day the neighbors collected for the raising.
+The first thing to be done was the election of four corner men, whose
+business it was to notch and place the logs. The rest of the company
+furnished them with the timbers. In the meantime the boards and
+puncheons were collecting for the floor and roof, so that by the time
+the cabin was a few rounds high, the sleepers and floor began to be
+laid. The door was made by sawing or cutting the logs in one side so as
+to make an opening about three feet wide. This opening was secured by
+upright pieces of timber about three inches thick, through which holes
+were bored into the ends of the logs for the purpose of pinning them
+fast. A similar opening, but wider, was made at the end for the chimney.
+This was built of logs, and made large, to admit of a back and jambs of
+stone. At the square, two end logs projected a foot or eighteen inches
+beyond the wall, to receive the butting poles, as they were called,
+against which the ends of the first row of clapboards was supported. The
+roof was formed by making the end logs shorter, until a single log
+formed the comb of the roof, on these logs the clapboards were placed,
+the ranges of them lapping some distance over those next below them,
+and kept in their places by logs, placed at proper distances upon them.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The roof, and sometimes the floor, were finished on the same day of the
+raising. A third day was commonly spent by a few carpenters in leveling
+off the floor, making a clapboard door and a table. This last was made
+of a split slab, and supported by four round legs set in auger-holes.
+Some three-legged stools were made in the same manner. Some pins stuck
+in the logs at the back of the house, supported some clapboards which
+served for shelves for the table furniture. A single fork, placed with
+its lower end in a hole in the floor, and the upper end fastened to a
+joist, served for a bedstead, by placing a pole in the fork with one end
+through a crack between the logs of the wall. This front pole was
+crossed by a shorter one within the fork, with its outer end through
+another crack. From the front pole, through a crack between the logs of
+the end of the house, the boards were put on which formed the bottom of
+the bed. Sometimes other poles were pinned to the fork a little distance
+above these, for the purpose of supporting the front and foot of the
+bed, while the walls were the supports of its back and head. A few pegs
+around the walls for a display of the coats of the women, and
+hunting-shirts of the men, and two small forks or buck-horns to a joist
+for the rifle and shot-pouch, completed the carpenter work.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In the mean time masons were at work. With the heart pieces of the
+timber of which the clapboards were made, they made billets for chunking
+up the cracks between the logs of the cabin and chimney; a large bed of
+mortar was made for daubing up these cracks; a few stones formed the
+back and jambs of the chimney.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The cabin being finished, the ceremony of house-warming took place,
+before the young couple were permitted to move into it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The house-warming was a dance of a whole night's continuance, made up
+of the relations of the bride and groom and their neighbors. On the day
+following the young couple took possession of their new mansion.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XIX'></a><h2>CHAPTER XIX.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Condition of the early settlers as it respects the mechanic
+arts&mdash;Throwing the tomahawk&mdash;Athletic sports&mdash;Dancing&mdash;Shooting at
+marks&mdash;Scarcity of Iron&mdash;Costume&mdash;Dwellings&mdash;Furniture&mdash;Employments&mdash;The
+women&mdash;Their character&mdash;Diet&mdash;Indian corn.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Before having the subject of the actual condition of the early settlers
+in the West, we take another extract from &quot;Doddridge's Notes,&quot;
+comprising his observations on the state of the mechanic arts among
+them, and an account of some of their favorite sports.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;MECHANIC ARTS.&mdash;In giving the history of the state of the mechanic arts
+as they were exercised at an early period of the settlement of this
+country, I shall present a people, driven by necessity to perform works
+of mechanical skill, far beyond what a person enjoying all the
+advantages of civilization would expect from a population placed in
+such destitute circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;My reader will naturally ask, where were their mills for grinding
+grain? Where their tanners for making leather? Where their smiths' shops
+for making and repairing their farming utensils? Who were their
+carpenters, tailors, cabinet-workmen, shoemakers, and weavers? The
+answer is, those manufacturers did not exist; nor had they any
+tradesmen, who were professedly such. Every family were under the
+necessity of doing every thing for themselves as well as they could. The
+hominy block and hand-mills were in use in most of our houses. The first
+was made of a large block of wood about three feet long, with an
+excavation burned in one end, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom,
+so that the action of the pestle on the bottom threw the corn up to the
+sides toward the top of it, from whence it continually fell down into
+the centre.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In consequence of this movement, the whole mass of the grain was pretty
+equally subjected to the strokes of the pestle. In the fall of the year,
+while the Indian corn was soft, the block and pestle did very well for
+making meal for johnny-cake and mush; but were rather slow when the corn
+became hard.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The sweep was sometimes used to lessen the toil of pounding grain into
+meal. This was a pole of some springy, elastic wood, thirty feet long or
+more; the butt end was placed under the side of a house, or a large
+stump; this pole was supported by two forks, placed about one-third of
+its length from the butt end, so as to elevate the small end about
+fifteen feet from the ground; to this was attached, by a large mortise a
+piece of sapling about five or six inches in diameter, and eight or ten
+feet long. The lower end of this was shaped so as to answer for a
+pestle. A pin of wood was put through it, at a proper height, so that
+two persons could work at the sweep at once. This simple machine very
+much lessened the labor and expedited the work.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I remember that when a boy I put up an excellent sweep at my father's.
+It was made of a sugar-tree sapling. It was kept going almost constantly
+from morning till night by our neighbors for a period of several weeks.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In the Greenbriar country, where they had a number of saltpeter caves,
+the first settlers made plenty of excellent gunpowder by the means of
+those sweeps and mortars.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A machine, still more simple than the mortar and pestle, was used for
+making meal while the corn was too soft to be beaten. It was called a
+grater. This was a half-circular piece of tin, perforated with a punch
+from the concave side, and nailed by its edges to a block of wood. The
+ears of corn were rubbed on the rough edge of the holes, while the meal
+fell through them on the board or block, to which the grater was nailed,
+which, being in a slanting direction, discharged the meal into a cloth
+or bowl placed for its reception. This, to be sure, was a slow way of
+making meal; but necessity has no law. </p>
+
+<p>&quot;The hand-mill was better than the mortar and grater. It was made of two
+circular stones, the lowest of which was called the bed-stone, the upper
+one the runner. These were placed in a hoop, with a spout for
+discharging the meal. A staff was let into a hole in the upper surface
+of the runner, near the outer edge, and its upper end through a hole in
+a board fastened to a joist above, so that two persons could be employed
+in turning the mill at the same time. The grain was put into the opening
+in the runner by hand. The mills are still in use in Palestine, the
+ancient country of the Jews. To a mill of this sort our Saviour alluded
+when, with reference to the destruction of Jerusalem, he said: 'Two
+women shall be grinding at a mill, the one shall be taken and the other
+left.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This mill is much preferable to that used at present in upper Egypt for
+making the dhourra bread. It is a smooth stone, placed on an inclined
+plane, upon which the grain is spread, which is made into meal by
+rubbing another stone up and down upon it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Our first water mills were of that description denominated tub-mills.
+It consists of a perpendicular shaft, to the lower end of which an
+horizontal wheel of about four or five feet diameter is attached, the
+upper end passes through the bedstone and carries the runner after the
+manner of a trundlehead. These mills were built with very little
+expense, and many of them answered the purpose very well.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Instead of bolting cloths, sifters were in general use. These were made
+of deer skins in the state of parchment, stretched over a hoop and
+perforated with a hot wire.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Our clothing was all of domestic manufacture. We had no other resource
+for clothing, and this, indeed, was a poor one. The crops of flax often
+failed, and the sheep were destroyed by the wolves. Linsey, which is
+made of flax and wool, the former the chain and the latter the filling,
+was the warmest and most substantial cloth we could make. Almost every
+house contained a loom, and almost every woman was a weaver.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Every family tanned their own leather. The tan vat was a large trough
+sunk to the upper edge in the ground. A quantity of bark was easily
+obtained every spring in clearing and fencing land. This, after drying,
+was brought in, and in wet days was shaved and pounded on a block of
+wood with an axe or mallet. Ashes were used in place of lime for taking
+off the hair. Bears' oil, hogs' lard, and tallow answered the place of
+fish oil. The leather, to be sure, was coarse; but it was substantially
+good. The operation of currying was performed by a drawing-knife with
+its edge turned, after the manner of a currying-knife. The blocking for
+the leather was made of soot and hogs' lard.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Almost every family contained its own tailors and shoemakers. Those who
+could not make shoes, could make shoepacks. These, like moccasins, were
+made of a single piece on the top of the foot. This was about two inches
+broad, and circular at the lower end. To this the main piece of leather
+was sewed, with a gathering stitch. The seam behind was like that of a
+moccasin. To the shoepack a sole was sometimes added. The women did the
+tailor-work. They could all cut-out, and make hunting-shirts, leggins,
+and drawers.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The state of society which exists in every country at an early period
+of its settlements, is well calculated to call into action every native
+mechanical genius. So it happened in this country. There was in almost
+every neighborhood, some one whose natural ingenuity enabled him to do
+many things for himself and his neighbors, far above what could have
+been reasonably expected. With the few tools which they brought with
+them into the country, they certainly performed wonders. Their plows,
+harrows with their wooden teeth, and sleds, were in many instances well
+made. Their cooper-ware, which comprehended every thing for holding milk
+and water, was generally pretty well executed. The cedar-ware, by having
+alternately a white and red stave, was then thought beautiful; many of
+their puncheon floors were very neat, their joints close, and the top
+even and smooth. Their looms, although heavy, did very well. Those who
+could not exercise these mechanic arts, were under the necessity of
+giving labor or barter to their neighbors, in exchange for the use of
+them, so far as their necessities required.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Sports.&mdash;One important pastime of our boys, was that of imitating the
+noise of every bird and beast in the woods. This faculty was not merely
+a pastime, but a very necessary part of education, on account of its
+utility in certain circumstances. The imitations of the gobbling, and
+other sounds of wild turkeys, often brought those keen-eyed, and
+ever-watchful tenants of the forest within the reach of their rifle. The
+bleating of the fawn, brought its dam to her death in the same way. The
+hunter often collected a company of mopish owls to the trees about his
+camp, and amused himself with their hoarse screaming; his howl would
+raise and obtain responses from a pack of wolves, so as to inform him of
+their neighborhood, as well as guard him against their depredations.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This imitative faculty was sometimes requisite as a measure of
+precaution in war. The Indians, when scattered about in a neighborhood,
+often collected together, by imitating turkeys by day, and wolves or
+owls by night. In similar situations, our people did the same. I have
+often witnessed the consternation of a whole settlement, in consequence
+of a few screeches of owls. An early and correct use of this imitative
+faculty was considered as an indication that its possessor would become,
+in due time, a good hunter and valiant warrior. Throwing the tomahawk
+was another boyish sport, in which many acquired considerable skill. The
+tomahawk, with its handle of a certain length, will make a given number
+of turns in a given distance. Say in five steps, it will strike with the
+edge, the handle downward; at the distance of seven and a half, it will
+strike with the edge, the handle upward, and so on. A little experience
+enabled the boy to measure the distance with his eye, when walking
+through the woods, and strike a tree with his tomahawk in any way he
+chose.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The athletic sports of running, jumping, and wrestling, were the
+pastimes of boys, in common with the men.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A well-grown boy, at the age of twelve or thirteen years, was furnished
+with a small rifle and shot-pouch. He then became a fort-soldier, and
+had his port hole assigned him. Hunting squirrels, turkeys, and
+raccoons, soon made him expert in the use of his gun.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Dancing was the principal amusement of our young people of both sexes.
+Their dances, to be sure, were of the simplest form. Three and
+four-handed reels and jigs. Country dances, cotillions, and minuets,
+were unknown. I remember to have seen, once or twice, a dance which was
+called 'The Irish Trot,' but I have long since forgotten its figure.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Shooting at marks was a common diversion among the men, when their
+stock of ammunition would allow it; this, however, was far from being
+always the case. The present mode of shooting off-hand was not then in
+practice. This mode was not considered as any trial of the value of a
+gun, nor indeed, as much of a test of the skill of a marksman. Their
+shooting was from a rest, and at as great a distance as the length and
+weight of the barrel of the gun would throw a ball on a horizontal
+level. Such was their regard to accuracy, in those sportive trials of
+their rifles, and of their own skill in the use of them, that they often
+put moss, or some other soft substance on the log or stump from which
+they shot, for fear of having the bullet thrown from the mark, by the
+spring of the barrel. When the rifle was held to the side of a tree for
+a rest, it was pressed against it as lightly as possible, for the same
+reason.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Rifles of former times were different from those of modern date; few of
+them carried more than forty five bullets to the pound. Bullets of a
+less size were not thought sufficiently heavy for hunting or war.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Our readers will pardon the length of these extracts from Doddridge, as
+they convey accurate pictures of many scenes of Western life in the
+times of Daniel Boone. We add to them a single extract from &quot;Ramsay's
+Annals of Tennessee.&quot; The early settlement of that State took place
+about the same time with that of Kentucky, and was made by emigrants
+from the same region. The following remarks are therefore perfectly
+applicable to the pioneers of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The settlement of Tennessee was unlike that of the present new country
+of the United States. Emigrants from the Atlantic cities, and from most
+points in the Western interior, now embark upon steamboats or other
+craft, and carrying with them all the conveniences and comforts of
+civilized life&mdash;indeed, many of its luxuries&mdash;are, in a few days,
+without toil, danger, or exposure, transported to their new abodes, and
+in a few months are surrounded with the appendages of home, of
+civilization, and the blessings of law and of society. The wilds of
+Minnesota and Nebraska by the agency of steam, or the stalwart arms of
+Western boatmen, are at once transformed into the settlements of a
+commercial and civilized people. Independence and St. Paul, six months
+after they are laid off, have their stores and their workshops, their
+artisans, and their mechanics. The mantua-maker and the tailor arrive in
+the same boat with the carpenter and mason. The professional man and the
+printer quickly follow. In the succeeding year the piano, the
+drawing-room, the restaurant, the billiard-table, the church bell, the
+village and the city in miniature, are all found, while the neighboring
+interior is yet a wilderness and a desert. The town and comfort, taste
+and urbanity are first; the clearing, the farm-house, the wagon-road and
+the improved country, second. It was far different on the frontier in
+Tennessee. At first a single Indian trail was the only entrance to the
+eastern border of it and for many years admitted only of the hunter and
+the pack-horse It was not till the year 1776 that a wagon was seen in
+Tennessee. In consequence of the want of roads&mdash;as well as of the great
+distance from sources of supply&mdash;the first inhabitants were without
+tools, and, of course, without mechanics&mdash;much more, without the
+conveniences of living and the comforts of house-keeping. Luxuries were
+absolutely unknown. Salt was brought on pack-horses from Augusta and
+Richmond, and readily commanded ten dollars a bushel. The salt gourd, in
+every cabin, was considered as a treasure. The sugar-maple furnished the
+only article of luxury on the frontier; coffee and tea being unknown, or
+beyond the reach of the settlers, sugar was seldom made, and was only
+used for the sick, or in the preparation of a <i>sweetened dram</i> at a
+wedding, or the arrival of a new-comer. The appendages of the kitchen,
+the cupboard, and the table were scanty and simple.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Iron was brought, at great expense, from the forges east of the
+mountain, on pack-horses, and was sold at an enormous price. Its use
+was, for this reason, confined to the construction and repair of plows
+and other farming utensils. Hinges, nails, and fastenings of that
+material, were seldom seen.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The costume of the first settlers corresponded well with the style of
+their buildings and the quality of their furniture. The hunting-shirt of
+the militiaman and the hunter was in general use. The rest of their
+apparel was in keeping with it&mdash;plain, substantial, and well adapted for
+comfort, use, and economy. The apparel of the pioneer's family was all
+home-made, and in a whole neighborhood there would not be seen, at the
+first settlement of the country, a single article of dress of foreign
+growth or manufacture. Half the year, in many families, shoes were not
+worn. Boots, a fur hat, and a coat with buttons on each side, attracted
+the gaze of the beholder, and sometimes received censure and rebuke. A
+stranger from the old States chose to doff his ruffles, his broadcloth,
+and his queue, rather than endure the scoff and ridicule of the
+backwoodsmen.&quot; </p>
+
+<p>The dwelling-house, on every frontier in Tennessee, was the log-cabin. A
+carpenter and a mason were not needed to build them&mdash;much less the
+painter, the glazier, or the upholsterer. Every settler had, besides his
+rifle, no other instrument but an axe, a hatchet, and a butcher-knife. A
+saw, an auger, a froe, and a broad-axe would supply a whole settlement,
+and were used as common property in the erection of the log-cabin. The
+floor of the cabin was sometimes the earth. No saw-mill was yet erected;
+and, if the means or leisure of the occupant authorized it, he split out
+puncheons for the floor and for the shutter of the entrance to his
+cabin. The door was hung with wooden hinges and fastened by a wooden
+latch.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Such was the habitation of the pioneer Tennessean. Scarcely can one of
+these structures, venerable for their years and the associations which
+cluster around them, be now seen, in Tennessee. Time and improvement
+have displaced them. Here and there in the older counties, may yet be
+seen the old log house, which sixty years ago sheltered the first
+emigrant, or gave, for the time, protection to a neighborhood, assembled
+within its strong and bullet-proof walls. Such an one is the east end of
+Mr. Martin's house, at Campbell's Station, and the centre part of the
+mansion of this writer, at Mecklenburg, once Gilliam's Station, changed
+somewhat, it is true, in some of its aspects, but preserving even yet,
+in the height of the story and in its old-fashioned and capacious
+fire-place, some of the features of primitive architecture on the
+frontier. Such, too, is the present dwelling-house of Mr. Tipton, on
+Ellejoy, in Blount County, and that of Mr. Glasgow Snoddy, in Sevier
+County. But these old buildings are becoming exceedingly rare, and soon
+not one of them will be seen. Their unsightly proportions and rude
+architecture will not much longer offend modern taste, nor provoke the
+idle and irreverent sneer of the fastidious and the fashionable. When
+the last one of these pioneer houses shall have fallen into decay and
+ruins, the memory of their first occupants will still be immortal and
+indestructible.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The interior of the cabin was no less unpretending and simple. The
+whole furniture, of the one apartment&mdash;answering in these primitive
+times the purposes of the kitchen, the dining-room, the nursery and the
+dormitory&mdash;were a plain home-made bedstead or two, some split-bottomed
+chairs and stools; a large puncheon, supported on four legs, used, as
+occasion required, for a bench or a table, a water shelf and a bucket;
+a spinning-wheel, and sometimes a loom, finished the catalogue. The
+wardrobe of the family was equally plain and simple. The walls of the
+house were hung round with the dresses of the females, the
+hunting-shirts, clothes, and the arms and shot-pouches of the men.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The labor and employment of a pioneer family were distributed in
+accordance with surrounding circumstances. To the men was assigned the
+duty of procuring subsistence and materials for clothing, erecting the
+cabin and the station, opening and cultivating the farm, hunting the
+wild beasts, and repelling and pursuing the Indians. The women spun the
+flax, the cotton and wool, wove the cloth, made them up, milked,
+churned, and prepared the food, and did their full share of the duties
+of house-keeping. Another thus describes them: 'There we behold woman in
+her true glory; not a doll to carry silks and jewels; not a puppet to be
+dandled by fops, an idol of profane adoration, reverenced to-day,
+discarded to-morrow; admired, but not respected; desired, but not
+esteemed; ruling by passion, not affection; imparting her weakness, not
+her constancy, to the sex she should exalt; the source and mirror of
+vanity. We see her as a wife, partaking of the cares, and guiding the
+labors of her husband, and by her domestic diligence spreading
+cheerfulness all around; for his sake, sharing the decent refinements of
+the world, without being fond of them; placing all her joy, all her
+happiness, in the merited approbation of the man she loves. As a mother,
+we find her the affectionate, the ardent instructress of the children
+she has reared from infancy, and trained them up to thought and virtue,
+to meditation and benevolence; addressing them as rational beings, and
+preparing them to become men and women in their turn.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Could there be happiness or comfort in such dwellings and such a state
+of society? To those who are accustomed to modern refinements, the truth
+appears like fable. The early occupants of log-cabins were among the
+most happy of mankind. Exercise and excitement gave them health; they
+were practically equal; common danger made them mutually dependant;
+brilliant hopes of future wealth and distinction led them on; and as
+there was ample room for all, and as each new-comer increased individual
+and general security, there was little room for that envy, jealousy,
+and hatred which constitute a large portion of human misery in older
+societies. Never were the story, the joke, the song, and the laugh
+better enjoyed than upon the hewed blocks, or puncheon stools, around
+the roaring log fire of the early Western settler. The lyre of Apollo
+was not hailed with more delight in primitive Greece than the advent of
+the first fiddler among the dwellers of the wilderness; and the polished
+daughters of the East never enjoyed themselves half so well, moving to
+the music of a full band, upon the elastic floor of their ornamented
+ball-room, as did the daughters of the emigrants, keeping time to a
+self-taught fiddler, on the bare earth or puncheon floor of the
+primitive log-cabin. The smile of the polished beauty is the wave of the
+lake, where the breeze plays gently over it, and her movement is the
+gentle stream which drains it; but the laugh of the log-cabin is the
+gush of nature's fountain, and its movement, its leaping water.'&quot; <a name='FNanchor_51'></a><a href='#Footnote_51'><sup>[51]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>&quot;On the frontier the diet was necessarily plain and homely, but
+exceedingly abundant and nutritive. The Goshen of America<a name='FNanchor_52'></a><a href='#Footnote_52'><sup>[52]</sup></a> furnished
+the richest milk, the finest butter, and the most savory and delicious
+meats. In their rude cabins, with their scanty and inartificial
+furniture, no people ever enjoyed in wholesome food a greater variety,
+or a superior quality of the necessaries of life. For bread, the Indian
+corn was exclusively used. It was not till 1790 that the settlers on the
+rich bottoms of Cumberland and Nollichucky discovered the remarkable
+adaptation of the soil and climate of Tennessee to the production of
+this grain. Emigrants from James River, the Catawba, and the Santee,
+were surprised at the amount and quality of the corn crops, surpassing
+greatly the best results of agricultural labor and care in the Atlantic
+States. This superiority still exists, and Tennessee, by the census of
+1850, was <i>the</i> corn State. Of all the farinacea, corn is best adapted
+to the condition of a pioneer people; and if idolatry is at all
+justifiable, Ceres, or certainly the Goddess of Indian corn, should have
+had a temple and a worshipers among the pioneers of Tennessee. Without
+that grain, the frontier settlements could not have been formed and
+maintained. It is the most certain crop&mdash;requires the least preparation
+of the ground&mdash;is most congenial to a virgin soil&mdash;needs not only the
+least amount of labor in its culture, but comes to maturity in the
+shortest time. The pith of the matured stalk of the corn is esculent
+and nutritious; and the stalk itself, compressed between rollers,
+furnishes what is known as corn-stalk molasses.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This grain requires, also, the least care and trouble in preserving it.
+It may safely stand all winter upon the stalk without injury from the
+weather or apprehension of damage by disease, or the accidents to which
+other grains are subject. Neither smut nor rust, nor weavil nor
+snow-storm, will hurt it. After its maturity, it is also prepared for
+use or the granary with little labor. The husking is a short process,
+and is even advantageously delayed till the moment arrives for using the
+corn. The machinery for converting it into food is also exceedingly
+simple and cheap. As soon as the ear is fully formed, it may be roasted
+or boiled, and forms thus an excellent and nourishing diet. At a later
+period it may be grated, and furnishes, in this form, the sweetest
+bread. The grains boiled in a variety of modes, either whole or broken
+in a mortar, or roasted in the ashes, or popped in an oven, are well
+relished. If the grain is to be converted into meal, a simple tub-mill
+answers the purpose best, as the meal <i>least perfectly ground</i> is always
+preferred. A bolting-cloth is not needed, as it diminishes the
+sweetness and value of the flour. The catalogue of the advantages of
+this meal might be extended further. Boiled in water, it forms the
+frontier dish called <i>mush</i>, which was eaten with milk, with honey,
+molasses, butter or gravy. Mixed with cold water, it is, at once, ready
+for the cook; covered with hot ashes, the preparation is called the ash
+cake; placed upon a piece of clapboard, and set near the coals, it forms
+the journey-cake; or managed in the same way, upon a helveless hoe, it
+forms the hoe-cake; put in an oven, and covered over with a heated lid,
+it is called, if in a large mass, a pone or loaf; if in smaller
+quantities, dodgers. It has the further advantage, over all other flour,
+that it requires in its preparation few culinary utensils, and neither
+sugar, yeast, eggs, spices, soda, potash, or other <i>et ceteras</i>, to
+qualify or perfect the bread. To all this, it may be added, that it is
+not only cheap and well tasted, but it is unquestionably the most
+wholesome and nutritive food. The largest and healthiest people in the
+world have lived upon it exclusively. It formed the principal bread of
+that robust race of men&mdash;giants in miniature&mdash;which, half a century
+since, was seen on the frontier.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The dignity of history is not lowered by this enumeration of the
+pre-eminent qualities of Indian corn. The rifle and the axe have had
+their influence in subduing the wilderness to the purposes of
+civilization, and they deserve their eulogists and trumpeters. Let
+paeans be sung all over the mighty West to Indian corn&mdash;without it, the
+West would have still been a wilderness. Was the frontier suddenly
+invaded? Without commissary or quartermaster, or other sources of
+supply, each soldier parched a peck of corn; a portion of it was put
+into his pockets, the remainder in his wallet, and, throwing it upon his
+saddle, with his rifle on his shoulder, he was ready, in half an hour,
+for the campaign. Did a flood of emigration inundate the frontier with
+an amount of consumers disproportioned to the supply of grain? The
+facility of raising the Indian corn, and its early maturity, gave
+promise and guaranty that the scarcity would be temporary and tolerable.
+Did the safety of the frontier demand the services of every adult
+militiaman? The boys and women could, themselves, raise corn and furnish
+ample supplies of bread. The crop could be gathered next year. Did an
+autumnal intermittent confine the whole family or the entire population
+to the sick bed? This certain concomitant of the clearing, and
+cultivating the new soil, mercifully withholds its paroxysms till the
+crop of corn is made. It requires no further labor or care afterward.
+Paeans, say we, and a temple and worshipers, to the Creator of Indian
+corn. The frontier man could gratefully say: 'He maketh me to lie down
+in green pastures. He leadeth me beside the still waters. Thou
+<i>preparest a table before me in presence of mine enemies</i>.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The sports of the frontier men were manly, athletic, or warlike&mdash;the
+chase, the bear hunt, the deer drive, shooting at the target, throwing
+the tomahawk, jumping, boxing and wrestling, foot and horse-racing.
+Playing marbles and pitching dollars, cards and backgammon, were little
+known, and were considered base or effeminate. The bugle, the violin,
+the fife and drum, furnished all the musical entertainments. These were
+much used and passionately admired. Weddings, military trainings,
+house-raisings, chopping frolics, were often followed with the fiddle,
+and dancing, and rural sports.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XX'></a><h2>CHAPTER XX.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Indian hostilities resumed&mdash;Expedition of Davis, Caffre, and
+McClure&mdash;Attack on Captain Ward's boat&mdash;Affair near Scagg's
+Creek&mdash;Growth of Kentucky&mdash;Population&mdash;Trade&mdash;General Logan calls a
+meeting at Danville&mdash;Convention called&mdash;Separation from Virginia
+proposed&mdash;Virginia consents&mdash;Kentucky admitted as an independent State
+of the Union&mdash;Indian hostilities&mdash;Expedition and death of Colonel
+Christian&mdash;Expedition of General Clark&mdash;Expedition of General
+Logan&mdash;Success of Captain Hardin&mdash;Defeat of Hargrove&mdash;Exploits of Simon
+Kenton&mdash;Affairs at the Elkhorn settlements&mdash;Treaty&mdash;Barman's expedition.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Kentucky was not yet entirely freed from Indian hostilities. There was
+no formidable invasion, such as to call for the exertions of Boone,
+Kenton and the other warriors of the border, but there were several
+occurrences which occasioned considerable alarm.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1784, a number of families started down the Ohio from
+Louisville in two flat boats. They were pursued by Indians in canoes,
+but awed by the determined aspect of the whites, they drew off, without
+so much as a gun being fired on either side.</p>
+
+<p>This same spring a party of southern Indians stole some horses from
+Lincoln County. Three young men, Davis, Caffre and McClure, pursued
+them, but failing to overtake them, concluded to make reprisals on the
+nearest Indian settlement. Not far from the Tennessee River, they fell
+in with an equal number of Indians. The two parties saluted each other
+in a very friendly manner, and agreed to journey in company. The whites,
+however, were by no means convinced of the sincerity of their
+companions, and, seeing them talking together very earnestly, became
+assured of their hostile intentions. It being determined to anticipate
+the Indians' attack; Caffre undertook to capture one of them, while his
+companions shot the other two. Accordingly he sprung upon the nearest
+Indian, and bore him to the ground; Davis's gun missed fire but McClure
+shot his man dead. The remaining Indian sprung to a tree from which
+shelter he shot Caffre, who was still struggling with the Indian he had
+grappled. He, in his turn was immediately shot by McClure. The Indian
+whom Caffre had attacked, extricated himself from the grasp of his dying
+antagonist, and seizing his rifle presented it at Davis, who was coming
+to the assistance of his friend. Davis took to flight, his rifle not
+being in good order, and was pursued by the Indian into the wood.
+McClure, loading his gun, followed them, but lost sight of both. Davis
+was never heard of afterward.</p>
+
+<p>McClure now concluded to retreat, but he had not proceeded far, before
+he met an Indian on horseback attended by a boy on foot. The warrior
+dismounted, and seating himself on a log, offered his pipe to McClure.
+Soon other Indians were seen advancing in the distance, when McClure's
+sociable friend, informed him that when his companions came up, they
+would take him (McClure) and put him on a horse, tying his feet under
+its belly. In order to convey to his white brother an adequate idea of
+the honor intended him, the Indian got astride the log and locked his
+feet together. McClure took this opportunity of shooting his amiable but
+rather eccentric companion, and then ran off into the woods and escaped.</p>
+
+<p>This affair the reader will bear in mind, was with southern Indians, not
+with those of the north-western tribes, from whom the Kentuckians had
+suffered most. The only demonstration of hostility made by these, this
+year, appears to have been the pursuit of the boats mentioned before. In
+March, 1785, a man of the name of Elliot, who had emigrated to the
+country near the mouth of the Kentucky River, was killed by Indians, and
+his house destroyed and family dispersed.</p>
+
+<p>As Colonel Thomas Marshall from Virginia was descending the Ohio, in a
+flat boat, he was hailed from the northern shore by a man, who announced
+himself as James Girty, and said that he had been placed by his brother
+Simon, to warn all boats of the danger of being attacked by the Indians.
+He told them that efforts would be made to decoy them ashore by means of
+renegade white men, who would represent themselves as in great distress.
+He exhorted them to steel their hearts against all such appeals, and to
+keep the middle of the river. He said that his brother regretted the
+injuries he had inflicted upon the whites, and would gladly repair them
+as much as possible, to be re-admitted to their society, having lost all
+his influence among the Indians. This repentance on the part of Girty
+seems to have been of short duration, as he remained among the Indians
+till his death, which according to some took place at the battle of the
+Thames, though others deny it.</p>
+
+<p>However sincere or lasting Girty's repentance had been, he could never
+have lived in safety among the whites; he had been too active, and if
+common accounts are to be credited, too savage in his hostility to them,
+to admit of forgiveness; and it is probable that a knowledge of this
+prevented him from abandoning the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;About the same time,&quot; says McClung, &quot;Captain James Ward, at present a
+highly-respectable citizen of Mason County, Kentucky, was descending the
+Ohio, under circumstances which rendered a rencontre with the Indians
+peculiarly to be dreaded. He, together with half a dozen others, one of
+them his nephew, embarked in a crazy boat, about forty-five feet long,
+and eight feet wide, with no other bulwark than a single pine plank,
+above each gunnel. The boat was much encumbered with baggage, and seven
+horses were on board. Having seen no enemy for several days, they had
+become secure and careless, and permitted the boat to drift within fifty
+yards of the Ohio shore. Suddenly, several hundred Indians showed
+themselves on the bank, and running down boldly to the water's edge,
+opened a heavy fire upon the boat. The astonishment of the crew may be
+conceived.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Captain Ward and his nephew were at the oars when the enemy appeared,
+and the captain knowing that their safety depended upon their agility to
+regain the middle of the river, kept his seat firmly, and exerted his
+utmost powers at the oar, but his nephew started up at sight of the
+enemy, seized his rifle, and was in the act of leveling it, when he
+received a ball in the breast, and fell dead in the bottom of the boat.
+Unfortunately, his oar fell into the river, and the Captain, having no
+one to pull against him, rather urged the boat nearer to the hostile
+shore than otherwise. He quickly seized a plank, however, and giving his
+oar to another of the crew, he took the station which his nephew had
+held, and unhurt by the shower of bullets which flew around him,
+continued to exert himself until the boat had reached a more
+respectable distance. He then, for the first time, looked around him in
+order to observe the condition of the crew.</p>
+
+<p>His nephew lay in his blood, perfectly lifeless; the horses had been all
+killed or mortally wounded. Some had fallen overboard; others were
+struggling violently, and causing their frail bark to dip water so
+abundantly as to excite the most serious apprehensions. But the crew
+presented the most singular spectacle. A captain, who had served with
+reputation in the continental army, seemed now totally bereft of his
+faculties. He lay upon his back in the bottom of the boat, with hands
+uplifted, and a countenance in which terror was personified, exclaiming
+in a tone of despair, &quot;Oh Lord! Oh Lord.&quot; A Dutchman, whose weight might
+amount to about three hundred pounds, was anxiously engaged in
+endeavoring to find shelter for his bulky person, which, from the
+lowness of the gunnels, was a very difficult undertaking. In spite of
+his utmost efforts, a portion of his posterior luxuriance appeared above
+the gunnel, and afforded a mark to the enemy, which brought a constant
+shower of balls around it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In vain he shifted his position. The hump still appeared, and the balls
+still flew around it, until the Dutchman losing all patience, raised
+his head above the gunnel, and in a tone of querulous remonstrance,
+called out, 'Oh now! quit tat tamned nonsense, tere, will you!' Not a
+shot was fired from the boat. At one time, after they had partly
+regained the current, Captain Ward attempted to bring his rifle to bear
+upon them, but so violent was the agitation of the boat, from the
+furious struggles of the horses, that he could not steady his piece
+within twenty yards of the enemy, and quickly laying it aside, returned
+to the oar. The Indians followed them down the river for more than an
+hour, but having no canoes they did not attempt to board; and as the
+boat was at length transferred to the opposite side of the river, they
+at length abandoned the pursuit and disappeared. None of the crew, save
+the young man already mentioned, were hurt, although the Dutchman's seat
+of honor served as a target for the space of an hour; and the
+continental captain was deeply mortified at the sudden, and, as he said,
+'unaccountable' panic which had seized him. Captain Ward himself was
+protected by a post, which had been fastened to the gunnel, and behind
+which he sat while rowing.&quot; <a name='FNanchor_53'></a><a href='#Footnote_53'><sup>[53]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>&quot;In October, a party of emigrants were attacked near Scagg's Creek, and
+six killed. Mrs. McClure, with four children, ran into the woods, where
+she might have remained concealed, if it had not been for the cries of
+her infant, whom she could not make up her mind to abandon. The Indians
+guided to her hiding-place by these cries, cruelly tomahawked the three
+oldest children, but made her prisoner with her remaining child. Captain
+Whitley, with twenty-one men, intercepted the party on its return, and
+dispersed them, killing two, and wounding the same number. The prisoners
+were rescued. A few days after, another party of emigrants were
+attacked, and nine of them killed. Captain Whitley again pursued the
+Indians. On coming up with them, they took to flight. Three were killed
+in the course of the pursuit; two by the gallant Captain himself. Some
+other depredations were committed this year, but none of as much
+importance as those we have mentioned.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>These acts of hostility on the part of the Indians led to the adoption
+of measures for the defense of the Colony, to which we shall presently
+call the reader's attention. </p>
+
+<p>&quot;Although,&quot; says Perkins,<a name='FNanchor_54'></a><a href='#Footnote_54'><sup>[54]</sup></a> &quot;Kentucky grew rapidly during the year
+1784, the emigrants numbering twelve, and the whole population thirty
+thousand; although a friendly meeting was held by Thomas J. Dalton, with
+the Piankeshaws, at Vincennes, in April; and though trade was extending
+itself into the clearings and among the canebrakes&mdash;Daniel Brodhead
+having opened his store at Louisville the previous year, and James
+Wilkinson having come to Lexington in February, as the leader of a large
+commercial company, formed in Philadelphia, still the cool and sagacious
+mind of Logan led him to prepare his fellow-citizens for trial and
+hardships. He called, in the autumn of 1784, a meeting of the people at
+Danville, to take measures for defending the country, and at this
+meeting the whole subject of the position and danger of Kentucky was
+examined and discussed, and it was agreed that a convention should meet
+in December to adopt some measures for the security of the settlements
+in the wilderness. Upon the 27th of that month it met, nor was it long
+before the idea became prominent that Kentucky must ask to be severed
+from Virginia, and left to her own guidance and control. But as no such
+conception was general, when the delegates to this first convention
+were chosen, they deemed it best to appoint a second, to meet during
+the next May, at which was specially to be considered the topic most
+interesting to those who were called on to think and vote&mdash;a complete
+separation from the parent State&mdash;political independence.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Several other conventions took place, in which the subject of a
+separation from Virginia was considered. In 1786 the Legislature of
+Virginia enacted the necessary preliminary provisions for the separation
+and erection of Kentucky into an independent State, with the condition
+that Congress should receive it into the Union, which was finally
+effected in the year 1792.</p>
+
+<p>Previously to this event, Indian hostilities were again renewed.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A number of Indians in April, 1786, stole some horses from the Bear
+Grass settlement, with which they crossed the Ohio. Colonel Christian
+pursued them into the Indian country, and, coming up with them,
+destroyed the whole party. How many there were is not stated. The whites
+lost two men, one of whom was the Colonel himself whose death was a
+severe loss to Kentucky. The following affair, which took place the
+same year, is given in the language of one who participated in it:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'After the battle of the Blue Licks, and in 1786 our family removed to
+Higgins' block-house on Licking River, one and a half miles above
+Cynthiana. Between those periods my father had been shot by the Indians,
+and my mother married Samuel Van Hook, who had been one of the party
+engaged in the defense at Ruddell's Station in 1780, and on its
+surrender was carried with the rest of the prisoners to Detroit.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Higgins' Fort, or block-house, had been built at the bank of the
+Licking, on precipitous rocks, at least thirty feet high, which served
+to protect us on every side but one. On the morning of the 12th of June,
+at daylight, the fort, which consisted of six or seven houses, was
+attacked by a party of Indians, fifteen or twenty in number. There was a
+cabin outside, below the fort, where William McCombs resided, although
+absent at that time. His son Andrew, and a man hired in the family,
+named Joseph McFall, on making their appearance at the door to wash
+themselves, were both shot down&mdash;McCombs through the knee, and McFall in
+the pit of the stomach. McFall ran to the block-house, and McCombs
+fell, unable to support himself longer, just after opening the door of
+his cabin, and was dragged in by his sisters, who barricaded the door
+instantly. On the level and only accessible side there was a corn-field,
+and the season being favorable, and the soil rich as well as new, the
+corn was more than breast high. Here the main body of the Indians lay
+concealed, while three or four who made the attack attempted thereby to
+decoy the whites outside of the defenses. Failing in this, they set fire
+to an old fence and corn-crib, and two stables, both long enough built
+to be thoroughly combustible. These had previously protected their
+approach in that direction. Captain Asa Reese was in command of our
+little fort. 'Boys,' said he, 'some of you must run over to Hinkston's
+or Harrison's.' These were one and a half and two miles off, but in
+different directions. Every man declined. I objected, alleging as my
+reason that he would give up the fort before I could bring relief; but
+on his assurance that he would hold out, I agreed to go. I jumped off
+the bank through the thicket of trees, which broke my fall, while they
+scratched my face and limbs. I got to the ground with a limb clenched in
+my hands, which I had grasped unawares in getting through. I recovered
+from the jar in less than a minute, crossed the Licking, and ran up a
+cow-path on the opposite side, which the cows from one of those forts
+had beat down in their visits for water. As soon as I had gained the
+bank I shouted to assure my friends of my safety, and to discourage the
+enemy. In less than an hour I was back, with a relief of ten horsemen,
+well armed, and driving in full chase after the Indians. But they had
+decamped immediately upon hearing my signal, well knowing what it meant,
+and it was deemed imprudent to pursue them with so weak a party&mdash;the
+whole force in Higgins' block-house hardly sufficing to guard the women
+and children there. McFall, from whom the bullet could not be extracted,
+lingered two days and nights in great pain, when he died, as did
+McCombs, on the ninth day, mortification then taking place.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;While these depredations were going on, most of the Northwestern tribes
+were ostensibly at peace with the country, treaties having recently been
+made. But the Kentuckians, exasperated by the repeated outrages,
+determined to have resort to their favorite expedient of invading the
+Indian country. How far they were justified in holding the tribes
+responsible for the actions of these roving plunderers, the reader must
+judge for himself. We may remark, however, that it does not seem
+distinctly proved that the Indians engaged in these attacks belonged to
+any of the tribes against whom the attack was to be made. But the
+backwoodsmen were never very scrupulous in such matters. They generally
+regarded the Indian race as a unit: an offense committed by one warrior
+might be lawfully punished on another. We often, in reading the history
+of the West, read of persons who, having lost relations by Indians of
+one tribe, made a practice of killing all whom they met, whether in
+peace or war. It is evident, as Marshall says, that no authority but
+that of Congress could render an expedition of this kind lawful. The
+Governor of Virginia had given instructions to the commanders of the
+counties to take the necessary means for defense; and the Kentuckians,
+giving a free interpretation to these instructions, decided that the
+expedition was necessary and resolved to undertake it.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;General Clark was selected to command it, and to the standard of this
+favorite officer volunteers eagerly thronged. A thousand men were
+collected at the Falls of the Ohio, from whence the troops marched by
+land to St. Vincennes, while the provisions and other supplies were
+conveyed by water. The troops soon became discouraged. When the
+provisions reached Vincennes, after a delay of several days on account
+of the low water, it was found that a large proportion of them were
+spoiled. In consequence of this, the men were placed upon short
+allowance, with which, of course, they were not well pleased. In the
+delay in waiting for the boats, much of the enthusiasm of the men had
+evaporated; and it is said by some that General Clark dispatched a
+messenger to the towns, in advance of the troops, to offer them the
+choice of peace or war, which greatly lessened the chances of the
+success of the expedition. Though this measure would be only complying
+with the requirements of good faith, it is very doubtful if it was
+adopted, so utterly at variance would it be with the usual manner of
+conducting these expeditions.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;At any rate, when the army arrived within two days' march of the Indian
+towns, no less than three hundred of the men refused to proceed, nor
+could all the appeals of Clark induce them to alter their determination.
+They marched off in a body; and so discouraged were the others by this
+desertion, and the unfavorable circumstances in which they were placed,
+that a council held the evening after their departure concluded to
+relinquish the undertaking.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The whole of the troops returned to Kentucky in a very disorderly
+manner. Thus did this expedition, begun under the most favorable
+auspices&mdash;for the commander's reputation was greater than any other in
+the West, and the men were the elite of Kentucky&mdash;altogether fail of its
+object, the men not having even seen the enemy. Marshall, in accounting
+for this unexpected termination, says that Clark was no longer the man
+he had been; that he had injured his intellect by the use of spirituous
+liquors. Colonel Logan had at first accompanied Clark, but he soon
+returned to Kentucky to organize another expedition; that might, while
+the attention of the Indians was altogether engrossed by the advance of
+Clark, fall upon some unguarded point. He raised the requisite number of
+troops without difficulty, and by a rapid march completely surprised one
+of the Shawanee towns, which he destroyed, killing several of the
+warriors, and bringing away a number of prisoners. In regard to the
+results of the measures adopted by the Kentuckians, we quote from
+Marshall:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In October of this year, a large number of families traveling by land
+to Kentucky, known by the name of McNitt's company, were surprised in
+camp, at night, by a party of Indians, between Big and Little Laurel
+River, and totally defeated, with the loss of twenty-one persons killed;
+the rest dispersed, or taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;About the same time, Captain Hardin, from the south-western part of the
+district, with a party of men, made an excursion into the Indian
+country, surrounding the Saline; he fell in with a camp of Indians whom
+he attacked and defeated, killing four of them, without loss on his
+part.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Some time in December, Hargrove and others were defeated at the mouth
+of Buck Creek, on the Cumberland River. The Indians attacked in the
+night, killed one man, and wounded Hargrove; who directly became engaged
+in a rencontre with an Indian, armed with his tomahawk; of this he was
+disarmed, but escaped, leaving the weapon with Hargrove, who bore it
+off, glad to extricate himself. In this year also, Benjamin Price was
+killed near the three forks of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Thus ended, in a full renewal of the war, the year whose beginning had
+happily witnessed the completion of the treaties of peace.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;By this time, one thing must have been obvious to those who had
+attended to the course of events&mdash;and that was, that if the Indians came
+into the country, whether for peace or war, hostilities were inevitable.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>'If the white people went into their country, the same consequences
+followed. The parties were yet highly exasperated against each other;
+they had not cooled since the peace, if peace it could be called; and
+meet where they would, bloodshed was the result.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Whether the Indians to the north and west had ascertained, or not, that
+the two expeditions of this year were with or without the consent of
+Congress, they could but think the treaties vain things; and either made
+by those who had no right to make them, or no power to enforce them.
+With Kentuckians, it was known that the latter was the fact. To the
+Indians, the consequence was the same. They knew to a certainty, that
+the British had not surrendered the posts on the lakes&mdash;that it was from
+them they received their supplies; that they had been deceived, as to
+the United States getting the posts, and they were easily persuaded to
+believe, that these posts would not be transferred; and that in truth,
+the British, not the United States, had been the conquerors in the late
+war.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Such were the reflections which the state of facts would have
+justified, and at the same time have disposed them for war. The invasion
+of their country by two powerful armies from Kentucky, could leave no
+doubt of a disposition equally hostile on her part Congress, utterly
+destitute of the means for enforcing the treaties, either on the one
+side or the other, stood aloof, ruminating on the inexhaustible
+abundance of her own want of resources&mdash;and the abuse of herself for not
+possessing them.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>After this year, we hear of but few independent expeditions from
+Kentucky. Their militia were often called out to operate with the United
+States troops, and in Wayne's campaign were of much service; but this
+belongs to the general history of the United States. All that we have to
+relate of Kentucky now, is a series of predatory attacks by the Indians,
+varied occasionally by a spirited reprisal by a small party of whites.
+It is estimated that fifteen hundred persons were either killed or made
+prisoners in Kentucky after the year 1783.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;On the night of the 11th of April, 1787,&quot; says McClung, &quot;the house of a
+widow, in Bourbon County, became the scene of an adventure which we
+think deserves to be related. She occupied what is generally called a
+double cabin, in a lonely part of the country, one room of which was
+tenanted by the old lady herself, together with two grown sons, and a
+widowed daughter, at that time suckling an infant, while the other was
+occupied by two unmarried daughters, from sixteen to twenty years of
+age, together with a little girl not more than half grown. The hour was
+eleven o'clock at night. One of the unmarried daughters was still busily
+engaged at the loom, but the other members of the family, with the
+exception of one of the sons, had retired to rest. Some symptoms of an
+alarming nature had engaged the attention of the young man for an hour
+before any thing of a decided character took place.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The cry of owls was heard in the adjoining wood, answering each other
+in rather an unusual manner. The horses, which were enclosed as usual in
+a pound near the house, were more than commonly excited and by repeated
+snorting and galloping, announced the presence of some object of terror.
+The young man was often upon the point of awakening his brother, but was
+as often restrained by the fear of incurring ridicule and the reproach
+of timidity, at that time an unpardonable blemish in the character of a
+Kentuckian. At length hasty steps were heard in the yard, and quickly
+afterward, several loud knocks at the door, accompanied by the usual
+exclamation, 'Who keeps house?' in very good English. The young man,
+supposing from the language that some benighted settlers were at the
+door, hastily arose, and was advancing to withdraw the bar which secured
+it, when his mother, who had long lived upon the frontiers, and had
+probably detected the Indian tone in the demand for admission, instantly
+sprung out of bed, and ordered her son not to admit them, declaring that
+they were Indians.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;She instantly awakened her other son, and the two young men seized
+their guns, which were always charged, prepared to repel the enemy. The
+Indians, finding it impossible to enter under their assumed characters,
+began to thunder at the door with great violence, but a single shot from
+a loop-hole compelled them to shift the attack to some less exposed
+point and, unfortunately, they discovered the door of the other cabin,
+containing the three daughters. The rifles of the brothers could not be
+brought to bear upon this point, and by means of several rails taken
+from the yard fence, the door was forced from its hinges, and the three
+girls were at the mercy of the savages. One was instantly secured, but
+the eldest defended herself desperately with a knife which she had been
+using at the loom, and stabbed one of the Indians to the heart before
+she was tomahawked.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In the mean time the little girl, who had been overlooked by the enemy
+in their eagerness to secure the others, ran out into the yard, and
+might have effected her escape, had she taken advantage of the darkness
+and fled; but instead of that, the terrified little creature ran around
+the house wringing her hands, and crying out that her sisters were
+killed. The brothers, unable to hear her cries without risking every
+thing for her rescue, rushed to the door and were preparing to sally out
+to her assistance, when their mother threw herself before them and
+calmly declared that the child must be abandoned to its fate; that the
+sally would sacrifice the lives of all the rest, without the slightest
+benefit to the little girl. Just then the child uttered a loud scream,
+followed by a few faint moans, and all was again silent. Presently the
+crackling of flames was heard, accompanied by a triumphant yell from the
+Indians, announcing that they had set fire to that division of the
+house which had been occupied by the daughters, and of which they held
+undisputed possession.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The fire was quickly communicated to the rest of the building, and it
+became necessary to abandon it or perish in the flames. In the one case
+there was a possibility that some might escape; in the other, their fate
+would be equally certain and terrible. The rapid approach of the flames
+cut short their momentary suspense. The door was thrown open, and the
+old lady, supported by her eldest son, attempted to cross the fence at
+one point, while her daughter, carrying her child in her arms, and
+attended by the younger of the brothers, ran in a different direction.
+The blazing roof shed a light over the yard but little inferior to that
+of day, and the savages were distinctly seen awaiting the approach of
+their victims. The old lady was permitted to reach the stile unmolested,
+but in the act of crossing received several balls in her breast and fell
+dead. Her son, providentially, remained unhurt, and by extraordinary
+agility effected his escape.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The other party succeeded also in reaching the fence unhurt, but in
+the act of crossing, were vigorously assailed by several Indians, who,
+throwing down their guns, rushed upon them with their tomahawks. The
+young man defended his sister gallantly, firing upon the enemy as they
+approached, and then wielding the butt of his rifle with a fury that
+drew their whole attention upon himself, and gave his sister an
+opportunity of effecting her escape. He quickly fell, however, under the
+tomahawks of his enemies, and was found at daylight, scalped and mangled
+in a shocking manner. Of the whole family consisting of eight persons,
+when the attack commenced, only three escaped. Four were killed upon the
+spot, and one (the second daughter) carried off as a prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The neighborhood was quickly alarmed, and by daylight about thirty men
+were assembled under the command of Colonel Edwards. A light snow had
+fallen during the latter part of the night, and the Indian trail could
+be pursued at a gallop. It led directly into the mountainous country
+bordering upon Licking, and afforded evidences of great hurry and
+precipitation on the part of the fugitives. Unfortunately a hound had
+been permitted to accompany the whites, and as the trail became fresh
+and the scent warm, she followed it with eagerness, baying loudly and
+giving the alarm to the Indians. The consequences of this imprudence
+were soon displayed. The enemy finding the pursuit keen, and perceiving
+that the strength of the prisoner began to fail, instantly sunk their
+tomahawks in her head and left her, still warm and bleeding, upon the
+snow.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>As the whites came up, she retained strength enough to waive her hand in
+token of recognition, and appeared desirous of giving them some
+information, with regard to the enemy, but her strength was too far
+gone. Her brother sprung from his horse and knelt by her side,
+endeavoring to stop the effusion of blood, but in vain. She gave him her
+hand, muttered some inarticulate words, and expired within two minutes
+after the arrival of the party. The pursuit was renewed with additional
+ardor, and in twenty minutes the enemy was within view. They had taken
+possession of a steep narrow ridge and seemed desirous of magnifying
+their numbers in the eyes of the whites, as they ran rapidly from tree
+to tree, and maintained a steady yell in their most appalling tones. The
+pursuers, however, were too experienced to be deceived by so common an
+artifice, and being satisfied that the number of the enemy must be
+inferior to their own, they dismounted, tied their horses, and flanking
+out in such a manner as to enclose the enemy, ascended the ridge as
+rapidly as was consistent with a due regard to the shelter of their
+persons.</p>
+
+<p>The firing quickly commenced, and now for the first time they discovered
+that only two Indians were opposed to them. They had voluntarily
+sacrificed themselves for the safety of the main body, and succeeded in
+delaying pursuit until their friends could reach the mountains. One of
+them was instantly shot dead, and the other was badly wounded, as was
+evident from the blood upon his blanket, as well as that which filled
+his tracks in the snow for a considerable distance. The pursuit was
+recommenced, and urged keenly until night, when the trail entered a
+running stream and was lost. On the following morning the snow had
+melted, and every trace of the enemy was obliterated. This affair must
+be regarded as highly honorable to the skill, address, and activity of
+the Indians; and the self-devotion of the rear guard, is a lively
+instance of that magnanimity of which they are at times capable, and
+which is more remarkable in them, from the extreme caution, and tender
+regard for their own lives, which usually distinguished their warriors.</p>
+
+<p>From this time Simon Kenton's name became very prominent as a leader.
+This year, at the head of forty-six men, he pursued a body of Indians,
+but did not succeed in overtaking them, which he afterward regarded as a
+fortunate circumstance, as he ascertained that they were at least double
+the number of his own party. A man by the name of Scott, having been
+carried off by the Indians, Kenton followed them over the Ohio, and
+released him.</p>
+
+<p>As early as January, 1783, the Indians entered Kentucky, two of them
+were captured near Crab Orchard by Captain Whitley. The same month, a
+party stole a number of horses from the Elkhorn settlements; they were
+pursued and surprised in their camp. Their leader extricated his hand,
+by a singular stratagem. Springing up before the whites could fire, he
+went through a series of the most extraordinary antics, leaping and
+yelling as if frantic. This conduct absorbing the attention of the
+whites, his followers took advantage of the opportunity to escape. As
+soon as they had all disappeared, the wily chief plunged into the woods
+and was seen no more. The attacks were continued in March. Several
+parties and families suffered severely. Lieutenant McClure, following
+the trail of a marauding party of Indians, fell in with an other body,
+and in the skirmish that ensued, was mortally wounded.</p>
+
+<p>In 1789, a conference was held at the mouth of the Muskingum, with most
+of the northwestern tribes, the result of which was the conclusion of
+another treaty. The Shawanese were not included in this pacification.
+This tribe was the most constant in its enmity to the whites, of all the
+Western Indians. There was but little use in making peace with the
+Indians unless all were included; for as long as one tribe was at war,
+restless spirits among the others were found to take part with them, and
+the whites, on the other hand, were not particular to distinguish
+between hostile and friendly Indians.</p>
+
+<p>Though the depredations continued this year, no affair of unusual
+interest occurred; small parties of the Indians infested the
+settlements, murdering and plundering the inhabitants. They were
+generally pursued, but mostly without success. Major McMillan was
+attacked by six or seven Indians, but escaped unhurt after killing two
+of his assailants.</p>
+
+<p>A boat upon the Ohio was fired upon, five men killed, and a woman made
+prisoner. In their attacks upon boats, the Indians employed the
+stratagem of which the whites had been warned by Girty. White men would
+appear upon the shore, begging the crew to rescue them from the Indians,
+who were pursuing them. Some of these were renegades, and others
+prisoners compelled to act this part, under threats of death in its most
+dreadful form if they refused.</p>
+
+<p>The warning of Girty is supposed to have saved many persons from this
+artifice; but too often unable to resist the many appeals, emigrants
+became victims to the finest feelings of our nature.</p>
+
+<p>Thus in March, 1790, a boat descending the river was decoyed ashore, and
+no sooner had it reached the bank than it was captured by fifty Indians,
+who killed a man and a woman, and made the rest prisoners. An expedition
+was made against the Indians on the Sciota by General Harmer, of the
+United States army, and General Scott, of the Kentucky militia, but
+nothing of consequence was achieved. In May a number of people
+returning from Divine service, on Bear Grass Creek, were attacked, and
+one man killed, and a woman made prisoner, who was afterward tomahawked.
+Three days after, a boat containing six men and several families was
+captured by sixteen Indians without loss. The whites were all carried
+off by the Indians, who intended, it is said, to make them slaves; one
+of the men escaped and brought the news to the settlements.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall Harmer made a second expedition, which was attended with
+great disasters. Several marauding attacks of the Indians ensued; nor
+was peace finally restored until after the treaty of Greenville, which
+followed the subjugation of the Indians by General Wayne in 1794.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XXI'></a><h2>CHAPTER XXI.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Colonel Boone meets with the loss of all his land in Kentucky, and
+emigrates to Virginia&mdash;Resides on the Kenhawa, near Point
+Pleasant&mdash;Emigrates to Missouri&mdash;Is appointed commandant of a
+district&mdash;Mr. Audubon's narrative of a night passed with Boone.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>A period of severe adversity for Colonel Boone now ensued. His aversion
+to legal technicalities and his ignorance of legal forms were partly the
+cause of defects in the titles to the lands which he had long ago
+acquired, improved, and nobly defended. But the whole system of land
+titles in Kentucky at that early period was so utterly defective, that
+hundreds of others who were better informed and more careful than the
+old pioneer, lost their lands by litigation and the arts and rogueries
+of land speculators, who made it their business to hunt up defects in
+land titles.</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel lost all his land&mdash;even his beautiful farm near
+Boonesborough, which ought to have been held sacred by any men possessed
+of a particle of patriotism or honest feeling, was taken from him. He
+consequently left Kentucky and settled on the Kenhawa River in Virginia,
+not far from Point Pleasant. This removal appears to have taken place in
+the year 1790. He remained in this place several years, cultivating a
+farm, raising stock, and at the proper seasons indulging in his favorite
+sport of hunting.</p>
+
+<p>Some hunters who had been pursuing their sport on the western shores of
+the Missouri River gave Colonel Boone a very vivid description of that
+country, expatiating on the fertility of the land, the abundance of
+game, and the great herds of buffalo ranging over the vast expanse of
+the prairies. They also described the simple manners of the people, the
+absence of lawyers and lawsuits, and the Arcadian happiness which was
+enjoyed by all in the distant region, in such glowing terms that Boone
+resolved to emigrate and settle there, leaving his fourth son Jesse in
+the Kenhawa valley, where he had married and settled, and who did not
+follow him till several years after.<a name='FNanchor_55'></a><a href='#Footnote_55'><sup>[55]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Peck fixes the period of this emigration in 1795. Perkins, in his
+&quot;Western Annals,&quot; places it in 1797. His authority is an article of
+Thomas J. Hinde in the &quot;American Pioneer,&quot; who says: &quot;I was 'neighbor to
+Daniel Boone, the first white man that fortified against the. Indians in
+Kentucky. In October, 1797, I saw him on pack-horses take up his journey
+for Missouri, then Upper Louisiana.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Peck says:<a name='FNanchor_56'></a><a href='#Footnote_56'><sup>[56]</sup></a> &quot;At that period, and for several years after, the
+country of his retreat belonged to the Crown of Spain. His fame had
+reached this remote region before him; and he received of the
+Lieutenant-Governor, who resided at St. Louis, 'assurance that ample
+portions of land should be given to him and his family.' His first
+residence was in the Femme Osage settlement, in the District of St.
+Charles, about forty-five miles west of St. Louis. Here he remained with
+his son Daniel M. Boone until 1804, when he removed to the residence of
+his youngest son, Nathan Boone, with whom he continued till about 1810,
+when he went to reside with his son-in-law, Flanders Callaway. A
+commission from Don Charles D. Delassus, Lieutenant-Governor, dated July
+11th, 1800, appointing him commandant of the Femme Osage District, was
+tendered and accepted. He retained this command, which included both
+civil and military duties and he continued to discharge them with credit
+to himself, and to the satisfaction of all concerned, until the transfer
+of the government to the United States. The simple manners of the
+frontier people of Missouri exactly suited the peculiar habits and
+temper of Colonel Boone.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It was during his residence in Missouri that Colonel Boone was visited
+by the great naturalist, J.J. Audubon, who passed a night with him. In
+his Ornithological Biography, Mr. Audubon gives the following narrative
+of what passed on that occasion:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Daniel Boone, or, as he was usually called in the Western country,
+Colonel Boone, happened to spend a night with me under the same roof,
+more than twenty years ago.<a name='FNanchor_57'></a><a href='#Footnote_57'><sup>[57]</sup></a> We had returned from a shooting
+excursion, in the course of which his extraordinary skill in the
+management of the rifle had been fully displayed. On retiring to the
+room appropriated to that remarkable individual and myself for the
+night, I felt anxious to know more of his exploits and adventures than I
+did, and accordingly took the liberty of proposing numerous questions to
+him. The stature and general appearance of this wanderer of the Western
+forests approached the gigantic. His chest was broad and prominent; his
+muscular powers displayed themselves in every limb; his countenance gave
+indication of his great courage, enterprise, and perseverance; and when
+he spoke, the very motion of his lips brought the impression that
+whatever he uttered could not be otherwise than strictly true. I
+undressed, whilst he merely took off his hunting-shirt, and arranged a
+few folds of blankets on the floor, choosing rather to lie there, as he
+observed, than on the softest bed. When we had both disposed of
+ourselves, each after his own fashion, he related to me the following
+account of his powers of memory, which I lay before you, kind reader, in
+his own words, hoping that the simplicity of his style may prove
+interesting to you:&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'I was once,' said he, 'on a hunting expedition on the banks of the
+Green River, when the lower parts of this State (Kentucky) were still
+in the hands of Nature, and none but the sons of the soil were looked
+upon as its lawful proprietors. We Virginians had for some time been
+waging a war of intrusion upon them, and I, amongst the rest, rambled
+through the woods in pursuit of their race, as I now would follow the
+tracks of any ravenous animal. The Indians outwitted me one dark night,
+and I was as unexpectedly as suddenly made a prisoner by them. The trick
+had been managed with great skill; for no sooner had I extinguished the
+fire of my camp, and laid me down to rest, in full security, as I
+thought, than I felt myself seized by an indistinguishable number of
+hands, and was immediately pinioned, as if about to be led to the
+scaffold for execution. To have attempted to be refractory would have
+proved useless and dangerous to my life; and I suffered myself to be
+removed from my camp to theirs, a few miles distant, without uttering
+even a word of complaint. You are aware, I dare say, that to act in this
+manner was the best policy, as you understand that by so doing I proved
+to the Indians at once that I was born and bred as fearless of death as
+any of themselves.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'When we reached the camp, great rejoicings were exhibited. Two squaws
+and a few papooses appeared particularly delighted at the sight of me,
+and I was assured, by very unequivocal gestures and words, that, on the
+morrow, the mortal enemy of the Redskins would cease to live. I never
+opened my lips but was busy contriving some scheme which might enable me
+to give the rascals the slip before dawn. The women immediately fell a
+searching about my hunting-shirt for whatever they might think valuable,
+and, fortunately for me, soon found my flask tilled with <i>Monongahela</i>
+(that is, reader, strong whisky). A terrific grin was exhibited on their
+murderous countenances, while my heart throbbed with joy at the
+anticipation of their intoxication. The crew immediately began to beat
+their bellies and sing, as they passed the bottle from mouth to mouth.
+How often did I wish the flask ten times its size, and filled with
+aquafortis! I observed that the squaws drank more freely than the
+warriors, and again my spirits were about to be depressed, when the
+report of a gun was heard at a distance. The Indians all jumped on their
+feet. The singing and drinking were both brought to a stand, and I saw,
+with inexpressible joy, the men walk off to some distance and talk to
+the squaws. I knew that they were consulting about me, and I foresaw
+that in a few moments the warriors would go to discover the cause of the
+gun having been fired so near their camp. I expected that the squaws
+would be left to guard me. Well, sir, it was just so. They returned;
+the men took up their guns, and walked away. The squaws sat down again,
+and in less than five minutes had my bottle up to their dirty mouths,
+gurgling down their throats the remains of the whisky.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'With what pleasure did I see them becoming more and more drunk, until
+the liquor took such hold of them that it was quite impossible for these
+women to be of any service. They tumbled down, rolled about, and began
+to snore; when I, having no other chance of freeing myself from the
+cords that fastened me, rolled over and over toward the fire, and, after
+a short time, burned them asunder. I rose on my feet, stretched my
+stiffened sinews, snatched up my rifle, and, for once in my life spared
+that of Indians. I now recollect how desirous I once or twice felt to
+lay open the skulls of the wretches with my tomahawk; but when I again
+thought upon killing beings unprepared and unable to defend themselves,
+it looked like murder without need, and I gave up the idea.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'But, sir, I felt determined to mark the spot, and walking to a thrifty
+ash sapling I cut out of it three large chips, and ran off. I soon
+reached the river soon crossed it, and threw myself deep into the
+canebrakes, imitating the tracks of an Indian with my feet, so that no
+chance might be left for those from whom I had escaped to overtake me.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'It is now nearly twenty years since this happened, and more than five
+since I left the whites' settlements, which I might probably never have
+visited again had I not been called on as a witness in a lawsuit that
+was pending in Kentucky, and which I really believe would never have
+been settled had I not come forward and established the beginning of a
+certain boundary line. This is the story, sir:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Mr.&mdash;&mdash; moved from Old Virginia into Kentucky, and having a large
+tract granted to him in the new State, laid claim to a certain parcel of
+land adjoining Green River, and, as chance would have it, took for one
+of his corners the very ash tree on which I had made my mark, and
+finished his survey of some thousands of acres, beginning, as it is
+expressed in the deed, at an ash marked by three distinct notches of
+the tomahawk of a white man.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'The tree had grown much, and the bark had covered the marks; but,
+somehow or other, Mr.&mdash;&mdash;heard from some one all that I have already
+said to you, and thinking that I might remember the spot alluded to in
+the deed, but which was no longer discoverable, wrote for me to come and
+try at least to find the place or the tree. His letter mentioned that
+all my expenses should be paid, and not caring much about once more
+going back to Kentucky I started and met Mr.&mdash;&mdash;. After some
+conversation, the affair with the Indians came to my recollection. I
+considered for a while, and began to think that after all I could find
+the very spot, as well as the tree, if it was yet standing.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Mr.&mdash;&mdash; and I mounted our horses, and off we went to the Green River
+Bottoms. After some difficulties&mdash;for you must be aware, sir, that great
+changes have taken place in those woods&mdash;I found at last the spot where
+I had crossed the river, and, waiting for the moon to rise, made for the
+course in which I thought the ash tree grew. On approaching the place, I
+felt as if the Indians were there still, and as if I was still a
+prisoner among them. Mr.&mdash;&mdash; and I camped near what I conceived the
+spot, and waited until the return of day. </p>
+
+<p>&quot;'At the rising of the sun I was on foot, and, after a good deal of
+musing, thought that an ash tree then in sight must be the very one on
+which I had made my mark, I felt as if there could be no doubt of it,
+and mentioned my thought to Mr.&mdash;&mdash;. 'Well, Colonel Boone,' said he, 'if
+you think so, I hope it may prove true, but we must have some witnesses;
+do you stay here about, and I will go and bring some of the settlers
+whom I know.' I agreed. Mr.&mdash;&mdash; trotted off, and I, to pass the time,
+rambled about to see if a deer was still living in the land. But ah!
+sir, what a wonderful difference thirty years make in the country! Why,
+at the time when I was caught by the Indians, you would not have walked
+out in any direction for more than a mile without shooting a buck or a
+bear. There were then thousands of buffaloes on the hills in Kentucky;
+the land looked as if it never would become poor: and to hunt in those
+days was a pleasure indeed. But when I was left to myself on the banks
+of Green River, I dare say for the last time in my life, a few <i>signs</i>
+only of deer were to be seen, and, as to a deer itself, I saw none.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Mr.&mdash;&mdash; returned, accompanied by three gentlemen. They looked upon me
+as if I had been Washington himself, and walked to the ash tree which I
+now called my own, as if in quest of a long-lost treasure. I took an
+axe from one of them, and cut a few chips off the bark. Still no signs
+were to be seen. So I cut again until I thought it was time to be
+cautious, and I scraped and worked away with my butcher-knife until I
+<i>did</i> come to where my tomahawk had left an impression in the wood. We
+now went regularly to work, and scraped at the tree with care until
+three hacks, as plain as any three notches ever were, could be seen.
+Mr.&mdash;&mdash; and the other gentlemen were astonished, and I must allow I was
+as much surprised as pleased myself. I made affidavit of this remarkable
+occurrence in presence of these gentlemen. Mr.&mdash;&mdash; gained his cause. I
+left Green River forever, and came to where we now are; and sir I wish
+you a good-night.'&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XXII'></a><h2>CHAPTER XXII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Colonel Boone receives a large grant of land from the Spanish Government
+of Upper Louisiana&mdash;He loses it&mdash;Sketch of the history of
+Missouri&mdash;Colonel Boone's hunting&mdash;He pays his debts by the sale of
+furs&mdash;Taken sick in his hunting camp&mdash;Colonel Boone applies to Congress
+to recover his land&mdash;The Legislature of Kentucky supports his
+claim&mdash;Death of Mrs. Boone&mdash;Results of the application to
+Congress&mdash;Occupations of his declining years&mdash;Mr. Harding paints his
+portrait.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>In consideration of his official services as Syndic, ten thousand
+arpents<a name='FNanchor_58'></a><a href='#Footnote_58'><sup>[58]</sup></a> of excellent land were given to Colonel Boone by the
+Government. Under the special law, in order to make his title good, he
+should have obtained a confirmation of his grant from the immediate
+representative of the Crown, then residing in New Orleans. But his
+friend, the Commandant at St. Louis, undertook to dispense with his
+residence on the land which was another condition to a sound title, and
+Boone probably supposed that &quot;all would be right&quot; without attending to
+any of the formalities, and neglected to take the necessary steps for
+holding his land securely.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable that he foresaw that Missouri would soon become a part of
+the United States, and expected justice from that quarter. But in this
+he was disappointed, for when that event took place, the commissioners
+of the United States appointed to decide on confirmed claims felt
+constrained by their instructions and rejected Colonel Boone's claims
+for want of legal formalities.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was the noble pioneer a second time deprived of the recompense of
+his inestimable services by his inattention to the precautions
+necessary for securing his rights. This second misfortune came upon him
+some time after the period of which we are now writing.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime Colonel Boone found his residence in Missouri agreeable, and in
+every respect congenial to his habits and tastes. His duties as Syndic
+were light; and he was allowed ample time for the cultivation of his
+land, and for occasional tours of hunting, in which he so greatly
+delighted. Trapping beaver was another of his favorite pursuits, and in
+this new country he found abundance of this as well as other species of
+game.</p>
+
+<p>A greater part of the people of Missouri were emigrants from the United
+States, pioneers of the West, who had already resisted Indian
+aggressions, and were welcomed by the French and Spanish settlers as a
+clear accession to their military strength,</p>
+
+<p>A brief notice of the history of this State, showing how the different
+kinds of population came there, will be not inappropriate in this place.</p>
+
+<p>Though the French were the first settlers, and for a long time the
+principal inhabitants of Missouri, yet a very small portion of her
+present population is of that descent. A fort was built by that people
+as early as 1719, near the site of the present capital, called Fort
+Orleans, and its lead mines worked to some extent the next year. St.
+Genevieve, the oldest town in the State, was settled in 1755, and St.
+Louis in 1764. At the treaty of 1763 it was assigned, with all the
+territory west of the Mississippi, to Spain. &quot;In 1780, St. Louis was
+besieged and attacked by a body of British troops and Indians, fifteen
+hundred and forty strong.&quot; During the siege, sixty of the French were
+killed. The siege was raised by Colonel George Rogers Clark, who came
+with five hundred men to the relief of the place. At the close of the
+American Revolution, the territory west of the Mississippi remained with
+Spain till it was ceded to France, in 1801. In 1803, at the purchase of
+Louisiana, it came into the possession of the United States, and formed
+part of the territory of Louisiana, until the formation of the State of
+that name in 1812, when the remainder of the territory was named
+Missouri, from which (after a stormy debate in Congress as to the
+admission of slavery) was separated the present State of Missouri in
+1721.<a name='FNanchor_59'></a><a href='#Footnote_59'><sup>[59]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The office of Syndic, to which Colonel Boone had been appointed, is
+similar to that of justice of the peace under our own government: but it
+is more extensive, as combining military with civil powers. Its exercise
+in Colonel Boone's district did not by any means occupy the whole of his
+time and attention. On the contrary, he found sufficient time for
+hunting in the winter months&mdash;the regular hunting season. At first he
+was not very successful in obtaining valuable furs; but after two or
+three seasons, he was able to secure a sufficient quantity to enable
+him, by the proceeds of their sale, to discharge some outstanding debts
+in Kentucky; and he made a journey thither for that purpose. When he had
+seen each creditor, and paid him all he demanded, he returned home to
+Missouri, and on his arrival he had but half a dollar remaining. &quot;To his
+family,&quot; says Mr. Peck, &quot;and a circle of friends who had called to see
+him, he said, 'Now I am ready and willing to die. I am relieved from a
+burden that has long oppressed me. I have paid all my debts, and no one
+will say, when I am gone, 'Boone was a dishonest man.' I am perfectly
+willing to die.'&quot; <a name='FNanchor_60'></a><a href='#Footnote_60'><sup>[60]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Boone still continued his hunting excursions, attended sometimes by some
+friend: but most frequently by a black servant boy. On one of these
+occasions these two had to resist an attack of Osage Indians, whom they
+speedily put to flight. At another time, when he was entirely alone, a
+large encampment of Indians made its appearance in his neighborhood;
+and he was compelled to secrete himself for twenty days in his camp,
+cooking his food only in the middle of the night, so that the smoke of
+his fire would not be seen. At the end of this long period of inaction
+the Indians went off.</p>
+
+<p>At another time, while in his hunting camp, with only a negro boy for
+his attendant, he fell sick and lay a long time unable to go out. When
+sufficiently recovered to walk out, he pointed out to the boy a place
+where he wished to be buried if he should die in camp, and also gave the
+boy very exact directions about his burial, and the disposal of his
+rifle, blankets and peltry.<a name='FNanchor_61'></a><a href='#Footnote_61'><sup>[61]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Among the relations of Colonel Boone, who were settled in his
+neighborhood, were Daniel Morgan Boone, his eldest son then living, who
+had gone out before his father; Nattra, with his wife, who had followed
+in 1800; and Flanders Callaway, his son-in-law, who had come out about
+the time that Missouri, then Upper Louisiana, became a part of the
+United States territory.<a name='FNanchor_62'></a><a href='#Footnote_62'><sup>[62]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>We have already stated that the land granted to Colonel Boone, in
+consideration of his performing the duties of Syndic, was lost by his
+omission to comply with the legal formalities necessary to secure his
+title.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the ten thousand arpents of land thus lost, he had been
+entitled as a citizen to one thousand arpents of land according to the
+usage in other cases; but he appears not to have complied with the
+condition of actual residence on this land, and it was lost in
+consequence.</p>
+
+<p>In 1812, Colonel Boone sent a petition to Congress, praying for a
+confirmation of his original claims. In order to give greater weight to
+his application, he presented a memorial to the General Assembly of
+Kentucky, on the thirteenth of January, 1812, soliciting the aid of that
+body in obtaining from Congress the confirmation of his claims.</p>
+
+<p>The Legislature, by a unanimous vote, passed the following preamble and
+resolutions.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Legislature of Kentucky, taking into view the many eminent services
+rendered by Col. Boone, in exploring and settling the western country,
+from which great advantages have resulted, not only to this State, but
+to his country in general; and that from circumstances over which he had
+no control, he is now reduced to poverty, not having, so far as appears,
+an acre of land out of the vast territory he has been a great instrument
+in peopling; believing, also, that it is as unjust as it is impolitic,
+that useful enterprise and eminent services should go unrewarded by a
+government where merit confers the only distinction; and having
+sufficient reason to believe that a grant of ten thousand acres of land,
+which he claims in Upper Louisiana, would have been confirmed by the
+Spanish government, had not said territory passed, by cession, into the
+hands of the general government: wherefore.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Resolved, by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of
+Kentucky,&mdash;That our Senators in Congress be requested to make use of
+their exertions to procure a grant of land in said territory to said
+Boone, either the ten thousand acres to which he appears to have an
+equitable claim, from the grounds set forth to this Legislature, by way
+of confirmation, or to such quantity in such place as shall be deemed
+most advisable, by way of donation.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this action of the Legislature of Kentucky, Colonel
+Boone's appeal, like many other just and reasonable claims presented to
+Congress, was neglected for some time. During this period of anxious
+suspense, Mrs. Boone, the faithful and affectionate wife of the
+venerable pioneer, who had shared his toils and anxieties, and cheered
+his home for so many years, was taken from his side. She died in March,
+1813, at the age of seventy-six. The venerable pioneer was now to miss
+her cheerful companionship for the remainder of his life; and to a man
+of his affectionate disposition this must have been a severe privation.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Boone's memorial to Congress received the earnest and active
+support of Judge Coburn, Joseph Vance, Judge Burnett, and other
+distinguished men belonging to the Western country. But it was not till
+the 24th of December, 1813, that the Committee on Public Lands made a
+report on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>The report certainly is a very inconsistent one, as it fully admits the
+justice of his claim to eleven thousand arpents of land, and recommends
+Congress to give him the miserable pittance of one thousand arpents, to
+which he was entitled in common with all the other emigrants to Upper
+Louisiana! The act for the confirmation of the title passed on the 10th
+of February, 1814.</p>
+
+<p>For ten years before his decease, Colonel Boone gave up his favorite
+pursuit of hunting. The infirmities of age rendered it imprudent for him
+to venture alone in the woods. </p>
+
+<p>The closing years of Colonel Boone's life were passed in a manner
+entirely characteristic of the man. He appears to have considered love
+to mankind, reverence to the Supreme Being, delight in his works and
+constant usefulness, as the legitimate ends of life. After the decease
+of Mrs. Boone, he divided his time among the different members of his
+family, making his home with his eldest daughter, Mrs. Callaway,
+visiting his other children, and especially his youngest son, Major
+Nathan Boone, for longer or shorter periods, according to his
+inclination and convenience. He was greatly beloved by all his
+descendants, some of whom were of the fifth generation; and he took
+great delight in their society.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;His time at home,&quot; says Mr. Peck, &quot;was usually occupied in some useful
+manner. He made powder-horns for his grandchildren, neighbors, and
+friends, many of which were carved and ornamented with much taste. He
+repaired rifles, and performed various descriptions of handicraft with
+neatness and finish.&quot; Making powder-horns&mdash;repairing rifles&mdash;employments
+in pleasing unison with old pursuits, and by the associations thus
+raised in his mind, always recalling the pleasures of the chase, the
+stilly whispering hum of the pines, the fragrance of wild flowers, and
+the deep solitude of the primeval forest.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1820, Chester Harding, who of American artists is one
+of the most celebrated for the accuracy of his likenesses, paid a visit
+to Colonel Boone for the purpose of taking his portrait. The Colonel was
+quite feeble, and had to be supported by a friend, the Rev. J.E. Welsh,
+while sitting to the artist.<a name='FNanchor_63'></a><a href='#Footnote_63'><sup>[63]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>This portrait is the original from which most of the engravings of Boone
+have been executed. It represents him in his hunting-dress, with his
+large hunting-knife in his belt. The face is very thin and pale, and the
+hair perfectly white; the eyes of a bright blue color, and the
+expression of the countenance mild and pleasing.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' /><br />
+<a name='CHAPTER_XXIII'></a><h2>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2><br />
+
+<p style='margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2.5em; '>Last illness, and death of Colonel Boone&mdash;His funeral&mdash;Account of his
+family&mdash;His remains and those of his wife removed from Missouri, and
+reinterred in the new cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky&mdash;Character of
+Colonel Boone.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>In September, 1820, Colonel Boone had an attack of fever, from which he
+recovered so as to make a visit to the house of his son, Major Nathan
+Boone. Soon after, from an indiscretion in his diet, he had a relapse;
+and after a confinement to the house of only three days, he expired on
+the 26th of September, in the eighty-sixth year of his age.</p>
+
+<p>He was buried in a coffin which he had kept ready for several years. His
+remains were laid by the side of those of his deceased wife. The great
+respect and reverence entertained toward him, attracted a large
+concourse from the neighboring country to the funeral. The Legislature
+of Missouri, then in session, passed a resolution that the members
+should wear the badge of mourning usual in such cases for twenty days;
+and an adjournment for one day took place.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Boone had five sons and four daughters The two oldest sons, as
+already related, were killed by the Indians. His third, Colonel Daniel
+Morgan Boone, resided in Missouri, and died about 1842, past the age of
+eighty. Jesse Boone, the fourth son, settled in Missouri about 1805, and
+died at St. Louis a few years after. Major Nathan Boone, the youngest
+child, resided for many years in Missouri, and received a commission in
+the United States Dragoons. He was still living at a recent date. Daniel
+Boone's daughters, Jemima, Susannah, Rebecca, and Lavinia, were all
+married, lived and died in Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>In 1845 the citizens of Frankfort, Kentucky, having prepared a rural
+cemetery, resolved to consecrate it by interring in it the remains of
+Daniel Boone and his wife. The consent of the family being obtained, the
+reinterment took place on the 20th of August of that year.</p>
+
+<p>The pageant was splendid and deeply interesting. A few survivors of
+Boone's contemporaries were present, gathered from all parts of the
+State, and a numerous train of his descendants and relatives led the van
+of the procession escorting the hearse, which was decorated with forest
+evergreens and white lilies, an appropriate tribute to the simple as
+well as glorious character of Boone, and a suitable emblem of his
+enduring fame. The address was delivered by Mr. Crittenden, and the
+concourse of citizens from Kentucky and the neighboring States was
+immense.</p>
+
+<p>The reader of the foregoing pages will have no difficulty in forming a
+correct estimate of Boone's character. He was one of the purest and
+noblest of the pioneers of the West. Regarding himself as an instrument
+in the hands of Providence for accomplishing great purposes, he was
+nevertheless always modest and unassuming, never seeking distinction,
+but always accepting the post of duty and danger.</p>
+
+<p>As a military leader he was remarkable for prudence, coolness, bravery,
+and imperturbable self-possession. His knowledge of the character of the
+Indians enabled him to divine their intentions and baffle their best
+laid plans; and notwithstanding his resistance of their inroads, he was
+always a great favorite amongst them. As a father, husband, and citizen,
+his character seems to have been faultless; and his intercourse with his
+fellow-men was always marked by the strictest integrity and honor.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<a name='COLONEL_BOONES_AUTOBIOGRAPHY'></a><h2>COLONEL BOONE'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY</h2>
+
+<p>[The following pages were dictated by Colonel Boone to John Filson, and
+published in 1784. Colonel Boone has been heard to say repeatedly since
+its publication, that &quot;it is every word true.&quot;]</p>
+
+<p>Curiosity is natural to the soul of man, and interesting objects have a
+powerful influence on our affections. Let these influencing powers
+actuate, by the permission or disposal of Providence, from selfish or
+social views, yet in time the mysterious will of Heaven is unfolded, and
+we behold our conduct, from whatsoever motives excited, operating to
+answer the important designs of Heaven. Thus we behold Kentucky, lately
+a howling wilderness, the habitation of savages and wild beasts, become
+a fruitful field; this region, so favorably distinguished by nature, now
+become the habitation of civilization, at a period unparalleled in
+history, in the midst of a raging war, and under all the disadvantages
+of emigration to a country so remote from the inhabited parts of the
+continent. Here, where the hand of violence shed the blood of the
+innocent; where the horrid yells of savages and the groans of the
+distressed sounded in our ears, we now hear the praises and adorations
+of our Creator; where wretched wigwams stood, the miserable abodes of
+savages, we behold the foundations of cities laid, that, in all
+probability, will equal the glory of the greatest upon earth. And we
+view Kentucky, situated on the fertile banks of the great Ohio, rising
+from obscurity to shine with splendor, equal to any other of the stars
+of the American hemisphere.</p>
+
+<p>The settling of this region well deserves a place in history. Most of
+the memorable events I have myself been exercised in; and, for the
+satisfaction of the public, will briefly relate the circumstance of my
+adventures, and scenes of life from my first movement to this country
+until this day.</p>
+
+<p>It was on the first of May, in the year 1769, that I resigned my
+domestic happiness for a time, and left my family and peaceable
+habitation on the Yadkin River, in North Carolina, to wander through the
+wilderness of America, in quest of the country of Kentucky, in company
+with John Finley, John Stewart, Joseph Holden, James Monay, and William
+Cool. We proceeded successfully, and after a long and fatiguing journey
+through a mountainous wilderness, in a westward direction. On the 7th of
+June following we found ourselves on Red River, where John Finley had
+formerly been trading with the Indians, and, from the top of an
+eminence, saw with pleasure the beautiful level of Kentucky. Here let me
+observe that for some time we had experienced the most uncomfortable
+weather, as a pre-libation of our future sufferings. At this place we
+encamped, and made a shelter to defend us from the inclement season,
+and began to hunt and reconnoitre the country. We found everywhere
+abundance of wild beasts of all sorts, through this vast forest. The
+buffalo were more frequent than I have seen cattle in the settlements,
+browsing on the leaves of the cane, or cropping the herbage on those
+extensive plains, fearless, because ignorant of the violence of man.
+Sometimes we saw hundreds in a drove, and the numbers about the salt
+springs were amazing. In this forest, the habitation of beasts of every
+kind natural to America, we practiced hunting with great success until
+the 22d day of December following.</p>
+
+<p>This day John Steward and I had a pleasing ramble, but fortune changed
+the scene in the close of it. We had passed through a great forest, on
+which stood myriads of trees, some gay with blossoms, and others rich
+with fruits. Nature was here a series of wonders, and a fund of delight.
+Here she displayed her ingenuity and industry in a variety of flowers
+and fruits, beautifully colored, elegantly shaped, and charmingly
+flavored; and we were diverted with innumerable animals presenting
+themselves perpetually to our view. In the decline of the day, near
+Kentucky River, as we ascended the brow of a small hill, a number of
+Indians rushed out of a thick canebrake upon us, and made us prisoners.
+The time of our sorrow was now arrived, and the scene fully opened. The
+Indians plundered us of what we had, and kept us in confinement seven
+days, treating us with common savage usage. During this time we
+discovered no uneasiness or desire to escape, which made them less
+suspicious of us; but in the dead of night, as we lay in a thick
+canebrake by a large fire, when sleep had locked-up their senses, my
+situation not disposing me for rest, I touched my companion, and gently
+awoke him. We improved this favorable opportunity and departed, leaving
+them to take their rest, and speedily directed our course toward our old
+camp, but found it plundered, and the company dispersed and gone home.
+About this time my brother, Squire Boone, with another adventurer, who
+came to explore the country shortly after us, was wandering through the
+forest, determined to find me if possible, and accidentally found our
+camp. Notwithstanding the unfortunate circumstances of our company, and
+our dangerous situation, as surrounded with hostile savages, our meeting
+so fortunately in the wilderness made us reciprocally sensible of the
+utmost satisfaction. So much does friendship triumph over misfortune,
+that sorrows and sufferings vanish at the meeting not only of real
+friends, but of the most distant acquaintances, and substitute happiness
+in their room.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this, my companion in captivity, John Stewart, was killed by
+the savages, and the man that came with my brother returned home by
+himself. We were then in a dangerous, helpless situation, exposed daily
+to perils and death among savages and wild beasts&mdash;not a white man in
+the country but ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>Thus situated, many hundred miles from our families in the howling
+wilderness, I believe few would have equally enjoyed the happiness we
+experienced. I often observed to my brother, &quot;You see now how little
+nature requires to be satisfied. Felicity, the companion of content, is
+rather found in our own breasts than in the enjoyment of external
+things; and I firmly believe it requires but a little philosophy to make
+a man happy in whatsoever state he is. This consists in a full
+resignation to the will of Providence; and a resigned soul finds
+pleasure in a path strewed with briers and thorns.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We continued not in a state of indolence, but hunted every day, and
+prepared a little cottage to defend us from the winter storms. We
+remained there undisturbed during the winter, and on the first day of
+May, 1770, my brother returned home to the settlement by himself, for a
+new recruit of horses and ammunition, leaving me by myself, without
+bread, salt, or sugar, without company of my fellow-creatures, or even a
+horse or dog. I confess I never before was under greater necessity of
+exercising philosophy and fortitude. A few days I passed uncomfortably.
+The idea of a beloved wife and family, and their anxiety upon the
+account of my absence and exposed situation, made sensible impressions
+on my heart. A thousand dreadful apprehensions presented themselves to
+my view, and had undoubtedly disposed me to melancholy, if further
+indulged.</p>
+
+<p>One day I undertook a tour through the country, and the diversity and
+beauties of nature I met with in this charming season, expelled every
+gloomy and vexatious thought. Just at the close of day the gentle gales
+retired, and left the place to the disposal of a profound calm. Not a
+breeze shook the most tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit of a
+commanding ridge, and, looking round with astonishing delight, beheld
+the ample plains, the beauteous tracts below. On the other hand, I
+surveyed the famous river Ohio, that rolled in silent dignity, marking
+the western boundary of Kentucky with inconceivable grandeur. At a vast
+distance I beheld the mountains lift their venerable brows, and
+penetrate the clouds. All things were still. I kindled a fire near a
+fountain of sweet water, and feasted on the loin of a buck, which a few
+hours before I had killed. The sullen shades of night soon overspread
+the whole hemisphere, and the earth seemed to gasp after the hovering
+moisture. My roving excursion this day had fatigued my body, and
+diverted my imagination. I laid me down to sleep, and I awoke not until
+the sun had chased away the night. I continued this tour, and in a few
+days explored a considerable part of the country, each day equally
+pleased as the first. I returned again to my old camp, which was not
+disturbed in my absence. I did not confine my lodging to it, but often
+reposed in thick canebrakes, to avoid the savages, who, I believe, often
+visited my camp, but, fortunately for me, in my absence. In this
+situation I was constantly exposed to danger and death. How unhappy such
+a situation for a man tormented with fear, which is vain if no danger
+comes, and if it does, only augments the pain! It was my happiness to be
+destitute of this afflicting passion, with which I had the greatest
+reason to be affected. The prowling wolves diverted my nocturnal hours
+with perpetual howlings; and the various species of animals in this vast
+forest, in the daytime, were continually in my view.</p>
+
+<p>Thus I was surrounded by plenty in the midst of want. I was happy in the
+midst of dangers and inconveniences. In such a diversity, it was
+impossible I should be disposed to melancholy. No populous city, with
+all the varieties of commerce and stately Structures, could afford so
+much pleasure to my mind as the beauties of nature I found here. </p>
+
+<p>Thus, through an uninterrupted scene of sylvan pleasures, I spent the
+time until the 27th day of July following, when my brother, to my great
+felicity, met me, according to appointment, at our old camp. Shortly
+after, we left this place, not thinking it safe to stay there longer,
+and proceeded to Cumberland River, reconnoitering that part of the
+country until March, 1771, and giving names to the different waters.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after, I returned home to my family, with a determination to bring
+them as soon as possible to live in Kentucky, which I esteemed a second
+paradise, at the risk of my life and fortune.</p>
+
+<p>I returned safe to my old habitation, and found my family in happy
+circumstances. I sold my farm on the Yadkin, and what goods we could not
+carry with us; and on the 25th day of September, 1773, bade a farewell
+to our friends, and proceeded on our journey to Kentucky, in company
+with five families more, and forty men that joined us in Powel's Valley,
+which is one hundred and fifty miles from the now settled parts of
+Kentucky, This promising beginning was soon overcast with a cloud of
+adversity; for, upon the 10th day of October, the rear of our company
+was attacked by a number of Indians, who killed six, and wounded one
+man. Of these, my eldest son was one that fell in the action. Though we
+defended ourselves and repulsed the enemy, yet this unhappy affair
+scattered our cattle, brought us into extreme difficulty, and so
+discouraged the whole company, that we retreated forty miles, to the
+settlement on Clinch River. We had passed over two mountains, viz,
+Powel's and Walden's, and were approaching Cumberland mountain when this
+adverse fortune overtook us. These mountains are in the wilderness, as
+we pass from the old settlements in Virginia to Kentucky, are ranged in
+a southwest and northeast direction, are of a great length and breadth,
+and not far distant from each other. Over these, nature hath formed
+passes that are less difficult than might be expected, from a view of
+such huge piles. The aspect of these cliffs is so wild and horrid, that
+it is impossible to behold them without terror. The spectator is apt to
+imagine that nature has formerly suffered some violent convulsion, and
+that these are the dismembered remains of the dreadful shock; the
+ruins, not of Persepolis or Palmyra, but of the world!</p>
+
+<p>I remained with my family on Clinch until the 6th of June, 1774, when I
+and one Michael Stoner were solicited by Governor Dunmore of Virginia to
+go to the falls of the Ohio, to conduct into the settlements a number of
+surveyors that had been sent thither by him some months before; this
+country having about this time drawn the attention of many adventurers.
+We immediately complied with the Governor's request, and conducted in
+the surveyors&mdash;completing a tour of eight hundred miles, through many
+difficulties, in sixty-two days.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after I returned home, I was ordered to take the command of three
+garrisons during the campaign which Governor Dunmore carried on against
+the Shawanese Indians; after the conclusion of which, the militia was
+discharged from each garrison, and I, being relieved from my post, was
+solicited by a number of North Carolina gentlemen, that were about
+purchasing the lands lying on the south side of Kentucky River, from the
+Cherokee Indians, to attend their treaty at Wataga, in March, 1775, to
+negotiate with them, and mention the boundaries of the purchase. This I
+accepted; and, at the request of the same gentlemen, undertook to mark
+out a road in the best passage from the settlement through the
+wilderness to Kentucky, with such assistance as I thought necessary to
+employ for such an important undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>I soon began this work, having collected a number of enterprising men,
+well armed. We proceeded with all possible expedition until we came
+within fifteen miles of where Boonesborough now stands, and where we
+were fired upon by a party of Indians, that killed two, and wounded two
+of our number; yet, although surprised and taken at a disadvantage, we
+stood our ground. This was on the 20th of March, 1775. Three days after,
+we were fired upon again, and had two men killed, and three wounded.
+Afterward we proceeded on to Kentucky River without opposition; and on
+the first day of April began to erect the fort of Boonesborough at a
+salt lick, about sixty yards from the river, on the south side.</p>
+
+<p>On the fourth day, the Indians killed one of our men. We were busily
+employed in building this fort until the fourteenth day of June
+following, without any further opposition from the Indians; and having
+finished the works, I returned to my family on Clinch.</p>
+
+<p>In a short time I proceeded to remove my family from Clinch to this
+garrison, where we arrived safe, without any other difficulties than
+such as are common to this passage; my wife and daughter being the first
+white women that ever stood on the banks of Kentucky River.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th day of December following, we had one man killed, and one
+wounded by the Indians, who seemed determined to persecute us for
+erecting this fortification.</p>
+
+<p>On the fourteenth day of July, 1776, two of Colonel Calaway's daughters,
+and one of mine, were taken prisoners near the fort. I immediately
+pursued the Indians with only eight men, and on the 16th overtook them,
+killed two of the party, and recovered the girls. The same day on which
+this attempt was made, the Indians divided themselves into different
+parties, and attacked several forts, which were shortly before this time
+erected, doing a great deal of mischief. This was extremely distressing
+to the new settlers. The innocent husbandman was shot down, while busy
+in cultivating the soil for his family's supply. Most of the cattle
+around the stations were destroyed. They continued their hostilities in
+this manner until the 15th of April, 1777, when they attacked
+Boonesborough with a party of above one hundred in number, killed one
+man, and wounded four. Their loss in this attack was not certainly known
+to us.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th day of July following, a party of about two hundred Indians
+attacked Boonesborough, killed one man and wounded two. They besieged us
+forty-eight hours, during which time seven of them were killed, and, at
+last, finding themselves not likely to prevail, they raised the siege
+and departed.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians had disposed their warriors in different parties at this
+time, and attacked the different garrisons, to prevent their assisting
+each other, and did much injury to the distressed inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th day of this month, Colonel Logan's fort was besieged by a
+party of about two hundred Indians. During this dreadful siege they did
+a great deal of mischief, distressed the garrison, in which were only
+fifteen men, killed two, and wounded one. The enemy's loss was
+uncertain, from the common practice which the Indians have of carrying
+off their dead in time of battle. Colonel Harrod's fort was then
+defended by only sixty-five men, and Boonesborough by twenty-two, there
+being no more forts or white men in the country, except at the Falls, a
+considerable distance from these; and all, taken collectively, were but
+a handful to the numerous warriors that were everywhere dispersed
+through the country, intent upon doing all the mischief that savage
+barbarity could invent. Thus we passed through a scene of sufferings
+that exceeds description.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of this month, a reinforcement of forty-five men arrived
+from North Carolina, and about the 20th of August following, Colonel
+Bowman arrived with one hundred men from Virginia. Now we began to
+strengthen; and hence, for the space of six weeks, we had skirmishes
+with Indians, in one quarter or another, almost every day.</p>
+
+<p>The savages now learned the superiority of the Long Knife, as they call
+the Virginians, by experience; being out-generalled in almost every
+battle. Our affairs began to wear a new aspect, and the enemy, not
+daring to venture on open war, practiced secret mischief at times.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st day of January, 1778, I went with a party of thirty men to
+the Blue Licks, on Licking River, to make salt for the different
+garrisons in the country.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th day of February, as I was hunting to procure meat for the
+company, I met with a party of one hundred and two Indians, and two
+Frenchmen, on their march against Boonesborough, that place being
+particularly the object of the enemy. They pursued, and took me; and
+brought me on the 8th day to the Licks, where twenty-seven of my party
+were, three of them having previously returned home with the salt. I,
+knowing it was impossible for them to escape, capitulated with the
+enemy, and, at a distance, in their view, gave notice to my men of their
+situation, with orders not to resist, but surrender themselves captives.</p>
+
+<p>The generous usage the Indians had promised before in my capitulation,
+was afterward fully complied with, and we proceeded with them as
+prisoners to Old Chilicothe, the principal Indian Town on Little Miami,
+where we arrived, after an uncomfortable journey, in very severe
+weather, on the 18th day of February, and received as good treatment as
+prisoners could expect from savages. On the 10th day of March following,
+I and ten of my men were conducted by forty Indians to Detroit, where we
+arrived the 30th day, and were treated by Governor Hamilton, the British
+commander at that post, with great humanity.</p>
+
+<p>During our travels, the Indians entertained me well, and their affection
+for me was so great, that they utterly refused to leave me there with
+the others, although the Governor offered them one hundred pounds
+sterling for me, on purpose to give me a parole to go home. Several
+English gentlemen there, being sensible of my adverse fortune, and
+touched with human sympathy, generously offered a friendly supply for my
+wants, which I refused, with many thanks for their kindness&mdash;adding,
+that I never expected it would be in my power to recompense such
+unmerited generosity.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians left my men in captivity with the British at Detroit, and on
+the 10th day of April brought me toward Old Chilicothe, where we arrived
+on the 25th day of the same month. This was a long and fatiguing march,
+through an exceedingly fertile country, remarkable for fine springs and
+streams of water. At Chilicothe I spent my time as comfortably as I
+could expect; was adopted, according to their custom, into a family,
+where I became a son, and had a great share in the affection of my new
+parents, brothers, sisters, and friends. I was exceedingly familiar and
+friendly with them, always appearing as cheerful and satisfied as
+possible, and they put great confidence in me. I often went a hunting
+with them, and frequently gained their applause for my activity at our
+shooting-matches. I was careful not to exceed many of them in shooting;
+for no people are more envious than they in this sport. I could observe,
+in their countenances and gestures, the greatest expressions of joy when
+they exceeded me; and, when the reverse happened, of envy. The Shawanese
+king took great notice of me, and treated me with profound respect and
+entire friendship, often entrusting me to hunt at my liberty. I
+frequently returned with the spoils of the woods, and as often presented
+some of what I had taken to him, expressive of duty to my sovereign. My
+food and lodging were in common with them; not so good, indeed, as I
+could desire, but necessity makes every thing acceptable.</p>
+
+<p>I now began to meditate an escape, and carefully avoided their
+suspicions, continuing with them at Old Chilicothe until the 1st day of
+June following, and then was taken by them to the salt springs on
+Scioto, and kept there making salt ten days. During this time I hunted
+some for them, and found the land, for a great extent about this river,
+to exceed the soil of Kentucky, if possible, and remarkably well
+watered.</p>
+
+<p>When I returned to Chilicothe, alarmed to see four hundred and fifty
+Indians, of their choicest warriors, painted and armed in a fearful
+manner, ready to march against Boonesborough, I determined to escape the
+first opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th, before sunrise, I departed in the most secret manner, and
+arrived at Boonesborough on the 20th, after a journey of one hundred and
+sixty miles, during which I had but one meal.</p>
+
+<p>I found our fortress in a bad state of defense; but we proceeded
+immediately to repair our flanks, strengthen our gates and posterns, and
+form double bastions, which we completed in ten days. In this time we
+daily expected the arrival of the Indian army; and at length, one of my
+fellow-prisoners, escaping from them, arrived, informing us that the
+enemy had, on account of my departure, postponed their expedition three
+weeks. The Indians had spies out viewing our movements, and were greatly
+alarmed with our increase in number and fortifications. The grand
+council of the nations were held frequently, and with more deliberation
+than usual. They evidently saw the approaching hour when the Long Knife
+would dispossess them of their desirable habitations; and, anxiously
+concerned for futurity, determined utterly to extirpate the whites out
+of Kentucky. We were not intimidated by their movements, but frequently
+gave them proofs of our courage.</p>
+
+<p>About the first of August, I made an incursion into the Indian Country
+with a party of nineteen men, in order to surprise a small town up
+Scioto, called Paint Creek Town. We advanced within four miles thereof,
+when we met a party of thirty Indians on their march against
+Boonesborough, intending to join the others from Chilicothe. A smart
+fight ensued between us for some time; at length the savages gave way
+and fled. We had no loss on our side; the enemy had one killed, and two
+wounded. We took from them three horses, and all their baggage; and
+being informed by two of our number that went to their town, that the
+Indians had entirely evacuated it, we proceeded no further, and returned
+with all possible expedition to assist our garrison against the other
+party. We passed by them on the sixth day, and on the seventh we arrived
+safe at Boonesborough.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th, the Indian army arrived, being four hundred and forty-four
+in number, commanded by Captain Duquesne, eleven other Frenchmen, and
+some of their own chiefs, and marched up within view of our fort, with
+British and French colors flying; and having sent a summons to me, in
+his Britannic Majesty's name, to surrender the fort, I requested two
+days consideration, which was granted.</p>
+
+<p>It was now a critical period with us. We were a small number in the
+garrison&mdash;a powerful army before our walls, whose appearance proclaimed
+inevitable death, fearfully painted, and marking their footsteps with
+desolation. Death was preferable to captivity; and if taken by storm, we
+must inevitably be devoted to destruction. In this situation we
+concluded to maintain our garrison, if possible. We immediately
+proceeded to collect what we could of our horses and other cattle, and
+bring them through the posterns into the fort; and in the evening of the
+9th, I returned answer that we were determined to defend our fort while
+a man was living. &quot;Now,&quot; said I to their commander, who stood
+attentively hearing my sentiments, &quot;we laugh at your formidable
+preparations; but thank you for giving us notice and time to provide for
+our defense. Your efforts will not prevail; for our gates shall forever
+deny you admittance.&quot; Whether this answer affected their courage or not
+I cannot tell; but contrary to our expectations, they formed a scheme to
+deceive us, declaring it was their orders, from Governor Hamilton, to
+take us captives, and not to destroy us; but if nine of us would come
+out and treat with them, they would immediately withdraw their forces
+from our walls, and return home peaceably. This sounded grateful in our
+ears; and we agreed to the proposal. </p>
+
+<p>We held the treaty within sixty yards of the garrison, on purpose to
+divert them from a breach of honor, as we could not avoid suspicions of
+the savages. In this situation the articles were formally agreed to, and
+signed; and the Indians told us it was customary with them on such
+occasions for two Indians to shake hands with every white man in the
+treaty, as an evidence of entire friendship. We agreed to this also, but
+were soon convinced their policy was to take us prisoners. They
+immediately grappled us; but, although surrounded by hundreds of
+savages, we extricated ourselves from them, and escaped all safe into
+the garrison, except one that was wounded, through a heavy fire from
+their army. They immediately attacked us on every side, and a constant
+heavy fire ensued between us, day and night, for the space of nine days.</p>
+
+<p>In this time the enemy began to undermine our fort, which was situated
+sixty yards from Kentucky River. They began at the water-mark, and
+proceeded in the bank some distance, which we understood by their making
+the water muddy with the clay; and we immediately proceeded to
+disappoint their design, by cutting a trench across their subterranean
+passage. The enemy, discovering our countermine by the clay we threw out
+of the fort, desisted from that stratagem; and experience now fully
+convincing them that neither their power nor policy could effect their
+purpose, on the 20th day of August they raised the siege and departed.</p>
+
+<p>During this siege, which threatened death in every form, we had two men
+killed, and four wounded, besides a number of cattle. We killed of the
+enemy thirty-seven, and wounded a great number. After they were gone, we
+picked up one hundred and twenty-five pounds weight of bullets, besides
+what stuck in the logs of our fort, which certainly is a great proof of
+their industry. Soon after this, I went into the settlement, and nothing
+worthy of a place in this account passed in my affairs for some time.</p>
+
+<p>During my absence from Kentucky, Colonel Bowman carried on an expedition
+against the Shawanese, at Old Chilicothe, with one hundred and sixty
+men, in July, 1779. Here they arrived undiscovered, and a battle ensued,
+which lasted until ten o'clock, A.M., when Colonel Bowman, finding he
+could not succeed at this time, retreated about thirty miles. The
+Indians, in the meantime, collecting all their forces, pursued and
+overtook him, when a smart fight continued near two hours, not to the
+advantage of Colonel Bowman's party.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Harrod proposed to mount a number of horse, and furiously to
+rush upon the savages, who at this time fought with remarkable fury.
+This desperate step had a happy effect, broke their line of battle, and
+the savages fled on all sides. In these two battles we had nine killed,
+and one wounded. The enemy's loss uncertain, only two scalps being
+taken.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d day of June, 1780, a large party of Indians and Canadians,
+about six hundred in number, commanded by Colonel Bird, attacked
+Riddle's and Martin's stations, at the forks of Licking River, with six
+pieces of artillery. They carried this expedition so secretly, that the
+unwary inhabitants did not discover them until they fired upon the
+forts; and, not being prepared to oppose them, were obliged to surrender
+themselves miserable captives to barbarous savages, who immediately
+after tomahawked one man and two women, and loaded all the others with
+heavy baggage, forcing them along toward their towns, able or unable to
+march. Such as were weak and faint by the way, they tomahawked. The
+tender women and helpless children fell victims to their cruelty. This,
+and the savage treatment they received afterward, is shocking to
+humanity and too barbarous to relate.</p>
+
+<p>The hostile disposition of the savages and their allies caused General
+Clarke, the commandant at the Falls of the Ohio, immediately to begin an
+expedition with his own regiment, and the armed force of the country,
+against Pecaway, the principal town of the Shawanese, on a branch of
+Great Miami, which he finished with great success, took seventeen
+scalps, and burnt the town to ashes, with the loss of seventeen men.</p>
+
+<p>About this time I returned to Kentucky with my family; and here, to
+avoid an inquiry into my conduct, the reader being before informed of my
+bringing my family to Kentucky, I am under the necessity of informing
+him that, during my captivity with the Indians, my wife, who despaired
+of ever seeing me again&mdash;expecting the Indians had put a period to my
+life, oppressed with the distresses of the country, and bereaved of me,
+her only happiness&mdash;had, before I returned, transported my family and
+goods on horses through the wilderness, amid a multitude of dangers, to
+her father's house in North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the troubles at Boonesborough, I went to them, and lived
+peaceably there until this time. The history of my going home, and
+returning with my family, forms a series of difficulties, an account of
+which would swell a volume; and, being foreign to my purpose, I shall
+purposely omit them.</p>
+
+<p>I settled my family in Boonesborough once more; and shortly after, on
+the 6th day of October, 1780, I went in company with my brother to the
+Blue Licks; and, on our return home, we were fired upon by a party of
+Indians. They shot him and pursued me, by the scent of their dog, three
+miles; but I killed the dog, and escaped. The winter soon came on, and
+was very severe, which confined the Indians to their wigwams.</p>
+
+<p>The severities of this winter caused great difficulties in Kentucky. The
+enemy had destroyed most of the corn the summer before. This necessary
+article was scarce and dear, and the inhabitants lived chiefly on the
+flesh of buffalo. The circumstances of many were very lamentable;
+however, being a hardy race of people, and accustomed to difficulties
+and necessities, they were wonderfully supported through all their
+sufferings, until the ensuing autumn, when we received abundance from
+the fertile soil.</p>
+
+<p>Toward spring we were frequently harassed by Indians; and in May, 1782,
+a party assaulted Ashton's station, killed one man, and took a negro
+prisoner. Captain Ashton, with twenty-five men, pursued and overtook the
+savages, and a smart fight ensued, which lasted two hours; but they,
+being superior in number, obliged Captain Ashton's party to retreat,
+with the loss of eight killed, and four mortally wounded; their brave
+commander himself being numbered among the dead.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians continued their hostilities; and, about the 10th of August
+following, two boys were taken from Major Hoy's station. This party was
+pursued by Captain Holder and seventeen men, who were also defeated,
+with the loss of four men killed, and one wounded. Our affairs became
+more and more alarming. Several stations which had lately been erected
+in the country were continually infested with savages, stealing their
+horses and killing the men at every opportunity. In a field, near
+Lexington, an Indian shot a man, and running to scalp him, was himself
+shot from the fort, and fell dead upon his enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Every day we experienced recent mischiefs. The barbarous savage nations
+of Shawanese, Cherokees, Wyandots, Tawas, Delawares, and several others
+near Detroit, united in a war against us, and assembled their choicest
+warriors at Old Chilicothe, to go on the expedition, in order to destroy
+us, and entirely depopulate the country. Their savage minds were
+inflamed to mischief by two abandoned men, Captains McKee and Girty.
+These led them to execute every diabolical scheme, and on the 15th day
+of August, commanded a party of Indians and Canadians, of about five
+hundred in number, against Bryant's station, five miles from Lexington.
+Without demanding a surrender, they furiously assaulted the garrison,
+which was happily prepared to oppose them; and, after they had expended
+much ammunition in vain, and killed the cattle round the fort, not being
+likely to make themselves masters of this place, they raised the siege,
+and departed in the morning of the third day after they came, with the
+loss of about thirty killed, and the number of wounded uncertain. Of the
+garrison, four were killed, and three wounded.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th day, Colonel Todd, Colonel Trigg, Major Harland, and myself,
+speedily collected one hundred and seventy-six men, well armed, and
+pursued the savages. They had marched beyond the Blue Licks, to a
+remarkable bend of the main fork of Licking River, about forty-three
+miles from Lexington, where we overtook them on the 19th day. The
+savages observing us, gave way; and we, being ignorant of their numbers,
+passed the river. When the enemy saw our proceedings, having greatly the
+advantage of us in situation, they formed the line of battle from one
+bend of Licking to the other, about a mile from the Blue Licks. An
+exceeding fierce battle immediately began, for about fifteen minutes,
+when we being overpowered by numbers, were obliged to retreat, with the
+loss of sixty-seven men, seven of whom were taken prisoners. The brave
+and much-lamented Colonels Todd and Trigg, Major Harland, and my second
+son, were among the dead. We were informed that the Indians, numbering
+their dead, found they had four killed more than we; and therefore four
+of the prisoners they had taken were, by general consent, ordered to be
+killed in a most barbarous manner by the young warriors, in order to
+train them up to cruelty; and then they proceeded to their towns.</p>
+
+<p>On our retreat we were met by Colonel Logan, hastening to join us, with
+a number of well-armed men. This powerful assistance we unfortunately
+wanted in the battle; for, notwithstanding the enemy's superiority of
+numbers, they acknowledged that, if they had received one more fire from
+us, they should undoubtedly have given way. So valiantly did our small
+party light, that to the memory of those who unfortunately fell in the
+battle, enough of honor cannot be paid. Had Colonel Logan and his party
+been with us, it is highly probable we should have given the savages a
+total defeat.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot reflect upon this dreadful scene, but sorrow fills my heart. A
+zeal for the defense of their country led these heroes to the scene of
+action, though with a few men to attack a powerful army of experienced
+warriors. When we gave way, they pursued us with the utmost eagerness,
+and in every quarter spread destruction. The river was difficult to
+cross, and many were killed in the flight&mdash;some just entering the river,
+some in the water, others after crossing, in ascending the cliffs. Some
+escaped on horseback, a few on foot; and, being dispersed everywhere in
+a few hours, brought the melancholy news of this unfortunate battle to
+Lexington. Many widows were now made. The reader may guess what sorrow
+filled the hearts of the inhabitants, exceeding any thing that I am able
+to describe. Being reinforced, we returned to bury the dead, and found
+their bodies strewed everywhere, cut and mangled in a dreadful manner.
+This mournful scene exhibited a horror almost unparalleled; some torn
+and eaten by wild beasts; those in the river eaten by fishes; all in
+such a putrefied condition, that no one could be distinguished from
+another.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as General Clark, then at the Falls of the Ohio&mdash;who was ever
+our ready friend, and merits the love and gratitude of all his
+countrymen&mdash;understood the circumstances of this unfortunate action, he
+ordered an expedition, with all possible haste, to pursue the savages,
+which was so expeditiously effected, that we overtook them within two
+miles of their towns; and probably might have obtained a great victory,
+had not two of their number met us about two hundred poles before we
+came up. These returned quick as lightning to their camp, with the
+alarming news of a mighty army in view. The savages fled in the utmost
+disorder, evacuated their towns, and reluctantly left their territory to
+our mercy. We immediately took possession of Old Chilicothe without
+opposition, being deserted by its inhabitants. We continued our pursuit
+through five towns on the Miami River, Old Chilicothe, Pecaway, New
+Chilicothe, Will's Towns, and Chilicothe&mdash;burnt them all to ashes,
+entirely destroyed their corn, and other fruits, and everywhere spread a
+scene of desolation in the country. In this expedition we took seven
+prisoners and five scalps, with the loss of only four men, two of whom
+were accidentally killed by our own army.</p>
+
+<p>This campaign in some measure damped the spirits of the Indians, and
+made them sensible of our superiority. Their connections were dissolved,
+their armies scattered, and a future invasion put entirely out of their
+power; yet they continued to practice mischief secretly upon the
+inhabitants, in the exposed parts of the country.</p>
+
+<p>In October following, a party made an incursion into that district
+called the Crab Orchard; and one of them, being advanced some distance
+before the others, boldly entered the house of a poor defenseless
+family, in which was only a negro man, a woman, and her children,
+terrified with the apprehensions of immediate death. The savage,
+perceiving their defenseless condition, without offering violence to the
+family, attempted to capture the negro, who happily proved an over-match
+for him, threw him on the ground, and in the struggle, the mother of the
+children drew an axe from a corner of the cottage, and cut his head off,
+while her little daughter shut the door. The savages instantly appeared,
+and applied their tomahawks to the door. An old rusty gun-barrel,
+without a lock, lay in a corner, which the mother put through a small
+crevice, and the savages, perceiving it, fled. In the meantime, the
+alarm spread through the neighborhood; the armed men collected
+immediately, and pursued the ravagers into the wilderness. Thus
+Providence, by the means of this negro, saved the whole of the poor
+family from destruction. From that time until the happy return of peace
+between the United States and Great Britain, the Indians did us no
+mischief. Finding the great king beyond the water disappointed in his
+expectations, and conscious of the importance of the Long Knife, and
+their own wretchedness, some of the nations immediately desired peace;
+to which, at present [1784], they seem universally disposed, and are
+sending ambassadors to General Clarke, at the Falls of the Ohio, with
+the minutes of their councils.</p>
+
+<p>To conclude, I can now say that I have verified the saying of an old
+Indian who signed Colonel Henderson's deed. Taking me by the hand, at
+the delivery thereof&mdash;&quot;Brother,&quot; said he, &quot;we have given you a fine
+land, but I believe you will have much trouble in settling it.&quot; My
+footsteps have often been marked with blood, and therefore I can truly
+subscribe to its original name. Two darling sons and a brother have I
+lost by savage hands, which have also taken from me forty valuable
+horses, and abundance of cattle. Many dark and sleepless nights have I
+been a companion for owls, separated from the cheerful society of men,
+scorched by the summer's sun, and pinched by the winter's cold&mdash;an
+instrument ordained to settle the wilderness. But now the scene is
+changed: peace crowns the sylvan shade.</p>
+
+<p>What thanks, what ardent and ceaseless thanks are due to that
+all-superintending Providence which has turned a cruel war into peace,
+brought order out of confusion, made the fierce savages placid, and
+turned away their hostile weapons from our country! May the same
+Almighty Goodness banish the accursed monster, war, from all lands,
+with, her hated associates, rapine and insatiable ambition! Let peace,
+descending from her native heaven, bid her olives spring amid the joyful
+nations; and plenty, in league with commerce, scatter blessings from her
+copious hand!</p>
+
+<p>This account of my adventures will inform the reader of the most
+remarkable events of this country. I now live in peace and safety,
+enjoying the sweets of liberty, and the bounties of Providence, with my
+once fellow-sufferers, in this delightful country, which I have seen
+purchased with a vast expense of blood and treasure: delighting in the
+prospect of its being, in a short time, one of the most opulent and
+powerful States on the continent of North America; which, with the love
+and gratitude of my countrymen, I esteem a sufficient reward for all my
+toil and dangers.</p>
+
+<p>DANIEL BOONE.
+<i>Fayette County</i>, KENTUCKY,</p>
+<br />
+
+<center>THE END.</center>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<a name='FOOTNOTES'></a><h2>FOOTNOTES</h2>
+
+<a name='Footnote_1'></a><a href='#FNanchor_1'>[1]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Pittsburg Gazette,&quot; quoted by Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_2'></a><a href='#FNanchor_2'>[2]</a><div class='note'><p> The eldest, James, was killed by the Indians in 1773, and
+his son Israel was killed at the battle of Blue Licks, August 19th,
+1782.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_3'></a><a href='#FNanchor_3'>[3]</a><div class='note'><p> Bogant gives 11th of February, 1735. Peck, February, 1735.
+Another account gives 1746 as the year of his birth, and Bucks County as
+his birth-place. The family record, in the hand writing of Daniel
+Boone's uncle, James, who was a school master, gives the 14th of July,
+1732.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_4'></a><a href='#FNanchor_4'>[4]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Adventures of Daniel Boone, the Kentucky Rifleman.&quot; By the
+author of &quot;Uncle Philip's Conversations.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_5'></a><a href='#FNanchor_5'>[5]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Life of Daniel Boone&quot; By John M. Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_6'></a><a href='#FNanchor_6'>[6]</a><div class='note'><p> John H. Wheeler. &quot;Historical Sketches of North Carolina.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_7'></a><a href='#FNanchor_7'>[7]</a><div class='note'><p> The children by this marriage were nine in number. <i>Sons:</i>
+James, born in 1756, Israel, Jesse, Daniel, and Nathan. <i>Daughters</i>:
+Susan, Jemima, Lavinia, and Rebecca. The eldest, James, was killed, as
+will appear in our subsequent narrative, by the Indians, in 1773; and
+Israel fell in the battle of Blue Licks, May 17th, 1782. In 1846,
+Nathan, a captain in the United States service, was the only surviving
+son.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_8'></a><a href='#FNanchor_8'>[8]</a><div class='note'><p> That is, the eastern boundary of Tennessee, which was then a part of North Carolina.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_9'></a><a href='#FNanchor_9'>[9]</a><div class='note'><p> Holston.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_10'></a><a href='#FNanchor_10'>[10]</a><div class='note'><p> The Ohio was known many years by this name.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_11'></a><a href='#FNanchor_11'>[11]</a><div class='note'><p> Monette. The Indian name of this range was Wasioto, and of
+the river, Shawnee.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_12'></a><a href='#FNanchor_12'>[12]</a><div class='note'><p> Howe.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_13'></a><a href='#FNanchor_13'>[13]</a><div class='note'><p> The original patent, signed by Governor Dinwiddie, and now
+in the possession of the writer, was presented to him by T.A.R. Nelson,
+Esq., of Jonesboro, Tennessee. It is probably the oldest grant in the
+State.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_14'></a><a href='#FNanchor_14'>[14]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck. Life of Boone.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_15'></a><a href='#FNanchor_15'>[15]</a><div class='note'><p> McClung. &quot;Western Adventures.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_16'></a><a href='#FNanchor_16'>[16]</a><div class='note'><p> Ornithological Biography, pp. 293-4.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_17'></a><a href='#FNanchor_17'>[17]</a><div class='note'><p> McClung.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_18'></a><a href='#FNanchor_18'>[18]</a><div class='note'><p> Perkins. &quot;Annals of the West.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_19'></a><a href='#FNanchor_19'>[19]</a><div class='note'><p> Perkins, &quot;Annals of the West.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_20'></a><a href='#FNanchor_20'>[20]</a><div class='note'><p> W.D. Gallagher, &quot;Hesperian,&quot; Vol. II., p 89.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_21'></a><a href='#FNanchor_21'>[21]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;History of the Backwoods.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_22'></a><a href='#FNanchor_22'>[22]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_23'></a><a href='#FNanchor_23'>[23]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_24'></a><a href='#FNanchor_24'>[24]</a><div class='note'><p> History of Kentucky.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_25'></a><a href='#FNanchor_25'>[25]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck. &quot;Life of Daniel Boone.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_26'></a><a href='#FNanchor_26'>[26]</a><div class='note'><p> Butler. &quot;History of Kentucky.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_27'></a><a href='#FNanchor_27'>[27]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck. &quot;Life
+of Daniel Boone.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_28'></a><a href='#FNanchor_28'>[28]</a><div class='note'><p> Mr. Peck mentions the spring of 1776, as the date of the
+arrival at Boonesborough of Colonel Richard Callaway, and an intimate
+friend of Boone, with his family, and the family of Benjamin Logan, who
+had returned for them the preceding autumn.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_29'></a><a href='#FNanchor_29'>[29]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_30'></a><a href='#FNanchor_30'>[30]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_31'></a><a href='#FNanchor_31'>[31]</a><div class='note'><p> Collins.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_32'></a><a href='#FNanchor_32'>[32]</a><div class='note'><p> Collins.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_33'></a><a href='#FNanchor_33'>[33]</a><div class='note'><p> Collins. &quot;Historical Sketches of Kentucky.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_34'></a><a href='#FNanchor_34'>[34]</a><div class='note'><p> Howe. &quot;Historical Collections of Virginia.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_35'></a><a href='#FNanchor_35'>[35]</a><div class='note'><p> Howe.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_36'></a><a href='#FNanchor_36'>[36]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Life of Daniel Boone.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_37'></a><a href='#FNanchor_37'>[37]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_38'></a><a href='#FNanchor_38'>[38]</a><div class='note'><p> W.D. Gallagher, in &quot;Hesperian.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_39'></a><a href='#FNanchor_39'>[39]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_40'></a><a href='#FNanchor_40'>[40]</a><div class='note'><p> McClung.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_41'></a><a href='#FNanchor_41'>[41]</a><div class='note'><p> McClung.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_42'></a><a href='#FNanchor_42'>[42]</a><div class='note'><p> Frost: &quot;Border Wars of the West.&quot; Peck: &quot;Life of Boone.&quot;
+McClung: &quot;Western Adventure.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_43'></a><a href='#FNanchor_43'>[43]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_44'></a><a href='#FNanchor_44'>[44]</a><div class='note'><p> McClung.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_45'></a><a href='#FNanchor_45'>[45]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Life of Boone,&quot; p. 130.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_46'></a><a href='#FNanchor_46'>[46]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher: &quot;Hesperian,&quot; vol. i., p. 343.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_47'></a><a href='#FNanchor_47'>[47]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_48'></a><a href='#FNanchor_48'>[48]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_49'></a><a href='#FNanchor_49'>[49]</a><div class='note'><p> Gallagher.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_50'></a><a href='#FNanchor_50'>[50]</a><div class='note'><p> Perkins. Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_51'></a><a href='#FNanchor_51'>[51]</a><div class='note'><p> Kendall.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_52'></a><a href='#FNanchor_52'>[52]</a><div class='note'><p> Butler.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_53'></a><a href='#FNanchor_53'>[53]</a><div class='note'><p> McClung.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_54'></a><a href='#FNanchor_54'>[54]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Western Annals.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_55'></a><a href='#FNanchor_55'>[55]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_56'></a><a href='#FNanchor_56'>[56]</a><div class='note'><p> Life of Boone.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_57'></a><a href='#FNanchor_57'>[57]</a><div class='note'><p> This would be about the year 1810.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_58'></a><a href='#FNanchor_58'>[58]</a><div class='note'><p> An arpent of land is eighty-five-hundredths of an acre.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_59'></a><a href='#FNanchor_59'>[59]</a><div class='note'><p> Lippincott's Gazetteer.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_60'></a><a href='#FNanchor_60'>[60]</a><div class='note'><p> The owners of the money of which he was robbed on his
+journey to Virginia, as already related, had voluntarily relinquished
+all claims on him. This was a simple act of justice.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_61'></a><a href='#FNanchor_61'>[61]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_62'></a><a href='#FNanchor_62'>[62]</a><div class='note'><p> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<a name='Footnote_63'></a><a href='#FNanchor_63'>[63]</a><div class='note'><p> Peck. Life of Boone.</p></div>
+
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr class="full" noshade>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Life & Times of Col. Daniel Boone, by Cecil
+B. Hartley, et al
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Life & Times of Col. Daniel Boone
+
+Author: Cecil B. Hartley
+
+Release Date: November 11, 2004  [eBook #14023]
+[Last updated: March 10, 2011]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE & TIMES OF COL. DANIEL
+BOONE***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Curtis Weyant, Thomas Hutchinson, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 14023-h.htm or 14023-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/2/14023/14023-h/14023-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/0/2/14023/14023-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+LIFE & TIMES OF COL. DANIEL BOONE
+
+Life of Daniel Boone, the Great Western Hunter and Pioneer,
+Comprising an Account of His Early History; His Daring and
+Remarkable Career as the First Settler of Kentucky; His
+Thrilling Adventures with the Indians, and His Wonderful Skill,
+Coolness and Sagacity under All the Hazardous and Trying
+Circumstances of Western Border Life
+
+To Which Is Added His Autobiography Complete as Dictated by
+Himself, and Showing His Own Belief That He Was an Instrument
+Ordained to Settle the Wilderness
+
+by
+
+CECIL B. HARTLEY
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BOONE'S INDIAN TOILETTE. PAGE 132]
+
+
+[Illustration: The Old Fort at Boonesborough]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The subject of the following biography, the celebrated Colonel Daniel
+Boone, is one of the most remarkable men which this country has produced.
+His character is marked with originality, and his actions were important
+and influential in one of the most interesting periods of our
+history--that of the early settlement of Kentucky. Boone is generally
+acknowledged as the founder of that State. His having explored it alone
+to a considerable extent; his leading the earliest bands of settlers;
+his founding Boonesborough, the nucleus of the future State; his having
+defended this and other stations successfully against the attacks of the
+Indians; and the prominent part which he took in military affairs at
+this period of distress and peril, certainly render his claims to the
+distinguished honor of founding Kentucky very strong.
+
+But Boone, personally, reaped very little benefit from his patriotic and
+disinterested exertions. The lands which he had first cultivated and
+defended, were taken from him by the chicanery of the law; other lands
+granted to him by the Spanish government were lost by his inattention to
+legal forms; and in his old age he was without an acre of land which he
+could call his own. A few years before his death a small tract, such as
+any other settler in Missouri was entitled to, was granted him by
+Congress. But he has left to his numerous posterity a nobler
+inheritance--that of an imperishable fame in the annals of his country!
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+The family of Daniel Boone--His grandfather emigrates to America,
+and settles in Bucks County, Pennsylvania--Family of Daniel Boone's
+father--Account of Exeter, the birth-place of Boone--Birth of Daniel
+Boone--Religion of his family--Boone's boyhood--Goes to
+school--Anecdote--Summary termination of his schooling.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Removal of Boone's father and family to North Carolina--Location on
+the Yadkin River--Character of the country and the people--Byron's
+description of the Backwoodsmen--Daniel Boone marries Rebecca Bryan--His
+farmer life in North Carolina--State of the country--Political troubles
+foreshadowed--Illegal fees and taxes--Probable effect of this state of
+things on Boone's mind--Signs of movement.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+The Seven Years' War--Cherokee War--Period of Boone's first
+long Excursion to the West--Extract from Wheeler's History of
+Tennessee--Indian accounts of the Western country--Indian traders--Their
+Reports--Western travelers--Doherty--Adair--Proceedings of the
+traders--Hunters--Scotch traders--Hunters accompany the traders to the
+West--Their reports concerning the country--Other adventurers--Dr.
+Walker's expedition--Settlements in South-western Virginia--Indian
+hostilities--Pendleton purchase--Dr. Walker's second expedition--Hunting
+company of Walker and others--Boone travels with them--Curious monument
+left by him.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Political and social condition of North
+Carolina--Taxes--Lawsuits--Ostentation and extravagance of foreigners
+and government officers--Oppression of the people--Murmurs--Open
+resistance--The Regulators--Willingness of Daniel Boone and others to
+migrate, and their reasons--John Finley's expedition to the West--His
+report to Boone--He determines to join Finley in his next hunting
+tour--New company formed, with Boone for leader--Preparations for
+starting--The party sets out--Travels for a month through the
+wilderness--First sight of Kentucky--Forming a camp--Hunting buffaloes
+and other game--Capture of Boone and Stuart by the Indians--Prudent
+dissimulation--Escape from the Indians--Return to the old camp--Their
+companions lost--Boone and Stuart renew their hunting.
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Arrival of Squire Boone and a companion at the camp of Daniel
+Boone--Joyful meeting--News from home, and hunting resumed--Daniel
+Boone and Stuart surprised by the Indians--Stuart killed--Escape
+of Boone, and his return to camp--Squire Boone's companion lost
+in the woods--Residence of Daniel Boone and Squire Boone in the
+wilderness--Squire returns to North Carolina, obtains a fresh supply
+of ammunition, and again rejoins his brother at the old camp--Daniel
+Boone's own account of this remarkable period of his life--His return to
+North Carolina--His determination to settle in Kentucky--Other Western
+adventurers--the Long hunters--Washington in Kentucky--Bullitt's
+party--Floyd's party--Thompson's survey--First settlement of Tennessee.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Daniel Boone remains two years in North Carolina after his return from
+the West--He prepares to emigrate to Kentucky--Character of the early
+settlers to Kentucky--The first class, hunters--The second class, small
+farmers--The third class, men of wealth and government officers.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Daniel Boone sets out for Kentucky with his family and his brother,
+Squire Boone--Is joined by five families and forty men at Powell's
+Valley--The party is attacked by Indians, and Daniel Boone's oldest son
+is killed--The party return to the settlements on Clinch River--Boone,
+at the request of Governor Dunmore, goes to the West and conducts a
+party of surveyors to Virginia--Boone receives the command of three
+garrisons and the commission of Captain--He takes a part in the Dunmore
+war--Battle of Point Pleasant and termination of the war.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+The militia discharged--Captain Boone returns to his family--Henderson's
+company--Various companies of emigrants to Kentucky--Bounty
+lands--Harrod's party builds the first log-cabin erected in Kentucky,
+and founds Harrodsburg--Proceedings of Henderson's company--Agency of
+Captain Boone--He leads a company to open a road to Kentucky
+River--Conflicts with the Indians--Captain Boone founds
+Boonesborough--His own account of this expedition--His letter to
+Henderson--Account of Colonel Henderson and the Transylvania
+Company--Failure of the scheme--Probability of Boone having been several
+years in the service of Henderson.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Description of the Old Fort at Boonesborough--Usual methods of
+fortifications against the Indians--Arrival of more settlers at
+Boonesborough--Captain Boone returns to the Clinch River to bring out
+his family--He enlists new emigrants and starts for Kentucky--Reinforced
+by a large party at Powel's Valley--Arrival at Boonesborough--Arrival of
+many new settlers at Boonesborough and Harrod's settlement--Arrival of
+Kenton, Floyd, the McAfees, and other distinguished persons--Arrival of
+Colonel Richard Callaway.
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Disturbed state of the country in 1775--Breaking out of the Revolutionary
+war--Exposed situation of the Kentucky settlements--Hostility of the
+Indians excited by the British--First political convention in the
+West--Capture of Boone's daughter and the daughters of Colonel
+Callaway by the Indians--Their rescue by a party led by Boone and
+Callaway--Increased caution of the colonists at Boonesborough--Alarm
+and desertion of the Colonies in the West by land speculators and
+other adventurers--A reinforcement of forty-five men from North
+Carolina arrive at Boonesborough--Indian attack on Boonesborough in
+April--Another attack in July--Attack on Logan's Fort, and siege--Attack
+on Harrodsburg.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+Arrival of George Rogers Clark in Kentucky--Anecdote of his
+conversation with Ray--Clark and Jones chosen as delegates for the
+Colonies to the Virginia Legislature--Clark's important services in
+obtaining a political organization for Kentucky, and an abundant supply
+of gunpowder from the government of Virginia--Great labor and difficulty
+in bringing the powder to Harrodstown--Clark's expedition against
+Kaskaskias--Surprise and capture of their fort--Perilous and difficult
+march to Vincennes--Surprise and capture of that place--Extension of the
+Virginian settlements--Erection of Fort Jefferson.
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Scarcity of salt at Boonesborough--Boone goes to Blue Licks to make
+salt, and is captured by the Indians--Taken to Chilicothe--Affects
+contentment, and deceives the Indians--Taken to Detroit--Kindness of the
+British officers to him--Returns to Chilicothe--Adopted into an Indian
+family--Ceremonies of adoption--Boone sees a large force of Indians
+destined to attack Boonesborough--Escapes, and gives the alarm, and
+strengthens the fortifications at Boonesborough--News of delay by the
+Indians on account of Boone's escape--Boone goes on an expedition to the
+Scioto--Has a fight with a party of Indians--Returns to Boonesborough,
+which is immediately besieged by Captain Duquesne with five hundred
+Indians--Summons to surrender--Time gained--Attack commenced--Brave
+defense--Mines and countermines--Siege raised--Boone brings his family
+once more back to Boonesborough, and resumes farming.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+Captain Boone tried by court-martial--Honorably acquitted and
+promoted--Loses a large sum of money--His losses by law-suits and
+disputes about land--Defeat of Colonel Rogers's party--Colonel Bowman's
+expedition to Chilicothe--Arrival near the town--Colonel Logan attacks
+the town--Ordered by Colonel Bowman to retreat--Failure of the
+expedition--Consequences to Bowman and to Logan.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Invasion of Kentucky by Captain Byrd's party--He captures the garrisons
+at Ruddle's Station and Martin's Fort--Colonel Clark's invasion of the
+Indian country--He ravages the Indian towns--Adventure of Alexander
+McConnell--Skirmish at Pickaway--Result of the expedition--Boone goes
+to the Blue Licks with his brother--Attacked by the Indians--Boone's
+brother killed--Boone promoted to the rank of Lieutenant
+Colonel--Clark's galley--Squire Boone's Station removed to Bear's
+Creek--Attack by the Indians--Colonel Floyd's defeat--Affair of the
+McAfees--Attack on McAfee's Station repelled--Fort Jefferson
+evacuated--Attack on Montgomery Station--Rescue by General Logan.
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+News of Cornwallis's surrender--Its effects--Captain Estill's
+defeat--Grand army of Indians raised for the conquest of Kentucky--Simon
+Girty's speech--Attack on Hoy's Station--Investment of Bryant's
+Station--Expedient of the besieged to obtain water--Grand attack
+on the fort--Repulse--Regular siege commenced--Messengers sent to
+Lexington--Reinforcements obtained--Arrival near the fort--Ambushed and
+attacked--They enter the fort--Narrow escape of Girty--He proposes a
+capitulation--Parley--Reynolds' answer to Girty--The siege
+raised--Retreat of the Indians.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+Arrival of Reinforcements at Bryant's Station--Colonel Daniel
+Boone, his son and brother among them--Colonels Trigg, Todd, and
+others--Consultation--Apprehensions of Boone and others--Arrival at the
+Blue Licks--Rash conduct of Major McGary--Battle of Blue Licks--Israel
+Boone, Colonels Todd and Trigg, and Majors Harland and McBride
+killed--Retreat of the whites--Colonel Boone nearly surrounded by
+Indians--Bravery of Netherland--Noble conduct of Reynolds--The fugitives
+meet Colonel Logan with his party--Return to the field of battle--Logan
+returns to Bryant's Station.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+The Indians return home from the Blue Licks--They attack the settlements
+in Jefferson County--Affair at Simpson's Creek--General Clark's
+expedition to the Indian country--Colonel Boone joins it--Its
+effect--Attack of the Indians on the Crab Orchard settlement--Rumor of
+intended invasion by the Cherokees--Difficulties about the treaty with
+Great Britain--Hostilities of the Indians generally stimulated by
+renegade whites--Simon Girty--Causes of his hatred of the whites--Girty
+insulted by General Lewis--Joins the Indians at the battle of Point
+Pleasant--Story of his rescuing Simon Kenton--Crawford's expedition, and
+the burning of Crawford--Close of Girty's career.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+Season of repose--Colonel Boone buys land--Builds a log house and goes
+to farming--Kentucky organized on a new basis--Colonel Boone surprised
+by Indians--Escapes--Manners and customs of the settlers--The autumn
+hunt--The house-warming.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+Condition of the early settlers as it respects the mechanic
+arts--Throwing the tomahawk--Athletic sports--Dancing--Shooting at
+marks--Scarcity of Iron--Costume--Dwellings--Furniture--Employments--The
+women--Their character--Diet--Indian corn.
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+Indian hostilities resumed--Expedition of Davis, Caffre, and
+McClure--Attack on Captain Ward's boat--Affair near Scagg's
+Creek--Growth of Kentucky--Population--Trade--General Logan calls
+a meeting at Danville--Convention called--Separation from Virginia
+proposed--Virginia consents--Kentucky admitted as an independent
+State of the Union--Indian hostilities--Expedition and death of
+Colonel Christian--Expedition of General Clark--Expedition of General
+Logan--Success of Captain Hardin--Defeat of Hargrove--Exploits of Simon
+Kenton--Affairs at the Elkhorn settlements--Treaty--Barman's expedition.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+Colonel Boone meets with the loss of all his land in Kentucky,
+and emigrates to Virginia--Resides on the Kenhawa, near Point
+Pleasant--Emigrates to Missouri--Is appointed commandant of a
+district--Mr. Audubon's narrative of a night passed with Boone.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+Colonel Boone receives a large grant of land from the Spanish
+Government of Upper Louisiana--He loses it--Sketch of the history
+of Missouri--Colonel Boone's hunting--He pays his debts by the sale
+of furs--Taken sick in his hunting camp--Colonel Boone applies
+to Congress to recover his land--The Legislature of Kentucky
+supports his claim--Death of Mrs. Boone--Results of the application
+to Congress--Occupations of his declining years--Mr. Harding paints
+his portrait.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+Last illness, and death of Colonel Boone--His funeral--Account of his
+family--His remains and those of his wife removed from Missouri, and
+reinterred in the new cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky--Character of
+Colonel Boone.
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND TIMES OF COLONEL DANIEL BOONE.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+     The family of Daniel Boone--His grandfather emigrates to America,
+     and settles in Bucks County, Pennsylvania--Family of Daniel Boone's
+     father--Account of Exeter, the birth-place of Boone--Birth of
+     Daniel Boone--Religion of his family--Boone's boyhood--Goes to
+     School--Anecdote--Summary termination of his schooling.
+
+
+The immediate ancestors and near relations of the American Boone family,
+resided at Bradwinch about eight miles from Exeter, England. George
+Boone the grandfather of Daniel, emigrated to America and arrived, with
+Mary his wife, at Philadelphia, on the 10th of October, 1717. They
+brought with them eleven children, two daughters and nine sons. The
+names of three of the sons have come down to us, John, James, and
+Squire. The last of these, Squire Boone, was the father of Daniel.
+
+George Boone, immediately after his arrival in America, purchased a
+large tract of land in what is now Bucks County, which he settled, and
+called it Exeter, after the city near which he was born. The records
+distinguish it only as the township of Exeter, without any county. He
+purchased also various other tracts in Maryland and Virginia; and our
+tradition says, among others, the ground on which Georgetown, District
+of Columbia, now stands, and that he laid the town out, and gave it his
+own name. His sons John and James lived and died on the Exeter
+purchase.[1]
+
+Daniel Boone's father, Squire Boone, had seven sons and four daughters,
+viz.: James,[2] Samuel, Jonathan, Daniel, George, Squire, Edward, Sarah,
+Elizabeth, Mary, and Hannah.
+
+Exeter Township is situated in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and now has a
+population of over two thousand. Here Daniel Boone was born, on the 11th
+of February, 1735.[3]
+
+The maiden name of Boone's mother was Sarah Morgan. Some dispute has
+arisen respecting the religious persuasion of the Boone family. It would
+appear, on a review of the whole controversy, that before their removal
+to this country, the Boones were Episcopalians; but during their
+residence in Pennsylvania they permitted themselves to be considered
+Quakers. What sort of a Quaker Daniel Boone himself was, will be
+apparent in the course of our narrative.
+
+Exeter, the native place of Daniel Boone, was at this period a small
+frontier settlement, consisting of log-houses, surrounded with woods,
+which abounded with game of various kinds and were occasionally infested
+with hostile Indians. It is not surprising that Daniel, passing the
+period of his boyhood in such a place, should have acquired at an early
+age the accomplishments of a hunter and woodsman. From a mere child it
+was his chief delight to roam in the woods, to observe the wild haunts
+of Nature, and to pursue the wild animals which were then so abundant.
+
+Of the boyhood of Daniel Boone, one of his biographers gives the
+following account. Speaking of the residence of the family at Exeter,
+he says:[4]
+
+"Here they lived for ten years; and it was during this time that their
+son Daniel began to show his passion for hunting. He was scarcely able
+to carry a gun when he was shooting all the squirrels, raccoons, and
+even wild-cats (it is said), that he could find in that region. As he
+grew older, his courage increased, and then we find him amusing himself
+with higher game. Other lads in the neighborhood were soon taught by him
+the use of the rifle, and were then able to join him in his adventures.
+On one occasion, they all started out for a hunt, and, after amusing
+themselves till it was almost dark, were returning homeward, when
+suddenly a wild cry was heard in the woods. The boys screamed out,
+'A panther! A panther!' and ran off as fast as they could. Boone stood
+firmly, looking around for the animal. It was a panther indeed. His eye
+lighted upon him just in the act of springing toward him: in an instant
+he leveled his rifle, and shot him through the heart."
+
+"But this sort of sport was not enough for him. He seemed resolved to go
+away from men, and live in the forests with these animals. One morning
+he started off as usual, with his rifle and dog. Night came on, but
+Daniel did not return to his home. Another day and night passed away,
+and still the boy did not make his appearance. His parents were now
+greatly alarmed. The neighbors joined them in making search for the lad.
+After wandering about a great while, they at length saw smoke rising
+from a cabin in the distance. Upon reaching it, they found the boy. The
+floor of the cabin was covered with the skins of such animals as he had
+slain, and pieces of meat were roasting before the fire for his supper.
+Here, at a distance of three miles from any settlement, he had built his
+cabin of sods and branches, and sheltered himself in the wilderness."
+
+"It was while his father was living on the head-waters of the
+Schuylkill that young Boone received so far as we know, all his
+education. Short indeed were his schoolboy days. It happened that an
+Irish schoolmaster strolled into the settlement, and, by the advice of
+Mr. Boone and other parents, opened a school in the neighborhood. It was
+not then as it is now. Good school-houses were not scattered over the
+land; nor were schoolmasters always able to teach their pupils. The
+school-house where the boys of this settlement went was a log-cabin,
+built in the midst of the woods. The schoolmaster was a strange man;
+sometimes good-humored, and then indulging the lads; sometimes surly and
+ill-natured, and then beating them severely. It was his usual custom,
+after hearing the first lessons of the morning, to allow the children to
+be out for a half hour at play, during which time he strolled off to
+refresh himself from his labors. He always walked in the same direction,
+and the boys thought that after his return, when they were called in, he
+was generally more cruel than ever. They were whipped more severely, and
+oftentimes without any cause. They observed this, but did not know the
+meaning of it One morning young Boone asked that he might go out, and
+had scarcely left the school-room when he saw a squirrel running over
+the trunk of a fallen tree. True to his nature, he instantly gave chase,
+until at last the squirrel darted into a bower of vines and branches.
+Boone thrust his hand in, and, to his surprise, laid hold of a bottle of
+whiskey. This was in the direction of his master's morning walks, and he
+thought now that he understood the secret of much of his ill-nature. He
+returned to the school-room; but, when they were dismissed for that day,
+he told some of the larger boys of his discovery. Their plan was soon
+arranged. Early the next morning a bottle of whiskey, having tartar
+emetic in it, was placed in the bower, and the other bottle thrown away.
+At the usual hour, the lads were sent out to play, and the master
+started on his walk. But their play was to come afterward; they longed
+for the master to return. At length they were called in, and in a little
+time saw the success of their experiment. The master began to look pale
+and sick, yet still went on with his work. Several boys were called up,
+one after the other, to recite lessons, and all whipped soundly, whether
+right or wrong. At last young Boone was called out to answer questions
+in arithmetic. He came forward with his slate and pencil, and the master
+began: 'If you subtract six from nine, what remains?' said he. 'Three,
+sir,' said Boone. 'Very good,' said the master; 'now let us come to
+fractions. If you take three-quarters from a whole number, what
+remains?' 'The whole, sir,' answered Boone. 'You blockhead!' cried the
+master, beating him; 'you stupid little fool, how can you show that?'
+'If I take one bottle of whiskey,' said Boone, 'and put in its place
+another in which I have mixed an emetic, the whole will remain if nobody
+drinks it!' The Irishman, dreadfully sick, was now doubly enraged.
+He seized Boone, and commenced beating him; the children shouted and
+roared; the scuffle continued until Boone knocked the master down upon
+the floor, and rushed out of the room. It was a day of freedom now for
+the lads. The story soon ran through the neighborhood; Boone was rebuked
+by his parents, but the schoolmaster was dismissed, and thus ended the
+boy's education."
+
+"Thus freed from school, he now returned more ardently than ever to his
+favorite pursuit. His dog and rifle were his constant companions, and
+day after day he started from home, only to roam through the forests.
+Hunting seemed to be the only business of his life; and he was never so
+happy as when at night he came home laden with game. He was an untiring
+wanderer."
+
+Perhaps it was not a very serious misfortune for Daniel Boone that his
+school instruction was so scanty, for, "in another kind of education,"
+says Mr. Peck,[5] "not unfrequent in the wilds of the West, he was an
+adept. No Indian could poise the rifle, find his way through the
+pathless forest, or search out the retreats of game, more readily than
+Daniel Boone. In all that related to Indian sagacity, border life, or
+the tactics of the skillful hunter, he excelled. The successful training
+of a hunter, or woodsman, is a kind of education of mental discipline,
+differing from that of the school-room, but not less effective in giving
+vigor to the mind, quickness of apprehension, and habits of close
+observation. Boone was regularly trained in all that made him a
+successful backwoodsman. Indolence and imbecility never produced a
+Simon Kenton, a Tecumthe, or a Daniel Boone. To gain the skill of an
+accomplished hunter requires talents, patience, perseverance, sagacity,
+and habits of thinking. Amongst other qualifications, knowledge of human
+nature, and especially of Indian character is indispensable to the
+pioneer of a wilderness. Add to these, self-possession, self-control,
+and promptness in execution. Persons who are unaccustomed to a frontier
+residence know not how much, in the preservation of life, and in
+obtaining subsistence, depends on such characteristics!"
+
+In the woods surrounding the little settlement of Exeter, Boone had
+ample opportunity for perfecting himself in this species of mental
+discipline, and of gaining that physical training of the limbs and
+muscles so necessary in the pursuits of the active hunter and pioneer.
+We have no record of his ever having encountered the Indians during his
+residence in Pennsylvania. His knowledge of their peculiar modes of
+hunting and war was to be attained not less thoroughly at a somewhat
+later period of life.
+
+[Footnote 1: "Pittsburg Gazette," quoted by Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The eldest, James, was killed by the Indians in 1773, and
+his son Israel was killed at the battle of Blue Licks, August 19th,
+1782.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Bogant gives 11th of February, 1735. Peck, February, 1735.
+Another account gives 1746 as the year of his birth, and Bucks County
+as his birth-place. The family record, in the hand writing of Daniel
+Boone's uncle, James, who was a school master, gives the 14th of July,
+1732.]
+
+[Footnote 4: "Adventures of Daniel Boone, the Kentucky Rifleman." By the
+author of "Uncle Philip's Conversations."]
+
+[Footnote 5: "Life of Daniel Boone" By John M. Peck.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+     Removal of Boone's father and family to North Carolina--Location on
+     the Yadkin River--Character of the country and the people--Byron's
+     description of the backwoodsman--Daniel Boone marries Rebecca
+     Bryan--His farmer life in North Carolina--State of the
+     country--Political troubles foreshadowed--Illegal fees and
+     taxes--Probable effect of this state of things on Boone's
+     mind--Signs of movement.
+
+
+When Daniel Boone was still a youth, his father emigrated to North
+Carolina. The precise date of this removal of the family residence is
+not known. Mr. Peck, an excellent authority, says it took place when
+Daniel was about eighteen years old. This would make it about the year
+1752.
+
+The new residence of Squire Boone, Daniel's father, was near Holman's
+Ford, on the Yadkin River, about eight miles from Wilkesboro'. The fact
+of the great backwoodsman having passed many years of his life there
+is still remembered with pride by the inhabitants of that region. The
+capital of Watauga County, which was formed in 1849, is named Boone, in
+honor of Daniel Boone. The historian of North Carolina[6] is disposed
+to claim him as a son of the State. He says: "In North Carolina Daniel
+Boone was reared. Here his youthful days were spent; and here that bold
+spirit was trained, which so fearlessly encountered the perils through
+which he passed in after life. His fame is part of her property, and she
+has inscribed his name on a town in the region where his youth was
+spent."
+
+"The character of Boone is so peculiar," says Mr. Wheeler, "that it
+marks the age in which he lived; and his name is celebrated in the
+verses of the immortal Byron:"
+
+   "Of all men--
+    Who passes for in life and death most lucky,
+    Of the great names which in our faces stare,
+    Is Daniel Boone, backwoodsman of Kentucky."
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+   "Crime came not near him--she is not the child
+    Of Solitude. Health shrank not from him, for
+    Her home is in the rarely-trodden wild."
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+   "And tall and strong and swift of foot are they,
+    Beyond the dwarfing city's pale abortions,
+    Because their thoughts had never been the prey
+    Of care or gain; the green woods were their portions:
+    No sinking spirits told them they grew gray,
+    No fashions made them apes of her distortions.
+    Simple they were, not savage; and their rifles,
+    Though very true, were not yet used for trifles."
+
+   "Motion was in their days, rest in their slumbers,
+    And cheerfulness the handmaid of their toil.
+    Nor yet too many nor too few their numbers;
+    Corruption could not make their hearts her soil;
+    The lust which stings, the splendor which encumbers,
+    With the free foresters divide no spoil;
+    Serene, not sullen, were the solitudes
+    Of this unsighing people of the woods.'"
+
+We quote these beautiful lines, because they so aptly and forcibly
+describe the peculiar character of Boone; and to a certain extent, as
+Mr. Wheeler intimates, his character was that of his times and of his
+associates.
+
+It was during the residence of the family on the banks of the Yadkin,
+that Boone formed the acquaintance of Rebecca Bryan, whom he married.[7]
+The marriage appears, by comparison of dates, to have taken place in the
+year 1755. "One almost regrets," says Mr. Peck, "to spoil so beautiful a
+romance, as that which has had such extensive circulation in the various
+'Lives of Boone,' and which represents him as mistaking the bright eyes
+of this young lady, in the dark, for those of a deer; a mistake that
+nearly proved fatal from the unerring rifle of the young hunter. Yet in
+truth, we are bound to say, that no such mistake ever happened. Our
+backwoods swains never make such mistakes."
+
+The next five years after his marriage, Daniel Boone passed in the quiet
+pursuits of a farmer's life, varied occasionally by hunting excursions
+in the woods. The most quiet and careless of the citizens of North
+Carolina were not unobservant, however, of the political aspect of the
+times. During this period the people, by their representatives in the
+Legislature, began that opposition to the Royal authority, which was in
+after years to signalize North Carolina as one of the leading Colonies
+in the Revolutionary struggle.
+
+The newly-appointed Royal Governor, Arthur Dobbs, arrived at Newbern in
+the autumn of 1754. "Governor Dobbs's administration of ten years," says
+the historian Wheeler, "was a continued contest between himself and the
+Legislature, on matters frivolous and unimportant. A high-toned temper
+for Royal prerogatives on his part, and an indomitable resistance of the
+Colonists ... The people were much oppressed by Lord Grenville's agents.
+They seized Corbin, his agent, who lived below Edenton, and brought him
+to Enfield, where he was compelled to give bond and security to produce
+his books and disgorge his illegal fees."
+
+This matter of illegal fees was part of a system of oppression, kindred
+to the famous Stamp Act--a system which was destined to grow more and
+more intolerable under Governor Tryon's administration, and to lead to
+the formation of the famous company of Regulators, whose resistance of
+taxation and tyranny was soon to convulse the whole State.
+
+We are by no means to suppose that Daniel Boone was an unobservant
+spectator of what was passing even at the time we are speaking of,
+nor that the doings of the tax-gatherers had nothing to do with his
+subsequent movements. He not only hated oppression, but he hated also
+strife and disturbance; and already began to long for a new migration
+into the distant woods and quiet intervals, where politics and the
+tax-gatherer should not intrude.
+
+The population in his neighborhood was increasing, and new settlements
+were being formed along the Yadkin and its tributary streams, and
+explorations were made to the northwest on the banks of the Holston and
+Clinch Rivers. The times were already beginning to exhibit symptoms of
+restlessness and stir among the people, which was soon to result in the
+formation of new States and the settlement of the far West.
+
+[Footnote 6: John H. Wheeler. "Historical Sketches of North Carolina."]
+
+[Footnote 7: The children by this marriage were nine in number. _Sons:_
+James, born in 1756, Israel, Jesse, Daniel, and Nathan. _Daughters_:
+Susan, Jemima, Lavinia, and Rebecca. The eldest, James, was killed, as
+will appear in our subsequent narrative, by the Indians, in 1773; and
+Israel fell in the battle of Blue Licks, May 17th, 1782. In 1846,
+Nathan, a captain in the United States service, was the only surviving
+son.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+     The Seven Years' War--Cherokee war--Period of Boone's first long
+     excursions to the West--Extract from Wheeler's History of
+     Tennessee--Indian accounts of the western country--Indian
+     traders--Their reports--Western
+     travelers--Doherty--Adair--Proceedings of the
+     traders--Hunters--Scotch traders--Hunters accompany the traders to
+     the West--Their reports concerning the country--Other
+     adventurers--Dr. Walker's expedition--Settlements in South-western
+     Virginia--Indian hostilities--Pendleton purchase--Dr. Walker's
+     second expedition--Hunting company of Walker and others--Boone
+     travels with them--Curious monument left by him.
+
+
+The reader will recollect that the period referred to in the last
+chapter, comprehended the latter years of the celebrated Seven Years'
+War. During the chief portion of this period, the neighboring Colony
+of Virginia suffered all the horrors of Indian war on its western
+frontier--horrors from which even the ability, courage, and patriotism
+of Washington were for a long time unable to protect them. The war was
+virtually terminated by the campaign of 1759, when Quebec was taken.
+The next year Canada was ceded to England; and a Cherokee war, which had
+disturbed the border setters of North Carolina, was terminated. Daniel
+Boone's biographers all agree that it was about this time when he first
+began to make long excursions toward the West; but it is difficult to
+fix exactly the date of his first long journey through the woods in
+this direction. It is generally dated in 1771 or 1772, We now make a
+quotation from Ramsay's Annals of Tennessee, which shows, beyond the
+possibility of a doubt, that he hunted on the Wataga River in 1760, and
+renders it probable that he was in the West at an earlier date. Our
+readers will excuse the length of this quotation, as the first part of
+it gives so graphic a picture of the hunter and pioneer life of the
+times of Daniel Boone, and also shows what had been done by others in
+western explorations before Boone's expeditions commenced.
+
+"The Colonists of the Carolinas and of Virginia had been steadily
+advancing to the West, and we have traced their approaches in the
+direction of our eastern boundary,[8] to the base of the great
+Appalachian range."
+
+Of the country beyond it, little was positively known or accurately
+understood. A wandering Indian would imperfectly delineate upon the
+sand, a feeble outline of its more prominent physical features--its
+magnificent rivers, with their numerous tributaries--its lofty
+mountains, its dark forests, its extended plains and its vast extent.
+A voyage in a canoe, from the source of the Hogohegee[9] to the
+Wabash,[10] required for its performance, in their figurative language,
+'two paddles, two warriors, three moons.' The Ohio itself was but a
+tributary of a still larger river, of whose source, size and direction,
+no intelligible account could be communicated or understood. The Muscle
+Shoals and the obstructions in the river above them, were represented
+as mighty cataracts and fearful whirlpools, and the Suck, as an awful
+vortex. The wild beasts with which the illimitable forests abounded,
+were numbered by pointing to the leaves upon the trees, or the stars
+in a cloudless sky.
+
+"These glowing descriptions of the West seemed rather to stimulate
+than to satisfy the intense curiosity of the approaching settlers.
+Information more reliable, and more minute, was, from time to time,
+furnished from other sources. In the Atlantic cities, accounts had been
+received from French and Spanish traders, of the unparalleled beauty and
+fertility of the western interior. These reports, highly colored and
+amplified, were soon received and known upon the frontier. Besides,
+persons engaged in the interior traffic with the south-western Indian
+tribes had, in times of peace, penetrated their territories--traded
+with and resided amongst the natives--and upon their return to the white
+settlements, confirmed what had been previously reported in favor of the
+distant countries they had seen. As early as 1690, Doherty, a trader
+from Virginia, had visited the Cherokees and afterward lived among them
+a number of years. In 1730, Adair, from South Carolina, had traveled,
+not only through the towns of this tribe, but had extended his tour
+to most of the nations south and west of them. He was not only an
+enterprising trader but an intelligent tourist. To his observations upon
+the several tribes which he visited, we are indebted for most that is
+known of their earlier history. They were published in London in 1775.
+
+"In 1740 other traders went among the Cherokees from Virginia. They
+employed Mr Vaughan as a packman, to transport their goods. West of
+Amelia County, the country was then thinly inhabited; the last hunter's
+cabin that he saw was on Otter River, a branch of the Staunton, now in
+Bedford County, Va. The route pursued was along the Great Path to the
+centre of the Cherokee nation. The traders and pack-men generally
+confined themselves to this path till it crossed the Little Tennessee
+River, then spreading themselves out among the several Cherokee villages
+west of the mountain, continued their traffic as low down the Great
+Tennessee as the Indian settlements upon Occochappo or Bear Creek, below
+the Muscle Shoals, and there encountered the competition of other
+traders, who were supplied from New Orleans and Mobile. They returned
+heavily laden with peltries, to Charleston, or the more northern
+markets, where they were sold at highly remunerating prices. A hatchet,
+a pocket looking-glass, a piece of scarlet cloth, a trinket, and other
+articles of little value, which at Williamsburg could be bought for a
+few shillings, would command from an Indian hunter on the Hiwasse or
+Tennessee peltries amounting in value to double the number of pounds
+sterling. Exchanges were necessarily slow, but the profits realized from
+the operation were immensely large. In times of peace this traffic
+attracted the attention of many adventurous traders. It became mutually
+advantageous to the Indian not less than to the white man. The trap and
+the rifle, thus bartered for, procured, in one day, more game to the
+Cherokee hunter than his bow and arrow and his dead-fall would have
+secured during a month of toilsome hunting. Other advantages resulted
+from it to the whites. They became thus acquainted with the great
+avenues leading through the hunting grounds and to the occupied country
+of the neighboring tribes--an important circumstance in the condition of
+either war or peace. Further, the traders were an exact thermometer of
+the pacific or hostile intention and feelings of the Indians with whom
+they traded. Generally, they were foreigners, most frequently Scotchmen,
+who had not been long in the country, or upon the frontier, who, having
+experienced none of the cruelties, depredation or aggressions of the
+Indians, cherished none of the resentment and spirit of retaliation born
+with, and everywhere manifested, by the American settler. Thus, free
+from animosity against the aborigines, the trader was allowed to remain
+in the village where he traded unmolested, even when its warriors were
+singing the war song or brandishing the war club, preparatory to an
+invasion or massacre of the whites. Timely warning was thus often given
+by a returning packman to a feeble and unsuspecting settlement, of the
+perfidy and cruelty meditated against it.
+
+"This gainful commerce was, for a time, engrossed by the traders; but
+the monopoly was not allowed to continue long. Their rapid accumulations
+soon excited the cupidity of another class of adventurers; and the
+hunter, in his turn, became a co-pioneer with the trader, in the march
+of civilization to the wilds of the West. As the agricultural population
+approached the eastern base of the Alleghanies, the game became scarce,
+and was to be found by severe toil in almost inaccessible recesses
+and coves of the mountain. Packmen, returning from their trading
+expeditions, carried with them evidences, not only of the abundance
+of game across the mountains, but of the facility with which it was
+procured. Hunters began to accompany the traders to the Indian towns;
+but, unable to brook the tedious delay of procuring peltries by traffic,
+and impatient of restraint, they struck boldly into the wilderness,
+and western-like, to use a western phrase, set up for themselves. The
+reports of their return, and of their successful enterprise, stimulated
+other adventurers to a similar undertaking. 'As early as 1748 Doctor
+Thomas Walker, of Virginia, in company with Colonels Wood, Patton and
+Buchanan, and Captain Charles Campbell, and a number of hunters, made an
+exploring tour upon the western waters. Passing Powel's valley, he gave
+the name of 'Cumberland' to the lofty range of mountains on the west.
+Tracing this range in a south-western direction, he came to a remarkable
+depression in the chain: through this he passed, calling it 'Cumberland
+Gap.' On the western side of the range he found a beautiful mountain
+stream, which he named 'Cumberland River,' all in honor of the Duke of
+Cumberland, then prime minister of England.[11] These names have ever
+since been retained, and, with Loudon, are believed to be the only names
+in Tennessee of English origin."
+
+"Although Fort Loudon was erected as early as 1756, upon the Tennessee,
+yet it was in advance of any white settlements nearly one hundred and
+fifty miles, and was destroyed in 1760. The fort, too, at Long Island,
+within the boundaries of the present State of Tennessee, were erected
+in 1758, but no permanent settlements had yet been formed near it.
+Still occasional settlers had begun to fix their habitations in the
+south-western section of Virginia, and as early as 1754, six families
+were residing west of New River. 'On the breaking out of the French war,
+the Indians, in alliance with the French, made an irruption into these
+settlements, and massacred Burke and his family. The other families,
+finding their situation too perilous to be maintained, returned to the
+eastern side of New River; and the renewal of the attempt to carry the
+white settlements further west, was not made until after the close of
+that war.'"[12]
+
+[Sidenote: 1756]
+
+"Under a mistaken impression that the Virginia line, when extended west,
+would embrace it, a grant of land was this year made, by the authorities
+of Virginia, to Edmund Pendleton, for three thousand acres of land,
+lying in Augusta County, on a branch of the middle fork of the Indian
+river called West Creek,[13] now Sullivan County, Tennessee."
+
+[Sidenote: 1760]
+
+In this year, Doctor Walker again passed over Clinch and Powell's
+River, on a tour of exploration into what is now Kentucky.
+
+[Sidenote: 1761]
+
+'The Cherokees were now at peace with the whites, and hunters from the
+back settlements began with safety to penetrate deeper and further into
+the wilderness of Tennessee. Several of them, chiefly from Virginia,
+hearing of the abundance of game with which the woods were stocked, and
+allured by the prospects of gain, which might be drawn from this source,
+formed themselves into a company, composed of Wallen, Scaggs, Blevins,
+Cox, and fifteen others, and came into the valley since known as
+Carter's Valley, in Hawkins County, Tennessee. They hunted eighteen
+mouths upon Clinch and Powell's Rivers. Wallen's Creek and Wallen's
+Ridge received their name from the leader of the company; as also did
+the station which they erected in the present Lee County, Virginia,
+the name of Wallen's station. They penetrated as far north as Laurel
+Mountain, in Kentucky, where they terminated their journey, having met
+with a body of Indians, whom they supposed to be Shawnees. At the head
+of one of the companies that visited the West this year 'came Daniel
+Boon, from the Yadkin, in North Carolina, and traveled with them as low
+as the place where Abingdon now stands, and there left them.'
+
+"This is the first time the advent of Daniel Boon to the western wilds
+has been mentioned by historians, or by the several biographers of that
+distinguished pioneer and hunter. There is reason, however, to believe
+that he had hunted upon Watauga earlier. The writer is indebted to N.
+Gammon, Esq., formerly of Jonesboro, now a citizen of Knoxville, for
+the following inscription, still to be seen upon a beech tree, standing
+in sight and east of the present stage-road, leading from Jonesboro to
+Blountsville, and in the valley of Boon's Creek, a tributary of Watauga:"
+
+              D. Boon
+           CillED A. BAR On
+                Tree
+               in ThE
+                yEAR
+                1760
+
+"Boon was eighty-six years old when he died, which was September, 1820.
+He was thus twenty-six years old when the inscription was made. When he
+left the company of hunters in 1761, as mentioned above by Haywood, it
+is probable that he did so to revisit the theatre of a former hunt upon
+the creek that still bears his name, and where his camp is still pointed
+out near its banks. It is not improbable, indeed, that he belonged to,
+or accompanied, the party of Doctor Walker, on his first, or certainly
+on his second, tour of exploration in 1760. The inscription is
+sufficient authority, as this writer conceives, to date the arrival of
+Boon in Tennessee as early as its date, 1760, thus preceding the
+permanent settlement of the country nearly ten years."
+
+It will be observed that the historian in this extract, spells Boon
+without the final _e_, following the orthography of the hunter, in his
+inscription on the tree. This orthography Boone used at a later period,
+as we shall show. But the present received mode of spelling the name is
+the one which we have adopted in this work.
+
+On a subsequent page of Wheeler's history, we find the following
+memorandum:
+
+"Daniel Boone, who still lived on the Yadkin, though he had previously
+hunted on the Western waters, came again this year to explore the
+country, being employed for this purpose by Henderson & Company.
+With him came Samuel Callaway, his kinsman, and the ancestor of the
+respectable family of that name, pioneers of Tennessee, Kentucky, and
+Missouri. Callaway was at the side of Boon when, approaching the spurs
+of the Cumberland Mountain, and in view of the vast herds of buffalo
+grazing in the valleys between them, he exclaimed, 'I am richer than the
+man mentioned in Scripture, who owned the cattle on a thousand hills;
+I own the wild beasts of more than a thousand valleys.'"
+
+After Boone and Callaway, came another hunter, Henry Scaggins, who was
+also employed by Henderson. He extended his explorations to the Lower
+Cumberland, and fixed his station at Mansco's Lick.
+
+We shall have occasion to speak more particularly of Henderson's company
+and Boone's connection with it; but we will first call the reader's
+attention to the state of affairs in North Carolina at this period, and
+their probable influence on the course pursued by Daniel Boone.
+
+[Footnote 8: That is, the eastern boundary of Tennessee, which was then
+a part of North Carolina.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Holston.]
+
+[Footnote 10: The Ohio was known many years by this name.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Monette. The Indian name of this range was Wasioto, and of
+the river, Shawnee.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Howe.]
+
+[Footnote 13: The original patent, signed by Governor Dinwiddie, and now
+in the possession of the writer, was presented to him by T.A.R. Nelson,
+Esq., of Jonesboro, Tennessee. It is probably the oldest grant in the
+State.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+     Political and social condition of North
+     Carolina--Taxes--Lawsuits--Ostentation and extravagance of
+     foreigners and government officers--Oppression of the
+     people--Murmurs--Open resistance--The Regulators--Willingness of
+     Daniel Boone and others to migrate, and their reasons--John
+     Finley's expedition to the West--His report to Boone--He determines
+     to join Finley in his next hunting tour--New company formed, with
+     Boone for leader--Preparations for starting--The party sets
+     out--Travels for a month through the wilderness--First sight of
+     Kentucky--Forming a camp--Hunting buffaloes and other game--Capture
+     of Boone and Stuart by the Indians--Prudent dissimulation--Escape
+     from the Indians--Return to the old camp--Their companions
+     lost--Boone and Stuart renew their hunting.
+
+
+There were many circumstances in the social and political condition
+of the State of North Carolina, during the period of Daniel Boone's
+residence on the banks of the Yadkin, which were calculated to render
+him restless and quite willing to seek a home in the Western wilderness.
+Customs and fashions were changing. The Scotch traders, to whom we
+have referred in the last chapter, and others of the same class were
+introducing an ostentatious and expensive style of living, quite
+inappropriate to the rural population of the colony. In dress and
+equipage, they far surpassed the farmers and planters; and they were not
+backward in taking upon themselves airs of superiority on this account.
+In this they were imitated by the officers and agents of the Royal
+government of the colony, who were not less fond of luxury and show.
+To support their extravagant style of living, these minions of power,
+magistrates, lawyers, clerks of court, and tax-gatherers, demanded
+exorbitant fees for their services. The Episcopal clergy, supported by a
+legalized tax on the people, were not content with their salaries, but
+charged enormous fees for their occasional services. A fee of fifteen
+dollars was exacted from the poor farmer for performing the marriage
+service. The collection of taxes was enforced by suits at law, with
+enormous expense; and executions, levies, and distresses were of
+every-day occurrence. All sums exceeding forty shillings were sued for
+and executions obtained in the courts, the original debt being saddled
+with extortionate bills of cost. Sheriffs demanded more than was due,
+under threats of sheriff's sales; and they applied the gains thus made
+to their own use. Money, as is always the case in a new country, was
+exceedingly scarce, and the sufferings of the people were intolerable.
+
+Petitions to the Legislature for a redress of grievances were treated
+with contempt. The people assembled and formed themselves into an
+association for _regulating_ public grievances and abuse of power.
+Hence the name given to them of Regulators. They resolved "to pay only
+such taxes as were agreeable to law and applied to the purpose therein
+named, to pay no officer more than his legal fees." The subsequent
+proceedings of the Regulators, such as forcible resistance to officers
+and acts of personal violence toward them, at length brought on an
+actual collision between them and an armed force led by the Royal
+Governor, Tryon (May 16 1771,) at Alamanance, in which the Regulators
+were defeated; and the grievances continued with scarcely abated force
+till the Revolution brought relief.
+
+Under these circumstances, it is not surprising that Daniel Boone and
+others were quite willing to migrate to the West, if it were only to
+enjoy a quiet life; the dangers of Indian aggression being less dreaded
+than the visits of the tax-gather and the sheriff; and the solitude
+of the forest and prairie being preferred to the society of insolent
+foreigners; flaunting in the luxury and ostentation purchased by the
+spoils of fraud and oppression.
+
+Among the hunters and traders who pursued their avocations in the
+Western wilds was John Finley, or Findley, who led a party of hunters
+in 1767 to the neighborhood of the Louisa River, as the Kentucky River
+was then called, and spent the season in hunting and trapping. On his
+return, he visited Daniel Boone, and gave him a most glowing description
+of the country which he had visited--a country abounding in the richest
+and most fertile land, intersected by noble rivers, and teeming with
+herds of deer and buffaloes and numerous flocks of wild turkeys, to say
+nothing of the smaller game. To these descriptions Boone lent a willing
+ear. He resolved to accompany Finley in his next hunting expedition, and
+to see this terrestrial paradise with his own eyes, doubtless with the
+intention of ultimately seeking a home in that delightful region.
+
+Accordingly, a company of six persons was formed for a new expedition to
+the West, and Boone was chosen as leader. The names of the other members
+of this party were John Finley, John Stuart, Joseph Holden, James
+Moncey, and William Cool.
+
+Much preparation seems to have been required. Boone's wife, who was one
+of the best of housekeepers and managers, had to fit out his clothes,
+and to make arrangements for house-keeping during his expected long
+absence. His sons were now old enough to assist their mother in the
+management of the farm, but, doubtless, they had to be supplied with
+money and other necessaries before the father could venture to leave
+home; so that it was not till the 1st of May, 1769, that the party were
+able to set out, as Boone, in his autobiography, expresses it, "in quest
+of the country of Kentucky."
+
+It was more than a month before these adventurers came in sight of the
+promised land. We quote from Mr. Peck's excellent work the description
+which undoubtedly formed the authority on which the artist has relied
+in painting the accompanying engraving of "Daniel Boone's first view of
+Kentucky." It is as follows:
+
+"It was on the 7th of June, 1769, that six men, weary and wayworn, were
+seen winding their way up the steep side of a rugged mountain in the
+wilderness of Kentucky. Their dress was of the description usually worn
+at that period by all forest rangers. The outside garment was a hunting
+shirt, or loose open frock, made of dressed deer skins. Leggings or
+drawers, of the same material, covered the lower extremities, to which
+was appended a pair of moccasins for the feet. The cape or collar of
+the hunting shirt, and the seams of the leggings, were adorned with
+fringes. The under garments were of coarse cotton. A leather belt
+encircled the body; on the right side was suspended the tomahawk, to be
+used as a hatchet: on the left side was the hunting-knife, powder-horn,
+bullet-pouch, and other appendages indispensable for a hunter. Each
+person bore his trusty rifle; and, as the party slowly made their
+toilsome way amid the shrubs, and over the logs and loose rocks that
+accident had thrown into the obscure trail which they were following,
+each man kept a sharp look-out, as though danger or a lurking enemy was
+near. Their garments were soiled and rent, the unavoidable result of
+long traveling and exposure to the heavy rains that had fallen; for the
+weather had been stormy and most uncomfortable, and they had traversed
+a mountainous wilderness for several hundred miles. The leader of the
+party was of full size, with a hardy, robust, sinewy frame, and keen,
+piercing, hazel eyes, that glanced with quickness at every object as
+they passed on, now cast forward in the direction they were traveling
+for signs of an old trail, and in the next moment directed askance
+into the dense thicket, or into the deep ravine, as if watching some
+concealed enemy. The reader will recognize in this man the pioneer
+Boone, at the head of his companions."
+
+[Illustration: BOONE'S FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY.]
+
+"Toward the time of the setting sun, the party had reached the summit
+of the mountain range, up which they had toiled for some three or four
+hours, and which had bounded their prospect to the west during the day.
+Here new and indescribable scenery opened to their view. Before them,
+for an immense distance, as if spread out on a map, lay the rich and
+beautiful vales watered by the Kentucky River; for they had now reached
+one of its northern branches. The country immediately before them, to
+use a Western phrase, was 'rolling,' and, in places, abruptly hilly; but
+far in the vista was seen a beautiful expanse of level country, over
+which the buffalo, deer, and other forest animals, roamed unmolested
+while they fed on the luxuriant herbage of the forest. The countenances
+of the party lighted up with pleasure, congratulations were exchanged,
+the romantic tales of Finley were confirmed by ocular demonstration, and
+orders were given to encamp for the night in a neighboring ravine. In a
+deep gorge of the mountain a large tree had fallen, surrounded with a
+dense thicket, and hidden from observation by the abrupt and precipitous
+hills. This tree lay in a convenient position for the back of their
+camp. Logs were placed on the right and left, leaving the front open,
+where fire might be kindled against another log; and for shelter from
+the rains and heavy dews, bark was peeled from the linden tree."
+
+This rude structure appears to have been the head-quarters of the
+hunters through the whole summer and autumn, till late in December.
+During this time, they hunted the deer, the bear, and especially the
+buffalo. The buffaloes were found in great numbers, feeding on the
+leaves of the cane, and the rich and spontaneous fields of clover.
+
+During this long period, they saw no Indians. That part of the country
+was not inhabited by any tribe at that time, although it was used
+occasionally as a hunting ground by the Shawanese, the Cherokees and the
+Chickesaws. The land at that time belonged to the colony of Virginia,
+which then included what is now called Kentucky. The title to the ground
+was acquired by a treaty with the Indians, Oct. 5th, 1770. The Iroquois,
+at the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768, had already ceded their doubtful
+claim to the land south of the Ohio River, to Great Britain; so that
+Boone's company of hunters were not trespassing upon Indian territory
+at this time.[14] But they were destined nevertheless to be treated as
+intruders.
+
+On the 22d of December, Boone and John Stuart, one of his companions,
+left their encampment, and following one of the numerous paths which the
+buffalo had made through the cane, they plunged boldly into the interior
+of the forest. They had as yet, as we have already stated, seen no
+Indians, and the country had been reported as totally uninhabited. This
+was true in a strict sense, for although, as we have seen, the southern
+and northwestern tribes were in the habit of hunting here as upon
+neutral ground, yet not a single wigwam had been erected, nor did the
+land bear the slightest mark of having ever been cultivated.
+
+The different tribes would fall in with each other and from the fierce
+conflicts which generally followed these casual rencounters, the country
+had been known among them by the name of '_the dark and bloody ground!_'
+
+The two adventurers soon learned the additional danger to which they
+were exposed. While roving carelessly from canebrake to canebrake, and
+admiring the rank growth of vegetation, and the variety of timber which
+marked the fertility of the soil, they were suddenly alarmed by the
+appearance of a party of Indians, who, springing from their place of
+concealment, rushed upon them with a rapidity which rendered escape
+impossible.
+
+They were almost instantly seized, disarmed, and made prisoners. Their
+feelings may be readily imagined. They were in the hands of an enemy who
+knew no alternative between adoption and torture; and the numbers and
+fleetness of their captors, rendered escape by open means impossible,
+while their jealous vigilance seemed equally fatal to any secret
+attempt.
+
+Boone, however, was possessed of a temper admirably adapted to the
+circumstances in which he was placed. Of a cold and saturnine, rather
+than an arden disposition, he was never either so much elevated by
+good fortune or depressed by bad, as to lose for an instant the full
+possession of all his faculties. He saw that immediate escape was
+impossible, but he encouraged his companion, and constrained himself
+to accompany the Indians in all their excursions, with so calm and
+contented an air, that their vigilance insensibly began to relax.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTURE OF BOONE AND STUART.]
+
+On the seventh evening of their captivity, they encamped in a thick
+canebrake, and having built a large fire, lay down to rest. The party
+whose duty it was to watch, were weary and negligent, and about
+midnight, Boone, who had not closed an eye, ascertained from the deep
+breathing all around him, that the whole party, including Stuart, was
+in a deep sleep.
+
+Gently and gradually extricating himself from the Indians who lay around
+him, he walked cautiously to the spot where Stuart lay, and having
+succeeded in awakening him, without alarming the rest, he briefly
+informed him of his determination, and exhorted him to arise, make no
+noise, and follow him. Stuart, although ignorant of the design, and
+suddenly roused from sleep, fortunately obeyed with equal silence and
+celerity, and within a few minutes they were beyond hearing.
+
+Rapidly traversing the forest, by the light of the stars and the bark
+of the trees, they ascertained the direction in which the camp lay, but
+upon reaching it on the next day, to their great grief, they found it
+plundered and deserted, with nothing remaining to show the fate of their
+companions: and even to the day of his death, Boone knew not whether
+they had been killed or taken, or had voluntarily abandoned their cabin
+and returned.[15]
+
+Indeed it has never been ascertained what became of Finley and the rest
+of Boone's party of hunters. If Finley himself had returned to Carolina,
+so remarkable a person would undoubtedly have left some trace of himself
+in the history of his time; but no trace exists of any of the party who
+were left at the old camp by Boone and Stuart. Boone and Stuart resumed
+their hunting, although their ammunition was running low, and they were
+compelled, by the now well-known danger of Indian hostilities, to seek
+for more secret and secure hiding-places at night than their old
+encampment in the ravine.
+
+The only kind of firearms used by the backwoods hunter is the rifle.
+In the use of this weapon Boone was exceedingly skillful. The following
+anecdote, related by the celebrated naturalist, Audubon,[16] shows that
+he retained his wonderful precision of aim till a late period of his
+life.
+
+"Barking off squirrels is delightful sport, and, in my opinion,
+requires a greater degree of accuracy than any other. I first witnessed
+this manner of procuring squirrels whilst near the town of Frankfort.
+The performer was the celebrated Daniel Boone. We walked out together,
+and followed the rocky margins of the Kentucky River, until we reached
+a piece of flat land thickly covered with black walnuts, oaks, and
+hickories. As the general mast was a good one that year, squirrels were
+seen gamboling on every tree around us. My companion, a stout, hale,
+and athletic man, dressed in a homespun hunting-shirt, bare-legged and
+moccasined, carried a long and heavy rifle, which, as he was loading it,
+he said had proved efficient in all his former undertakings, and which
+he hoped would not fail on this occasion, as he felt proud to show me
+his skill. The gun was wiped, the powder measured, the ball patched with
+six-hundred-thread linen, and the charge sent home with a hickory rod.
+We moved not a step from the place, for the squirrels were so numerous
+that it was unnecessary to go after them. Boone pointed to one of these
+animals which had observed us, and was crouched on a branch about fifty
+paces distant, and bade me mark well the spot where the ball should hit.
+He raised his piece gradually, until the _bead_ (that being the name
+given by the Kentuckians to the _sight_) of the barrel was brought to
+a line with the spot which he intended to hit. The whip-like report
+resounded through the woods and along the hills in repeated echoes.
+Judge of my surprise, when I perceived that the ball had hit the piece
+of the bark immediately beneath the squirrel, and shivered it into
+splinters, the concussion produced by which had killed the animal, and
+sent it whirling through the air, as if it had been blown up by the
+explosion of a powder magazine. Boone kept up his firing, and before
+many hours had elapsed, we had procured as many squirrels as we wished;
+for you must know that to load a rifle requires only a moment, and that
+if it is wiped once after each shot, it will do duty for hours. Since
+that first interview with our veteran Boone, I have seen many other
+individuals perform the same feat."
+
+[Footnote 14: Peck. Life of Boone.]
+
+[Footnote 15: McClung. "Western Adventures."]
+
+[Footnote 16: Ornithological Biography, pp. 293-4.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+     Arrival of Squire Boone and a companion at the camp of Daniel
+     Boone--Joyful meeting--News from home, and hunting resumed--Daniel
+     Boone and Stuart surprised by the Indians, Stuart killed--Escape
+     of Boone, and his return to camp--Squire Boone's companion lost
+     in the woods--Residence of Daniel Boone and Squire Boone in the
+     wilderness--Squire returns to North Carolina, obtains a fresh
+     supply of ammunition, and again rejoins his brother at the old
+     camp--Daniel Boone's own account of this remarkable period of his
+     life--His return to North Carolina--His determination to settle in
+     Kentucky--Other Western adventurers--The Long hunters--Washington
+     in Kentucky--Bullitt's party--Floyd's party--Thompson's
+     survey--First settlement of Tennessee.
+
+
+In the early part of the month of January, 1770, Boone and Stuart were
+agreeably surprised by the arrival of Squire Boone, the younger brother
+of Daniel, accompanied by another man, whose name has not been handed
+down. The meeting took place as they were hunting in the woods. The
+new-comers were hailed at a distance with the usual greeting, "'Holloa!
+strangers, who are you?" to which they answered, "White men and
+friends." And friends indeed they were--friends in need; for they
+brought a supply of ammunition, and news from Daniel Boone's home
+and family on the Yadkin. They had had a weary journey through the
+wilderness, and although they had met with no Indians on their way, they
+had frequently come upon their traces in passing through the woods.
+Their purpose in undertaking this formidable journey had been to learn
+the fate of Boone and his party, whose safety was nearly despaired of by
+his friends in North Carolina, to hunt for themselves, and to convey a
+supply of ammunition to Boone. It is difficult to conceive the joy with
+which their opportune arrival was welcomed. They informed Boone that
+they had just seen the last night's encampment of Stuart and himself,
+so that the joyful meeting was not wholly unanticipated by them.
+
+Thus reinforced, the party, now consisting of four skillful hunters,
+might reasonably hope for increased security, and a fortunate issue to
+their protracted hunting tour. But they hunted in separate parties; and
+in one of these Daniel Boone and Stuart fell in with a party of Indians,
+who fired upon them. Stuart was shot dead and scalped by the Indians,
+but Boone escaped in the forest, and rejoined his brother and the
+remaining hunter of the party.
+
+A few days afterward this hunter was lost in the woods, and did not
+return as usual to the camp. Daniel and Squire made a long and anxious
+search for him; but it was all in vain. Years afterward a skeleton was
+discovered in the woods, which was supposed to be that of the lost
+hunter.
+
+The two brothers were thus left in the wilderness alone, separated
+by several hundred miles from home, surrounded by hostile Indians,
+and destitute of every thing but their rifles. After having had such
+melancholy experience of the dangers to which they were exposed, we
+would naturally suppose that their fortitude would have given way, and
+that they would instantly have returned to the settlements. But the most
+remarkable feature in Boone's character was a calm and cold equanimity
+which rarely rose to enthusiasm and never sunk to despondence.
+
+His courage undervalued the danger to which he was exposed, and his
+presence of mind, which never forsook him, enabled him, on all occasions
+to take the best means of avoiding it. The wilderness, with all its
+dangers and privations, had a charm for him, which is scarcely
+conceivable by one brought up in a city; and he determined to remain
+alone while his brother returned to Carolina for an additional supply of
+ammunition, as their original supply was nearly exhausted. His situation
+we should now suppose in the highest degree gloomy and dispiriting. The
+dangers which attended his brother on his return were nearly equal to
+his own; and each had left a wife and children, which Boone acknowledged
+cost him many an anxious thought.
+
+But the wild and solitary grandeur of the country around him, where not
+a tree had been cut, nor a house erected, was to him an inexhaustible
+source of admiration and delight; and he says to himself, that some
+of the most rapturous moments of his life were spent in those lonely
+rambles. The utmost caution was necessary to avoid the savages, and
+scarcely less to escape the ravenous hunger of the wolves that prowled
+nightly around him in immense numbers. He was compelled frequently to
+shift his lodging, and by undoubted signs, saw that the Indians had
+repeatedly visited his hut during his absence. He some times lay in
+canebrakes without fire, and heard the yells of the Indians around him.
+Fortunately, however, he never encountered them.[17]
+
+Mr. Perkins, in his Annals of the West, speaking of this sojourn
+of the brothers in the wilderness, says: And now commenced that most
+extraordinary life on the part of these two men which has, in a great
+measure, served to give celebrity to their names; we refer to their
+residence, entirely alone, for more than a year, in a land filled with
+the most subtle and unsparing enemies, and under the influence of no
+other motive, apparently, than a love of adventure, of Nature, and of
+solitude. Nor were they, during this time, always together. For three
+months, Daniel remained amid the forest utterly by himself, while his
+brother, with courage and capacity equal to his own, returned to North
+Carolina for a supply of powder and lead; with which he succeeded in
+rejoining the roamer of the wilderness in safety in July, 1770.
+
+It is almost impossible to conceive of the skill, coolness, and sagacity
+which enabled Daniel Boone to spend so many weeks in the midst of the
+Indians, and yet undiscovered by them. He appears to have changed his
+position continually--to have explored the whole centre of what forms
+now the State of Kentucky, and in so doing must have exposed himself to
+many different parties of the natives. A reader of Mr. Cooper's Last of
+the Mohicans may comprehend, in some measure, the arts by which he was
+preserved; but, after all, a natural gift seems to lie at the basis of
+such consummate woodcraft; an instinct, rather than any exercise of
+intellect, appears to have guided Boone in such matters, and made him
+pre-eminent among those who were most accomplished in the knowledge
+of forest life. Then we are to remember the week's captivity of the
+previous year; it was the first practical acquaintance that the pioneer
+had with the Western Indians, and we may be assured he spent that week
+in noting carefully the whole method of his captors. Indeed, we think
+it probable he remained in captivity so long that he might learn their
+arts, stratagems, and modes of concealment. We are, moreover, to keep in
+mind this fact: the woods of Kentucky were at that period filled with
+a species of nettle of such a character that, being once bent down,
+it did not recover itself, but remained prostrate, thus retaining the
+impression of a foot almost like snow--even a turkey might be tracked
+in it with perfect ease. This weed Boone would carefully avoid, but the
+natives, numerous and fearless, would commonly pay no regard to it, so
+that the white hunter was sure to have palpable signs of the presence
+of his enemies, and the direction they had taken. Considering these
+circumstances, it is even more remarkable that his brother should have
+returned in safety, with his loaded horses, than that he remained alone
+unharmed; though in the escape of both from captivity or death from
+January, 1770, until their return to the Atlantic rivers in March, 1771,
+there is something so wonderful that the old pioneer's phrase, that he
+was "an instrument ordained to settle the wilderness," seems entirely
+proper.
+
+Daniel Boone's own account of this period of his life, contained in his
+autobiography, is highly characteristic. It is as follows:
+
+"Thus situated, many hundred miles from our families in the howling
+wilderness, I believe few would have equally enjoyed the happiness we
+experienced. I often observed to my brother, 'You see now how little
+nature requires to be satisfied. Felicity, the companion of content,
+is rather found in our own breasts than in the enjoyment of external
+things; and I firmly believe it requires but a little philosophy to
+make a man happy in whatsoever state he is. This consists in a full
+resignation to Providence, and a resigned soul finds pleasure in a
+path strewed with briers and thorns.'
+
+"We continued not in a state of indolence, but hunted every day,
+and prepared a little cottage to defend us from the winter storms. We
+remained there undisturbed during the winter; and on the first of May,
+1770, my brother returned home to the settlement by himself for a new
+recruit of horses and ammunition, leaving me by myself, without bread,
+salt, or sugar, without company of my fellow-creatures, or even a
+horse or dog. I confess I never before was under greater necessity of
+exercising philosophy and fortitude. A few days I passed uncomfortably.
+The idea of a beloved wife and family, and their anxiety on account of
+my absence and exposed situation, made sensible impressions on my heart.
+A thousand dreadful apprehensions presented themselves to my view, and
+had undoubtedly disposed me to melancholy if further indulged.
+
+"One day I undertook a tour through the country, and the diversity and
+beauties of Nature I met with in this charming season expelled every
+gloomy and vexatious thought. Just at the close of day the gentle gales
+retired, and left the place to the disposal of a profound calm. Not
+a breeze shook the most tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit of a
+commanding ridge, and, looking round with astonishing delight, beheld
+the ample plains, the beauteous tracts below. On the other hand, I
+surveyed the famous river Ohio, that rolled in silent dignity, marking
+the western boundary of Kentucky with inconceivable grandeur. At a
+vast distance I beheld the mountains lift their venerable brows, and
+penetrate the clouds. All things were still. I kindled a fire near a
+fountain of sweet water, and feasted on the loin of a buck, which a few
+hours before I had killed. The fallen shades of night soon overspread
+the whole hemisphere, and the earth seemed to gape after the hovering
+moisture. My roving excursion this day had fatigued my body, and
+diverted my imagination. I laid me down to sleep, and I awoke not until
+the sun had chased away the night. I continued this tour, and in a few
+days explored a considerable part of the country, each day equally
+pleased as the first. I returned to my old camp, which was not disturbed
+in my absence. I did not confine my lodging to it, but often reposed in
+thick canebrakes to avoid the savages, who, I believe, often visited
+my camp, but fortunately for me in my absence. In this situation I was
+constantly exposed to danger and death. How unhappy such a situation for
+a man tormented with fear, which is vain if no danger comes, and, if it
+does, only augments the pain. It was my happiness to be destitute of
+this afflicting passion, with which I had the greatest reason to be
+affected. The prowling wolves diverted my nocturnal hours with perpetual
+howlings; and the various species of animals in this vast forest in the
+daytime were continually in my view.
+
+"Thus I was surrounded with plenty in the midst of want. I was happy
+in the midst of dangers and inconveniences. In such a diversity it was
+impossible I should be disposed to melancholy. No populous city, with
+all the varieties of commerce and stately structures, could afford so
+much pleasure to my mind as the beauties of Nature I found here.
+
+"Thus, through an uninterrupted scene of sylvan pleasures, I spent the
+time until the 27th day of July following, when my brother, to my great
+felicity, met me according to appointment, at our old camp. Shortly
+after we left this place, not thinking it safe to stay there any longer,
+and proceeded to Cumberland River, reconnoitering that part of the
+country until March, 1771, and giving names to the different waters.
+
+"Soon after, I returned home to my family, with a determination to bring
+them as soon as possible to live in Kentucky, which I esteemed a second
+paradise, at the risk of my life and fortune.
+
+"I returned safe to my old habitation, and found my family in happy
+circumstances."
+
+This extract is taken from the autobiography of Daniel Boone, written
+from his own dictation by John Filson, and published in 1784. Some
+writers have censured this production as inflated and bombastic. To us
+it seems simple and natural; and we have no doubt that the very words of
+Boone are given for the most part. The use of glowing imagery and strong
+figures is by no means confined to highly-educated persons. Those who
+are illiterate, as Boone certainly was, often indulge in this style.
+Even the Indians are remarkably fond of bold metaphors and other
+rhetorical figures, as is abundantly proved by their speeches and
+legends.
+
+While Boone had been engaged in his late hunting tour, other adventurers
+were examining the rich lands south of the Ohio.[18] Even in 1770, while
+Boone was wandering solitary in those Kentucky forests, a band of forty
+hunters, led by Colonel James Knox, had gathered from the valleys of
+New River, Clinch, and Holston, to chase the buffaloes of the West; nine
+of the forty had crossed the mountains, penetrated the desert and almost
+impassable country about the heads of the Cumberland, and explored the
+region on the borders of Kentucky and Tennessee. This hunting party,
+from the length of time it was absent, is known in the traditions of
+the West as the party of the Long Hunters. While these bold men were
+penetrating the valley of the Ohio, in the region of the Cumberland Gap,
+others came from Virginia and Pennsylvania, by the river; among them,
+and in the same year, that the Long Hunters were abroad, (1770), came no
+less noted a person than George Washington. His attention, as we have
+before said, had been turned to the lands along the Ohio, at a very
+early period; he had himself large claims, as well as far-reaching plans
+of settlement, and he wished with his own eyes to examine the Western
+lands, especially those about the mouth of the Kanawha. From the journal
+of his expedition, published by Mr. Sparks, in the Appendix to the
+second volume of his Washington Papers, we learn some valuable facts in
+reference to the position of affairs in the Ohio valley at that time.
+We learn, for instance, that the Virginians were rapidly surveying and
+settling the lands south of the river as far down as the Kanawhas; and
+that the Indians, notwithstanding the treaty of Fort Stanwix, were
+jealous and angry at this constant invasion of their hunting-grounds.
+
+"This jealousy and anger were not supposed to cool during the years
+next succeeding, and when Thomas Bullitt and his party descended the
+Ohio in the summer of 1773, he found that no settlements would be
+tolerated south of the river, unless the Indian hunting-grounds were
+left undisturbed. To leave them undisturbed was, however, no part of
+the plan of these white men.
+
+"This very party, which Bullitt led, and in which were the two McAfees,
+Hancock, Taylor, Drennon and others, separated, and while part went up
+the Kentucky River, explored the banks, and made important surveys,
+including the valley in which Frankfort stands, the remainder went on to
+the Falls, and laid out, in behalf of John Campbell and John Connolly,
+the plan of Louisville. All this took place in the summer of 1773; and
+in the autumn of that year, or early in the next, John Floyd, the deputy
+of Colonel William Preston, the surveyor of Fincastle County, Virginia,
+in which it was claimed that Kentucky was comprehended, also crossed the
+mountains; while General Thompson of Pennsylvania, made surveys upon
+the north fork of the Licking. When Boone, therefore, in September,
+commenced his march for the West, (as we shall presently relate), the
+choice regions which he had examined three years before, were known
+to numbers, and settlers were preparing to desecrate the silent and
+beautiful woods. Nor did the prospects of the English colonists stop
+with the settlements of Kentucky. In 1773, General Lyman, with a number
+of military adventurers, went to Natchez and laid out several townships
+in that vicinity; to which point emigration set so strongly, that we are
+told, four hundred families passed down the Ohio on their way thither,
+during six weeks of the summer of that year."[19]
+
+[Footnote 17: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Perkins. "Annals of the West."]
+
+[Footnote 19: Perkins, "Annals of the West."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+     Daniel Boone remains two years in North Carolina after his return
+     from the West--He prepares to emigrate to Kentucky--Character of
+     the early settlers to Kentucky--The first class, hunters--The
+     second class, small farmers--The third class, men of wealth and
+     government officers.
+
+
+Daniel Boone had now returned to his home on the banks of the Yadkin,
+after an absence of no less than two years, during which time he had
+not tasted, as he remarks in his autobiography, either salt, sugar, or
+bread. He must have enjoyed, in no ordinary degree, the comforts of
+home. Carolina, however, was to be his home but for a short time. He had
+fully determined to go with his family to Kentucky, and settle in that
+lovely region. He was destined to found a State.
+
+After Boone's return to North Carolina, more than two years passed away
+before he could complete the arrangements necessary for removing his
+family to Kentucky. He sold his farm on the Yadkin, which had been for
+many years under cultivation, and no doubt brought him a sum amply
+sufficient for the expenses of his journey and the furnishing of a new
+home in the promised land. He had, of course, to overcome the natural
+repugnance of his wife and children to leave the home which had become
+dear to them; and he had also to enlist other adventurers to accompany
+him. And here we deem it proper, before entering upon the account of his
+departure, to quote from a contemporary,[20] some general remarks on
+the character of the early settlers of Kentucky.
+
+"Throughout the United States, generally, the most erroneous notions
+prevail with respect to the character of the first settlers of Kentucky;
+and by several of the American novelists, the most ridiculous uses have
+been made of the fine materials for fiction which lie scattered over
+nearly the whole extent of that region of daring adventure and romantic
+incident. The common idea seems to be, that the first wanderers to
+Kentucky were a simple, ignorant, low-bred, good-for-nothing set of
+fellows, who left the frontiers and sterile places of the old States,
+where a considerable amount of labor was necessary to secure a
+livelihood, and sought the new and fertile country southeast of the Ohio
+River and northwest of the Cumberland Mountains, where corn would
+produce bread for them with simply the labor of planting, and where the
+achievements of their guns would supply them with meat and clothing; a
+set of men who, with that instinct which belongs to the beaver, built a
+number of log cabins on the banks of some secluded stream, which they
+surrounded with palisades for the better protection of their wives and
+children, and then went wandering about, with guns on their shoulders,
+or traps under their arms, leading a solitary, listless, _ruminating_
+life, till aroused by the appearance of danger, or a sudden attack from
+unseen enemies, when instantly they approved themselves the bravest of
+warriors, and the most expert of strategists. The romancers who have
+attempted to describe their habits of life and delineate their
+characters, catching this last idea, and imagining things probable of
+the country they were in, have drawn the one in lines the most grotesque
+and absurd, and colored the other with a pencil dipped in all hues but
+the right. To them the early pioneers appear to have been people of a
+character demi-devil, demi-savage, not only with out the remains of
+former civilization, but without even the recollection that they had
+been born and bred where people were, at the least, measurably sane,
+somewhat religiously inclined, and, for the most, civilly behaved.
+
+"Both of these conceptions of the character of the Pioneer Fathers are,
+to a certain extent, correct as regards _individuals_ among them; but
+the pictures which have often been given us, even when held up beside
+such _individuals_, will prove to be exaggerations in more respects than
+one. Daniel Boone is an individual instance of a man plunging into the
+depths of an unknown wilderness, shunning rather than seeking contact
+with his kind, his gun and trap the only companions of his solitude,
+and wandering about thus for months,"
+
+   "'No mark upon the tree, nor print, nor track,
+    To lead him forward, or to guide him back.'"
+
+"contented and happy; yet, for all this, if those who knew him well had
+any true conception of his character, Boone was a man of ambition, and
+shrewdness, and energy, and fine social qualities, and extreme sagacity.
+And individual instances there _may_ have been--though even this
+possibility is not sustained by the primitive histories of those
+times--of men who were so far _outre_ to the usual course of their
+kind, as to have afforded originals for the _Sam Huggs_ the _Nimrod
+Wildfires_, the _Ralph Stackpoles_, the _Tom Bruces_, and the
+_Earthquakes_, which so abound in most of those fictions whose _locale_
+is the Western country. But that naturalist who should attempt, by ever
+so minute a description of a pied blackbird, to give his readers a
+correct idea of the _Gracula Ferruginea_ of ornithologists, would not
+more utterly fail of accomplishing his object, than have the authors
+whose creations we have named, by delineating such individual
+instances--by holding up, as it were, such _outre_ specimens of an
+original class--failed to convey any thing like an accurate impression
+of the habits, customs, and general character of the western pioneers.
+
+"Daniel Boone, and those who accompanied him into the wildernesses of
+Kentucky, had been little more than hunters in their original homes,
+on the frontiers of North Carolina; and, with the exception of their
+leader, but little more than hunters did they continue after their
+emigration. The most glowing accounts of the beauty and fertility of
+the country northwest of the Laurel Ridge, had reached their ears from
+Finley and his companions; and they shouldered their guns, strapped
+their wallets upon their backs and wandered through the Cumberland Gap
+into the dense forests, and thick brakes, and beautiful plains which
+soon opened upon their visions, more to indulge a habit of roving, and
+gratify an excited curiosity, than from any other motive; and, arrived
+upon the head-waters of the Kentucky, they built themselves rude log
+cabins, and spent most of their lives in hunting and eating, and
+fighting marauding bands of Indians. Of a similar character were the
+earliest Virginians, who penetrated these wildernesses. The very first,
+indeed, who wandered from the parent State over the Laurel Ridge, down
+into the unknown regions on its northwest, came avowedly as hunters and
+trappers; and such of them as escaped the tomahawk of the Indian, with
+very few exceptions, remained hunters and trappers till their deaths.
+
+"But this first class of pioneers was not either numerous enough,
+or influential enough, to stamp its character upon the after-coming
+hundreds; and the second class of immigrants into Kentucky was composed
+of very different materials. Small farmers from North Carolina,
+Virginia, and Pennsylvania, for the most part, constituted this; and
+these daring adventurers brought with them intelligent and aspiring
+minds, industrious and persevering habits, a few of the comforts of
+civilized life, and some of the implements of husbandry. A number of
+them were men who had received the rudiments of an English education,
+and not a few of them had been reared up in the spirit, and a sincere
+observance of the forms, of religious worship. Many, perhaps most of
+them, were from the frontier settlements of the States named; and these
+combined the habits of the hunter and agriculturist, and possessed, with
+no inconsiderable knowledge of partially refined life, all that boldness
+and energy, which subsequently became so distinctive a trait of the
+character of the early settlers.
+
+"This second class of the pioneers, or at least the mass of those who
+constituted it, sought the plains and forests, and streams of Kentucky,
+not to indulge any inclination for listless ramblings; nor as hunters or
+trappers; nor yet for the purpose of gratifying an awakened curiosity:
+they came deliberately, soberly, thoughtfully, _in search of a home_,
+determined, from the outset, to win one, or perish in the attempt; they
+came to cast their lot in a land that was new, to better their worldly
+condition by the acquisition of demesnes, to build up a new commonwealth
+in an un-peopled region; they came with their wives, and their children,
+and their kindred, from places where the toil of the hand, and the sweat
+of the brow, could hardly supply them with bread, to a land in which
+ordinary industry would, almost at once, furnish all the necessaries of
+life, and when it was plain well-directed effort would ultimately secure
+its ease, its dignity, and its refinements. Poor in the past, and with
+scarce a hope, without a change of place, of a better condition of
+earthly existence, either for themselves or their offspring, they saw
+themselves, _with_ that change, rich in the future, and looked forward
+with certainty to a time when their children, if not themselves, would
+be in a condition improved beyond compare.
+
+"There was also a third class of pioneers, who in several respects
+differed as much from either the first or the second class, as these
+differed from each other. This class was composed, in great part, of men
+who came to Kentucky after the way had been in some measure prepared for
+immigrants, and yet before the setting in of that tide of population
+which, a year or two after the close of the American Revolution, poured
+so rapidly into these fertile regions from several of the Atlantic
+States. In this class of immigrants, there were many gentlemen of
+education, refinement, and no inconsiderable wealth; some of whom came
+to Kentucky as surveyors, others as commissioners from the parent State,
+and others again as land speculators; but most of them as _bona fide_
+immigrants, determined to pitch their tents in the Great West, at once
+to become _units_ of a new people, and to grow into affluence, and
+consideration, and renown, with the growth of a young and vigorous
+commonwealth.
+
+"Such were the founders of Kentucky; and in them we behold the elements
+of a society inferior, in all the essentials of goodness and greatness,
+to none in the world. First came the hunter and trapper, to trace the
+river courses, and spy out the choice spots of the land; then came the
+small farmer and the hardy adventurer, to cultivate the rich plains
+discovered, and lay the nucleuses of the towns and cities, which were
+so soon, and so rapidly, to spring up; and then came the surveyor, to
+mark the boundaries of individual possessions and give civil shape and
+strength to the unformed mass, the speculator to impart a new activity
+and keenness to the minds of men, and the chivalrous and educated
+gentleman, to infuse into the crude materials here collected together,
+the feelings and sentiments of refined existence, and to mold them into
+forms of conventional beauty and social excellence. Kentucky now began
+to have a _society_, in which were the sinews of war, the power of
+production, and the genius of improvement; and from this time, though
+still harassed, as she had been from the beginning, by the inroads of
+a brave and determined enemy on her north, her advancement was regular
+and rapid."
+
+[Footnote 20: W.D. Gallagher, "Hesperian," Vol. II., p 89.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+     Daniel Boone sets out for Kentucky with his family and his brother
+     Squire Boone--Is joined by five families and forty men at Powell's
+     Valley--The party is attacked by Indians and Daniel Boone's oldest
+     son is killed--The party return to the settlements on Clinch
+     River--Boone, at the request of Governor Dunmore, goes to the West
+     and conducts a party of surveyors to Virginia--Boone receives the
+     command of three garrisons and the commission of Captain--He takes
+     a part in the Dunmore war--Battle of Point Pleasant and termination
+     of the war.
+
+
+Having completed all his arrangements for the journey, on the 25th of
+September, 1774, Daniel Boone, with his wife and children, set out on
+his journey to the West. He was accompanied by his brother, Squire
+Boone; and the party took with them cattle and swine, with a view to
+the stocking of their farms, when they should arrive in Kentucky.
+Their bedding and other baggage was carried by pack-horses.
+
+At a place called Powel's Valley, the party was reinforced by another
+body of emigrants to the West consisting of five families and no less
+than forty able-bodied men; well armed and provided with provisions and
+ammunition.
+
+They now went on in high spirits, "camping out" every night in woods,
+under the shelter of rude tents constructed with poles covered with
+bed-clothes. They thus advanced on their journey without accident or
+alarm, until the 6th of October, when they were approaching a pass in
+the mountains, called Cumberland Gap. The young men who were engaged
+in driving the cattle had fallen in rear of the main body a distance
+of five or six miles, when they were suddenly assailed by a party of
+Indians, who killed six of their number and dispersed the cattle in the
+woods. A seventh man escaped with a wound. The reports of the musketry
+brought the remainder of the party to the rescue, who drove off the
+Indians and buried the dead. Among the slain was the oldest son of
+Daniel Boone.
+
+A council was now held to determine on their future proceedings.
+Notwithstanding the dreadful domestic misfortune which he had
+experienced in the loss of his son, Daniel Boone was for proceeding to
+Kentucky; in this opinion he was sustained by his brother and some of
+the other emigrants; but most of them were so much disheartened by the
+misfortune they had met with, that they insisted on returning; and Boone
+and his brother yielding to their wishes, returned to the settlement on
+the Clinch River, in the south-western part of Virginia, a distance of
+forty miles from the place where they had been surprised by the Indians.
+
+Here Boone was obliged to remain with his family for the present; but he
+had by no means relinquished his design of settling in Kentucky. This
+delay, however, was undoubtedly a providential one; for in consequence
+of the murder of the family of the Indian chief Logan, a terrible Indian
+war, called in history the Dunmore War, was impending, which broke out
+in the succeeding year, and extended to that part of the West to which
+Boone and his party were proceeding, when they were turned back by the
+attack of the Indians.
+
+In this war Daniel Boone was destined to take an active part. In his
+autobiography, already quoted, he says:
+
+"I remained with my family on Clinch until the 6th of June, 1774, when I
+and one Michael Stoner were solicited by Governor Dunmore, of Virginia,
+to go to the Falls of the Ohio, to conduct into the settlement a number
+of surveyors that had been sent thither by him some months before; this
+country having about this time drawn the attention of many adventurers.
+We immediately complied with the governor's request, and conducted in
+the surveyors, completing a tour of eight hundred miles, through many
+difficulties, in sixty-two day.
+
+"Soon after I returned home, I was ordered to take command of three
+garrisons, during the campaign which Governor Dunmore carried on against
+the Shawanese Indians."
+
+These three garrisons were on the frontier contiguous to each other;
+and with the command of them Boone received a commission as captain.
+
+We quote from a contemporary an account of the leading events of this
+campaign, and of the battle of Point Pleasant, which may be said to
+have terminated the war. Whether Boone was present at this battle is
+uncertain; but his well-known character for ability and courage, renders
+it probable that he took a part in the action.
+
+The settlers, now aware that a general warfare would be commenced by
+the Indians, immediately sent an express to Williamsburg, the seat of
+government in Virginia, communicating their apprehensions, and
+soliciting protection.
+
+The Legislature was in session at the time, and it was immediately
+resolved upon to raise an army of about three thousand men, and march
+into the heart of the Indian country.
+
+One half of the requisite number of troops was ordered to be raised in
+Virginia, and marched under General Andrew Lewis across the country to
+the mouth of the Kenhawa; and the remainder to be rendezvoused at Fort
+Pitt, and be commanded by Dunmore in person, who proposed to descend the
+Ohio and join Lewis at the place mentioned, from where the combined
+army was to march as circumstances might dictate at the time.
+
+By the 11th of September the troops under General Lewis, numbering about
+eleven hundred men, were in readiness to leave. The distance across to
+the mouth of the Kenhawa, was near one hundred and sixty miles through
+an unbroken wilderness. A competent guide was secured, the baggage
+mounted on pack horses, and in nineteen days they arrived at the place
+of destination.
+
+The next morning after the arrival of the army at Point Pleasant, as the
+point of land at the junction of the Kenhawa and the Ohio was called,
+two men were out some distance from the camp, in pursuit of a deer, and
+were suddenly fired upon by a large body of Indians; one was killed,
+and the other with difficulty retreated back to the army; who hastily
+reported "that he had seen a body of the enemy covering four acres of
+ground, as closely as they could stand by the side of each other."
+
+General Lewis was a remarkably cool and considerate man; and upon being
+informed of this, "after deliberately lighting his pipe," gave orders
+that the regiment under his brother, Colonel Charles Lewis, and another
+under Colonel Fleming, should march and reconnoiter the enemy, while he
+would place the remainder of the troops in order for battle. The two
+regiments marched without delay, and had not proceeded more than four
+hundred yards when they were met by the Indians, approaching for the
+same purpose. A skirmish immediately ensued, and before the contest had
+continued long, the colonels of the two regiments fell mortally wounded,
+when a disorder in the ranks followed, and the troops began a
+precipitate retreat; but almost at this moment another regiment under
+Colonel Field arriving to their aid and coming up with great firmness to
+the attack effectually checked the savages in the pursuit, and obliged
+them in turn to give way till they had retired behind a breastwork of
+logs and brush which they had partially constructed.
+
+Lewis, on his arrival at the place, had encamped quite on the point of
+land between the Ohio and Kenhawa, and having moved but a short distance
+out to the attack, the distance across from river to river was still but
+short. The Indians soon extending their ranks entirely across, had the
+Virginians completely hemmed in, and in the event of getting the better
+of them, had them at their disposal, as there could have been no chance
+for escape.
+
+Never was ground maintained with more obstinacy; for it was slowly, and
+with no precipitancy, that the Indians retired to their breastwork. The
+division under Lewis was first broken, although that under Fleming was
+nearly at the same moment attacked. This heroic officer first received
+two balls through his left wrist, but continued to exercise his command
+with the greatest coolness and presence of mind. His voice was
+continually heard, "Don't lose an inch of ground. Advance, outflank the
+enemy, and get between them and the river." But his men were about to
+be outflanked by the body that had just defeated Lewis; meanwhile the
+arrival of Colonel Field turned the fortune of the day, but not without
+a severe loss; Colonel Fleming was again wounded, by a shot through the
+lungs; yet he would not retire, and Colonel Field was killed as he was
+leading on his men. The whole line of the breastwork now became as a
+blaze of fire, which lasted nearly till the close of the day. Here the
+Indians under Logan, Cornstock, Elenipsico, Red-Eagle, and other mighty
+chiefs of the tribes of the Shawneese, Delawares, Mingos, Wyandots,
+and Cayugas, amounting, as was supposed, to fifteen hundred warriors,
+fought, as men will ever do for their country's wrongs, with a bravery
+which could only be equaled. The voice of the great Cornstock was often
+heard during the day, above the din of strife, calling on his men in
+these words: "Be strong! Be strong!" And when by the repeated charges
+of the whites, some of his warriors began to waver, he is said to have
+sunk his tomahawk into the head of one who was basely endeavoring to
+desert. General Lewis, finding at length that every charge upon the
+lines of the Indians lessened the number of his forces to an alarming
+degree, and rightly judging that if the Indians were not routed before
+it was dark, a day of more doubt might follow, he resolved to throw
+a body, if possible, into their rear. As the good fortune of the
+Virginians turned, the bank of the river favored this project, and
+forthwith three companies were detached upon the enterprise, under the
+three captains, Isaac Shelby (after renowned in the revolution, and
+since in the war with Canada,) George Matthews, and John Stewart. These
+companies got unobserved to their place of destination upon Crooked
+Creek, which runs into the Kenhawa. From the high weeds upon the bank of
+this little stream, they rushed upon the backs of the Indians with such
+fury, as to drive them from their works with precipitation. The day was
+now decided. The Indians, thus beset from a quarter they did not expect,
+were ready to conclude that a reinforcement had arrived. It was about,
+sunset when they fled across the Ohio, and immediately took up their
+march for their towns on the Scioto.
+
+Of the loss of both Indians and whites in this engagement, various
+statements have been given. A number amounting to seventy-five killed,
+and one hundred and forty wounded of the whites, has been rendered; with
+a loss on part of the Indians not so great, but not correctly known.[21]
+This was the severest battle ever fought with the Indians in Virginia.
+Shortly after this battle the Indians sent messengers to Governor
+Dunmore, suing for peace, and a treaty was accordingly concluded.
+In this treaty the Indians surrendered all claim to Kentucky. The Six
+Nations had already done the same thing at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix
+in 1768. The Cherokees had sold their claims to Henderson's company; so
+that when Boone settled in Kentucky it was effectually cleared of all
+Indian titles.
+
+[Footnote 21: "History of the Backwoods."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+     The militia discharged--Captain Boone returns to his
+     family--Henderson's company--Various companies of emigrants to
+     Kentucky--Bounty lands--Harrod's party builds the first log-cabin
+     erected in Kentucky, and founds Harrodsburg--Proceedings of
+     Henderson's company--Agency of Captain Boone--He leads a company to
+     open a road to Kentucky River--Conflicts with the Indians--Captain
+     Boone founds Boonesborough--His own account of this expedition--His
+     letter to Henderson--Account of Colonel Henderson and the
+     Transylvania Company--Failure of the scheme--Probability of Boone
+     having been several years in the service of Henderson.
+
+
+On the conclusion of Dunmore's war, the militia were discharged from
+service, the garrisons which had been under Captain Daniel Boone's
+command were broken up, and he once more returned to his family, who
+were still residing on Clinch River. But he was not long permitted to
+remain comparatively idle. Captain Boone's character as an able officer
+and a bold pioneer, was now well known and appreciated by the public.
+The marks of confidence bestowed on him by Governor Dunmore rendered
+him one of the most conspicuous men in the Southern colonies, and his
+services were soon to be put in requisition by the most considerable and
+remarkable of all the parties of adventurers who ever sought a home in
+the West. This was Henderson's company, called the Transylvania Company,
+to whose proceedings we shall presently refer.
+
+Between 1769 and 1773, various associations of men were formed, in
+Virginia and North Carolina, for visiting the newly-discovered regions
+and locating lands; and several daring adventurers, at different times
+during this period, penetrated to the head-waters of the Licking River,
+and did some surveying; but it was not till the year 1774 that the
+whites obtained any permanent foothold in Kentucky. From this year,
+therefore, properly dates the commencement of the early settlements of
+the State.[22]
+
+The first great impetus given to adventure in Kentucky was by the bounty
+in Western land given by Virginia to the officers and soldiers of her
+own troops who had served in the British army in the old war in Canada
+between the English and French. These lands were to be surveyed on the
+Ohio River, and its tributaries, by the claimants thus created, who
+had the privilege of selecting them wherever they pleased within the
+prescribed regions. The first locations were made upon the Great Kenawha
+in the year 1772, and the next on the south side of the Ohio itself the
+following year. During this year, likewise, extensive tracts of land
+were located on the north fork of the Licking, and surveys made of
+several salt-licks, and other choice spots. But 1774 was more signalized
+than had been any preceding year by the arrival, in the new "land of
+promise," of the claimants to portions of its territory, and the
+execution of surveys. Among the hardy adventurers who descended the Ohio
+this year and penetrated to the interior of Kentucky by the river of
+that name, was James Harrod, who led a party of Virginians from the
+shores of the Monongahela. He disembarked at a point still known as
+"Harrod's Landing," and, crossing the country in a direction nearly
+west, paused in the midst of a beautiful and fertile region, and _built
+the first log-cabin_ ever erected in Kentucky, on or near the site of
+the present town of Harrodsburg. This was in the spring, or early part
+of the summer, of 1774.[23]
+
+The high-wrought descriptions of the country north west of the Laurel
+Ridge, which were given by Daniel Boone upon his return to North
+Carolina after his first long visit to Kentucky, circulated with
+great rapidity throughout the entire State, exciting the avarice of
+speculators and inflaming the imaginations of nearly all classes of
+people. The organization of several companies, for the purpose of
+pushing adventure in the new regions and acquiring rights to land, was
+immediately attempted; but that which commenced under the auspices of
+Colonel Richard Henderson, a gentleman of education and means, soon
+engaged public attention by the extent and boldness of its scheme, and
+the energy of its movements; and either frightened from their purpose,
+or attracted to its own ranks, the principal of those individuals who
+had at first been active in endeavoring to form other associations.
+
+The whole of that vast extent of country lying within the natural
+boundaries constituted by the Ohio, Kentucky, and Cumberland rivers, was
+at this time claimed by a portion of the Cherokee Indians, who resided
+within the limits of North Carolina; and the scheme of Henderson's
+Company was nothing less than to take possession of this immense
+territory, under color of a purchase from those Indians, which they
+intended to make, and the preliminary negotiations for which were opened
+with the Cherokees, through the agency of Daniel Boone, as soon as the
+company was fully organized. Boone's mission to the Indians having been
+attended with complete success, and the result thereof being conveyed
+to the company, Colonel Henderson at once started for Fort Wataga, on
+a branch of the Holston River, fully authorized to effect the purchase;
+and here, on the 17th of March, 1775, he met the Indians in solemn
+council, delivered them a satisfactory consideration in merchandise,
+and received a deed signed by their head chiefs.
+
+The purchase made, the next important step was to take possession of the
+territory thus acquired. The proprietors were not slow to do this, but
+immediately collected a small company of brave and hardy men, which
+they sent into Kentucky, under the direction of Daniel Boone, to open a
+road from the Holston to the Kentucky River, and erect a Station at the
+mouth of Otter Creek upon this latter.
+
+After a laborious and hazardous march through the wilderness, during
+which four men were killed, and five others wounded, by trailing and
+skulking parties of hostile Indians, Boone and his company reached the
+banks of the Kentucky on the first of April, and descending this some
+fifteen miles, encamped upon the spot where Boonesborough now stands.
+Here the bushes were at once cut down, the ground leveled, the nearest
+trees felled, the foundations laid for a fort, and the first settlement
+of Kentucky commenced.
+
+Perhaps the reader would like to see Boone's own account of these
+proceedings. Here is the passage where he mentions it in his
+autobiography. He has just been speaking of Governor Dunmore's war
+against the Shawanese Indians: "After the conclusion of which, he says,
+the militia was discharged from each garrison, and I being relieved from
+my post, was solicited by a number of North Carolina gentlemen, that
+were about purchasing the lands lying on the South side of Kentucky
+River from the Cherokee Indians, to attend their treaty at Wataga, in
+March, 1775, to negotiate with them, and mention the boundaries of the
+purchase. This I accepted; and at the request of the same gentlemen,
+undertook to mark out a road in the best passage through the wilderness
+to Kentucky, with such assistance as I thought necessary to employ for
+such an important undertaking?
+
+"I soon began this work, having collected a number of enterprising men,
+well armed. We proceeded with all possible expedition until we came
+within fifteen miles of where Boonesborough now stands, and where we
+were fired upon by a party of Indians, that killed two, and wounded two
+of our number; yet, although surprised and taken at a disadvantage,
+we stood our ground. This was on the twentieth of March, 1775. Three
+days after we were fired upon again, and had two men killed and three
+wounded. Afterward we proceeded on to Kentucky River without opposition,
+and on the fifth day of April began to erect the fort of Boonesborough
+at a salt-lick, about sixty yards from the river, on the south side."
+
+"On the fourth day, the Indians killed one of our men. We were busily
+engaged in building the fort, until the fourteenth day of June
+following, without any further opposition from the Indians."
+
+In addition to this account by Captain Boone, we have another in a sort
+of official report made by him to Colonel Richard Henderson, the head
+of the company in whose service Boone was then employed. It is cited by
+Peck in his Life of Boone, as follows:
+
+
+"April 15th, 1775.
+
+"Dear Colonel: After my compliments to you, I shall acquaint you with
+our misfortune. On March the 25th a party of Indians fired on my company
+about half an hour before day, and killed Mr. Twitty and his negro, and
+wounded Mr. Walker very deeply but I hope he will recover.
+
+"On March the 28th, as we were hunting for provisions, we found Samuel
+Tate's son, who gave us an account that the Indians fired on their camp
+on the 27th day. My brother and I went down and found two men killed and
+scalped, Thomas McDowell and Jeremiah McPeters. I have sent a man down
+to all the lower companies in order to gather them all to the mouth
+of Otter Creek. My advice to you, sir, is to come or send as soon as
+possible. Your company is desired greatly, for the people are very
+uneasy, but are willing to stay and venture their lives with you; and
+now is the time to flusterate their (the Indians) intentions, and keep
+the country whilst we are in it. If we give way to them now, it will
+ever be the case This day we start from the battle-ground for the mouth
+of Otter Creek, where we shall immediately erect a fort, which will be
+done before you can come or send; then we can send ten men to meet you
+if you send for them.
+
+"I am, sir, your most obedient,
+
+"DANIEL BOONE.
+
+"N.B.--We stood on the ground and guarded our baggage till day, and lost
+nothing. We have about fifteen miles to Cantuck, at Otter Creek."
+
+Colonel Henderson was one of the most remarkable men of his time.
+He was born in Hanover County, Virginia, April 20th, 1735, the same year
+with Boone. He studied law, and was appointed judge of the Superior
+Court of North Carolina under the Colonial government. The troubled
+times of the Regulators shut up the courts of justice. In 1774 he
+engaged in his grand scheme of founding the republic of Transylvania,
+and united with him John Williams, Leonard Hendly Bullock, of Granville;
+William Johnston, James Hogg, Thomas Hart, John Lutterell, Nathaniel
+Hart, and David Hart, of Orange County, in the company which made the
+purchase of the immense tract of lands above referred to.
+
+The company took possession of the lands on the 20th of April, 1775; the
+Indians appointing an agent to deliver them according to law.
+
+The Governor of North Carolina, Martin, issued his proclamation in 1775,
+declaring this purchase illegal. The State subsequently granted 200,000
+acres to the company in lieu of this.
+
+The State of Virginia declared the same, but granted the company a
+remuneration of 200,000 acres, bounded by the Ohio and Green rivers. The
+State of Tennessee claimed the lands, but made a similar grant to the
+company in Powell's Valley. Thus, though the original scheme of founding
+an independent republic failed, the company made their fortunes by the
+speculation. Henderson died at his seat in Granville, January 30, 1785,
+universally beloved and respected.
+
+What makes Henderson and his company particularly interesting to the
+admirers of Daniel Boone is, the strong probability that the purchase of
+the Cherokees was made on his representation and by his advice. This is
+the opinion of Judge Hall and of Mr. Peck, who also believe that Boone
+was already in the service of Henderson when he made his long journey
+to Kentucky. "This theory," says Mr. Peck, "explains why his brother,
+Squire Boone, came out with supplies, and why they examined the country
+so fully and particularly between the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers."
+
+[Footnote 22: Gallagher.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Gallagher.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+     Description of the Old Fort at Boonesborough--Usual methods of
+     fortification against the Indians--Arrival of more settlers at
+     Boonesborough--Captain Boone returns to the Clinch River to
+     bring out his family--He enlists new emigrants and starts for
+     Kentucky--Reinforced by a large party at Powell's Valley--Arrival
+     at Boonesborough--Arrival of many new settlers at Boonesborough and
+     Harrod's settlement--Arrival of Kenton, Floyd, the McAfees, and
+     other distinguished persons--Arrival of Colonel Richard Callaway.
+
+
+As the old fort at Boonesborough became so celebrated in the Indian
+wars which followed its erection, our readers may be curious to know
+what sort of structure it was. "We have accordingly copied from a
+print in Collins' Historical Sketches of Kentucky a view of the fort,
+from a drawing made by Colonel Henderson himself, and the following
+description: 'It was situated adjacent to the river, with one of the
+angles resting on its bank near the water, and extending from it in the
+form of a parallelogram. The length of the fort, allowing twenty feet
+for each cabin and opening, must have been about two hundred and sixty,
+and the breadth one hundred and fifty feet. In a few days after the work
+was commenced, one of the men was killed by the Indians.' The houses,
+being built of hewn logs, were bullet proof. They were of a square
+form, and one of them projected from each corner, being connected by
+stockades. The remaining space on the four sides, as will be seen by
+the engraving, was filled up with cabins erected of rough logs, placed
+close together. The gates were on opposite sides, made of thick slabs
+of timber, and hung on wooden hinges. This was in accordance with the
+fashion of the day."
+
+"A fort, in those rude military times," says Butler,[24] "consisted of
+pieces of timber sharpened at the end and firmly lodged in the ground:
+rows of these pickets enclosed the desired space, which embraced the
+cabins of the inhabitants. A block-house or more, of superior care and
+strength, commanding the sides of the fort, with or without a ditch,
+completed the fortifications or Stations, as they were called. Generally
+the sides of the interior cabins formed the sides of the fort. Slight as
+this advance was in the art of war, it was more than sufficient against
+attacks of small arms in the hands of such desultory warriors, as their
+irregular supply of provisions necessarily rendered the Indians. Such
+was the nature of the military structures of the provision against their
+enemies. They were ever more formidable in the canebrakes and in the
+woods than before even these imperfect fortifications."
+
+We have seen in Boone's own account that the fort at Boonesborough was
+completed on the 14th of June, 1774. The buildings necessary for the
+accommodation and safety of the little colony, and of the relatives and
+friends by whom they expected to be joined during the summer and fall,
+were completed about this time. Colonel Henderson, Mr. John Luttrell,
+and Mr. Nathaniel Hart, three of the proprietors, arrived at the
+station, which was now named Boonesborough, in compliment to the
+intrepid pioneer. These gentlemen brought out with them between thirty
+and forty new settlers, a goodly number of pack-horses, and some of
+the necessaries of civilized life; and the Station, upon which various
+improvements were soon made, at once became quite a bustling, life-like,
+important _military_ place. Much pleased with the manner in which he had
+commenced the settlement of a new commonwealth, and laid the foundations
+of what he doubted not was soon to become a great city, Boone took a
+part of his men and returned to the settlement on Clinch River, for the
+purpose of setting an example to others by moving out his own family.
+
+The daring pioneer was now in high spirits, and more than ever
+enraptured with the deep forests and rich plains of Kentucky. He sounded
+their praises without intermission among the settlers on Clinch River,
+and soon induced a number of persons to agree to accompany him on his
+return to Boonesborough. He then went about making his domestic
+arrangements, for a final removal to Kentucky, with great energy; and
+these being soon completed, in September or October he turned his back
+upon his old home forever, and started with his family and a few
+followers toward that which his unsurpassed daring and rude skill had
+prepared for them in a new land. In Powell's Valley he found Hugh
+McGary, Richard Hogan, and Thomas Denton, with their families and
+followers, awaiting his arrival. His companions, as now increased,
+amounted to twenty-six men, four women, and four or five boys and girls,
+perhaps half grown; and placing himself at the head of this interesting
+little colony, he proudly led it through the Cumberland Gap into the
+wilderness beyond, where it was destined to be the germ of a great
+State.
+
+When this party had arrived at the head of Dick's River, McGary, Denton,
+and Hogan, with their families and a few followers, separated themselves
+from the rest, and struck through the forest for the spot where Harrod
+and his Monongahelians had built their cabin the year before. Boone,
+with the main body of the party, continued his original course, and
+in due time arrived safely at Boonesborough; "and Mrs. Boone and her
+daughter," it is always recorded with an air of pleasant exultation by
+the admirers of the old pioneer, "were the earliest white women in that
+region, and the first of their sex and color that ever stood upon the
+banks of the wild and beautiful Kentucky."
+
+During the latter part of the year 1775, a great many adventurers and
+surveyors, principally from Virginia and North Carolina, made their
+appearance in Kentucky; and for all such, Boonesborough was a place
+of general rendezvous. Some united themselves to Boone's colony, and
+remained permanently at his Station: others clustered abound Harrod's
+Old Cabin, and the Fort which had by this time been erected by Logan,
+and made "improvements" in the vicinity of each; but most of them
+returned to their several homes after having made such locations and
+surveys as they thought proper. Among those by whom Boone was visited
+in the course of this year, were several men who have subsequently
+rendered very important services in the settlement of the West, and
+attained great and deserved celebrity: such were Simon Kenton, John
+Floyd, the four brothers McAfee, and others. A tolerably good road,
+sufficient for the passage of pack-horses in single file, had been
+opened from the settlements on the Holston to Boonesborough, by the
+party which Boone led out early in the following spring; and this
+now became the thoroughfare for other adventurers, a number of whom
+removed their families from North Carolina to Kentucky, and settled
+at Boonesborough, during the fall and winter of this year. Colonel
+Richard Callaway was one of these; and there were others of equal
+respectability.
+
+[Footnote 24: History of Kentucky.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+     Disturbed state of the country in 1775--Breaking out of
+     the Revolutionary war--Exposed situation of the Kentucky
+     settlements--Hostility of the Indians excited by the British--First
+     political convention in the West--Capture of Boone's daughter and
+     the daughters of Colonel Callaway by the Indians--Their rescue by a
+     party led by Boone and Callaway--Increased caution of the colonists
+     at Boonesborough--Alarm and desertion of the Colonies in the West
+     by land speculators and other adventurers--A reinforcement of
+     forty-five men from North Carolina arrive at Boonesborough--Indian
+     attack on Boonesborough in April--Another attack in July--Attack
+     on Logan's Fort, and siege--Attack on Harrodsburg.
+
+
+The reader will not fail to remark that the period at which Daniel Boone
+commenced the settlement of Kentucky, was the most eventful one in the
+history of our country. In the year 1775 hostilities between Great
+Britain and her American Colonies commenced at Lexington and Concord,
+and the whole country was mustering in arms at the time when Boone and
+the other western emigrants were forming settlements four hundred miles
+beyond the frontiers of Virginia and the Carolinas. Encouraged by the
+treaty of Lord Dunmore with the Indians in 1774, and knowing the Indian
+titles to the lands they were occupying to have been extinguished, they
+naturally counted on an unmolested possession of the region they were
+settling. But in this expectation they were sorely disappointed. The
+English officers and agents in the northwest were indefatigable in
+stimulating the Indians to attack the American colonists in every
+quarter. They supplied them with arms and ammunition, bribed them with
+money, and aided and encouraged them to attack the feeble settlements in
+Kentucky and Tennessee. But Providence overruled these circumstances for
+the benefit of the Western country. "The settlement of Kentucky led to
+the conquest of the British posts in Illinois and Indiana, in 1778, and
+eventually threw the wide valleys of the West under control of the
+American Union."[25]
+
+The settlers in Kentucky in 1775, were still acting under the belief
+that the claims purchased by Henderson and Company from the Cherokees
+were valid, and that "the Proprietors of the Colony of Transylvania"
+were really founding a political State. Under this impression they
+took leases from the Company, and in the course of the year, eighteen
+delegates assembled in convention at Boonesborough, and acknowledged the
+Company as lawful proprietors, "established courts of justice, and rules
+for proceeding therein; also a militia law, a law for the preservation
+of game, and for appointing civil and militia officers."[26] This was
+the first political convention ever held in the Western Valley for the
+formation of a free government.[27]
+
+The winter and spring of 1776[28] were passed by the little colony
+of Boonesborough in hunting, fishing, clearing the lands immediately
+contiguous to the station, and putting in a crop of corn. The colonists
+were molested but once by their enemies during the winter, when one man
+was killed by a small band of marauding Indians, who suddenly appeared
+in the vicinity, and as suddenly departed.
+
+In the middle summer month, an incident of a thrilling character
+occurred, which cast a deep but only momentary shadow upon the little
+society of Boonesborough. This was the capture, by some skulking Indians
+belonging to a numerous band who were now prowling through the woods and
+brakes of Kentucky, and occasionally approaching the settlements for the
+purpose of plunder, of three young females, members of the families of
+Boone and Callaway.
+
+This incident, which has been taken as the ground-work of two or three
+western fictions, and also had thrown around it all the warm coloring of
+romance, by writers professing to deal only with the authentic, is thus
+briefly related in the papers of Colonel John Floyd, as quoted by Mr.
+Butler:
+
+"On the 7th of July, 1776, the Indians took out of a canoe which was
+in the river, within sight of Boonesborough, Miss Betsey Callaway, her
+sister Frances, and a daughter of Daniel Boone. The last two were about
+thirteen or fourteen years of age, and the other grown.
+
+"The affair happened late in the afternoon, and the spoilers left the
+canoe on the opposite side of the river from us, which prevented our
+getting over for some time to pursue them. Next morning by daylight we
+were on the track, but found they had totally prevented our following
+them by walking some distance apart through the thickest cane they could
+find. We observed their course, however, and on which side they had left
+their sign, and traveled upward of thirty miles. We then imagined that
+they would be less cautious in traveling, and made a turn in order to
+cross their trace, and had gone but a few miles before we found their
+tracks in a buffalo-path.
+
+"Pursuing this for the distance of about ten miles, we overtook them
+just as they were kindling a fire to cook. Our study had been more to
+get the prisoners without giving their captors time to murder them after
+they should discover us, than to kill the Indians.
+
+"We discovered each other nearly at the same time. Four of our party
+fired, and then all rushed upon them, which prevented their carrying
+any thing away except one shot-gun without any ammunition. Mr. Boone and
+myself had a pretty fair shot, just as they began to move off. I am well
+convinced I shot one through; the one he shot dropped his gun, mine had
+none."
+
+[Illustration: CAPTURE OF BOONE'S DAUGHTER.]
+
+"The place was very thick with cane; and being so much elated on
+recovering the three little broken-hearted girls, prevented our making
+any further search. We sent them off without moccasins, and not one of
+them with so much as a knife or a tomahawk."
+
+Although the people of the little colony of Boonesborough were not
+aware of the fact at the time, the marauding Indians who thus captured
+Miss Boone and the Misses Callaway, as they were amusing themselves by
+paddling about the foot of the rock in the canoe, were one of the many
+scouting parties of Indians who were scattered about watching all the
+different settlements in Kentucky, and preparing to attack them. The
+incident of the capture of the girls spread an alarm, and guards were
+stationed to defend the hands who were engaged in cultivating the
+ground.
+
+Toward autumn the alarm of Indian hostilities, and the knowledge that
+war was raging throughout the Colonies east of the mountains, excited
+so much alarm, that some three hundred land speculators and other
+adventurers deserted the Western country and returned to their old
+homes.[29]
+
+With the exception of the capture of the young girls mentioned
+above, no incident is recorded as having disturbed the tranquility of
+Boonesborough during the year 1776. An occasional immigrant added a new
+member to its little society, who assisted in the labors of the hardy
+colonists on the surrounding grounds. But its numbers received no
+considerable increase till the following summer, when (25th July, 1777,)
+a party of immigrants from North Carolina, consisting of forty-five men,
+arrived in the country, and took up their first abode in the wilderness
+at Boonesborough.
+
+This was a fortunate circumstance for that station, and great cause of
+rejoicing among all the settlements, for there were none of them that
+had not been much molested by the Indians since the opening of spring,
+and one or two of them had undergone long and regular Indian sieges.
+
+Boonesborough had been surrounded by about one hundred of the enemy,
+as early as the middle of April, 1777, and fiercely attacked. But the
+Indians were so warmly received by the garrison on this occasion, that
+they in a very little time withdrew, having killed one of the settlers,
+and wounded four others. Their own loss could not be ascertained.
+
+Increased to two hundred warriors, this party had returned to the attack
+of Boonesborough on the fourth of July.[30] On the present occasion,
+having sent detachments to alarm and annoy the neighboring settlements,
+in order that no reinforcements should be sent to Boonesborough, the
+Indians encamped about the place, with the object of attempting its
+reduction by a regular siege. After a close and vigorous attack for two
+days and nights, in which they succeeded in killing but one man and
+wounding four others, the Indians, losing all hope of success, suddenly,
+and with great clamor, raised the siege, and disappeared in the adjacent
+forest. Their own loss was seven warriors, whose fall was noted from the
+fort.
+
+After this attack, Boonesborough was disturbed no more by the Indians
+during the year. Had it been after the arrival of the immigrants above
+referred to, it would, in all probability, have taught its indefatigable
+enemies a lesson such as they had never then received at the hands of
+the Kentuckians.
+
+But notwithstanding these two considerable attacks, and the "signs"
+of Indians in the surrounding forests for the whole summer, the men
+continued to clear the lands adjacent to the Station, and to cultivate
+corn and garden vegetables, some always keeping a vigilant look-out
+while the others labored. For supplies of meat they depended upon the
+forests, each of the men taking his turn as a hunter, at great hazard.
+
+Meantime, the other settlements in Kentucky had suffered attacks
+from the Indians. Logan's Fort was invested by a force of one hundred
+Indians on the 20th of May, 1777, and after sustaining a vigorous
+siege for several days, was finally relieved by the timely arrival of
+a reinforcement commanded by Colonel Bowman. On the 7th of March, 1777,
+the fort at Harrodsburg, then called Harrodstown, was assailed by a body
+of Indians, but they were speedily driven off, one of their number being
+killed. The whites had four men wounded, one of whom afterward died of
+his wounds.
+
+[Footnote 25: Peck. "Life of Daniel Boone."]
+
+[Footnote 26: Butler. "History of Kentucky."]
+
+[Footnote 27: Peck. "Life of Daniel Boone."]
+
+[Footnote 28: Mr. Peck mentions the spring of 1776, as the date of the
+arrival at Boonesborough of Colonel Richard Callaway, and an intimate
+friend of Boone, with his family, and the family of Benjamin Logan, who
+had returned for them the preceding autumn.]
+
+[Footnote 29: Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Gallagher.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+     Arrival of George Rogers Clark in Kentucky--Anecdote of his
+     conversation with Ray--Clark and Jones chosen as delegates for the
+     Colonies to the Virginia Legislature--Clark's important services in
+     obtaining a political organization for Kentucky, and an abundant
+     supply of gunpowder from the government of Virginia--Great labor
+     and difficulty in bringing the powder to Harrodstown--Clark's
+     expedition against Kaskaskias--Surprise and capture of their
+     fort--Perilous and difficult march to Vincennes--Surprise and
+     capture of that place--Extension of the Virginian
+     settlements--Erection of Fort Jefferson.
+
+
+Among the most celebrated pioneers of the West, was General George
+Rogers Clark, who, at the time we are now writing of, bore the rank of
+Major. Anxious for the protection of the Western settlements, he was
+already planning his celebrated conquest of the British posts in the
+northwest.
+
+He first came to Kentucky in 1775, and penetrated to Harrodsburg, which
+had been reoccupied by Colonel Harrod. In this visit, from his well
+known and commanding talents, he was voluntarily placed in command
+of the irregular troops then in Kentucky In the fall he returned to
+Virginia, and came back again to Kentucky in 1776. Mr. Butler relates
+the following anecdote, received from the lips of General Ray, as having
+occurred with General Clark upon his second visit: "I had come down,"
+said General Ray, "to where I now live (about four miles north of
+Harrodsburg), to turn some horses in the range. I had killed a small
+blue-wing duck that was feeding in my spring, and had roasted it nicely
+on the brow of the hill, about twenty steps east of my house. After
+having taken it off to cool, I was much surprised on being suddenly
+accosted by a fine soldierly-looking man, who exclaimed, 'How do you do,
+my little fellow? What is your name? Ain't you afraid of being in the
+woods by yourself?' On satisfying his inquiries, I invited the traveler
+to partake of my duck, which he did, without leaving me a bone to pick,
+his appetite was so keen, though he should have been welcome to all the
+game I could have killed, when I afterward became acquainted with his
+noble and gallant soul." After satisfying his questions, he inquired of
+the stranger his own name and business in this remote region. "My name
+is Clark," he answered, "and I have come out to see what you brave
+fellows are doing in Kentucky, and to lend you a helping hand if
+necessary." General Ray, then a boy of sixteen, conducted Clark to
+Harrodsburg, where he spent his time in observation on the condition
+and prospects of the country, natural to his comprehensive mind, and
+assisting at every opportunity in its defense.
+
+At a general meeting of the settlers at Harrodstown, on the 6th of June,
+1775, General George Rogers Clark, and Gabriel John Jones, were chosen
+to represent them in the Assembly of Virginia.
+
+This, however, was not precisely the thing contemplated by Clark.[31]
+He wished that the people should appoint _agents_, with general powers
+to _negotiate_ with the government of Virginia, and in the event that
+that commonwealth should refuse to recognize the colonists as within its
+jurisdiction and under its protection, he proposed to employ the lands
+of the country as a fund to obtain settlers and establish an independent
+State. The election had, however, gone too far to change its object when
+Clark arrived at Harrodstown, and the gentlemen elected, although aware
+that the choice could give them no seat in the legislature, proceeded to
+Williamsburg, at that time the seat of government. After suffering the
+most severe privations in their journey through the wilderness, the
+delegates found, on their arrival in Virginia, that the Legislature had
+adjourned, whereupon Jones directed his steps to the settlements on the
+Holston, and left Clark to attend to the Kentucky mission alone.
+
+He immediately waited on Governor Henry, then lying sick at his
+residence in Hanover County, to whom he stated the objects of his
+journey. These meeting the approbation of the governor, he gave Clark a
+letter to the Executive Council of the State. "With this letter in his
+hand he appeared before the council, and after acquainting them fully
+with the condition and circumstances of the colony, he made application
+for five hundred-weight of gunpowder for the defense of the various
+stations. But with every disposition to assist and promote the growth of
+these remote and infant settlements, the council felt itself restrained
+by the uncertain and indefinite state of the relations existing between
+the colonists and the state of Virginia, from complying fully with his
+demand. The Kentuckians had not yet been recognized by the Legislature
+as citizens, and the proprietary claimants, Henderson & Co., were at
+this time exerting themselves to obtain from Virginia, a relinquishment
+of her jurisdiction over the new territory. The council, therefore,
+could only afford to _lend_ the gunpowder to the colonists as
+_friends_, not _give_ it to them as _fellow-citizens_."[32]
+
+At the same time, they required Clark to be personally responsible for
+its value, in the event the Legislature should refuse to recognize the
+Kentuckians as citizens, and in the mean time to defray the expense of
+its conveyance to Kentucky. Upon these terms he did not feel at liberty
+to accept the proffered assistance. He represented to the Council, that
+the emissaries of the British were employing every means to engage the
+Indians in the war; that the people in the remote and exposed Stations
+of Kentucky might be exterminated for the want of a supply which he, a
+private individual, had at so much hazard and hardship, sought for their
+relief, and that when this frontier bulwark was thus destroyed, the fury
+of the savages would burst like a tempest upon the heads of their own
+citizens.
+
+To these representations, however, the Council remained inexorable; the
+sympathy for the frontier settlers was deep, but the assistance already
+offered was a stretch of power, and they could go no further. The keeper
+of the public magazine was directed to deliver the powder to Clark; but
+having long reflected on the situation, prospects, and resources of the
+new country, his resolution to reject the assistance, on the proposed
+conditions, was made before he left the Council chamber.
+
+He determined to repair to Kentucky, as he had at first contemplated, to
+exert the resources of the country for the formation of an _independent
+State_. He accordingly returned the order of the Council in a letter,
+setting forth his reasons for declining to accept their powder on these
+terms, and intimating his design of applying for assistance elsewhere,
+adding "that a country which was not worth defending was not worth
+claiming." On the receipt of this letter the Council recalled Clark to
+their presence, and an order was passed on the 23d of August, 1776, for
+the transmission of the gunpowder, to Pittsburg, to be there delivered
+to Clark, or his order, for the use of the people of Kentucky. This was
+the first act in that long and affectionate interchange of good offices
+which subsisted between Kentucky and her parent State for so many years;
+and obvious as the reflection is, it may not be omitted, that on the
+successful termination of this negotiation hung the connection between
+Virginia and the splendid domain she afterward acquired west of the
+Alleghany Mountains.
+
+At the fall session of the Legislature of Virginia, Messrs. Jones and
+Clark laid the Kentucky memorial before that body. They were, of course,
+not admitted to seats, though late in the session they obtained, in
+opposition to the exertions of Colonels Henderson and Campbell, the
+formation of the territory, which now comprises the present State of
+that name, into the County of Kentucky. The first efficient political
+organization of Kentucky was thus obtained through the sagacity,
+influence, and exertions of George Rogers Clark, who must be ranked as
+the earliest founder of that Commonwealth. This act of the Virginia
+Legislature first gave it form and a political existence, and entitled
+it, under the constitution of Virginia, to a representation in the
+Assembly, as well as to a judicial and military establishment.
+
+Having obtained these important advantages from their mission, they
+received the intelligence that the powder was still at Pittsburg, and
+they determined to take that point in their route home, and carry it
+with them. The country around Pittsburg swarmed with Indians, evidently
+hostile to the whites, who would no doubt seek to interrupt their
+voyage.
+
+These circumstances created a necessity for the utmost caution as well
+as expedition in their movements, and they accordingly hastily embarked
+on the Ohio with only seven boatmen. They were hotly pursued the whole
+way by Indians, but succeeded in keeping in advance until they arrived
+at the mouth of Limestone Creek, at the spot where the city of Maysville
+now stands. They ascended this creek a short distance with their boat,
+and concealed their cargo at different places in the woods along its
+banks. They then turned their boat adrift, and directed their course to
+Harrodstown, intending to return with a sufficient escort to insure the
+safe transportation of the powder to its destination. This in a short
+time was successfully effected, and the colonists were thus abundantly
+supplied with the means of defense against the fierce enemies who beset
+them on all sides.[33]
+
+It was fortunate for Virginia, says a recent writer,[34] that she had
+at this time, on her western borders, an individual of rare military
+genius, in the person of Colonel George Rogers Clarke, "_the Hannibal
+of the West_," who not only saved her back settlements from Indian
+fury, but planted her standard far beyond the Ohio. The Governor of the
+Canadian settlements in the Illinois country, by every possible method,
+instigated the Indians to annoy the frontier.
+
+Virginia placed a small force of about 250 men under Clark, who,
+descending the Ohio, hid their boats, and marched northwardly, with
+their provisions on their backs. These being consumed, they subsisted
+for two days on roots, and, in a state of famine, appeared before
+Kaskaskias, unseen and unheard.
+
+At midnight they surprised and took the town and fort, which had
+resisted a much larger force; then seizing the golden moment, sent
+a detachment who with equal success surprised three other towns.
+Rocheblave, the obnoxious Governor, was sent to Virginia. On his person
+were found written instructions from Quebec to excite the Indians to
+hostilities, and reward them for the scalps of the Americans.
+
+The settlers transferred their allegiance to Virginia, and she, as the
+territory belonged to her by conquest and charter, in the autumnal
+session of 1778 erected it into a county to be called Illinois.
+Insulated in the heart of the Indian country, in the midst of the most
+ferocious tribes, few men but Clark could have preserved this
+acquisition.
+
+Hamilton, the Governor of Detroit, a bold and tyrannical
+personage, determined, with an overwhelming force of British and
+Indians, to penetrate up the Ohio to Fort Pitt to sweep all the
+principal settlements in his way, and besiege Kaskaskias. Clark
+despaired of keeping possession of the country, but he resolved to
+preserve this post, or die in its defense. While he was strengthening
+the fortifications, he received information that Hamilton, who was at
+Fort St. Vincent (Vincennes,) had weakened his force by sending some
+Indians against the frontiers.
+
+This information, to the genius of Clark, disclosed, with the rapidity
+of an electric flash, not only safety but new glory. To resolve to
+attack Hamilton before he could collect the Indians was the work of a
+moment--the only hope of saving the country. With a band of 150 gallant
+and hardy comrades, he marched across the country. It was in February,
+1779. When within nine miles of the enemy, it took these intrepid men
+five days to cross the drowned lands of the Wabash, having often to wade
+up to their breasts in water. Had not the weather been remarkably mild,
+they must have perished.
+
+On the evening of the 23d, they landed in sight of the fort, before the
+enemy knew any thing of their approach. After a siege of eighteen hours
+it surrendered, without the loss of a man to the besiegers. The Governor
+was sent prisoner to Williamsburg, and considerable stores fell into the
+possession of the conqueror.
+
+Other auspicious circumstances crowned this result. Clark, intercepting
+a convoy from Canada, on their way to this post, took the mail, forty
+prisoners, and goods to the value of $45,000; and to crown all, his
+express from Virginia arrived with the thanks of the Assembly to him and
+his gallant band for their reduction of the country about Kaskaskias.
+This year Virginia extended her western establishments through the
+agency of Colonel Clark, and had several fortifications erected, among
+which was Fort Jefferson, on the Mississippi.[35]
+
+[Footnote 31: Collins.]
+
+[Footnote 32: Collins.]
+
+[Footnote 33: Collins. "Historical Sketches of Kentucky."]
+
+[Footnote 34: Howe. "Historical Collections of Virginia."]
+
+[Footnote 35: Howe.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+     Scarcity of salt at Boonesborough--Boone goes to Blue Licks to make
+     salt, and is captured by the Indians--Taken to Chillicothe--Affects
+     contentment, and deceives the Indians--Taken to Detroit--Kindess of
+     the British officers to him--Returns to Chillicothe--Adopted into
+     an Indian family--Ceremonies of adoption--Boone sees a large force
+     of Indians destined to attack Boonesborough--Escapes, and gives the
+     alarm, and strengthens the fortifications at Boonesborough--News
+     of delay by the Indians on account of Boone's escape--Boone goes
+     on an expedition to the Scioto--Has a fight with a party of
+     Indians--Returns to Boonesborough, which is immediately besieged
+     by Captain Duquesne with five hundred Indians--Summons to
+     surrender--Time gained--Attack commenced--Brave defense--Mines and
+     countermines--Siege raised--Boone brings his family once more back
+     to Boonesborough, and resumes farming.
+
+
+While George Rogers Clark was engaged in his campaign against the
+British posts in the northwest, Daniel Boone was a prisoner among the
+Indians. The people at Boonesborough were suffering for want of salt.
+It could not be obtained conveniently from the Atlantic Colonies, but it
+could be manufactured at a place called the Blue Licks, from salt water,
+which abounded there.
+
+In January, 1778, accompanied by thirty men, Boone went to the Blue
+Licks to make salt for the different Stations; and on the 7th of
+February following, while out hunting, he fell in with one hundred
+and two Indian warriors, on their march to attack Boonesborough. He
+instantly fled, but being upward of fifty years old, he was unable to
+outstrip the fleet young men who pursued him, and was a second time
+taken prisoner. As usual, he was treated with kindness until his final
+fate should be determined, and was led back to the Licks, where his
+party were still encamped. Here Boone surrendered his whole party, to
+the number of twenty-seven, upon a promise on the part of the Indians
+of life and good treatment, both of which conditions were faithfully
+observed. This step was apparently unnecessary; but the result showed
+that it was a master-stroke of policy on Boone's part. He knew the
+nature of the Indians, and foresaw that they would forthwith return
+home with their prisoners, and thus save Boonesborough from attack.
+
+Had the Indians gone on to that place, by showing their prisoners
+and threatening to put them to the torture, they might have obtained
+important results. But they did nothing of the kind. As Boone had
+calculated, they went home with their prisoners and booty.
+
+Captain Boone has been censured for the surrender of his men, which
+he made at his own capture, and at a subsequent period was tried by
+court-martial and acquitted. This was a just decision. The surrender
+caused the Indians to return home with their prisoners instead of
+attacking Boonesborough, which would almost certainly have been taken
+and destroyed if this surrender had not been made.
+
+Elated with their unexpected success, the Indians now returned at once
+to old Chilicothe, the principal town of the Shawnees, on the Little
+Miami, treating their prisoners, during a march of three days in very
+cold and inclement weather, as well as they fared themselves, as
+regarded fire and provisions. Boone and his companions were kept in
+captivity by the Indians, and closely watched for several weeks, when
+the old pioneer and ten of his men were conducted to Detroit, then a
+British garrison, and all but Boone presented to the commandant, by whom
+they were all well treated. For the old pioneer himself, the Indians had
+conceived a particular liking; and they stubbornly refused to give him
+up, though several gentlemen of Detroit were very anxious they should
+leave him, and the commandant offered to ransom him by a liberal sum.
+He was therefore compelled to accompany them back to Chillicothe, their
+town on the Little Miami, which they reached after a march of fifteen
+days.
+
+Boone was now formally adopted as a son in one of the Indian families.
+"The forms of the ceremony of adoption," says Mr. Peck,[36] "were often
+severe and ludicrous. The hair of the head is plucked out by a painful
+and tedious operation, leaving a tuft, some three or four inches in
+diameter, on the crown, for the scalp-lock, which is cut and dressed up
+with ribbons and feathers. The candidate is then taken into the river in
+a state of nudity, and there thoroughly washed and rubbed, 'to take all
+his white blood out.' This ablution is usually performed by females. He
+is then taken to the council-house, where the chief makes a speech, in
+which he expatiates upon the distinguished honors conferred on him. His
+head and face are painted in the most approved and fashionable style,
+and the ceremony is concluded with a grand feast and smoking."
+
+After undergoing after this fashion what was not inaptly termed the
+Indian toilette, Boone was considered a regular member of the tribe, and
+by judiciously accommodating himself to his new condition, he rapidly
+won upon the regards of the Indians, and soon secured their confidence.
+They challenged him to a trial of skill at their shooting-matches--in
+which he took care not to excel them--invited him to accompany them on
+their hunting excursions, bestowed particular notice upon him in various
+ways, and always treated him with much consideration. As regarded merely
+his physical comfort, Boone's situation was, at this time, rather
+enviable than otherwise; but he felt a depressing anxiety with regard
+to his wife and children, and doubted the safety and prosperity of the
+Station, without his own watchfulness and superintendence. He therefore
+determined to escape from his captors at the earliest possible period,
+and very impatiently waited an opportunity for accomplishing this
+purpose.
+
+Early in June, a party of Indians went to the Scioto Licks to make
+salt. Boone was taken with them, but kept so constantly employed at
+the kettles, that he found no chance of escaping. Having sufficiently
+supplied themselves with the desired article, the party returned; and
+at the Chillicothe town, Boone found four hundred and fifty Indian
+warriors, armed well and painted in a most frightful manner, ready to
+march against Boonesborough: this was on the fifteenth or sixteenth of
+the month.
+
+Boone now saw the absolute necessity of escaping at once, and determined
+to make the attempt without delay. He rose at the usual time the next
+morning, and went out upon a hunt. His object was to give his wary
+masters the slip, in such a manner as would be least likely to excite
+their suspicions, and be the longest in determining them upon a pursuit.
+
+No sooner was he at such a distance from the town as would prevent
+observations of his movements, than he struck out rapidly in the
+direction of Boonesborough. So great was his anxiety, that he stopped
+not to kill any thing to eat; but performed his journey--a distance of
+one hundred and sixty miles--in less than five days, upon one meal,
+which, before starting, he had concealed in his basket. On arriving at
+Boonesborough, he found the fort, as he feared he should, in a bad state
+for defense; but his activity soon strengthened it, and his courage at
+once reinspired the sinking hearts of the garrison. Every thing was
+immediately put in proper condition for a vigorous defense, and all
+became impatient for intelligence of the movements of the enemy.
+
+A few days after Boone's escape from the Indians, one of his
+fellow-prisoners succeeded likewise in eluding their vigilance, and
+made his way safely and expeditiously to Boonesborough. This man arrived
+at the Station at a time when the garrison were hourly expecting the
+appearance of the enemy, and reported that, on account of Boone's
+elopement, the Indians had postponed their meditated invasion of the
+settled regions for three weeks.[37] It was discovered, however, that
+they had their spies in the country, watching the movements of the
+different garrisons; and this rendered the settlers wary and active, and
+gave all the Stations time and opportunity to strengthen themselves, and
+make every preparation for a powerful resistance of what, they could not
+but believe, was to be a long and great effort to drive them from the
+land, and utterly destroy their habitations.
+
+Week passed after week, but no enemy appeared. The state of anxiety and
+watchfulness in which the garrison at Boonesborough had, for so long a
+time, been kept, was becoming irksome, and the men were beginning to
+relax in their vigilance. This Boone observed, and it determined him to
+undertake an expedition, which he had been probably meditating for some
+time. On the 1st of August, therefore, with a company of nineteen of
+the brave spirits by whom he was surrounded, he left the fort with the
+intention of marching against and surprising one of the Indian towns on
+the Scioto. He advanced rapidly, but with great caution, and had reached
+a point within four or five miles of the town destined to taste of his
+vengeance, when he met its warriors, thirty in number, on their way to
+join the main Indian force, then on its march toward Boonesborough.
+
+An action immediately commenced, which terminated in the flight of the
+Indians, who lost one man and had two others wounded.
+
+Boone received no injury, but took three horses, and all the "plunder"
+of the war party. He then dispatched two spies to the Indian town, who
+returned with the intelligence that it was evacuated. On the receipt of
+this information, he started for Boonesborough with all possible haste
+hoping to reach the Station before the enemy, that he might give warning
+of their approach, and strengthen its numbers. He passed the main body
+of the Indians on the sixth day of his march, and on the seventh reached
+Boonesborough.
+
+On the eighth day, the enemy's force marched up, with British colors
+flying, and invested the place. The Indian army was commanded by Captain
+Duquesne, with eleven other Canadian Frenchmen and several distinguished
+chiefs, and was the most formidable force which had yet invaded the
+settlements. The commander summoned the garrison to surrender "in the
+name of his Britannic Majesty."
+
+Boone and his men, perilous as was their situation, received the
+summons without apparent alarm, and requested a couple of days for
+the consideration of what should be done. This was granted; and Boone
+summoned his brave companions to council: _but fifty men appeared_!
+Yet these fifty, after a due consideration of the terms of capitulation
+proposed, and with the knowledge that they were surrounded by savage and
+remorseless enemies to the number of about _five hundred_, determined,
+unanimously, to "_defend the fort as long as a man of them lived!_"
+
+The two days having expired, Boone announced this determination from one
+of the bastions, and thanked the British commander for the notice given
+of his intended attack, and the time allowed the garrison for preparing
+to defend the Station. This reply to his summons was entirely unexpected
+by Duquesne, and he heard it with evident disappointment. Other terms
+were immediately proposed by him, which "sounded so gratefully in the
+ears" of the garrison that Boone agreed to treat; and, with eight of
+his companions, left the fort for this purpose. It was soon manifest,
+however, by the conduct of the Indians, that a snare had been laid
+for them; and escaping from their wily foes by a sudden effort, they
+re-entered the palisades, closed the gates, and betook themselves to
+the bastions.
+
+A hot attack upon the fort now instantly commenced; but the fire of the
+Indians was returned from the garrison with such unexpected briskness
+and fatal precision that the besiegers were compelled to fall back.
+They then sheltered themselves behind the nearest trees and stumps, and
+continued the attack with more caution. Losing a number of men himself,
+and perceiving no falling off in the strength or the marksmanship of
+the garrison, Duquesne resorted to an expedient which promised greater
+success.
+
+The fort stood upon the bank of the river, about sixty yards from its
+margin; and the purpose of the commander of the Indians was to undermine
+this, and blow up the garrison. Duquesne was pushing the mine under the
+fort with energy when his operations were discovered by the besieged.
+The miners precipitated the earth which they excavated into the river;
+and Boone, perceiving that the water was muddy below the fort, while it
+was clear above, instantly divined the cause, and at once ordered a deep
+trench to be cut inside the fort, to counteract the work of the enemy.
+
+As the earth was dug up, it was thrown over the wall of the fort, in the
+face of the besieging commander. Duquesne was thus informed that his
+design had been discovered; and being convinced of the futility of any
+further attempts of that kind he discontinued his mining operations, and
+once more renewed the attack upon the Station in the manner of a regular
+Indian siege. His success, however, was no better than it had been
+before; the loss appeared to be all upon his side; his stock of
+provisions was nearly exhausted; having for nine days tried the bravery
+of his savage force, and tasked his own ingenuity to its utmost, he
+raised the siege, and abandoned the grand object of the expedition.
+
+During this siege, "the most formidable," says Mr. Marshall, "that had
+ever taken place in Kentucky from the number of Indians, the skill of
+the commanders, and the fierce countenances and savage dispositions of
+the warriors," only two men belonging to the Station were killed, and
+four others wounded.
+
+Duquesne lost thirty-seven men, and had many wounded, who, according to
+the invariable usage of the Indians, were immediately borne from the
+scene of action.
+
+Boonesborough was never again disturbed by any formidable body of
+Indians. New Stations were springing up every year between it and the
+Ohio River, and to pass beyond these for the purpose of striking a blow
+at an older and stronger enemy, was a piece of folly of which the
+Indians were never known to be guilty.
+
+During Boone's captivity among the Shawnees, his family, supposing that
+he had been killed, had left the Station and returned to their relatives
+and friends in North Carolina; and as early in the autumn as he could
+well leave, the brave and hardy warrior started to move them out again
+to Kentucky. He returned to the settlement with them early the next
+summer, and set a good example to his companions by industriously
+cultivating his farm, and volunteering his assistance, whenever it
+seemed needed, to the many immigrants who were now pouring into the
+country, and erecting new Stations in the neighborhood of Boonesborough.
+He was a good as well as a great man in his sphere, says Mr. Gallagher,
+(our chief authority for the foregoing incidents); and for his many and
+important services in the early settlements of Kentucky, he well
+deserved the title of Patriarch which was bestowed upon him during his
+life, and all the praises that have been sung to his memory since his
+death.[38]
+
+[Footnote 36: "Life of Daniel Boone."]
+
+[Footnote 37: Gallagher.]
+
+[Footnote 38: W.D. Gallagher, in "Hesperian."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+     Captain Boone tried by court-martial--Honorably acquitted and
+     promoted--Loses a large sum of money--His losses by lawsuits and
+     disputes about land--Defeat of Colonel Rogers's party--Colonel
+     Bowman's expedition to Chillicothe--Arrival near the town--Colonel
+     Logan attacks the town--Ordered by Colonel Bowman to
+     retreat--Failure of the expedition--Consequences to Bowman and to
+     Logan.
+
+
+Some complaint having been made respecting Captain Boone's surrender of
+his party at the Blue Licks, and other parts of his military conduct,
+his friends Colonel Richard Callaway and Colonel Benjamin Logan,
+exhibited charges against him which occasioned his being tried by
+court-martial. This was undoubtedly done with a view to put an end to
+the calumny by disproving or explaining the charges. The result of the
+trial was an honorable acquittal increased popularity of the Captain
+among his fellow citizens, and his promotion to the rank of Major.[39]
+
+While Boone had been a prisoner among the Indians, his wife and family,
+supposing him to be dead, had returned to North Carolina. In the autumn
+of 1778 he went after them to the house of Mrs. Boone's father on the
+Yadkin.
+
+In 1779, a commission having been opened by the Virginia Legislature
+to settle Kentucky land claims, Major Boone "laid out the chief of his
+little property to procure land warrants, and having raised about twenty
+thousand dollars in paper money, with which he intended to purchase
+them, on his way from Kentucky to Richmond, he was robbed of the whole,
+and left destitute of the means of procuring more. This heavy misfortune
+did not fall on himself alone. Large sums had been entrusted to him by
+his friends for similar purposes, and the loss was extensively felt."
+
+Boone must have suffered much anxiety in consequence of this affair.
+Little is known respecting it, excepting that it did not impair the
+confidence of his friends in his perfect integrity.
+
+This appears in the following extract of a letter from Colonel Thomas
+Hart, late of Lexington, Kentucky, to Captain Nathaniel Hart, dated
+Grayfields, August 3d, 1780.
+
+"I observe what you say respecting our losses by Daniel Boone. [Boone
+had been robbed of funds in part belonging to T. and N. Hart.] I had
+heard of the misfortune soon after it happened, but not of my being
+partaker before now. I feel for the poor people who, perhaps, are to
+lose even their pre-emptions: but I must say, I feel more for Boone,
+whose character, I am told, suffers by it. Much degenerated must the
+people of this age be, when amongst them are to be found men to censure
+and blast the reputation of a person so just and upright, and in whose
+breast is a seat of virtue too pure to admit of a thought so base and
+dishonorable. I have known Boone in times of old, when poverty and
+distress had him fast by the hand: and in these wretched circumstances,
+I have ever found him of a noble and generous soul, despising every
+thing mean; and therefore I will freely grant him a discharge for
+whatever sums of mine he might have been possessed of at the time."
+
+Boone's ignorance of legal proceedings, and his aversion to lawsuits,
+appear to have occasioned the loss of his real estate; and the loose
+manner in which titles were granted, one conflicting with another,
+occasioned similar losses to much more experienced and careful men at
+the same period.
+
+During the year 1779 the emigration to Kentucky was much greater than
+any previous one. The settlers do not seem to have been so much annoyed
+by the Indians as formerly. Yet this year is distinguished in the annals
+of Kentucky for the most bloody battle ever fought between the whites
+and Indians within her borders, with the single exception of that of the
+Blue Licks.
+
+It took place opposite to Cincinnati. Colonel Rogers had been down to
+New Orleans to procure supplies for the posts on the Upper Mississippi
+and Ohio. Having obtained them, he ascended these rivers until he
+reached the place mentioned above. Here he found the Indians in their
+canoes coming out of the mouth of the Little Miami, and crossing to the
+Kentucky side of the Ohio. He conceived the plan of surprising them as
+they landed. The Ohio was very low on the Kentucky side, so that a large
+sand-bar was laid bare, extending along the shore. Upon this Rogers
+landed his men, but, before they could reach the spot where they
+expected to attack the enemy, they were themselves attacked by such
+superior numbers that the issue of the contest was not doubtful for a
+single moment. Rogers and the greater part of his men were instantly
+killed. The few who were left fled toward the boats. But one of them was
+already in the possession of the Indians, whose flanks were extended in
+advance of the fugitives, and the few men remaining in the other pushed
+off from shore without waiting to take their comrades on board. These
+last now turned around upon their pursuers, and, furiously charging
+them, a small number broke through their ranks and escaped to
+Harrodsburg. The loss in this most lamentable affair was about sixty
+men, very nearly equal to that at Blue Licks.
+
+The Kentuckians resolved to invade the Indian country, and Chillicothe
+was selected as the point to feel the weight of their vengeance. Colonel
+Bowman issued a call, inviting all those who were willing to accompany
+him in the expedition to rendezvous at Harrodsburg. This was the manner
+of organizing such expeditions in Kentucky. An officer would invite
+volunteers to participate with him in an incursion into the Indian
+country. All who joined were expected to submit to his direction.
+
+On this occasion there was no want of zeal among the people. Bowman's
+reputation as a soldier was good, and three hundred men were soon
+collected, among whom were Logan and Harrod; both holding the rank of
+captain. It does not appear that either Boone or Kenton engaged in this
+enterprise. Indeed, the first is said to have been absent in North
+Carolina his family having returned there after his capture in the
+preceding year, supposing him to be dead.
+
+The expedition moved in the month of July--its destination well
+known--and its march so well conducted that it approached its object
+without discovery. From this circumstances, it would seem that the
+Indians were but little apprehensive of an invasion from those who had
+never before ventured on it, and whom they were in the habit of invading
+annually; or else so secure in their own courage that they feared no
+enemy, for no suspecting spy was out to foresee approaching danger.
+Arrived within a short distance of the town, night approached, and
+Colonel Bowman halted. Here it was determined to invest and attack the
+place just before the ensuing day, and several dispositions were then
+made very proper for the occasion, indicating a considerable share
+of military skill and caution, which gave reasonable promise of a
+successful issue. At a proper hour the little army separated, after a
+movement that placed it near the town the one part, under the command of
+Bowman in person--the other, under Captain Logan; to whom precise orders
+had been given to march, on the one hand, half round the town; while the
+Colonel, passing the other way, was to meet him, and give the signal for
+an assault. Logan immediately executed his orders, and the place was
+half enveloped. But he neither saw nor heard the commander-in-chief.
+Logan now ordered his men to conceal themselves in the grass and weeds,
+and behind such other objects as were present, as the day began to show
+itself, and he had not yet received the expected order to begin the
+attack nor had he been able, though anxious, to ascertain what had
+intercepted or delayed his superior officer. The men, on shifting about
+for hiding-places, had alarmed one of the Indians' dogs, who forthwith
+set to barking with the agitation of apparent fright. This brought out
+an Indian warrior, who proceeded with caution on the way that the dog
+seemed to direct his own attention, and in a short time, if he had
+continued his progress, might have been made a prisoner; but, at this
+critical moment, one of the party with the Colonel fired his gun;
+which the Indian, well understanding as coming from an enemy, gave an
+instantaneous and loud whoop, and ran immediately to his cabin. The
+alarm was instantly spread through the town, and preparation made for
+defense. The party with Logan was near enough to hear the bustle and to
+see the women and children escaping to the cover of the woods by a ridge
+which ran between them and where Colonel Bowman with his men had halted.
+
+In the mean time, the warriors equipped themselves with their military
+habiliments, and repaired to a strong cabin; no doubt, designated in
+their councils for the like occurrences. By this time daylight had
+disclosed the whole scene, and several shots were discharged on the
+one side, and returned from the other, while some of Logan's men took
+possession of a few cabins, from which the Indians had retreated--or
+rather perhaps it should be said, repaired to their stronghold, the more
+effectually to defend themselves. The scheme was formed by Logan, and
+adopted by his men in the cabins, of making a movable breastwork out of
+the doors and floors--and of pushing it forward as a battery against
+the cabin in which the Indians had taken post; others of them had taken
+shelter from the fire of the enemy behind stumps, or logs, or the vacant
+cabins, and were waiting orders; when the Colonel finding that the
+Indians were on their defense, dispatched orders for a retreat. This
+order, received with astonishment, was obeyed with reluctance; and what
+rendered it the more distressing, was the unavoidable exposure which the
+men must encounter in the open field, or prairie, which surrounded the
+town: for they were apprized that from the moment they left their cover,
+the Indians would fire on them, until they were beyond the reach of
+their balls. A retreat, however, was deemed necessary, and every man was
+to shift for himself. Then, instead of one that was orderly, commanding,
+or supported--a scene of disorder, unmilitary and mortifying, took
+place: here a little squad would rush out of, or break from behind a
+cabin--there individuals would rise from a log, or start up from a
+stump, and run with all speed to gain the neighboring wood.
+
+At length, after the loss of several lives, the remnant of the invading
+force was reunited, and the retreat continued in tolerable order, under
+the painful reflection that the expedition had failed, without any
+adequate cause being known. This was, however, but the introduction to
+disgrace, if not of misfortune still more extraordinary and distressing.
+The Indian warriors, commanded by Blackfish, sallied from the town, and
+commenced a pursuit of the discomfited invaders of their forests and
+firesides, which they continued for some miles, harassing and galling
+the rear of the fugitives without being checked, notwithstanding the
+disparity of numbers. There not being more than thirty of the savages
+in pursuit. Bowman, finding himself thus pressed, at length halted his
+men in a low piece of ground covered with brush; as if he sought shelter
+from the enemy behind or among them. A situation more injudiciously
+chosen, if chosen at all, cannot be easily imagined--since of all
+others, it most favored the purposes of the Indians. In other respects
+the commander seems also to have lost his understanding--he gave no
+orders to fire--made no detachment to repulse the enemy, who, in a few
+minutes, by the whoops, yells, and firing, were heard on all sides--but
+stood as a mark to be shot at, or one panic struck. Some of the men
+fired, but without any precise object, for the Indians were scattered,
+and hid by the grass and bushes. What would have been the final result
+it is difficult to conjecture, if Logan, Harrod, Bulger, and a few
+others, had not mounted some of the pack-horses and scoured the woods,
+first in one direction then in another; rushing on the Indians wherever
+they could find them, until very fortunately Blackfish was killed; and
+this being soon known, the rest fled. It was in the evening when this
+event occurred, which being reported to the colonel, he resumed his
+march at dark--taking for his guide a creek near at hand, which he
+pursued all night without any remarkable occurrence--and in quiet and
+safety thence returned home, with the loss of nine men killed and
+another wounded: having taken two Indian scalps: which, however, was
+thought a trophy of small renown.
+
+A somewhat different account is given by some, in which Bowman is
+exculpated from all blame. According to this, it was the vigorous
+defense of the Indians which prevented him from fulfilling his part of
+the combinations. Be this as it may, it is certain that Bowman lost
+reputation by the expedition; while, on the other hand, the conduct of
+Logan raised him still higher in the estimation of the people.
+
+[Footnote 39: Peck.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+     Invasion of Kentucky by Captain Byrd's party--He captures
+     the garrisons at Ruddle's Station and Martin's Fort--Colonel
+     Clark's invasion of the Indian country--He ravages the Indian
+     towns--Adventure of Alexander McConnell--Skirmish at
+     Pickaway--Result of the expedition--Boone goes to the Blue Licks
+     with his brother--Attacked by the Indians--Boone's brother
+     killed--Boone promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel--Clark's
+     galley--Squire Boone's Station removed to Bear's Creek--Attack by
+     the Indians--Colonel Floyd's defeat--Affair of the McAfees--Attack
+     on McAfee's Station repelled--Fort Jefferson evacuated--Attack on
+     Montgomery Station--Rescue by General Logan.
+
+
+The year 1780 was distinguished for two events of much importance;
+the invasion of Kentucky by the British and Indians, under Colonel Byrd;
+and General Clark's attack upon the Shawanee towns. The first of these,
+was a severe and unexpected blow to Kentucky. Marshall says, that the
+people in their eagerness to take up land, had almost forgotten the
+existence of hostilities. Fatal security! and most fatal with such a
+foe, whose enterprises were conducted with such secrecy that their
+first announcement was their presence in the midst of the unprepared
+settlement. In fact, the carelessness of the Western borderers is often
+unaccountable, and this is not the least surprising instance of it.
+
+That they did not anticipate an attempt to retaliate the incursion of
+Bowman into the Indian country, is indeed astonishing. It was very
+fortunate for the Kentuckians that their enemies were as little gifted
+with perseverance, as they were with vigilance. This remark is to be
+understood in a restricted sense, of both parties. When once aroused
+to a sense of their danger none were more readily prepared, or more
+watchful to meet it than the settlers; and on the other hand, nothing
+could exceed the perseverance of the Indians in the beginning of their
+enterprises, but on the slightest success (not reverse) they wished to
+return to exhibit their trophies at home. Thus, on capturing Boone and
+his party, instead of pushing on and attacking the settlements which
+were thus weakened, they returned to display their prisoners.
+
+The consequences were that these defects neutralized each other, and no
+very decisive strokes were made by either side. But the English Governor
+Hamilton, who had hitherto contented himself with stimulating the
+Indians to hostilities, now aroused by the daring and success of Clark,
+prepared to send a powerful expedition by way of retaliation, against
+the settlements. Colonel Byrd was selected to command the forces which
+amounted to six hundred men, Canadians and Indians. To render them
+irresistible, they were supplied with two pieces of artillery. The posts
+on the Licking were the first objects of the expedition.
+
+In June they made their appearance before Ruddle's station; and this,
+it is said, was the first intimation that the garrison had received of
+their danger, though Butler states that the enemy were twelve days on
+their march from the Ohio. The incidents of the invasion are few. The
+fort at Ruddle's Station was in no condition to resist so powerful an
+enemy backed by artillery, the defenses being nowise superior to those
+we have before described.
+
+They were summoned to surrender in the name of his Britannic Majesty,
+with the promise of protection for their lives only. What could they
+do? The idea of resisting such a force was vain. The question presented
+itself to them thus. Whether they should surrender at once and give up
+their property, or enrage the Indians by a fruitless resistance, and
+lose their property and lives also. The decision was quickly made, the
+post was surrendered and the enemy thronged in, eager for plunder. The
+inmates of the fort were instantly seized, families were separated; for
+each Indian caught the first person whom he met, and claimed him or her
+as his prisoner. Three who made some resistance, were killed upon the
+spot. It was in vain that the settlers remonstrated with the British
+commander. He said it was impossible to restrain them. This doubtless
+was true enough, but he should have thought of it before he assumed
+the command of such a horde, and consented to lead them against weak
+settlements.
+
+The Indians demanded to be led at once against Martin's Fort, a post
+about five miles distant. Some say that the same scene was enacted over
+here; but another account states that so strongly was Colonel Byrd
+affected by the barbarities of the Indians, that he refused to advance
+further, unless they would consent to allow him to take charge of all
+the prisoners who should be taken. The same account goes on to say that
+the demand was complied with, and that on the surrender of Martin's
+Fort, this arrangement was actually made; the Indians taking possession
+of the property and the British of the prisoners. However this may be,
+the capture of this last-mentioned place, which was surrendered under
+the same circumstances as Ruddle's, was the last operation of that
+campaign. Some quote this as an instance of weakness; Butler, in
+particular, contrasts it with the energy of Clark.
+
+The sudden retreat of the enemy inspired the people with joy as great
+as their consternation had been at the news of his unexpected advance.
+Had he pressed on, there is but little doubt that all the Stations would
+have fallen into his hands, for there were not men enough to spare from
+them to meet him in the field. The greatest difficulty would have been
+the carriage of the artillery. The unfortunate people who had fallen
+into the hands of the Indians at Ruddle's Station, were obliged to
+accompany their captors on their rapid retreat, heavily laden with the
+plunder of their own dwellings. Some returned after peace was made, but
+too many, sinking under the fatigues of the journey, perished by the
+tomahawk.
+
+Soon after the retreat of the enemy, General Clark, who was stationed at
+Fort Jefferson, called upon the Kentuckians to join him in an invasion
+of the Indian country. The reputation of Clark caused the call to be
+responded to with great readiness. A thousand men were collected, with
+whom Clark entered and devastated the enemy's territory. The principal
+towns were burned and the fields laid waste. But one skirmish was
+fought, and that at the Indian village of Pickaway. The loss was the
+same on both sides, seventeen men being killed in each army. Some
+writers who have not the slightest objection to war, very gravely
+express doubts as to whether the expedient of destroying the crops of
+the Indians was justifiable. It is generally treated by these men as if
+it was a wanton display of a vindictive spirit, when in reality it was
+dictated by the soundest policy; for when the Indians' harvests were
+destroyed, they were compelled to subsist their families altogether
+by hunting, and had no leisure for their murderous inroads upon the
+settlements. This result was plainly seen on this occasion, for it does
+not appear that the Indians attacked any of the settlements during the
+remainder of this year.
+
+An adventure which occurred in the spring, but was passed over for
+the more important operations of the campaign, claims our attention,
+presenting as it does a picture of the varieties of this mode of
+warfare. We quote from McClung:
+
+"Early in the spring of 1780 Mr. Alexander McConnel, of Lexington,
+Kentucky, went into the woods on foot to hunt deer. He soon killed
+a large buck, and returned home for a horse in order to bring it in.
+During his absence a party of five Indians, on one of their usual
+skulking expeditions, accidentally stumbled on the body of the deer,
+and perceiving that it had been recently killed, they naturally supposed
+that the hunter would speedily return to secure the flesh. Three of
+them, therefore, took their stations within close rifle-shot of the
+deer, while the other two followed the trail of the hunter, and waylaid
+the path by which he was expected to return. McConnel, expecting no
+danger, rode carelessly along the path, which the two scouts were
+watching, until he had come within view of the deer, when he was fired
+upon by the whole party, and his horse killed. While laboring to
+extricate himself from the dying animal, he was seized by his enemies,
+instantly overpowered, and borne off as a prisoner.
+
+"His captors, however, seemed to be a merry, good-natured set of
+fellows, and permitted him to accompany them unbound; and, what was
+rather extraordinary, allowed him to retain his gun and hunting
+accoutrements. He accompanied them with great apparent cheerfulness
+through the day, and displayed his dexterity in shooting deer for
+the use of the company, until they began to regard him with great
+partiality. Having traveled with them in this manner for several days,
+they at length reached the banks of the Ohio River. Heretofore the
+Indians had taken the precaution to bind him at night, although not
+very securely; but, on that evening, he remonstrated with them on the
+subject, and complained so strongly of the pain which the cords gave
+him, that they merely wrapped the buffalo tug loosely around his wrists,
+and having tied it in an easy knot, and attached the extremities of
+the rope to their own bodies in order to prevent his moving without
+awakening them, they very composedly went to sleep, leaving the
+prisoner to follow their example or not, as he pleased.
+
+"McConnel determined to effect his escape that night if possible, as
+on the following night they would cross the river, which would render
+it much more difficult. He therefore lay quietly until near midnight,
+anxiously ruminating upon the best means of effecting his object.
+Accidentally casting his eyes in the direction of his feet, they fell
+upon the glittering blade of a knife, which had escaped its sheath, and
+was now lying near the feet of one of the Indians. To reach it with his
+hands, without disturbing the two Indians to whom he was fastened, was
+impossible, and it was very hazardous to attempt to draw it up with his
+feet. This, however, he attempted. With much difficulty he grasped the
+blade between his toes, and, after repeated and long-continued efforts,
+succeeded at length in bringing it within reach of his hands.
+
+"To cut his cords was then but the work of a moment, and gradually and
+silently extricating his person from the arms of the Indians, he walked
+to the fire and sat down. He saw that his work was but half done. That
+if he should attempt to return home without destroying his enemies, he
+would assuredly be pursued and probably overtaken, when his fate would
+be certain. On the other hand, it seemed almost impossible for a single
+man to succeed in a conflict with five Indians, even although unarmed
+and asleep. He could not hope to deal a blow with his knife so silently
+and fatally as to destroy each one of his enemies in turn without
+awakening the rest. Their slumbers were proverbially light and restless;
+and, if he failed with a single one, he must instantly be overpowered by
+the survivors. The knife, therefore, was out of the question.
+
+"After anxious reflection for a few minutes, he formed his plan.
+The guns of the Indians were stacked near the fire; their knives and
+tomahawks were in sheaths by their sides. The latter he dared not touch
+for fear of awakening their owners; but the former he carefully removed,
+with the exception of two, and hid them in the woods, where he knew
+the Indians would not readily find them. He then returned to the spot
+where the Indians were still sleeping, perfectly ignorant of the fate
+preparing for them, and, taking a gun in each hand, he rested the
+muzzles upon a log within six feet of his victims, and, having taken
+deliberate aim at the head of one and the heart of another, he pulled
+both triggers at the same moment.
+
+"Both shots were fatal. At the report of the guns the others sprung
+to their feet and stared wildly around them. McConnel, who had run
+instantly to the spot where the other rifles were hid, hastily seized
+one of them and fired at two of his enemies who happened to stand in
+a line with each other. The nearest fell dead, being shot through the
+centre of the body; the second fell also, bellowing loudly, but quickly
+recovering, limped off into the woods as fast as possible. The fifth,
+and the only one who remained unhurt, darted off like a deer, with
+a yell which announced equal terror and astonishment. McConnel, not
+wishing to fight any more such battles, selected his own rifle from
+the stack, and made the best of his way to Lexington, where he arrived
+safely within two days.
+
+"Shortly afterward, Mrs. Dunlap, of Fayette, who had been several months
+a prisoner amongst the Indians on Mad River, made her escape, and
+returned to Lexington. She reported that the survivor returned to his
+tribe with a lamentable tale. He related that they had taken a fine
+young hunter near Lexington, and had brought him safely as far as the
+Ohio; that while encamped upon the bank of the river, a large party
+of white men had fallen upon them in the night, and killed all his
+companions, together with the poor defenseless prisoner, who lay bound
+hand and foot, unable either to escape or resist."
+
+In October, 1780, Boone, who had brought his family back to Kentucky,
+went to the Blue Licks in company with his brother. They were attacked
+by a party of Indians, and Daniel's brother was killed; and he himself
+pursued by them with the assistance of a dog. Being hard pressed, he
+shot this animal to prevent his barking from giving the alarm, and so
+escaped.
+
+Kentucky having been divided into three counties, a more
+perfect organization of the militia was effected. A Colonel and a
+Lieutenant-Colonel were appointed for each county; those who held the
+first rank were Floyd, Logan, and Todd. Pope, Trigg, and Boone held the
+second. Clark was Brigadier-General, and commander-in-chief of all the
+Kentucky militia; besides which he had a small number of regulars at
+Fort Jefferson. Spies and scouting parties were continually employed,
+and a galley was constructed by Clark's order, which was furnished with
+light pieces of artillery. This new species of defense did not however
+take very well with the militia, who disliked serving upon the water,
+probably because they found their freedom of action too much
+circumscribed. The regulars were far too few to spare a force sufficient
+to man it, and it soon fell into disuse, though it is said to have been
+of considerable service while it was employed. Had the Kentuckians
+possessed such an auxiliary at the time of Byrd's invasion, it is
+probable that it would have been repelled. But on account of the
+reluctance of the militia to serve in it, this useful vessel was laid
+aside and left to rot.
+
+The campaign, if we may so term it, of 1781, began very early. In March,
+several parties of Indians entered Jefferson County at different points,
+and ambushing the paths, killed four men, among whom was Colonel William
+Linn. Captain Whitaker, with fifteen men, pursued one of the parties.
+He followed their trail to the Ohio, when supposing they had crossed
+over, he embarked his men in canoes to continue the pursuit. But as
+they were in the act of pushing off, the Indians, who were concealed
+in their rear, fired upon them, killing or wounding nine of the party.
+Notwithstanding this heavy loss, the survivors landed and put the
+Indians to flight. Neither the number of the savages engaged in this
+affair or their loss, is mentioned in the narrative. In April, a station
+which had been settled by Squire Boone, near Shelbyville, became alarmed
+by the report of the appearance of Indians. After some deliberation,
+it was determined to remove to the settlement on Bear's Creek. While on
+their way thither, they were attacked by a body of Indians, and defeated
+with considerable loss. These are all the details of this action we have
+been able to find. Colonel Floyd collected twenty-five men to pursue
+the Indians, but in spite of all his caution, fell into an ambuscade,
+which was estimated to consist of two hundred warriors. Half of Colonel
+Floyd's men were killed, and the survivors supposed that they had slain
+nine or ten of the Indians. This, however, is not probable; either the
+number of the Indians engaged, or their loss, is much exaggerated.
+Colonel Floyd himself had a narrow escape, being dismounted; he would
+have been made prisoner, but for the gallant conduct of Captain Wells,
+who gave him his horse, the colonel being exhausted, and ran by his
+side, to support him in the saddle. These officers had formerly been
+enemies, but the magnanimous behavior of Wells on this occasion, made
+them steadfast friends.
+
+"As if every month," says Marshall, "was to furnish its distinguishing
+incident--in May, Samuel McAfee and another had set out from James
+McAfee's Station for a plantation at a small distance, and when advanced
+about one-fourth of a mile they were fired on; the man fell--McAfee
+wheeled and ran toward the fort; in fifteen steps he met an Indian--they
+each halt and present their guns, with muzzles almost touching--at the
+same instant they each pull trigger, McAfee's gun makes clear fire, the
+Indian's flashes in the pan--and he falls: McAfee continues his retreat,
+but the alarm being given, he meets his brothers, Robert and James--the
+first, though cautioned, ran along the path to see the dead Indian, by
+this time several Indians had gained the path between him and the fort.
+All his agility and dexterity was now put to the test--he flies from
+tree to tree, still aiming to get to the fort, but is pursued by an
+Indian; he throws himself over a fence, a hundred and fifty yards from
+the fort, and the Indian takes a tree--Robert, sheltered by the fence,
+was soon prepared for him, and while he puts his face by the side of the
+tree to look for his object, McAfee fires his rifle at it, and lodged
+the ball in his mouth--in this he finds his death, and McAfee escapes
+to the fort."
+
+In the mean time, James McAfee was in a situation of equal hazard and
+perplexity. Five Indians, lying in ambush, fired at, but missed him; he
+flies to a tree for safety, and instantly received a fire from three or
+four Indians on the other side--the bullets knock the dust about his
+feet, but do him no injury; he abandons the tree and makes good his
+retreat to the fort. One white man and two Indians were killed. Such
+were the incidents of Indian warfare--and such the fortunate escape of
+the brothers.
+
+Other events occurred in rapid succession--the Indians appear in
+all directions, and with horrid yells and menacing gestures commence
+a fire on the fort. It was returned with spirit; the women cast the
+bullets--the men discharged them at the enemy. This action lasted about
+two hours; the Indians then withdrew. The firing had been heard, and the
+neighborhood roused for the fight. Major McGary, with some of his men,
+and others from other stations, to the number of forty, appeared on the
+ground soon after the Indians had retreated, and determined on pursuing
+them. This was accordingly done with promptitude and celerity. At the
+distance of a mile the enemy were overtaken, attacked, and defeated,
+They fled--were pursued for several miles--and completely routed. Six
+or seven Indians were seen dead, and others wounded. One Kentuckian was
+killed in the action; another mortally wounded, who died after a few
+days. Before the Indians entirely withdrew from the fort, they killed
+all the cattle they saw, without making any use of them.
+
+From this time McAfee's Station was never more attacked, although it
+remained for several years an exposed frontier. Nor should the remark be
+omitted, that for the residue of the year, there were fewer incidents
+of a hostile nature than usual.
+
+Fort Jefferson, which had been established on the Mississippi, about
+five miles below the mouth of the Ohio, had excited the jealousy of
+the Choctaws and Chickasaws, who claimed the territory in which it was
+built. In order to appease them, it was deemed advisable to evacuate
+the post.
+
+The hostile tribes north of the Ohio had by this time found the strength
+of the settlers, and saw that unless they made a powerful effort, and
+that speedily, they must forever relinquish all hope of reconquering
+Kentucky. Such an effort was determined upon for the next year; and in
+order to weaken the whites as much as possible, till they were prepared
+for it, they continued to send out small parties, to infest the
+settlements.
+
+At a distance of about twelve miles from Logan's Fort, was a settlement
+called the Montgomery Station. Most of the people were connected with
+Logan's family. This Station was surrounded in the night. In the morning
+an attack was made. Several persons were killed and others captured. A
+girl who escaped spread the alarm; a messenger reached Logan's Fort, and
+General Logan with a strong party pursued the Indians, defeated them and
+recovered the prisoners.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+     News of Cornwallis's surrender--Its effects--Captain Estill's
+     defeat--Grand army of Indians raised for the conquest of
+     Kentucky--Simon Girty's speech--Attack on Hoy's Station--Investment
+     of Bryant's Station--Expedient of the besieged to obtain
+     water--Grand attack on the fort--Repulse--Regular siege
+     commenced--Messengers sent to Lexington--Reinforcements
+     obtained--Arrival near the fort--Ambushed and attacked--They
+     enter the fort--Narrow escape of Girty--He proposes a
+     capitulation--Parley--Reynolds's answer to Girty--The siege
+     raised--Retreat of the Indians.
+
+
+In October, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. This event was
+received in Kentucky, as in other parts of the country, with great joy.
+The power of Britain was supposed to be broken, or at least so much
+crippled, that they would not be in a condition to assist their Indian
+allies, as they had previously done. The winter passed away quietly
+enough, and the people were once more lulled into security, from which
+they were again to be rudely awakened. Early in the spring the parties
+of the enemy recommenced their forays. Yet there was nothing in these
+to excite unusual apprehensions. At first they were scarcely equal in
+magnitude to those of the previous year. Cattle were killed, and horses
+stolen, and individuals or small parties were attacked. But in May an
+affair occurred possessing more interest, in a military point of view,
+than any other in the history of Indian wars.
+
+In the month of May, a party of about twenty-five Wyandots invested
+Estill's Station, on the south of the Kentucky River, killed one white
+man, took a negro prisoner, and after destroying the cattle, retreated.
+Soon after the Indians disappeared, Captain Estill raised a company of
+twenty-five men; with these he pursued the Indians, and on Hinkston's
+Fork of Licking, two miles below the Little Mountain, came within
+gunshot of them. They had just crossed the creek, which in that part
+is small, and were ascending one side as Estill's party descended the
+other, of two approaching hills of moderate elevation. The water-course
+which lay between, had produced an opening in the timber and brush,
+conducing to mutual discovery, while both hills were well set with
+trees, interspersed with saplings and bushes. Instantly after
+discovering the Indians, some of Captain Estill's men fired at them; at
+first they seemed alarmed, and made a movement like flight; but their
+chief, although wounded, gave them orders to stand and fight--on which
+they promptly prepared for battle by each man taking a tree and facing
+his enemy, as nearly in a line as practicable. In this position they
+returned the fire and entered into the battle, which they considered
+as inevitable, with all the fortitude and animation of individual and
+concerted bravery, so remarkable in this particular tribe.
+
+In the mean time, Captain Estill, with due attention to what was passing
+on the opposite side, checked the progress of his men at about sixty
+yards distance from the foe, and gave orders to extend their lines
+in front of the Indians, to cover themselves by means of the trees,
+and to fire as the object should be seen--with a sure aim. This order,
+perfectly adapted to the occasion, was executed with alacrity, as far as
+circumstances would admit, and the desultory mode of Indian fighting was
+thought to require. So that both sides were preparing and ready at the
+same time for the bloody conflict which ensued, and which proved to be
+singularly obstinate.
+
+The numbers were equal; some have said, exactly twenty-five on each
+side. Others have mentioned that Captain Estill, upon seeing the Indians
+form for battle, dispatched one or two of his men upon the back trail to
+hasten forward a small reinforcement, which he supposed was following
+him; and if so, it gave the Indians the superiority of numbers without
+producing the desired assistance, for the reinforcement never arrived.
+
+Now were the hostile lines within rifle-shot, and the action became warm
+and general to their extent. Never was battle more like single combat
+since the use of fire-arms; each man sought his man, and fired only when
+he saw his mark; wounds and death were inflicted on either side--neither
+advancing nor retreating. The firing was deliberate; with caution they
+looked, but look they would, for the foe, although life itself was often
+the forfeit. And thus both sides firmly stood, or bravely fell, for more
+than an hour; upward of one-fourth of the combatants had fallen, never
+more to rise, on either side, and several others were wounded. Never,
+probably, was the native bravery or collected fortitude of men put to
+a test more severe. In the clangor of an ardent battle, when death is
+forgotten, it is nothing for the brave to die--when even cowards die
+like brave men--but in the cool and lingering expectation of death,
+none but the man of the true courage can stand. Such were those engaged
+in this conflict. Never was maneuvering more necessary or less
+practicable. Captain Estill had not a man to spare from his line, and
+deemed unsafe any movement in front with a view to force the enemy
+from their ground, because in such a movement he must expose his men,
+and some of them would inevitably fall before they could reach the
+adversary. This would increase the relative superiority of the enemy,
+while they would receive the survivors with tomahawk in hand, in the
+use of which they were practiced and expert. He clearly perceived that
+no advantage was to be gained over the Indians while the action was
+continued in their own mode of warfare. For although his men were
+probably the best _shooters_, the Indians were undoubtedly the most
+expert _hiders_; that victory itself, could it have been purchased with
+the loss of his last man, would afford but a melancholy consolation for
+the loss of friends and comrades; but even of victory, without some
+maneuvre, he could not assure himself. His situation was critical; his
+fate seemed suspended upon the events of the minute; the most prompt
+expedient was demanded. He cast his eyes over the scene; the creek was
+before him, and seemed to oppose a charge on the enemy--retreat he
+could not. On the one hand he observed a valley running from the creek
+toward the rear of the enemy's line, and immediately combining this
+circumstance with the urgency of his situation, rendered the more
+apparently hazardous by an attempt of the Indians to extend their line
+and take his in flank, he determined to detach six of his men by this
+valley to gain the flank or rear of the enemy; while himself, with the
+residue, maintained his position in front.
+
+The detachment was accordingly made under the command of Lieutenant
+Miller, to whom the route was shown and the order given, conformably to
+the above-mentioned determination; unfortunately, however, it was not
+executed. The lieutenant, either mistaking his way or intentionally
+betraying his duty, his honor, and his captain, did not proceed with the
+requisite dispatch; and the Indians, attentive to occurrences, finding
+out the weakened condition of their adversaries, rushed upon them and
+compelled a retreat, after Captain Estill and eight of his men were
+killed. Four others were badly wounded, who, notwithstanding, made their
+escape; so that only nine fell into the bands of the savages, who
+scalped and stripped them, of course.
+
+It was believed by the survivors of this action that one half of the
+Indians were killed; and this idea was corroborated by reports from
+their towns.
+
+There is also a tradition that Miller, with his detachment, crossed the
+creek, fell in with the enemy, lost one or two of his men, and had a
+third or fourth wounded before he retreated.
+
+The battle lasted two hours, and the Indian chief was himself killed
+immediately after he had slain Captain Estill; at least it is so stated
+in one account we have seen. This action had a very depressing effect
+upon the spirits of the Kentuckians. Yet its results to the victors were
+enough to make them say, with Pyrrhus, "A few more such victories, and
+we shall be undone." It is very certain that the Indians would not have
+been willing to gain many such victories, even to accomplish their
+darling object--the expulsion of the whites from Kentucky.
+
+The grand army, destined to accomplish the conquest of Kentucky,
+assembled at Chillicothe. A detachment from Detroit reinforced them, and
+before setting out, Simon Girty made a speech to them, enlarging on the
+ingratitude of the Long-knives in rebelling against their Great Father
+across the water. He described in glowing terms the fertility of
+Kentucky, exhorting them to recover it from the grasp of the Long-knife
+before he should be too strong for them. This speech met with the
+cordial approbation of the company; the army soon after took up its
+march for the settlements. Six hundred warriors, the flower of all the
+Northwestern tribes, were on their way to make what they knew must be
+their last effort to drive the intruders from their favorite
+hunting-ground.
+
+Various parties preceded the main body, and these appearing in different
+places created much confusion in the minds of the inhabitants in regard
+to the place where the blow was to fall. An attack was made upon the
+garrison at Hoy's Station, and two boys were taken prisoners. The
+Indians, twenty in number were pursued by Captain Holden, with seventeen
+men. He overtook them near the Blue Licks, (that fatal spot for the
+settlers,) and after a sharp conflict was obliged to retreat with the
+loss of four men.
+
+News of this disaster arrived at Bryant's Station, (a post on the
+Elkhorn, near the road from Lexington to Maysville,) on the fourteenth
+of August, and the garrison prepared to march to the assistance of Hoy's
+Station. But in the night the main body of the enemy arrived before the
+fort, it having been selected as the point for the first blow.
+
+The water for the use of the garrison was drawn from a spring at a
+considerable distance from the fort on the northwestern side. Near this
+spring the greater part of the enemy stationed themselves in ambush. On
+the other side of the fort a body was posted with orders to make a feint
+of attacking, in order to draw the attention of the garrison to that
+point, and give an opportunity for the main attack. At daylight the
+garrison, consisting of forty or fifty men, were preparing to march out,
+when they were startled by a heavy discharge of rifles, with an
+accompaniment of such yells as come only from an Indian's throat.
+
+"All ran hastily to the picketing," says McClung, "and beheld a small
+party of Indians exposed to open view, firing, yelling, and making the
+most furious gestures. The appearance was so singular, and so different
+from their usual manner of fighting, that some of the more wary and
+experienced of the garrison instantly pronounced it a decoy party, and
+restrained the young men from sallying out and attacking them, as some
+of them were strongly disposed to do. The opposite side of the fort was
+instantly manned, and several breaches in the picketing rapidly
+repaired. Their greatest distress arose from the prospect of suffering
+for water. The more experienced of the garrison felt satisfied that a
+powerful party was in ambuscade near the spring; but at the same time
+they supposed that the Indians would not unmask themselves until the
+firing upon the opposite side of the fort was returned with such warmth
+as to induce the belief that the feint had succeeded.
+
+"Acting upon this impression, and yielding to the urgent necessity of the
+case, they summoned all the women, without exception, and explaining to
+them the circumstances in which they were placed, and the improbability
+that any injury would be offered them, until the firing had been
+returned from the opposite side of the fort, they urged them to go in a
+body to the spring, and each to bring up a bucketfull of water. Some of
+the ladies, as was natural, had no relish for the undertaking, and asked
+why the men could not bring water as well as themselves? Observing that
+_they_ were not bullet-proof, and that the Indians made no distinction
+between male and female scalps.
+
+"To this it was answered, that women were in the habit of bringing water
+every morning to the fort and that if the Indians saw them engaged
+as usual, it would induce them to believe that their ambuscade was
+undiscovered, and that they would not unmask themselves for the sake of
+firing at a few women, when they hoped, by remaining concealed a few
+moments longer, to obtain complete possession of the fort. That if men
+should go down to the spring, the Indians would immediately suspect that
+something was wrong, would despair of succeeding by ambuscade, and would
+instantly rush upon them, follow them into the fort, or shoot them down
+at the spring. The decision was soon over.
+
+"A few of the boldest declared their readiness to brave the danger; and
+the younger and more timid rallying in the rear of these veterans, they
+all marched down in a body to the spring, within point-blank shot of
+more than five hundred Indian warriors. Some of the girls could not help
+betraying symptoms of terror, but the married women, in general, moved
+with a steadiness and composure which completely deceived the Indians.
+Not a shot was fired. The party were permitted to fill their buckets,
+one after another, without interruption; and although their steps became
+quicker and quicker, on their return, and when near the gate of the
+fort, degenerated into a rather unmilitary celerity, attended with some
+little crowding in passing the gate, yet not more than one-fifth of the
+water was spilled, and the eyes of the youngest had not dilated to more
+than double their ordinary size.
+
+"Being now amply supplied with water, they sent out thirteen young men
+to attack the decoy party, with orders to fire with great rapidity, and
+make as much noise as possible, but not to pursue the enemy too far,
+while the rest of the garrison took post on the opposite side of the
+fort, cocked their guns, and stood in readiness to receive the ambuscade
+as soon as it was unmasked. The firing of the light parties on the
+Lexington road was soon heard, and quickly became sharp and serious,
+gradually becoming more distant from the fort. Instantly, Girty sprung
+up at the head of his five hundred warriors, and rushed rapidly upon the
+western gate, ready to force his way over the undefended palisades.
+Into this immense mass of dusky bodies, the garrison poured several
+rapid volleys of rifle balls with destructive effect. Their consternation
+may be imagined. With wild cries they dispersed on the right and left,
+and in two minutes not an Indian was to be seen. At the same time, the
+party who had sallied out on the Lexington road, came running into the
+fort at the opposite gate, in high spirits, and laughing heartily at the
+success of their maneuvre."
+
+After this repulse, the Indians commenced the attack in regular form,
+that is regular Indian form, for they had no cannon, which was a great
+oversight, and one which we would not have expected them to make, after
+witnessing the terror with which they had inspired the Kentuckians in
+Byrd's invasion.
+
+Two men had left the garrison immediately upon discovering the Indians,
+to carry the news to Lexington and demand succor. On arriving at that
+place they found the men had mostly gone to Hoy's Station. The couriers
+pursued, and overtaking them, quickly brought them back. Sixteen
+horsemen, and forty or fifty on foot, started to the relief of Bryant's
+Station, and arrived before that place at two o'clock in the afternoon.
+
+To the left of the long and narrow lane, where the Maysville and
+Lexington road now runs, there were more than one hundred acres of green
+standing corn. The usual road from Lexington to Bryant's, ran parallel
+to the fence of this field, and only a few feet distant from it. On
+the opposite side of the road was a thick wood. Here, more than three
+hundred Indians lay in ambush, within pistol-shot of the road, awaiting
+the approach of the party. The horsemen came in view at a time when
+the firing had ceased, and every thing was quiet. Seeing no enemy, and
+hearing no noise, they entered the lane at a gallop, and were instantly
+saluted with a shower of rifle balls, from each side, at the distance
+of ten paces.
+
+At the first shot, the whole party set spurs to their horses, and rode
+at full speed through a rolling fire from either side, which continued
+for several hundred yards, but owing partly to the furious rate at which
+they rode, partly to the clouds of dust raised by the horses' feet, they
+all entered the fort unhurt. The men on foot were less fortunate. They
+were advancing through the corn-field, and might have reached the fort
+in safety, but for their eagerness to succor their friends. Without
+reflecting, that from the weight and extent of the fire, the enemy
+must have been ten times their number, they ran up with inconsiderate
+courage, to the spot where the firing was heard, and there found
+themselves cut off from the fort, and within pistol-shot of more than
+three hundred savages.
+
+Fortunately the Indians' guns had just been discharged, and they had not
+yet had leisure to reload. At the sight of this brave body of footmen,
+however, they raised a hideous yell, and rushed upon them, tomahawk in
+hand. Nothing but the high corn and their loaded rifles, could have
+saved them from destruction. The Indians were cautious in rushing upon
+a loaded rifle with only a tomahawk, and when they halted to load their
+pieces, the Kentuckians ran with great rapidity, turning and dodging
+through the corn in every direction. Some entered the wood and escaped
+through the thickets of cane, some were shot down in the corn-field,
+others maintained a running fight, halting occasionally behind trees and
+keeping the enemy at bay with their rifles; for, of all men, the Indians
+are generally the most cautious in exposing themselves to danger.
+A stout, active, young fellow, was so hard pressed by Girty and several
+savages, that he was compelled to discharge his rifle, (however
+unwilling, having no time to reload it,) and Girty fell.
+
+It happened, however, that a piece of thick sole-leather was in his
+shot-pouch at the time, which received the ball, and preserved his life,
+although the force of the blow felled him to the ground. The savages
+halted upon his fall, and the young man escaped. Although the skirmish
+and the race lasted more than an hour, during which the corn-field
+presented a scene of turmoil and bustle which can scarcely be conceived,
+yet very few lives were lost. Only six of the white men were killed and
+wounded, and probably still fewer of the enemy, as the whites never
+fired until absolutely necessary, but reserved their loads as a check
+upon the enemy. Had the Indians pursued them to Lexington, they might
+have possessed themselves of it without resistance, as there was no
+force there to oppose them; but after following the fugitives for a few
+hundred yards, they returned to the hopeless siege of the fort.[40]
+
+The day was nearly over, and the Indians were discouraged. They had
+made no perceptible impression upon the fort, but had sustained a
+severe loss; the country was aroused, and they feared to find themselves
+outnumbered in their turn. Girty determined to attempt to frighten them
+into a capitulation. For this purpose he cautiously approached the works,
+and suddenly showed himself on a large stump, from which he addressed
+the garrison. After extolling their valor, he assured them that their
+resistance was useless, as he expected his artillery shortly, when their
+fort would be crushed without difficulty. He promised them perfect
+security for their lives if they surrendered, and menaced them with the
+usual inflictions of Indian rage if they refused. He concluded by asking
+if they knew him. The garrison of course gave no credit to the promises
+of good treatment contained in this speech. They were too well
+acquainted with the facility with which such pledges were given
+and violated; but the mention of cannon was rather alarming, as the
+expedition of Colonel Byrd was fresh in the minds of all. None of
+the leaders made any answer to Girty, but a young man by the name of
+Reynolds, took upon himself to reply to it. In regard to the question
+of Girty, "Whether the garrison knew him?" he said:
+
+"'That he was very well known; that he himself had a worthless dog, to
+which he had given the name of 'Simon Girty,' in consequence of his
+striking resemblance to the man of that name; that if he had either
+artillery or reinforcements, he might bring them up and be d----d; that
+if either himself, or any of the naked rascals with him, found their way
+into the fort, they would disdain to use their guns against them, but
+would drive them out again with switches, of which they had collected
+a great number for that purpose alone; and finally he declared, that
+they also expected reinforcements; that the whole country was marching
+to their assistance; that if Girty and his gang of murderers remained
+twenty-four hours longer before the fort, their scalps would be found
+drying in the sun upon the roofs of their cabins.'"[41]
+
+Girty affected much sorrow for the inevitable destruction which he
+assured the garrison awaited them, in consequence of their obstinacy.
+All idea of continuing the siege was now abandoned. The besiegers
+evacuated their camp that very night; and with so much precipitation,
+that meat was left roasting before the fires. Though we cannot wonder
+at this relinquishing of a long-cherished scheme when we consider the
+character of the Indians, yet it would be impossible to account for the
+appearance of precipitancy, and even terror, with which their retreat
+was accompanied, did we not perceive it to be the first of a series
+of similar artifices, designed to draw on their enemies to their own
+destruction. There was nothing in the circumstances to excite great
+apprehensions. To be sure, they had been repulsed in their attempt on
+the fort with some loss, yet this loss (thirty men) would by no means
+have deterred a European force of similar numbers from prosecuting the
+enterprise.
+
+Girty and his great Indian army retired toward Ruddle's and Martin's
+Stations, on a circuitous route, toward Lower Blue Licks. They expected,
+however, to be pursued, and evidently desired it, as they left a broad
+trail behind them, and marked the trees which stood on their route with
+their tomahawks.[42]
+
+[Footnote 40: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 41: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 42: Frost: "Border Wars of the West." Peck: "Life of Boone."
+McClung: "Western Adventure."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+     Arrival of reinforcements at Bryant's Station--Colonel
+     Daniel Boone, his son and brother among them--Colonels
+     Trigg, Todd, and others--Great number of commissioned
+     officers--Consultation--Pursuit commenced without waiting for
+     Colonel Logan's reinforcement--Indian trail--Apprehensions
+     of Boone and others--Arrival at the Blue Licks--Indians
+     seen--Consultation--Colonel Boone's opinion--Rash conduct of Major
+     McGary--Battle of Blue Licks commenced--Fierce encounter with the
+     Indians--Israel Boone, Colonels Todd and Trigg, and Majors Harland
+     and McBride killed--Attempt of the Indians to outflank the
+     whites--Retreat of the whites--Colonel Boone nearly surrounded
+     by Indians--Cuts his way through them, and returns to Bryant's
+     Station--Great slaughter--Bravery of Netherland--Noble conduct of
+     Reynolds in saving Captain Patterson--Loss of the whites--Colonel
+     Boone's statement--Remarks on McGary's conduct--The fugitives meet
+     Colonel Logan with his party--Return to the field of battle--Logan
+     returns to Bryant's Station.
+
+
+The intelligence of the siege of Bryant's Station had spread far and
+wide, and the whole region round was in a state of intense excitement.
+The next morning after the enemy's retreat, reinforcements began to
+arrive, and in the course of the day successive bodies of militia
+presented themselves, to the number of one hundred and eighty men.
+
+Among this number was Colonel Daniel Boone, his son Israel, and his
+brother Samuel, with a strong party of men from Boonesborough. Colonel
+Stephen Trigg led a similar corps from Harrodsburg; and Colonel John
+Todd headed the militia from Lexington. Majors Harland, McGary, McBride,
+and Levi Todd were also among the arrivals.[43]
+
+It is said that nearly one-third of the whole force assembled at
+Bryant's Station were commissioned officers, many of whom had hurried
+to the relief of their countrymen. This superior activity is to be
+accounted for by the fact that the officers were generally selected
+from the most active and skillful of the pioneers.
+
+A consultation was held in a tumultuous manner, and it was determined
+to pursue the enemy at once. The Indians had retreated by way of the
+Lower Blue Licks. The pursuit was commenced without waiting for the
+junction of Colonel Logan, who was known to be coming up with a strong
+reinforcement. The trail of the enemy exhibited a degree of carelessness
+very unusual in an Indian retreat. Various articles were strewn along
+the path, as if in terror they had been abandoned. These symptoms, while
+they increased the ardor of the young men, excited the apprehensions
+of the more experienced borderers, and Boone in particular. He noticed
+that, amid all the signs of disorder so lavishly displayed, the Indians
+seemed to take even unusual care to conceal their numbers by contracting
+their camp. It would seem that the Indians had rather overdone their
+stratagem. It was very natural to those not much experienced in Indian
+warfare to suppose that the articles found strewn along the road had
+been abandoned in the hurry of flight; but when they found that the
+utmost pains had been taken to point out the way to them by chopping the
+trees, one would have thought that the rawest among them, who had only
+spent a few months on the border, could have seen through so transparent
+an artifice. But these indications were disregarded in the desire felt
+to punish the Indians for their invasion.
+
+Nothing was seen of the enemy till the Kentuckians reached the Blue
+Licks. Here, just as they arrived at Licking River, a few Indians were
+seen on the other side, retreating without any appearance of alarm.
+The troops now made a halt, and the officers held a consultation to
+determine on the course to be pursued. Colonel Daniel Boone, on being
+appealed to as the most experienced person present, gave his opinion as
+follows:
+
+"That their situation was critical and delicate: that the force opposed
+to them was undoubtedly numerous and ready for battle, as might readily
+be seen from the leisurely retreat of the few Indians who had appeared
+upon the crest of the hill; that he was well acquainted with the ground
+in the neighborhood of the Licks, and was apprehensive that an ambuscade
+was formed at the distance of a mile in advance, where two ravines, one
+upon each side of the ridge, ran in such a manner that a concealed enemy
+might assail them at once both in front and flank before they were
+apprized of the danger.
+
+"It would be proper, therefore, to do one of two things. Either to await
+the arrival of Logan, who was now undoubtedly on his march to join them;
+or, if it was determined to attack without delay, that one-half of their
+number should march up the river, which there bends in an elliptical
+form, cross at the rapids, and fall upon the rear of the enemy, while
+the other division attacked them in front. At any rate, he strongly
+urged the necessity of reconnoitering the ground carefully before the
+main body crossed the river."[44]
+
+McClung, in his "Western Adventures," doubts whether the plan of
+operation proposed by Colonel Boone would have been more successful than
+that actually adopted; suggesting that the enemy would have cut them off
+in detail, as at Estill's defeat.
+
+But before the officers could come to any conclusion, Major McGary
+dashed into the river on horseback, calling on all who were not cowards
+to follow. The next moment the whole of the party were advancing to the
+attack with the greatest ardor, but without any order whatever. Horse
+and foot struggled through the river together, and, without waiting to
+form, rushed up the ascent from the shore.
+
+"Suddenly," says McClung, "the van halted. They had reached the spot
+mentioned by Boone, where the two ravines head, on each side of the
+ridge. Here a body of Indians presented themselves, and attacked the
+van. McGary's party instantly returned the fire, but under great
+disadvantage. They were upon a bare and open ridge; the Indians in a
+bushy ravine. The centre and rear, ignorant of the ground, hurried up
+to the assistance of the van, but were soon stopped by a terrible fire
+from the ravine which flanked them. They found themselves enclosed as
+if in the wings of a net, destitute of proper shelter, while the enemy
+were in a great measure covered from their fire. Still, however, they
+maintained their ground. The action became warm and bloody. The parties
+gradually closed, the Indians emerged from the ravine, and the fire
+became mutually destructive. The officers suffered dreadfully. Todd and
+Trigg in the rear, Harland, McBride, and young Israel Boone in front,
+were already killed."
+
+"The Indians gradually extended their line to turn the right of the
+Kentuckians, and cut off their retreat. This was quickly perceived by
+the weight of the fire from that quarter, and the rear instantly fell
+back in disorder, and attempted to rush through their only opening to
+the river. The motion quickly communicated itself to the van, and a
+hurried retreat became general. The Indians instantly sprung forward
+in pursuit, and, falling upon them with their tomahawks, made a cruel
+slaughter. From the battle-ground to the river the spectacle was
+terrible. The horsemen, generally, escaped; but the foot, particularly
+the van, which had advanced furthest within the wings of the net, were
+almost totally destroyed. Colonel Boone, after witnessing the death of
+his son and many of his dearest friends, found himself almost entirely
+surrounded at the very commencement of the retreat."
+
+"Several hundred Indians were between him and the ford, to which the
+great mass of the fugitives were bending their flight, and to which the
+attention of the savages was principally directed. Being intimately
+acquainted with the ground, he, together with a few friends, dashed into
+the ravine which the Indians had occupied, but which most of them had
+now left to join in the pursuit. After sustaining one or two heavy
+fires, and baffling one or two small parties who pursued him for a short
+distance, he crossed the river below the ford by swimming, and, entering
+the wood at a point where there was no pursuit, returned by a circuitous
+route to Bryant's Station. In the mean time, the great mass of the
+victors and vanquished crowded the bank of the ford."
+
+"The slaughter was great in the river. The ford was crowded with horsemen
+and foot and Indians, all mingled together. Some were compelled to seek
+a passage above by swimming; some who could not swim were overtaken and
+killed at the edge of the water. A man by the name of Netherland, who
+had formerly been strongly suspected of cowardice, here displayed a
+coolness and presence of mind equally noble and unexpected. Being finely
+mounted, he had outstripped the great mass of fugitives, and crossed
+the river in safety. A dozen or twenty horsemen accompanied him, and,
+having placed the river between them and the enemy, showed a disposition
+to continue their flight, without regard to the safety of their friends
+who were on foot, and still struggling with the current."
+
+"Netherland instantly checked his horse, and in a loud voice, called
+upon his companions to halt, fire upon the Indians, and save those who
+were still in the stream. The party instantly obeyed; and facing about,
+poured a close and fatal discharge of rifles upon the foremost of the
+pursuers. The enemy instantly fell back from the opposite bank, and gave
+time for the harassed and miserable footmen to cross in safety. The
+check, however, was but momentary. Indians were seen crossing in great
+numbers above and below, and the flight again became general. Most of
+the foot left the great buffalo track, and plunging into the thickets,
+escaped by a circuitous route to Bryant's Station."
+
+The pursuit was kept up for twenty miles, though with but little
+success. In the flight from the scene of action to the river, young
+Reynolds, (the same who replied to Girty's summons at Bryant's Station,)
+on horseback, overtook Captain Patterson on foot. This officer had not
+recovered from the effects of wounds received on a former occasion, and
+was altogether unable to keep up with the rest of the fugitives.
+
+Reynolds immediately dismounted, and gave the captain his horse.
+Continuing his flight on foot, he swam the river, but was made prisoner
+by a party of Indians. He was left in charge of a single Indian, whom he
+soon knocked down, and so escaped. For the assistance he so gallantly
+rendered him, Captain Patterson rewarded Reynolds with a present of two
+hundred acres of land.
+
+Sixty whites were killed in this battle of the Blue Licks, and seven
+made prisoners. Colonel Boone, in his Autobiography, says that he was
+informed that the Indian loss in killed, was four more than that of the
+Kentuckians, and that the former put four of the prisoners to death,
+to make the numbers equal. But this account does not seem worthy of
+credit, when we consider the vastly superior numbers of the Indians,
+their advantage of position, and the disorderly manner in which the
+Kentuckians advanced. If this account is true, the loss of the Indians
+in the actual battle must have been much greater than that of their
+opponents, many of the latter having been killed in the pursuit.
+
+As the loss of the Kentuckians on this occasion, the heaviest they had
+ever sustained, was undoubtedly caused by rashness, it becomes our duty,
+according to the established usage of historians, to attempt to show
+where the fault lies. The conduct of McGary, which brought on the
+action, appears to be the most culpable. He never denied the part which
+is generally attributed to him, but justified himself by saying that
+while at Bryant's Station, he had advised waiting for Logan, but was
+met with the charge of cowardice. He believed that Todd and Trigg were
+jealous of Logan, who was the senior Colonel, and would have taken the
+command had he come up. This statement he made to a gentleman several
+years after the battle took place. He said also to the same person, that
+when he found them hesitating in the presence of the enemy, he "burst
+into a passion," called them cowards, and dashed into the river as
+before narrated. If this account be true, it may somewhat palliate, but
+certainly not justify the action.
+
+Before the fugitives reached Bryant's Station, they met Logan advancing
+with his detachment. The exaggerated accounts he received of the
+slaughter, induced him to return to the above-mentioned place. On the
+next morning all who had escaped from the battle were assembled, when
+Logan found himself at the head of four hundred and fifty men. With this
+force, accompanied by Colonel Boone, he set out for the scene of action,
+hoping that the enemy, encouraged by their success, would await his
+arrival. But when he reached the field, he found it deserted. The bodies
+of the slain Kentuckians, frightfully mangled, were strewed over the
+ground. After collecting and interring these, Logan and Boone, finding
+they could do nothing more, returned to Bryant's Station, where they
+disbanded the troops.
+
+"By such rash men as McGary," says Mr. Peck,[45] "Colonel Boone was
+charged with want of courage, when the result proved his superior wisdom
+and fore-sight. All the testimony gives Boone credit for his sagacity
+and correctness in judgment before the action, and his coolness and
+self-possession in covering the retreat. His report of this battle to
+Benjamin Harrison, Governor of Virginia, is one of the few documents
+that remain from his pen."
+
+"Boone's Station, Fayette County, August 30th, 1782.
+
+"Sir: Present circumstances of affairs cause me to write to your
+Excellency as follows. On the 16th instant, a large number of Indians,
+with some white men, attacked one of our frontier Stations, known by the
+name of Bryant's Station. The siege continued from about sunrise till
+about ten o'clock the next day, when they marched off. Notice being
+given to the neighboring Stations, we immediately raised one hundred and
+eighty-one horse, commanded by Colonel John Todd, including some of the
+Lincoln County militia, commanded by Colonel Trigg, and pursued about
+forty miles.
+
+"On the 19th instant, we discovered the enemy lying in wait for us.
+On this discovery, we formed our columns into one single line, and
+marched up in their front within about forty yards, before there was
+a gun fired. Colonel Trigg commanded on the right, myself on the left,
+Major McGary in the centre, and Major Harlan the advanced party in
+front. From the manner in which we had formed, it fell to my lot to
+bring on the attack. This was done with a very heavy fire on both sides,
+and extended back of the line to Colonel Trigg, where the enemy were so
+strong they rushed up and broke the right wing at the first fire. Thus
+the enemy got in our rear, with the loss of seventy-seven of our men,
+and twelve wounded. Afterward we were reinforced by Colonel Logan,
+which made our force four hundred and sixty men. We marched again to
+the battle-ground; but finding the enemy had gone, we proceeded to bury
+the dead.
+
+"We found forty-three on the ground, and many lay about, which we could
+not stay to find, hungry and weary as we were, and somewhat dubious that
+the enemy might not have gone off quite. By the signs, we thought that
+the Indians had exceeded four hundred; while the whole of this militia
+of the county does not amount to more than one hundred and thirty. From
+these facts your Excellency may form an idea of our situation.
+
+"I know that your own circumstances are critical; but are we to be
+wholly forgotten? I hope not. I trust about five hundred men may be sent
+to our assistance immediately. If these shall be stationed as our county
+lieutenants shall deem necessary, it may be the means of saving our part
+of the country; but if they are placed under the direction of General
+Clark, they will be of little or no service to our settlement. The Falls
+lie one hundred miles west of us, and the Indians northeast; while our
+men are frequently called to protect them. I have encouraged the people
+in this county all that I could; but I can no longer justify them or
+myself to risk our lives here under such extraordinary hazards. The
+inhabitants of this county are very much alarmed at the thoughts of
+the Indians bringing another campaign into our country this fall.
+If this should be the case, it will break up these settlements. I hope,
+therefore, your Excellency will take the matter into consideration, and
+send us some relief as quick as possible.
+
+"These are my sentiments, without consulting any person. Colonel Logan
+will, I expect, immediately send you an express, by whom I humbly
+request your Excellency's answer. In the meanwhile, I remain,"
+
+DANIEL BOONE.
+
+[Footnote 43: Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 44: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 45: "Life of Boone," p. 130.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+     The Indians return home from the Blue Licks--They attack
+     the settlements in Jefferson County--Affair at Simpson's
+     Creek--General Clark's expedition to the Indian country--Colonel
+     Boone joins it--Its effect--Attack of the Indians on the
+     Crab Orchard settlement--Rumor of intended invasion by
+     the Cherokees--Difficulties about the treaty with Great
+     Britain--Hostilities of the Indians generally stimulated by
+     renegade whites--Simon Girty--Causes of his hatred of the
+     whites--Girty insulted by General Lewis--Joins the Indians
+     at the battle of Point Pleasant--Story of his rescuing Simon
+     Kenton--Crawford's expedition, and the burning of Crawford--Close
+     of Girty's career.
+
+
+Most of the Indians who had taken part in the battle of the Blue Licks,
+according to their custom, returned home to boast of their victory,
+thus abandoning all the advantages which might have resulted to them
+from following up their success. Some of them, however, attacked the
+settlements in Jefferson County but they were prevented from doing much
+mischief by the vigilance of the inhabitants. They succeeded, however,
+in breaking up a small settlement on Simpson's Creek. This they attacked
+in the night, while the men, wearied by a scout of several days, were
+asleep. The enemy entered the houses before their occupants were fully
+aroused. Notwithstanding this, several of the men defended themselves
+with great courage. Thomas Randolph killed several Indians before his
+wife and infant were struck down at his side, when he escaped with his
+remaining child through the roof. On reaching the ground he was assailed
+by two of the savages, but he beat them off, and escaped. Several women
+escaped to the woods, and two were secreted under the floor of a cabin,
+where they remained undiscovered. Still the Indians captured quite a
+number of women and children, some of whom they put to death on the road
+home. The rest were liberated the next year upon the conclusion of peace
+with the English.
+
+General George Rogers Clark proposed a retaliatory expedition into
+the Indian country, and to carry out the plan, called a council of the
+superior officers. The council agreed to his plan, and preparations
+were made to raise the requisite number of troops by drafting, if there
+should be any deficiency of volunteers. But it was not found necessary
+to resort to compulsory measures, both men and supplies for the
+expedition were raised without difficulty. The troops to the number of
+one thousand, all mounted, assembled at Bryant's Station, and the Falls
+of the Ohio, from whence the two detachments marched under Logan and
+Floyd to the mouth of the Licking, where general Clark assumed the
+command. Colonel Boone took part in this expedition; but probably as
+a volunteer. He is not mentioned as having a separate command.
+
+The history of this expedition, like most others of the same nature,
+possesses but little interest. The army with all the expedition they
+could make, and for which the species of force was peculiarly favorable,
+failed to surprise the Indians. These latter opposed no resistance of
+importance to the advance of the army. Occasionally, a straggling party
+would fire upon the Kentuckians, but never waited to receive a similar
+compliment in return. Seven Indians were taken prisoners, and three or
+four killed; one of them an old chief, too infirm to fly, was killed
+by Major McGary. The towns of the Indians were burnt, and their fields
+devastated. The expedition returned to Kentucky with the loss of four
+men, two of whom were accidentally killed by their own comrades.
+
+This invasion, though apparently so barren of result, is supposed to
+have produced a beneficial effect, by impressing the Indians with the
+numbers and courage of the Kentuckians. They appear from this time to
+have given up the expectation of reconquering the country, and confined
+their hostilities to the rapid incursions of small bands.
+
+During the expedition of Clark, a party of Indians penetrated to the
+Crab Orchard settlement. They made an attack upon a single house,
+containing only a woman, a negro man, and two or three children. One of
+the Indians, who had been sent in advance to reconnoitre, seeing the
+weakness of the garrison, thought to get all the glory of the
+achievement to himself.
+
+He boldly entered the house and seized the negro, who proving strongest,
+threw him on the floor, when the woman dispatched him with an axe. The
+other Indians coming up, attempted to force open the door which had been
+closed by the children during the scuffle. There was no gun in the
+house, but the woman seized an old barrel of one, and thrust the muzzle
+through the logs, at which the Indians retreated.
+
+The year 1783 passed away without any disturbance from the Indians, who
+were restrained by the desertion of their allies the British. In 1784,
+the southern frontier of Kentucky was alarmed by the rumor of an
+intended invasion by the Cherokees, and some preparations were made for
+an expedition against them, which fell through, however, because there
+was no authority to carry it on. The report of the hostility of the
+Cherokees proved to be untrue.
+
+Meanwhile difficulties arose in performance of the terms of the treaty
+between England and the United States. They appear to have originated
+in a dispute in regard to an article contained in the treaty, providing
+that the British army should not carry away with them any negroes or
+other property belonging to the American inhabitants. In consequence of
+what they deemed an infraction of this article, the Virginians refused
+to comply with another, which stipulated for the repeal of acts
+prohibiting the collection of debts due to British subjects. The British,
+on the other hand, refused to evacuate the western posts till this
+article was complied with. It was natural that the intercourse which had
+always existed between the Indians and the garrisons of these posts,
+during the period they had acted as allies, should continue, and it did.
+
+In the unwritten history of the difficulties of the United States
+Government with the Indian tribes within her established boundaries,
+nothing appears clearer than this truth: that the fierce and sanguinary
+resistance of the aborigines to the encroachments of the Anglo-Americans
+has ever been begun and continued more through the instigations of
+outlawed white men, who had sought protection among them from the arm
+of the law or the knife of individual vengeance, and been adopted into
+their tribes, than from the promptings of their own judgments, their
+disregard of death, their thirst for the blood of their oppressors,
+or their love of country.[46]
+
+That their sense of wrong has at all times been keen, their hate deadly,
+and their bravery great, is a fact beyond dispute; and that they have
+prized highly their old hunting-grounds, and felt a warm and lively
+attachment to their beautiful village-sites, and regarded with especial
+veneration the burial-places of their fathers, their whole history
+attests; but of their own weakness in war, before the arms and numbers
+of their enemies, they must have been convinced at a very early period:
+and they were neither so dull in apprehension, nor so weak in intellect,
+as not soon to have perceived the utter hopelessness, and felt the mad
+folly, of a continued contest with their invaders. Long before the
+settlement of the whites upon this continent, the Indians had been
+subject to bloody and exterminating wars among themselves; and such
+conflicts had generally resulted in the flight of the weaker party
+toward the West, and the occupancy of their lands by the conquerors.
+Many of the tribes had a tradition among them, and regarded it as their
+unchangeable destiny, that they were to journey from the rising to the
+setting sun, on their way to the bright waters and the green forests of
+the "Spirit Land;" and the working out of this destiny seems apparent,
+if not in the location, course, and character of the tumult and other
+remains of the great aboriginal nations of whom even tradition furnishes
+no account, certainly in what we know of the history of the tribes found
+on the Atlantic coast by the first European settlers.
+
+It seems fairly presumable, from our knowledge of the history and
+character of the North American Indians, that had they been left to
+the promptings of their own judgments, and been influenced only by the
+deliberations of their own councils, they would, after a brief, but
+perhaps most bloody, resistance to the encroachments of the whites, have
+bowed to what would have struck their untutored minds as an inevitable
+destiny, and year after year flowed silently, as the European wave
+pressed upon them, further and further into the vast wildernesses
+of the mighty West. But left to their own judgments, or their own
+deliberations, they never have been. Early armed by renegade white men
+with European weapons, and taught the improvement of their own rude
+instruments of warfare, and instigated not only to oppose the strides
+of their enemies after territory, but to commit depredations upon their
+settlements, and to attempt to chastise them at their very thresholds,
+they drew down upon themselves the wrath of a people which is not slow
+to anger, nor easily appeased; and as far back as the Revolution,
+if not as the colonizing of Massachusetts, their breasts were filled
+with a hatred of the whites, deadly and unslumbering. Through all our
+subsequent transactions with them, this feeling has been increasing in
+magnitude and intensity: and recent events have carried it to a pitch
+which will render it enduring forever, perhaps not in its activity, but
+certainly in its bitterness. Whether more amicable relations with the
+whites, during the first settlements made upon this continent by the
+Europeans, would have changed materially the ultimate destiny of the
+aboriginal tribes, is a question about which diversities of opinion
+may well be entertained; but it is not to be considered here.
+
+The fierce, and bloody, and continuous opposition which the Indians
+have made from the first to the encroachments of the Anglo-Americans,
+is matter of history; and close scrutiny will show, that the great
+instigators of that opposition have always, or nearly so, been _renegade
+white men_. Scattered through the tribes east of the Alleghanies,
+before and during the American Revolution, there were many such
+miscreants. Among the Western tribes, during the early settlement of
+Kentucky and Ohio, and at the period of the last war with Great Britain,
+there were a number, some of them men of talent and great activity.
+One of the boldest and most notorious of these latter, was one whom we
+have had frequent occasion to mention, SIMON GIRTY--for many years the
+scourge of the infant settlements in the West, the terror of women, and
+the bugaboo of children. This man was an adopted member of the great
+Wyandot nation, among whom he ranked high as an expert hunter, a brave
+warrior, and a powerful orator. His influence extended through all the
+tribes of the West, and was generally exerted to incite the Indians to
+expeditions against the "Stations" of Kentucky, and to acts of cruelty
+to their white prisoners. The bloodiest counsel was usually his; his
+was the voice which was raised loudest against his countrymen, who were
+preparing the way for the introduction of civilization and Christianity
+into this glorious region; and in all great attacks upon the frontier
+settlements he was one of the prime movers, and among the prominent
+leaders.
+
+Of the causes of that venomous hatred, which rankled in the bosom of
+Simon Girty against his countrymen, we have two or three versions:
+such as, that he early imbibed a feeling of contempt and abhorrence of
+civilized life, from the brutality of his father, the lapse from virtue
+of his mother, and the corruptions of the community in which he had his
+birth and passed his boyhood; that, while acting with the whites against
+the Indians on the Virginia border, he was stung to the quick, and
+deeply offended by the appointment to a station over his head, of one
+who was his junior in years, and had rendered nothing like his services
+to the frontiers; and that, when attached as a scout to Dunmore's
+expedition, an indignity was heaped upon him which thoroughly soured his
+nature, and drove him to the Indians, that he might more effectually
+execute a vengeance which he swore to wreak. The last reason assigned
+for his defection and animosity is the most probable of the three, rests
+upon good authority, and seems sufficient, his character considered, to
+account for his desertion and subsequent career among the Indians.
+
+The history of the indignity alluded to, as it has reached the
+writer[47] from one who was associated with Girty and a partaker in it,
+is as follows: The two were acting as scouts in the expedition set on
+foot by Governor Dunmore, of Virginia, in the year 1774, against the
+Indian towns of Ohio. The two divisions of the force raised for this
+expedition, the one commanded by Governor Dunmore in person, the other
+by General Andrew Lewis, were by the orders of the governor to form a
+junction at Point Pleasant, where the Great Kenhawa empties into the
+Ohio. At this place, General Lewis arrived with his command on the
+eleventh or twelfth of September; but after remaining here two or three
+weeks in anxious expectation of the approach of the other division, he
+received dispatches from the governor, informing him that Dunmore had
+changed his plan, and determined to march at once against the villages
+on the Scioto, and ordering him to cross the Ohio immediately and join
+him as speedily as possible. It was during the delay at the Point that
+the incident occurred which is supposed to have had such a tremendous
+influence upon Girty's after-life. He and his associate scout had
+rendered some two or three months' services, for which they had as
+yet drawn no part of their pay; and in their present idleness they
+discovered means of enjoyment, of which they had not money to avail
+themselves. In this strait, they called upon Gen. Lewis in person,
+at his quarters, and demanded their pay. For some unknown cause this
+was refused, which produced a slight murmuring on the part of the
+applicants, when General Lewis cursed them, and struck them several
+severe blows over their heads with his cane. Girty's associate was not
+much hurt; but he himself was so badly wounded on the forehead or temple
+that the blood streamed down his cheek and side to the floor. He quickly
+turned to leave the apartment; but, on reaching the door, wheeled round,
+planted his feet firmly upon the sill, braced an arm against either
+side of the frame, fixed his keen eyes unflinchingly upon the general,
+uttered the exclamation, "_By God, sir, your quarters shall swim in
+blood for this_!" and instantly disappeared beyond pursuit.
+
+General Lewis was not much pleased with the sudden and apparently
+causeless change which Governor Dunmore had made in the plan of the
+expedition. Nevertheless, he immediately prepared to obey the new
+orders, and had given directions for the construction of rafts upon
+which to cross the Ohio, when, before daylight on the morning of the
+10th of October, some of the scouts suddenly entered the encampment
+with the information that an immense body of Indians was just at hand,
+hastening upon the Point. This was the force of the brave and skillful
+chief Cornstalk, whose genius and valor were so conspicuous on that day,
+throughout the whole of which raged the hardly-contested and moat bloody
+_Battle of the Point_. Girty had fled from General Lewis immediately to
+the chief Cornstalk, forsworn his white nature, and leagued himself with
+the Redman forever; and with the Indians he was now advancing, under
+the cover of night, to surprise the Virginian camp. At the distance of
+only a mile from the Point, Cornstalk was met by a detachment of the
+Virginians, under the command of Colonel Charles Lewis, a brother of the
+general; and here, about sunrise on the 10th of October, 1774, commenced
+one of the longest, severest, and bloodiest battles ever fought upon the
+Western frontiers. It terminated, as we have seen, about sunset, with
+the defeat of the Indians it is true, but with a loss to the whites
+which carried mourning into many a mansion of the Old Dominion, and
+which was keenly felt throughout the country at the time, and
+remembered with sorrow long after.
+
+Girty having thrown himself among the Indians, as has been related,
+and embraced their cause, now retreated with them into the interior
+of Ohio, and ever after followed their fortunes without swerving. On
+arriving at the towns of the Wyandots, he was adopted into that tribe,
+and established himself at Upper Sandusky. Being active, of a strong
+constitution, fearless in the extreme, and at all times ready to
+join their war parties, lie soon became very popular among his new
+associates, and a man of much consequence. He was engaged in most of
+the expeditions against the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and
+Virginia--always brave and always cruel--till the year 1778, when
+occurred an incident which, as it is the only bright spot apparent
+on the whole dark career of the renegade, shall be related with some
+particularity.
+
+Girty happened to be at Lower Sandusky this year, when Kenton--known at
+that period as Simon Butler--was brought in to be executed by a party
+of Indians who had made him a prisoner on the banks of the Ohio.
+Years before, Kenton and Girty had been bosom companions at Fort Pitt,
+and served together subsequently in the commencement of Dunmore's
+expedition; but the victim was already blackened for the stake, and the
+renegade failed to recognize in him his former associate. Girty had at
+this time but just returned from an expedition against the frontier of
+Pennsylvania, which had been less successful than he had anticipated,
+and was enraged by disappointment. He, therefore, as soon as Kenton was
+brought into the village, began to give vent to a portion of his spleen
+by cuffing and kicking the prisoner, whom he eventually knocked down.
+He knew that Kenton had come from Kentucky; and this harsh treatment was
+bestowed in part, it is thought, to frighten the prisoner into answers
+of such questions as he might wish to ask him. He then inquired how many
+men there were in Kentucky. Kenton could not answer this question, but
+ran over the names and ranks of such of the officers as he at the time
+recollected. "Do you know William Stewart?" asked Girty. "Perfectly
+well," replied Kenton; "he is an old and intimate acquaintance."
+"Ah! what is _your_ name, then?" "Simon Butler," answered Kenton; and
+on the instant of this announcement the hardened renegade caught his
+old comrade by the hand, lifted him from the ground, pressed him to his
+bosom, asked his forgiveness for having treated him so brutally, and
+promised to do every thing in his power to save his life, and set him
+at liberty. "Syme!" said he, weeping like a child, "you are condemned
+to die, but it shall go hard with me, I tell you, but I will save you
+from _that_."
+
+There have been various accounts given of this interesting scene, and
+all agree in representing Girty as having been deeply affected, and
+moved for the moment to penitence and tears. The foundation of McClung's
+detail of the speeches made upon the occasion was a manuscript dictated
+by Kenton himself a number of years before his death. From this writer
+we therefore quote:
+
+"As soon as Girty heard the name he became strongly agitated; and,
+springing from his seat, he threw his arms around Kenton's neck, and
+embraced him with much emotion. Then turning to the assembled warriors,
+who remained astonished spectators of this extraordinary scene, he
+addressed them in a short speech, which the deep earnestness of his
+tone, and the energy of his gesture, rendered eloquent. He informed
+them that the prisoner, whom they had just condemned to the stake, was
+his ancient comrade and bosom friend; that they had traveled the same
+war-path, slept upon the same blanket, and dwelt in the same wigwam.
+He entreated them to have compassion on his feelings--to spare him the
+agony of witnessing the torture of an old friend by the hands of his
+adopted brothers, and not to refuse so trifling a favor as the life of
+a white man to the earnest intercession of one who had proved, by three
+years' faithful service, that he was sincerely and zealously devoted to
+the cause of the Indians.
+
+"The speech was listened to in unbroken silence. As soon as he had
+finished, several chiefs expressed their approbation by a deep guttural
+interjection, while others were equally as forward in making known their
+objections to the proposal. They urged that his fate had already been
+determined in a large and solemn council, and that they would be acting
+like squaws to change their minds every hour. They insisted upon the
+flagrant misdemeanors of Kenton--that he had not only stolen their
+horses, but had flashed his gun at one of their young men--that it was
+vain to suppose that so bad a man could ever become an Indian at heart,
+like their brother Girty--that the Kentuckians were all alike--very bad
+people--and ought to be killed as fast as they were taken--and finally,
+they observed that many of their people had come from a distance, solely
+to assist at the torture of the prisoner, and pathetically painted the
+disappointment and chagrin with which they would hear that all their
+trouble had been for nothing.
+
+"Girty listened with obvious impatience to the young warriors who had
+so ably argued against a reprieve--and starting to his feet, as soon
+as the others had concluded, he urged his former request with great
+earnestness. He briefly, but strongly recapitulated his own services,
+and the many and weighty instances of attachment he had given. He asked
+if _he_ could be suspected of partiality to the whites? When had he ever
+before interceded for any of that hated race? Had he not brought seven
+scalps home with him from the last expedition? and had he not submitted
+seven white prisoners that very evening to their discretion? Had he ever
+expressed a wish that a single captive should be saved? _This_ was his
+first and should be his last request: for if they refused to _him_, what
+was never refused to the intercession of one of their natural chiefs,
+he would look upon himself as disgraced in their eyes, and considered
+as unworthy of confidence. Which of their own natural warriors had
+been more zealous than himself? From what expedition had he ever
+shrunk?--what white man had ever seen his back? Whose tomahawk had been
+bloodier than his? He would say no more. He asked it as a first and last
+favor, as an evidence that they approved of his zeal and fidelity, that
+the life of his bosom friend might be spared. Fresh speakers arose upon
+each side, and the debate was carried on for an hour and a half with
+great heat and energy.
+
+"During the whole of this time, Kenton's feelings may readily
+be imagined. He could not understand a syllable of what was said.
+He saw that Girty spoke with deep earnestness, and that the eyes of
+the assembly were often turned upon himself with various expressions.
+He felt satisfied that his friend was pleading for his life, and that
+he was violently opposed by a large part of the council. At length the
+war-club was produced, and the final vote taken. Kenton watched its
+progress with thrilling emotion--which yielded to the most rapturous
+delight, as he perceived that those who struck the floor of the
+council-house, were decidedly inferior in number to those who passed it
+in silence. Having thus succeeded in his benevolent purpose, Girty lost
+no time in attending to the comfort of his friend. He led him into his
+own wigwam, and from his own store gave him a pair of moccasins and
+leggins, a breech-cloth, a hat, a coat, a handkerchief for his neck,
+and another for his head."
+
+In the course of a few weeks, and after passing through some
+further difficulties, in which the renegade again stood by him
+faithfully, Kenton was sent to Detroit, from which place he effected
+his escape and returned to Kentucky. Girty remained with the Indians,
+retaining his old influence, and continuing his old career; and four
+years after the occurrences last detailed, in 1782, we find him a
+prominent figure in one of the blackest tragedies that have ever
+disgraced the annals of mankind. It is generally believed, by the old
+settlers and their immediate descendants, that the influence of Girty
+at this period, over the confederate tribes of the whole northwest,
+was almost supreme. He had, it is true, no delegated authority, and
+of course was powerless as regarded the final determination of any
+important measure; but his voice was permitted in council among the
+chiefs, and his inflaming harangues were always listened to with delight
+by the young warriors. Among the sachems and other head-men, he was what
+may well be styled a "power behind the throne;" and as it is well known
+that this unseen power is often "greater than the throne itself," it may
+reasonably be presumed that Girty's influence was in reality all which
+it is supposed to have been. The horrible event alluded to above, was
+the _Burning of Crawford_; and as a knowledge of this dark passage in
+his life, is necessary to a full development of the character of the
+renegade, an account of the incident, as much condensed as possible,
+will be given from the histories of the unfortunate campaign of that
+year.
+
+The frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia, had been
+greatly harassed by repeated attacks from bands of Indians under Girty
+and some of the Wyandot and Shawnee chiefs, during the whole period
+of the Revolutionary War; and early in the spring of 1782, these savage
+incursions became so frequent and galling, and the common mode of
+fighting the Indians on the line of frontier, when forced to do so
+in self-defense, proved so inefficient, that it was found absolutely
+necessary to carry the war into the country of the enemy. For this
+purpose an expedition against the Wyandot towns on the Sandusky, was
+gotten up in May, and put under the command of Colonel William Crawford,
+a brave soldier of the Revolution. This force, amounting to upward
+of four hundred mounted volunteers, commenced its march through the
+wilderness northwest of the Ohio River, on the 25th of May, and
+reached the plains of the Sandusky on the 5th of June. A spirit of
+insubordination had manifested itself during the march, and on one
+occasion a small body of the volunteers abandoned the expedition and
+returned to their homes. The disaffection which had prevailed on the
+march, continued to disturb the commander and divide the ranks, after
+their arrival upon the very site (now deserted temporarily) of one of
+the enemy's principal towns; and the officers, yielding to the wishes of
+their men, had actually determined, in a hasty council, to abandon the
+objects of the expedition and return home, if they did not meet with the
+Indians in large force in the course of another day's march. Scarcely
+had this determination been announced, however, when Colonel Crawford
+received intelligence from his scouts, of the near approach of a large
+body of the enemy. Preparations were at once made for the engagement,
+which almost instantly commenced. It was now about the middle of the
+afternoon; and from this time till dusk the firing was hot and galling
+on both sides. About dark the Indians drew off their force, when the
+volunteers encamped upon the battle-ground, and slept on their arms.
+
+The next day, the battle was renewed by small detachments of the
+enemy, but no general engagement took place. The Indians had suffered
+severely from the close firing which ensued upon their first attack,
+and were now maneuvering and awaiting the arrival of reinforcements.
+No sooner had night closed upon this madly spent day, than the officers
+assembled in council. They were unanimous in the opinion that the enemy,
+already as they thought more numerous than their own force, was rapidly
+increasing in numbers. They therefore determined, without a dissenting
+voice, to retreat that night, as rapidly as circumstances would permit.
+This resolution was at once announced to the whole body of volunteers,
+and the arrangements necessary to carry it into effect were immediately
+commenced. By nine or ten o'clock every thing was in readiness--the
+troops properly disposed--and the retreat begun in good order. But
+unfortunately, says McClung, "they had scarcely moved an hundred paces,
+when the report of several rifles was heard in the rear, in the
+direction of the Indian encampment. The troops instantly became very
+unsteady. At length a solitary voice, in the front rank, called out that
+their design was discovered, and that the Indians would soon be upon
+them. Nothing more was necessary. The cavalry were instantly broken;
+and, as usual, each man endeavored to save himself as he best could.
+A prodigious uproar ensued, which quickly communicated to the enemy that
+the white men had routed themselves, and that they had nothing to do but
+pick up stragglers." A scene of confusion and carnage now took place,
+which almost beggars description. All that night and for the whole of
+the next day, the work of hunting out, running down, and butchering,
+continued without intermission. But a relation of these sad occurrences
+does not properly belong to this narrative. The brief account of the
+expedition which has been given, was deemed necessary as an introduction
+to the event which now claims attention.
+
+Among the prisoners taken by the Indians, were Colonel Crawford,
+the commander, and Dr. Knight of Pittsburg, who had gone upon the
+expedition as surgeon. On the 10th of June, these gentlemen were
+marched toward the principal town of the Wyandots, where they arrived
+the next day. Here they beheld the mangled bodies of some of their late
+companions, and were doomed to see others, yet living, butchered before
+their eyes. Here, likewise, they saw Simon Girty, who appeared to take
+an infernal delight in gazing upon the dead bodies, and viewing the
+tortures which were inflicted upon the living. The features of this
+wretch, who had known Colonel Crawford at Fort Pitt, were clad in
+malicious smiles at beholding the brave soldier in his present strait;
+and toward Dr. Knight he conducted himself with insolence as well as
+barbarity. The Colonel was soon stripped naked, painted black, and
+commanded to sit down by a large fire which was blazing close at hand;
+and in this situation he was surrounded by all the old women and young
+boys of the town, and severely beaten with sticks and clubs. While this
+was going on, the Indians were sinking a large stake in the ground, and
+building a circle of brushwood and hickory sticks around it, with a
+diameter of some twelve or fifteen feet. These preparations completed,
+Crawford's hands were tied firmly behind his back, and by his wrists
+he was bound to the stake. The pile was then fired in several places,
+and the quick flames curled into the air. Girty took no part in these
+operations, but sat upon his horse at a little distance, observing them
+with a malignant satisfaction. Catching his eye at the moment the pile
+was fired, Crawford inquired of the renegade if the savages really
+meant to burn him. Girty coldly answered "Yes," and the Colonel calmly
+resigned himself to his fate. The whole scene is minutely described
+in the several histories which have been written of this unfortunate
+expedition; but the particulars are too horrible to be dwelt upon
+here For more than two hours did the gallant soldier survive at that
+flame-girdled stake; and during the latter half of this time, he was
+put to every torture which savage ingenuity could devise, and hellish
+vengeance execute. Once only did a word escape his lips. In the
+extremity of his agony he again caught the eye of Girty; and he is
+reported to have exclaimed at this time, "Girty! Girty! shoot me through
+the heart! Do not refuse me! quick!--quick!" And it is said that the
+monster merely replied, "Don't you see I have no gun, Colonel?" then
+burst into a loud laugh and turned away. Crawford said no more; he sank
+repeatedly beneath the pain and suffocation which he endured, and was
+as often aroused by a new torture; but in a little while the "vital
+spark" fled, and the black and swollen body lay senseless at the foot
+of the stake.
+
+Dr. Knight was now removed from the spot, and placed under the charge
+of a Shawanee warrior to be taken to Chillicothe, where he was to share
+in the terrible fate of his late companion. The Doctor, however, was
+fortunate enough to effect his escape; and after wandering through the
+wilderness for three weeks, in a state bordering on starvation, he
+reached Pittsburg. He had been an eye-witness of all the tortures
+inflicted upon the Colonel, and subsequently published a journal of the
+expedition; and it is from this that the particulars have been derived
+of the several accounts which have been published of the _Burning of
+Crawford_.[48]
+
+It was not to be expected that such a man as Simon Girty could, for a
+great many years, maintain his influence among a people headed by chiefs
+and warriors like Black-Hoof, Buckongahelas, Little Turtle, Tarhe, and
+so forth. Accordingly we find the ascendancy of the renegade at its
+height about the period of the expedition against Bryant's Station,
+already described; and not long after this it began to wane, when,
+discontent and disappointment inducing him to give way to his natural
+appetites, he partook freely of all intoxicating liquors, and in the
+course of a few years became a beastly drunkard. It is believed that
+he at one time seriously meditated an abandonment of the Indians, and a
+return to the whites; and an anecdote related by McClung, in his notice
+of the emigration to Kentucky, by way of the Ohio River, in the year
+1785, would seem to give color to this opinion. But if the intention
+ever was seriously indulged, it is most likely that fear of the
+treatment he would receive on being recognized in the frontier
+settlements, on account of his many bloody enormities, prevented him
+from carrying it into effect. He remained with the Indians in Ohio till
+Wayne's victory, when he forsook the scenes of his former influence and
+savage greatness, and established himself somewhere in Upper Canada.
+He fought in the bloody engagement which terminated in the defeat and
+butchery of St. Clair's army in 1791, and was at the battle of the
+Fallen Timbers in 1794; but he had no command in either of those
+engagements, and was not at this time a man of any particular influence.
+
+In Canada, Girty was something of a trader, but gave himself up almost
+wholly to intoxicating drinks, and became a perfect sot. At this time
+he suffered much from rheumatism and other diseases; but he had grown
+a great braggart, and amidst his severest pains he would entertain his
+associates, and all who were willing to listen, with stories of his past
+pranks and cruelty. He had now the most exaggerated notions of the honor
+attaching to the character of a great warrior; and for some years before
+his death his constantly-expressed wish was, that he might find an
+opportunity of signalizing his last years by some daring action, and
+die upon the field of battle. Whether sincere in this wish or not, the
+opportunity was afforded him. He fought with the Indians at Proctor's
+defeat on the Thames in 1814, and was among those who were here cut
+down and trodden under foot by Colonel Johnson's regiment of mounted
+Kentuckians.
+
+Of the birth-place and family of Simon Girty we have not been able to
+procure any satisfactory information. It is generally supposed, from
+the fact that nearly all of his early companions were Virginians, that
+he was a native of the Old Dominion; but one of the early pioneers,
+(yet living in Franklin County,) who knew Girty at Pittsburg before his
+defection, thinks that his native State was Pennsylvania. This venerable
+gentleman is likewise of the opinion, that it was the disappointment
+of not getting an office to which he aspired that first filled Girty's
+breast with hatred of the whites, and roused in him those dark thoughts
+and bitter feelings which subsequently, on the occurrence of the first
+good opportunity, induced him to desert his countrymen and league
+himself with the Indians. That Girty was an applicant or candidate
+for some office, and was defeated in his efforts to obtain it by an
+individual who was generally considered less deserving of it than he,
+my informant has distinct recollections; and also remembers that his
+defeat was occasioned principally through the exertions, in behalf of his
+opponent, of Colonel William Crawford. This affords a key to the cause
+of Girty's fiend-like conduct toward the Colonel when, some ten years
+afterward, the latter was bound to the stake at one of the Wyandot
+towns, and in the extremity of his agony besought the renegade to put
+an end to his misery by shooting him through the heart: it offers no
+apology, however, for Girty's brutality on that occasion.
+
+The career of the renegade, commenced by treason and pursued through
+blood to the knee, affords a good lesson, which might well receive some
+remark; but this narrative has already extended to an unexpected length,
+and must here close. It is a dark record; but the histories of all new
+countries contain somewhat similar passages, and their preservation in
+this form may not be altogether without usefulness.[49]
+
+[Footnote 46: Gallagher: "Hesperian," vol. i., p. 343.]
+
+[Footnote 47: Gallagher.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Gallagher.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Gallagher.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+     Season of repose--Colonel Boone buys land--Builds a log-house and
+     goes to farming--Kentucky organized on a new basis--The three
+     Counties united in one district, and Courts established--Colonel
+     Boone surprised by Indians--Escapes by a bold stratagem--Increase
+     of emigration--Transportation of goods commences--Primitive manners
+     and customs of the settlers--Hunting--The autumn hunt--The hunting
+     camp-Qualifications of a good hunter--Animals hunted--The process
+     of building and furnishing a cabin--The house-warming.
+
+
+After the series of Indian hostilities recorded in the chapters
+immediately preceding this, Kentucky enjoyed a season of comparative
+repose. The cessation of hostilities between the United States and
+Great Britain in 1783, and the probable speedy cession of the British
+posts on the Northwestern frontier, discouraged the Indians, stopped
+their customary incursions on the Kentuckians, and gave them leisure
+to acquire and cultivate new tracts of land.
+
+Colonel Boone, notwithstanding the heavy loss of money (which has been
+already mentioned) as he was on his journey to North Carolina, was now
+able to purchase several locations of land. He had been compensated for
+his military services by the Commonwealth of Virginia, to which Kentucky
+still belonged. On one of his locations he built a comfortable log-house
+and recommenced farming, with his usual industry and perseverance,
+varying the pursuits of agriculture with occasional indulgence in his
+favorite sport of hunting.
+
+In 1783 Kentucky organized herself on a new basis, Virginia having
+united the three counties into one district, having a court of common
+law and chancery for the whole territory which now forms the State of
+Kentucky. The seat of justice at first was at Harrodsburg; but for want
+of convenient accommodations for the sessions of the courts, they were
+subsequently removed to Danville, which, in consequence, became for a
+season the centre and capital of the State.[50]
+
+A singular and highly characteristic adventure, in which Boone was
+engaged about this time, is thus narrated by Mr. Peck:
+
+"Though no hostile attacks from Indians disturbed the settlements, still
+there were small parties discovered, or _signs_ seen on the frontier
+settlements. On one occasion, about this period, four Indians came to
+the farm of Colonel Boone, and nearly succeeded in taking him prisoner.
+The particulars are given as they were narrated by Boone himself, at the
+wedding of a granddaughter, a few months before his decease, and they
+furnish an illustration of his habitual self-possession and tact with
+Indians. At a short distance from his cabin he had raised a small patch
+of tobacco to supply his neighbors, (for Boone never used the 'filthy
+weed' himself,) the amount, perhaps, of one hundred and fifty hills.
+
+"As a shelter for curing it, he had built an enclosure of rails, a dozen
+feet in height, and covered it with cane and grass. Stalks of tobacco
+are usually split and strung on sticks about four feet in length. The
+ends of these are laid on poles, placed across the tobacco house, and in
+tiers, one above the other to the roof. Boone had fixed his temporary
+shelter in such a manner as to have three tiers. He had covered the
+lower tier, and the tobacco had become dry, when he entered the shelter
+for the purpose of removing the sticks to the upper tier, preparatory
+to gathering the remainder of the crop. He had hoisted up the sticks
+from the lower to the second tier, and was standing on the poles that
+supported it while raising the sticks to the upper tier, when four stout
+Indians, with guns, entered the low door and called him by name. 'Now,
+Boone, we got you. You no get away more. We carry you off to Chillicothe
+this time. You no cheat us any more.' Boone looked down upon their
+up-turned faces, saw their loaded guns pointed at his breast, and
+recognizing some of his old friends, the Shawanees, who had made him
+prisoner near the Blue Licks in 1778, coolly and pleasantly responded,
+'Ah! old friends, glad to see you.' Perceiving that they manifested
+impatience to have him come down, he told them he was quite willing to
+go with them, and only begged they would wait where they were, and watch
+him closely, until he could finish removing his tobacco."
+
+While parleying with them, inquiring after old acquaintances, and
+proposing to give them his tobacco when cured, he diverted their
+attention from his purpose, until he had collected together a number of
+sticks of dry tobacco, and so turned them as to fall between the poles
+directly in their faces. At the same instant, he jumped upon them with
+as much of the dry tobacco as he could gather in his arms, filling their
+mouths and eyes with its pungent dust; and blinding and disabling them
+from following him, rushed out and hastened to his cabin, where he had
+the means of defense. Notwithstanding the narrow escape, he could not
+resist the temptation, after retreating some fifteen or twenty yards, to
+look round and see the success of his achievement. The Indians blinded
+and nearly suffocated, were stretching out their hands and feeling about
+in different directions, calling him by name and cursing him for a
+rogue, and themselves for fools. The old man, in telling the story,
+imitated their gestures and tones of voice with great glee.
+
+Emigration to Kentucky was now rapidly on the increase, and many
+new settlements were formed. The means of establishing comfortable
+homesteads increased. Horses, cattle, and swine were rapidly in creasing
+in number; and trading in various commodities became more general. From
+Philadelphia, merchandise was transported to Pittsburg on pack-horses,
+and thence taken down the Ohio River in flat-boats and distributed among
+the settlements on its banks. Country stores, land speculators, and
+paper money made their appearance, affording a clear augury of the
+future activity of the West in commercial industry and enterprise.
+
+[Illustration: BOLD STRATEGEM OF BOONE]
+
+Most of the settlers came from the interior of North Carolina and
+Virginia; and brought with them the manners and customs of those
+States. These manners and customs were primitive enough. The following
+exceedingly graphic description, which we transcribe from "Doddridge's
+Notes," will afford the reader a competent idea of rural life in the
+times of Daniel Boone.
+
+"HUNTING.--This was an important part of the employment of the early
+settlers of this country. For some years the woods supplied them with
+the greater amount of their subsistence, and with regard to some
+families, at certain times, the whole of it; for it was no uncommon
+thing for families to live several months without a mouthful of bread.
+It frequently happened that there was no breakfast until it was obtained
+from the woods. Fur and peltry were the people's money. They had nothing
+else to give in exchange for rifles, salt, and iron, on the other side
+of the mountains.
+
+"The fall and early part of the winter was the season for hunting deer,
+and the whole of the winter, including part of the spring, for bears and
+fur-skinned animals. It was a customary saying that fur is good during
+every month in the name of which the letter R occurs.
+
+"The class of hunters with whom I was best acquainted, were those
+whose hunting ranges were on the eastern side of the river, and at the
+distance of eight or nine miles from it. As soon as the leaves were
+pretty well down, and the weather became rainy, accompanied with light
+snows, these men, after acting the part of husbandmen, so far as the
+state of warfare permitted them to do so, soon began to feel that
+they were hunters. They became uneasy at home. Every thing about them
+became disagreeable. The house was too warm. The feather-bed too soft,
+and even the good wife was not thought, for the time being, a proper
+companion. The mind of the hunter was wholly occupied with the camp
+and chase.
+
+"I have often seen them get up early in the morning at this season,
+walk hastily out, and look anxiously to the woods and snuff the autumnal
+winds with the highest rapture, then return into the house and cast a
+quick and attentive look at the rifle, which was always suspended to
+a joist by a couple of buck horns, or little forks. His hunting dog,
+understanding the intentions of his master, would wag his tail, and by
+every blandishment in his power express his readiness to accompany him
+to the woods.
+
+"A day was soon appointed for the march of the little cavalcade to the
+camp. Two or three horses furnished with pack-saddles were loaded with
+flour, Indian meal, blankets, and every thing else requisite for the use
+of the hunter.
+
+"A hunting camp, or what was called a half-faced cabin, was of the
+following form; the back part of it was sometimes a large log; at the
+distance of eight or ten feet from this, two stakes were set in the
+ground a few inches apart, and at the distance of eight or ten feet
+from these, two more, to receive the ends of the poles for the sides of
+the camp. The whole slope of the roof, was from the front to the back.
+The covering was made of slabs, skins, or blankets, or, if in the spring
+of the year, the bark of hickory or ash trees. The front was entirely
+open. The fire was built directly before this opening. The cracks
+between the logs were filled with moss. Dry leaves served for a bed.
+It is thus that a couple of men, in a few hours will construct for
+themselves a temporary, but tolerably comfortable defense, from the
+inclemencies of the weather. The beaver, otter, muskrat and squirrel are
+scarcely their equals in dispatch in fabricating for themselves a covert
+from the tempest!
+
+"A little more pains would have made a hunting camp a defense against
+the Indians. A cabin ten feet square, bullet proof, and furnished with
+port-holes would have enabled two or three hunters to hold twenty
+Indians at bay for any length of time. But this precaution I believe was
+never attended to; hence the hunters were often surprised and killed in
+their camps.
+
+"The site for the camp was selected with all the sagacity of the
+woodsman, so as to have it sheltered by the surrounding hills from
+every wind, but more especially from those of the north and west.
+
+"An uncle of mine, of the name of Samuel Teter, occupied the same camp
+for several years in succession. It was situated on one of the southern
+branches of Cross Creek. Although I lived for many years not more than
+fifteen miles from the place, it was not till within a very few years
+ago that I discovered its situation. It was shown me by a gentleman
+living in the neighborhood. Viewing the hills round about it I soon
+perceived the sagacity of the hunter in the site for his camp. Not a
+wind could touch him; and unless by the report of his gun or the sound
+of his axe, it would have been by mere accident if an Indian had
+discovered his concealment.
+
+"Hunting was not a mere ramble in pursuit of game, in which there was
+nothing of skill and calculation; on the contrary, the hunter, before he
+set out in the morning, was informed, by the state of the weather, in
+what situation he might reasonably expect to meet with his game; whether
+on the bottoms, sides or tops of the hills. In stormy weather, the deer
+always seek the most sheltered places, and the leeward side of the
+hills. In rainy weather, in which there is not much wind, they keep in
+the open woods on the highest ground.
+
+"In every situation it was requisite for the hunter to ascertain the
+course of the wind, so as to get the leeward of the game. This he
+effected by putting his finger in his mouth, and holding it there until
+it became warm, then holding it above his head, the side which first
+becomes cold shows which way the wind blows.
+
+"As it was requisite too for the hunter to know the cardinal points,
+he had only to observe the trees to ascertain them. The bark of an aged
+tree is thicker and much rougher on the north than on the south side.
+The same thing may be said of the moss: it is much thicker and stronger
+on the north than on the south side of the trees.
+
+"The whole business of the hunter consists of a succession of intrigues.
+From morning till night he was on the alert to _gain the_ wind of his
+game, and approach them without being discovered. If he succeeded in
+killing a deer, he skinned it, and hung it up out of the reach of the
+wolves, and immediately resumed the chase till the close of the evening,
+when he bent his course toward the camp; when he arrived there he
+kindled up his fire, and together with his fellow hunter, cooked his
+supper. The supper finished, the adventures of the day furnished the
+tales for the evening. The spike buck, the two and three-pronged buck,
+the doe and barren doe, figured through their anecdotes with great
+advantage. It should seem that after hunting awhile on the same ground,
+the hunters became acquainted with nearly all the gangs of deer within
+their range, so as to know each flock of them when they saw them. Often
+some old buck, by the means of his superior sagacity and watchfulness,
+saved his little gang from the hunter's skill, by giving timely notice
+of his approach. The cunning of the hunter and that of the old buck were
+staked against each other, and it frequently happened that at the
+conclusion of the hunting season, the old fellow was left the free
+uninjured tenant of his forest; but if his rival succeeded in bringing
+him down, the victory, was followed by no small amount of boasting on
+the part of the conqueror.
+
+"When the weather was not suitable for hunting, the skins and carcasses
+of the game were brought in and disposed of.
+
+"Many of the hunters rested from their labors on the Sabbath day; some
+from a motive of piety; others said that whenever they hunted on Sunday,
+they were sure to have bad luck on the rest of the week.
+
+"THE HOUSE-WARMING.--I will proceed to state the usual manner of
+settling a young couple in the world.
+
+"A spot was selected on a piece of land of one of the parents, for
+their habitation. A day was appointed shortly after their marriage, for
+commencing the work of building their cabin. The fatigue-party consisted
+of choppers, whose business it was to fell the trees and cut them off
+at proper lengths. A man with a team for hauling them to the place
+and arranging them, properly assorted, at the sides and ends of the
+building; a carpenter, if such he might be called, whose business it
+was to search the woods for a proper tree for making clapboards for the
+roof. The tree for this purpose must be straight-grained, and from three
+to four feet in diameter. The boards were split four feet long, with
+a large frown, and as wide as the timber would allow. They were used
+without planing or shaving Another division were employed in getting
+puncheons for the floor of the cabin; this was done by splitting trees,
+about eighteen inches in diameter, and hewing the faces of them with a
+broad-axe. They were half the length of the floor they were intended
+to make. The materials for the cabin were mostly prepared on the first
+day, and sometimes the foundation laid in the evening. The second day
+was allotted for the raising.
+
+"In the morning of the next day the neighbors collected for the raising.
+The first thing to be done was the election of four corner men, whose
+business it was to notch and place the logs. The rest of the company
+furnished them with the timbers. In the meantime the boards and
+puncheons were collecting for the floor and roof, so that by the time
+the cabin was a few rounds high, the sleepers and floor began to be
+laid. The door was made by sawing or cutting the logs in one side so as
+to make an opening about three feet wide. This opening was secured by
+upright pieces of timber about three inches thick, through which holes
+were bored into the ends of the logs for the purpose of pinning them
+fast. A similar opening, but wider, was made at the end for the chimney.
+This was built of logs, and made large, to admit of a back and jambs of
+stone. At the square, two end logs projected a foot or eighteen inches
+beyond the wall, to receive the butting poles, as they were called,
+against which the ends of the first row of clapboards was supported.
+The roof was formed by making the end logs shorter, until a single log
+formed the comb of the roof, on these logs the clapboards were placed,
+the ranges of them lapping some distance over those next below them,
+and kept in their places by logs, placed at proper distances upon them.
+
+"The roof, and sometimes the floor, were finished on the same day of the
+raising. A third day was commonly spent by a few carpenters in leveling
+off the floor, making a clapboard door and a table. This last was made
+of a split slab, and supported by four round legs set in auger-holes.
+Some three-legged stools were made in the same manner. Some pins stuck
+in the logs at the back of the house, supported some clapboards which
+served for shelves for the table furniture. A single fork, placed with
+its lower end in a hole in the floor, and the upper end fastened to a
+joist, served for a bedstead, by placing a pole in the fork with one
+end through a crack between the logs of the wall. This front pole was
+crossed by a shorter one within the fork, with its outer end through
+another crack. From the front pole, through a crack between the logs of
+the end of the house, the boards were put on which formed the bottom of
+the bed. Sometimes other poles were pinned to the fork a little distance
+above these, for the purpose of supporting the front and foot of the
+bed, while the walls were the supports of its back and head. A few
+pegs around the walls for a display of the coats of the women, and
+hunting-shirts of the men, and two small forks or buck-horns to a
+joist for the rifle and shot-pouch, completed the carpenter work.
+
+"In the mean time masons were at work. With the heart pieces of the
+timber of which the clapboards were made, they made billets for chunking
+up the cracks between the logs of the cabin and chimney; a large bed of
+mortar was made for daubing up these cracks; a few stones formed the
+back and jambs of the chimney.
+
+"The cabin being finished, the ceremony of house-warming took place,
+before the young couple were permitted to move into it.
+
+"The house-warming was a dance of a whole night's continuance, made up
+of the relations of the bride and groom and their neighbors. On the day
+following the young couple took possession of their new mansion."
+
+[Footnote 50: Perkins. Peck.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+     Condition of the early settlers as it respects the
+     mechanic arts--Want of skilled mechanics--Hominy block and
+     hand-mill--Sweeps--Gunpowder--Water mills Clothing--Leather--Farm
+     tools--Wooden ware--Sports--Imitating birds--Throwing the
+     tomahawk--Athletic sports--Dancing--Shooting at marks--Emigration of
+     the present time compared with that of the early settlers--Scarcity
+     of iron--Costume--Dwellings--Furniture--Employments--The women--Their
+     character--Diet--Indian corn--The great improvements in facilitating
+     the early settlement of the West--Amusements.
+
+
+Before having the subject of the actual condition of the early
+settlers in the West, we take another extract from "Doddridge's Notes,"
+comprising his observations on the state of the mechanic arts among
+them, and an account of some of their favorite sports.
+
+"MECHANIC ARTS.--In giving the history of the state of the mechanic
+arts as they were exercised at an early period of the settlement of this
+country, I shall present a people, driven by necessity to perform works
+of mechanical skill, far beyond what a person enjoying all the advantages
+of civilization would expect from a population placed in such destitute
+circumstances.
+
+"My reader will naturally ask, where were their mills for grinding
+grain? Where their tanners for making leather? Where their smiths'
+shops for making and repairing their farming utensils? Who were their
+carpenters, tailors, cabinet-workmen, shoemakers, and weavers? The
+answer is, those manufacturers did not exist; nor had they any
+tradesmen, who were professedly such. Every family were under the
+necessity of doing every thing for themselves as well as they could.
+The hominy block and hand-mills were in use in most of our houses.
+The first was made of a large block of wood about three feet long, with
+an excavation burned in one end, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom,
+so that the action of the pestle on the bottom threw the corn up to the
+sides toward the top of it, from whence it continually fell down into
+the centre.
+
+"In consequence of this movement, the whole mass of the grain was pretty
+equally subjected to the strokes of the pestle. In the fall of the year,
+while the Indian corn was soft, the block and pestle did very well for
+making meal for johnny-cake and mush; but were rather slow when the corn
+became hard.
+
+"The sweep was sometimes used to lessen the toil of pounding grain into
+meal. This was a pole of some springy, elastic wood, thirty feet long
+or more; the butt end was placed under the side of a house, or a large
+stump; this pole was supported by two forks, placed about one-third
+of its length from the butt end, so as to elevate the small end about
+fifteen feet from the ground; to this was attached, by a large mortise
+a piece of sapling about five or six inches in diameter, and eight or
+ten feet long. The lower end of this was shaped so as to answer for a
+pestle. A pin of wood was put through it, at a proper height, so that
+two persons could work at the sweep at once. This simple machine very
+much lessened the labor and expedited the work.
+
+"I remember that when a boy I put up an excellent sweep at my father's.
+It was made of a sugar-tree sapling. It was kept going almost constantly
+from morning till night by our neighbors for a period of several weeks."
+
+In the Greenbriar country, where they had a number of saltpeter caves,
+the first settlers made plenty of excellent gunpowder by the means of
+those sweeps and mortars.
+
+"A machine, still more simple than the mortar and pestle, was used for
+making meal while the corn was too soft to be beaten. It was called a
+grater. This was a half-circular piece of tin, perforated with a punch
+from the concave side, and nailed by its edges to a block of wood. The
+ears of corn were rubbed on the rough edge of the holes, while the meal
+fell through them on the board or block, to which the grater was nailed,
+which, being in a slanting direction, discharged the meal into a cloth
+or bowl placed for its reception. This, to be sure, was a slow way of
+making meal; but necessity has no law.
+
+"The hand-mill was better than the mortar and grater. It was made of
+two circular stones, the lowest of which was called the bed-stone,
+the upper one the runner. These were placed in a hoop, with a spout for
+discharging the meal. A staff was let into a hole in the upper surface
+of the runner, near the outer edge, and its upper end through a hole in
+a board fastened to a joist above, so that two persons could be employed
+in turning the mill at the same time. The grain was put into the opening
+in the runner by hand. The mills are still in use in Palestine, the
+ancient country of the Jews. To a mill of this sort our Saviour alluded
+when, with reference to the destruction of Jerusalem, he said: 'Two
+women shall be grinding at a mill, the one shall be taken and the other
+left.'
+
+"This mill is much preferable to that used at present in upper Egypt for
+making the dhourra bread. It is a smooth stone, placed on an inclined
+plane, upon which the grain is spread, which is made into meal by
+rubbing another stone up and down upon it.
+
+"Our first water mills were of that description denominated tub-mills.
+It consists of a perpendicular shaft, to the lower end of which an
+horizontal wheel of about four or five feet diameter is attached, the
+upper end passes through the bedstone and carries the runner after the
+manner of a trundlehead. These mills were built with very little expense,
+and many of them answered the purpose very well.
+
+"Instead of bolting cloths, sifters were in general use. These were made
+of deer skins in the state of parchment, stretched over a hoop and
+perforated with a hot wire.
+
+"Our clothing was all of domestic manufacture. We had no other resource
+for clothing, and this, indeed, was a poor one. The crops of flax often
+failed, and the sheep were destroyed by the wolves. Linsey, which is
+made of flax and wool, the former the chain and the latter the filling,
+was the warmest and most substantial cloth we could make. Almost every
+house contained a loom, and almost every woman was a weaver.
+
+"Every family tanned their own leather. The tan vat was a large trough
+sunk to the upper edge in the ground. A quantity of bark was easily
+obtained every spring in clearing and fencing land. This, after drying,
+was brought in, and in wet days was shaved and pounded on a block of
+wood with an axe or mallet. Ashes were used in place of lime for taking
+off the hair. Bears' oil, hogs' lard, and tallow answered the place of
+fish oil. The leather, to be sure, was coarse; but it was substantially
+good. The operation of currying was performed by a drawing-knife with
+its edge turned, after the manner of a currying-knife. The blocking for
+the leather was made of soot and hogs' lard.
+
+"Almost every family contained its own tailors and shoemakers. Those who
+could not make shoes, could make shoepacks. These, like moccasins, were
+made of a single piece on the top of the foot. This was about two inches
+broad, and circular at the lower end. To this the main piece of leather
+was sewed, with a gathering stitch. The seam behind was like that of a
+moccasin. To the shoepack a sole was sometimes added. The women did the
+tailor-work. They could all cut-out, and make hunting-shirts, leggins,
+and drawers.
+
+"The state of society which exists in every country at an early period
+of its settlements, is well calculated to call into action every native
+mechanical genius. So it happened in this country. There was in almost
+every neighborhood, some one whose natural ingenuity enabled him to do
+many things for himself and his neighbors, far above what could have
+been reasonably expected. With the few tools which they brought with
+them into the country, they certainly performed wonders. Their plows,
+harrows with their wooden teeth, and sleds, were in many instances well
+made. Their cooper-ware, which comprehended every thing for holding milk
+and water, was generally pretty well executed. The cedar-ware, by having
+alternately a white and red stave, was then thought beautiful; many of
+their puncheon floors were very neat, their joints close, and the top
+even and smooth. Their looms, although heavy, did very well. Those who
+could not exercise these mechanic arts, were under the necessity of
+giving labor or barter to their neighbors, in exchange for the use of
+them, so far as their necessities required.
+
+"Sports.--One important pastime of our boys, was that of imitating the
+noise of every bird and beast in the woods. This faculty was not merely
+a pastime, but a very necessary part of education, on account of its
+utility in certain circumstances. The imitations of the gobbling,
+and other sounds of wild turkeys, often brought those keen-eyed, and
+ever-watchful tenants of the forest within the reach of their rifle.
+The bleating of the fawn, brought its dam to her death in the same way.
+The hunter often collected a company of mopish owls to the trees about
+his camp, and amused himself with their hoarse screaming; his howl would
+raise and obtain responses from a pack of wolves, so as to inform him of
+their neighborhood, as well as guard him against their depredations.
+
+"This imitative faculty was sometimes requisite as a measure of
+precaution in war. The Indians, when scattered about in a neighborhood,
+often collected together, by imitating turkeys by day, and wolves or
+owls by night. In similar situations, our people did the same. I have
+often witnessed the consternation of a whole settlement, in consequence
+of a few screeches of owls. An early and correct use of this imitative
+faculty was considered as an indication that its possessor would become,
+in due time, a good hunter and valiant warrior. Throwing the tomahawk
+was another boyish sport, in which many acquired considerable skill.
+The tomahawk, with its handle of a certain length, will make a given
+number of turns in a given distance. Say in five steps, it will strike
+with the edge, the handle downward; at the distance of seven and a half,
+it will strike with the edge, the handle upward, and so on. A little
+experience enabled the boy to measure the distance with his eye, when
+walking through the woods, and strike a tree with his tomahawk in any
+way he chose.
+
+"The athletic sports of running, jumping, and wrestling, were the
+pastimes of boys, in common with the men.
+
+"A well-grown boy, at the age of twelve or thirteen years, was furnished
+with a small rifle and shot-pouch. He then became a fort-soldier, and
+had his port hole assigned him. Hunting squirrels, turkeys, and
+raccoons, soon made him expert in the use of his gun.
+
+"Dancing was the principal amusement of our young people of both sexes.
+Their dances, to be sure, were of the simplest form. Three and
+four-handed reels and jigs. Country dances, cotillions, and minuets,
+were unknown. I remember to have seen, once or twice, a dance which was
+called 'The Irish Trot,' but I have long since forgotten its figure."
+
+"Shooting at marks was a common diversion among the men, when their
+stock of ammunition would allow it; this, however, was far from being
+always the case. The present mode of shooting off-hand was not then in
+practice. This mode was not considered as any trial of the value of a
+gun, nor indeed, as much of a test of the skill of a marksman. Their
+shooting was from a rest, and at as great a distance as the length and
+weight of the barrel of the gun would throw a ball on a horizontal
+level. Such was their regard to accuracy, in those sportive trials of
+their rifles, and of their own skill in the use of them, that they often
+put moss, or some other soft substance on the log or stump from which
+they shot, for fear of having the bullet thrown from the mark, by the
+spring of the barrel. When the rifle was held to the side of a tree for
+a rest, it was pressed against it as lightly as possible, for the same
+reason.
+
+"Rifles of former times were different from those of modern date; few
+of them carried more than forty five bullets to the pound. Bullets of
+a less size were not thought sufficiently heavy for hunting or war."
+
+Our readers will pardon the length of these extracts from Doddridge,
+as they convey accurate pictures of many scenes of Western life in the
+times of Daniel Boone. We add to them a single extract from "Ramsay's
+Annals of Tennessee." The early settlement of that State took place
+about the same time with that of Kentucky, and was made by emigrants
+from the same region. The following remarks are therefore perfectly
+applicable to the pioneers of Kentucky.
+
+"The settlement of Tennessee was unlike that of the present new country
+of the United States. Emigrants from the Atlantic cities, and from most
+points in the Western interior, now embark upon steamboats or other
+craft, and carrying with them all the conveniences and comforts of
+civilized life--indeed, many of its luxuries--are, in a few days,
+without toil, danger, or exposure, transported to their new abodes,
+and in a few months are surrounded with the appendages of home, of
+civilization, and the blessings of law and of society. The wilds of
+Minnesota and Nebraska by the agency of steam, or the stalwart arms
+of Western boatmen, are at once transformed into the settlements of a
+commercial and civilized people. Independence and St. Paul, six months
+after they are laid off, have their stores and their workshops, their
+artisans, and their mechanics. The mantua-maker and the tailor arrive
+in the same boat with the carpenter and mason. The professional man
+and the printer quickly follow. In the succeeding year the piano, the
+drawing-room, the restaurant, the billiard-table, the church bell, the
+village and the city in miniature, are all found, while the neighboring
+interior is yet a wilderness and a desert. The town and comfort, taste
+and urbanity are first; the clearing, the farm-house, the wagon-road and
+the improved country, second. It was far different on the frontier in
+Tennessee. At first a single Indian trail was the only entrance to the
+eastern border of it and for many years admitted only of the hunter and
+the pack-horse It was not till the year 1776 that a wagon was seen in
+Tennessee. In consequence of the want of roads--as well as of the great
+distance from sources of supply--the first inhabitants were without
+tools, and, of course, without mechanics--much more, without the
+conveniences of living and the comforts of house-keeping. Luxuries were
+absolutely unknown. Salt was brought on pack-horses from Augusta and
+Richmond, and readily commanded ten dollars a bushel. The salt gourd, in
+every cabin, was considered as a treasure. The sugar-maple furnished the
+only article of luxury on the frontier; coffee and tea being unknown, or
+beyond the reach of the settlers, sugar was seldom made, and was only
+used for the sick, or in the preparation of a _sweetened dram_ at a
+wedding, or the arrival of a new-comer. The appendages of the kitchen,
+the cupboard, and the table were scanty and simple.
+
+"Iron was brought, at great expense, from the forges east of the
+mountain, on pack-horses, and was sold at an enormous price. Its use
+was, for this reason, confined to the construction and repair of plows
+and other farming utensils. Hinges, nails, and fastenings of that
+material, were seldom seen.
+
+"The costume of the first settlers corresponded well with the style of
+their buildings and the quality of their furniture. The hunting-shirt
+of the militiaman and the hunter was in general use. The rest of their
+apparel was in keeping with it--plain, substantial, and well adapted for
+comfort, use, and economy. The apparel of the pioneer's family was all
+home-made, and in a whole neighborhood there would not be seen, at the
+first settlement of the country, a single article of dress of foreign
+growth or manufacture. Half the year, in many families, shoes were not
+worn. Boots, a fur hat, and a coat with buttons on each side, attracted
+the gaze of the beholder, and sometimes received censure and rebuke. A
+stranger from the old States chose to doff his ruffles, his broadcloth,
+and his queue, rather than endure the scoff and ridicule of the
+backwoodsmen."
+
+The dwelling-house, on every frontier in Tennessee, was the log-cabin.
+A carpenter and a mason were not needed to build them--much less the
+painter, the glazier, or the upholsterer. Every settler had, besides his
+rifle, no other instrument but an axe, a hatchet, and a butcher-knife. A
+saw, an auger, a froe, and a broad-axe would supply a whole settlement,
+and were used as common property in the erection of the log-cabin. The
+floor of the cabin was sometimes the earth. No saw-mill was yet erected;
+and, if the means or leisure of the occupant authorized it, he split
+out puncheons for the floor and for the shutter of the entrance to his
+cabin. The door was hung with wooden hinges and fastened by a wooden
+latch.
+
+"Such was the habitation of the pioneer Tennessean. Scarcely can one of
+these structures, venerable for their years and the associations which
+cluster around them, be now seen, in Tennessee. Time and improvement
+have displaced them. Here and there in the older counties, may yet
+be seen the old log house, which sixty years ago sheltered the first
+emigrant, or gave, for the time, protection to a neighborhood, assembled
+within its strong and bullet-proof walls. Such an one is the east end of
+Mr. Martin's house, at Campbell's Station, and the centre part of the
+mansion of this writer, at Mecklenburg, once Gilliam's Station, changed
+somewhat, it is true, in some of its aspects, but preserving even yet,
+in the height of the story and in its old-fashioned and capacious
+fire-place, some of the features of primitive architecture on the
+frontier. Such, too, is the present dwelling-house of Mr. Tipton, on
+Ellejoy, in Blount County, and that of Mr. Glasgow Snoddy, in Sevier
+County. But these old buildings are becoming exceedingly rare, and soon
+not one of them will be seen. Their unsightly proportions and rude
+architecture will not much longer offend modern taste, nor provoke the
+idle and irreverent sneer of the fastidious and the fashionable. When
+the last one of these pioneer houses shall have fallen into decay and
+ruins, the memory of their first occupants will still be immortal and
+indestructible.
+
+"The interior of the cabin was no less unpretending and simple. The
+whole furniture, of the one apartment--answering in these primitive
+times the purposes of the kitchen, the dining-room, the nursery
+and the dormitory--were a plain home-made bedstead or two, some
+split-bottomed chairs and stools; a large puncheon, supported on four
+legs, used, as occasion required, for a bench or a table, a water shelf
+and a bucket; a spinning-wheel, and sometimes a loom, finished the
+catalogue. The wardrobe of the family was equally plain and simple.
+The walls of the house were hung round with the dresses of the females,
+the hunting-shirts, clothes, and the arms and shot-pouches of the men.
+
+"The labor and employment of a pioneer family were distributed in
+accordance with surrounding circumstances. To the men was assigned the
+duty of procuring subsistence and materials for clothing, erecting the
+cabin and the station, opening and cultivating the farm, hunting the
+wild beasts, and repelling and pursuing the Indians. The women spun
+the flax, the cotton and wool, wove the cloth, made them up, milked,
+churned, and prepared the food, and did their full share of the duties
+of house-keeping. Another thus describes them: 'There we behold woman
+in her true glory; not a doll to carry silks and jewels; not a puppet
+to be dandled by fops, an idol of profane adoration, reverenced to-day,
+discarded to-morrow; admired, but not respected; desired, but not
+esteemed; ruling by passion, not affection; imparting her weakness,
+not her constancy, to the sex she should exalt; the source and mirror
+of vanity. We see her as a wife, partaking of the cares, and guiding
+the labors of her husband, and by her domestic diligence spreading
+cheerfulness all around; for his sake, sharing the decent refinements
+of the world, without being fond of them; placing all her joy, all her
+happiness, in the merited approbation of the man she loves. As a mother,
+we find her the affectionate, the ardent instructress of the children
+she has reared from infancy, and trained them up to thought and virtue,
+to meditation and benevolence; addressing them as rational beings, and
+preparing them to become men and women in their turn.
+
+"'Could there be happiness or comfort in such dwellings and such a state
+of society? To those who are accustomed to modern refinements, the truth
+appears like fable. The early occupants of log-cabins were among the
+most happy of mankind. Exercise and excitement gave them health; they
+were practically equal; common danger made them mutually dependant;
+brilliant hopes of future wealth and distinction led them on; and as
+there was ample room for all, and as each new-comer increased individual
+and general security, there was little room for that envy, jealousy,
+and hatred which constitute a large portion of human misery in older
+societies. Never were the story, the joke, the song, and the laugh
+better enjoyed than upon the hewed blocks, or puncheon stools, around
+the roaring log fire of the early Western settler. The lyre of Apollo
+was not hailed with more delight in primitive Greece than the advent of
+the first fiddler among the dwellers of the wilderness; and the polished
+daughters of the East never enjoyed themselves half so well, moving to
+the music of a full band, upon the elastic floor of their ornamented
+ball-room, as did the daughters of the emigrants, keeping time to a
+self-taught fiddler, on the bare earth or puncheon floor of the
+primitive log-cabin. The smile of the polished beauty is the wave of the
+lake, where the breeze plays gently over it, and her movement is the
+gentle stream which drains it; but the laugh of the log-cabin is the
+gush of nature's fountain, and its movement, its leaping water.'"[51]
+
+"On the frontier the diet was necessarily plain and homely, but
+exceedingly abundant and nutritive. The Goshen of America[52] furnished
+the richest milk, the finest butter, and the most savory and delicious
+meats. In their rude cabins, with their scanty and inartificial
+furniture, no people ever enjoyed in wholesome food a greater variety,
+or a superior quality of the necessaries of life. For bread, the Indian
+corn was exclusively used. It was not till 1790 that the settlers on the
+rich bottoms of Cumberland and Nollichucky discovered the remarkable
+adaptation of the soil and climate of Tennessee to the production of
+this grain. Emigrants from James River, the Catawba, and the Santee,
+were surprised at the amount and quality of the corn crops, surpassing
+greatly the best results of agricultural labor and care in the Atlantic
+States. This superiority still exists, and Tennessee, by the census of
+1850, was _the_ corn State. Of all the farinacea, corn is best adapted
+to the condition of a pioneer people; and if idolatry is at all
+justifiable, Ceres, or certainly the Goddess of Indian corn, should have
+had a temple and a worshipers among the pioneers of Tennessee. Without
+that grain, the frontier settlements could not have been formed and
+maintained. It is the most certain crop--requires the least preparation
+of the ground--is most congenial to a virgin soil--needs not only the
+least amount of labor in its culture, but comes to maturity in the
+shortest time. The pith of the matured stalk of the corn is esculent
+and nutritious; and the stalk itself, compressed between rollers,
+furnishes what is known as corn-stalk molasses."
+
+"This grain requires, also, the least care and trouble in preserving
+it. It may safely stand all winter upon the stalk without injury from
+the weather or apprehension of damage by disease, or the accidents to
+which other grains are subject. Neither smut nor rust, nor weavil nor
+snow-storm, will hurt it. After its maturity, it is also prepared for
+use or the granary with little labor. The husking is a short process,
+and is even advantageously delayed till the moment arrives for using
+the corn. The machinery for converting it into food is also exceedingly
+simple and cheap. As soon as the ear is fully formed, it may be roasted
+or boiled, and forms thus an excellent and nourishing diet. At a later
+period it may be grated, and furnishes, in this form, the sweetest
+bread. The grains boiled in a variety of modes, either whole or broken
+in a mortar, or roasted in the ashes, or popped in an oven, are well
+relished. If the grain is to be converted into meal, a simple tub-mill
+answers the purpose best, as the meal _least perfectly ground_ is
+always preferred. A bolting-cloth is not needed, as it diminishes the
+sweetness and value of the flour. The catalogue of the advantages of
+this meal might be extended further. Boiled in water, it forms the
+frontier dish called _mush_, which was eaten with milk, with honey,
+molasses, butter or gravy. Mixed with cold water, it is, at once, ready
+for the cook; covered with hot ashes, the preparation is called the ash
+cake; placed upon a piece of clapboard, and set near the coals, it forms
+the journey-cake; or managed in the same way, upon a helveless hoe,
+it forms the hoe-cake; put in an oven, and covered over with a heated
+lid, it is called, if in a large mass, a pone or loaf; if in smaller
+quantities, dodgers. It has the further advantage, over all other flour,
+that it requires in its preparation few culinary utensils, and neither
+sugar, yeast, eggs, spices, soda, potash, or other _et ceteras_, to
+qualify or perfect the bread. To all this, it may be added, that it
+is not only cheap and well tasted, but it is unquestionably the most
+wholesome and nutritive food. The largest and healthiest people in the
+world have lived upon it exclusively. It formed the principal bread of
+that robust race of men--giants in miniature--which, half a century
+since, was seen on the frontier.
+
+"The dignity of history is not lowered by this enumeration of the
+pre-eminent qualities of Indian corn. The rifle and the axe have
+had their influence in subduing the wilderness to the purposes of
+civilization, and they deserve their eulogists and trumpeters. Let
+paeans be sung all over the mighty West to Indian corn--without it,
+the West would have still been a wilderness. Was the frontier suddenly
+invaded? Without commissary or quartermaster, or other sources of
+supply, each soldier parched a peck of corn; a portion of it was put
+into his pockets, the remainder in his wallet, and, throwing it upon his
+saddle, with his rifle on his shoulder, he was ready, in half an hour,
+for the campaign. Did a flood of emigration inundate the frontier with
+an amount of consumers disproportioned to the supply of grain? The
+facility of raising the Indian corn, and its early maturity, gave
+promise and guaranty that the scarcity would be temporary and tolerable.
+Did the safety of the frontier demand the services of every adult
+militiaman? The boys and women could, themselves, raise corn and furnish
+ample supplies of bread. The crop could be gathered next year. Did an
+autumnal intermittent confine the whole family or the entire population
+to the sick bed? This certain concomitant of the clearing, and
+cultivating the new soil, mercifully withholds its paroxysms till the
+crop of corn is made. It requires no further labor or care afterward.
+Paeans, say we, and a temple and worshipers, to the Creator of Indian
+corn. The frontier man could gratefully say: 'He maketh me to lie down
+in green pastures. He leadeth me beside the still waters. Thou
+_preparest a table before me in presence of mine enemies_.'
+
+"The sports of the frontier men were manly, athletic, or warlike--the
+chase, the bear hunt, the deer drive, shooting at the target, throwing
+the tomahawk, jumping, boxing and wrestling, foot and horse-racing.
+Playing marbles and pitching dollars, cards and backgammon, were little
+known, and were considered base or effeminate. The bugle, the violin,
+the fife and drum, furnished all the musical entertainments. These were
+much used and passionately admired. Weddings, military trainings,
+house-raisings, chopping frolics, were often followed with the fiddle,
+and dancing, and rural sports."
+
+[Footnote 51: Kendall.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Butler.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+     Indian hostilities resumed--Expedition of Davis, Caffre and
+     McClure--Murder of Elliot--Marshall's river adventure--Attack
+     on Captain Ward's boat--Affair near Scaggs' Creek--Growth of
+     Kentucky--Population--Trade--General Logan calls a meeting at
+     Danville--Danger of the country from Indian hostilities, and
+     necessity of defense considered--Convention called--Separation from
+     Virginia proposed--Other conventions-Virginia consents--Kentucky
+     admitted as an independent State of the Union--Indian
+     hostilities--Expedition and death of Colonel Christian--Attack
+     on Higgins' Fort--Expedition of General Clark--Its utter
+     failure--Expedition of General Logan--Surprises and destroys
+     a Shawanese town--Success of Captain Hardin--Defeat of
+     Hargrove--Affairs in Bourbon County--Exploits of Simon
+     Kenton--Affairs at the Elkhorn settlements--Treaty--Harman's
+     expedition--Final pacification of the Indians after Wayne's
+     victory.
+
+
+Kentucky was not yet entirely freed from Indian hostilities. There was
+no formidable invasion, such as to call for the exertions of Boone,
+Kenton and the other warriors of the border, but there were several
+occurrences which occasioned considerable alarm.
+
+In the spring of 1784, a number of families started down the Ohio from
+Louisville in two flat boats. They were pursued by Indians in canoes,
+but awed by the determined aspect of the whites, they drew off, without
+so much as a gun being fired on either side.
+
+This same spring a party of southern Indians stole some horses from
+Lincoln County. Three young men, Davis, Caffre and McClure, pursued
+them, but failing to overtake them, concluded to make reprisals on the
+nearest Indian settlement. Not far from the Tennessee River, they fell
+in with an equal number of Indians. The two parties saluted each other
+in a very friendly manner, and agreed to journey in company. The
+whites, however, were by no means convinced of the sincerity of their
+companions, and, seeing them talking together very earnestly, became
+assured of their hostile intentions. It being determined to anticipate
+the Indians' attack; Caffre undertook to capture one of them, while his
+companions shot the other two. Accordingly he sprung upon the nearest
+Indian, and bore him to the ground; Davis's gun missed fire but McClure
+shot his man dead. The remaining Indian sprung to a tree from which
+shelter he shot Caffre, who was still struggling with the Indian he had
+grappled. He, in his turn was immediately shot by McClure. The Indian
+whom Caffre had attacked, extricated himself from the grasp of his
+dying antagonist, and seizing his rifle presented it at Davis, who was
+coming to the assistance of his friend. Davis took to flight, his rifle
+not being in good order, and was pursued by the Indian into the wood.
+McClure, loading his gun, followed them, but lost sight of both.
+Davis was never heard of afterward.
+
+McClure now concluded to retreat, but he had not proceeded far, before
+he met an Indian on horseback attended by a boy on foot. The warrior
+dismounted, and seating himself on a log, offered his pipe to McClure.
+Soon other Indians were seen advancing in the distance, when McClure's
+sociable friend, informed him that when his companions came up, they
+would take him (McClure) and put him on a horse, tying his feet under
+its belly. In order to convey to his white brother an adequate idea of
+the honor intended him, the Indian got astride the log and locked his
+feet together. McClure took this opportunity of shooting his amiable but
+rather eccentric companion, and then ran off into the woods and escaped.
+
+This affair the reader will bear in mind, was with southern Indians, not
+with those of the north-western tribes, from whom the Kentuckians had
+suffered most. The only demonstration of hostility made by these, this
+year, appears to have been the pursuit of the boats mentioned before.
+In March, 1785, a man of the name of Elliot, who had emigrated to the
+country near the mouth of the Kentucky River, was killed by Indians,
+and his house destroyed and family dispersed.
+
+As Colonel Thomas Marshall from Virginia was descending the Ohio, in a
+flat boat, he was hailed from the northern shore by a man, who announced
+himself as James Girty, and said that he had been placed by his brother
+Simon, to warn all boats of the danger of being attacked by the Indians.
+He told them that efforts would be made to decoy them ashore by means of
+renegade white men, who would represent themselves as in great distress.
+He exhorted them to steel their hearts against all such appeals, and to
+keep the middle of the river. He said that his brother regretted the
+injuries he had inflicted upon the whites, and would gladly repair them
+as much as possible, to be re-admitted to their society, having lost all
+his influence among the Indians. This repentance on the part of Girty
+seems to have been of short duration, as he remained among the Indians
+till his death, which according to some took place at the battle of the
+Thames, though others deny it.
+
+However sincere or lasting Girty's repentance had been, he could never
+have lived in safety among the whites; he had been too active, and if
+common accounts are to be credited, too savage in his hostility to them,
+to admit of forgiveness; and it is probable that a knowledge of this
+prevented him from abandoning the Indians.
+
+"About the same time," says McClung, "Captain James Ward, at present a
+highly-respectable citizen of Mason County, Kentucky, was descending the
+Ohio, under circumstances which rendered a rencontre with the Indians
+peculiarly to be dreaded. He, together with half a dozen others, one of
+them his nephew, embarked in a crazy boat, about forty-five feet long,
+and eight feet wide, with no other bulwark than a single pine plank,
+above each gunnel. The boat was much encumbered with baggage, and seven
+horses were on board. Having seen no enemy for several days, they had
+become secure and careless, and permitted the boat to drift within
+fifty yards of the Ohio shore. Suddenly, several hundred Indians showed
+themselves on the bank, and running down boldly to the water's edge,
+opened a heavy fire upon the boat. The astonishment of the crew may be
+conceived."
+
+Captain Ward and his nephew were at the oars when the enemy appeared,
+and the captain knowing that their safety depended upon their agility
+to regain the middle of the river, kept his seat firmly, and exerted
+his utmost powers at the oar, but his nephew started up at sight of
+the enemy, seized his rifle, and was in the act of leveling it, when
+he received a ball in the breast, and fell dead in the bottom of the
+boat. Unfortunately, his oar fell into the river, and the Captain,
+having no one to pull against him, rather urged the boat nearer to the
+hostile shore than otherwise. He quickly seized a plank, however, and
+giving his oar to another of the crew, he took the station which his
+nephew had held, and unhurt by the shower of bullets which flew around
+him, continued to exert himself until the boat had reached a more
+respectable distance. He then, for the first time, looked around him
+in order to observe the condition of the crew.
+
+His nephew lay in his blood, perfectly lifeless; the horses had been
+all killed or mortally wounded. Some had fallen overboard; others were
+struggling violently, and causing their frail bark to dip water so
+abundantly as to excite the most serious apprehensions. But the crew
+presented the most singular spectacle. A captain, who had served with
+reputation in the continental army, seemed now totally bereft of his
+faculties. He lay upon his back in the bottom of the boat, with hands
+uplifted, and a countenance in which terror was personified, exclaiming
+in a tone of despair, "Oh Lord! Oh Lord." A Dutchman, whose weight
+might amount to about three hundred pounds, was anxiously engaged in
+endeavoring to find shelter for his bulky person, which, from the
+lowness of the gunnels, was a very difficult undertaking. In spite of
+his utmost efforts, a portion of his posterior luxuriance appeared above
+the gunnel, and afforded a mark to the enemy, which brought a constant
+shower of balls around it.
+
+"In vain he shifted his position. The hump still appeared, and the balls
+still flew around it, until the Dutchman losing all patience, raised
+his head above the gunnel, and in a tone of querulous remonstrance,
+called out, 'Oh now! quit tat tamned nonsense, tere, will you!' Not
+a shot was fired from the boat. At one time, after they had partly
+regained the current, Captain Ward attempted to bring his rifle to
+bear upon them, but so violent was the agitation of the boat, from the
+furious struggles of the horses, that he could not steady his piece
+within twenty yards of the enemy, and quickly laying it aside, returned
+to the oar. The Indians followed them down the river for more than an
+hour, but having no canoes they did not attempt to board; and as the
+boat was at length transferred to the opposite side of the river, they
+at length abandoned the pursuit and disappeared. None of the crew, save
+the young man already mentioned, were hurt, although the Dutchman's
+seat of honor served as a target for the space of an hour; and the
+continental captain was deeply mortified at the sudden, and, as he said,
+'unaccountable' panic which had seized him. Captain Ward himself was
+protected by a post, which had been fastened to the gunnel, and behind
+which he sat while rowing."[53]
+
+"In October, a party of emigrants were attacked near Scagg's Creek, and
+six killed. Mrs. McClure, with four children, ran into the woods, where
+she might have remained concealed, if it had not been for the cries of
+her infant, whom she could not make up her mind to abandon. The Indians
+guided to her hiding-place by these cries, cruelly tomahawked the three
+oldest children, but made her prisoner with her remaining child. Captain
+Whitley, with twenty-one men, intercepted the party on its return, and
+dispersed them, killing two, and wounding the same number. The prisoners
+were rescued. A few days after, another party of emigrants were
+attacked, and nine of them killed. Captain Whitley again pursued the
+Indians. On coming up with them, they took to flight. Three were killed
+in the course of the pursuit; two by the gallant Captain himself. Some
+other depredations were committed this year, but none of as much
+importance as those we have mentioned."
+
+These acts of hostility on the part of the Indians led to the adoption
+of measures for the defense of the Colony, to which we shall presently
+call the reader's attention.
+
+"Although," says Perkins,[54] "Kentucky grew rapidly during the year
+1784, the emigrants numbering twelve, and the whole population thirty
+thousand; although a friendly meeting was held by Thomas J. Dalton, with
+the Piankeshaws, at Vincennes, in April; and though trade was extending
+itself into the clearings and among the canebrakes--Daniel Brodhead
+having opened his store at Louisville the previous year, and James
+Wilkinson having come to Lexington in February, as the leader of a large
+commercial company, formed in Philadelphia, still the cool and sagacious
+mind of Logan led him to prepare his fellow-citizens for trial and
+hardships. He called, in the autumn of 1784, a meeting of the people
+at Danville, to take measures for defending the country, and at this
+meeting the whole subject of the position and danger of Kentucky was
+examined and discussed, and it was agreed that a convention should meet
+in December to adopt some measures for the security of the settlements
+in the wilderness. Upon the 27th of that month it met, nor was it long
+before the idea became prominent that Kentucky must ask to be severed
+from Virginia, and left to her own guidance and control. But as no such
+conception was general, when the delegates to this first convention
+were chosen, they deemed it best to appoint a second, to meet during
+the next May, at which was specially to be considered the topic most
+interesting to those who were called on to think and vote--a complete
+separation from the parent State--political independence."
+
+Several other conventions took place, in which the subject of a
+separation from Virginia was considered. In 1786 the Legislature of
+Virginia enacted the necessary preliminary provisions for the separation
+and erection of Kentucky into an independent State, with the condition
+that Congress should receive it into the Union, which was finally
+effected in the year 1792.
+
+Previously to this event, Indian hostilities were again renewed.
+
+"A number of Indians in April, 1786, stole some horses from the
+Bear Grass settlement, with which they crossed the Ohio. Colonel
+Christian pursued them into the Indian country, and, coming up with
+them, destroyed the whole party. How many there were is not stated. The
+whites lost two men, one of whom was the Colonel himself whose death was
+a severe loss to Kentucky. The following affair, which took place the
+same year, is given in the language of one who participated in it:
+
+"'After the battle of the Blue Licks, and in 1786 our family removed
+to Higgins' block-house on Licking River, one and a half miles above
+Cynthiana. Between those periods my father had been shot by the Indians,
+and my mother married Samuel Van Hook, who had been one of the party
+engaged in the defense at Ruddell's Station in 1780, and on its
+surrender was carried with the rest of the prisoners to Detroit.
+
+"'Higgins' Fort, or block-house, had been built at the bank of the
+Licking, on precipitous rocks, at least thirty feet high, which served
+to protect us on every side but one. On the morning of the 12th of June,
+at daylight, the fort, which consisted of six or seven houses, was
+attacked by a party of Indians, fifteen or twenty in number. There was
+a cabin outside, below the fort, where William McCombs resided, although
+absent at that time. His son Andrew, and a man hired in the family,
+named Joseph McFall, on making their appearance at the door to wash
+themselves, were both shot down--McCombs through the knee, and McFall
+in the pit of the stomach. McFall ran to the block-house, and McCombs
+fell, unable to support himself longer, just after opening the door of
+his cabin, and was dragged in by his sisters, who barricaded the door
+instantly. On the level and only accessible side there was a corn-field,
+and the season being favorable, and the soil rich as well as new, the
+corn was more than breast high. Here the main body of the Indians lay
+concealed, while three or four who made the attack attempted thereby to
+decoy the whites outside of the defenses. Failing in this, they set fire
+to an old fence and corn-crib, and two stables, both long enough built
+to be thoroughly combustible. These had previously protected their
+approach in that direction. Captain Asa Reese was in command of our
+little fort. 'Boys,' said he, 'some of you must run over to Hinkston's
+or Harrison's.' These were one and a half and two miles off, but in
+different directions. Every man declined. I objected, alleging as my
+reason that he would give up the fort before I could bring relief; but
+on his assurance that he would hold out, I agreed to go. I jumped off
+the bank through the thicket of trees, which broke my fall, while they
+scratched my face and limbs. I got to the ground with a limb clenched in
+my hands, which I had grasped unawares in getting through. I recovered
+from the jar in less than a minute, crossed the Licking, and ran up a
+cow-path on the opposite side, which the cows from one of those forts
+had beat down in their visits for water. As soon as I had gained the
+bank I shouted to assure my friends of my safety, and to discourage the
+enemy. In less than an hour I was back, with a relief of ten horsemen,
+well armed, and driving in full chase after the Indians. But they had
+decamped immediately upon hearing my signal, well knowing what it meant,
+and it was deemed imprudent to pursue them with so weak a party--the
+whole force in Higgins' block-house hardly sufficing to guard the women
+and children there. McFall, from whom the bullet could not be extracted,
+lingered two days and nights in great pain, when he died, as did
+McCombs, on the ninth day, mortification then taking place.'
+
+"While these depredations were going on, most of the Northwestern tribes
+were ostensibly at peace with the country, treaties having recently
+been made. But the Kentuckians, exasperated by the repeated outrages,
+determined to have resort to their favorite expedient of invading the
+Indian country. How far they were justified in holding the tribes
+responsible for the actions of these roving plunderers, the reader
+must judge for himself. We may remark, however, that it does not seem
+distinctly proved that the Indians engaged in these attacks belonged
+to any of the tribes against whom the attack was to be made. But the
+backwoodsmen were never very scrupulous in such matters. They generally
+regarded the Indian race as a unit: an offense committed by one warrior
+might be lawfully punished on another. We often, in reading the history
+of the West, read of persons who, having lost relations by Indians of
+one tribe, made a practice of killing all whom they met, whether in
+peace or war. It is evident, as Marshall says, that no authority but
+that of Congress could render an expedition of this kind lawful. The
+Governor of Virginia had given instructions to the commanders of the
+counties to take the necessary means for defense; and the Kentuckians,
+giving a free interpretation to these instructions, decided that the
+expedition was necessary and resolved to undertake it.
+
+"General Clark was selected to command it, and to the standard of
+this favorite officer volunteers eagerly thronged. A thousand men
+were collected at the Falls of the Ohio, from whence the troops marched
+by land to St. Vincennes, while the provisions and other supplies
+were conveyed by water. The troops soon became discouraged. When the
+provisions reached Vincennes, after a delay of several days on account
+of the low water, it was found that a large proportion of them were
+spoiled. In consequence of this, the men were placed upon short
+allowance, with which, of course, they were not well pleased. In the
+delay in waiting for the boats, much of the enthusiasm of the men had
+evaporated; and it is said by some that General Clark dispatched a
+messenger to the towns, in advance of the troops, to offer them the
+choice of peace or war, which greatly lessened the chances of the
+success of the expedition. Though this measure would be only complying
+with the requirements of good faith, it is very doubtful if it was
+adopted, so utterly at variance would it be with the usual manner
+of conducting these expeditions.
+
+"At any rate, when the army arrived within two days' march of the Indian
+towns, no less than three hundred of the men refused to proceed, nor
+could all the appeals of Clark induce them to alter their determination.
+They marched off in a body; and so discouraged were the others by this
+desertion, and the unfavorable circumstances in which they were placed,
+that a council held the evening after their departure concluded to
+relinquish the undertaking."
+
+The whole of the troops returned to Kentucky in a very disorderly
+manner. Thus did this expedition, begun under the most favorable
+auspices--for the commander's reputation was greater than any other in
+the West, and the men were the elite of Kentucky--altogether fail of its
+object, the men not having even seen the enemy. Marshall, in accounting
+for this unexpected termination, says that Clark was no longer the man
+he had been; that he had injured his intellect by the use of spirituous
+liquors. Colonel Logan had at first accompanied Clark, but he soon
+returned to Kentucky to organize another expedition; that might, while
+the attention of the Indians was altogether engrossed by the advance of
+Clark, fall upon some unguarded point. He raised the requisite number
+of troops without difficulty, and by a rapid march completely surprised
+one of the Shawanee towns, which he destroyed, killing several of the
+warriors, and bringing away a number of prisoners. In regard to the
+results of the measures adopted by the Kentuckians, we quote from
+Marshall:
+
+"In October of this year, a large number of families traveling by land
+to Kentucky, known by the name of McNitt's company, were surprised in
+camp, at night, by a party of Indians, between Big and Little Laurel
+River, and totally defeated, with the loss of twenty-one persons killed;
+the rest dispersed, or taken prisoners.
+
+"About the same time, Captain Hardin, from the south-western part of
+the district, with a party of men, made an excursion into the Indian
+country, surrounding the Saline; he fell in with a camp of Indians whom
+he attacked and defeated, killing four of them, without loss on his
+part.
+
+"Some time in December, Hargrove and others were defeated at the mouth
+of Buck Creek, on the Cumberland River. The Indians attacked in the
+night, killed one man, and wounded Hargrove; who directly became engaged
+in a rencontre with an Indian, armed with his tomahawk; of this he was
+disarmed, but escaped, leaving the weapon with Hargrove, who bore it
+off, glad to extricate himself. In this year also, Benjamin Price was
+killed near the three forks of Kentucky.
+
+"Thus ended, in a full renewal of the war, the year whose beginning had
+happily witnessed the completion of the treaties of peace.
+
+"By this time, one thing must have been obvious to those who had
+attended to the course of events--and that was, that if the Indians came
+into the country, whether for peace or war, hostilities were inevitable."
+
+'If the white people went into their country, the same consequences
+followed. The parties were yet highly exasperated against each other;
+they had not cooled since the peace, if peace it could be called; and
+meet where they would, bloodshed was the result.'
+
+"Whether the Indians to the north and west had ascertained, or not, that
+the two expeditions of this year were with or without the consent of
+Congress, they could but think the treaties vain things; and either made
+by those who had no right to make them, or no power to enforce them.
+With Kentuckians, it was known that the latter was the fact. To the
+Indians, the consequence was the same. They knew to a certainty, that
+the British had not surrendered the posts on the lakes--that it was from
+them they received their supplies; that they had been deceived, as to
+the United States getting the posts, and they were easily persuaded to
+believe, that these posts would not be transferred; and that in truth,
+the British, not the United States, had been the conquerors in the late
+war."
+
+"Such were the reflections which the state of facts would have
+justified, and at the same time have disposed them for war. The invasion
+of their country by two powerful armies from Kentucky, could leave no
+doubt of a disposition equally hostile on her part Congress, utterly
+destitute of the means for enforcing the treaties, either on the one
+side or the other, stood aloof, ruminating on the inexhaustible abundance
+of her own want of resources--and the abuse of herself for not possessing
+them."
+
+After this year, we hear of but few independent expeditions from
+Kentucky. Their militia were often called out to operate with the United
+States troops, and in Wayne's campaign were of much service; but this
+belongs to the general history of the United States. All that we have to
+relate of Kentucky now, is a series of predatory attacks by the Indians,
+varied occasionally by a spirited reprisal by a small party of whites.
+It is estimated that fifteen hundred persons were either killed or made
+prisoners in Kentucky after the year 1783.
+
+"On the night of the 11th of April, 1787," says McClung, "the house of
+a widow, in Bourbon County, became the scene of an adventure which we
+think deserves to be related. She occupied what is generally called a
+double cabin, in a lonely part of the country, one room of which was
+tenanted by the old lady herself, together with two grown sons, and a
+widowed daughter, at that time suckling an infant, while the other was
+occupied by two unmarried daughters, from sixteen to twenty years of
+age, together with a little girl not more than half grown. The hour was
+eleven o'clock at night. One of the unmarried daughters was still busily
+engaged at the loom, but the other members of the family, with the
+exception of one of the sons, had retired to rest. Some symptoms of an
+alarming nature had engaged the attention of the young man for an hour
+before any thing of a decided character took place.
+
+"The cry of owls was heard in the adjoining wood, answering each other
+in rather an unusual manner. The horses, which were enclosed as usual in
+a pound near the house, were more than commonly excited and by repeated
+snorting and galloping, announced the presence of some object of terror.
+The young man was often upon the point of awakening his brother, but was
+as often restrained by the fear of incurring ridicule and the reproach
+of timidity, at that time an unpardonable blemish in the character of a
+Kentuckian. At length hasty steps were heard in the yard, and quickly
+afterward, several loud knocks at the door, accompanied by the usual
+exclamation, 'Who keeps house?' in very good English. The young man,
+supposing from the language that some benighted settlers were at the
+door, hastily arose, and was advancing to withdraw the bar which secured
+it, when his mother, who had long lived upon the frontiers, and had
+probably detected the Indian tone in the demand for admission, instantly
+sprung out of bed, and ordered her son not to admit them, declaring that
+they were Indians.
+
+"She instantly awakened her other son, and the two young men seized
+their guns, which were always charged, prepared to repel the enemy. The
+Indians, finding it impossible to enter under their assumed characters,
+began to thunder at the door with great violence, but a single shot from
+a loop-hole compelled them to shift the attack to some less exposed
+point and, unfortunately, they discovered the door of the other cabin,
+containing the three daughters. The rifles of the brothers could not be
+brought to bear upon this point, and by means of several rails taken
+from the yard fence, the door was forced from its hinges, and the three
+girls were at the mercy of the savages. One was instantly secured, but
+the eldest defended herself desperately with a knife which she had been
+using at the loom, and stabbed one of the Indians to the heart before
+she was tomahawked.
+
+"In the mean time the little girl, who had been overlooked by the enemy
+in their eagerness to secure the others, ran out into the yard, and
+might have effected her escape, had she taken advantage of the darkness
+and fled; but instead of that, the terrified little creature ran around
+the house wringing her hands, and crying out that her sisters were
+killed. The brothers, unable to hear her cries without risking every
+thing for her rescue, rushed to the door and were preparing to sally
+out to her assistance, when their mother threw herself before them and
+calmly declared that the child must be abandoned to its fate; that the
+sally would sacrifice the lives of all the rest, without the slightest
+benefit to the little girl. Just then the child uttered a loud scream,
+followed by a few faint moans, and all was again silent. Presently the
+crackling of flames was heard, accompanied by a triumphant yell from
+the Indians, announcing that they had set fire to that division of the
+house which had been occupied by the daughters, and of which they held
+undisputed possession.
+
+"The fire was quickly communicated to the rest of the building, and it
+became necessary to abandon it or perish in the flames. In the one case
+there was a possibility that some might escape; in the other, their fate
+would be equally certain and terrible. The rapid approach of the flames
+cut short their momentary suspense. The door was thrown open, and the
+old lady, supported by her eldest son, attempted to cross the fence
+at one point, while her daughter, carrying her child in her arms, and
+attended by the younger of the brothers, ran in a different direction.
+The blazing roof shed a light over the yard but little inferior to that
+of day, and the savages were distinctly seen awaiting the approach of
+their victims. The old lady was permitted to reach the stile unmolested,
+but in the act of crossing received several balls in her breast and fell
+dead. Her son, providentially, remained unhurt, and by extraordinary
+agility effected his escape.
+
+"The other party succeeded also in reaching the fence unhurt, but
+in the act of crossing, were vigorously assailed by several Indians,
+who, throwing down their guns, rushed upon them with their tomahawks.
+The young man defended his sister gallantly, firing upon the enemy as
+they approached, and then wielding the butt of his rifle with a fury
+that drew their whole attention upon himself, and gave his sister an
+opportunity of effecting her escape. He quickly fell, however, under the
+tomahawks of his enemies, and was found at daylight, scalped and mangled
+in a shocking manner. Of the whole family consisting of eight persons,
+when the attack commenced, only three escaped. Four were killed upon the
+spot, and one (the second daughter) carried off as a prisoner.
+
+"The neighborhood was quickly alarmed, and by daylight about thirty men
+were assembled under the command of Colonel Edwards. A light snow had
+fallen during the latter part of the night, and the Indian trail could
+be pursued at a gallop. It led directly into the mountainous country
+bordering upon Licking, and afforded evidences of great hurry and
+precipitation on the part of the fugitives. Unfortunately a hound had
+been permitted to accompany the whites, and as the trail became fresh
+and the scent warm, she followed it with eagerness, baying loudly and
+giving the alarm to the Indians. The consequences of this imprudence
+were soon displayed. The enemy finding the pursuit keen, and perceiving
+that the strength of the prisoner began to fail, instantly sunk their
+tomahawks in her head and left her, still warm and bleeding, upon the
+snow."
+
+As the whites came up, she retained strength enough to waive her
+hand in token of recognition, and appeared desirous of giving them
+some information, with regard to the enemy, but her strength was too
+far gone. Her brother sprung from his horse and knelt by her side,
+endeavoring to stop the effusion of blood, but in vain. She gave him her
+hand, muttered some inarticulate words, and expired within two minutes
+after the arrival of the party. The pursuit was renewed with additional
+ardor, and in twenty minutes the enemy was within view. They had taken
+possession of a steep narrow ridge and seemed desirous of magnifying
+their numbers in the eyes of the whites, as they ran rapidly from tree
+to tree, and maintained a steady yell in their most appalling tones.
+The pursuers, however, were too experienced to be deceived by so common
+an artifice, and being satisfied that the number of the enemy must be
+inferior to their own, they dismounted, tied their horses, and flanking
+out in such a manner as to enclose the enemy, ascended the ridge as
+rapidly as was consistent with a due regard to the shelter of their
+persons.
+
+The firing quickly commenced, and now for the first time they discovered
+that only two Indians were opposed to them. They had voluntarily
+sacrificed themselves for the safety of the main body, and succeeded in
+delaying pursuit until their friends could reach the mountains. One of
+them was instantly shot dead, and the other was badly wounded, as was
+evident from the blood upon his blanket, as well as that which filled
+his tracks in the snow for a considerable distance. The pursuit was
+recommenced, and urged keenly until night, when the trail entered a
+running stream and was lost. On the following morning the snow had
+melted, and every trace of the enemy was obliterated. This affair must
+be regarded as highly honorable to the skill, address, and activity
+of the Indians; and the self-devotion of the rear guard, is a lively
+instance of that magnanimity of which they are at times capable, and
+which is more remarkable in them, from the extreme caution, and tender
+regard for their own lives, which usually distinguished their warriors.
+
+From this time Simon Kenton's name became very prominent as a leader.
+This year, at the head of forty-six men, he pursued a body of Indians,
+but did not succeed in overtaking them, which he afterward regarded as a
+fortunate circumstance, as he ascertained that they were at least double
+the number of his own party. A man by the name of Scott, having been
+carried off by the Indians, Kenton followed them over the Ohio, and
+released him.
+
+As early as January, 1783, the Indians entered Kentucky, two of them
+were captured near Crab Orchard by Captain Whitley. The same month, a
+party stole a number of horses from the Elkhorn settlements; they were
+pursued and surprised in their camp. Their leader extricated his hand,
+by a singular stratagem. Springing up before the whites could fire, he
+went through a series of the most extraordinary antics, leaping and
+yelling as if frantic. This conduct absorbing the attention of the
+whites, his followers took advantage of the opportunity to escape.
+As soon as they had all disappeared, the wily chief plunged into the
+woods and was seen no more. The attacks were continued in March. Several
+parties and families suffered severely. Lieutenant McClure, following
+the trail of a marauding party of Indians, fell in with an other body,
+and in the skirmish that ensued, was mortally wounded.
+
+In 1789, a conference was held at the mouth of the Muskingum, with most
+of the northwestern tribes, the result of which was the conclusion of
+another treaty. The Shawanese were not included in this pacification.
+This tribe was the most constant in its enmity to the whites, of all
+the Western Indians. There was but little use in making peace with the
+Indians unless all were included; for as long as one tribe was at war,
+restless spirits among the others were found to take part with them,
+and the whites, on the other hand, were not particular to distinguish
+between hostile and friendly Indians.
+
+Though the depredations continued this year, no affair of unusual
+interest occurred; small parties of the Indians infested the
+settlements, murdering and plundering the inhabitants. They were
+generally pursued, but mostly without success. Major McMillan was
+attacked by six or seven Indians, but escaped unhurt after killing two
+of his assailants.
+
+A boat upon the Ohio was fired upon, five men killed, and a woman
+made prisoner. In their attacks upon boats, the Indians employed the
+stratagem of which the whites had been warned by Girty. White men would
+appear upon the shore, begging the crew to rescue them from the Indians,
+who were pursuing them. Some of these were renegades, and others
+prisoners compelled to act this part, under threats of death in its most
+dreadful form if they refused.
+
+The warning of Girty is supposed to have saved many persons from this
+artifice; but too often unable to resist the many appeals, emigrants
+became victims to the finest feelings of our nature.
+
+Thus in March, 1790, a boat descending the river was decoyed ashore, and
+no sooner had it reached the bank than it was captured by fifty Indians,
+who killed a man and a woman, and made the rest prisoners. An expedition
+was made against the Indians on the Sciota by General Harmer, of the
+United States army, and General Scott, of the Kentucky militia, but
+nothing of consequence was achieved. In May a number of people
+returning from Divine service, on Bear Grass Creek, were attacked, and
+one man killed, and a woman made prisoner, who was afterward tomahawked.
+Three days after, a boat containing six men and several families was
+captured by sixteen Indians without loss. The whites were all carried
+off by the Indians, who intended, it is said, to make them slaves; one
+of the men escaped and brought the news to the settlements.
+
+In the fall Harmer made a second expedition, which was attended with
+great disasters. Several marauding attacks of the Indians ensued; nor
+was peace finally restored until after the treaty of Greenville, which
+followed the subjugation of the Indians by General Wayne in 1794.
+
+[Footnote 53: McClung.]
+
+[Footnote 54: "Western Annals."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+     Colonel Boone meets with the loss of all his land in Kentucky,
+     and emigrates to Virginia--Resides on the Kenhawas, near Point
+     Pleasant--Hears of the fertility of Missouri, and the abundance of
+     game there--Emigrates to Missouri--Is appointed commandant of a
+     district under the Spanish Government--Mr. Audubon's narrative of
+     a night passed with Boone, and the narratives made by him during
+     the night--Extraordinary power of his memory.
+
+
+A period of severe adversity for Colonel Boone now ensued. His aversion
+to legal technicalities and his ignorance of legal forms were partly
+the cause of defects in the titles to the lands which he had long ago
+acquired, improved, and nobly defended. But the whole system of land
+titles in Kentucky at that early period was so utterly defective, that
+hundreds of others who were better informed and more careful than the
+old pioneer, lost their lands by litigation and the arts and rogueries
+of land speculators, who made it their business to hunt up defects in
+land titles.
+
+The Colonel lost all his land--even his beautiful farm near
+Boonesborough, which ought to have been held sacred by any men possessed
+of a particle of patriotism or honest feeling, was taken from him. He
+consequently left Kentucky and settled on the Kenhawa River in Virginia,
+not far from Point Pleasant. This removal appears to have taken place in
+the year 1790. He remained in this place several years, cultivating a
+farm, raising stock, and at the proper seasons indulging in his favorite
+sport of hunting.
+
+Some hunters who had been pursuing their sport on the western shores of
+the Missouri River gave Colonel Boone a very vivid description of that
+country, expatiating on the fertility of the land, the abundance of
+game, and the great herds of buffalo ranging over the vast expanse of
+the prairies. They also described the simple manners of the people, the
+absence of lawyers and lawsuits, and the Arcadian happiness which was
+enjoyed by all in the distant region, in such glowing terms that Boone
+resolved to emigrate and settle there, leaving his fourth son Jesse in
+the Kenhawa valley, where he had married and settled, and who did not
+follow him till several years after.[55]
+
+Mr. Peck fixes the period of this emigration in 1795. Perkins, in his
+"Western Annals," places it in 1797. His authority is an article of
+Thomas J. Hinde in the "American Pioneer," who says: "I was 'neighbor to
+Daniel Boone, the first white man that fortified against the. Indians in
+Kentucky. In October, 1797, I saw him on pack-horses take up his journey
+for Missouri, then Upper Louisiana."
+
+Mr. Peck says:[56] "At that period, and for several years after,
+the country of his retreat belonged to the Crown of Spain. His fame
+had reached this remote region before him; and he received of the
+Lieutenant-Governor, who resided at St. Louis, 'assurance that ample
+portions of land should be given to him and his family.' His first
+residence was in the Femme Osage settlement, in the District of St.
+Charles, about forty-five miles west of St. Louis. Here he remained
+with his son Daniel M. Boone until 1804, when he removed to the residence
+of his youngest son, Nathan Boone, with whom he continued till about
+1810, when he went to reside with his son-in-law, Flanders Callaway.
+A commission from Don Charles D. Delassus, Lieutenant-Governor, dated
+July 11th, 1800, appointing him commandant of the Femme Osage District,
+was tendered and accepted. He retained this command, which included both
+civil and military duties and he continued to discharge them with credit
+to himself, and to the satisfaction of all concerned, until the transfer
+of the government to the United States. The simple manners of the
+frontier people of Missouri exactly suited the peculiar habits and
+temper of Colonel Boone."
+
+It was during his residence in Missouri that Colonel Boone was visited
+by the great naturalist, J.J. Audubon, who passed a night with him. In
+his Ornithological Biography, Mr. Audubon gives the following narrative
+of what passed on that occasion:
+
+"Daniel Boone, or, as he was usually called in the Western country,
+Colonel Boone, happened to spend a night with me under the same roof,
+more than twenty years ago.[57] We had returned from a shooting
+excursion, in the course of which his extraordinary skill in the
+management of the rifle had been fully displayed. On retiring to the
+room appropriated to that remarkable individual and myself for the
+night, I felt anxious to know more of his exploits and adventures than
+I did, and accordingly took the liberty of proposing numerous questions
+to him. The stature and general appearance of this wanderer of the
+Western forests approached the gigantic. His chest was broad and
+prominent; his muscular powers displayed themselves in every limb;
+his countenance gave indication of his great courage, enterprise, and
+perseverance; and when he spoke, the very motion of his lips brought
+the impression that whatever he uttered could not be otherwise than
+strictly true. I undressed, whilst he merely took off his hunting-shirt,
+and arranged a few folds of blankets on the floor, choosing rather to
+lie there, as he observed, than on the softest bed. When we had both
+disposed of ourselves, each after his own fashion, he related to me the
+following account of his powers of memory, which I lay before you, kind
+reader, in his own words, hoping that the simplicity of his style may
+prove interesting to you:"
+
+"'I was once,' said he, 'on a hunting expedition on the banks of the
+Green River, when the lower parts of this State (Kentucky) were still
+in the hands of Nature, and none but the sons of the soil were looked
+upon as its lawful proprietors. We Virginians had for some time been
+waging a war of intrusion upon them, and I, amongst the rest, rambled
+through the woods in pursuit of their race, as I now would follow the
+tracks of any ravenous animal. The Indians outwitted me one dark night,
+and I was as unexpectedly as suddenly made a prisoner by them. The trick
+had been managed with great skill; for no sooner had I extinguished
+the fire of my camp, and laid me down to rest, in full security, as
+I thought, than I felt myself seized by an indistinguishable number
+of hands, and was immediately pinioned, as if about to be led to the
+scaffold for execution. To have attempted to be refractory would have
+proved useless and dangerous to my life; and I suffered myself to be
+removed from my camp to theirs, a few miles distant, without uttering
+even a word of complaint. You are aware, I dare say, that to act in this
+manner was the best policy, as you understand that by so doing I proved
+to the Indians at once that I was born and bred as fearless of death as
+any of themselves.
+
+"'When we reached the camp, great rejoicings were exhibited. Two squaws
+and a few papooses appeared particularly delighted at the sight of me,
+and I was assured, by very unequivocal gestures and words, that, on the
+morrow, the mortal enemy of the Redskins would cease to live. I never
+opened my lips but was busy contriving some scheme which might enable me
+to give the rascals the slip before dawn. The women immediately fell a
+searching about my hunting-shirt for whatever they might think valuable,
+and, fortunately for me, soon found my flask tilled with _Monongahela_
+(that is, reader, strong whisky). A terrific grin was exhibited on
+their murderous countenances, while my heart throbbed with joy at the
+anticipation of their intoxication. The crew immediately began to beat
+their bellies and sing, as they passed the bottle from mouth to mouth.
+How often did I wish the flask ten times its size, and filled with
+aquafortis! I observed that the squaws drank more freely than the
+warriors, and again my spirits were about to be depressed, when the
+report of a gun was heard at a distance. The Indians all jumped on their
+feet. The singing and drinking were both brought to a stand, and I saw,
+with inexpressible joy, the men walk off to some distance and talk to
+the squaws. I knew that they were consulting about me, and I foresaw
+that in a few moments the warriors would go to discover the cause of the
+gun having been fired so near their camp. I expected that the squaws
+would be left to guard me. Well, sir, it was just so. They returned;
+the men took up their guns, and walked away. The squaws sat down again,
+and in less than five minutes had my bottle up to their dirty mouths,
+gurgling down their throats the remains of the whisky.
+
+"'With what pleasure did I see them becoming more and more drunk, until
+the liquor took such hold of them that it was quite impossible for these
+women to be of any service. They tumbled down, rolled about, and began
+to snore; when I, having no other chance of freeing myself from the
+cords that fastened me, rolled over and over toward the fire, and, after
+a short time, burned them asunder. I rose on my feet, stretched my
+stiffened sinews, snatched up my rifle, and, for once in my life spared
+that of Indians. I now recollect how desirous I once or twice felt to
+lay open the skulls of the wretches with my tomahawk; but when I again
+thought upon killing beings unprepared and unable to defend themselves,
+it looked like murder without need, and I gave up the idea.
+
+"'But, sir, I felt determined to mark the spot, and walking to a thrifty
+ash sapling I cut out of it three large chips, and ran off. I soon
+reached the river soon crossed it, and threw myself deep into the
+canebrakes, imitating the tracks of an Indian with my feet, so that no
+chance might be left for those from whom I had escaped to overtake me.
+
+"'It is now nearly twenty years since this happened, and more than five
+since I left the whites' settlements, which I might probably never have
+visited again had I not been called on as a witness in a lawsuit that
+was pending in Kentucky, and which I really believe would never have
+been settled had I not come forward and established the beginning of
+a certain boundary line. This is the story, sir:
+
+"'Mr. ---- moved from Old Virginia into Kentucky, and having a large
+tract granted to him in the new State, laid claim to a certain parcel
+of land adjoining Green River, and, as chance would have it, took for
+one of his corners the very ash tree on which I had made my mark, and
+finished his survey of some thousands of acres, beginning, as it is
+expressed in the deed, at an ash marked by three distinct notches of
+the tomahawk of a white man."
+
+"'The tree had grown much, and the bark had covered the marks; but,
+somehow or other, Mr. ---- heard from some one all that I have already
+said to you, and thinking that I might remember the spot alluded to in
+the deed, but which was no longer discoverable, wrote for me to come
+and try at least to find the place or the tree. His letter mentioned
+that all my expenses should be paid, and not caring much about once
+more going back to Kentucky I started and met Mr. ----. After some
+conversation, the affair with the Indians came to my recollection.
+I considered for a while, and began to think that after all I could
+find the very spot, as well as the tree, if it was yet standing.
+
+"'Mr. ---- and I mounted our horses, and off we went to the Green River
+Bottoms. After some difficulties--for you must be aware, sir, that great
+changes have taken place in those woods--I found at last the spot where
+I had crossed the river, and, waiting for the moon to rise, made for the
+course in which I thought the ash tree grew. On approaching the place,
+I felt as if the Indians were there still, and as if I was still a
+prisoner among them. Mr. ---- and I camped near what I conceived the
+spot, and waited until the return of day.
+
+"'At the rising of the sun I was on foot, and, after a good deal of
+musing, thought that an ash tree then in sight must be the very one on
+which I had made my mark, I felt as if there could be no doubt of it,
+and mentioned my thought to Mr. ----. 'Well, Colonel Boone,' said he, 'if
+you think so, I hope it may prove true, but we must have some witnesses;
+do you stay here about, and I will go and bring some of the settlers
+whom I know.' I agreed. Mr. ---- trotted off, and I, to pass the time,
+rambled about to see if a deer was still living in the land. But ah!
+sir, what a wonderful difference thirty years make in the country! Why,
+at the time when I was caught by the Indians, you would not have walked
+out in any direction for more than a mile without shooting a buck or a
+bear. There were then thousands of buffaloes on the hills in Kentucky;
+the land looked as if it never would become poor: and to hunt in those
+days was a pleasure indeed. But when I was left to myself on the banks
+of Green River, I dare say for the last time in my life, a few _signs_
+only of deer were to be seen, and, as to a deer itself, I saw none.
+
+"'Mr. ---- returned, accompanied by three gentlemen. They looked upon me
+as if I had been Washington himself, and walked to the ash tree which
+I now called my own, as if in quest of a long-lost treasure. I took an
+axe from one of them, and cut a few chips off the bark. Still no signs
+were to be seen. So I cut again until I thought it was time to be
+cautious, and I scraped and worked away with my butcher-knife until
+I _did_ come to where my tomahawk had left an impression in the wood.
+We now went regularly to work, and scraped at the tree with care until
+three hacks, as plain as any three notches ever were, could be seen.
+Mr. ---- and the other gentlemen were astonished, and I must allow I was
+as much surprised as pleased myself. I made affidavit of this remarkable
+occurrence in presence of these gentlemen. Mr. ---- gained his cause.
+I left Green River forever, and came to where we now are; and sir I wish
+you a good-night.'"
+
+
+[Footnote 55: Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 56: Life of Boone.]
+
+[Footnote 57: This would be about the year 1810.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+     Colonel Boone receives a large grant of land from the Spanish
+     Government of Upper Louisiana--He subsequently loses it by
+     neglecting to secure the formal title--His law suits in his
+     new home--Character of the people--Sketch of the history of
+     Missouri--Colonel Boone's hunting--He pays his debts by the
+     sale of furs--Hunting excursions continued--In danger from the
+     Indians--Taken sick in his hunting camp--His relatives settled in
+     his neighborhood--Colonel Boone applies to Congress to recover his
+     land--The Legislature of Kentucky supports his claim--Death of
+     Mrs. Boone--Results of the application to Congress--He receives
+     one-eleventh part of his just claim--He ceases to hunt--Occupations
+     of his declining years--Mr. Harding paints his portrait.
+
+
+In consideration of his official services as Syndic, ten thousand
+arpents[58] of excellent land were given to Colonel Boone by the
+Government. Under the special law, in order to make his title good, he
+should have obtained a confirmation of his grant from the immediate
+representative of the Crown, then residing in New Orleans. But his
+friend, the Commandant at St. Louis, undertook to dispense with his
+residence on the land which was another condition to a sound title, and
+Boone probably supposed that "all would be right" without attending to
+any of the formalities, and neglected to take the necessary steps for
+holding his land securely.
+
+It is probable that he foresaw that Missouri would soon become a part of
+the United States, and expected justice from that quarter. But in this
+he was disappointed, for when that event took place, the commissioners
+of the United States appointed to decide on confirmed claims felt
+constrained by their instructions and rejected Colonel Boone's claims
+for want of legal formalities.
+
+Thus was the noble pioneer a second time deprived of the recompense
+of his inestimable services by his inattention to the precautions
+necessary for securing his rights. This second misfortune came upon
+him some time after the period of which we are now writing.
+
+Meantime Colonel Boone found his residence in Missouri agreeable, and in
+every respect congenial to his habits and tastes. His duties as Syndic
+were light; and he was allowed ample time for the cultivation of his
+land, and for occasional tours of hunting, in which he so greatly
+delighted. Trapping beaver was another of his favorite pursuits, and
+in this new country he found abundance of this as well as other species
+of game.
+
+A greater part of the people of Missouri were emigrants from the
+United States, pioneers of the West, who had already resisted Indian
+aggressions, and were welcomed by the French and Spanish settlers as
+a clear accession to their military strength,
+
+A brief notice of the history of this State, showing how the different
+kinds of population came there, will be not inappropriate in this place.
+
+Though the French were the first settlers, and for a long time the
+principal inhabitants of Missouri, yet a very small portion of her
+present population is of that descent. A fort was built by that people
+as early as 1719, near the site of the present capital, called Fort
+Orleans, and its lead mines worked to some extent the next year. St.
+Genevieve, the oldest town in the State, was settled in 1755, and St.
+Louis in 1764. At the treaty of 1763 it was assigned, with all the
+territory west of the Mississippi, to Spain. "In 1780, St. Louis was
+besieged and attacked by a body of British troops and Indians, fifteen
+hundred and forty strong." During the siege, sixty of the French were
+killed. The siege was raised by Colonel George Rogers Clark, who came
+with five hundred men to the relief of the place. At the close of the
+American Revolution, the territory west of the Mississippi remained with
+Spain till it was ceded to France, in 1801. In 1803, at the purchase of
+Louisiana, it came into the possession of the United States, and formed
+part of the territory of Louisiana, until the formation of the State
+of that name in 1812, when the remainder of the territory was named
+Missouri, from which (after a stormy debate in Congress as to the
+admission of slavery) was separated the present State of Missouri in
+1721.[59]
+
+The office of Syndic, to which Colonel Boone had been appointed, is
+similar to that of justice of the peace under our own government: but it
+is more extensive, as combining military with civil powers. Its exercise
+in Colonel Boone's district did not by any means occupy the whole of
+his time and attention. On the contrary, he found sufficient time for
+hunting in the winter months--the regular hunting season. At first he
+was not very successful in obtaining valuable furs; but after two or
+three seasons, he was able to secure a sufficient quantity to enable
+him, by the proceeds of their sale, to discharge some outstanding debts
+in Kentucky; and he made a journey thither for that purpose. When he had
+seen each creditor, and paid him all he demanded, he returned home to
+Missouri, and on his arrival he had but half a dollar remaining. "To his
+family," says Mr. Peck, "and a circle of friends who had called to see
+him, he said, 'Now I am ready and willing to die. I am relieved from a
+burden that has long oppressed me. I have paid all my debts, and no one
+will say, when I am gone, 'Boone was a dishonest man.' I am perfectly
+willing to die.'"[60]
+
+Boone still continued his hunting excursions, attended sometimes by some
+friend: but most frequently by a black servant boy. On one of these
+occasions these two had to resist an attack of Osage Indians, whom they
+speedily put to flight. At another time, when he was entirely alone, a
+large encampment of Indians made its appearance in his neighborhood;
+and he was compelled to secrete himself for twenty days in his camp,
+cooking his food only in the middle of the night, so that the smoke of
+his fire would not be seen. At the end of this long period of inaction
+the Indians went off.
+
+At another time, while in his hunting camp, with only a negro boy for
+his attendant, he fell sick and lay a long time unable to go out. When
+sufficiently recovered to walk out, he pointed out to the boy a place
+where he wished to be buried if he should die in camp, and also gave
+the boy very exact directions about his burial, and the disposal of his
+rifle, blankets and peltry.[61]
+
+Among the relations of Colonel Boone, who were settled in his
+neighborhood, were Daniel Morgan Boone, his eldest son then living, who
+had gone out before his father; Nattra, with his wife, who had followed
+in 1800; and Flanders Callaway, his son-in-law, who had come out about
+the time that Missouri, then Upper Louisiana, became a part of the
+United States territory.[62]
+
+We have already stated that the land granted to Colonel Boone, in
+consideration of his performing the duties of Syndic, was lost by his
+omission to comply with the legal formalities necessary to secure his
+title.
+
+In addition to the ten thousand arpents of land thus lost, he had been
+entitled as a citizen to one thousand arpents of land according to the
+usage in other cases; but he appears not to have complied with the
+condition of actual residence on this land, and it was lost in
+consequence.
+
+In 1812, Colonel Boone sent a petition to Congress, praying for a
+confirmation of his original claims. In order to give greater weight
+to his application, he presented a memorial to the General Assembly of
+Kentucky, on the thirteenth of January, 1812, soliciting the aid of that
+body in obtaining from Congress the confirmation of his claims.
+
+The Legislature, by a unanimous vote, passed the following preamble and
+resolutions.
+
+"The Legislature of Kentucky, taking into view the many eminent services
+rendered by Col. Boone, in exploring and settling the western country,
+from which great advantages have resulted, not only to this State, but
+to his country in general; and that from circumstances over which he had
+no control, he is now reduced to poverty, not having, so far as appears,
+an acre of land out of the vast territory he has been a great instrument
+in peopling; believing, also, that it is as unjust as it is impolitic,
+that useful enterprise and eminent services should go unrewarded by a
+government where merit confers the only distinction; and having
+sufficient reason to believe that a grant of ten thousand acres of land,
+which he claims in Upper Louisiana, would have been confirmed by the
+Spanish government, had not said territory passed, by cession, into the
+hands of the general government: wherefore.
+
+"Resolved, by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of
+Kentucky,--That our Senators in Congress be requested to make use of
+their exertions to procure a grant of land in said territory to said
+Boone, either the ten thousand acres to which he appears to have an
+equitable claim, from the grounds set forth to this Legislature, by way
+of confirmation, or to such quantity in such place as shall be deemed
+most advisable, by way of donation."
+
+Notwithstanding this action of the Legislature of Kentucky, Colonel
+Boone's appeal, like many other just and reasonable claims presented to
+Congress, was neglected for some time. During this period of anxious
+suspense, Mrs. Boone, the faithful and affectionate wife of the
+venerable pioneer, who had shared his toils and anxieties, and cheered
+his home for so many years, was taken from his side. She died in March,
+1813, at the age of seventy-six. The venerable pioneer was now to miss
+her cheerful companionship for the remainder of his life; and to a man
+of his affectionate disposition this must have been a severe privation.
+
+Colonel Boone's memorial to Congress received the earnest and active
+support of Judge Coburn, Joseph Vance, Judge Burnett, and other
+distinguished men belonging to the Western country. But it was not till
+the 24th of December, 1813, that the Committee on Public Lands made a
+report on the subject.
+
+The report certainly is a very inconsistent one, as it fully admits the
+justice of his claim to eleven thousand arpents of land, and recommends
+Congress to give him the miserable pittance of one thousand arpents, to
+which he was entitled in common with all the other emigrants to Upper
+Louisiana! The act for the confirmation of the title passed on the 10th
+of February, 1814.
+
+For ten years before his decease, Colonel Boone gave up his favorite
+pursuit of hunting. The infirmities of age rendered it imprudent for him
+to venture alone in the woods.
+
+The closing years of Colonel Boone's life were passed in a manner
+entirely characteristic of the man. He appears to have considered love
+to mankind, reverence to the Supreme Being, delight in his works and
+constant usefulness, as the legitimate ends of life. After the decease
+of Mrs. Boone, he divided his time among the different members of his
+family, making his home with his eldest daughter, Mrs. Callaway,
+visiting his other children, and especially his youngest son, Major
+Nathan Boone, for longer or shorter periods, according to his
+inclination and convenience. He was greatly beloved by all his
+descendants, some of whom were of the fifth generation; and he took
+great delight in their society.
+
+"His time at home," says Mr. Peck, "was usually occupied in some useful
+manner. He made powder-horns for his grandchildren, neighbors, and
+friends, many of which were carved and ornamented with much taste. He
+repaired rifles, and performed various descriptions of handicraft with
+neatness and finish." Making powder-horns--repairing rifles--employments
+in pleasing unison with old pursuits, and by the associations thus
+raised in his mind, always recalling the pleasures of the chase, the
+stilly whispering hum of the pines, the fragrance of wild flowers, and
+the deep solitude of the primeval forest.
+
+In the summer of 1820, Chester Harding, who of American artists is one
+of the most celebrated for the accuracy of his likenesses, paid a visit
+to Colonel Boone for the purpose of taking his portrait. The Colonel was
+quite feeble, and had to be supported by a friend, the Rev. J.E. Welsh,
+while sitting to the artist.[63]
+
+This portrait is the original from which most of the engravings of Boone
+have been executed. It represents him in his hunting-dress, with his
+large hunting-knife in his belt. The face is very thin and pale, and
+the hair perfectly white; the eyes of a bright blue color, and the
+expression of the countenance mild and pleasing.
+
+[Footnote 58: An arpent of land is eighty-five-hundredths of an acre.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Lippincott's Gazetteer.]
+
+[Footnote 60: The owners of the money of which he was robbed on his
+journey to Virginia, as already related, had voluntarily relinquished
+all claims on him. This was a simple act of justice.]
+
+[Footnote 61: Peck.]
+
+[Footnote 62: Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 63: Peck. Life of Boone.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+     Last illness, and death of Colonel Boone--His funeral--Account
+     of his family--His remains and those of his wife removed from
+     Missouri, and reinterred in the new cemetery in Frankfort,
+     Kentucky--Character of Colonel Boone.
+
+
+In September, 1820, Colonel Boone had an attack of fever, from which he
+recovered so as to make a visit to the house of his son, Major Nathan
+Boone. Soon after, from an indiscretion in his diet, he had a relapse;
+and after a confinement to the house of only three days, he expired on
+the 26th of September, in the eighty-sixth year of his age.
+
+He was buried in a coffin which he had kept ready for several years.
+His remains were laid by the side of those of his deceased wife. The
+great respect and reverence entertained toward him, attracted a large
+concourse from the neighboring country to the funeral. The Legislature
+of Missouri, then in session, passed a resolution that the members
+should wear the badge of mourning usual in such cases for twenty days;
+and an adjournment for one day took place.
+
+Colonel Boone had five sons and four daughters The two oldest sons, as
+already related, were killed by the Indians. His third, Colonel Daniel
+Morgan Boone, resided in Missouri, and died about 1842, past the age of
+eighty. Jesse Boone, the fourth son, settled in Missouri about 1805, and
+died at St. Louis a few years after. Major Nathan Boone, the youngest
+child, resided for many years in Missouri, and received a commission in
+the United States Dragoons. He was still living at a recent date. Daniel
+Boone's daughters, Jemima, Susannah, Rebecca, and Lavinia, were all
+married, lived and died in Kentucky.
+
+In 1845 the citizens of Frankfort, Kentucky, having prepared a rural
+cemetery, resolved to consecrate it by interring in it the remains of
+Daniel Boone and his wife. The consent of the family being obtained,
+the reinterment took place on the 20th of August of that year.
+
+The pageant was splendid and deeply interesting. A few survivors of
+Boone's contemporaries were present, gathered from all parts of the
+State, and a numerous train of his descendants and relatives led the van
+of the procession escorting the hearse, which was decorated with forest
+evergreens and white lilies, an appropriate tribute to the simple as
+well as glorious character of Boone, and a suitable emblem of his
+enduring fame. The address was delivered by Mr. Crittenden, and the
+concourse of citizens from Kentucky and the neighboring States was
+immense.
+
+The reader of the foregoing pages will have no difficulty in forming
+a correct estimate of Boone's character. He was one of the purest and
+noblest of the pioneers of the West. Regarding himself as an instrument
+in the hands of Providence for accomplishing great purposes, he was
+nevertheless always modest and unassuming, never seeking distinction,
+but always accepting the post of duty and danger.
+
+As a military leader he was remarkable for prudence, coolness, bravery,
+and imperturbable self-possession. His knowledge of the character of the
+Indians enabled him to divine their intentions and baffle their best
+laid plans; and notwithstanding his resistance of their inroads, he was
+always a great favorite amongst them. As a father, husband, and citizen,
+his character seems to have been faultless; and his intercourse with his
+fellow-men was always marked by the strictest integrity and honor.
+
+
+
+
+COLONEL BOONE'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY
+
+[The following pages were dictated by Colonel Boone to John Filson, and
+published in 1784. Colonel Boone has been heard to say repeatedly since
+its publication, that "it is every word true."]
+
+Curiosity is natural to the soul of man, and interesting objects have
+a powerful influence on our affections. Let these influencing powers
+actuate, by the permission or disposal of Providence, from selfish or
+social views, yet in time the mysterious will of Heaven is unfolded, and
+we behold our conduct, from whatsoever motives excited, operating to
+answer the important designs of Heaven. Thus we behold Kentucky, lately
+a howling wilderness, the habitation of savages and wild beasts, become
+a fruitful field; this region, so favorably distinguished by nature,
+now become the habitation of civilization, at a period unparalleled in
+history, in the midst of a raging war, and under all the disadvantages
+of emigration to a country so remote from the inhabited parts of the
+continent. Here, where the hand of violence shed the blood of the
+innocent; where the horrid yells of savages and the groans of the
+distressed sounded in our ears, we now hear the praises and adorations
+of our Creator; where wretched wigwams stood, the miserable abodes
+of savages, we behold the foundations of cities laid, that, in all
+probability, will equal the glory of the greatest upon earth. And we
+view Kentucky, situated on the fertile banks of the great Ohio, rising
+from obscurity to shine with splendor, equal to any other of the stars
+of the American hemisphere.
+
+The settling of this region well deserves a place in history. Most
+of the memorable events I have myself been exercised in; and, for the
+satisfaction of the public, will briefly relate the circumstance of my
+adventures, and scenes of life from my first movement to this country
+until this day.
+
+It was on the first of May, in the year 1769, that I resigned my
+domestic happiness for a time, and left my family and peaceable
+habitation on the Yadkin River, in North Carolina, to wander through the
+wilderness of America, in quest of the country of Kentucky, in company
+with John Finley, John Stewart, Joseph Holden, James Monay, and William
+Cool. We proceeded successfully, and after a long and fatiguing journey
+through a mountainous wilderness, in a westward direction. On the 7th
+of June following we found ourselves on Red River, where John Finley
+had formerly been trading with the Indians, and, from the top of an
+eminence, saw with pleasure the beautiful level of Kentucky. Here let
+me observe that for some time we had experienced the most uncomfortable
+weather, as a pre-libation of our future sufferings. At this place we
+encamped, and made a shelter to defend us from the inclement season,
+and began to hunt and reconnoitre the country. We found everywhere
+abundance of wild beasts of all sorts, through this vast forest. The
+buffalo were more frequent than I have seen cattle in the settlements,
+browsing on the leaves of the cane, or cropping the herbage on those
+extensive plains, fearless, because ignorant of the violence of man.
+Sometimes we saw hundreds in a drove, and the numbers about the salt
+springs were amazing. In this forest, the habitation of beasts of every
+kind natural to America, we practiced hunting with great success until
+the 22d day of December following.
+
+This day John Steward and I had a pleasing ramble, but fortune changed
+the scene in the close of it. We had passed through a great forest, on
+which stood myriads of trees, some gay with blossoms, and others rich
+with fruits. Nature was here a series of wonders, and a fund of delight.
+Here she displayed her ingenuity and industry in a variety of flowers
+and fruits, beautifully colored, elegantly shaped, and charmingly
+flavored; and we were diverted with innumerable animals presenting
+themselves perpetually to our view. In the decline of the day, near
+Kentucky River, as we ascended the brow of a small hill, a number of
+Indians rushed out of a thick canebrake upon us, and made us prisoners.
+The time of our sorrow was now arrived, and the scene fully opened.
+The Indians plundered us of what we had, and kept us in confinement
+seven days, treating us with common savage usage. During this time we
+discovered no uneasiness or desire to escape, which made them less
+suspicious of us; but in the dead of night, as we lay in a thick
+canebrake by a large fire, when sleep had locked-up their senses, my
+situation not disposing me for rest, I touched my companion, and gently
+awoke him. We improved this favorable opportunity and departed, leaving
+them to take their rest, and speedily directed our course toward our old
+camp, but found it plundered, and the company dispersed and gone home.
+About this time my brother, Squire Boone, with another adventurer, who
+came to explore the country shortly after us, was wandering through the
+forest, determined to find me if possible, and accidentally found our
+camp. Notwithstanding the unfortunate circumstances of our company, and
+our dangerous situation, as surrounded with hostile savages, our meeting
+so fortunately in the wilderness made us reciprocally sensible of the
+utmost satisfaction. So much does friendship triumph over misfortune,
+that sorrows and sufferings vanish at the meeting not only of real
+friends, but of the most distant acquaintances, and substitute happiness
+in their room.
+
+Soon after this, my companion in captivity, John Stewart, was killed
+by the savages, and the man that came with my brother returned home by
+himself. We were then in a dangerous, helpless situation, exposed daily
+to perils and death among savages and wild beasts--not a white man in
+the country but ourselves.
+
+Thus situated, many hundred miles from our families in the howling
+wilderness, I believe few would have equally enjoyed the happiness we
+experienced. I often observed to my brother, "You see now how little
+nature requires to be satisfied. Felicity, the companion of content,
+is rather found in our own breasts than in the enjoyment of external
+things; and I firmly believe it requires but a little philosophy to
+make a man happy in whatsoever state he is. This consists in a full
+resignation to the will of Providence; and a resigned soul finds
+pleasure in a path strewed with briers and thorns."
+
+We continued not in a state of indolence, but hunted every day, and
+prepared a little cottage to defend us from the winter storms. We
+remained there undisturbed during the winter, and on the first day of
+May, 1770, my brother returned home to the settlement by himself, for
+a new recruit of horses and ammunition, leaving me by myself, without
+bread, salt, or sugar, without company of my fellow-creatures, or even
+a horse or dog. I confess I never before was under greater necessity of
+exercising philosophy and fortitude. A few days I passed uncomfortably.
+The idea of a beloved wife and family, and their anxiety upon the
+account of my absence and exposed situation, made sensible impressions
+on my heart. A thousand dreadful apprehensions presented themselves to
+my view, and had undoubtedly disposed me to melancholy, if further
+indulged.
+
+One day I undertook a tour through the country, and the diversity and
+beauties of nature I met with in this charming season, expelled every
+gloomy and vexatious thought. Just at the close of day the gentle gales
+retired, and left the place to the disposal of a profound calm. Not
+a breeze shook the most tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit of a
+commanding ridge, and, looking round with astonishing delight, beheld
+the ample plains, the beauteous tracts below. On the other hand, I
+surveyed the famous river Ohio, that rolled in silent dignity, marking
+the western boundary of Kentucky with inconceivable grandeur. At a
+vast distance I beheld the mountains lift their venerable brows, and
+penetrate the clouds. All things were still. I kindled a fire near a
+fountain of sweet water, and feasted on the loin of a buck, which a few
+hours before I had killed. The sullen shades of night soon overspread
+the whole hemisphere, and the earth seemed to gasp after the hovering
+moisture. My roving excursion this day had fatigued my body, and
+diverted my imagination. I laid me down to sleep, and I awoke not until
+the sun had chased away the night. I continued this tour, and in a few
+days explored a considerable part of the country, each day equally
+pleased as the first. I returned again to my old camp, which was not
+disturbed in my absence. I did not confine my lodging to it, but often
+reposed in thick canebrakes, to avoid the savages, who, I believe,
+often visited my camp, but, fortunately for me, in my absence. In this
+situation I was constantly exposed to danger and death. How unhappy such
+a situation for a man tormented with fear, which is vain if no danger
+comes, and if it does, only augments the pain! It was my happiness to
+be destitute of this afflicting passion, with which I had the greatest
+reason to be affected. The prowling wolves diverted my nocturnal hours
+with perpetual howlings; and the various species of animals in this vast
+forest, in the daytime, were continually in my view.
+
+Thus I was surrounded by plenty in the midst of want. I was happy
+in the midst of dangers and inconveniences. In such a diversity, it was
+impossible I should be disposed to melancholy. No populous city, with
+all the varieties of commerce and stately Structures, could afford so
+much pleasure to my mind as the beauties of nature I found here.
+
+Thus, through an uninterrupted scene of sylvan pleasures, I spent the
+time until the 27th day of July following, when my brother, to my great
+felicity, met me, according to appointment, at our old camp. Shortly
+after, we left this place, not thinking it safe to stay there longer,
+and proceeded to Cumberland River, reconnoitering that part of the
+country until March, 1771, and giving names to the different waters.
+
+Soon after, I returned home to my family, with a determination to bring
+them as soon as possible to live in Kentucky, which I esteemed a second
+paradise, at the risk of my life and fortune.
+
+I returned safe to my old habitation, and found my family in happy
+circumstances. I sold my farm on the Yadkin, and what goods we could not
+carry with us; and on the 25th day of September, 1773, bade a farewell
+to our friends, and proceeded on our journey to Kentucky, in company
+with five families more, and forty men that joined us in Powel's Valley,
+which is one hundred and fifty miles from the now settled parts of
+Kentucky, This promising beginning was soon overcast with a cloud of
+adversity; for, upon the 10th day of October, the rear of our company
+was attacked by a number of Indians, who killed six, and wounded one
+man. Of these, my eldest son was one that fell in the action. Though
+we defended ourselves and repulsed the enemy, yet this unhappy affair
+scattered our cattle, brought us into extreme difficulty, and so
+discouraged the whole company, that we retreated forty miles, to the
+settlement on Clinch River. We had passed over two mountains, viz,
+Powel's and Walden's, and were approaching Cumberland mountain when this
+adverse fortune overtook us. These mountains are in the wilderness, as
+we pass from the old settlements in Virginia to Kentucky, are ranged in
+a southwest and northeast direction, are of a great length and breadth,
+and not far distant from each other. Over these, nature hath formed
+passes that are less difficult than might be expected, from a view of
+such huge piles. The aspect of these cliffs is so wild and horrid, that
+it is impossible to behold them without terror. The spectator is apt
+to imagine that nature has formerly suffered some violent convulsion,
+and that these are the dismembered remains of the dreadful shock; the
+ruins, not of Persepolis or Palmyra, but of the world!
+
+I remained with my family on Clinch until the 6th of June, 1774, when
+I and one Michael Stoner were solicited by Governor Dunmore of Virginia
+to go to the falls of the Ohio, to conduct into the settlements a number
+of surveyors that had been sent thither by him some months before; this
+country having about this time drawn the attention of many adventurers.
+We immediately complied with the Governor's request, and conducted in
+the surveyors--completing a tour of eight hundred miles, through many
+difficulties, in sixty-two days.
+
+Soon after I returned home, I was ordered to take the command of three
+garrisons during the campaign which Governor Dunmore carried on against
+the Shawanese Indians; after the conclusion of which, the militia was
+discharged from each garrison, and I, being relieved from my post, was
+solicited by a number of North Carolina gentlemen, that were about
+purchasing the lands lying on the south side of Kentucky River, from the
+Cherokee Indians, to attend their treaty at Wataga, in March, 1775, to
+negotiate with them, and mention the boundaries of the purchase. This
+I accepted; and, at the request of the same gentlemen, undertook to
+mark out a road in the best passage from the settlement through the
+wilderness to Kentucky, with such assistance as I thought necessary
+to employ for such an important undertaking.
+
+I soon began this work, having collected a number of enterprising men,
+well armed. We proceeded with all possible expedition until we came
+within fifteen miles of where Boonesborough now stands, and where we
+were fired upon by a party of Indians, that killed two, and wounded two
+of our number; yet, although surprised and taken at a disadvantage, we
+stood our ground. This was on the 20th of March, 1775. Three days after,
+we were fired upon again, and had two men killed, and three wounded.
+Afterward we proceeded on to Kentucky River without opposition; and on
+the first day of April began to erect the fort of Boonesborough at a
+salt lick, about sixty yards from the river, on the south side.
+
+On the fourth day, the Indians killed one of our men. We were busily
+employed in building this fort until the fourteenth day of June
+following, without any further opposition from the Indians; and having
+finished the works, I returned to my family on Clinch.
+
+In a short time I proceeded to remove my family from Clinch to this
+garrison, where we arrived safe, without any other difficulties than
+such as are common to this passage; my wife and daughter being the first
+white women that ever stood on the banks of Kentucky River.
+
+On the 24th day of December following, we had one man killed, and one
+wounded by the Indians, who seemed determined to persecute us for
+erecting this fortification.
+
+On the fourteenth day of July, 1776, two of Colonel Calaway's daughters,
+and one of mine, were taken prisoners near the fort. I immediately
+pursued the Indians with only eight men, and on the 16th overtook them,
+killed two of the party, and recovered the girls. The same day on which
+this attempt was made, the Indians divided themselves into different
+parties, and attacked several forts, which were shortly before this time
+erected, doing a great deal of mischief. This was extremely distressing
+to the new settlers. The innocent husbandman was shot down, while busy
+in cultivating the soil for his family's supply. Most of the cattle
+around the stations were destroyed. They continued their hostilities
+in this manner until the 15th of April, 1777, when they attacked
+Boonesborough with a party of above one hundred in number, killed one
+man, and wounded four. Their loss in this attack was not certainly known
+to us.
+
+On the 4th day of July following, a party of about two hundred Indians
+attacked Boonesborough, killed one man and wounded two. They besieged us
+forty-eight hours, during which time seven of them were killed, and, at
+last, finding themselves not likely to prevail, they raised the siege
+and departed.
+
+The Indians had disposed their warriors in different parties at this
+time, and attacked the different garrisons, to prevent their assisting
+each other, and did much injury to the distressed inhabitants.
+
+On the 19th day of this month, Colonel Logan's fort was besieged by
+a party of about two hundred Indians. During this dreadful siege they
+did a great deal of mischief, distressed the garrison, in which were
+only fifteen men, killed two, and wounded one. The enemy's loss was
+uncertain, from the common practice which the Indians have of carrying
+off their dead in time of battle. Colonel Harrod's fort was then
+defended by only sixty-five men, and Boonesborough by twenty-two, there
+being no more forts or white men in the country, except at the Falls,
+a considerable distance from these; and all, taken collectively, were
+but a handful to the numerous warriors that were everywhere dispersed
+through the country, intent upon doing all the mischief that savage
+barbarity could invent. Thus we passed through a scene of sufferings
+that exceeds description.
+
+On the 25th of this month, a reinforcement of forty-five men arrived
+from North Carolina, and about the 20th of August following, Colonel
+Bowman arrived with one hundred men from Virginia. Now we began to
+strengthen; and hence, for the space of six weeks, we had skirmishes
+with Indians, in one quarter or another, almost every day.
+
+The savages now learned the superiority of the Long Knife, as they call
+the Virginians, by experience; being out-generalled in almost every
+battle. Our affairs began to wear a new aspect, and the enemy, not
+daring to venture on open war, practiced secret mischief at times.
+
+On the 1st day of January, 1778, I went with a party of thirty men
+to the Blue Licks, on Licking River, to make salt for the different
+garrisons in the country.
+
+On the 7th day of February, as I was hunting to procure meat for the
+company, I met with a party of one hundred and two Indians, and two
+Frenchmen, on their march against Boonesborough, that place being
+particularly the object of the enemy. They pursued, and took me; and
+brought me on the 8th day to the Licks, where twenty-seven of my party
+were, three of them having previously returned home with the salt.
+I, knowing it was impossible for them to escape, capitulated with the
+enemy, and, at a distance, in their view, gave notice to my men of their
+situation, with orders not to resist, but surrender themselves captives.
+
+The generous usage the Indians had promised before in my capitulation,
+was afterward fully complied with, and we proceeded with them as
+prisoners to Old Chilicothe, the principal Indian Town on Little Miami,
+where we arrived, after an uncomfortable journey, in very severe
+weather, on the 18th day of February, and received as good treatment as
+prisoners could expect from savages. On the 10th day of March following,
+I and ten of my men were conducted by forty Indians to Detroit, where we
+arrived the 30th day, and were treated by Governor Hamilton, the British
+commander at that post, with great humanity.
+
+During our travels, the Indians entertained me well, and their affection
+for me was so great, that they utterly refused to leave me there with
+the others, although the Governor offered them one hundred pounds
+sterling for me, on purpose to give me a parole to go home. Several
+English gentlemen there, being sensible of my adverse fortune, and
+touched with human sympathy, generously offered a friendly supply for
+my wants, which I refused, with many thanks for their kindness--adding,
+that I never expected it would be in my power to recompense such
+unmerited generosity.
+
+The Indians left my men in captivity with the British at Detroit,
+and on the 10th day of April brought me toward Old Chilicothe, where
+we arrived on the 25th day of the same month. This was a long and
+fatiguing march, through an exceedingly fertile country, remarkable for
+fine springs and streams of water. At Chilicothe I spent my time as
+comfortably as I could expect; was adopted, according to their custom,
+into a family, where I became a son, and had a great share in the
+affection of my new parents, brothers, sisters, and friends. I was
+exceedingly familiar and friendly with them, always appearing as
+cheerful and satisfied as possible, and they put great confidence in me.
+I often went a hunting with them, and frequently gained their applause
+for my activity at our shooting-matches. I was careful not to exceed
+many of them in shooting; for no people are more envious than they in
+this sport. I could observe, in their countenances and gestures, the
+greatest expressions of joy when they exceeded me; and, when the reverse
+happened, of envy. The Shawanese king took great notice of me, and
+treated me with profound respect and entire friendship, often entrusting
+me to hunt at my liberty. I frequently returned with the spoils of
+the woods, and as often presented some of what I had taken to him,
+expressive of duty to my sovereign. My food and lodging were in common
+with them; not so good, indeed, as I could desire, but necessity makes
+every thing acceptable.
+
+I now began to meditate an escape, and carefully avoided their
+suspicions, continuing with them at Old Chilicothe until the 1st day
+of June following, and then was taken by them to the salt springs on
+Scioto, and kept there making salt ten days. During this time I hunted
+some for them, and found the land, for a great extent about this river,
+to exceed the soil of Kentucky, if possible, and remarkably well
+watered.
+
+When I returned to Chilicothe, alarmed to see four hundred and fifty
+Indians, of their choicest warriors, painted and armed in a fearful
+manner, ready to march against Boonesborough, I determined to escape
+the first opportunity.
+
+On the 16th, before sunrise, I departed in the most secret manner, and
+arrived at Boonesborough on the 20th, after a journey of one hundred and
+sixty miles, during which I had but one meal.
+
+I found our fortress in a bad state of defense; but we proceeded
+immediately to repair our flanks, strengthen our gates and posterns, and
+form double bastions, which we completed in ten days. In this time we
+daily expected the arrival of the Indian army; and at length, one of my
+fellow-prisoners, escaping from them, arrived, informing us that the
+enemy had, on account of my departure, postponed their expedition three
+weeks. The Indians had spies out viewing our movements, and were greatly
+alarmed with our increase in number and fortifications. The grand
+council of the nations were held frequently, and with more deliberation
+than usual. They evidently saw the approaching hour when the Long Knife
+would dispossess them of their desirable habitations; and, anxiously
+concerned for futurity, determined utterly to extirpate the whites out
+of Kentucky. We were not intimidated by their movements, but frequently
+gave them proofs of our courage.
+
+About the first of August, I made an incursion into the Indian
+Country with a party of nineteen men, in order to surprise a small
+town up Scioto, called Paint Creek Town. We advanced within four miles
+thereof, when we met a party of thirty Indians on their march against
+Boonesborough, intending to join the others from Chilicothe. A smart
+fight ensued between us for some time; at length the savages gave way
+and fled. We had no loss on our side; the enemy had one killed, and two
+wounded. We took from them three horses, and all their baggage; and
+being informed by two of our number that went to their town, that the
+Indians had entirely evacuated it, we proceeded no further, and returned
+with all possible expedition to assist our garrison against the other
+party. We passed by them on the sixth day, and on the seventh we arrived
+safe at Boonesborough.
+
+On the 8th, the Indian army arrived, being four hundred and forty-four
+in number, commanded by Captain Duquesne, eleven other Frenchmen, and
+some of their own chiefs, and marched up within view of our fort, with
+British and French colors flying; and having sent a summons to me, in
+his Britannic Majesty's name, to surrender the fort, I requested two
+days consideration, which was granted.
+
+It was now a critical period with us. We were a small number in the
+garrison--a powerful army before our walls, whose appearance proclaimed
+inevitable death, fearfully painted, and marking their footsteps with
+desolation. Death was preferable to captivity; and if taken by storm,
+we must inevitably be devoted to destruction. In this situation we
+concluded to maintain our garrison, if possible. We immediately
+proceeded to collect what we could of our horses and other cattle, and
+bring them through the posterns into the fort; and in the evening of
+the 9th, I returned answer that we were determined to defend our fort
+while a man was living. "Now," said I to their commander, who stood
+attentively hearing my sentiments, "we laugh at your formidable
+preparations; but thank you for giving us notice and time to provide for
+our defense. Your efforts will not prevail; for our gates shall forever
+deny you admittance." Whether this answer affected their courage or not
+I cannot tell; but contrary to our expectations, they formed a scheme to
+deceive us, declaring it was their orders, from Governor Hamilton, to
+take us captives, and not to destroy us; but if nine of us would come
+out and treat with them, they would immediately withdraw their forces
+from our walls, and return home peaceably. This sounded grateful in our
+ears; and we agreed to the proposal.
+
+We held the treaty within sixty yards of the garrison, on purpose to
+divert them from a breach of honor, as we could not avoid suspicions of
+the savages. In this situation the articles were formally agreed to,
+and signed; and the Indians told us it was customary with them on such
+occasions for two Indians to shake hands with every white man in the
+treaty, as an evidence of entire friendship. We agreed to this also,
+but were soon convinced their policy was to take us prisoners. They
+immediately grappled us; but, although surrounded by hundreds of
+savages, we extricated ourselves from them, and escaped all safe into
+the garrison, except one that was wounded, through a heavy fire from
+their army. They immediately attacked us on every side, and a constant
+heavy fire ensued between us, day and night, for the space of nine days.
+
+In this time the enemy began to undermine our fort, which was situated
+sixty yards from Kentucky River. They began at the water-mark, and
+proceeded in the bank some distance, which we understood by their
+aking the water muddy with the clay; and we immediately proceeded to
+disappoint their design, by cutting a trench across their subterranean
+passage. The enemy, discovering our countermine by the clay we threw out
+of the fort, desisted from that stratagem; and experience now fully
+convincing them that neither their power nor policy could effect their
+purpose, on the 20th day of August they raised the siege and departed.
+
+During this siege, which threatened death in every form, we had two men
+killed, and four wounded, besides a number of cattle. We killed of the
+enemy thirty-seven, and wounded a great number. After they were gone, we
+picked up one hundred and twenty-five pounds weight of bullets, besides
+what stuck in the logs of our fort, which certainly is a great proof of
+their industry. Soon after this, I went into the settlement, and nothing
+worthy of a place in this account passed in my affairs for some time.
+
+During my absence from Kentucky, Colonel Bowman carried on an expedition
+against the Shawanese, at Old Chilicothe, with one hundred and sixty
+men, in July, 1779. Here they arrived undiscovered, and a battle ensued,
+which lasted until ten o'clock, A.M., when Colonel Bowman, finding he
+could not succeed at this time, retreated about thirty miles. The
+Indians, in the meantime, collecting all their forces, pursued and
+overtook him, when a smart fight continued near two hours, not to the
+advantage of Colonel Bowman's party.
+
+Colonel Harrod proposed to mount a number of horse, and furiously to
+rush upon the savages, who at this time fought with remarkable fury.
+This desperate step had a happy effect, broke their line of battle, and
+the savages fled on all sides. In these two battles we had nine killed,
+and one wounded. The enemy's loss uncertain, only two scalps being
+taken.
+
+On the 22d day of June, 1780, a large party of Indians and Canadians,
+about six hundred in number, commanded by Colonel Bird, attacked
+Riddle's and Martin's stations, at the forks of Licking River, with
+six pieces of artillery. They carried this expedition so secretly, that
+the unwary inhabitants did not discover them until they fired upon the
+forts; and, not being prepared to oppose them, were obliged to surrender
+themselves miserable captives to barbarous savages, who immediately
+after tomahawked one man and two women, and loaded all the others with
+heavy baggage, forcing them along toward their towns, able or unable
+to march. Such as were weak and faint by the way, they tomahawked.
+The tender women and helpless children fell victims to their cruelty.
+This, and the savage treatment they received afterward, is shocking to
+humanity and too barbarous to relate.
+
+The hostile disposition of the savages and their allies caused General
+Clarke, the commandant at the Falls of the Ohio, immediately to begin an
+expedition with his own regiment, and the armed force of the country,
+against Pecaway, the principal town of the Shawanese, on a branch of
+Great Miami, which he finished with great success, took seventeen
+scalps, and burnt the town to ashes, with the loss of seventeen men.
+
+About this time I returned to Kentucky with my family; and here, to
+avoid an inquiry into my conduct, the reader being before informed of my
+bringing my family to Kentucky, I am under the necessity of informing
+him that, during my captivity with the Indians, my wife, who despaired
+of ever seeing me again--expecting the Indians had put a period to my
+life, oppressed with the distresses of the country, and bereaved of me,
+her only happiness--had, before I returned, transported my family and
+goods on horses through the wilderness, amid a multitude of dangers,
+to her father's house in North Carolina.
+
+Shortly after the troubles at Boonesborough, I went to them, and lived
+peaceably there until this time. The history of my going home, and
+returning with my family, forms a series of difficulties, an account of
+which would swell a volume; and, being foreign to my purpose, I shall
+purposely omit them.
+
+I settled my family in Boonesborough once more; and shortly after, on
+the 6th day of October, 1780, I went in company with my brother to the
+Blue Licks; and, on our return home, we were fired upon by a party of
+Indians. They shot him and pursued me, by the scent of their dog, three
+miles; but I killed the dog, and escaped. The winter soon came on, and
+was very severe, which confined the Indians to their wigwams.
+
+The severities of this winter caused great difficulties in Kentucky.
+The enemy had destroyed most of the corn the summer before. This
+necessary article was scarce and dear, and the inhabitants lived chiefly
+on the flesh of buffalo. The circumstances of many were very lamentable;
+however, being a hardy race of people, and accustomed to difficulties
+and necessities, they were wonderfully supported through all their
+sufferings, until the ensuing autumn, when we received abundance from
+the fertile soil.
+
+Toward spring we were frequently harassed by Indians; and in May, 1782,
+a party assaulted Ashton's station, killed one man, and took a negro
+prisoner. Captain Ashton, with twenty-five men, pursued and overtook the
+savages, and a smart fight ensued, which lasted two hours; but they,
+being superior in number, obliged Captain Ashton's party to retreat,
+with the loss of eight killed, and four mortally wounded; their brave
+commander himself being numbered among the dead.
+
+The Indians continued their hostilities; and, about the 10th of August
+following, two boys were taken from Major Hoy's station. This party was
+pursued by Captain Holder and seventeen men, who were also defeated,
+with the loss of four men killed, and one wounded. Our affairs became
+more and more alarming. Several stations which had lately been erected
+in the country were continually infested with savages, stealing their
+horses and killing the men at every opportunity. In a field, near
+Lexington, an Indian shot a man, and running to scalp him, was himself
+shot from the fort, and fell dead upon his enemy.
+
+Every day we experienced recent mischiefs. The barbarous savage nations
+of Shawanese, Cherokees, Wyandots, Tawas, Delawares, and several others
+near Detroit, united in a war against us, and assembled their choicest
+warriors at Old Chilicothe, to go on the expedition, in order to destroy
+us, and entirely depopulate the country. Their savage minds were
+inflamed to mischief by two abandoned men, Captains McKee and Girty.
+These led them to execute every diabolical scheme, and on the 15th day
+of August, commanded a party of Indians and Canadians, of about five
+hundred in number, against Bryant's station, five miles from Lexington.
+Without demanding a surrender, they furiously assaulted the garrison,
+which was happily prepared to oppose them; and, after they had expended
+much ammunition in vain, and killed the cattle round the fort, not being
+likely to make themselves masters of this place, they raised the siege,
+and departed in the morning of the third day after they came, with the
+loss of about thirty killed, and the number of wounded uncertain. Of the
+garrison, four were killed, and three wounded.
+
+On the 18th day, Colonel Todd, Colonel Trigg, Major Harland, and myself,
+speedily collected one hundred and seventy-six men, well armed, and
+pursued the savages. They had marched beyond the Blue Licks, to a
+remarkable bend of the main fork of Licking River, about forty-three
+miles from Lexington, where we overtook them on the 19th day. The
+savages observing us, gave way; and we, being ignorant of their numbers,
+passed the river. When the enemy saw our proceedings, having greatly the
+advantage of us in situation, they formed the line of battle from one
+bend of Licking to the other, about a mile from the Blue Licks. An
+exceeding fierce battle immediately began, for about fifteen minutes,
+when we being overpowered by numbers, were obliged to retreat, with the
+loss of sixty-seven men, seven of whom were taken prisoners. The brave
+and much-lamented Colonels Todd and Trigg, Major Harland, and my second
+son, were among the dead. We were informed that the Indians, numbering
+their dead, found they had four killed more than we; and therefore four
+of the prisoners they had taken were, by general consent, ordered to be
+killed in a most barbarous manner by the young warriors, in order to
+train them up to cruelty; and then they proceeded to their towns.
+
+On our retreat we were met by Colonel Logan, hastening to join us, with
+a number of well-armed men. This powerful assistance we unfortunately
+wanted in the battle; for, notwithstanding the enemy's superiority of
+numbers, they acknowledged that, if they had received one more fire from
+us, they should undoubtedly have given way. So valiantly did our small
+party light, that to the memory of those who unfortunately fell in the
+battle, enough of honor cannot be paid. Had Colonel Logan and his party
+been with us, it is highly probable we should have given the savages a
+total defeat.
+
+I cannot reflect upon this dreadful scene, but sorrow fills my heart.
+A zeal for the defense of their country led these heroes to the scene of
+action, though with a few men to attack a powerful army of experienced
+warriors. When we gave way, they pursued us with the utmost eagerness,
+and in every quarter spread destruction. The river was difficult to
+cross, and many were killed in the flight--some just entering the river,
+some in the water, others after crossing, in ascending the cliffs. Some
+escaped on horseback, a few on foot; and, being dispersed everywhere in
+a few hours, brought the melancholy news of this unfortunate battle to
+Lexington. Many widows were now made. The reader may guess what sorrow
+filled the hearts of the inhabitants, exceeding any thing that I am able
+to describe. Being reinforced, we returned to bury the dead, and found
+their bodies strewed everywhere, cut and mangled in a dreadful manner.
+This mournful scene exhibited a horror almost unparalleled; some torn
+and eaten by wild beasts; those in the river eaten by fishes; all in
+such a putrefied condition, that no one could be distinguished from
+another.
+
+As soon as General Clark, then at the Falls of the Ohio--who was
+ever our ready friend, and merits the love and gratitude of all his
+countrymen--understood the circumstances of this unfortunate action, he
+ordered an expedition, with all possible haste, to pursue the savages,
+which was so expeditiously effected, that we overtook them within two
+miles of their towns; and probably might have obtained a great victory,
+had not two of their number met us about two hundred poles before we
+came up. These returned quick as lightning to their camp, with the
+alarming news of a mighty army in view. The savages fled in the utmost
+disorder, evacuated their towns, and reluctantly left their territory
+to our mercy. We immediately took possession of Old Chilicothe without
+opposition, being deserted by its inhabitants. We continued our pursuit
+through five towns on the Miami River, Old Chilicothe, Pecaway, New
+Chilicothe, Will's Towns, and Chilicothe--burnt them all to ashes,
+entirely destroyed their corn, and other fruits, and everywhere spread
+a scene of desolation in the country. In this expedition we took seven
+prisoners and five scalps, with the loss of only four men, two of whom
+were accidentally killed by our own army.
+
+This campaign in some measure damped the spirits of the Indians, and
+made them sensible of our superiority. Their connections were dissolved,
+their armies scattered, and a future invasion put entirely out of their
+power; yet they continued to practice mischief secretly upon the
+inhabitants, in the exposed parts of the country.
+
+In October following, a party made an incursion into that district
+called the Crab Orchard; and one of them, being advanced some distance
+before the others, boldly entered the house of a poor defenseless
+family, in which was only a negro man, a woman, and her children,
+terrified with the apprehensions of immediate death. The savage,
+perceiving their defenseless condition, without offering violence to the
+family, attempted to capture the negro, who happily proved an over-match
+for him, threw him on the ground, and in the struggle, the mother of the
+children drew an axe from a corner of the cottage, and cut his head off,
+while her little daughter shut the door. The savages instantly appeared,
+and applied their tomahawks to the door. An old rusty gun-barrel,
+without a lock, lay in a corner, which the mother put through a small
+crevice, and the savages, perceiving it, fled. In the meantime, the
+alarm spread through the neighborhood; the armed men collected
+immediately, and pursued the ravagers into the wilderness. Thus
+Providence, by the means of this negro, saved the whole of the poor
+family from destruction. From that time until the happy return of peace
+between the United States and Great Britain, the Indians did us no
+mischief. Finding the great king beyond the water disappointed in his
+expectations, and conscious of the importance of the Long Knife, and
+their own wretchedness, some of the nations immediately desired peace;
+to which, at present [1784], they seem universally disposed, and are
+sending ambassadors to General Clarke, at the Falls of the Ohio, with
+the minutes of their councils.
+
+To conclude, I can now say that I have verified the saying of an old
+Indian who signed Colonel Henderson's deed. Taking me by the hand, at
+the delivery thereof--"Brother," said he, "we have given you a fine
+land, but I believe you will have much trouble in settling it." My
+footsteps have often been marked with blood, and therefore I can truly
+subscribe to its original name. Two darling sons and a brother have
+I lost by savage hands, which have also taken from me forty valuable
+horses, and abundance of cattle. Many dark and sleepless nights have
+I been a companion for owls, separated from the cheerful society of
+men, scorched by the summer's sun, and pinched by the winter's cold--an
+instrument ordained to settle the wilderness. But now the scene is
+changed: peace crowns the sylvan shade.
+
+What thanks, what ardent and ceaseless thanks are due to that
+all-superintending Providence which has turned a cruel war into peace,
+brought order out of confusion, made the fierce savages placid, and
+turned away their hostile weapons from our country! May the same
+Almighty Goodness banish the accursed monster, war, from all lands,
+with, her hated associates, rapine and insatiable ambition! Let peace,
+descending from her native heaven, bid her olives spring amid the joyful
+nations; and plenty, in league with commerce, scatter blessings from her
+copious hand!
+
+This account of my adventures will inform the reader of the most
+remarkable events of this country. I now live in peace and safety,
+enjoying the sweets of liberty, and the bounties of Providence, with
+my once fellow-sufferers, in this delightful country, which I have seen
+purchased with a vast expense of blood and treasure: delighting in the
+prospect of its being, in a short time, one of the most opulent and
+powerful States on the continent of North America; which, with the love
+and gratitude of my countrymen, I esteem a sufficient reward for all my
+toil and dangers.
+
+DANIEL BOONE.
+
+Fayette County, KENTUCKY.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE & TIMES OF COL. DANIEL BOONE***
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