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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, No. 574, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 574
+       Vol. XX, No. 574. Saturday, November 3, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2004 [EBook #14010]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOLUME XX, NO. 574.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1832. [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: LYDFORD BRIDGE.]
+
+
+
+
+LYDFORD BRIDGE.
+
+
+This is an interesting scene from the wild and wonderful in Nature.
+Its romantic luxuriance must win the attention of the artist, and the
+admiration of the less wistful beholder; while the philosophic mind,
+unaccustomed to vulgar wonder, may seek in its formation the cause of
+some of the most important changes of the earth's surface. Our esteemed
+friend and correspondent _Vyvyan_, is probably familiar with the
+locality of Lydford: his fancy might people it with pixies, and group
+its scenery into a kind of topographical romance; probably not unaided
+by its proximity to Dartmoor.[1]
+
+Lydford is situated about seven miles north of Tavistock. It is, in the
+words of its topographers,[2] a poor decayed village, consisting of rude
+cottages. It was formerly a place of importance: for in Domesday Book,
+it is rated in the same manner and at the same time with London. Some
+remains of its ancient importance may still be seen in a square tower,
+or keep of a castle, which was formerly used as a court and a prison,
+where those criminals were tried and confined, who offended against the
+Stannary Laws. This building is alluded to by William Browne[3]--
+
+  They have a castle on a hill;
+  I took it for an old windmill,
+    The vane's blown off by weather;
+  To lie therein one night, its guest,
+  'Twere better to be ston'd and prest,
+    Or hang'd--now choose you whether.
+
+
+The scenery round the village is singularly picturesque: one of its most
+prominent objects, _The Bridge_ is represented in the Engraving.
+It bears great analogy, in situation and character, to the celebrated
+Devil's Bridge in Wales. It consists of one rude arch, thrown across a
+narrow, rocky chasm, which sinks nearly eighty feet from the level of
+the road. At the bottom of this channel the small river Lyd is heard
+rattling through its contracted course. The singularity of this scene
+is not perceived in merely passing over the bridge: to appreciate
+its character, and comprehend its awfully impressive effects, it is
+necessary to see the bridge, the chasm, and the roaring water, from
+different projecting crags which impend over the river. At a little
+distance below the bridge, "the fissure gradually spreads its rocky
+jaws; the bottom opens; and, instead of the dark precipices which have
+hitherto overhung and obscured the struggling river, it now emerges into
+day, and rolls its murmuring current through a winding valley, confined
+within magnificent banks, darkened with woods, which swell into bold
+promontories, or fall back into sweeping recesses, till they are lost to
+the eye in distance. Thickly shaded by trees, which shoot out from the
+sides of the rent, the scene at Lydford Bridge is not so terrific as it
+would have been, had a little more light been let in upon the abyss,
+just sufficient to produce a _darkness visible_. As it is, however,
+the chasm cannot be regarded without shuddering; nor will the stoutest
+heart meditate unappalled upon the dreadful anecdotes connected with the
+spot."[4]
+
+Scenes of this description frequently give rise to marvellous stories;
+and Lydford Bridge has furnished many themes for the gossip's tongue.
+It is related, that a London rider was benighted on this road, in a
+heavy storm, and, wishing to get to some place of shelter, spurred
+his horse forward with more than common speed. The tempest had been
+tremendous during the night; and in the morning the rider was informed
+that Lydford Bridge had been swept away with the current. He shuddered
+to reflect on his narrow escape; his horse having cleared the chasm by
+a great sudden leap in the middle of his course, though the occasion of
+his making it at the time was unknown.
+
+Two or three persons have chosen this spot for self-destruction; and in
+a moment of desperation, have dashed themselves from the bridge into the
+murky chasm.
+
+
+    [1] Dartmoor appears the head-quarters of dreariness and desolation,
+        forming a mountain tract of nearly 80,000 acres in extent,
+        strewed with granite boulders and fragments of rocks, and
+        appearing to set cultivation at defiance.--_Brande's Outline
+        of Geology_.
+
+    [2] John Britton and E.W. Brayley: in the Beauties of England and
+        Wales, vol. iv.
+
+    [3] A poet of considerable eminence in his day, born at Tavistock,
+        in the year 1590. He was noticed by Selden, Drayton, Brooke,
+        Glanville, and Ben Jonson.
+
+    [4] Warner's Walk through the Western Counties.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Libels on Poets._--Cicero tells us, Democritus and Plato said that
+there could be no good poet without a tincture of madness; and Aristotle
+calls poets madmen.--P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THOU WERT THE RAINBOW OF MY DREAMS.
+
+
+  Thou wert the rainbow of my dreams,
+    To whom the eyes of Hope might turn,
+  And bid her sacred flame arise
+    Like incense from the festal urn;
+  But as the thunder clouds conspire
+    To wreck the lovely summer sky,
+  So Death destroyed the liquid fire
+    Which shone so brightly in thine eye!
+
+  The cypress weeps upon thy tomb:
+    But when the stars unfold their leaves
+  Amid their bow'rs of purple gloom,
+    More fervently my spirit grieves;
+  And as the rainbow sheds its light
+    In fairy hues upon the sea,
+  So this cold world appears more bright
+    When pensive Memory thinks of thee!
+
+
+G.R.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LORD BYRON.
+
+Translation of a letter written by Lord Byron, in Greek and Italian, to
+the Pacha of Patras.[5]
+
+Highness.--A vessel containing several of my friends and servants,
+having been captured and conducted by a Turkish frigate to your
+fortresses, was released by your highness' command. I return you thanks,
+not for releasing a vessel bearing a neutral flag, and which being under
+British protection, no one had a right to detain; but for having treated
+my friends with great courtesy while at your disposal. Hoping it may not
+be unacceptable to your highness, I have requested the Greek Governor of
+this place to grant me four Turkish prisoners; which has been readily
+conceded. I send them therefore, free, to your highness, in order to
+return your courtesy as far as is in my power. They are sent without
+conditions, but if the affair is worthy of your remembrance, I would
+merely beseech your highness to treat with humanity such Greeks as are
+in your power, or may chance to fall into the hands of the Musselmen,
+since the horrors of war are sufficient in themselves, without adding
+on either side cruelties in cold blood.
+
+I have the honour to be, &c.
+
+NOEL BYRON, Peer of England.
+
+_Missolonghi, Jan. 23, 1824._
+
+    [5] From a correspondent (E.), who believes that no English version of
+        this letter has hitherto appeared in print.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WHEN WILT THOU RETURN?
+
+
+  When wilt thou return?
+    The silver clouds are closing
+  Like billows o'er the fairy path
+    Of sunset there reposing;
+  The sapphire fields of heaven,
+    With its golden splendour burn,
+  And purple is the mountain peak,--
+    But when wilt thou return?
+
+  When wilt thou return?
+    The woods are bright with summer,
+  And the violet's bower is grac'd
+    With the rose--a queenly comer;
+  The stars, that in the air
+    Like ethereal spirits burn,
+  Seem watching for thy steps,--
+    Oh I when wilt thou return?
+
+  When wilt thou return?
+    The sheathless sword is idle,
+  And each warrior from his steed
+    Has thrown aside the bridle.
+  Hark!--'tis the trumpet's call!
+    With hope our bosoms burn;
+  Its echo wakes the distant hills,
+    Announcing thy return!
+
+
+G.R.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ANECDOTE GALLERY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RECORDS OF MY LIFE.
+
+BY THE AUTHOR OF "MONSIEUR TONSON."
+
+
+_Angelica Kauffman._
+
+The person of this lady, by all accounts, was highly interesting, and
+her manners and accomplishments were peculiarly attractive. It is said
+that Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was thoroughly acquainted with human
+nature, and never likely to be deceived in his estimate of individuals,
+was so much attached to her that he solicited her hand. It appeared,
+however, that she refused him as she was attached to the late Sir
+Nathaniel Holland, then Mr. Dance, an eminent painter, whose portrait
+of Garrick in the character of Richard the Third is the best and most
+spirited representation of that unrivalled actor that ever appeared,
+though all the most distinguished artists of the time employed
+themselves on the same admirable subject. The correspondence that had
+taken place between Mrs. Kauffman and Mr. Dance became known, and was
+thought to be of a very interesting description, insomuch that his
+Majesty George the Third, who generally heard of anything worthy of
+attention, requested Mr. Dance would permit him to peruse the letters
+that had passed between them during their courtship. What put a period
+to an intercourse which, being founded upon mutual attachment, held
+forth so favourable a prospect of mutual happiness, has never been
+developed, and is only matter of conjecture. Mrs. Kauffman, after
+the termination of this promising courtship, went abroad, and was
+unfortunately deluded into a marriage with a common footman, in Germany,
+who had assumed a title and appeared to be a person of high rank and
+affluence. Mrs. Kauffman, it is said, by the intervention of friends
+had recourse to legal authorities, was enabled to separate from the
+impostor, but did not return to this country, and died a few years
+after, having never recovered her spirits after the shock of so
+degrading an alliance. It is not a little surprising that a lady so
+intelligent and accomplished should have been the victim of such a
+deception.
+
+
+_Highwaymen.--Jemmy Maclaine._
+
+Mr. Donaldson told me that once having betted twenty pounds on a horse
+at Newmarket, he won, but at the end of the race could not find the
+person who had lost. Returning to London the next day, his post-chaise
+was stopped by a highwayman, whom he immediately recognised as the loser
+of the day before. He addressed the highwayman as follows: "Sir, I will
+give you all I have about me if you will pay me the twenty pounds which
+I won of you yesterday at Newmarket." The man instantly spurred his
+horse, and was off in a moment. It is somewhat strange that, soon after
+Mr. Donaldson landed in Jamaica, he saw the same man in a coffee-house.
+He approached him, and in a whisper reminded him of his loss at
+Newmarket; the man rushed out of the room, and, according to report
+went to the Blue Mountains, and was never heard of again.
+
+Mr. Donaldson was in real danger from another highwayman, who was
+celebrated in his day, and known as a fashionable man by the name
+of Maclaine. This man came from Ireland, and made a splendid figure
+for some time, but as his means of support were not known, he was
+generally considered as a doubtful character. He was by all accounts
+a tall, showy, good-looking man, and a frequent visitor at Button's
+Coffee-house, founded, as is well known, by Addison, in favour of an old
+servant of the Warwick family, but never visited by him, when driven
+from his home by the ill-humour of his wife; he then resorted to Will's,
+on the opposite side of the same street, that he might not be reminded
+of domestic anxieties. Button's was on the south side of Russell-street,
+Covent-garden; and Will's in the same street, at the corner of
+Bow-street. Button's became a private house, and Mrs. Inchbald lodged
+there. Mr. Donaldson, observing that Maclaine paid particular attention
+to the bar-maid, the daughter of the landlord, gave a hint to the father
+of Maclaine's dubious character. The father cautioned his daughter
+against the addresses of Maclaine, and imprudently told her by whose
+advice he put her on her guard; she as imprudently told Maclaine. The
+next time Donaldson visited the coffee-room, and was sitting in one of
+the boxes, Maclaine entered, and in a loud tone said, "Mr. Donaldson,
+I wish to _spake_ to you in a private room." Mr. Donaldson being
+unarmed, and naturally afraid of being alone with such a man, said in
+answer, that as nothing could pass between them that he did not wish the
+whole world to know, he begged leave to decline the invitation. "Very
+well," said Maclaine, as he left the room, "we shall _mate_ again."
+A day or two after, as Mr. Donaldson was walking near Richmond in the
+evening, he saw Maclaine on horseback, who on perceiving him spurred
+the animal and was rapidly approaching him; fortunately, at that moment
+a gentleman's carriage appeared in view, when Maclaine immediately
+turned his horse towards the carriage, and Donaldson hurried into the
+protection of Richmond as fast as possible. But for the appearance of
+the carriage, which presented better prey, it is probable that Maclaine
+would have shot Mr. Donaldson immediately. Maclaine a short time after
+committed a highway robbery, was tried, found guilty, and hanged at
+Tyburn.
+
+
+_Extraordinary Story._
+
+What the religious principles of Mr. Donaldson were, I never knew,
+but I am sure he had too manly a mind to give way to superstition.
+The following circumstance, however, he told me as a fact in which he
+placed full confidence, on account of the character of the gentleman
+who related it. The latter was a particular friend of his, and a member
+of Parliament. In order to attend the House of Commons, he had taken
+apartments in St. Anne's Churchyard, Westminster. On the evening when
+he took possession, he was struck with something that appeared to him
+mysterious in the manner of the maid-servant, who looked like a man
+disguised; and he felt a very unpleasant emotion. This feeling was
+strengthened by a similar deportment in the mistress of the house, who
+soon after entered his room, and asked him if he wanted anything before
+he retired to rest: disliking her manner, he soon dismissed her, and went
+to bed, but the disagreeable impression made on his mind by the maid
+and mistress, kept him long awake; at length, however, he fell asleep.
+During his sleep he dreamed that the corpse of a gentleman, who had
+been murdered, was deposited in the cellar of the house. This dream
+co-operating with the unfavourable, or rather repulsive countenances and
+demeanour of the two women, precluded all hopes of renewed sleep, and
+it being the summer season, he arose about five o'clock in the morning,
+took his hat, and resolved to quit a house of such alarm and terror.
+To his surprise, as he was leaving it, he met the mistress in the
+entry, dressed, as if she had never gone to bed. She seemed to be
+much agitated, and inquired his reason for wishing to go out so early
+in the morning. He hesitated a moment with increased alarm, and then
+told her that he expected a friend, who was to arrive by a stage in
+Bishopsgate-street, and that he was going to meet him. He was suffered
+to go out of the house, and when revived by the open air, he felt, as
+he afterwards declared, as if relieved from impending destruction. He
+stated that in a few hours after, he returned with a friend to whom
+he had told his dream, and the impression made on him by the maid and
+the mistress; he, however, only laughed at him for his superstitious
+terrors, but on entering the house, they found that it was deserted, and
+calling in a gentleman who was accidentally passing, they all descended
+to the cellar, and actually found a corpse in the state which the
+gentleman's dream had represented.
+
+
+_Drawing an Inference._
+
+Dr. Monsey, with two or three old members of the university, in the
+course of an evening walk, differed about a proper definition of man.
+While they were severally offering their notions on the subject,
+they came to a wall where an itinerant artist had drawn various
+representations of animals, ships, &c. After complimenting him on
+his skill, one of the gentlemen asked him if he could _draw an
+inference_. "No," said the artist, "I never saw one." Logic then gave
+way to jocularity, and a man coming by with a fine team of horses, they
+stopped him, spoke highly of the condition of his horses, particularly
+admiring the first. "That horse, carter," said another of the gentlemen,
+"seems to be a very strong one, I suppose he could draw a butt," The man
+assented. "Do you think he could _draw an inference?"_--"Why," said
+the man, "he can draw anything _in reason_." "There," said Monsey,
+"what becomes of your definition, when you met a man that could _not
+draw an inference_ and a _horse that could?_"
+
+
+_Disposal of the body for Dissection._
+
+Dr. Monsey had the utmost contempt for funeral ceremonies, and exacted
+a promise from his daughter, that she would not interfere with the
+arrangement which he had made with Mr. Thompson Forster, the surgeon,
+for the disposal of his body, conceiving that whenever it was dissected
+by that gentleman, something might occur for the illustration and
+advancement of anatomy. "What can it signify to me," said he, "whether
+my carcass is cut up by the knife of a surgeon, or the tooth of a worm?"
+He had a large box in his chambers at Chelsea, full of air-holes, for
+the purpose of carrying his body to Mr. Forster, in case he should be
+in a trance when supposed to be dead. It was provided with poles, like
+a sedan-chair.
+
+
+_Voltaire._
+
+Mentioning Voltaire, I may as well relate in this place a circumstance
+communicated to me by Monsey, upon what he deemed good authority, that
+Voltaire being invited to dine with a lady of quality while he was in
+London, to meet some persons of distinction, waited upon the lady an
+hour or two earlier than the time appointed. The lady apologized for the
+necessity of leaving him, as she had visits to pay, but begged he would
+amuse himself with the books in the room, promising to return very soon.
+After the party broke up, having occasion to refer to her escrutoire,
+she evidently found that it had been opened in her absence, and though
+nothing had been taken away, her papers were obviously not in the same
+order as when she left them. She inquired anxiously who had been in the
+room, and was assured nobody but Voltaire, who had remained there till
+she returned home. As Voltaire was destitute of all religious principles
+it is not wonderful that he was equally devoid of all moral delicacy.
+A severe account of his conduct towards the great King of Prussia, while
+he was at the court of that monarch, is given in "The Reverie," a work
+before referred to.
+
+Voltaire once dined in company with Pope, Lord Bolingkroke, and several
+of the most distinguished characters in London, and said it was "the
+proudest day he had ever enjoyed."
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CINQUE PORTS--THEIR PAST AND PRESENT STATE.
+
+(_Abridged from the United Service Journal._)
+
+
+The precise time when the Cinque Ports were first incorporated by
+charter is unknown, but it was at a very early period of our history;
+the institution being formed on that adopted by the Romans, while
+masters of Britain, for the defence of the coasts against the northern
+pirates. The difference between them consists in the number of the
+stations incorporated, the Roman being nine, under the governance of an
+officer whose title was, Comes littoris Saxonici; and the Saxon
+consisting of five, under the superintendence of a chief, whose title
+is, Lord Warden and Admiral of the Cinque Ports. There is no charter
+extant of the ports prior to Edward I.; and as they are not mentioned
+collectively in Domesday, many persons have been led to conclude, I
+think erroneously, that they did not exist as a corporation at the time
+when that ancient record was taken. Dover, Sandwich, and Romney are
+named as privileged ports, from which it may be inferred, that the
+corporation flourished at that time,--and for this reason,--Hastings has
+always been considered the first port in precedency, which would not
+probably have been the case, if it had been one of the latest
+privileged. The charter of Edward I. mentions immunities granted to the
+Cinque Ports by William the Conqueror; and, what is still more to the
+purpose, because it carries back their origin to the Saxon times, is,
+that King John, in his charter, says, that the Barons of the Cinque
+Ports had in their possession, charters of most of the preceding kings,
+back to Edward the Confessor, _which he had seen_. So, having
+traced them up to a Saxon origin, I must leave to some future antiquary
+the task of settling the precise date of their first incorporation.
+
+The five incorporated ports are, Hastings, Sandwich, Dover, Romney,
+and Hythe. Attached to each port are several limbs or members, the
+inhabitants of which participate in their privileges, and bear a share
+of their expenses. Rye and Winchelsea were united to Hastings about the
+first year of the reign of King John, under the denomination of the two
+ancient towns, and they appear to have obtained the superiority which
+they now hold over the other limbs, at a very early period, a charter
+of the year 1247 styling them, by way of eminence,_nobiliora membra
+Quinque Portuum._ The limbs are first mentioned in the Red-Book
+of the Exchequer, a miscellaneous collection of treatises, written
+before and after the Conquest, and collected together by Alexander
+de Swereford, Archdeacon of Shrewsbury, an officer of the Exchequer,
+who died in 1246: and also in the Domesday of the Ports, an ancient
+manuscript, formerly kept in Dover castle, but now unfortunately lost;
+but they do not occur in any charter till that of Edward IV. By what
+means or for what purpose these limbs became united to the five head
+ports, is now matter of speculation.
+
+The duties which the Ports were bound to perform were incessant and of
+the most arduous character, particularly during the early years of the
+institution, when the narrow seas were constantly infested by numerous
+hordes of fierce, adventurous, and reckless pirates. Exonerated from all
+other services, they were bound to exert their own naval force for the
+protection of the realm, for the maintenance of the free navigation of
+the Channel, for the prevention of piracies, and all impediments and
+interruptions whatsoever. Effectually to perform these services,
+dangerous and difficult it must be allowed, they were obliged to furnish
+among them fifty-seven ships, each manned with twenty men and one boy,
+at their own cost, for fifteen days, and for as long a period afterwards
+as the king pleased to appoint; but they were then entitled to receive
+pay for their services. The sums granted to them by the crown were by no
+means a remuneration for the expenses attendant on the large naval force
+they wore obliged to keep up at all times for the service of the
+kingdom, and often did not cover a third part of the necessary
+expenditure. The ships of the Cinque Ports, therefore, were the navy of
+the realm, and in almost every reign the pages of history show with how
+great honour and reputation the Ports discharged the sacred trust
+reposed in their valour, skill and bravery, by their confiding country.
+We sometimes find them fitting out double the number of ships specified
+in their charters; and when larger ones were thought necessary, they
+have equipped a smaller number, at an expense equivalent to that which
+their service by tenure demanded. In the reign of Elizabeth they had
+five ships, of one hundred and sixty tons each, at sea for five months,
+entirely at their own charge; and in the reign of Charles the First,
+they fitted out two large ships, which served for two months, and cost
+them more than eighteen hundred pounds.
+
+The honours and privileges granted to the Cinque Ports, in consideration
+of these services, were great and numerous. They were each to send two
+barons to represent them in parliament; they were, by their deputies,
+to hear the canopy over the king's head at his coronation, and to dine
+at the uppermost table, on his right hand, in the great hall; they were
+exempted from subsidies and other aids; their heirs were free from
+personal wardship, notwithstanding any tenure; they were to be impleaded
+in their own towns, and nowhere else; they were to hold pleas and
+actions real and personal; to have conusance of fines; and the power
+of enfranchising villeins; they were exempt from tolls, and had full
+liberty of buying and selling, with many other privileges of less
+importance.
+
+To direct the energies, to enforce the due performance of the important
+services, and to protect the extraordinary privileges of the Ports, an
+officer was created, and styled Lord Warden, Chancellor, and Admiral of
+the Cinque Ports, an officer of such high dignity and honour, that it
+has been sometimes executed by the heirs-apparent to the crown, often by
+princes of the blood royal, and always by persons of the first rank in
+the kingdom.
+
+History affords abundant proof of the early grandeur and importance
+of the Cinque Ports, situated in a district which, from the earliest
+periods of authentic record, has been allowed to be the most fertile,
+and the best cultivated in the kingdom, as well as the principal seat of
+foreign commerce. Here the Roman power in Britain shone in its greatest
+splendour; many good ports were constructed and fortified, large remains
+of which exist to the present time, melancholy indications of the
+instability of all mundane things. The prosperity and importance of this
+district, the chief, or indeed the only, seat of maritime power, at that
+period, cannot be better illustrated than by the fact of Carausius and
+Allectus holding the title of emperors for ten years from the power
+afforded them by the naval force of Britain. But the grandeur of the
+Romans has faded into dimness, and of their magnificence nothing remains
+but mouldering ruins. Their celebrated haven, situated between Kent and
+the Isle of Thanet, which for position, extent, and safety, exceeded any
+which we have remaining, is now lost; and of their other ports, some are
+completely annihilated, others have become very inconsiderable, and all
+very greatly impaired.
+
+Under our Saxon ancestors, by whom the Cinque Ports were first
+chartered, all the havens were open and in good condition, in which
+state they were found by the Normans, who confirmed to the Ports their
+ancient privileges. Through several centuries their prosperity continued
+to increase; the towns were well built, fully inhabited, and in
+possession of a lucrative and extensive commerce; they had many fine
+ships constantly employed, and abounded with hardy and intrepid seamen;
+opulence was visible in their streets, and happiness in their dwellings.
+But times have sadly changed with them. Let us inquire into the causes
+which led to their decay. The first cause is the failing of their
+several havens, some by the desertion of the sea, and others from being
+choked up by the impetuosity of that boisterous and uncertain element.
+The second is the change that has taken place in the method of raising
+and supporting a national marine, now no longer entrusted to the Cinque
+Ports; and the third was from the invasion of their privileges with
+respect to trade.
+
+It is evident from their history that the Cinque Ports were once safe
+and commodious harbours, the decay of which is attributable chiefly to
+the practice of inning or gaining land from the sea; the first attempts
+at which were made upon the estuary into which the river Rother
+discharges itself, between Lydd and Romney. As there were marshes here
+in the time of the Saxons, and as almost all the property in the
+neighbourhood belonged to the church, it is most probable that this
+mischievous practice was first introduced by their clergy. By various
+operations the river was forced into a new channel, and a very strong
+fence, called a ree, was built to ensure its perpetual exclusion.
+The success which attended this operation roused the cupidity of the
+Archbishops of Canterbury, who considering it as an excellent method
+for increasing their property, continued to make large and successful
+inroads on the sea, till the tract of land so gained may be computed
+at between fifty and sixty thousand acres, now become rich and fertile
+pastures, producing good rents, and extremely valuable.
+
+Before these encroachments were effected upon the sea, no contention
+existed between that turbulent element and the shore; but as soon as
+cupidity made inroads upon its ancient boundary, and declared war
+against the order of nature, the effects of its impetuous resentment
+were speedily felt. Whoever supposes he can control old Ocean, or make
+war upon his ancient border with impunity, will find himself mistaken,
+and soon discover that he knew little of the perseverance, the genius,
+or the power of his opponent. It retired from some towns and places
+where they intended it should remain, and overflowed or washed away
+others grown rich by its bounty; here it fretted and undermined the
+shore till it fell, and there it cast up beach and sand, covering a
+good soil with that which is both disagreeable and useless; and instead
+of being the source of industry and wealth, it became the engine of
+destruction and terror. Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Rye, and Winchelsea,
+with their dependencies, are now totally gone as ports, and greatly
+diminished in wealth and consequence. Winchelsea was once so large and
+handsome, that Elizabeth, during one of her progresses, bestowed upon it
+the appellation of Little London. Hythe formerly contained seven parish
+churches, now reduced to one. Rye and Romney look as if the plague had
+been raging through their dull and gloomy streets, and had carried
+off nearly all the population. Hastings, though still flourishing
+as a town, owes its prosperity to its having become a fashionable
+sea-bathing-place; for as to a port or haven, there is not a vestige of
+one remaining. Thus it will be seen that private individuals, for their
+own benefit, have been suffered to gain from the sea fifty thousand
+acres of pasture land, at a cost to the nation of five safe and
+commodious harbours, and the ruin of their several towns; thus reversing
+the political maxim, that private interest ought to give way to public
+benefit.
+
+Similar in state to the five towns just named, is the once-celebrated
+and commodious port and town of Sandwich, now distant a mile and a half
+from the sea. This circumstance, also, is not attributable to any
+natural decline or desertion of the water, but to the long-continued
+exertions of individuals, for the purpose of gaining land from that
+estuary which formerly divided Kent from the Isle of Thanet. The estuary
+is no more, and deplorable are the consequences which have followed its
+loss; for towns have dwindled into villages, and villages into solitary
+farm-houses, throughout the entire district through which it flowed;
+trade and commerce have declined, and population has suffered a most
+extensive and frightful reduction.
+
+In exchange for the ancient prosperity of this neighbourhood, we have
+large fens or salt marshes, rich in fertility and malaria; but in this,
+as in the former contest, the sea has had the best of it; for Bede has
+clearly expressed in his writings that "the Isle of Thanet was of
+considerable bigness, containing, according to the English way of
+reckoning, 600 families." Supposing, therefore, a family or a hide of
+land to contain only 64 acres, the smallest quantity taken by any author
+of credit, the quantity of land, at the time he wrote, will amount to
+38,400 acres; which, exclusive of the salt marshes, is double the
+quantity contained in the island at the present time; we have,
+therefore, lost more land than we have gained, and, most unfortunately,
+the safe and eligible port of Sandwich into the bargain.
+
+The port of the town of Sandwich, was for centuries one of the best and
+most frequented in the realm, producing to the revenue of the customs
+between sixteen and seventeen thousand pounds. But with the decay of
+her haven, commerce declined, and the revenue became so small, "that it
+was scarcely sufficent to satisfy the customer of his fee:" a dull and
+melancholy gloom is now spread through all her streets, and around her
+walls, where, during the times that her haven was good and her woollen
+manufactures were prosperous, naught was visible but activity, industry,
+and opulence. Her sun has been long and darkly eclipsed; but with a
+little well-directed exertion on the part of her inhabitants, and a
+moderate expenditure, it might be made to shine again, though not,
+perhaps, in all the brilliancy of its former splendour.[6]
+
+Dover, the other port remaining to be noticed, is certainly a
+flourishing town at present; but to what does it owe its prosperity? Not
+to any of its advantages as one of the Cinque Ports, but to the
+circumstances of its being the port of communication with out Gallic
+neighbours, and to its having become frequented for the purpose of
+sea-bathing, which latter is a recent event. As a sea-bathing place it
+is likely it may appear cheerful and gay, even when the Continent is
+closed against us; but before it became a candidate for the favour of
+the migratory hordes of the summer months, it was, during the period of
+a war with France, one of the dullest towns in the kingdom.
+
+The last calamity which I shall notice, is the attack which was made
+upon their home trade. They were, by their charter, to have full liberty
+of buying and selling, which privilege was opposed by the citizens of
+London, who disputed their right to buy and sell freely their woollens
+in Blackwell Hall. The charter of the ports is one hundred years older
+than that of London, but, notwithstanding this priority of right, the
+citizens of London prevailed. The result was indeed calamitous, for
+after the decay of the haven, the chief source of prosperity to the town
+of Sandwich consisted in the woollen manufactures, and as the freedom of
+buying and selling was now denied, the manufacturers immediately
+removed, and were soon followed by the owners of the trading vessels,
+and the merchants; and thus basely deprived of those advantages from
+which arose their ancient opulence and splendour, they sank with
+rapidity into that insignificance and poverty which have unfortunately
+remained their inseparable companions up to the present hour. Among the
+princes who have executed the high and honourable office of Lord Warden
+of the Cinque Ports, we find the names of the brave and unfortunate
+Harold, in the time of the Confessor, and Edward, Prince of Wales, in
+the time of Henry III. Henry V., when Prince of Wales, held this office,
+which was afterwards filled by Humphry, Duke of Gloucester. James II.,
+when Duke of York, was Lord Warden, as was also Prince George of
+Denmark, with many other princes of the royal blood. In celebrated names
+among the nobility, the catalogue of Lords Warden is eminently rich.
+The family of Fiennes occurs frequently, as does also that of Montfort.
+Hugh Bigod; several of the family of Cobham, as well as the names of
+Burghersh, De Grey, Beauchamp, Basset, and De Burgh, are studded over
+the calendar, in the early reigns. Edward, Lord Zouch, and George, Duke
+of Buckingham, were Lords Warden in the reign of James I.; since that
+period the office has been filled by the Duke of Ormond; the Earl of
+Holdernesse, whose attention to the advantages of the ports was great;
+Lord North, the late Mr. Pitt, whose affability and condescension,
+added to a real regard for the prosperity of the Cinque Ports, and
+an unremitted attention to the duties of the Wardenship, gained him
+universal esteem; and lastly, by that honest and respected stateman, the
+late Earl of Liverpool. The mantle of the ports has now fallen on his
+Grace the Duke of Wellington, than whose name there does not exist a
+greater in the catalogue of Lords Warden. The public spirit displayed
+by the Duke, since his wardenship, cannot be too widely known, nor too
+highly applauded,--his grace having paid into the Treasury, for the
+public service, the whole amount of the proceeds of his office, as Lord
+Warden, thus furnishing a noble example of magnanimity and
+disinterestedness.
+
+    [6] We believe that measures are in progress for re-establishing
+        the commercial importance of Sandwich, by the restoration of
+        the once celebrated haven. The town, we may add, is noble in
+        its decay; for, among the jurats and burgesses are several
+        worthy and opulent retired merchants, who would doubtless
+        rejoice in the revival of Sandwich, for the welfare of their
+        more aspiring townsmen,--_Ed. M._
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DRYBURGH ABBEY.
+
+[The clever stanzas transferred from a late number of the _Literary
+Gazette_ to No. 572 of _the Mirror_, are from the spirited pen
+of Mr. Charles Swain: they are the most poetical and appropriate of the
+tributes yet inscribed to the memory of Sir Walter Scott, although this
+is but mean praise compared with their merit. In the _Gazette_ of
+Saturday last, the following additions are suggested by two different
+correspondents, "though," as the editor observes, "they are offered with
+great modesty by their authors."]
+
+
+  And after these, with hand in hand, the Sisters Troil appear;
+  Poor "Mina's" cheek was deadly pale, in "Brenda's" eye a tear;
+  And "Norna," in a sable vest, sang wild a funeral cry,
+  And waved aloft a bough of yew, in solemn mystery.
+
+  "George Heriot" crap'd, and "Jenkin Vin" with prentice-cap in hand--
+  Ev'en "Lady Palla" left her shrine to join that funeral band;
+  But hood and veil conceal'd her form--yet, hark! in whisper's tone
+  She breathes a Christian's holy prayer for the mighty spirit flown.
+
+  A wail!--a hollow, churchyard wail!--a wild weird-sister's cry!--
+  Ah! "Annie Winnie," thou too here?--and "Alice?"--vanish--fly!
+  "Not so," they shrieked, "we'll see the corse--the bonny corse;
+          'twas meet--
+  And pity 'twas we were not there to bind his  winding sheet."
+
+  Old "Owen" passed with tottering step, and lost and wandering looks;
+  "He's balanced his account," he cried, "and closed his earthly books;"
+  Bold "Loxley," with his bow unbent--unhelm'd "Le Belafré,"
+  Together pass'd--the archer wiped one silent tear away.
+
+  Stern "Bridgenorth," with his daughter's arm hung on his own, stalk'd by;
+  The blushing "Alice" veils her face from "Julian Peveril's" eye:
+  "Alack-a-day," 'Daft Davie' cries--"come, follow, follow me,
+  We'll strew his grave with cowslip buds and blooming rosemary."
+
+  In distance from the mournful throng, like stars of other spheres,
+  The lovely "Mary Stuart" pays the homage of her tears,
+  With "Cath'rine Seymore" at the shrine of Scotia's dearest name,
+  And with her bends the "Douglas'" knees, with bold young "Roland Graeme."
+
+  But hark! what fairy melody comes wafted on the gale--
+  Oh! 'tis "Fenella's" sighing lute, in notes of woe and wail:
+  "Claud Halero" catches at the strain, and mourns the minstrel gone,
+  "His spirit rest in peace where sleeps the shade of glorious John!"
+
+  With spattered cloak, the ladies' knight, the gallant "Rawleigh" see,
+  "Sir Creveceux's" plume waves by his side, and "Durward's" fleur-de-lis;
+  There "Janet" leans on "Foster's" arm--e'en "Varney's" treacherous eye
+  Is moistened with a tear that speaks remorse's agony.
+
+  Next, muffled in his sable cloak, "Tressilian" wends his way,
+  His slouching hat denies his brow the cheering light of day;
+  See how he dogs the proud earl's steps, as "Leicester" bears along
+  The lovely "Amy" on his arm through that sad mournful throng.
+
+  There "Lillias" pass'd with fairy step, in hood and mantle green,
+  Her sire, "Redgauntlet's" eagle eye is fixed on her, I ween;
+  And "Wandering Willie" doffs his cap, to raise his sightless eye
+  To Heaven, and cried, "God rest his soul in yonder sunny sky!"
+
+  Here "Donald Lean," with fillibeg and tartan-skirted knee;
+  There pale was "Cleveland," as he slept by Stromness' howling sea;
+  With faltering step crept "Trapbois" by, with drooping palsied head,
+  More like a charnel truant stray'd from regions of the dead.
+
+  And thus they pass, a mournful train, the "squire," the "belted knight,"
+  The "hood and cowl," the ladies' page, and woman's image bright;
+  In distance now the solemn notes their requiem's chant prolong,
+  And now 'tis hush'd--to other ears they bear their funeral song.
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+  "Two beauteous sisters, side by side, their wonted station kept;
+  The dark-eyed 'Minna' look'd to Heaven, the gentle 'Brenda' wept;
+  Wild 'Norna,' in her mantle wrapp'd, with noiseless step mov'd on,
+  'Claud Halcro' in his grief awhile forgot e'en glorious 'John.'
+
+  The princely 'Saladin' appear'd, aside his splendour laid,
+  And only by his graceful mien and piercing glance betray'd;
+  The lofty 'Edith,' followed by the silent 'Nubian slave,'
+  Dropp'd lightly, as she pass'd, a wreath upon the poet's grave."
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE TOPOGRAPHER.
+
+
+[Illustration: LESTINGHAM CHURCH.]
+
+
+LESTINGHAM CHURCH.
+
+
+(_From a Correspondent._)
+
+
+Lestingham, which is supposed to signify _lasting-home_, is a village
+near Kirkby Moorside, Yorkshire, the scene of Buckingham's death, so
+caricatured by Pope in his _Dunciad_. It is remarkable on account
+of its church, which is a most interesting edifice to the antiquary,
+exhibiting a true specimen of Saxon architecture. The east end
+terminates in a semicircular recess for the altar, resembling the
+tribune of the Roman basilica. It was here that Cedd, bishop of the East
+Saxons, or London, founded a monastery for Benedictines, about the year
+648, or, some say, 655. The church of Lestingham was the first which was
+built in this district, or the first of which we have any account. It
+was originally constructed of wood, and it was not till many years after
+that a stone one was erected.
+
+Cedd was a Saxon missionary, educated at the monastery of Lindisfarne,
+now Holy Island, not far from Bamburgh, the capital of Bernicia.
+Ethelwald, king of Deira, knowing Cedd to be a man of real piety,
+desired him to accept some land for the building of a monastery, at
+which the king might attend to pray. Cedd availed himself of the
+proposal, and chose Lestingham. Having fixed on the spot for the site of
+the sanctuary, he resolved to consecrate it by fasting and prayer all the
+Lent; eating nothing except on the Lord's day, until evening; and then
+only a little bread, an egg, and a small quantity of milk diluted with
+water; he then began the building. He established in it the same
+discipline observed at Lindisfarne. Cedd governed his diocese many
+years; and died of a plague, when on a visit to his favourite monastery
+at Lindisfarne, where he had been ordained bishop by Finan; he was
+interred here, 664, but his remains were taken up, and re-interred in
+the present church, on the right side of the altar.
+
+[Illustration: (_The Crypt._)]
+
+The present Saxon church contains many relics of antiquity; as painted
+glass, ancient inscriptions, &c.; but the most remarkable feature
+of is interior is the celebrated crypt, or vault, formerly used as a
+depository for the venerated relics of canonized prelates. At the east
+end of this subterraneous retreat, from the window through which the
+light faintly gleams, the scene is interesting to astonishment. Here
+you perceive the massy arches ranged in perspective on huge cylindrical
+pillars, with variously sculptured capitals, each differing from the
+other, and all in the real Saxon style; to this add the groined roof,
+and the stairs at the west end, leading up into the church, enveloped in
+a luminous obscurity, from the scanty light admitted by the window at
+the east end. From the account given by Venerable Bede, that the body
+of Cedd was interred on the right of the altar, we may suppose that the
+crypt was built after the erection of the church, though the time cannot
+be ascertained.
+
+About fifty years ago, the remaining part of the venerable monastery,
+founded by Cedd, was razed, and its walls, hallowed by the dust of the
+holy brotherhood, furnished materials for building. The Rev. W. Ellis,
+the then incumbent, whose indignation, at the circumstance, was
+unbounded, wrote some Latin verses on the subject; but they have been
+lost in the stream of time, and, like the ashes of the hand that wrote
+them, cannot be found.
+
+The late Mr. Jackson, R.A., was a native of the village of Lestingham;
+and, with feelings of regard for the land of his childhood, he proposed
+to execute a painting, as an altar-piece for the church. His Grace the
+archbishop of York and the Rev. F. Wrangham, were consulted on the
+subject, and gave it their approval; but, we believe, the meritorious
+artist died before he had finished the painting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WILD SPORTS OF THE WEST.
+
+This book is a grievous failure--that is, if the merits of books are to
+be adjudged with their titles. The writer is the author of _Stories of
+Waterloo_, from whom better things might have been expected. He has
+taken for his model, Mr. Lloyd's really excellent _Field Sports of the
+North of Europe_; but he has woefully missed his mark. The title of
+the work before us is equivocal: a reader might as reasonably expect the
+Sports of the Western World, as adventures in Ireland, such as make up
+the present volumes. What we principally complain of is the paucity of
+Sports among their contents. It is true that the title also promises
+Legendary Tales and Local Sketches, but here they are the substance, and
+the Wild Sports mere shadow. We have too little of "the goodly rivers,"
+"all sorts of fish," "the sweet islands and goodly lakes, like little
+inland seas," "of the most beautiful and sweet countrey," as Spenser
+phrases it in the author's title-page; and there is not so much as the
+author promises in his preface, of shooting the wild moors and fishing
+the waters, of days spent by "fell and flood," and light and joyous
+nights in mountain bivouacs and moorland huts. There is too much
+hearsay, and storytelling not to the purpose, and trifling gossip of
+"exquisite potatoes" and "rascally sherry"--details which would disgrace
+a half-crown guide book, and ought certainly not to be set forth with
+spaced large type in hotpressed octavos at a costly rate. Nevertheless,
+the work may suit club-room tables and circulating libraries, though it
+will not be allowed place for vivid display of Wild Sports. We quote two
+extracts--one, a narrative which the author knows to be substantially
+true; the other, relating to the attack of eagles, (though we omit the
+oft-told tale of the peasant attempting to rob an eagle's nest, and his
+hair turning white with fright):--
+
+
+_The Blind Seal._
+
+About forty years ago a young seal was taken in Clew Bay, and
+domesticated in the kitchen of a gentleman whose house was situated on
+the sea-shore. It grew apace, became familiar with the servants, and
+attached to the house and family; its habits were innocent and gentle,
+it played with the children, came at its master's call, and, as the old
+man described him to me, was "fond as a dog, and playful as a kitten."
+
+Daily the seal went out to fish, and after providing for his own wants,
+frequently brought in a salmon or turbot to his master. His delight in
+summer was to bask in the sun, and in winter to lie before the fire, or,
+if permitted, creep into the large oven, which at that time formed the
+regular appendage of an Irish kitchen.
+
+For four years the seal had been thus domesticated, when, unfortunately,
+a disease, called in this country _the crippawn_--a kind of
+paralytic affection of the limbs which generally ends fatally--attacked
+some black cattle belonging to the master of the house; some died others
+became infected, and the customary cure produced by changing them to
+drier pasture failed. A wise woman was consulted, and the hag assured
+the credulous owner, that the mortality among his cows was occasioned
+by his retaining an unclean beast about his habitation--the harmless
+and amusing seal. It must be made away with directly, or the crippawn
+would continue, and her charms be unequal to avert the malady. The
+superstitious wretch consented to the hag's proposal; the seal was put
+on board a boat, carried out beyond Clare Island, and there committed to
+the deep, to manage for himself as he best could. The boat returned, the
+family retired to rest, and next morning a servant awakened her master
+to tell him that the seal was quietly sleeping in the oven. The poor
+animal over night came back to his beloved home, crept through an open
+window, and took possession of his favourite resting-place.
+
+Next morning another cow was reported to be unwell. The seal must now
+be finally removed; a Galway fishing-boat was leaving Westport on her
+return home, and the master undertook to carry off the seal, and not
+put him overboard until he had gone leagues beyond Innis Boffin. It was
+done--a day and night passed; the second evening closed--the servant
+was raking the fire for the night--something scratched gently at the
+door--it was of course the house-dog---she opened it, and in came the
+seal! Wearied with his long and unusual voyage, he testified by a
+peculiar cry, expressive of pleasure, his delight to find himself at
+home, then stretching himself before the glowing embers of the hearth
+he fell into a deep sleep.
+
+The master of the house was immediately apprized of this unexpected
+and unwelcome visit. In the exigency, the beldame was awakened and
+consulted; she averred that it was always unlucky to kill a seal, but
+suggested that the animal should be deprived of sight, and a third time
+carried out to sea. To this hellish proposition the besotted wretch who
+owned the house consented, and the affectionate and confiding creature
+was cruelly robbed of sight, on that hearth for which he had resigned
+his native element! Next morning, writhing in agony, the mutilated seal
+was embarked, taken outside Clare Island, and for the last time
+committed to the waves.
+
+A week passed over, and things became worse instead of better; the
+cattle of the truculent wretch died fast, and the infernal hag gave
+him the pleasurable tidings that her arts were useless, and that the
+destructive visitation upon his cattle exceeded her skill and cure.
+
+On the eighth night after the seal had been devoted to the Atlantic, it
+blew tremendously. In the pauses of the storm a wailing noise at times
+was faintly heard at the door; the servants, who slept in the kitchen,
+concluded that the _Banshee_ came to forewarn them of an approaching
+death, and buried their heads in the bed-coverings. When morning broke
+the door was opened--the seal was there lying dead upon the threshold!"
+
+"Stop, Julius!" I exclaimed, "give me a moment's time to curse all
+concerned in this barbarism."
+
+"Be patient, Frank," said my cousin, "the _finale_ will probably
+save you that trouble. The skeleton of the once plump animal--for, poor
+beast, it perished from hunger, being incapacitated from blindness to
+procure its customary food--was buried in a sand-hill, and from that
+moment misfortunes followed the abettors and perpetrators of this
+inhuman deed. The detestable hag, who had denounced the inoffensive
+seal, was, within a twelvemonth, hanged for murdering the illegitimate
+offspring of her own daughter. Every thing about this devoted house
+melted away--sheep rotted, cattle died, 'and blighted was the corn.'
+Of several children none reached maturity, and the savage proprietor
+survived every thing he loved or cared for. He died _blind_ and
+miserable.
+
+"There is not a stone of that accursed building standing upon another.
+The property has passed to a family of a different name, and the series
+of incessant calamity which pursued all concerned in this cruel deed is
+as romantic as true."
+
+
+_Visit to the Eagle's Cliff, in Inniskea._
+
+We ascended the hill (while the crew were clearing and baiting their
+spillets) in the vague hope of getting a shot at these predatory birds,
+of whose spoliations we had heard so much on the preceding evening.
+
+On reaching the bottom of the rock, in whose face the aërie stands, we
+discovered that the old birds were absent, and as the nest was formed in
+a deep fissure, we could not ascertain its situation exactly. But that
+the eagles' dwelling was above us was evident, enough: the base of the
+cliff was strewn with bones and feathers, and the accumulation of both
+was extraordinary. The bones of rabbits, hares, and domestic fowls, were
+most numerous, but those of smaller game, and various sorts of fish,
+were visible among the heap.
+
+Many attempts are annually made to destroy this predatory family. It is
+impossible to rob the nest. Situated two hundred feet above the base of
+the rock, it is of course unapproachable from below, and as the cliffs
+beetle over it frightfully, to assail it from above would be a hazardous
+essay. An enterprising peasant, some years since, was let down by a rope
+and basket,--but he was fiercely attacked by the old birds, and the
+basket nearly overturned. Fortunately the cord was strong and had
+sufficient length to allow his being lowered rapidly, or he would have
+undoubtedly sustained some bodily injury from the wings and talons of
+those enraged and savage birds.
+
+The village of Dugurth suffers heavily from its unfortunate proximity to
+the aërie. When the wind blows from a favourable point, the eagle in the
+grey of morning sweeps through the cabins, and never fails in carrying
+off some prey.
+
+To black fowls eagles appear particularly attached, and the villagers
+avoid as much as possible rearing birds of that colour.
+
+A few days before, one of the coast-guard, alarmed by the cries of a
+boy, rushed from the watch-house; the eagle had taken up a black hen,
+and, as he passed within a few yards, the man flung his cap at him. The
+eagle dropped the bird; it was quite dead, however, the talons having
+shattered the back-bone. The villagers say (with what truth I know not)
+that turkeys are never taken.
+
+That the eagle is extremely destructive to fish, and particularly so to
+salmon, many circumstances would prove. They are constantly discovered
+watching the fords in the spawning season, and are seen to seize and
+carry off the fish. One curious anecdote I heard from my friend the
+priest. Some years since a herdsman, on a very sultry day in July, while
+looking for a missing sheep, observed an eagle posted on a bank that
+overhung a pool. Presently the bird stooped and seized a salmon, and a
+violent struggle ensued; when the herd reached the spot, he found the
+eagle pulled under water by the strength of the fish, and the calmness
+of the day, joined to drenched plumage, rendered him unable to extricate
+himself. With a stone the peasant broke the eagle's pinion, and actually
+secured the spoiler and his victim, for he found the salmon dying in his
+grasp.
+
+When shooting on Lord Sligo's mountains, near the Killeries, I heard
+many particulars of the eagle's habit and history from a grey-haired
+peasant who had passed a long life in these wilds. The scarcity of
+hares, which here were once abundant, he attributed to the rapacity of
+those birds; and he affirmed, that when in pursuit of these animals, the
+eagle evinced a degree of intelligence that appeared extraordinary. They
+coursed the hares, he said, with great judgment and certain success; one
+bird was the active follower, while the other remained in reserve, at
+the distance of forty or fifty yards. If the hare, by a sudden turn,
+freed himself from his most pressing enemy, the second bird instantly
+took up the chase, and thus prevented the victim from having a moment's
+respite.
+
+He had remarked the eagles also while they were engaged in fishing.
+They chose a small ford upon the rivulet which connects Glencullen with
+Glandullagh, and posted on either side waited patiently for the salmon
+to pass over. Their watch was never fruitless,--and many a salmon, in
+its transit from the sea to the lake, was transferred from his native
+element to the wild aërie in the Alpine cliff; that beetles over the
+romantic waters of Glencullen.
+
+[The volumes are handsomely printed, and embellished with aqua-tint
+plates and clever vignettes: some of the latter, by Bagg, are spirited
+performances on wood.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PETER THE GREAT.
+
+
+[What a mine of adventure and incident is the life of this extraordinary
+man. A modern French writer enumerates 95 authors who have treated of
+his actions, and concludes the list with _et cetera_ threefold.
+What a field for the editors of the compilation libraries--wherein they
+may store their little garners or volumes to advantage. Such has the
+editor of the _Family Library_ done in the volume before us; although
+he has only consulted one-fourth of the above number of authorities
+for his memoir of the life of the Tzar. He prefaces with the modest
+observation that he has done little more than bring together and arrange
+the scattered fragments of Histories, Lives, Anecdotes, and Notices, in
+manuscript and in print, "of one of the most extraordinary characters
+that ever appeared on the great theatre of the world, in any age or
+country;--a Being full of contradictions, yet consistent in all that he
+did; a promoter of literature, arts, and sciences, yet without education
+himself; the civilizer of his people, 'he gave a polish,' says Voltaire,
+'to his nation, and was Himself a savage; he taught his people the art
+of war, of which he was himself ignorant; from the first glance of a
+small cock-boat, at the distance of five hundred miles of the nearest
+sea, he became an expert ship-builder, created a powerful fleet, partly
+constructed with his own hands, made himself an active and expert
+sailor, a skilful pilot, a great captain: in short, he changed the
+manners, the habits, the laws of the people, and very face of the
+country." How different is this course of activity to the usual
+luxurious lives of the sovereigns of civilized countries: how ill
+assort Peter's "savage" notions with the accomplished ease and personal
+elegance of a succeeding autocrat: how wide is the contrast between
+Peter's ship-building education, and the youth of a prince passed
+amidst court corruptionists--or pilotage over the boundless ocean, and
+launching gilded pleasure-boats upon an unruffled lake; personally
+watching the welfare of his subjects, or slinking into retirement, and
+leaving their interests to the intrigues of party. Yet, such are a few
+of the opposite characteristics--the every-day occupations--of the great
+Tzar of Russia, and of the kingships of the last and present centuries.
+
+The events of the life of Peter may be well known in detail to the
+reader of the history of modern Europe. Yet they must be gathered from
+many volumes; while in the above little book we have them brought in
+amusing and sufficiently copious narrative, within 350 pages. We have
+here the Tzar's war with Sweden--Narva, Pultowa, and the Pruth; but the
+incidents that will prove most interesting to the _Family_ readers
+are the domestic habits--the unkingly life of Peter; and above all, his
+visit to England--how he drank deeply of pepper and brandy, lodged in
+Buckingham-street, Strand; spoiled Mr. Evelyn's holly hedge at Sayes;
+and peeped from the roof of the House of Lords at the King upon his
+throne. We shall therefore endeavour to abridge a few of these
+entertaining anecdotic details from the chapter devoted to the Tzar's
+stay in England.]
+
+Two ships of war and a yacht, under the orders of Admiral Mitchell, were
+despatched to Helvoetsluys to bring over the Tzar, who, with his suite,
+consisting of Menzikoff and some others, whose names are not mentioned,
+embarked at that port on the 18th of January, 1698, and on the 21st
+reached London. Here no secret was attempted to be made of his rank, but
+he requested to be treated only as a private gentleman; and it is
+remarkable enough that, though he paid frequent visits to the King, and
+attended his court, his name never once appears in the only official
+paper which then, as indeed now, was and is in existence, the London
+Gazette. Lord Shrewsbury, at this time, was Secretary of State for
+Foreign Affairs; but as the Tzar came not in any public character, he
+appears to have been placed under the especial charge of the Marquess
+Carmarthen, who was made lord president of the Council in the following
+year. Between this nobleman and Peter a very considerable intimacy took
+place, which was uninterrupted during the Tzar's abode in England. A
+large house was hired for him and his suite at the bottom of
+York-buildings where, it is stated in a private letter, the Marquess and
+he used to spend their evenings together frequently in drinking "hot
+pepper and brandy." The great failing of Peter, indeed, was his love of
+strong liquors. We find in one of the papers of the day, that he took a
+particular fancy to the nectar ambrosia, "the new cordial so called,
+which the author, or compounder of it, presented him with, and that his
+Majesty sent for more of it."
+
+Of the proceedings of the Tzar, during the four months he remained
+in England, very little is recorded in the few journals or other
+publications of that day; the former consisting chiefly of the
+_Postmaster_, the _Postman_, and the _Postboy_.
+
+In the _Postboy_ it is stated that, on the day after his arrival,
+the Tzar of Muscovy was at Kensington, to see his Majesty at dinner, as
+also the court; but he was all the while _incognito._ And on the
+Saturday following he was at the playhouse, to see the opera; that on
+the Friday night the revels ended at the Temple, the same being
+concluded by a fine masquerade, at which the Tzar of Muscovy was
+present; that on the following Sunday he went in a hackney-coach to
+Kensington, and returned at night to his lodgings in Norfolk-street,[7]
+where he was attended by several of the King's servants.
+
+His movements, during the rest of the month, were a journey to Woolwich
+and Deptford, to see the docks and yards; then to the theatre, to see
+the Rival Queens, or Alexander the Great; to St. James's, to be present
+at a fine ball; and, it is further stated that he was about to remove
+from Norfolk-street (York buildings) to Redriff, where a ship was
+building for him; and that he was about to go to Chatham, to see a
+man-of-war launched, which he was to name; and that on the 15th of
+February, accompanied by the Marquess of Carmarthen, he went to
+Deptford, and having spent some time on board the "Royal Transport,"
+they were afterwards splendidly treated by Admiral Mitchell. These are
+the principal notices concerning the Tzar Peter contained in the
+_Postboy._
+
+It is evident that London could not be very agreeable to him, on two
+accounts; first, because his great object in coming here was to see our
+dock-yard establishments, and to profit also by observing our mode of
+making draughts of ships, and laying them off in the mould-loft; and to
+acquire some knowledge in the theory of naval architecture and
+navigation, which he had heard, when in Holland, was superior to what he
+had seen or could obtain in that country, though it was assumed that the
+mechanical part of finishing and putting together a ship was there fully
+equal, if not superior, to ours.
+
+In the next place, he was equally annoyed by the crowds he was
+continually meeting in the streets of London, as he had been in
+Amsterdam, and which he could not bear with becoming patience. It is
+said that, as he was one day walking along the Strand, with his friend
+the Marquess of Carmarthen, a porter, with a hod on his shoulder, rudely
+pushed against him and drove him into the kennel. He was extremely
+indignant, and ready to knock him down; but the Marquess interfering,
+asked the man what he meant, and if he knew whom he had so rudely run
+against, and "that it was the Tzar." The porter, turning round, replied,
+with a grin, "Tzar! we are all Tzars here." But that which annoyed him
+most of all, was the intrusion of our countrymen into his lodgings, and
+into the room even where he was eating, to which they gained access
+through the king's servants. Disgusted at their impertinent curiosity
+he would sometimes rise from table, and leave the room in a rage. To
+prevent this intrusion, he strictly charged his domestics not to admit
+any persons whatever let their rank be what it might. A kind of forced
+interview, however, was obtained by two Quakers, the account of which,
+as given by one of them, is singular and interesting.
+
+One month's residence having satisfied Peter as to what was to be seen
+in London, and having expressed a strong desire to be near some of the
+King's dockyards, it was arranged that a suitable residence should be
+found near one of the river establishments; and the house of the
+celebrated Mr. Evelyn, close to Deptford Dock-yard, being about to
+become vacant, by the removal of Admiral Benbow, who was then its
+tenant, it was immediately taken for the residence of the Tzar and
+his suite; and a doorway was broken through the boundary wall of
+the dock-yard, to afford a direct communication between it and the
+dwelling-house. This place had then the name of Saye's Court. It was the
+delight of Evelyn, and the wonder and admiration of all men of taste at
+that time. The grounds are described, in the life of the Lord Keeper
+Guildford, "as most boscaresque, being, as it were, an exemplary of
+his (Evelyn's) book of forest trees." Admiral Benbow had given great
+dissatisfaction to the proprietor as a tenant, for he observes in his
+Diary--"I have the mortification of seeing, every day, much of my labour
+and expense there impairing from want of a more polite tenant." It
+appears, however, that the princely occupier was not a more "polite
+tenant" than the rough sailor had been, for Mr. Evelyn's servant thus
+writes to him,--"There is a house full of people _right nasty._ The
+Tzar lies next your library, and dines in the parlour next your study.
+He dines at ten o'clock and six at night; is very seldom at home a whole
+day; very often in the King's yard, or by water, dressed in several
+dresses. The King is expected there this day; the best parlour is pretty
+clean for him to be entertained in. The King pays for all he has."[8]
+But this was not all: Mr. Evelyn had a favourite holly-hedge, through
+which, it is said, the Tzar, by way of exercise, used to be in the habit,
+every morning, of trundling a wheel-barrow. Mr. Evelyn probably alludes
+to this in the following passage, wherein he asks, "Is there, under the
+heavens, a more glorious and refreshing object, of the kind, than an
+impregnable hedge, of about four hundred feet in length, nine feet high,
+and five in diameter, which I can still show in my ruined garden at
+Saye's Court (thanks to the Tzar of Muscovy), at any time of the year,
+glittering with its armed and variegated leaves; the taller standards,
+at orderly distances, blushing with their natural coral? It mocks the
+rudest assaults of the weather, beasts, or hedge-breakers,--et ilium
+nemo impune lacessit."[9]
+
+Alas! for the glory of the glittering hollies, trimmed hedges, and long
+avenues of Saye's Court; Time, that great innovator, has demolished them
+all, and Evelyn's favourite haunts and enchanting grounds have been
+transformed into cabbage gardens; that portion of the Victualling-yard
+where oxen and hogs are slaughtered and salted for the use of the navy,
+now occupies the place of the shady walks and the trimmed hedges, which
+the good old Evelyn so much delighted in; and on the site of the ancient
+mansion now stands the common parish workhouse of Deptford Stroud.
+
+We have little evidence that the Tzar, during his residence here,
+ever worked as a shipwright; it would seem he was employed rather in
+acquiring information on matters connected with naval architecture, from
+that intelligent commissioner of the navy and surveyor, Sir Anthony
+Deane, who, after the Marquess of Carmarthen, was his most intimate
+English acquaintance. His fondness for sailing and managing boats,
+however, was as eager here as in Holland; and these gentlemen were
+almost daily with him on the Thames, sometimes in a sailing yacht, and
+at others rowing in boats,--an exercise in which both the Tzar and the
+Marquess are said to have excelled. The Navy Board received directions
+from the Admiralty to hire two vessels, to be at the command of the
+Tzar, whenever he should think proper to sail on the Thames, to improve
+himself in seamanship. In addition to these, the King made him a present
+of the "Royal Transport," with orders to have such alterations and
+accommodations made in her, as his Tzarish Majesty might desire, and
+also to change her masts, rigging, sails, &c., in any such way as he
+might think proper for improving her sailing qualities. But his great
+delight was to get into a small decked boat, belonging to the Dock-yard,
+and taking only Menzikoff, and three or four others of his suite, to
+work the vessel with them, he being the helmsman; by this practice he
+said he should be able to teach them how to command ships when they
+got home. Having finished their day's work, they used to resort to a
+public-house in Great Tower-street, close to Tower Hill, to smoke their
+pipes and drink beer and brandy. The landlord had the Tzar of Muscovy's
+head painted and put up for his sign, which continued till the year
+1808, when a person of the name of Waxel took a fancy to the old sign,
+and offered the then occupier of the house to paint him a new one for
+it. A copy was accordingly made from the original, which maintains its
+station to the present day, as the sign of the "Tzar of Muscovy,"
+looking like a true Tartar.
+
+(_To be concluded in our next._)
+
+    [7] This is an oversight of the Editor, as the Tzar resided in the
+        last house in Buckingham-street, towards the river on the east
+        side. It is a handsome mansion, containing some very spacious
+        apartments, with some few relics of its original decoration.
+        Upon the site of this and the adjoining streets was formerly a
+        palace of the archbishops of York, the only vestige of which is
+        the water-gate, called York Stairs erected by Inigo Jones.
+        Throughout the narrative it will be seen that the Editor has
+        mistaken Norfolk-street for Buckingham-street.--_Ed. M._
+
+    [8] Memoirs of J. Evelyn.
+
+
+    [9] Evelyn's Sylva.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STOMACH OF THE OSTRICH.
+
+(_To the Editor_.)
+
+
+Allow me to add, as a further illustration of the various and uncommon
+substances sometimes found in the stomach of the Ostrich, mentioned at
+page 262 of _The Mirror_, a fact which came under my own observation a
+few months since, on the occasion of dissecting two full-grown birds
+intended for the Surrey Zoological Gardens; but, which died while
+performing quarantine in Stangate Creek. On opening the maw, the stomach
+appeared distended to its fullest extent, and contained not less than
+half a bushel of various substances, besides a large quantity of the
+usual food in an undigested state, as, maize, barley, potatoes, onions,
+&c. There was nearly a peck of stones, most of which were as smooth
+and as highly polished as if they had passed through the hands of the
+lapidary; a sample of which I enclose you. Among this mass I found
+portions of tobacco-pipe, pieces of china and glass, brass buttons,
+copper coins, nails, and what most likely caused the death of the bird,
+a large quantity apparently of the head of a woollen mop, with portions
+of oakum, which from its size and quantity had proved too much for the
+bird to digest. It would appear, however, that many substances remain
+for years in the folds of the stomach, without injury; as on opening
+an Ostrich that died at Exeter 'Change after being some years in the
+possession of Mr. Cross, there were found besides a large quantity of
+rubbish, a handful of buttons, nails, marbles, stones, several keys,
+the brass handle of a door, a copper extinguisher, a sailor's knife, a
+butcher's hook, an iron comb, with penny pieces and coins to the amount
+of 3_s._ 4-1/2_d._; and besides these various articles, there
+were several cowries, glass beads, such as are used for the purposes
+of traffic by the natives of the Barbary Coast, whence the bird was
+brought; and it never having had the opportunity of getting at such
+articles while in a state of confinement, little doubt remains of their
+having been swallowed by the bird while in its native country.
+
+Another instance may be added of a full grown Ostrich, that was for some
+time in the possession of the Consul of Tripoli: during the period of
+the bird remaining at his house, a silver snuff box, of considerable
+size and value, was missing, and many were the persons suspected of
+having stolen it. The bird was after the lapse of a few months shipped
+as a present on board a frigate, and died during the voyage. The captain
+had it opened to ascertain if possible the cause of its death, when, in
+the stomach were found nails, keys, pieces of iron and copper, part of
+a lantern, and the identical snuffbox, although the chasing and sharp
+edges were worn completely smooth by the action of the stomach.
+
+J. WARWICK.
+
+_Surrey Zoological Gardens._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CONDOR.
+
+
+A pair of condors has lately been received from South America, for the
+Surrey Zoological Gardens. They are male and female, and are stated to
+be by far the largest specimens ever brought to this country, the male
+measuring nearly 14 feet across the wings, and in height upwards of
+three feet. They were brought from Chili, where they are sometimes met
+with at an elevation of 15,000 feet above the level of the sea. During
+the removal of the birds from the vessel, the male dropped one of his
+largest wing feathers, the quill of which measures an inch and a half
+in circumference.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_The King_.--(_From the Spectator_.)--Touching the business habits of
+the King, we have been favoured with the following statement, by a
+gentleman on whose honesty we can place perfect reliance, and who has
+ample opportunities of correct knowledge:--The attention of our present
+excellent Sovereign to public business is truly exemplary; and whilst he
+exceeds in regularity and despatch the habits of his late father,--whose
+conduct in this respect has seldom been properly appreciated,--his
+diligence forms a striking contrast to the supineness exhibited in the
+late reign, when days and weeks sometimes elapsed before the Royal
+signature could be obtained.
+
+"The public learn from the Court Newsman that the King regularly comes
+to town once a week, to receive his ministers, and for the transaction
+of whatever business may be required; and these journeys are occasionally
+repeated within a few days of each other without the slightest regard
+for his personal convenience. Stronger proofs, however, exist of the
+King's devotion to the duties of his station. Every document submitted
+for his consideration and signature, is executed and returned to
+the proper office within twenty-four hours after he receives it, and
+generally within twelve hours. If a letter be addressed to Sir Herbert
+Taylor or to Sir Henry Wheatley, no matter how trifling may be its
+subject, it is certain of receiving an immediate and polite answer,
+the contents of which show that his Majesty must undoubtedly have been
+consulted; and if the request be refused, regret is expressed, and a
+satisfactory reason is usually assigned. Those only who are aware of the
+masses of papers submitted to the King, or of the innumerable subjects
+on which his pleasure is taken, can appreciate the promptness, courtesy,
+and decision which he displays; whilst in giving audiences, the extent
+of his information, and his business-like habits, excite equal surprise
+and satisfaction. When it is remembered that the King is above
+sixty-seven years of age, the labour which he undergoes seems
+extraordinary; and the admirable manner in which he executes his duties,
+is consequently entitled to still higher applause. His office is indeed
+no sinecure; and it would be well for the country if every department of
+the State, and every public officer imitated the example set them by the
+Sovereign.
+
+"Before concluding this subject, justice demands that the manner in
+which Sir Herbert Taylor and Sir Henry Wheatley conduct the Royal
+correspondence, should not pass unnoticed; for, doubtless, a share of
+the praise which has been here expressed of their Master's decision and
+promptness, is due to them, and more especially for the extreme courtesy
+with which their letters are written."
+
+We had before heard the fact of the King's extraordinary punctuality in
+signing papers, with this addition, that when they are more than
+ordinarily numerous, the Queen sits at the table with her Royal husband,
+lays the papers before him, and when signed, removes and arranges them,
+like a secretary.
+
+_Learned "Ladies."_--Mr. Murphy used to relate the following story
+of Foote's, the heroines of which were the ladies Cheere, Fielding, and
+Hill, the last the widow of the celebrated Dr. Hill. He represented them
+as playing at "I love my love with a letter;" Lady Cheere began, and
+said, "I love my love with an N because he is a Night;" Lady Fielding
+followed with "I love my love with a G, because he is a Gustis;" and "I
+love my love with an F," said Lady Hill, "because he is a Fizishun."
+Such was the imputed orthography of these learned ladies.--_Taylor's
+Records._
+
+_Den._--The names of places ending in den, as Biddenden, are
+perhaps not generally known to signify the situation to be in a valley,
+or near woods.
+
+J.E.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Mock-heroics._--Cowper, in one of his letters to Joseph Hill,
+reminds his friend of the following mock-heroic line, written at one of
+their convivial meetings, called the Nonsense Club--
+
+  "To whom replied the Devil, _yard-long-tail'd_;"
+
+
+And adds, "there never was anything more truly Grecian than that triple
+epithet; and were it possible to introduce it either into the _Iliad_ or
+_Odyssey,_ I should certainly steal it." This of course was written in
+jest; and had the translator been disposed to exemplify his own pleasantry,
+he might have found an opportunity in the well-known line of the sixth book
+of the _Iliad_--
+
+
+  [Greek: Aideomas Trôas ai Trôadas elkesipeplous.]
+
+  I dread the Trojan ladies, yard-long-tail'd;
+
+
+Of which Pope makes this sweeping periphrasis--
+
+  "And Troy's proud dames, whose garments sweep the ground."
+
+
+E.B.I.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Burton Ale._--Many of our readers may recollect the dispute, about
+three years since, between the Burton Ale brewers and the Useful
+Knowledge Society, when the excellence of the ale was proved to be the
+result of the hard water of which it was manufactured flowing over a
+limestone rock. A chemist was dispatched to Burton, and the settlement
+of the matter assumed the importance of a discovery; though in the last
+century this fact was ingeniously explained by Dr. Darwin, in a letter
+to Mr. Pilkington, upon the supposition that some of the saccharine
+matter in the malt combines with the calcareous earth of hard waters,
+and forms a sort of mineral sugar, which, like true sugar, is
+convertible into spirits.
+
+_Read-y Wit._--A young man, in a large company, descanting very
+flippantly on a subject, his knowledge of which was evidently very
+superficial, the Duchess of Devonshire asked his name. "'Tis
+_Scarlet_," replied a gentleman who stood by. "That may be," said her
+Grace, "and yet he is not _deep read_."
+
+CANTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Anti-free Trade._--An odd instance of the restrictive system
+occurred in the embassy from the emperor Otho to Nicephorus Phocas. The
+Greeks making a display of their dress, he told them that in Lombardy
+the common people wore as good clothes as they.--"How," they said, "can
+you procure them?"--"Through the Venetians and Amalfitan dealers," he
+replied, "who gain their subsistence by selling them to us." The foolish
+Greeks were very angry, and declared that any dealer presuming to export
+their fine clothes _should be flogged_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143 STRAND, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, No. 574, by Various
+
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 574.</title>
+  <style type="text/css">
+  <!--
+  body                 {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+  p                    {text-align: justify;}
+  blockquote           {text-align: justify;}
+  h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6    {text-align: center;}
+  pre                  {font-size: 0.7em;}
+  hr                   {text-align: center; width: 50%;}
+  html>body hr         {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;}
+  hr.full              {width: 100%;}
+  html>body hr.full    {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;}
+  .note, .footnote     {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+  span.pagenum         {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;}
+  .poem                {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;}
+  .poem .stanza        {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+  .poem p              {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+  .poem p.i2           {margin-left: 1em;}
+  .poem p.i4           {margin-left: 2em;}
+  .poem p.i6           {margin-left: 3em;}
+  .poem p.i8           {margin-left: 4em;}
+  .figure              {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;}
+  .figure img          {border: none;}
+  -->
+  </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, No. 574, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 574
+       Vol. XX, No. 574. Saturday, November 3, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2004 [EBook #14010]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+ <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page289" name="page289"></a>[pg 289]</span>
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. XX., NO. 574.]</b></td>
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1832.</b></td>
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	LYDFORD BRIDGE.
+</h2>
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/574-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/574-1.png"
+alt="Lydford Bridge." /></a><br />
+<b>LYDFORD BRIDGE.</b>
+</div>
+<p>
+This is an interesting scene from the wild and wonderful in Nature.
+Its romantic luxuriance must win the attention of the artist, and the
+admiration of the less wistful beholder; while the philosophic mind,
+unaccustomed to vulgar wonder, may seek in its formation the cause of
+some of the most important changes of the earth's surface. Our esteemed
+friend and correspondent <i>Vyvyan</i>, is probably familiar with the
+locality of Lydford: his fancy might people it with pixies, and group
+its scenery into a kind of topographical romance; probably not unaided
+by its proximity to Dartmoor.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+Lydford is situated about seven miles north of Tavistock. It is, in the
+words of its topographers,<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> a poor decayed village, consisting of rude
+cottages. It was formerly a place of importance: for in Domesday Book,
+it is rated in the same manner and at the same time with London. Some
+remains of its ancient importance may still be seen in a square tower,
+or keep of a castle, which was formerly used as a court and a prison,
+where those criminals were tried and confined, who offended against the
+Stannary Laws. This building is alluded to by William Browne<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  They have a castle on a hill;</p>
+           <p>  I took it for an old windmill,</p>
+<p class="i2">    The vane's blown off by weather;</p>
+           <p>  To lie therein one night, its guest,</p>
+           <p>  'Twere better to be ston'd and prest,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Or hang'd&mdash;now choose you whether.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page290" name="page290"></a>[pg 290]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+The scenery round the village is singularly picturesque: one of its most
+prominent objects, <i>The Bridge</i> is represented in the Engraving.
+It bears great analogy, in situation and character, to the celebrated
+Devil's Bridge in Wales. It consists of one rude arch, thrown across a
+narrow, rocky chasm, which sinks nearly eighty feet from the level of
+the road. At the bottom of this channel the small river Lyd is heard
+rattling through its contracted course. The singularity of this scene
+is not perceived in merely passing over the bridge: to appreciate
+its character, and comprehend its awfully impressive effects, it is
+necessary to see the bridge, the chasm, and the roaring water, from
+different projecting crags which impend over the river. At a little
+distance below the bridge, "the fissure gradually spreads its rocky
+jaws; the bottom opens; and, instead of the dark precipices which have
+hitherto overhung and obscured the struggling river, it now emerges into
+day, and rolls its murmuring current through a winding valley, confined
+within magnificent banks, darkened with woods, which swell into bold
+promontories, or fall back into sweeping recesses, till they are lost to
+the eye in distance. Thickly shaded by trees, which shoot out from the
+sides of the rent, the scene at Lydford Bridge is not so terrific as it
+would have been, had a little more light been let in upon the abyss,
+just sufficient to produce a <i>darkness visible</i>. As it is, however,
+the chasm cannot be regarded without shuddering; nor will the stoutest
+heart meditate unappalled upon the dreadful anecdotes connected with the
+spot."<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+Scenes of this description frequently give rise to marvellous stories;
+and Lydford Bridge has furnished many themes for the gossip's tongue.
+It is related, that a London rider was benighted on this road, in a
+heavy storm, and, wishing to get to some place of shelter, spurred
+his horse forward with more than common speed. The tempest had been
+tremendous during the night; and in the morning the rider was informed
+that Lydford Bridge had been swept away with the current. He shuddered
+to reflect on his narrow escape; his horse having cleared the chasm by
+a great sudden leap in the middle of his course, though the occasion of
+his making it at the time was unknown.
+</p>
+<p>
+Two or three persons have chosen this spot for self-destruction; and in
+a moment of desperation, have dashed themselves from the bridge into the
+murky chasm.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<p>
+<i>Libels on Poets.</i>&mdash;Cicero tells us, Democritus and Plato said that
+there could be no good poet without a tincture of madness; and Aristotle
+calls poets madmen.&mdash;P.T.W.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	THOU WERT THE RAINBOW OF MY DREAMS.
+</h3>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Thou wert the rainbow of my dreams,</p>
+<p class="i2">    To whom the eyes of Hope might turn,</p>
+           <p>  And bid her sacred flame arise</p>
+<p class="i2">    Like incense from the festal urn;</p>
+           <p>  But as the thunder clouds conspire</p>
+<p class="i2">    To wreck the lovely summer sky,</p>
+           <p>  So Death destroyed the liquid fire</p>
+<p class="i2">    Which shone so brightly in thine eye!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  The cypress weeps upon thy tomb:</p>
+<p class="i2">    But when the stars unfold their leaves</p>
+           <p>  Amid their bow'rs of purple gloom,</p>
+<p class="i2">    More fervently my spirit grieves;</p>
+           <p>  And as the rainbow sheds its light</p>
+<p class="i2">    In fairy hues upon the sea,</p>
+           <p>  So this cold world appears more bright</p>
+<p class="i2">    When pensive Memory thinks of thee!</p>
+</div></div>
+<h4>
+	G.R.C.
+</h4>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	LORD BYRON.
+</h3>
+<p>
+Translation of a letter written by Lord Byron, in Greek and Italian, to
+the Pacha of Patras.<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+Highness.&mdash;A vessel containing several of my friends and servants,
+having been captured and conducted by a Turkish frigate to your
+fortresses, was released by your highness' command. I return you thanks,
+not for releasing a vessel bearing a neutral flag, and which being under
+British protection, no one had a right to detain; but for having treated
+my friends with great courtesy while at your disposal. Hoping it may not
+be unacceptable to your highness, I have requested the Greek Governor of
+this place to grant me four Turkish prisoners; which has been readily
+conceded. I send them therefore, free, to your highness, in order to
+return your courtesy as far as is in my power. They are sent without
+conditions, but if the affair is worthy of your remembrance, I would
+merely beseech your highness to treat with humanity such Greeks as are
+in your power, or may chance to fall into the hands of the Musselmen,
+since the horrors of war are sufficient in themselves, without adding
+on either side cruelties in cold blood.
+</p>
+<p>
+I have the honour to be, &amp;c.
+</p>
+<p>
+NOEL BYRON, Peer of England.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Missolonghi, Jan. 23, 1824.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	WHEN WILT THOU RETURN?
+</h3>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  When wilt thou return?</p>
+<p class="i2">    The silver clouds are closing</p>
+           <p>  Like billows o'er the fairy path</p>
+<p class="i2">    Of sunset there reposing; </p>
+           <p>  The sapphire fields of heaven,</p>
+<p class="i2">    With its golden splendour burn,</p>
+           <p>  And purple is the mountain peak,&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    But when wilt thou return?</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  When wilt thou return?</p>
+<p class="i2">    The woods are bright with summer,</p>
+           <p>  And the violet's bower is grac'd</p>
+<p class="i2">    With the rose&mdash;a queenly comer;</p>
+           <p>  The stars, that in the air</p>
+<p class="i2">    Like ethereal spirits burn,</p>
+           <p>  Seem watching for thy steps,&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Oh I when wilt thou return?</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page291" name="page291"></a>[pg 291]</span>
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  When wilt thou return?</p>
+<p class="i2">    The sheathless sword is idle,</p>
+           <p>  And each warrior from his steed</p>
+<p class="i2">    Has thrown aside the bridle.</p>
+           <p>  Hark!&mdash;'tis the trumpet's call!</p>
+<p class="i2">    With hope our bosoms burn;</p>
+           <p>  Its echo wakes the distant hills,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Announcing thy return!</p>
+</div></div>
+<h4>
+	G.R.C.
+</h4>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	ANECDOTE GALLERY.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	RECORDS OF MY LIFE.
+</h3>
+<h4>
+BY THE AUTHOR OF "MONSIEUR TONSON."
+</h4>
+<center>
+<i>Angelica Kauffman.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+The person of this lady, by all accounts, was highly interesting, and
+her manners and accomplishments were peculiarly attractive. It is said
+that Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was thoroughly acquainted with human
+nature, and never likely to be deceived in his estimate of individuals,
+was so much attached to her that he solicited her hand. It appeared,
+however, that she refused him as she was attached to the late Sir
+Nathaniel Holland, then Mr. Dance, an eminent painter, whose portrait
+of Garrick in the character of Richard the Third is the best and most
+spirited representation of that unrivalled actor that ever appeared,
+though all the most distinguished artists of the time employed
+themselves on the same admirable subject. The correspondence that had
+taken place between Mrs. Kauffman and Mr. Dance became known, and was
+thought to be of a very interesting description, insomuch that his
+Majesty George the Third, who generally heard of anything worthy of
+attention, requested Mr. Dance would permit him to peruse the letters
+that had passed between them during their courtship. What put a period
+to an intercourse which, being founded upon mutual attachment, held
+forth so favourable a prospect of mutual happiness, has never been
+developed, and is only matter of conjecture. Mrs. Kauffman, after
+the termination of this promising courtship, went abroad, and was
+unfortunately deluded into a marriage with a common footman, in Germany,
+who had assumed a title and appeared to be a person of high rank and
+affluence. Mrs. Kauffman, it is said, by the intervention of friends
+had recourse to legal authorities, was enabled to separate from the
+impostor, but did not return to this country, and died a few years
+after, having never recovered her spirits after the shock of so
+degrading an alliance. It is not a little surprising that a lady so
+intelligent and accomplished should have been the victim of such a
+deception.
+</p>
+<center>
+<i>Highwaymen.&mdash;Jemmy Maclaine.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+Mr. Donaldson told me that once having betted twenty pounds on a horse
+at Newmarket, he won, but at the end of the race could not find the
+person who had lost. Returning to London the next day, his post-chaise
+was stopped by a highwayman, whom he immediately recognised as the loser
+of the day before. He addressed the highwayman as follows: "Sir, I will
+give you all I have about me if you will pay me the twenty pounds which
+I won of you yesterday at Newmarket." The man instantly spurred his
+horse, and was off in a moment. It is somewhat strange that, soon after
+Mr. Donaldson landed in Jamaica, he saw the same man in a coffee-house.
+He approached him, and in a whisper reminded him of his loss at
+Newmarket; the man rushed out of the room, and, according to report
+went to the Blue Mountains, and was never heard of again.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mr. Donaldson was in real danger from another highwayman, who was
+celebrated in his day, and known as a fashionable man by the name
+of Maclaine. This man came from Ireland, and made a splendid figure
+for some time, but as his means of support were not known, he was
+generally considered as a doubtful character. He was by all accounts
+a tall, showy, good-looking man, and a frequent visitor at Button's
+Coffee-house, founded, as is well known, by Addison, in favour of an old
+servant of the Warwick family, but never visited by him, when driven
+from his home by the ill-humour of his wife; he then resorted to Will's,
+on the opposite side of the same street, that he might not be reminded
+of domestic anxieties. Button's was on the south side of Russell-street,
+Covent-garden; and Will's in the same street, at the corner of
+Bow-street. Button's became a private house, and Mrs. Inchbald lodged
+there. Mr. Donaldson, observing that Maclaine paid particular attention
+to the bar-maid, the daughter of the landlord, gave a hint to the father
+of Maclaine's dubious character. The father cautioned his daughter
+against the addresses of Maclaine, and imprudently told her by whose
+advice he put her on her guard; she as imprudently told Maclaine. The
+next time Donaldson visited the coffee-room, and was sitting in one of
+the boxes, Maclaine entered, and in a loud tone said, "Mr. Donaldson,
+I wish to <i>spake</i> to you in a private room." Mr. Donaldson being
+unarmed, and naturally afraid of being alone with such a man, said in
+answer, that as nothing could pass between them that he did not wish the
+whole world to know, he begged leave to decline the invitation. "Very
+well," said Maclaine, as he left the room, "we shall <i>mate</i> again."
+A day or two after, as Mr. Donaldson was walking near Richmond in the
+evening, he saw Maclaine on horseback, who on perceiving him spurred the
+animal and was rapidly approaching him; fortunately, at that moment a
+gentleman's carriage appeared in view, when Maclaine immediately turned
+his horse towards the carriage, and Donaldson
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page292" name="page292"></a>[pg 292]</span>
+hurried into the protection of Richmond as fast as possible. But for the
+appearance of the carriage, which presented better prey, it is probable
+that Maclaine would have shot Mr. Donaldson immediately. Maclaine a
+short time after committed a highway robbery, was tried, found guilty,
+and hanged at Tyburn.
+</p>
+<center>
+<i>Extraordinary Story.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+What the religious principles of Mr. Donaldson were, I never knew,
+but I am sure he had too manly a mind to give way to superstition.
+The following circumstance, however, he told me as a fact in which he
+placed full confidence, on account of the character of the gentleman
+who related it. The latter was a particular friend of his, and a member
+of Parliament. In order to attend the House of Commons, he had taken
+apartments in St. Anne's Churchyard, Westminster. On the evening when
+he took possession, he was struck with something that appeared to him
+mysterious in the manner of the maid-servant, who looked like a man
+disguised; and he felt a very unpleasant emotion. This feeling was
+strengthened by a similar deportment in the mistress of the house, who
+soon after entered his room, and asked him if he wanted anything before
+he retired to rest: disliking her manner, he soon dismissed her, and went
+to bed, but the disagreeable impression made on his mind by the maid
+and mistress, kept him long awake; at length, however, he fell asleep.
+During his sleep he dreamed that the corpse of a gentleman, who had
+been murdered, was deposited in the cellar of the house. This dream
+co-operating with the unfavourable, or rather repulsive countenances and
+demeanour of the two women, precluded all hopes of renewed sleep, and
+it being the summer season, he arose about five o'clock in the morning,
+took his hat, and resolved to quit a house of such alarm and terror.
+To his surprise, as he was leaving it, he met the mistress in the
+entry, dressed, as if she had never gone to bed. She seemed to be
+much agitated, and inquired his reason for wishing to go out so early
+in the morning. He hesitated a moment with increased alarm, and then
+told her that he expected a friend, who was to arrive by a stage in
+Bishopsgate-street, and that he was going to meet him. He was suffered
+to go out of the house, and when revived by the open air, he felt, as
+he afterwards declared, as if relieved from impending destruction. He
+stated that in a few hours after, he returned with a friend to whom
+he had told his dream, and the impression made on him by the maid and
+the mistress; he, however, only laughed at him for his superstitious
+terrors, but on entering the house, they found that it was deserted, and
+calling in a gentleman who was accidentally passing, they all descended
+to the cellar, and actually found a corpse in the state which the
+gentleman's dream had represented.
+</p>
+<center>
+<i>Drawing an Inference.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+Dr. Monsey, with two or three old members of the university, in the
+course of an evening walk, differed about a proper definition of man.
+While they were severally offering their notions on the subject,
+they came to a wall where an itinerant artist had drawn various
+representations of animals, ships, &amp;c. After complimenting him on
+his skill, one of the gentlemen asked him if he could <i>draw an
+inference</i>. "No," said the artist, "I never saw one." Logic then gave
+way to jocularity, and a man coming by with a fine team of horses, they
+stopped him, spoke highly of the condition of his horses, particularly
+admiring the first. "That horse, carter," said another of the gentlemen,
+"seems to be a very strong one, I suppose he could draw a butt," The man
+assented. "Do you think he could <i>draw an inference?"</i>&mdash;"Why," said
+the man, "he can draw anything <i>in reason</i>." "There," said Monsey,
+"what becomes of your definition, when you met a man that could <i>not
+draw an inference</i> and a <i>horse that could?</i>"
+</p>
+<center>
+<i>Disposal of the body for Dissection.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+Dr. Monsey had the utmost contempt for funeral ceremonies, and exacted
+a promise from his daughter, that she would not interfere with the
+arrangement which he had made with Mr. Thompson Forster, the surgeon,
+for the disposal of his body, conceiving that whenever it was dissected
+by that gentleman, something might occur for the illustration and
+advancement of anatomy. "What can it signify to me," said he, "whether
+my carcass is cut up by the knife of a surgeon, or the tooth of a worm?"
+He had a large box in his chambers at Chelsea, full of air-holes, for
+the purpose of carrying his body to Mr. Forster, in case he should be
+in a trance when supposed to be dead. It was provided with poles, like
+a sedan-chair.
+</p>
+<center>
+<i>Voltaire.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+Mentioning Voltaire, I may as well relate in this place a circumstance
+communicated to me by Monsey, upon what he deemed good authority, that
+Voltaire being invited to dine with a lady of quality while he was in
+London, to meet some persons of distinction, waited upon the lady an
+hour or two earlier than the time appointed. The lady apologized for the
+necessity of leaving him, as she had visits to pay, but begged he would
+amuse himself with the books in the room, promising to return very soon.
+After the party broke up, having occasion to refer to her escrutoire,
+she evidently found that it had been opened in her absence, and though
+nothing had been taken away, her papers were obviously not in
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page293" name="page293"></a>[pg 293]</span>
+the same
+order as when she left them. She inquired anxiously who had been in the
+room, and was assured nobody but Voltaire, who had remained there till
+she returned home. As Voltaire was destitute of all religious principles
+it is not wonderful that he was equally devoid of all moral delicacy.
+A severe account of his conduct towards the great King of Prussia, while
+he was at the court of that monarch, is given in "The Reverie," a work
+before referred to.
+</p>
+<p>
+Voltaire once dined in company with Pope, Lord Bolingkroke, and several
+of the most distinguished characters in London, and said it was "the
+proudest day he had ever enjoyed."
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+THE CINQUE PORTS&mdash;THEIR PAST AND PRESENT STATE.
+</h3>
+<center>
+(<i>Abridged from the United Service Journal.</i>)
+</center>
+<p>
+The precise time when the Cinque Ports were first incorporated by
+charter is unknown, but it was at a very early period of our history;
+the institution being formed on that adopted by the Romans, while
+masters of Britain, for the defence of the coasts against the northern
+pirates. The difference between them consists in the number of the
+stations incorporated, the Roman being nine, under the governance of an
+officer whose title was, Comes littoris Saxonici; and the Saxon
+consisting of five, under the superintendence of a chief, whose title
+is, Lord Warden and Admiral of the Cinque Ports. There is no charter
+extant of the ports prior to Edward I.; and as they are not mentioned
+collectively in Domesday, many persons have been led to conclude, I
+think erroneously, that they did not exist as a corporation at the time
+when that ancient record was taken. Dover, Sandwich, and Romney are
+named as privileged ports, from which it may be inferred, that the
+corporation flourished at that time,&mdash;and for this reason,&mdash;Hastings has
+always been considered the first port in precedency, which would not
+probably have been the case, if it had been one of the latest
+privileged. The charter of Edward I. mentions immunities granted to the
+Cinque Ports by William the Conqueror; and, what is still more to the
+purpose, because it carries back their origin to the Saxon times, is,
+that King John, in his charter, says, that the Barons of the Cinque
+Ports had in their possession, charters of most of the preceding kings,
+back to Edward the Confessor, <i>which he had seen</i>. So, having
+traced them up to a Saxon origin, I must leave to some future antiquary
+the task of settling the precise date of their first incorporation.
+</p>
+<p>
+The five incorporated ports are, Hastings, Sandwich, Dover, Romney,
+and Hythe. Attached to each port are several limbs or members, the
+inhabitants of which participate in their privileges, and bear a share
+of their expenses. Rye and Winchelsea were united to Hastings about the
+first year of the reign of King John, under the denomination of the two
+ancient towns, and they appear to have obtained the superiority which
+they now hold over the other limbs, at a very early period, a charter
+of the year 1247 styling them, by way of eminence,<i>nobiliora membra
+Quinque Portuum.</i> The limbs are first mentioned in the Red-Book
+of the Exchequer, a miscellaneous collection of treatises, written
+before and after the Conquest, and collected together by Alexander
+de Swereford, Archdeacon of Shrewsbury, an officer of the Exchequer,
+who died in 1246: and also in the Domesday of the Ports, an ancient
+manuscript, formerly kept in Dover castle, but now unfortunately lost;
+but they do not occur in any charter till that of Edward IV. By what
+means or for what purpose these limbs became united to the five head
+ports, is now matter of speculation.
+</p>
+<p>
+The duties which the Ports were bound to perform were incessant and of
+the most arduous character, particularly during the early years of the
+institution, when the narrow seas were constantly infested by numerous
+hordes of fierce, adventurous, and reckless pirates. Exonerated from all
+other services, they were bound to exert their own naval force for the
+protection of the realm, for the maintenance of the free navigation of
+the Channel, for the prevention of piracies, and all impediments and
+interruptions whatsoever. Effectually to perform these services,
+dangerous and difficult it must be allowed, they were obliged to furnish
+among them fifty-seven ships, each manned with twenty men and one boy,
+at their own cost, for fifteen days, and for as long a period afterwards
+as the king pleased to appoint; but they were then entitled to receive
+pay for their services. The sums granted to them by the crown were by no
+means a remuneration for the expenses attendant on the large naval force
+they wore obliged to keep up at all times for the service of the
+kingdom, and often did not cover a third part of the necessary
+expenditure. The ships of the Cinque Ports, therefore, were the navy of
+the realm, and in almost every reign the pages of history show with how
+great honour and reputation the Ports discharged the sacred trust
+reposed in their valour, skill and bravery, by their confiding country.
+We sometimes find them fitting out double the number of ships specified
+in their charters; and when larger ones were thought necessary, they
+have equipped a smaller number, at an expense equivalent to that which
+their service by tenure demanded. In the reign of Elizabeth they had
+five ships, of one hundred and sixty tons
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page294" name="page294"></a>[pg 294]</span>
+each, at sea for five months,
+entirely at their own charge; and in the reign of Charles the First,
+they fitted out two large ships, which served for two months, and cost
+them more than eighteen hundred pounds.
+</p>
+<p>
+The honours and privileges granted to the Cinque Ports, in consideration
+of these services, were great and numerous. They were each to send two
+barons to represent them in parliament; they were, by their deputies,
+to hear the canopy over the king's head at his coronation, and to dine
+at the uppermost table, on his right hand, in the great hall; they were
+exempted from subsidies and other aids; their heirs were free from
+personal wardship, notwithstanding any tenure; they were to be impleaded
+in their own towns, and nowhere else; they were to hold pleas and
+actions real and personal; to have conusance of fines; and the power
+of enfranchising villeins; they were exempt from tolls, and had full
+liberty of buying and selling, with many other privileges of less
+importance.
+</p>
+<p>
+To direct the energies, to enforce the due performance of the important
+services, and to protect the extraordinary privileges of the Ports, an
+officer was created, and styled Lord Warden, Chancellor, and Admiral of
+the Cinque Ports, an officer of such high dignity and honour, that it
+has been sometimes executed by the heirs-apparent to the crown, often by
+princes of the blood royal, and always by persons of the first rank in
+the kingdom.
+</p>
+<p>
+History affords abundant proof of the early grandeur and importance
+of the Cinque Ports, situated in a district which, from the earliest
+periods of authentic record, has been allowed to be the most fertile,
+and the best cultivated in the kingdom, as well as the principal seat of
+foreign commerce. Here the Roman power in Britain shone in its greatest
+splendour; many good ports were constructed and fortified, large remains
+of which exist to the present time, melancholy indications of the
+instability of all mundane things. The prosperity and importance of this
+district, the chief, or indeed the only, seat of maritime power, at that
+period, cannot be better illustrated than by the fact of Carausius and
+Allectus holding the title of emperors for ten years from the power
+afforded them by the naval force of Britain. But the grandeur of the
+Romans has faded into dimness, and of their magnificence nothing remains
+but mouldering ruins. Their celebrated haven, situated between Kent and
+the Isle of Thanet, which for position, extent, and safety, exceeded any
+which we have remaining, is now lost; and of their other ports, some are
+completely annihilated, others have become very inconsiderable, and all
+very greatly impaired.
+</p>
+<p>
+Under our Saxon ancestors, by whom the Cinque Ports were first
+chartered, all the havens were open and in good condition, in which
+state they were found by the Normans, who confirmed to the Ports their
+ancient privileges. Through several centuries their prosperity continued
+to increase; the towns were well built, fully inhabited, and in
+possession of a lucrative and extensive commerce; they had many fine
+ships constantly employed, and abounded with hardy and intrepid seamen;
+opulence was visible in their streets, and happiness in their dwellings.
+But times have sadly changed with them. Let us inquire into the causes
+which led to their decay. The first cause is the failing of their
+several havens, some by the desertion of the sea, and others from being
+choked up by the impetuosity of that boisterous and uncertain element.
+The second is the change that has taken place in the method of raising
+and supporting a national marine, now no longer entrusted to the Cinque
+Ports; and the third was from the invasion of their privileges with
+respect to trade.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is evident from their history that the Cinque Ports were once safe
+and commodious harbours, the decay of which is attributable chiefly to
+the practice of inning or gaining land from the sea; the first attempts
+at which were made upon the estuary into which the river Rother
+discharges itself, between Lydd and Romney. As there were marshes here
+in the time of the Saxons, and as almost all the property in the
+neighbourhood belonged to the church, it is most probable that this
+mischievous practice was first introduced by their clergy. By various
+operations the river was forced into a new channel, and a very strong
+fence, called a ree, was built to ensure its perpetual exclusion.
+The success which attended this operation roused the cupidity of the
+Archbishops of Canterbury, who considering it as an excellent method
+for increasing their property, continued to make large and successful
+inroads on the sea, till the tract of land so gained may be computed
+at between fifty and sixty thousand acres, now become rich and fertile
+pastures, producing good rents, and extremely valuable.
+</p>
+<p>
+Before these encroachments were effected upon the sea, no contention
+existed between that turbulent element and the shore; but as soon as
+cupidity made inroads upon its ancient boundary, and declared war
+against the order of nature, the effects of its impetuous resentment
+were speedily felt. Whoever supposes he can control old Ocean, or make
+war upon his ancient border with impunity, will find himself mistaken,
+and soon discover that he knew little of the perseverance, the genius,
+or the power of his opponent. It retired from some towns and places
+where they intended it should remain, and overflowed or washed away
+others grown rich by its bounty; here it fretted and undermined the
+shore till it fell, and there it cast up beach and sand,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page295" name="page295"></a>[pg 295]</span>
+covering a good
+soil with that which is both disagreeable and useless; and instead
+of being the source of industry and wealth, it became the engine of
+destruction and terror. Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Rye, and Winchelsea,
+with their dependencies, are now totally gone as ports, and greatly
+diminished in wealth and consequence. Winchelsea was once so large and
+handsome, that Elizabeth, during one of her progresses, bestowed upon it
+the appellation of Little London. Hythe formerly contained seven parish
+churches, now reduced to one. Rye and Romney look as if the plague had
+been raging through their dull and gloomy streets, and had carried
+off nearly all the population. Hastings, though still flourishing
+as a town, owes its prosperity to its having become a fashionable
+sea-bathing-place; for as to a port or haven, there is not a vestige of
+one remaining. Thus it will be seen that private individuals, for their
+own benefit, have been suffered to gain from the sea fifty thousand
+acres of pasture land, at a cost to the nation of five safe and
+commodious harbours, and the ruin of their several towns; thus reversing
+the political maxim, that private interest ought to give way to public
+benefit.
+</p>
+<p>
+Similar in state to the five towns just named, is the once-celebrated
+and commodious port and town of Sandwich, now distant a mile and a half
+from the sea. This circumstance, also, is not attributable to any
+natural decline or desertion of the water, but to the long-continued
+exertions of individuals, for the purpose of gaining land from that
+estuary which formerly divided Kent from the Isle of Thanet. The estuary
+is no more, and deplorable are the consequences which have followed its
+loss; for towns have dwindled into villages, and villages into solitary
+farm-houses, throughout the entire district through which it flowed;
+trade and commerce have declined, and population has suffered a most
+extensive and frightful reduction.
+</p>
+<p>
+In exchange for the ancient prosperity of this neighbourhood, we have
+large fens or salt marshes, rich in fertility and malaria; but in this,
+as in the former contest, the sea has had the best of it; for Bede has
+clearly expressed in his writings that "the Isle of Thanet was of
+considerable bigness, containing, according to the English way of
+reckoning, 600 families." Supposing, therefore, a family or a hide of
+land to contain only 64 acres, the smallest quantity taken by any author
+of credit, the quantity of land, at the time he wrote, will amount to
+38,400 acres; which, exclusive of the salt marshes, is double the
+quantity contained in the island at the present time; we have,
+therefore, lost more land than we have gained, and, most unfortunately,
+the safe and eligible port of Sandwich into the bargain.
+</p>
+<p>
+The port of the town of Sandwich, was for centuries one of the best and
+most frequented in the realm, producing to the revenue of the customs
+between sixteen and seventeen thousand pounds. But with the decay of
+her haven, commerce declined, and the revenue became so small, "that it
+was scarcely sufficent to satisfy the customer of his fee:" a dull and
+melancholy gloom is now spread through all her streets, and around her
+walls, where, during the times that her haven was good and her woollen
+manufactures were prosperous, naught was visible but activity, industry,
+and opulence. Her sun has been long and darkly eclipsed; but with a
+little well-directed exertion on the part of her inhabitants, and a
+moderate expenditure, it might be made to shine again, though not,
+perhaps, in all the brilliancy of its former splendour.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+Dover, the other port remaining to be noticed, is certainly a
+flourishing town at present; but to what does it owe its prosperity? Not
+to any of its advantages as one of the Cinque Ports, but to the
+circumstances of its being the port of communication with out Gallic
+neighbours, and to its having become frequented for the purpose of
+sea-bathing, which latter is a recent event. As a sea-bathing place it
+is likely it may appear cheerful and gay, even when the Continent is
+closed against us; but before it became a candidate for the favour of
+the migratory hordes of the summer months, it was, during the period of
+a war with France, one of the dullest towns in the kingdom.
+</p>
+<p>
+The last calamity which I shall notice, is the attack which was made
+upon their home trade. They were, by their charter, to have full liberty
+of buying and selling, which privilege was opposed by the citizens of
+London, who disputed their right to buy and sell freely their woollens
+in Blackwell Hall. The charter of the ports is one hundred years older
+than that of London, but, notwithstanding this priority of right, the
+citizens of London prevailed. The result was indeed calamitous, for
+after the decay of the haven, the chief source of prosperity to the town
+of Sandwich consisted in the woollen manufactures, and as the freedom of
+buying and selling was now denied, the manufacturers immediately
+removed, and were soon followed by the owners of the trading vessels,
+and the merchants; and thus basely deprived of those advantages from
+which arose their ancient opulence and splendour, they sank with
+rapidity into that insignificance and poverty which have unfortunately
+remained their
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page296" name="page296"></a>[pg 296]</span>
+inseparable companions up to the present hour. Among the
+princes who have executed the high and honourable office of Lord Warden
+of the Cinque Ports, we find the names of the brave and unfortunate
+Harold, in the time of the Confessor, and Edward, Prince of Wales, in
+the time of Henry III. Henry V., when Prince of Wales, held this office,
+which was afterwards filled by Humphry, Duke of Gloucester. James II.,
+when Duke of York, was Lord Warden, as was also Prince George of
+Denmark, with many other princes of the royal blood. In celebrated names
+among the nobility, the catalogue of Lords Warden is eminently rich.
+The family of Fiennes occurs frequently, as does also that of Montfort.
+Hugh Bigod; several of the family of Cobham, as well as the names of
+Burghersh, De Grey, Beauchamp, Basset, and De Burgh, are studded over
+the calendar, in the early reigns. Edward, Lord Zouch, and George, Duke
+of Buckingham, were Lords Warden in the reign of James I.; since that
+period the office has been filled by the Duke of Ormond; the Earl of
+Holdernesse, whose attention to the advantages of the ports was great;
+Lord North, the late Mr. Pitt, whose affability and condescension,
+added to a real regard for the prosperity of the Cinque Ports, and
+an unremitted attention to the duties of the Wardenship, gained him
+universal esteem; and lastly, by that honest and respected stateman, the
+late Earl of Liverpool. The mantle of the ports has now fallen on his
+Grace the Duke of Wellington, than whose name there does not exist a
+greater in the catalogue of Lords Warden. The public spirit displayed
+by the Duke, since his wardenship, cannot be too widely known, nor too
+highly applauded,&mdash;his grace having paid into the Treasury, for the
+public service, the whole amount of the proceeds of his office, as Lord
+Warden, thus furnishing a noble example of magnanimity and
+disinterestedness.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	DRYBURGH ABBEY.
+</h3>
+<p>
+[The clever stanzas transferred from a late number of the <i>Literary
+Gazette</i> to No. 572 of <i>the Mirror</i>, are from the spirited pen
+of Mr. Charles Swain: they are the most poetical and appropriate of the
+tributes yet inscribed to the memory of Sir Walter Scott, although this
+is but mean praise compared with their merit. In the <i>Gazette</i> of
+Saturday last, the following additions are suggested by two different
+correspondents, "though," as the editor observes, "they are offered with
+great modesty by their authors."]
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  And after these, with hand in hand, the Sisters Troil appear;</p>
+           <p>  Poor "Mina's" cheek was deadly pale, in "Brenda's" eye a tear;</p>
+           <p>  And "Norna," in a sable vest, sang wild a funeral cry,</p>
+           <p>  And waved aloft a bough of yew, in solemn mystery.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  "George Heriot" crap'd, and "Jenkin Vin" with prentice-cap in hand&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Ev'en "Lady Palla" left her shrine to join that funeral band;</p>
+           <p>  But hood and veil conceal'd her form&mdash;yet, hark! in whisper's tone</p>
+           <p>  She breathes a Christian's holy prayer for the mighty spirit flown.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  A wail!&mdash;a hollow, churchyard wail!&mdash;a wild weird-sister's cry!&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Ah! "Annie Winnie," thou too here?&mdash;and "Alice?"&mdash;vanish&mdash;fly!</p>
+           <p>  "Not so," they shrieked, "we'll see the corse&mdash;the bonny corse; 'twas meet&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  And pity 'twas we were not there to bind his  winding sheet."               </p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Old "Owen" passed with tottering step, and lost and wandering looks;</p>
+           <p>  "He's balanced his account," he cried, "and closed his earthly books;"</p>
+           <p>  Bold "Loxley," with his bow unbent&mdash;unhelm'd "Le Belafré,"</p>
+           <p>  Together pass'd&mdash;the archer wiped one silent tear away.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Stern "Bridgenorth," with his daughter's arm hung on his own, stalk'd by;</p>
+           <p>  The blushing "Alice" veils her face from "Julian Peveril's" eye:</p>
+           <p>  "Alack-a-day," 'Daft Davie' cries&mdash;"come, follow, follow me,</p>
+           <p>  We'll strew his grave with cowslip buds and blooming rosemary."</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  In distance from the mournful throng, like stars of other spheres,</p>
+           <p>  The lovely "Mary Stuart" pays the homage of her tears,</p>
+           <p>  With "Cath'rine Seymore" at the shrine of Scotia's dearest name,</p>
+           <p>  And with her bends the "Douglas'" knees, with bold young "Roland Graeme."</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  But hark! what fairy melody comes wafted on the gale&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Oh! 'tis "Fenella's" sighing lute, in notes of woe and wail:</p>
+           <p>  "Claud Halero" catches at the strain, and mourns the minstrel gone,</p>
+           <p>  "His spirit rest in peace where sleeps the shade of glorious John!"</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  With spattered cloak, the ladies' knight, the gallant "Rawleigh" see,</p>
+           <p>  "Sir Creveceux's" plume waves by his side, and "Durward's" fleur-de-lis;</p>
+           <p>  There "Janet" leans on "Foster's" arm&mdash;e'en "Varney's" treacherous eye</p>
+           <p>  Is moistened with a tear that speaks remorse's agony.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Next, muffled in his sable cloak, "Tressilian" wends his way,</p>
+           <p>  His slouching hat denies his brow the cheering light of day;</p>
+           <p>  See how he dogs the proud earl's steps, as "Leicester" bears along</p>
+           <p>  The lovely "Amy" on his arm through that sad mournful throng.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  There "Lillias" pass'd with fairy step, in hood and mantle green,</p>
+           <p>  Her sire, "Redgauntlet's" eagle eye is fixed on her, I ween;</p>
+           <p>  And "Wandering Willie" doffs his cap, to raise his sightless eye</p>
+           <p>  To Heaven, and cried, "God rest his soul in yonder sunny sky!"</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Here "Donald Lean," with fillibeg and tartan-skirted knee;</p>
+           <p>  There pale was "Cleveland," as he slept by Stromness' howling sea;</p>
+           <p>  With faltering step crept "Trapbois" by, with drooping palsied head,</p>
+           <p>  More like a charnel truant stray'd from regions of the dead.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page297" name="page297"></a>[pg 297]</span>
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  And thus they pass, a mournful train, the "squire," the "belted knight,"</p>
+           <p>  The "hood and cowl," the ladies' page, and woman's image bright;</p>
+           <p>  In distance now the solemn notes their requiem's chant prolong,</p>
+           <p>  And now 'tis hush'd&mdash;to other ears they bear their funeral song.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<hr class="full" />
+</div></div>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  "Two beauteous sisters, side by side, their wonted station kept;</p>
+           <p>  The dark-eyed 'Minna' look'd to Heaven, the gentle 'Brenda' wept;</p>
+           <p>  Wild 'Norna,' in her mantle wrapp'd, with noiseless step mov'd on,</p>
+           <p>  'Claud Halcro' in his grief awhile forgot e'en glorious 'John.'</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  The princely 'Saladin' appear'd, aside his splendour laid,</p>
+           <p>  And only by his graceful mien and piercing glance betray'd;</p>
+           <p>  The lofty 'Edith,' followed by the silent 'Nubian slave,'</p>
+           <p>  Dropp'd lightly, as she pass'd, a wreath upon the poet's grave."</p>
+</div></div>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	THE TOPOGRAPHER.
+</h2>
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/574-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/574-2.png"
+alt="Lestingham Church." /></a>
+</div>
+<h3>
+	LESTINGHAM CHURCH.
+</h3>
+<center>
+(<i>From a Correspondent.</i>)
+</center>
+<p>
+Lestingham, which is supposed to signify <i>lasting-home</i>, is a village
+near Kirkby Moorside, Yorkshire, the scene of Buckingham's death, so
+caricatured by Pope in his <i>Dunciad</i>. It is remarkable on account
+of its church, which is a most interesting edifice to the antiquary,
+exhibiting a true specimen of Saxon architecture. The east end
+terminates in a semicircular recess for the altar, resembling the
+tribune of the Roman basilica. It was here that Cedd, bishop of the East
+Saxons, or London, founded a monastery for Benedictines, about the year
+648, or, some say, 655. The church of Lestingham was the first which was
+built in this district, or the first of which we have any account. It
+was originally constructed of wood, and it was not till many years after
+that a stone one was erected.
+</p>
+<p>
+Cedd was a Saxon missionary, educated at the monastery of Lindisfarne,
+now Holy Island, not far from Bamburgh, the capital of Bernicia.
+Ethelwald, king of Deira, knowing Cedd to be a man of real piety,
+desired him to accept some land for the building of a monastery, at
+which the king might attend to pray. Cedd availed himself of the
+proposal,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page298" name="page298"></a>[pg 298]</span>
+and chose Lestingham. Having fixed on the spot for the site of the
+sanctuary, he resolved to consecrate it by fasting and prayer all the
+Lent; eating nothing except on the Lord's day, until evening; and then
+only a little bread, an egg, and a small quantity of milk diluted with
+water; he then began the building. He established in it the same
+discipline observed at Lindisfarne. Cedd governed his diocese many
+years; and died of a plague, when on a visit to his favourite monastery
+at Lindisfarne, where he had been ordained bishop by Finan; he was
+interred here, 664, but his remains were taken up, and re-interred in
+the present church, on the right side of the altar.
+</p>
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/574-3.png"><img width="100%" src="images/574-3.png"
+alt="(The Crypt.)" /></a>
+</div>
+<p>
+The present Saxon church contains many relics of antiquity; as painted
+glass, ancient inscriptions, &amp;c.; but the most remarkable feature
+of is interior is the celebrated crypt, or vault, formerly used as a
+depository for the venerated relics of canonized prelates. At the east
+end of this subterraneous retreat, from the window through which the
+light faintly gleams, the scene is interesting to astonishment. Here
+you perceive the massy arches ranged in perspective on huge cylindrical
+pillars, with variously sculptured capitals, each differing from the
+other, and all in the real Saxon style; to this add the groined roof,
+and the stairs at the west end, leading up into the church, enveloped in
+a luminous obscurity, from the scanty light admitted by the window at
+the east end. From the account given by Venerable Bede, that the body
+of Cedd was interred on the right of the altar, we may suppose that the
+crypt was built after the erection of the church, though the time cannot
+be ascertained.
+</p>
+<p>
+About fifty years ago, the remaining part of the venerable monastery,
+founded by Cedd, was razed, and its walls, hallowed by the dust of the
+holy brotherhood, furnished materials for building. The Rev. W. Ellis,
+the then incumbent, whose indignation, at the circumstance, was
+unbounded, wrote some Latin verses on the subject; but they have been
+lost in the stream of time, and, like the ashes of the hand that wrote
+them, cannot be found.
+</p>
+<p>
+The late Mr. Jackson, R.A., was a native of the village of Lestingham;
+and, with feelings of regard for the land of his childhood, he proposed
+to execute a painting, as an altar-piece for the church. His Grace the
+archbishop of York and the Rev. F. Wrangham, were consulted on the
+subject, and gave it their approval; but, we believe, the meritorious
+artist died before he had finished the painting.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	NEW BOOKS.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	WILD SPORTS OF THE WEST.
+</h3>
+<p>
+This book is a grievous failure&mdash;that is, if the merits of books are to
+be adjudged with their titles. The writer is the author of <i>Stories of
+Waterloo</i>, from whom better things might have been expected. He has
+taken for his model, Mr. Lloyd's really excellent <i>Field Sports of the
+North of Europe</i>; but he has woefully missed his mark. The title of
+the work before us is equivocal: a reader might as reasonably expect the
+Sports of the Western World, as adventures in Ireland, such as make up
+the present volumes. What we principally complain of is the paucity of
+Sports among their contents. It is true that the title also promises
+Legendary Tales and Local Sketches, but here they are the substance, and
+the Wild Sports mere shadow. We have too little of "the goodly rivers,"
+"all sorts of fish," "the sweet islands and goodly lakes, like little
+inland seas," "of the most beautiful and sweet countrey," as Spenser
+phrases it in the author's title-page; and there is not so much as the
+author promises in his preface, of shooting the wild moors and fishing
+the waters, of days spent by "fell and flood," and light and joyous
+nights in mountain bivouacs and moorland huts. There is too much
+hearsay, and storytelling not to the purpose, and trifling gossip of
+"exquisite potatoes" and "rascally sherry"&mdash;details which would disgrace
+a half-crown guide book, and ought certainly not to be set forth with
+spaced large type in hotpressed octavos at a costly rate. Nevertheless,
+the work may suit club-room tables and circulating libraries, though it
+will not be allowed place for vivid display of Wild Sports. We quote two
+extracts&mdash;one, a narrative which the author knows to be substantially
+true; the other, relating to the attack of eagles, (though we omit the
+oft-told tale of the peasant attempting to rob an eagle's nest, and his
+hair turning white with fright):&mdash;
+</p>
+<center>
+<i>The Blind Seal.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+About forty years ago a young seal was taken in Clew Bay, and
+domesticated in the kitchen of a gentleman whose house was situated on
+the sea-shore. It grew apace, became familiar with the servants, and
+attached to the house and family; its habits were innocent and gentle,
+it played with the children, came at its master's call, and, as the old
+man described him to me, was "fond as a dog, and playful as a kitten."
+</p>
+<p>
+Daily the seal went out to fish, and after providing for his own wants,
+frequently brought in a salmon or turbot to his master. His delight in
+summer was to bask in the sun, and in winter to lie before the fire, or,
+if permitted, creep into the large oven, which at that time formed the
+regular appendage of an Irish kitchen.
+</p>
+<p>
+For four years the seal had been thus domesticated, when, unfortunately,
+a disease, called in this country <i>the crippawn</i>&mdash;a kind of
+paralytic affection of the limbs which generally
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page299" name="page299"></a>[pg 299]</span>
+ends fatally&mdash;attacked
+some black cattle belonging to the master of the house; some died others
+became infected, and the customary cure produced by changing them to
+drier pasture failed. A wise woman was consulted, and the hag assured
+the credulous owner, that the mortality among his cows was occasioned
+by his retaining an unclean beast about his habitation&mdash;the harmless
+and amusing seal. It must be made away with directly, or the crippawn
+would continue, and her charms be unequal to avert the malady. The
+superstitious wretch consented to the hag's proposal; the seal was put
+on board a boat, carried out beyond Clare Island, and there committed to
+the deep, to manage for himself as he best could. The boat returned, the
+family retired to rest, and next morning a servant awakened her master
+to tell him that the seal was quietly sleeping in the oven. The poor
+animal over night came back to his beloved home, crept through an open
+window, and took possession of his favourite resting-place.
+</p>
+<p>
+Next morning another cow was reported to be unwell. The seal must now
+be finally removed; a Galway fishing-boat was leaving Westport on her
+return home, and the master undertook to carry off the seal, and not
+put him overboard until he had gone leagues beyond Innis Boffin. It was
+done&mdash;a day and night passed; the second evening closed&mdash;the servant
+was raking the fire for the night&mdash;something scratched gently at the
+door&mdash;it was of course the house-dog&mdash;-she opened it, and in came the
+seal! Wearied with his long and unusual voyage, he testified by a
+peculiar cry, expressive of pleasure, his delight to find himself at
+home, then stretching himself before the glowing embers of the hearth
+he fell into a deep sleep.
+</p>
+<p>
+The master of the house was immediately apprized of this unexpected
+and unwelcome visit. In the exigency, the beldame was awakened and
+consulted; she averred that it was always unlucky to kill a seal, but
+suggested that the animal should be deprived of sight, and a third time
+carried out to sea. To this hellish proposition the besotted wretch who
+owned the house consented, and the affectionate and confiding creature
+was cruelly robbed of sight, on that hearth for which he had resigned
+his native element! Next morning, writhing in agony, the mutilated seal
+was embarked, taken outside Clare Island, and for the last time
+committed to the waves.
+</p>
+<p>
+A week passed over, and things became worse instead of better; the
+cattle of the truculent wretch died fast, and the infernal hag gave
+him the pleasurable tidings that her arts were useless, and that the
+destructive visitation upon his cattle exceeded her skill and cure.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the eighth night after the seal had been devoted to the Atlantic, it
+blew tremendously. In the pauses of the storm a wailing noise at times
+was faintly heard at the door; the servants, who slept in the kitchen,
+concluded that the <i>Banshee</i> came to forewarn them of an approaching
+death, and buried their heads in the bed-coverings. When morning broke
+the door was opened&mdash;the seal was there lying dead upon the threshold!"
+</p>
+<p>
+"Stop, Julius!" I exclaimed, "give me a moment's time to curse all
+concerned in this barbarism."
+</p>
+<p>
+"Be patient, Frank," said my cousin, "the <i>finale</i> will probably
+save you that trouble. The skeleton of the once plump animal&mdash;for, poor
+beast, it perished from hunger, being incapacitated from blindness to
+procure its customary food&mdash;was buried in a sand-hill, and from that
+moment misfortunes followed the abettors and perpetrators of this
+inhuman deed. The detestable hag, who had denounced the inoffensive
+seal, was, within a twelvemonth, hanged for murdering the illegitimate
+offspring of her own daughter. Every thing about this devoted house
+melted away&mdash;sheep rotted, cattle died, 'and blighted was the corn.'
+Of several children none reached maturity, and the savage proprietor
+survived every thing he loved or cared for. He died <i>blind</i> and
+miserable.
+</p>
+<p>
+"There is not a stone of that accursed building standing upon another.
+The property has passed to a family of a different name, and the series
+of incessant calamity which pursued all concerned in this cruel deed is
+as romantic as true."
+</p>
+<center>
+<i>Visit to the Eagle's Cliff, in Inniskea.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+We ascended the hill (while the crew were clearing and baiting their
+spillets) in the vague hope of getting a shot at these predatory birds,
+of whose spoliations we had heard so much on the preceding evening.
+</p>
+<p>
+On reaching the bottom of the rock, in whose face the aërie stands, we
+discovered that the old birds were absent, and as the nest was formed in
+a deep fissure, we could not ascertain its situation exactly. But that
+the eagles' dwelling was above us was evident, enough: the base of the
+cliff was strewn with bones and feathers, and the accumulation of both
+was extraordinary. The bones of rabbits, hares, and domestic fowls, were
+most numerous, but those of smaller game, and various sorts of fish,
+were visible among the heap.
+</p>
+<p>
+Many attempts are annually made to destroy this predatory family. It is
+impossible to rob the nest. Situated two hundred feet above the base of
+the rock, it is of course unapproachable from below, and as the cliffs
+beetle over it frightfully, to assail it from above would be a hazardous
+essay. An enterprising peasant, some years since, was let
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page300" name="page300"></a>[pg 300]</span>
+down by a rope
+and basket,&mdash;but he was fiercely attacked by the old birds, and the
+basket nearly overturned. Fortunately the cord was strong and had
+sufficient length to allow his being lowered rapidly, or he would have
+undoubtedly sustained some bodily injury from the wings and talons of
+those enraged and savage birds.
+</p>
+<p>
+The village of Dugurth suffers heavily from its unfortunate proximity to
+the aërie. When the wind blows from a favourable point, the eagle in the
+grey of morning sweeps through the cabins, and never fails in carrying
+off some prey.
+</p>
+<p>
+To black fowls eagles appear particularly attached, and the villagers
+avoid as much as possible rearing birds of that colour.
+</p>
+<p>
+A few days before, one of the coast-guard, alarmed by the cries of a
+boy, rushed from the watch-house; the eagle had taken up a black hen,
+and, as he passed within a few yards, the man flung his cap at him. The
+eagle dropped the bird; it was quite dead, however, the talons having
+shattered the back-bone. The villagers say (with what truth I know not)
+that turkeys are never taken.
+</p>
+<p>
+That the eagle is extremely destructive to fish, and particularly so to
+salmon, many circumstances would prove. They are constantly discovered
+watching the fords in the spawning season, and are seen to seize and
+carry off the fish. One curious anecdote I heard from my friend the
+priest. Some years since a herdsman, on a very sultry day in July, while
+looking for a missing sheep, observed an eagle posted on a bank that
+overhung a pool. Presently the bird stooped and seized a salmon, and a
+violent struggle ensued; when the herd reached the spot, he found the
+eagle pulled under water by the strength of the fish, and the calmness
+of the day, joined to drenched plumage, rendered him unable to extricate
+himself. With a stone the peasant broke the eagle's pinion, and actually
+secured the spoiler and his victim, for he found the salmon dying in his
+grasp.
+</p>
+<p>
+When shooting on Lord Sligo's mountains, near the Killeries, I heard
+many particulars of the eagle's habit and history from a grey-haired
+peasant who had passed a long life in these wilds. The scarcity of
+hares, which here were once abundant, he attributed to the rapacity of
+those birds; and he affirmed, that when in pursuit of these animals, the
+eagle evinced a degree of intelligence that appeared extraordinary. They
+coursed the hares, he said, with great judgment and certain success; one
+bird was the active follower, while the other remained in reserve, at
+the distance of forty or fifty yards. If the hare, by a sudden turn,
+freed himself from his most pressing enemy, the second bird instantly
+took up the chase, and thus prevented the victim from having a moment's
+respite.
+</p>
+<p>
+He had remarked the eagles also while they were engaged in fishing.
+They chose a small ford upon the rivulet which connects Glencullen with
+Glandullagh, and posted on either side waited patiently for the salmon
+to pass over. Their watch was never fruitless,&mdash;and many a salmon, in
+its transit from the sea to the lake, was transferred from his native
+element to the wild aërie in the Alpine cliff; that beetles over the
+romantic waters of Glencullen.
+</p>
+<p>
+[The volumes are handsomely printed, and embellished with aqua-tint
+plates and clever vignettes: some of the latter, by Bagg, are spirited
+performances on wood.]
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	PETER THE GREAT.
+</h3>
+<p>
+[What a mine of adventure and incident is the life of this extraordinary
+man. A modern French writer enumerates 95 authors who have treated of
+his actions, and concludes the list with <i>et cetera</i> threefold.
+What a field for the editors of the compilation libraries&mdash;wherein they
+may store their little garners or volumes to advantage. Such has the
+editor of the <i>Family Library</i> done in the volume before us; although
+he has only consulted one-fourth of the above number of authorities
+for his memoir of the life of the Tzar. He prefaces with the modest
+observation that he has done little more than bring together and arrange
+the scattered fragments of Histories, Lives, Anecdotes, and Notices, in
+manuscript and in print, "of one of the most extraordinary characters
+that ever appeared on the great theatre of the world, in any age or
+country;&mdash;a Being full of contradictions, yet consistent in all that he
+did; a promoter of literature, arts, and sciences, yet without education
+himself; the civilizer of his people, 'he gave a polish,' says Voltaire,
+'to his nation, and was Himself a savage; he taught his people the art
+of war, of which he was himself ignorant; from the first glance of a
+small cock-boat, at the distance of five hundred miles of the nearest
+sea, he became an expert ship-builder, created a powerful fleet, partly
+constructed with his own hands, made himself an active and expert
+sailor, a skilful pilot, a great captain: in short, he changed the
+manners, the habits, the laws of the people, and very face of the
+country." How different is this course of activity to the usual
+luxurious lives of the sovereigns of civilized countries: how ill
+assort Peter's "savage" notions with the accomplished ease and personal
+elegance of a succeeding autocrat: how wide is the contrast between
+Peter's ship-building education, and the youth of a prince passed
+amidst court corruptionists&mdash;or pilotage over the boundless ocean, and
+launching gilded pleasure-boats upon an unruffled lake; personally
+watching the welfare of his subjects, or slinking into retirement, and
+leaving their interests to the intrigues of party.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page301" name="page301"></a>[pg 301]</span>
+Yet, such are a few
+of the opposite characteristics&mdash;the every-day occupations&mdash;of the great
+Tzar of Russia, and of the kingships of the last and present centuries.
+</p>
+<p>
+The events of the life of Peter may be well known in detail to the
+reader of the history of modern Europe. Yet they must be gathered from
+many volumes; while in the above little book we have them brought in
+amusing and sufficiently copious narrative, within 350 pages. We have
+here the Tzar's war with Sweden&mdash;Narva, Pultowa, and the Pruth; but the
+incidents that will prove most interesting to the <i>Family</i> readers
+are the domestic habits&mdash;the unkingly life of Peter; and above all, his
+visit to England&mdash;how he drank deeply of pepper and brandy, lodged in
+Buckingham-street, Strand; spoiled Mr. Evelyn's holly hedge at Sayes;
+and peeped from the roof of the House of Lords at the King upon his
+throne. We shall therefore endeavour to abridge a few of these
+entertaining anecdotic details from the chapter devoted to the Tzar's
+stay in England.]
+</p>
+<p>
+Two ships of war and a yacht, under the orders of Admiral Mitchell, were
+despatched to Helvoetsluys to bring over the Tzar, who, with his suite,
+consisting of Menzikoff and some others, whose names are not mentioned,
+embarked at that port on the 18th of January, 1698, and on the 21st
+reached London. Here no secret was attempted to be made of his rank, but
+he requested to be treated only as a private gentleman; and it is
+remarkable enough that, though he paid frequent visits to the King, and
+attended his court, his name never once appears in the only official
+paper which then, as indeed now, was and is in existence, the London
+Gazette. Lord Shrewsbury, at this time, was Secretary of State for
+Foreign Affairs; but as the Tzar came not in any public character, he
+appears to have been placed under the especial charge of the Marquess
+Carmarthen, who was made lord president of the Council in the following
+year. Between this nobleman and Peter a very considerable intimacy took
+place, which was uninterrupted during the Tzar's abode in England. A
+large house was hired for him and his suite at the bottom of
+York-buildings where, it is stated in a private letter, the Marquess and
+he used to spend their evenings together frequently in drinking "hot
+pepper and brandy." The great failing of Peter, indeed, was his love of
+strong liquors. We find in one of the papers of the day, that he took a
+particular fancy to the nectar ambrosia, "the new cordial so called,
+which the author, or compounder of it, presented him with, and that his
+Majesty sent for more of it."
+</p>
+<p>
+Of the proceedings of the Tzar, during the four months he remained
+in England, very little is recorded in the few journals or other
+publications of that day; the former consisting chiefly of the
+<i>Postmaster</i>, the <i>Postman</i>, and the <i>Postboy</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the <i>Postboy</i> it is stated that, on the day after his arrival,
+the Tzar of Muscovy was at Kensington, to see his Majesty at dinner, as
+also the court; but he was all the while <i>incognito.</i> And on the
+Saturday following he was at the playhouse, to see the opera; that on
+the Friday night the revels ended at the Temple, the same being
+concluded by a fine masquerade, at which the Tzar of Muscovy was
+present; that on the following Sunday he went in a hackney-coach to
+Kensington, and returned at night to his lodgings in Norfolk-street,<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>
+where he was attended by several of the King's servants.
+</p>
+<p>
+His movements, during the rest of the month, were a journey to Woolwich
+and Deptford, to see the docks and yards; then to the theatre, to see
+the Rival Queens, or Alexander the Great; to St. James's, to be present
+at a fine ball; and, it is further stated that he was about to remove
+from Norfolk-street (York buildings) to Redriff, where a ship was
+building for him; and that he was about to go to Chatham, to see a
+man-of-war launched, which he was to name; and that on the 15th of
+February, accompanied by the Marquess of Carmarthen, he went to
+Deptford, and having spent some time on board the "Royal Transport,"
+they were afterwards splendidly treated by Admiral Mitchell. These are
+the principal notices concerning the Tzar Peter contained in the
+<i>Postboy.</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+It is evident that London could not be very agreeable to him, on two
+accounts; first, because his great object in coming here was to see our
+dock-yard establishments, and to profit also by observing our mode of
+making draughts of ships, and laying them off in the mould-loft; and to
+acquire some knowledge in the theory of naval architecture and
+navigation, which he had heard, when in Holland, was superior to what he
+had seen or could obtain in that country, though it was assumed that the
+mechanical part of finishing and putting together a ship was there fully
+equal, if not superior, to ours.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the next place, he was equally annoyed by the crowds he was
+continually meeting in the streets of London, as he had been in
+Amsterdam, and which he could not bear with becoming patience. It is
+said that, as he was one day walking along the Strand, with his friend
+the Marquess of Carmarthen, a porter, with a hod on his shoulder, rudely
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page302" name="page302"></a>[pg 302]</span>
+pushed against him and drove him into the kennel. He was extremely
+indignant, and ready to knock him down; but the Marquess interfering,
+asked the man what he meant, and if he knew whom he had so rudely run
+against, and "that it was the Tzar." The porter, turning round, replied,
+with a grin, "Tzar! we are all Tzars here." But that which annoyed him
+most of all, was the intrusion of our countrymen into his lodgings, and
+into the room even where he was eating, to which they gained access
+through the king's servants. Disgusted at their impertinent curiosity
+he would sometimes rise from table, and leave the room in a rage. To
+prevent this intrusion, he strictly charged his domestics not to admit
+any persons whatever let their rank be what it might. A kind of forced
+interview, however, was obtained by two Quakers, the account of which,
+as given by one of them, is singular and interesting.
+</p>
+<p>
+One month's residence having satisfied Peter as to what was to be seen
+in London, and having expressed a strong desire to be near some of the
+King's dockyards, it was arranged that a suitable residence should be
+found near one of the river establishments; and the house of the
+celebrated Mr. Evelyn, close to Deptford Dock-yard, being about to
+become vacant, by the removal of Admiral Benbow, who was then its
+tenant, it was immediately taken for the residence of the Tzar and
+his suite; and a doorway was broken through the boundary wall of
+the dock-yard, to afford a direct communication between it and the
+dwelling-house. This place had then the name of Saye's Court. It was the
+delight of Evelyn, and the wonder and admiration of all men of taste at
+that time. The grounds are described, in the life of the Lord Keeper
+Guildford, "as most boscaresque, being, as it were, an exemplary of
+his (Evelyn's) book of forest trees." Admiral Benbow had given great
+dissatisfaction to the proprietor as a tenant, for he observes in his
+Diary&mdash;"I have the mortification of seeing, every day, much of my labour
+and expense there impairing from want of a more polite tenant." It
+appears, however, that the princely occupier was not a more "polite
+tenant" than the rough sailor had been, for Mr. Evelyn's servant thus
+writes to him,&mdash;"There is a house full of people <i>right nasty.</i> The
+Tzar lies next your library, and dines in the parlour next your study.
+He dines at ten o'clock and six at night; is very seldom at home a whole
+day; very often in the King's yard, or by water, dressed in several
+dresses. The King is expected there this day; the best parlour is pretty
+clean for him to be entertained in. The King pays for all he has."<a id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a>
+But this was not all: Mr. Evelyn had a favourite holly-hedge, through
+which, it is said, the Tzar, by way of exercise, used to be in the habit,
+every morning, of trundling a wheel-barrow. Mr. Evelyn probably alludes
+to this in the following passage, wherein he asks, "Is there, under the
+heavens, a more glorious and refreshing object, of the kind, than an
+impregnable hedge, of about four hundred feet in length, nine feet high,
+and five in diameter, which I can still show in my ruined garden at
+Saye's Court (thanks to the Tzar of Muscovy), at any time of the year,
+glittering with its armed and variegated leaves; the taller standards,
+at orderly distances, blushing with their natural coral? It mocks the
+rudest assaults of the weather, beasts, or hedge-breakers,&mdash;et ilium
+nemo impune lacessit."<a id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>
+Alas! for the glory of the glittering hollies, trimmed hedges, and long
+avenues of Saye's Court; Time, that great innovator, has demolished them
+all, and Evelyn's favourite haunts and enchanting grounds have been
+transformed into cabbage gardens; that portion of the Victualling-yard
+where oxen and hogs are slaughtered and salted for the use of the navy,
+now occupies the place of the shady walks and the trimmed hedges, which
+the good old Evelyn so much delighted in; and on the site of the ancient
+mansion now stands the common parish workhouse of Deptford Stroud.
+</p>
+<p>
+We have little evidence that the Tzar, during his residence here,
+ever worked as a shipwright; it would seem he was employed rather in
+acquiring information on matters connected with naval architecture, from
+that intelligent commissioner of the navy and surveyor, Sir Anthony
+Deane, who, after the Marquess of Carmarthen, was his most intimate
+English acquaintance. His fondness for sailing and managing boats,
+however, was as eager here as in Holland; and these gentlemen were
+almost daily with him on the Thames, sometimes in a sailing yacht, and
+at others rowing in boats,&mdash;an exercise in which both the Tzar and the
+Marquess are said to have excelled. The Navy Board received directions
+from the Admiralty to hire two vessels, to be at the command of the
+Tzar, whenever he should think proper to sail on the Thames, to improve
+himself in seamanship. In addition to these, the King made him a present
+of the "Royal Transport," with orders to have such alterations and
+accommodations made in her, as his Tzarish Majesty might desire, and
+also to change her masts, rigging, sails, &amp;c., in any such way as he
+might think proper for improving her sailing qualities. But his great
+delight was to get into a small decked boat, belonging to the Dock-yard,
+and taking only Menzikoff, and three or four others of his suite, to
+work the vessel with them, he being the helmsman; by this practice he
+said he should be able to teach them how to command ships when they
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page303" name="page303"></a>[pg 303]</span>
+got home. Having finished their day's work, they used to resort to a
+public-house in Great Tower-street, close to Tower Hill, to smoke their
+pipes and drink beer and brandy. The landlord had the Tzar of Muscovy's
+head painted and put up for his sign, which continued till the year
+1808, when a person of the name of Waxel took a fancy to the old sign,
+and offered the then occupier of the house to paint him a new one for
+it. A copy was accordingly made from the original, which maintains its
+station to the present day, as the sign of the "Tzar of Muscovy,"
+looking like a true Tartar.
+</p>
+<center>
+(<i>To be concluded in our next.</i>)
+</center>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	THE NATURALIST.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	STOMACH OF THE OSTRICH.
+</h3>
+<center>
+(<i>To the Editor</i>.)
+</center>
+<p>
+Allow me to add, as a further illustration of the various and uncommon
+substances sometimes found in the stomach of the Ostrich, mentioned at
+page 262 of <i>The Mirror</i>, a fact which came under my own observation a
+few months since, on the occasion of dissecting two full-grown birds
+intended for the Surrey Zoological Gardens; but, which died while
+performing quarantine in Stangate Creek. On opening the maw, the stomach
+appeared distended to its fullest extent, and contained not less than
+half a bushel of various substances, besides a large quantity of the
+usual food in an undigested state, as, maize, barley, potatoes, onions,
+&amp;c. There was nearly a peck of stones, most of which were as smooth
+and as highly polished as if they had passed through the hands of the
+lapidary; a sample of which I enclose you. Among this mass I found
+portions of tobacco-pipe, pieces of china and glass, brass buttons,
+copper coins, nails, and what most likely caused the death of the bird,
+a large quantity apparently of the head of a woollen mop, with portions
+of oakum, which from its size and quantity had proved too much for the
+bird to digest. It would appear, however, that many substances remain
+for years in the folds of the stomach, without injury; as on opening
+an Ostrich that died at Exeter 'Change after being some years in the
+possession of Mr. Cross, there were found besides a large quantity of
+rubbish, a handful of buttons, nails, marbles, stones, several keys,
+the brass handle of a door, a copper extinguisher, a sailor's knife, a
+butcher's hook, an iron comb, with penny pieces and coins to the amount
+of 3<i>s.</i> 4-1/2<i>d.</i>; and besides these various articles, there
+were several cowries, glass beads, such as are used for the purposes
+of traffic by the natives of the Barbary Coast, whence the bird was
+brought; and it never having had the opportunity of getting at such
+articles while in a state of confinement, little doubt remains of their
+having been swallowed by the bird while in its native country.
+</p>
+<p>
+Another instance may be added of a full grown Ostrich, that was for some
+time in the possession of the Consul of Tripoli: during the period of
+the bird remaining at his house, a silver snuff box, of considerable
+size and value, was missing, and many were the persons suspected of
+having stolen it. The bird was after the lapse of a few months shipped
+as a present on board a frigate, and died during the voyage. The captain
+had it opened to ascertain if possible the cause of its death, when, in
+the stomach were found nails, keys, pieces of iron and copper, part of
+a lantern, and the identical snuffbox, although the chasing and sharp
+edges were worn completely smooth by the action of the stomach.
+</p>
+<h4>
+J. WARWICK.
+</h4>
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<i>Surrey Zoological Gardens.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	THE CONDOR.
+</h3>
+<p>
+A pair of condors has lately been received from South America, for the
+Surrey Zoological Gardens. They are male and female, and are stated to
+be by far the largest specimens ever brought to this country, the male
+measuring nearly 14 feet across the wings, and in height upwards of
+three feet. They were brought from Chili, where they are sometimes met
+with at an elevation of 15,000 feet above the level of the sea. During
+the removal of the birds from the vessel, the male dropped one of his
+largest wing feathers, the quill of which measures an inch and a half
+in circumference.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	THE GATHERER.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<p>
+<i>The King</i>.&mdash;(<i>From the Spectator</i>.)&mdash;Touching the business habits of
+the King, we have been favoured with the following statement, by a
+gentleman on whose honesty we can place perfect reliance, and who has
+ample opportunities of correct knowledge:&mdash;The attention of our present
+excellent Sovereign to public business is truly exemplary; and whilst he
+exceeds in regularity and despatch the habits of his late father,&mdash;whose
+conduct in this respect has seldom been properly appreciated,&mdash;his
+diligence forms a striking contrast to the supineness exhibited in the
+late reign, when days and weeks sometimes elapsed before the Royal
+signature could be obtained.
+</p>
+<p>
+"The public learn from the Court Newsman that the King regularly comes
+to town once a week, to receive his ministers, and for the transaction
+of whatever business may be required; and these journeys are occasionally
+repeated within a few days of each other without the slightest regard
+for his personal convenience. Stronger proofs, however, exist of the
+King's devotion to the duties of his
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page364" name="page364"></a>[pg 364]</span>
+station. Every document submitted
+for his consideration and signature, is executed and returned to
+the proper office within twenty-four hours after he receives it, and
+generally within twelve hours. If a letter be addressed to Sir Herbert
+Taylor or to Sir Henry Wheatley, no matter how trifling may be its
+subject, it is certain of receiving an immediate and polite answer,
+the contents of which show that his Majesty must undoubtedly have been
+consulted; and if the request be refused, regret is expressed, and a
+satisfactory reason is usually assigned. Those only who are aware of the
+masses of papers submitted to the King, or of the innumerable subjects
+on which his pleasure is taken, can appreciate the promptness, courtesy,
+and decision which he displays; whilst in giving audiences, the extent
+of his information, and his business-like habits, excite equal surprise
+and satisfaction. When it is remembered that the King is above
+sixty-seven years of age, the labour which he undergoes seems
+extraordinary; and the admirable manner in which he executes his duties,
+is consequently entitled to still higher applause. His office is indeed
+no sinecure; and it would be well for the country if every department of
+the State, and every public officer imitated the example set them by the
+Sovereign.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Before concluding this subject, justice demands that the manner in
+which Sir Herbert Taylor and Sir Henry Wheatley conduct the Royal
+correspondence, should not pass unnoticed; for, doubtless, a share of
+the praise which has been here expressed of their Master's decision and
+promptness, is due to them, and more especially for the extreme courtesy
+with which their letters are written."
+</p>
+<p>
+We had before heard the fact of the King's extraordinary punctuality in
+signing papers, with this addition, that when they are more than
+ordinarily numerous, the Queen sits at the table with her Royal husband,
+lays the papers before him, and when signed, removes and arranges them,
+like a secretary.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Learned "Ladies."</i>&mdash;Mr. Murphy used to relate the following story
+of Foote's, the heroines of which were the ladies Cheere, Fielding, and
+Hill, the last the widow of the celebrated Dr. Hill. He represented them
+as playing at "I love my love with a letter;" Lady Cheere began, and
+said, "I love my love with an N because he is a Night;" Lady Fielding
+followed with "I love my love with a G, because he is a Gustis;" and "I
+love my love with an F," said Lady Hill, "because he is a Fizishun."
+Such was the imputed orthography of these learned ladies.&mdash;<i>Taylor's
+Records.</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Den.</i>&mdash;The names of places ending in den, as Biddenden, are
+perhaps not generally known to signify the situation to be in a valley,
+or near woods.
+</p>
+<h4>
+J.E.J.
+</h4>
+<hr />
+<p>
+<i>Mock-heroics.</i>&mdash;Cowper, in one of his letters to Joseph Hill,
+reminds his friend of the following mock-heroic line, written at one of
+their convivial meetings, called the Nonsense Club&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  "To whom replied the Devil, <i>yard-long-tail'd</i>;"</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+And adds, "there never was anything more truly Grecian than that triple
+epithet; and were it possible to introduce it either into the <i>Iliad</i> or
+<i>Odyssey,</i> I should certainly steal it." This of course was written in
+jest; and had the translator been disposed to exemplify his own pleasantry,
+he might have found an opportunity in the well-known line of the sixth book
+of the <i>Iliad</i>&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p>
+&Alpha;&iota;&delta;&epsilon;&omicron;&mu;&alpha;&sigmaf;
+
+&Theta;&rho;&omega;&alpha;&sigmaf;
+
+&alpha;&iota;
+
+&Theta;&rho;&omega;&alpha;&delta;&alpha;&sigmaf;
+
+&epsilon;&lambda;&kappa;&epsilon;&sigma;&iota;&pi;&epsilon;&pi;&lambda;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf;
+</p>
+           <p><small>[Greek: Aideomas Trôas ai Trôadas elkesipeplous.]</small></p>
+
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  I dread the Trojan ladies, yard-long-tail'd;</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+Of which Pope makes this sweeping periphrasis&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  "And Troy's proud dames, whose garments sweep the ground."  </p>
+</div></div>
+<h4>
+	E.B.I.
+</h4>
+<hr />
+<p>
+<i>Burton Ale.</i>&mdash;Many of our readers may recollect the dispute, about
+three years since, between the Burton Ale brewers and the Useful
+Knowledge Society, when the excellence of the ale was proved to be the
+result of the hard water of which it was manufactured flowing over a
+limestone rock. A chemist was dispatched to Burton, and the settlement
+of the matter assumed the importance of a discovery; though in the last
+century this fact was ingeniously explained by Dr. Darwin, in a letter
+to Mr. Pilkington, upon the supposition that some of the saccharine
+matter in the malt combines with the calcareous earth of hard waters,
+and forms a sort of mineral sugar, which, like true sugar, is
+convertible into spirits.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Read-y Wit.</i>&mdash;A young man, in a large company, descanting very
+flippantly on a subject, his knowledge of which was evidently very
+superficial, the Duchess of Devonshire asked his name. "'Tis
+<i>Scarlet</i>," replied a gentleman who stood by. "That may be," said her
+Grace, "and yet he is not <i>deep read</i>."
+</p>
+<h4>
+CANTON.
+</h4>
+<hr />
+<p>
+<i>Anti-free Trade.</i>&mdash;An odd instance of the restrictive system
+occurred in the embassy from the emperor Otho to Nicephorus Phocas. The
+Greeks making a display of their dress, he told them that in Lombardy
+the common people wore as good clothes as they.&mdash;"How," they said, "can
+you procure them?"&mdash;"Through the Venetians and Amalfitan dealers," he
+replied, "who gain their subsistence by selling them to us." The foolish
+Greeks were very angry, and declared that any dealer presuming to export
+their fine clothes <i>should be flogged</i>.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a>
+<b>Footnote 1</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+Dartmoor appears the head-quarters of dreariness and desolation,
+forming a mountain tract of nearly 80,000 acres in extent,
+strewed with granite boulders and fragments of rocks, and
+appearing to set cultivation at defiance.&mdash;<i>Brande's Outline
+of Geology</i>.
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a>
+<b>Footnote 2</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+John Britton and E.W. Brayley: in the Beauties of England and
+Wales, vol. iv.
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a>
+<b>Footnote 3</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+A poet of considerable eminence in his day, born at Tavistock,
+in the year 1590. He was noticed by Selden, Drayton, Brooke,
+Glanville, and Ben Jonson.
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a>
+<b>Footnote 4</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+Warner's Walk through the Western Counties.
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a>
+<b>Footnote 5</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+From a correspondent (E.), who believes that no English version of
+this letter has hitherto appeared in print.
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a>
+<b>Footnote 6</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+We believe that measures are in progress for re-establishing
+the commercial importance of Sandwich, by the restoration of
+the once celebrated haven. The town, we may add, is noble in
+its decay; for, among the jurats and burgesses are several
+worthy and opulent retired merchants, who would doubtless
+rejoice in the revival of Sandwich, for the welfare of their
+more aspiring townsmen,&mdash;<i>Ed. M.</i>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a>
+<b>Footnote 7</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+This is an oversight of the Editor, as the Tzar resided in the
+last house in Buckingham-street, towards the river on the east
+side. It is a handsome mansion, containing some very spacious
+apartments, with some few relics of its original decoration.
+Upon the site of this and the adjoining streets was formerly a
+palace of the archbishops of York, the only vestige of which is
+the water-gate, called York Stairs erected by Inigo Jones.
+Throughout the narrative it will be seen that the Editor has
+mistaken Norfolk-street for Buckingham-street.&mdash;<i>Ed. M.</i>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a>
+<b>Footnote 8</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+Memoirs of J. Evelyn.
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a>
+<b>Footnote 9</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+Evelyn's Sylva.
+</blockquote>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>
+<i>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143 STRAND, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i>
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, No. 574, by Various
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, No. 574, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 574
+       Vol. XX, No. 574. Saturday, November 3, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2004 [EBook #14010]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOLUME XX, NO. 574.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1832. [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: LYDFORD BRIDGE.]
+
+
+
+
+LYDFORD BRIDGE.
+
+
+This is an interesting scene from the wild and wonderful in Nature.
+Its romantic luxuriance must win the attention of the artist, and the
+admiration of the less wistful beholder; while the philosophic mind,
+unaccustomed to vulgar wonder, may seek in its formation the cause of
+some of the most important changes of the earth's surface. Our esteemed
+friend and correspondent _Vyvyan_, is probably familiar with the
+locality of Lydford: his fancy might people it with pixies, and group
+its scenery into a kind of topographical romance; probably not unaided
+by its proximity to Dartmoor.[1]
+
+Lydford is situated about seven miles north of Tavistock. It is, in the
+words of its topographers,[2] a poor decayed village, consisting of rude
+cottages. It was formerly a place of importance: for in Domesday Book,
+it is rated in the same manner and at the same time with London. Some
+remains of its ancient importance may still be seen in a square tower,
+or keep of a castle, which was formerly used as a court and a prison,
+where those criminals were tried and confined, who offended against the
+Stannary Laws. This building is alluded to by William Browne[3]--
+
+  They have a castle on a hill;
+  I took it for an old windmill,
+    The vane's blown off by weather;
+  To lie therein one night, its guest,
+  'Twere better to be ston'd and prest,
+    Or hang'd--now choose you whether.
+
+
+The scenery round the village is singularly picturesque: one of its most
+prominent objects, _The Bridge_ is represented in the Engraving.
+It bears great analogy, in situation and character, to the celebrated
+Devil's Bridge in Wales. It consists of one rude arch, thrown across a
+narrow, rocky chasm, which sinks nearly eighty feet from the level of
+the road. At the bottom of this channel the small river Lyd is heard
+rattling through its contracted course. The singularity of this scene
+is not perceived in merely passing over the bridge: to appreciate
+its character, and comprehend its awfully impressive effects, it is
+necessary to see the bridge, the chasm, and the roaring water, from
+different projecting crags which impend over the river. At a little
+distance below the bridge, "the fissure gradually spreads its rocky
+jaws; the bottom opens; and, instead of the dark precipices which have
+hitherto overhung and obscured the struggling river, it now emerges into
+day, and rolls its murmuring current through a winding valley, confined
+within magnificent banks, darkened with woods, which swell into bold
+promontories, or fall back into sweeping recesses, till they are lost to
+the eye in distance. Thickly shaded by trees, which shoot out from the
+sides of the rent, the scene at Lydford Bridge is not so terrific as it
+would have been, had a little more light been let in upon the abyss,
+just sufficient to produce a _darkness visible_. As it is, however,
+the chasm cannot be regarded without shuddering; nor will the stoutest
+heart meditate unappalled upon the dreadful anecdotes connected with the
+spot."[4]
+
+Scenes of this description frequently give rise to marvellous stories;
+and Lydford Bridge has furnished many themes for the gossip's tongue.
+It is related, that a London rider was benighted on this road, in a
+heavy storm, and, wishing to get to some place of shelter, spurred
+his horse forward with more than common speed. The tempest had been
+tremendous during the night; and in the morning the rider was informed
+that Lydford Bridge had been swept away with the current. He shuddered
+to reflect on his narrow escape; his horse having cleared the chasm by
+a great sudden leap in the middle of his course, though the occasion of
+his making it at the time was unknown.
+
+Two or three persons have chosen this spot for self-destruction; and in
+a moment of desperation, have dashed themselves from the bridge into the
+murky chasm.
+
+
+    [1] Dartmoor appears the head-quarters of dreariness and desolation,
+        forming a mountain tract of nearly 80,000 acres in extent,
+        strewed with granite boulders and fragments of rocks, and
+        appearing to set cultivation at defiance.--_Brande's Outline
+        of Geology_.
+
+    [2] John Britton and E.W. Brayley: in the Beauties of England and
+        Wales, vol. iv.
+
+    [3] A poet of considerable eminence in his day, born at Tavistock,
+        in the year 1590. He was noticed by Selden, Drayton, Brooke,
+        Glanville, and Ben Jonson.
+
+    [4] Warner's Walk through the Western Counties.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Libels on Poets._--Cicero tells us, Democritus and Plato said that
+there could be no good poet without a tincture of madness; and Aristotle
+calls poets madmen.--P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THOU WERT THE RAINBOW OF MY DREAMS.
+
+
+  Thou wert the rainbow of my dreams,
+    To whom the eyes of Hope might turn,
+  And bid her sacred flame arise
+    Like incense from the festal urn;
+  But as the thunder clouds conspire
+    To wreck the lovely summer sky,
+  So Death destroyed the liquid fire
+    Which shone so brightly in thine eye!
+
+  The cypress weeps upon thy tomb:
+    But when the stars unfold their leaves
+  Amid their bow'rs of purple gloom,
+    More fervently my spirit grieves;
+  And as the rainbow sheds its light
+    In fairy hues upon the sea,
+  So this cold world appears more bright
+    When pensive Memory thinks of thee!
+
+
+G.R.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LORD BYRON.
+
+Translation of a letter written by Lord Byron, in Greek and Italian, to
+the Pacha of Patras.[5]
+
+Highness.--A vessel containing several of my friends and servants,
+having been captured and conducted by a Turkish frigate to your
+fortresses, was released by your highness' command. I return you thanks,
+not for releasing a vessel bearing a neutral flag, and which being under
+British protection, no one had a right to detain; but for having treated
+my friends with great courtesy while at your disposal. Hoping it may not
+be unacceptable to your highness, I have requested the Greek Governor of
+this place to grant me four Turkish prisoners; which has been readily
+conceded. I send them therefore, free, to your highness, in order to
+return your courtesy as far as is in my power. They are sent without
+conditions, but if the affair is worthy of your remembrance, I would
+merely beseech your highness to treat with humanity such Greeks as are
+in your power, or may chance to fall into the hands of the Musselmen,
+since the horrors of war are sufficient in themselves, without adding
+on either side cruelties in cold blood.
+
+I have the honour to be, &c.
+
+NOEL BYRON, Peer of England.
+
+_Missolonghi, Jan. 23, 1824._
+
+    [5] From a correspondent (E.), who believes that no English version of
+        this letter has hitherto appeared in print.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WHEN WILT THOU RETURN?
+
+
+  When wilt thou return?
+    The silver clouds are closing
+  Like billows o'er the fairy path
+    Of sunset there reposing;
+  The sapphire fields of heaven,
+    With its golden splendour burn,
+  And purple is the mountain peak,--
+    But when wilt thou return?
+
+  When wilt thou return?
+    The woods are bright with summer,
+  And the violet's bower is grac'd
+    With the rose--a queenly comer;
+  The stars, that in the air
+    Like ethereal spirits burn,
+  Seem watching for thy steps,--
+    Oh I when wilt thou return?
+
+  When wilt thou return?
+    The sheathless sword is idle,
+  And each warrior from his steed
+    Has thrown aside the bridle.
+  Hark!--'tis the trumpet's call!
+    With hope our bosoms burn;
+  Its echo wakes the distant hills,
+    Announcing thy return!
+
+
+G.R.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ANECDOTE GALLERY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RECORDS OF MY LIFE.
+
+BY THE AUTHOR OF "MONSIEUR TONSON."
+
+
+_Angelica Kauffman._
+
+The person of this lady, by all accounts, was highly interesting, and
+her manners and accomplishments were peculiarly attractive. It is said
+that Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was thoroughly acquainted with human
+nature, and never likely to be deceived in his estimate of individuals,
+was so much attached to her that he solicited her hand. It appeared,
+however, that she refused him as she was attached to the late Sir
+Nathaniel Holland, then Mr. Dance, an eminent painter, whose portrait
+of Garrick in the character of Richard the Third is the best and most
+spirited representation of that unrivalled actor that ever appeared,
+though all the most distinguished artists of the time employed
+themselves on the same admirable subject. The correspondence that had
+taken place between Mrs. Kauffman and Mr. Dance became known, and was
+thought to be of a very interesting description, insomuch that his
+Majesty George the Third, who generally heard of anything worthy of
+attention, requested Mr. Dance would permit him to peruse the letters
+that had passed between them during their courtship. What put a period
+to an intercourse which, being founded upon mutual attachment, held
+forth so favourable a prospect of mutual happiness, has never been
+developed, and is only matter of conjecture. Mrs. Kauffman, after
+the termination of this promising courtship, went abroad, and was
+unfortunately deluded into a marriage with a common footman, in Germany,
+who had assumed a title and appeared to be a person of high rank and
+affluence. Mrs. Kauffman, it is said, by the intervention of friends
+had recourse to legal authorities, was enabled to separate from the
+impostor, but did not return to this country, and died a few years
+after, having never recovered her spirits after the shock of so
+degrading an alliance. It is not a little surprising that a lady so
+intelligent and accomplished should have been the victim of such a
+deception.
+
+
+_Highwaymen.--Jemmy Maclaine._
+
+Mr. Donaldson told me that once having betted twenty pounds on a horse
+at Newmarket, he won, but at the end of the race could not find the
+person who had lost. Returning to London the next day, his post-chaise
+was stopped by a highwayman, whom he immediately recognised as the loser
+of the day before. He addressed the highwayman as follows: "Sir, I will
+give you all I have about me if you will pay me the twenty pounds which
+I won of you yesterday at Newmarket." The man instantly spurred his
+horse, and was off in a moment. It is somewhat strange that, soon after
+Mr. Donaldson landed in Jamaica, he saw the same man in a coffee-house.
+He approached him, and in a whisper reminded him of his loss at
+Newmarket; the man rushed out of the room, and, according to report
+went to the Blue Mountains, and was never heard of again.
+
+Mr. Donaldson was in real danger from another highwayman, who was
+celebrated in his day, and known as a fashionable man by the name
+of Maclaine. This man came from Ireland, and made a splendid figure
+for some time, but as his means of support were not known, he was
+generally considered as a doubtful character. He was by all accounts
+a tall, showy, good-looking man, and a frequent visitor at Button's
+Coffee-house, founded, as is well known, by Addison, in favour of an old
+servant of the Warwick family, but never visited by him, when driven
+from his home by the ill-humour of his wife; he then resorted to Will's,
+on the opposite side of the same street, that he might not be reminded
+of domestic anxieties. Button's was on the south side of Russell-street,
+Covent-garden; and Will's in the same street, at the corner of
+Bow-street. Button's became a private house, and Mrs. Inchbald lodged
+there. Mr. Donaldson, observing that Maclaine paid particular attention
+to the bar-maid, the daughter of the landlord, gave a hint to the father
+of Maclaine's dubious character. The father cautioned his daughter
+against the addresses of Maclaine, and imprudently told her by whose
+advice he put her on her guard; she as imprudently told Maclaine. The
+next time Donaldson visited the coffee-room, and was sitting in one of
+the boxes, Maclaine entered, and in a loud tone said, "Mr. Donaldson,
+I wish to _spake_ to you in a private room." Mr. Donaldson being
+unarmed, and naturally afraid of being alone with such a man, said in
+answer, that as nothing could pass between them that he did not wish the
+whole world to know, he begged leave to decline the invitation. "Very
+well," said Maclaine, as he left the room, "we shall _mate_ again."
+A day or two after, as Mr. Donaldson was walking near Richmond in the
+evening, he saw Maclaine on horseback, who on perceiving him spurred
+the animal and was rapidly approaching him; fortunately, at that moment
+a gentleman's carriage appeared in view, when Maclaine immediately
+turned his horse towards the carriage, and Donaldson hurried into the
+protection of Richmond as fast as possible. But for the appearance of
+the carriage, which presented better prey, it is probable that Maclaine
+would have shot Mr. Donaldson immediately. Maclaine a short time after
+committed a highway robbery, was tried, found guilty, and hanged at
+Tyburn.
+
+
+_Extraordinary Story._
+
+What the religious principles of Mr. Donaldson were, I never knew,
+but I am sure he had too manly a mind to give way to superstition.
+The following circumstance, however, he told me as a fact in which he
+placed full confidence, on account of the character of the gentleman
+who related it. The latter was a particular friend of his, and a member
+of Parliament. In order to attend the House of Commons, he had taken
+apartments in St. Anne's Churchyard, Westminster. On the evening when
+he took possession, he was struck with something that appeared to him
+mysterious in the manner of the maid-servant, who looked like a man
+disguised; and he felt a very unpleasant emotion. This feeling was
+strengthened by a similar deportment in the mistress of the house, who
+soon after entered his room, and asked him if he wanted anything before
+he retired to rest: disliking her manner, he soon dismissed her, and went
+to bed, but the disagreeable impression made on his mind by the maid
+and mistress, kept him long awake; at length, however, he fell asleep.
+During his sleep he dreamed that the corpse of a gentleman, who had
+been murdered, was deposited in the cellar of the house. This dream
+co-operating with the unfavourable, or rather repulsive countenances and
+demeanour of the two women, precluded all hopes of renewed sleep, and
+it being the summer season, he arose about five o'clock in the morning,
+took his hat, and resolved to quit a house of such alarm and terror.
+To his surprise, as he was leaving it, he met the mistress in the
+entry, dressed, as if she had never gone to bed. She seemed to be
+much agitated, and inquired his reason for wishing to go out so early
+in the morning. He hesitated a moment with increased alarm, and then
+told her that he expected a friend, who was to arrive by a stage in
+Bishopsgate-street, and that he was going to meet him. He was suffered
+to go out of the house, and when revived by the open air, he felt, as
+he afterwards declared, as if relieved from impending destruction. He
+stated that in a few hours after, he returned with a friend to whom
+he had told his dream, and the impression made on him by the maid and
+the mistress; he, however, only laughed at him for his superstitious
+terrors, but on entering the house, they found that it was deserted, and
+calling in a gentleman who was accidentally passing, they all descended
+to the cellar, and actually found a corpse in the state which the
+gentleman's dream had represented.
+
+
+_Drawing an Inference._
+
+Dr. Monsey, with two or three old members of the university, in the
+course of an evening walk, differed about a proper definition of man.
+While they were severally offering their notions on the subject,
+they came to a wall where an itinerant artist had drawn various
+representations of animals, ships, &c. After complimenting him on
+his skill, one of the gentlemen asked him if he could _draw an
+inference_. "No," said the artist, "I never saw one." Logic then gave
+way to jocularity, and a man coming by with a fine team of horses, they
+stopped him, spoke highly of the condition of his horses, particularly
+admiring the first. "That horse, carter," said another of the gentlemen,
+"seems to be a very strong one, I suppose he could draw a butt," The man
+assented. "Do you think he could _draw an inference?"_--"Why," said
+the man, "he can draw anything _in reason_." "There," said Monsey,
+"what becomes of your definition, when you met a man that could _not
+draw an inference_ and a _horse that could?_"
+
+
+_Disposal of the body for Dissection._
+
+Dr. Monsey had the utmost contempt for funeral ceremonies, and exacted
+a promise from his daughter, that she would not interfere with the
+arrangement which he had made with Mr. Thompson Forster, the surgeon,
+for the disposal of his body, conceiving that whenever it was dissected
+by that gentleman, something might occur for the illustration and
+advancement of anatomy. "What can it signify to me," said he, "whether
+my carcass is cut up by the knife of a surgeon, or the tooth of a worm?"
+He had a large box in his chambers at Chelsea, full of air-holes, for
+the purpose of carrying his body to Mr. Forster, in case he should be
+in a trance when supposed to be dead. It was provided with poles, like
+a sedan-chair.
+
+
+_Voltaire._
+
+Mentioning Voltaire, I may as well relate in this place a circumstance
+communicated to me by Monsey, upon what he deemed good authority, that
+Voltaire being invited to dine with a lady of quality while he was in
+London, to meet some persons of distinction, waited upon the lady an
+hour or two earlier than the time appointed. The lady apologized for the
+necessity of leaving him, as she had visits to pay, but begged he would
+amuse himself with the books in the room, promising to return very soon.
+After the party broke up, having occasion to refer to her escrutoire,
+she evidently found that it had been opened in her absence, and though
+nothing had been taken away, her papers were obviously not in the same
+order as when she left them. She inquired anxiously who had been in the
+room, and was assured nobody but Voltaire, who had remained there till
+she returned home. As Voltaire was destitute of all religious principles
+it is not wonderful that he was equally devoid of all moral delicacy.
+A severe account of his conduct towards the great King of Prussia, while
+he was at the court of that monarch, is given in "The Reverie," a work
+before referred to.
+
+Voltaire once dined in company with Pope, Lord Bolingkroke, and several
+of the most distinguished characters in London, and said it was "the
+proudest day he had ever enjoyed."
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CINQUE PORTS--THEIR PAST AND PRESENT STATE.
+
+(_Abridged from the United Service Journal._)
+
+
+The precise time when the Cinque Ports were first incorporated by
+charter is unknown, but it was at a very early period of our history;
+the institution being formed on that adopted by the Romans, while
+masters of Britain, for the defence of the coasts against the northern
+pirates. The difference between them consists in the number of the
+stations incorporated, the Roman being nine, under the governance of an
+officer whose title was, Comes littoris Saxonici; and the Saxon
+consisting of five, under the superintendence of a chief, whose title
+is, Lord Warden and Admiral of the Cinque Ports. There is no charter
+extant of the ports prior to Edward I.; and as they are not mentioned
+collectively in Domesday, many persons have been led to conclude, I
+think erroneously, that they did not exist as a corporation at the time
+when that ancient record was taken. Dover, Sandwich, and Romney are
+named as privileged ports, from which it may be inferred, that the
+corporation flourished at that time,--and for this reason,--Hastings has
+always been considered the first port in precedency, which would not
+probably have been the case, if it had been one of the latest
+privileged. The charter of Edward I. mentions immunities granted to the
+Cinque Ports by William the Conqueror; and, what is still more to the
+purpose, because it carries back their origin to the Saxon times, is,
+that King John, in his charter, says, that the Barons of the Cinque
+Ports had in their possession, charters of most of the preceding kings,
+back to Edward the Confessor, _which he had seen_. So, having
+traced them up to a Saxon origin, I must leave to some future antiquary
+the task of settling the precise date of their first incorporation.
+
+The five incorporated ports are, Hastings, Sandwich, Dover, Romney,
+and Hythe. Attached to each port are several limbs or members, the
+inhabitants of which participate in their privileges, and bear a share
+of their expenses. Rye and Winchelsea were united to Hastings about the
+first year of the reign of King John, under the denomination of the two
+ancient towns, and they appear to have obtained the superiority which
+they now hold over the other limbs, at a very early period, a charter
+of the year 1247 styling them, by way of eminence,_nobiliora membra
+Quinque Portuum._ The limbs are first mentioned in the Red-Book
+of the Exchequer, a miscellaneous collection of treatises, written
+before and after the Conquest, and collected together by Alexander
+de Swereford, Archdeacon of Shrewsbury, an officer of the Exchequer,
+who died in 1246: and also in the Domesday of the Ports, an ancient
+manuscript, formerly kept in Dover castle, but now unfortunately lost;
+but they do not occur in any charter till that of Edward IV. By what
+means or for what purpose these limbs became united to the five head
+ports, is now matter of speculation.
+
+The duties which the Ports were bound to perform were incessant and of
+the most arduous character, particularly during the early years of the
+institution, when the narrow seas were constantly infested by numerous
+hordes of fierce, adventurous, and reckless pirates. Exonerated from all
+other services, they were bound to exert their own naval force for the
+protection of the realm, for the maintenance of the free navigation of
+the Channel, for the prevention of piracies, and all impediments and
+interruptions whatsoever. Effectually to perform these services,
+dangerous and difficult it must be allowed, they were obliged to furnish
+among them fifty-seven ships, each manned with twenty men and one boy,
+at their own cost, for fifteen days, and for as long a period afterwards
+as the king pleased to appoint; but they were then entitled to receive
+pay for their services. The sums granted to them by the crown were by no
+means a remuneration for the expenses attendant on the large naval force
+they wore obliged to keep up at all times for the service of the
+kingdom, and often did not cover a third part of the necessary
+expenditure. The ships of the Cinque Ports, therefore, were the navy of
+the realm, and in almost every reign the pages of history show with how
+great honour and reputation the Ports discharged the sacred trust
+reposed in their valour, skill and bravery, by their confiding country.
+We sometimes find them fitting out double the number of ships specified
+in their charters; and when larger ones were thought necessary, they
+have equipped a smaller number, at an expense equivalent to that which
+their service by tenure demanded. In the reign of Elizabeth they had
+five ships, of one hundred and sixty tons each, at sea for five months,
+entirely at their own charge; and in the reign of Charles the First,
+they fitted out two large ships, which served for two months, and cost
+them more than eighteen hundred pounds.
+
+The honours and privileges granted to the Cinque Ports, in consideration
+of these services, were great and numerous. They were each to send two
+barons to represent them in parliament; they were, by their deputies,
+to hear the canopy over the king's head at his coronation, and to dine
+at the uppermost table, on his right hand, in the great hall; they were
+exempted from subsidies and other aids; their heirs were free from
+personal wardship, notwithstanding any tenure; they were to be impleaded
+in their own towns, and nowhere else; they were to hold pleas and
+actions real and personal; to have conusance of fines; and the power
+of enfranchising villeins; they were exempt from tolls, and had full
+liberty of buying and selling, with many other privileges of less
+importance.
+
+To direct the energies, to enforce the due performance of the important
+services, and to protect the extraordinary privileges of the Ports, an
+officer was created, and styled Lord Warden, Chancellor, and Admiral of
+the Cinque Ports, an officer of such high dignity and honour, that it
+has been sometimes executed by the heirs-apparent to the crown, often by
+princes of the blood royal, and always by persons of the first rank in
+the kingdom.
+
+History affords abundant proof of the early grandeur and importance
+of the Cinque Ports, situated in a district which, from the earliest
+periods of authentic record, has been allowed to be the most fertile,
+and the best cultivated in the kingdom, as well as the principal seat of
+foreign commerce. Here the Roman power in Britain shone in its greatest
+splendour; many good ports were constructed and fortified, large remains
+of which exist to the present time, melancholy indications of the
+instability of all mundane things. The prosperity and importance of this
+district, the chief, or indeed the only, seat of maritime power, at that
+period, cannot be better illustrated than by the fact of Carausius and
+Allectus holding the title of emperors for ten years from the power
+afforded them by the naval force of Britain. But the grandeur of the
+Romans has faded into dimness, and of their magnificence nothing remains
+but mouldering ruins. Their celebrated haven, situated between Kent and
+the Isle of Thanet, which for position, extent, and safety, exceeded any
+which we have remaining, is now lost; and of their other ports, some are
+completely annihilated, others have become very inconsiderable, and all
+very greatly impaired.
+
+Under our Saxon ancestors, by whom the Cinque Ports were first
+chartered, all the havens were open and in good condition, in which
+state they were found by the Normans, who confirmed to the Ports their
+ancient privileges. Through several centuries their prosperity continued
+to increase; the towns were well built, fully inhabited, and in
+possession of a lucrative and extensive commerce; they had many fine
+ships constantly employed, and abounded with hardy and intrepid seamen;
+opulence was visible in their streets, and happiness in their dwellings.
+But times have sadly changed with them. Let us inquire into the causes
+which led to their decay. The first cause is the failing of their
+several havens, some by the desertion of the sea, and others from being
+choked up by the impetuosity of that boisterous and uncertain element.
+The second is the change that has taken place in the method of raising
+and supporting a national marine, now no longer entrusted to the Cinque
+Ports; and the third was from the invasion of their privileges with
+respect to trade.
+
+It is evident from their history that the Cinque Ports were once safe
+and commodious harbours, the decay of which is attributable chiefly to
+the practice of inning or gaining land from the sea; the first attempts
+at which were made upon the estuary into which the river Rother
+discharges itself, between Lydd and Romney. As there were marshes here
+in the time of the Saxons, and as almost all the property in the
+neighbourhood belonged to the church, it is most probable that this
+mischievous practice was first introduced by their clergy. By various
+operations the river was forced into a new channel, and a very strong
+fence, called a ree, was built to ensure its perpetual exclusion.
+The success which attended this operation roused the cupidity of the
+Archbishops of Canterbury, who considering it as an excellent method
+for increasing their property, continued to make large and successful
+inroads on the sea, till the tract of land so gained may be computed
+at between fifty and sixty thousand acres, now become rich and fertile
+pastures, producing good rents, and extremely valuable.
+
+Before these encroachments were effected upon the sea, no contention
+existed between that turbulent element and the shore; but as soon as
+cupidity made inroads upon its ancient boundary, and declared war
+against the order of nature, the effects of its impetuous resentment
+were speedily felt. Whoever supposes he can control old Ocean, or make
+war upon his ancient border with impunity, will find himself mistaken,
+and soon discover that he knew little of the perseverance, the genius,
+or the power of his opponent. It retired from some towns and places
+where they intended it should remain, and overflowed or washed away
+others grown rich by its bounty; here it fretted and undermined the
+shore till it fell, and there it cast up beach and sand, covering a
+good soil with that which is both disagreeable and useless; and instead
+of being the source of industry and wealth, it became the engine of
+destruction and terror. Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Rye, and Winchelsea,
+with their dependencies, are now totally gone as ports, and greatly
+diminished in wealth and consequence. Winchelsea was once so large and
+handsome, that Elizabeth, during one of her progresses, bestowed upon it
+the appellation of Little London. Hythe formerly contained seven parish
+churches, now reduced to one. Rye and Romney look as if the plague had
+been raging through their dull and gloomy streets, and had carried
+off nearly all the population. Hastings, though still flourishing
+as a town, owes its prosperity to its having become a fashionable
+sea-bathing-place; for as to a port or haven, there is not a vestige of
+one remaining. Thus it will be seen that private individuals, for their
+own benefit, have been suffered to gain from the sea fifty thousand
+acres of pasture land, at a cost to the nation of five safe and
+commodious harbours, and the ruin of their several towns; thus reversing
+the political maxim, that private interest ought to give way to public
+benefit.
+
+Similar in state to the five towns just named, is the once-celebrated
+and commodious port and town of Sandwich, now distant a mile and a half
+from the sea. This circumstance, also, is not attributable to any
+natural decline or desertion of the water, but to the long-continued
+exertions of individuals, for the purpose of gaining land from that
+estuary which formerly divided Kent from the Isle of Thanet. The estuary
+is no more, and deplorable are the consequences which have followed its
+loss; for towns have dwindled into villages, and villages into solitary
+farm-houses, throughout the entire district through which it flowed;
+trade and commerce have declined, and population has suffered a most
+extensive and frightful reduction.
+
+In exchange for the ancient prosperity of this neighbourhood, we have
+large fens or salt marshes, rich in fertility and malaria; but in this,
+as in the former contest, the sea has had the best of it; for Bede has
+clearly expressed in his writings that "the Isle of Thanet was of
+considerable bigness, containing, according to the English way of
+reckoning, 600 families." Supposing, therefore, a family or a hide of
+land to contain only 64 acres, the smallest quantity taken by any author
+of credit, the quantity of land, at the time he wrote, will amount to
+38,400 acres; which, exclusive of the salt marshes, is double the
+quantity contained in the island at the present time; we have,
+therefore, lost more land than we have gained, and, most unfortunately,
+the safe and eligible port of Sandwich into the bargain.
+
+The port of the town of Sandwich, was for centuries one of the best and
+most frequented in the realm, producing to the revenue of the customs
+between sixteen and seventeen thousand pounds. But with the decay of
+her haven, commerce declined, and the revenue became so small, "that it
+was scarcely sufficent to satisfy the customer of his fee:" a dull and
+melancholy gloom is now spread through all her streets, and around her
+walls, where, during the times that her haven was good and her woollen
+manufactures were prosperous, naught was visible but activity, industry,
+and opulence. Her sun has been long and darkly eclipsed; but with a
+little well-directed exertion on the part of her inhabitants, and a
+moderate expenditure, it might be made to shine again, though not,
+perhaps, in all the brilliancy of its former splendour.[6]
+
+Dover, the other port remaining to be noticed, is certainly a
+flourishing town at present; but to what does it owe its prosperity? Not
+to any of its advantages as one of the Cinque Ports, but to the
+circumstances of its being the port of communication with out Gallic
+neighbours, and to its having become frequented for the purpose of
+sea-bathing, which latter is a recent event. As a sea-bathing place it
+is likely it may appear cheerful and gay, even when the Continent is
+closed against us; but before it became a candidate for the favour of
+the migratory hordes of the summer months, it was, during the period of
+a war with France, one of the dullest towns in the kingdom.
+
+The last calamity which I shall notice, is the attack which was made
+upon their home trade. They were, by their charter, to have full liberty
+of buying and selling, which privilege was opposed by the citizens of
+London, who disputed their right to buy and sell freely their woollens
+in Blackwell Hall. The charter of the ports is one hundred years older
+than that of London, but, notwithstanding this priority of right, the
+citizens of London prevailed. The result was indeed calamitous, for
+after the decay of the haven, the chief source of prosperity to the town
+of Sandwich consisted in the woollen manufactures, and as the freedom of
+buying and selling was now denied, the manufacturers immediately
+removed, and were soon followed by the owners of the trading vessels,
+and the merchants; and thus basely deprived of those advantages from
+which arose their ancient opulence and splendour, they sank with
+rapidity into that insignificance and poverty which have unfortunately
+remained their inseparable companions up to the present hour. Among the
+princes who have executed the high and honourable office of Lord Warden
+of the Cinque Ports, we find the names of the brave and unfortunate
+Harold, in the time of the Confessor, and Edward, Prince of Wales, in
+the time of Henry III. Henry V., when Prince of Wales, held this office,
+which was afterwards filled by Humphry, Duke of Gloucester. James II.,
+when Duke of York, was Lord Warden, as was also Prince George of
+Denmark, with many other princes of the royal blood. In celebrated names
+among the nobility, the catalogue of Lords Warden is eminently rich.
+The family of Fiennes occurs frequently, as does also that of Montfort.
+Hugh Bigod; several of the family of Cobham, as well as the names of
+Burghersh, De Grey, Beauchamp, Basset, and De Burgh, are studded over
+the calendar, in the early reigns. Edward, Lord Zouch, and George, Duke
+of Buckingham, were Lords Warden in the reign of James I.; since that
+period the office has been filled by the Duke of Ormond; the Earl of
+Holdernesse, whose attention to the advantages of the ports was great;
+Lord North, the late Mr. Pitt, whose affability and condescension,
+added to a real regard for the prosperity of the Cinque Ports, and
+an unremitted attention to the duties of the Wardenship, gained him
+universal esteem; and lastly, by that honest and respected stateman, the
+late Earl of Liverpool. The mantle of the ports has now fallen on his
+Grace the Duke of Wellington, than whose name there does not exist a
+greater in the catalogue of Lords Warden. The public spirit displayed
+by the Duke, since his wardenship, cannot be too widely known, nor too
+highly applauded,--his grace having paid into the Treasury, for the
+public service, the whole amount of the proceeds of his office, as Lord
+Warden, thus furnishing a noble example of magnanimity and
+disinterestedness.
+
+    [6] We believe that measures are in progress for re-establishing
+        the commercial importance of Sandwich, by the restoration of
+        the once celebrated haven. The town, we may add, is noble in
+        its decay; for, among the jurats and burgesses are several
+        worthy and opulent retired merchants, who would doubtless
+        rejoice in the revival of Sandwich, for the welfare of their
+        more aspiring townsmen,--_Ed. M._
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DRYBURGH ABBEY.
+
+[The clever stanzas transferred from a late number of the _Literary
+Gazette_ to No. 572 of _the Mirror_, are from the spirited pen
+of Mr. Charles Swain: they are the most poetical and appropriate of the
+tributes yet inscribed to the memory of Sir Walter Scott, although this
+is but mean praise compared with their merit. In the _Gazette_ of
+Saturday last, the following additions are suggested by two different
+correspondents, "though," as the editor observes, "they are offered with
+great modesty by their authors."]
+
+
+  And after these, with hand in hand, the Sisters Troil appear;
+  Poor "Mina's" cheek was deadly pale, in "Brenda's" eye a tear;
+  And "Norna," in a sable vest, sang wild a funeral cry,
+  And waved aloft a bough of yew, in solemn mystery.
+
+  "George Heriot" crap'd, and "Jenkin Vin" with prentice-cap in hand--
+  Ev'en "Lady Palla" left her shrine to join that funeral band;
+  But hood and veil conceal'd her form--yet, hark! in whisper's tone
+  She breathes a Christian's holy prayer for the mighty spirit flown.
+
+  A wail!--a hollow, churchyard wail!--a wild weird-sister's cry!--
+  Ah! "Annie Winnie," thou too here?--and "Alice?"--vanish--fly!
+  "Not so," they shrieked, "we'll see the corse--the bonny corse;
+          'twas meet--
+  And pity 'twas we were not there to bind his  winding sheet."
+
+  Old "Owen" passed with tottering step, and lost and wandering looks;
+  "He's balanced his account," he cried, "and closed his earthly books;"
+  Bold "Loxley," with his bow unbent--unhelm'd "Le Belafre,"
+  Together pass'd--the archer wiped one silent tear away.
+
+  Stern "Bridgenorth," with his daughter's arm hung on his own, stalk'd by;
+  The blushing "Alice" veils her face from "Julian Peveril's" eye:
+  "Alack-a-day," 'Daft Davie' cries--"come, follow, follow me,
+  We'll strew his grave with cowslip buds and blooming rosemary."
+
+  In distance from the mournful throng, like stars of other spheres,
+  The lovely "Mary Stuart" pays the homage of her tears,
+  With "Cath'rine Seymore" at the shrine of Scotia's dearest name,
+  And with her bends the "Douglas'" knees, with bold young "Roland Graeme."
+
+  But hark! what fairy melody comes wafted on the gale--
+  Oh! 'tis "Fenella's" sighing lute, in notes of woe and wail:
+  "Claud Halero" catches at the strain, and mourns the minstrel gone,
+  "His spirit rest in peace where sleeps the shade of glorious John!"
+
+  With spattered cloak, the ladies' knight, the gallant "Rawleigh" see,
+  "Sir Creveceux's" plume waves by his side, and "Durward's" fleur-de-lis;
+  There "Janet" leans on "Foster's" arm--e'en "Varney's" treacherous eye
+  Is moistened with a tear that speaks remorse's agony.
+
+  Next, muffled in his sable cloak, "Tressilian" wends his way,
+  His slouching hat denies his brow the cheering light of day;
+  See how he dogs the proud earl's steps, as "Leicester" bears along
+  The lovely "Amy" on his arm through that sad mournful throng.
+
+  There "Lillias" pass'd with fairy step, in hood and mantle green,
+  Her sire, "Redgauntlet's" eagle eye is fixed on her, I ween;
+  And "Wandering Willie" doffs his cap, to raise his sightless eye
+  To Heaven, and cried, "God rest his soul in yonder sunny sky!"
+
+  Here "Donald Lean," with fillibeg and tartan-skirted knee;
+  There pale was "Cleveland," as he slept by Stromness' howling sea;
+  With faltering step crept "Trapbois" by, with drooping palsied head,
+  More like a charnel truant stray'd from regions of the dead.
+
+  And thus they pass, a mournful train, the "squire," the "belted knight,"
+  The "hood and cowl," the ladies' page, and woman's image bright;
+  In distance now the solemn notes their requiem's chant prolong,
+  And now 'tis hush'd--to other ears they bear their funeral song.
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+  "Two beauteous sisters, side by side, their wonted station kept;
+  The dark-eyed 'Minna' look'd to Heaven, the gentle 'Brenda' wept;
+  Wild 'Norna,' in her mantle wrapp'd, with noiseless step mov'd on,
+  'Claud Halcro' in his grief awhile forgot e'en glorious 'John.'
+
+  The princely 'Saladin' appear'd, aside his splendour laid,
+  And only by his graceful mien and piercing glance betray'd;
+  The lofty 'Edith,' followed by the silent 'Nubian slave,'
+  Dropp'd lightly, as she pass'd, a wreath upon the poet's grave."
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE TOPOGRAPHER.
+
+
+[Illustration: LESTINGHAM CHURCH.]
+
+
+LESTINGHAM CHURCH.
+
+
+(_From a Correspondent._)
+
+
+Lestingham, which is supposed to signify _lasting-home_, is a village
+near Kirkby Moorside, Yorkshire, the scene of Buckingham's death, so
+caricatured by Pope in his _Dunciad_. It is remarkable on account
+of its church, which is a most interesting edifice to the antiquary,
+exhibiting a true specimen of Saxon architecture. The east end
+terminates in a semicircular recess for the altar, resembling the
+tribune of the Roman basilica. It was here that Cedd, bishop of the East
+Saxons, or London, founded a monastery for Benedictines, about the year
+648, or, some say, 655. The church of Lestingham was the first which was
+built in this district, or the first of which we have any account. It
+was originally constructed of wood, and it was not till many years after
+that a stone one was erected.
+
+Cedd was a Saxon missionary, educated at the monastery of Lindisfarne,
+now Holy Island, not far from Bamburgh, the capital of Bernicia.
+Ethelwald, king of Deira, knowing Cedd to be a man of real piety,
+desired him to accept some land for the building of a monastery, at
+which the king might attend to pray. Cedd availed himself of the
+proposal, and chose Lestingham. Having fixed on the spot for the site of
+the sanctuary, he resolved to consecrate it by fasting and prayer all the
+Lent; eating nothing except on the Lord's day, until evening; and then
+only a little bread, an egg, and a small quantity of milk diluted with
+water; he then began the building. He established in it the same
+discipline observed at Lindisfarne. Cedd governed his diocese many
+years; and died of a plague, when on a visit to his favourite monastery
+at Lindisfarne, where he had been ordained bishop by Finan; he was
+interred here, 664, but his remains were taken up, and re-interred in
+the present church, on the right side of the altar.
+
+[Illustration: (_The Crypt._)]
+
+The present Saxon church contains many relics of antiquity; as painted
+glass, ancient inscriptions, &c.; but the most remarkable feature
+of is interior is the celebrated crypt, or vault, formerly used as a
+depository for the venerated relics of canonized prelates. At the east
+end of this subterraneous retreat, from the window through which the
+light faintly gleams, the scene is interesting to astonishment. Here
+you perceive the massy arches ranged in perspective on huge cylindrical
+pillars, with variously sculptured capitals, each differing from the
+other, and all in the real Saxon style; to this add the groined roof,
+and the stairs at the west end, leading up into the church, enveloped in
+a luminous obscurity, from the scanty light admitted by the window at
+the east end. From the account given by Venerable Bede, that the body
+of Cedd was interred on the right of the altar, we may suppose that the
+crypt was built after the erection of the church, though the time cannot
+be ascertained.
+
+About fifty years ago, the remaining part of the venerable monastery,
+founded by Cedd, was razed, and its walls, hallowed by the dust of the
+holy brotherhood, furnished materials for building. The Rev. W. Ellis,
+the then incumbent, whose indignation, at the circumstance, was
+unbounded, wrote some Latin verses on the subject; but they have been
+lost in the stream of time, and, like the ashes of the hand that wrote
+them, cannot be found.
+
+The late Mr. Jackson, R.A., was a native of the village of Lestingham;
+and, with feelings of regard for the land of his childhood, he proposed
+to execute a painting, as an altar-piece for the church. His Grace the
+archbishop of York and the Rev. F. Wrangham, were consulted on the
+subject, and gave it their approval; but, we believe, the meritorious
+artist died before he had finished the painting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WILD SPORTS OF THE WEST.
+
+This book is a grievous failure--that is, if the merits of books are to
+be adjudged with their titles. The writer is the author of _Stories of
+Waterloo_, from whom better things might have been expected. He has
+taken for his model, Mr. Lloyd's really excellent _Field Sports of the
+North of Europe_; but he has woefully missed his mark. The title of
+the work before us is equivocal: a reader might as reasonably expect the
+Sports of the Western World, as adventures in Ireland, such as make up
+the present volumes. What we principally complain of is the paucity of
+Sports among their contents. It is true that the title also promises
+Legendary Tales and Local Sketches, but here they are the substance, and
+the Wild Sports mere shadow. We have too little of "the goodly rivers,"
+"all sorts of fish," "the sweet islands and goodly lakes, like little
+inland seas," "of the most beautiful and sweet countrey," as Spenser
+phrases it in the author's title-page; and there is not so much as the
+author promises in his preface, of shooting the wild moors and fishing
+the waters, of days spent by "fell and flood," and light and joyous
+nights in mountain bivouacs and moorland huts. There is too much
+hearsay, and storytelling not to the purpose, and trifling gossip of
+"exquisite potatoes" and "rascally sherry"--details which would disgrace
+a half-crown guide book, and ought certainly not to be set forth with
+spaced large type in hotpressed octavos at a costly rate. Nevertheless,
+the work may suit club-room tables and circulating libraries, though it
+will not be allowed place for vivid display of Wild Sports. We quote two
+extracts--one, a narrative which the author knows to be substantially
+true; the other, relating to the attack of eagles, (though we omit the
+oft-told tale of the peasant attempting to rob an eagle's nest, and his
+hair turning white with fright):--
+
+
+_The Blind Seal._
+
+About forty years ago a young seal was taken in Clew Bay, and
+domesticated in the kitchen of a gentleman whose house was situated on
+the sea-shore. It grew apace, became familiar with the servants, and
+attached to the house and family; its habits were innocent and gentle,
+it played with the children, came at its master's call, and, as the old
+man described him to me, was "fond as a dog, and playful as a kitten."
+
+Daily the seal went out to fish, and after providing for his own wants,
+frequently brought in a salmon or turbot to his master. His delight in
+summer was to bask in the sun, and in winter to lie before the fire, or,
+if permitted, creep into the large oven, which at that time formed the
+regular appendage of an Irish kitchen.
+
+For four years the seal had been thus domesticated, when, unfortunately,
+a disease, called in this country _the crippawn_--a kind of
+paralytic affection of the limbs which generally ends fatally--attacked
+some black cattle belonging to the master of the house; some died others
+became infected, and the customary cure produced by changing them to
+drier pasture failed. A wise woman was consulted, and the hag assured
+the credulous owner, that the mortality among his cows was occasioned
+by his retaining an unclean beast about his habitation--the harmless
+and amusing seal. It must be made away with directly, or the crippawn
+would continue, and her charms be unequal to avert the malady. The
+superstitious wretch consented to the hag's proposal; the seal was put
+on board a boat, carried out beyond Clare Island, and there committed to
+the deep, to manage for himself as he best could. The boat returned, the
+family retired to rest, and next morning a servant awakened her master
+to tell him that the seal was quietly sleeping in the oven. The poor
+animal over night came back to his beloved home, crept through an open
+window, and took possession of his favourite resting-place.
+
+Next morning another cow was reported to be unwell. The seal must now
+be finally removed; a Galway fishing-boat was leaving Westport on her
+return home, and the master undertook to carry off the seal, and not
+put him overboard until he had gone leagues beyond Innis Boffin. It was
+done--a day and night passed; the second evening closed--the servant
+was raking the fire for the night--something scratched gently at the
+door--it was of course the house-dog---she opened it, and in came the
+seal! Wearied with his long and unusual voyage, he testified by a
+peculiar cry, expressive of pleasure, his delight to find himself at
+home, then stretching himself before the glowing embers of the hearth
+he fell into a deep sleep.
+
+The master of the house was immediately apprized of this unexpected
+and unwelcome visit. In the exigency, the beldame was awakened and
+consulted; she averred that it was always unlucky to kill a seal, but
+suggested that the animal should be deprived of sight, and a third time
+carried out to sea. To this hellish proposition the besotted wretch who
+owned the house consented, and the affectionate and confiding creature
+was cruelly robbed of sight, on that hearth for which he had resigned
+his native element! Next morning, writhing in agony, the mutilated seal
+was embarked, taken outside Clare Island, and for the last time
+committed to the waves.
+
+A week passed over, and things became worse instead of better; the
+cattle of the truculent wretch died fast, and the infernal hag gave
+him the pleasurable tidings that her arts were useless, and that the
+destructive visitation upon his cattle exceeded her skill and cure.
+
+On the eighth night after the seal had been devoted to the Atlantic, it
+blew tremendously. In the pauses of the storm a wailing noise at times
+was faintly heard at the door; the servants, who slept in the kitchen,
+concluded that the _Banshee_ came to forewarn them of an approaching
+death, and buried their heads in the bed-coverings. When morning broke
+the door was opened--the seal was there lying dead upon the threshold!"
+
+"Stop, Julius!" I exclaimed, "give me a moment's time to curse all
+concerned in this barbarism."
+
+"Be patient, Frank," said my cousin, "the _finale_ will probably
+save you that trouble. The skeleton of the once plump animal--for, poor
+beast, it perished from hunger, being incapacitated from blindness to
+procure its customary food--was buried in a sand-hill, and from that
+moment misfortunes followed the abettors and perpetrators of this
+inhuman deed. The detestable hag, who had denounced the inoffensive
+seal, was, within a twelvemonth, hanged for murdering the illegitimate
+offspring of her own daughter. Every thing about this devoted house
+melted away--sheep rotted, cattle died, 'and blighted was the corn.'
+Of several children none reached maturity, and the savage proprietor
+survived every thing he loved or cared for. He died _blind_ and
+miserable.
+
+"There is not a stone of that accursed building standing upon another.
+The property has passed to a family of a different name, and the series
+of incessant calamity which pursued all concerned in this cruel deed is
+as romantic as true."
+
+
+_Visit to the Eagle's Cliff, in Inniskea._
+
+We ascended the hill (while the crew were clearing and baiting their
+spillets) in the vague hope of getting a shot at these predatory birds,
+of whose spoliations we had heard so much on the preceding evening.
+
+On reaching the bottom of the rock, in whose face the aerie stands, we
+discovered that the old birds were absent, and as the nest was formed in
+a deep fissure, we could not ascertain its situation exactly. But that
+the eagles' dwelling was above us was evident, enough: the base of the
+cliff was strewn with bones and feathers, and the accumulation of both
+was extraordinary. The bones of rabbits, hares, and domestic fowls, were
+most numerous, but those of smaller game, and various sorts of fish,
+were visible among the heap.
+
+Many attempts are annually made to destroy this predatory family. It is
+impossible to rob the nest. Situated two hundred feet above the base of
+the rock, it is of course unapproachable from below, and as the cliffs
+beetle over it frightfully, to assail it from above would be a hazardous
+essay. An enterprising peasant, some years since, was let down by a rope
+and basket,--but he was fiercely attacked by the old birds, and the
+basket nearly overturned. Fortunately the cord was strong and had
+sufficient length to allow his being lowered rapidly, or he would have
+undoubtedly sustained some bodily injury from the wings and talons of
+those enraged and savage birds.
+
+The village of Dugurth suffers heavily from its unfortunate proximity to
+the aerie. When the wind blows from a favourable point, the eagle in the
+grey of morning sweeps through the cabins, and never fails in carrying
+off some prey.
+
+To black fowls eagles appear particularly attached, and the villagers
+avoid as much as possible rearing birds of that colour.
+
+A few days before, one of the coast-guard, alarmed by the cries of a
+boy, rushed from the watch-house; the eagle had taken up a black hen,
+and, as he passed within a few yards, the man flung his cap at him. The
+eagle dropped the bird; it was quite dead, however, the talons having
+shattered the back-bone. The villagers say (with what truth I know not)
+that turkeys are never taken.
+
+That the eagle is extremely destructive to fish, and particularly so to
+salmon, many circumstances would prove. They are constantly discovered
+watching the fords in the spawning season, and are seen to seize and
+carry off the fish. One curious anecdote I heard from my friend the
+priest. Some years since a herdsman, on a very sultry day in July, while
+looking for a missing sheep, observed an eagle posted on a bank that
+overhung a pool. Presently the bird stooped and seized a salmon, and a
+violent struggle ensued; when the herd reached the spot, he found the
+eagle pulled under water by the strength of the fish, and the calmness
+of the day, joined to drenched plumage, rendered him unable to extricate
+himself. With a stone the peasant broke the eagle's pinion, and actually
+secured the spoiler and his victim, for he found the salmon dying in his
+grasp.
+
+When shooting on Lord Sligo's mountains, near the Killeries, I heard
+many particulars of the eagle's habit and history from a grey-haired
+peasant who had passed a long life in these wilds. The scarcity of
+hares, which here were once abundant, he attributed to the rapacity of
+those birds; and he affirmed, that when in pursuit of these animals, the
+eagle evinced a degree of intelligence that appeared extraordinary. They
+coursed the hares, he said, with great judgment and certain success; one
+bird was the active follower, while the other remained in reserve, at
+the distance of forty or fifty yards. If the hare, by a sudden turn,
+freed himself from his most pressing enemy, the second bird instantly
+took up the chase, and thus prevented the victim from having a moment's
+respite.
+
+He had remarked the eagles also while they were engaged in fishing.
+They chose a small ford upon the rivulet which connects Glencullen with
+Glandullagh, and posted on either side waited patiently for the salmon
+to pass over. Their watch was never fruitless,--and many a salmon, in
+its transit from the sea to the lake, was transferred from his native
+element to the wild aerie in the Alpine cliff; that beetles over the
+romantic waters of Glencullen.
+
+[The volumes are handsomely printed, and embellished with aqua-tint
+plates and clever vignettes: some of the latter, by Bagg, are spirited
+performances on wood.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PETER THE GREAT.
+
+
+[What a mine of adventure and incident is the life of this extraordinary
+man. A modern French writer enumerates 95 authors who have treated of
+his actions, and concludes the list with _et cetera_ threefold.
+What a field for the editors of the compilation libraries--wherein they
+may store their little garners or volumes to advantage. Such has the
+editor of the _Family Library_ done in the volume before us; although
+he has only consulted one-fourth of the above number of authorities
+for his memoir of the life of the Tzar. He prefaces with the modest
+observation that he has done little more than bring together and arrange
+the scattered fragments of Histories, Lives, Anecdotes, and Notices, in
+manuscript and in print, "of one of the most extraordinary characters
+that ever appeared on the great theatre of the world, in any age or
+country;--a Being full of contradictions, yet consistent in all that he
+did; a promoter of literature, arts, and sciences, yet without education
+himself; the civilizer of his people, 'he gave a polish,' says Voltaire,
+'to his nation, and was Himself a savage; he taught his people the art
+of war, of which he was himself ignorant; from the first glance of a
+small cock-boat, at the distance of five hundred miles of the nearest
+sea, he became an expert ship-builder, created a powerful fleet, partly
+constructed with his own hands, made himself an active and expert
+sailor, a skilful pilot, a great captain: in short, he changed the
+manners, the habits, the laws of the people, and very face of the
+country." How different is this course of activity to the usual
+luxurious lives of the sovereigns of civilized countries: how ill
+assort Peter's "savage" notions with the accomplished ease and personal
+elegance of a succeeding autocrat: how wide is the contrast between
+Peter's ship-building education, and the youth of a prince passed
+amidst court corruptionists--or pilotage over the boundless ocean, and
+launching gilded pleasure-boats upon an unruffled lake; personally
+watching the welfare of his subjects, or slinking into retirement, and
+leaving their interests to the intrigues of party. Yet, such are a few
+of the opposite characteristics--the every-day occupations--of the great
+Tzar of Russia, and of the kingships of the last and present centuries.
+
+The events of the life of Peter may be well known in detail to the
+reader of the history of modern Europe. Yet they must be gathered from
+many volumes; while in the above little book we have them brought in
+amusing and sufficiently copious narrative, within 350 pages. We have
+here the Tzar's war with Sweden--Narva, Pultowa, and the Pruth; but the
+incidents that will prove most interesting to the _Family_ readers
+are the domestic habits--the unkingly life of Peter; and above all, his
+visit to England--how he drank deeply of pepper and brandy, lodged in
+Buckingham-street, Strand; spoiled Mr. Evelyn's holly hedge at Sayes;
+and peeped from the roof of the House of Lords at the King upon his
+throne. We shall therefore endeavour to abridge a few of these
+entertaining anecdotic details from the chapter devoted to the Tzar's
+stay in England.]
+
+Two ships of war and a yacht, under the orders of Admiral Mitchell, were
+despatched to Helvoetsluys to bring over the Tzar, who, with his suite,
+consisting of Menzikoff and some others, whose names are not mentioned,
+embarked at that port on the 18th of January, 1698, and on the 21st
+reached London. Here no secret was attempted to be made of his rank, but
+he requested to be treated only as a private gentleman; and it is
+remarkable enough that, though he paid frequent visits to the King, and
+attended his court, his name never once appears in the only official
+paper which then, as indeed now, was and is in existence, the London
+Gazette. Lord Shrewsbury, at this time, was Secretary of State for
+Foreign Affairs; but as the Tzar came not in any public character, he
+appears to have been placed under the especial charge of the Marquess
+Carmarthen, who was made lord president of the Council in the following
+year. Between this nobleman and Peter a very considerable intimacy took
+place, which was uninterrupted during the Tzar's abode in England. A
+large house was hired for him and his suite at the bottom of
+York-buildings where, it is stated in a private letter, the Marquess and
+he used to spend their evenings together frequently in drinking "hot
+pepper and brandy." The great failing of Peter, indeed, was his love of
+strong liquors. We find in one of the papers of the day, that he took a
+particular fancy to the nectar ambrosia, "the new cordial so called,
+which the author, or compounder of it, presented him with, and that his
+Majesty sent for more of it."
+
+Of the proceedings of the Tzar, during the four months he remained
+in England, very little is recorded in the few journals or other
+publications of that day; the former consisting chiefly of the
+_Postmaster_, the _Postman_, and the _Postboy_.
+
+In the _Postboy_ it is stated that, on the day after his arrival,
+the Tzar of Muscovy was at Kensington, to see his Majesty at dinner, as
+also the court; but he was all the while _incognito._ And on the
+Saturday following he was at the playhouse, to see the opera; that on
+the Friday night the revels ended at the Temple, the same being
+concluded by a fine masquerade, at which the Tzar of Muscovy was
+present; that on the following Sunday he went in a hackney-coach to
+Kensington, and returned at night to his lodgings in Norfolk-street,[7]
+where he was attended by several of the King's servants.
+
+His movements, during the rest of the month, were a journey to Woolwich
+and Deptford, to see the docks and yards; then to the theatre, to see
+the Rival Queens, or Alexander the Great; to St. James's, to be present
+at a fine ball; and, it is further stated that he was about to remove
+from Norfolk-street (York buildings) to Redriff, where a ship was
+building for him; and that he was about to go to Chatham, to see a
+man-of-war launched, which he was to name; and that on the 15th of
+February, accompanied by the Marquess of Carmarthen, he went to
+Deptford, and having spent some time on board the "Royal Transport,"
+they were afterwards splendidly treated by Admiral Mitchell. These are
+the principal notices concerning the Tzar Peter contained in the
+_Postboy._
+
+It is evident that London could not be very agreeable to him, on two
+accounts; first, because his great object in coming here was to see our
+dock-yard establishments, and to profit also by observing our mode of
+making draughts of ships, and laying them off in the mould-loft; and to
+acquire some knowledge in the theory of naval architecture and
+navigation, which he had heard, when in Holland, was superior to what he
+had seen or could obtain in that country, though it was assumed that the
+mechanical part of finishing and putting together a ship was there fully
+equal, if not superior, to ours.
+
+In the next place, he was equally annoyed by the crowds he was
+continually meeting in the streets of London, as he had been in
+Amsterdam, and which he could not bear with becoming patience. It is
+said that, as he was one day walking along the Strand, with his friend
+the Marquess of Carmarthen, a porter, with a hod on his shoulder, rudely
+pushed against him and drove him into the kennel. He was extremely
+indignant, and ready to knock him down; but the Marquess interfering,
+asked the man what he meant, and if he knew whom he had so rudely run
+against, and "that it was the Tzar." The porter, turning round, replied,
+with a grin, "Tzar! we are all Tzars here." But that which annoyed him
+most of all, was the intrusion of our countrymen into his lodgings, and
+into the room even where he was eating, to which they gained access
+through the king's servants. Disgusted at their impertinent curiosity
+he would sometimes rise from table, and leave the room in a rage. To
+prevent this intrusion, he strictly charged his domestics not to admit
+any persons whatever let their rank be what it might. A kind of forced
+interview, however, was obtained by two Quakers, the account of which,
+as given by one of them, is singular and interesting.
+
+One month's residence having satisfied Peter as to what was to be seen
+in London, and having expressed a strong desire to be near some of the
+King's dockyards, it was arranged that a suitable residence should be
+found near one of the river establishments; and the house of the
+celebrated Mr. Evelyn, close to Deptford Dock-yard, being about to
+become vacant, by the removal of Admiral Benbow, who was then its
+tenant, it was immediately taken for the residence of the Tzar and
+his suite; and a doorway was broken through the boundary wall of
+the dock-yard, to afford a direct communication between it and the
+dwelling-house. This place had then the name of Saye's Court. It was the
+delight of Evelyn, and the wonder and admiration of all men of taste at
+that time. The grounds are described, in the life of the Lord Keeper
+Guildford, "as most boscaresque, being, as it were, an exemplary of
+his (Evelyn's) book of forest trees." Admiral Benbow had given great
+dissatisfaction to the proprietor as a tenant, for he observes in his
+Diary--"I have the mortification of seeing, every day, much of my labour
+and expense there impairing from want of a more polite tenant." It
+appears, however, that the princely occupier was not a more "polite
+tenant" than the rough sailor had been, for Mr. Evelyn's servant thus
+writes to him,--"There is a house full of people _right nasty._ The
+Tzar lies next your library, and dines in the parlour next your study.
+He dines at ten o'clock and six at night; is very seldom at home a whole
+day; very often in the King's yard, or by water, dressed in several
+dresses. The King is expected there this day; the best parlour is pretty
+clean for him to be entertained in. The King pays for all he has."[8]
+But this was not all: Mr. Evelyn had a favourite holly-hedge, through
+which, it is said, the Tzar, by way of exercise, used to be in the habit,
+every morning, of trundling a wheel-barrow. Mr. Evelyn probably alludes
+to this in the following passage, wherein he asks, "Is there, under the
+heavens, a more glorious and refreshing object, of the kind, than an
+impregnable hedge, of about four hundred feet in length, nine feet high,
+and five in diameter, which I can still show in my ruined garden at
+Saye's Court (thanks to the Tzar of Muscovy), at any time of the year,
+glittering with its armed and variegated leaves; the taller standards,
+at orderly distances, blushing with their natural coral? It mocks the
+rudest assaults of the weather, beasts, or hedge-breakers,--et ilium
+nemo impune lacessit."[9]
+
+Alas! for the glory of the glittering hollies, trimmed hedges, and long
+avenues of Saye's Court; Time, that great innovator, has demolished them
+all, and Evelyn's favourite haunts and enchanting grounds have been
+transformed into cabbage gardens; that portion of the Victualling-yard
+where oxen and hogs are slaughtered and salted for the use of the navy,
+now occupies the place of the shady walks and the trimmed hedges, which
+the good old Evelyn so much delighted in; and on the site of the ancient
+mansion now stands the common parish workhouse of Deptford Stroud.
+
+We have little evidence that the Tzar, during his residence here,
+ever worked as a shipwright; it would seem he was employed rather in
+acquiring information on matters connected with naval architecture, from
+that intelligent commissioner of the navy and surveyor, Sir Anthony
+Deane, who, after the Marquess of Carmarthen, was his most intimate
+English acquaintance. His fondness for sailing and managing boats,
+however, was as eager here as in Holland; and these gentlemen were
+almost daily with him on the Thames, sometimes in a sailing yacht, and
+at others rowing in boats,--an exercise in which both the Tzar and the
+Marquess are said to have excelled. The Navy Board received directions
+from the Admiralty to hire two vessels, to be at the command of the
+Tzar, whenever he should think proper to sail on the Thames, to improve
+himself in seamanship. In addition to these, the King made him a present
+of the "Royal Transport," with orders to have such alterations and
+accommodations made in her, as his Tzarish Majesty might desire, and
+also to change her masts, rigging, sails, &c., in any such way as he
+might think proper for improving her sailing qualities. But his great
+delight was to get into a small decked boat, belonging to the Dock-yard,
+and taking only Menzikoff, and three or four others of his suite, to
+work the vessel with them, he being the helmsman; by this practice he
+said he should be able to teach them how to command ships when they
+got home. Having finished their day's work, they used to resort to a
+public-house in Great Tower-street, close to Tower Hill, to smoke their
+pipes and drink beer and brandy. The landlord had the Tzar of Muscovy's
+head painted and put up for his sign, which continued till the year
+1808, when a person of the name of Waxel took a fancy to the old sign,
+and offered the then occupier of the house to paint him a new one for
+it. A copy was accordingly made from the original, which maintains its
+station to the present day, as the sign of the "Tzar of Muscovy,"
+looking like a true Tartar.
+
+(_To be concluded in our next._)
+
+    [7] This is an oversight of the Editor, as the Tzar resided in the
+        last house in Buckingham-street, towards the river on the east
+        side. It is a handsome mansion, containing some very spacious
+        apartments, with some few relics of its original decoration.
+        Upon the site of this and the adjoining streets was formerly a
+        palace of the archbishops of York, the only vestige of which is
+        the water-gate, called York Stairs erected by Inigo Jones.
+        Throughout the narrative it will be seen that the Editor has
+        mistaken Norfolk-street for Buckingham-street.--_Ed. M._
+
+    [8] Memoirs of J. Evelyn.
+
+
+    [9] Evelyn's Sylva.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STOMACH OF THE OSTRICH.
+
+(_To the Editor_.)
+
+
+Allow me to add, as a further illustration of the various and uncommon
+substances sometimes found in the stomach of the Ostrich, mentioned at
+page 262 of _The Mirror_, a fact which came under my own observation a
+few months since, on the occasion of dissecting two full-grown birds
+intended for the Surrey Zoological Gardens; but, which died while
+performing quarantine in Stangate Creek. On opening the maw, the stomach
+appeared distended to its fullest extent, and contained not less than
+half a bushel of various substances, besides a large quantity of the
+usual food in an undigested state, as, maize, barley, potatoes, onions,
+&c. There was nearly a peck of stones, most of which were as smooth
+and as highly polished as if they had passed through the hands of the
+lapidary; a sample of which I enclose you. Among this mass I found
+portions of tobacco-pipe, pieces of china and glass, brass buttons,
+copper coins, nails, and what most likely caused the death of the bird,
+a large quantity apparently of the head of a woollen mop, with portions
+of oakum, which from its size and quantity had proved too much for the
+bird to digest. It would appear, however, that many substances remain
+for years in the folds of the stomach, without injury; as on opening
+an Ostrich that died at Exeter 'Change after being some years in the
+possession of Mr. Cross, there were found besides a large quantity of
+rubbish, a handful of buttons, nails, marbles, stones, several keys,
+the brass handle of a door, a copper extinguisher, a sailor's knife, a
+butcher's hook, an iron comb, with penny pieces and coins to the amount
+of 3_s._ 4-1/2_d._; and besides these various articles, there
+were several cowries, glass beads, such as are used for the purposes
+of traffic by the natives of the Barbary Coast, whence the bird was
+brought; and it never having had the opportunity of getting at such
+articles while in a state of confinement, little doubt remains of their
+having been swallowed by the bird while in its native country.
+
+Another instance may be added of a full grown Ostrich, that was for some
+time in the possession of the Consul of Tripoli: during the period of
+the bird remaining at his house, a silver snuff box, of considerable
+size and value, was missing, and many were the persons suspected of
+having stolen it. The bird was after the lapse of a few months shipped
+as a present on board a frigate, and died during the voyage. The captain
+had it opened to ascertain if possible the cause of its death, when, in
+the stomach were found nails, keys, pieces of iron and copper, part of
+a lantern, and the identical snuffbox, although the chasing and sharp
+edges were worn completely smooth by the action of the stomach.
+
+J. WARWICK.
+
+_Surrey Zoological Gardens._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CONDOR.
+
+
+A pair of condors has lately been received from South America, for the
+Surrey Zoological Gardens. They are male and female, and are stated to
+be by far the largest specimens ever brought to this country, the male
+measuring nearly 14 feet across the wings, and in height upwards of
+three feet. They were brought from Chili, where they are sometimes met
+with at an elevation of 15,000 feet above the level of the sea. During
+the removal of the birds from the vessel, the male dropped one of his
+largest wing feathers, the quill of which measures an inch and a half
+in circumference.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_The King_.--(_From the Spectator_.)--Touching the business habits of
+the King, we have been favoured with the following statement, by a
+gentleman on whose honesty we can place perfect reliance, and who has
+ample opportunities of correct knowledge:--The attention of our present
+excellent Sovereign to public business is truly exemplary; and whilst he
+exceeds in regularity and despatch the habits of his late father,--whose
+conduct in this respect has seldom been properly appreciated,--his
+diligence forms a striking contrast to the supineness exhibited in the
+late reign, when days and weeks sometimes elapsed before the Royal
+signature could be obtained.
+
+"The public learn from the Court Newsman that the King regularly comes
+to town once a week, to receive his ministers, and for the transaction
+of whatever business may be required; and these journeys are occasionally
+repeated within a few days of each other without the slightest regard
+for his personal convenience. Stronger proofs, however, exist of the
+King's devotion to the duties of his station. Every document submitted
+for his consideration and signature, is executed and returned to
+the proper office within twenty-four hours after he receives it, and
+generally within twelve hours. If a letter be addressed to Sir Herbert
+Taylor or to Sir Henry Wheatley, no matter how trifling may be its
+subject, it is certain of receiving an immediate and polite answer,
+the contents of which show that his Majesty must undoubtedly have been
+consulted; and if the request be refused, regret is expressed, and a
+satisfactory reason is usually assigned. Those only who are aware of the
+masses of papers submitted to the King, or of the innumerable subjects
+on which his pleasure is taken, can appreciate the promptness, courtesy,
+and decision which he displays; whilst in giving audiences, the extent
+of his information, and his business-like habits, excite equal surprise
+and satisfaction. When it is remembered that the King is above
+sixty-seven years of age, the labour which he undergoes seems
+extraordinary; and the admirable manner in which he executes his duties,
+is consequently entitled to still higher applause. His office is indeed
+no sinecure; and it would be well for the country if every department of
+the State, and every public officer imitated the example set them by the
+Sovereign.
+
+"Before concluding this subject, justice demands that the manner in
+which Sir Herbert Taylor and Sir Henry Wheatley conduct the Royal
+correspondence, should not pass unnoticed; for, doubtless, a share of
+the praise which has been here expressed of their Master's decision and
+promptness, is due to them, and more especially for the extreme courtesy
+with which their letters are written."
+
+We had before heard the fact of the King's extraordinary punctuality in
+signing papers, with this addition, that when they are more than
+ordinarily numerous, the Queen sits at the table with her Royal husband,
+lays the papers before him, and when signed, removes and arranges them,
+like a secretary.
+
+_Learned "Ladies."_--Mr. Murphy used to relate the following story
+of Foote's, the heroines of which were the ladies Cheere, Fielding, and
+Hill, the last the widow of the celebrated Dr. Hill. He represented them
+as playing at "I love my love with a letter;" Lady Cheere began, and
+said, "I love my love with an N because he is a Night;" Lady Fielding
+followed with "I love my love with a G, because he is a Gustis;" and "I
+love my love with an F," said Lady Hill, "because he is a Fizishun."
+Such was the imputed orthography of these learned ladies.--_Taylor's
+Records._
+
+_Den._--The names of places ending in den, as Biddenden, are
+perhaps not generally known to signify the situation to be in a valley,
+or near woods.
+
+J.E.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Mock-heroics._--Cowper, in one of his letters to Joseph Hill,
+reminds his friend of the following mock-heroic line, written at one of
+their convivial meetings, called the Nonsense Club--
+
+  "To whom replied the Devil, _yard-long-tail'd_;"
+
+
+And adds, "there never was anything more truly Grecian than that triple
+epithet; and were it possible to introduce it either into the _Iliad_ or
+_Odyssey,_ I should certainly steal it." This of course was written in
+jest; and had the translator been disposed to exemplify his own pleasantry,
+he might have found an opportunity in the well-known line of the sixth book
+of the _Iliad_--
+
+
+  [Greek: Aideomas Troas ai Troadas elkesipeplous.]
+
+  I dread the Trojan ladies, yard-long-tail'd;
+
+
+Of which Pope makes this sweeping periphrasis--
+
+  "And Troy's proud dames, whose garments sweep the ground."
+
+
+E.B.I.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Burton Ale._--Many of our readers may recollect the dispute, about
+three years since, between the Burton Ale brewers and the Useful
+Knowledge Society, when the excellence of the ale was proved to be the
+result of the hard water of which it was manufactured flowing over a
+limestone rock. A chemist was dispatched to Burton, and the settlement
+of the matter assumed the importance of a discovery; though in the last
+century this fact was ingeniously explained by Dr. Darwin, in a letter
+to Mr. Pilkington, upon the supposition that some of the saccharine
+matter in the malt combines with the calcareous earth of hard waters,
+and forms a sort of mineral sugar, which, like true sugar, is
+convertible into spirits.
+
+_Read-y Wit._--A young man, in a large company, descanting very
+flippantly on a subject, his knowledge of which was evidently very
+superficial, the Duchess of Devonshire asked his name. "'Tis
+_Scarlet_," replied a gentleman who stood by. "That may be," said her
+Grace, "and yet he is not _deep read_."
+
+CANTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Anti-free Trade._--An odd instance of the restrictive system
+occurred in the embassy from the emperor Otho to Nicephorus Phocas. The
+Greeks making a display of their dress, he told them that in Lombardy
+the common people wore as good clothes as they.--"How," they said, "can
+you procure them?"--"Through the Venetians and Amalfitan dealers," he
+replied, "who gain their subsistence by selling them to us." The foolish
+Greeks were very angry, and declared that any dealer presuming to export
+their fine clothes _should be flogged_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143 STRAND, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, No. 574, by Various
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+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
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