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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Psychology and Achievement, by Warren Hilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Psychology and Achievement
+
+Author: Warren Hilton
+
+Release Date: October 19, 2004 [EBook #13791]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PSYCHOLOGY AND ACHIEVEMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+Applied Psychology
+
+
+PSYCHOLOGY AND ACHIEVEMENT
+
+
+_Being the First of a Series of Twelve Volumes on the Applications of
+Psychology to the Problems of Personal and Business Efficiency_
+
+
+BY
+
+WARREN HILTON, A.B., L.L.B.
+FOUNDER OF THE SOCIETY OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY
+
+
+ISSUED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE LITERARY DIGEST
+
+FOR
+
+The Society of Applied Psychology
+NEW YORK AND LONDON
+1919
+
+1914
+
+BY THE APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY PRESS
+
+SAN FRANCISCO
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE
+
+
+_Lest in the text of these volumes credit may not always have been given
+where credit is due, grateful acknowledgment is here made to Professor
+Hugo Münsterberg, Professor Walter Dill Scott, Dr. James H. Hyslop, Dr.
+Ernst Haeckel, Dr. Frank Channing Haddock, Mr. Frederick W. Taylor,
+Professor Morton Prince, Professor F.H. Gerrish, Mr. Waldo Pondray
+Warren, Dr. J.D. Quackenbos, Professor C.A. Strong, Professor Paul
+Dubois, Professor Joseph Jastrow, Professor Pierre Janet, Dr. Bernard
+Hart and Professor G.M. Whipple, of the indebtedness to them incurred in
+the preparation of this work._
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+Chapter
+  I. ATTAINMENT OF MIND CONTROL
+       THE MAN OF TOMORROW
+       THE DOLLARS AND CENTS OF MENTAL WASTE
+       THE MEANS TO NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENT
+       A PROCESS FOR "MAKING GOOD"
+       INADEQUACY OF BODY TRAINING
+       INADEQUACY OF BUSINESS SPECIALIZATION
+       FUTILITY OF ADVICE IN BUSINESS
+       THE WHY AND THE HOW
+       FUNDAMENTAL TRAINING FOR EFFICIENCY
+       THE VIRUS OF FAILURE
+       PRACTICAL FORMULAS FOR EVERY DAY
+       YOUR UNDISCOVERED RESOURCES
+       MAN'S MIND MACHINE
+       ABJURING MYSTICISMS
+       PSYCHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND RELATIONSHIPS
+       ABODE AND INSTRUMENT OF MIND
+       MANNER OF HANDLING MENTAL PROCESSES
+       FUNDAMENTAL LAWS AND PRACTICAL METHODS
+       SPECIAL BUSINESS TOPICS
+       A STEP BEYOND COLLEGIATE PSYCHOLOGY
+       THE ETERNAL LAWS OF INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENT
+       HOW TO MASTER OUR METHODS
+
+ II. TWO LAWS OF SUCCESS-ACHIEVEMENT
+       THE ONE-MAN BUSINESS CORPORATION
+       BUSINESS AND BODILY ACTIVITY
+       THE ENSLAVED BRAIN
+       FIRST STEP TOWARD SELF-REALIZATION
+
+III. RELATION OF MIND ACTIVITY TO BODILY ACTIVITY
+       SPECULATION AND PRACTICAL SCIENCE
+       PHILOSOPHIC RIDDLES AND PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS
+       WHAT WE WANT TO KNOW
+       SPIRITUALIST, MATERIALIST AND SCIENTIST
+       SCIENCE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
+       CAUSES AND "FIRST" CAUSES
+       A COMMON PLATFORM FOR ALL
+       THOUGHTS TREATED AS CAUSES
+       SCIENTIFIC METHOD WITH PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
+       USES OF SCIENTIFIC LAWS
+
+
+ IV. INTROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY
+       DOING THE THING YOU WANT TO DO
+       SOURCE OF POWER OF WILL
+       IMPELLENT ENERGY OF THOUGHT
+       BODILY EFFECTS OF MENTAL STATES
+       ILLUSTRATIVE EXPERIMENTS
+       SCOPE OF MIND POWER
+       BODILY EFFECTS OF EMOTION
+       BODILY EFFECTS OF PERCEPTION
+       EXPERIMENTS OF PAVLOV
+       TASTE AND DIGESTION
+       BODILY EFFECTS OF SENSATIONS
+       THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF EXPRESSION
+
+  V. PHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY
+       INTROSPECTIVE KNOWLEDGE
+       DISSECTION AND THE GOVERNING CONSCIOUSNESS
+       SUBORDINATE MENTAL UNITS
+       WHAT THE MICROSCOPE SHOWS
+       THE LITTLE UNIVERSE BEYOND
+       THE UNIT OF LIFE
+       CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING CELLS
+       THE BRAIN OF THE CELL
+       MIND LIFE OF ONE CELL
+       THE WILL OF THE CELL
+       THE CELL AND ORGANIC EVOLUTION
+       EVOLUTIONARY DIFFERENTIATIONS
+       PLURALITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL
+       COMBINED CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE MILLIONS
+       EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN ORGANISM
+       THE CROWD-MAN
+       FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT HUMAN CELLS
+       CELL LIFE AFTER DEATH
+       EXPERIMENTS OF DR. ALEXIS CARRELL
+       MAN-FEDERATION OF INTELLIGENCES
+       CREATIVE POWER OF THE CELL
+       LAYING THE FOUNDATION FOR PRACTICAL DOING
+       THREE NEW PROPOSITIONS
+       AN INSTRUMENT FOR MENTAL DOMINANCE
+       GATEWAYS OF EXPERIENCE
+       COURIERS OF ACTION
+       NERVE SYSTEMS
+       ORGANS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND SUBCONSCIOUSNESS
+       LOOKING INSIDE THE SKULL
+       DRUNKENNESS AND BRAIN EFFICIENCY
+       SECONDARY BRAINS
+       DEPENDENCE OF THE SUBCONSCIOUS
+       UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND SUBCONSCIOUSNESS
+       SYNTHESIS OF THE MAN-MACHINE
+       SUBSERVIENCY OF THE BODY
+
+ VI. THE SUPREMACY OF CONSCIOUSNESS
+       STRIKING OFF THE MENTAL SHACKLES
+       THE AWAKENING OF ENLIGHTENMENT
+       THE VITAL PURPOSE
+       YOUR RESERVOIR OF LATENT POWER
+
+
+
+
+ATTAINMENT OF MIND CONTROL
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+ATTAINMENT OF MIND CONTROL
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Man of Tomorrow]
+
+The men of the nineteenth century have harnessed the forces of the outer
+world. The age is now at hand that shall harness the energies of mind,
+new-found in the psychological laboratory, and shall put them at the
+service of humanity.
+
+Are you fully equipped to take a valiant part in the work of the coming
+years?
+
+[Sidenote: The Dollars and Cents of Mental Waste]
+
+The greatest of all eras is at hand! Are you increasing your fitness to
+appreciate it and take part in it, or are you merely passing your time
+away?
+
+Take careful note for a week of the incidents of your daily life--your
+methods of work, habits of thought, modes of recreation. You will
+discover an appalling waste in your present random methods of operation.
+
+How many foot-pounds of energy do you suppose you annually dump into the
+scrap-heap of wasted effort? What does this mean to you in dollars and
+cents? In conscious usefulness? In peace and happiness?
+
+[Sidenote: The Means to Notable Achievement]
+
+Individual mental efficiency is an absolute prerequisite to any notable
+personal achievement or any great individual success. Your mental
+energies are the forces with which you must wage your battles in this
+world. Are you prepared to direct and deploy _Achievement__ these forces
+with masterful control and strategic skill? Are you prepared to use all
+your reserves of mental energy in the crises of your career?
+
+A Mighty and Intelligent Power resides within you. Its marvelous
+resources are just now coming to be recognized.
+
+Recent scientific research has revealed, beyond the world of the senses
+and beyond the domain of consciousness, a wide and hitherto hidden realm
+of human energies and resources.
+
+[Sidenote: A Process for "Making Good"]
+
+These are mental energies and resources. They are phases of the mind,
+not of the "mind" of fifty years ago, but of a "mind" of whose
+operations you are unconscious and whose marvelous breadth and depth and
+power have but recently been revealed to the world by scientific
+experiment.
+
+In this _Basic Course of Reading_ we shall lay before you in simple and
+clear-cut but scientific form the proof that you have at your command
+mental powers of which you have never before dreamed.
+
+And we shall give you such specific directions for the use of these
+new-found powers, that whatever your environment, whatever your
+business, whatever your ambition, _you need but follow our plain and
+simple instructions in order to do the thing you want to do, to be the
+man you want to be, or to get the thing you want to have._
+
+[Sidenote: Inadequacy of Body Training]
+
+If you have any thought that the control of your hidden mental energies
+is to be acquired by mere hygienic measures, put it from you. The idea
+that you may come into the fulness of your powers through mere
+wholesome living, outdoor sports and bodily exercise is an idea that
+belongs to an age that is past. Good health is not necessary to
+achievement. It is not even a positive influence for achievement. It is
+merely a negative blessing. With good health you may hope to reach your
+highest mental and spiritual development free from the harassment of
+soul-racking pain. But without good health men have reached the summit
+of Parnassus and have dragged their tortured bodies up behind them.
+
+[Sidenote: Inadequacy of Business Specialization]
+
+Nor does success necessarily follow or require long preparation in a
+particular field. The first occupation of the successful man is rarely
+the one in which he achieves his ultimate triumph. In the changing
+conditions of our day, one needs a better weapon than the mere knowledge
+of a particular trade, vocation or profession. _He needs that mastery of
+himself and others that is the fundamental secret of success in all
+fields of endeavor_.
+
+[Sidenote: Futility of Advice in Business]
+
+It is well to tell you beforehand that in this _Basic Course of Reading_
+we shall be content with no mere cataloguing of the factors that are
+commonly regarded as essential to success. We shall do no moralizing.
+You will find here no elaboration of the ancient aphorisms, "Honesty is
+the best policy," and "Genius is the infinite capacity for taking
+pains."
+
+The world has had its fill of mere exhortations to industry, frugality
+and perseverance. For some thousands of years men have preached to the
+lazy man, "Be industrious," and to the timid man, "Be bold." But such
+phrases never have solved and never can solve the problem for the man
+who feels himself lacking in both industry and courage.
+
+[Sidenote: The Why and the How]
+
+It is easy enough to tell the salesman that he must approach his
+"prospect" with tact and confidence. But tact and confidence are not
+qualities that can be assumed and discarded like a Sunday coat. Industry
+and courage and tact and confidence are well enough, but we must know
+the Why and the How of these things.
+
+It is well enough to preach that the secret of achievement is to be
+found in "courage-faith" and "courage-confidence," and that the way to
+acquire these qualities is to assume that you have them. There is no
+denying the undoubted fact that men and women have been rescued from the
+deepest mire of poverty and despair and lifted to planes of happy
+abundance by what is known as "faith." But what is "faith"? And "faith"
+in What? And Why? And How?
+
+[Sidenote: Fundamental Training for Efficiency]
+
+Obviously we cannot achieve certain and definite results in this or any
+other field so long as we continue to deal with materials we do not
+understand. Yet that is what all men are doing today. The elements of
+truth are befogged in vague and amateurish mysticism, and the subject of
+individual efficiency when we get beyond mere preaching and moralizing
+is a chaos of isms.
+
+The time is ripe for a real analysis of these important problems,--a
+serious and scientific analysis with a clear and practical exposition of
+facts and principles and rules for conduct.
+
+Men and women must be fundamentally trained so that they can look deep
+into their own minds and see where the screw is loose, where oil is
+needed, and so readjust themselves and their living for a greater
+efficiency.
+
+[Sidenote: The Virus of Failure]
+
+The embittered, the superstitious, the prejudiced, all those who
+scorpion-like sting themselves with the virus of failure, must be given
+an antidote of understanding that will repair their deranged mental
+machinery.
+
+The conscientious but foolish business man who is worrying himself into
+failure and an early grave must be taught the physiological effects of
+ideas and given a new standard of values.
+
+The profligate must be lured from his emotional excesses and
+debaucheries, not by moralizings, but by showing him just how these
+things fritter his energies and retard his progress.
+
+[Sidenote: Practical Formulas for Every Day]
+
+It must be made plain to the successful promoter, to the rich banker,
+how a man may be a financial success and yet a miserable failure so far
+as true happiness is concerned, and how by scientific self-development
+he can acquire greater riches within than all his vaults of steel will
+hold.
+
+This _Basic Course of Reading_ offers just such an analysis and
+exposition of fundamental principles. It furnishes definite and
+scientific answers to the problems of life. It will reveal to you unused
+or unintelligently used mental forces vastly greater than those now at
+your command.
+
+[Sidenote: Your Undiscovered Resources]
+
+We go even further, and say that this _Basic Course of Reading_ provides
+a practicable formula for the everyday use of these vast resources. It
+will enable you to acquire the magical qualities and still more magical
+effects that spell success and happiness, without straining your will to
+the breaking point and making life a burden. It will give you a definite
+prescription like the physician's, "Take one before meals," and as
+easily compounded, which will enable you to be prosperous and happy.
+
+In the development of one's innate resources, such as powers of
+observation, imagination, correct judgment, alertness, resourcefulness,
+application, concentration, and the faculty of taking prompt advantage
+of opportunities, the study of the mental machine is bound to be the
+first step. It must be the ultimate resource for self-training in
+efficiency for the promoter with his appeal to the cupidity and
+imaginations of men as surely as for the artist in his search for poetic
+inspiration.
+
+[Sidenote: Man's Mind Machine]
+
+No man can get the best results from any machine unless he understands
+its mechanism. We shall draw aside the curtain and show you the mind in
+operation.
+
+The mastery of your own powers is worth more to you than all the
+knowledge of outside facts you can crowd into your head. Read and study
+and practice the teachings of this _Basic Course_, and they will make
+you in a new sense the master of yourself and of your future.
+
+In this _Basic Course of Reading_ we shall begin by giving you a
+thorough understanding of certain mental operations and processes.
+
+[Sidenote: Abjuring Mysticisms]
+
+We shall lead your interest away from "vague mysticisms" and emphasize
+such phases of scientific psychological theory as bear directly on
+practical achievement.
+
+We shall give you a practical working knowledge of concentrative mental
+methods and devices. We shall clear away the mysteries and
+misapprehensions that now envelop this particular field.
+
+In the present volume we shall begin with a discussion of certain
+aspects of the relation between the mind and the body.
+
+[Sidenote: Psychology, Physiology and Relationships]
+
+However we look at it, it is impossible to understand the mind without
+some knowledge of the bodily machine through which the mind works. The
+investigation of the mind and its conditions and problems is primarily
+the business of psychology, which seeks to describe and explain them.
+It would seem to be entirely distinct from physiology, which seeks to
+classify and explain the facts of bodily structure and operation. But
+all sciences overlap more or less. And this is particularly true of
+psychology, which deals with the mind, and physiology, which deals with
+the body.
+
+It is the mind that we are primarily interested in. But every individual
+mind resides within, or at least expresses itself through, a body. Upon
+the preservation of that body and upon the orderly performance of its
+functions depend our health and comfort, our very lives.
+
+[Sidenote: Abode and instrument of Mind]
+
+Then, too, considered merely as part of the outside world of matter,
+man's body is the physical fact with which he is most in contact and
+most immediately concerned. It furnishes him with information concerning
+the existence and operations of other minds. It is in fact his only
+source of information about the outside world.
+
+First of all, then, you must form definite and intelligent conclusions
+concerning the relations between the mind and the body.
+
+[Sidenote: Manner of Handling Mental Processes]
+
+This will be of value in a number of ways. In the first place, you will
+understand the bodily mechanism through which the mind operates, and a
+knowledge of this mechanism is bound to enlighten you as to the
+character of the _mental_ processes themselves. In the second place, it
+is worth while to know the extent of the mind's influence over the body,
+because this knowledge is the first step toward obtaining bodily
+efficiency through the mental control of bodily functions. And, finally,
+a study of this bodily mechanism is of very great practical importance
+in itself, for the body is the instrument through which the mind acts in
+its relations with the world at large.
+
+From a study of the bodily machine, we shall advance to a consideration
+of the mental processes themselves, not after the usual manner of works
+on psychology, but solely from the standpoint of practical utility and
+for the establishment of a scientific concept of the mind capable of
+everyday use.
+
+[Sidenote: Fundamental Laws and Practical Methods]
+
+The elucidation of every principle of mental operation will be
+accompanied by illustrative material pointing out just how that
+particular law may be employed for the attainment of specific practical
+ends. There will be numerous illustrative instances and methods that can
+be at once made use of by the merchant, the musician, the salesman, the
+advertiser, the employer of labor, the business executive.
+
+[Sidenote: Special Business Topics]
+
+In this way this _Basic Course of Reading_ will lay a firm and broad
+foundation, first, for an understanding of the methods and devices
+whereby any man may acquire full control and direction of his mental
+energies and may develop his resources to the last degree; second, for
+an understanding of the psychological methods for success in any
+specific professional pursuit in which he may be particularly
+interested; and third, for an understanding of the methods of applying
+psychological knowledge to the industrial problems of office, store and
+factory.
+
+The first of these--that is to say, instruction in methods for the
+attainment of any goal consistent with native ability--will follow right
+along as part of this _Basic Course of Reading._ The second and
+third--that is to say, the study of special commercial and industrial
+topics--are made the subject of special courses supplemental to this
+_Basic Course_ and for which it can serve only as an introduction.
+
+[Sidenote: A Step Beyond Collegiate Psychology]
+
+In this _Basic Course of Reading_ we shall show you how you may acquire
+perfect individual efficiency. And, most remarkable of all, we shall
+show you how you may acquire it _without that effort to obtain it, that
+straining of the will, that struggling with wasteful inclinations and
+desires, that is itself the essence of inefficiency_.
+
+The facts and principles set forth in this _Basic Course_ are new and
+wonderful and inspiring. They have been established and attested by
+world-wide and exhaustive scientific research and experiment.
+
+[Sidenote: The Eternal Laws of Individual Achievement]
+
+You may be a college graduate. You may have had the advantage of a
+college course in psychology. But you have probably had no instruction
+in the practical application of your knowledge of mental operations. So
+far as we are aware, there are few universities in the world that
+embrace in their curricula a course in "applied" psychology. For the
+average college man this _Basic Course of Reading_ will be, therefore,
+in the nature of a post-graduate course, teaching him how to make
+practical use of the psychology he learned at college, and in addition
+giving him facts about the mind unknown to the college psychology of a
+few years ago.
+
+In these books you will probe deeply into the normal human mind.
+
+You will see also the fantastic and distorted shape of its
+manifestations in disease.
+
+You will learn the Eternal Laws of Individual Achievement.
+
+[Sidenote: How to Master Our Methods]
+
+And you will be taught how to apply them to your own business or
+profession.
+
+But mark this word of warning. To comprehend the teachings of this
+_Basic Course_ well enough to put them into practice demands from you
+careful study and reflection. It requires persistent application. Do not
+attempt to browse through the pages that follow. They are worth all the
+time that you can put upon them.
+
+The mind is a complex mechanism. Each element is alone a fitting subject
+for a lifetime's study. Do not lose sight of the whole in the study of
+the parts.
+
+All the books bear upon a central theme. They will lead you on step by
+step. Gradually your conception of your relations to the world will
+change. A new realization of power will come upon you. You will learn
+that you are in a new sense the master of your fate. You will find these
+books, like the petals of a flower, unfolding one by one until a great
+and vital truth stands revealed in full-blown beauty.
+
+To derive full benefit from the _Course_ it is necessary that you should
+do more than merely understand each sentence as you go along. You must
+grasp the underlying train of thought. You must perceive the continuity
+of the argument.
+
+It is necessary, therefore, that you do but a limited amount of reading
+each day, taking ample time to reflect on what you have read. If any
+book is not entirely clear to you at first, go over it again.
+Persistence will enable any man to acquire a thorough comprehension of
+our teachings and a profound mastery of our methods.
+
+
+
+
+TWO LAWS OF SUCCESS-ACHIEVEMENT
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+TWO LAWS OF SUCCESS-ACHIEVEMENT
+
+
+[Sidenote: The One-Man Business Corporation]
+
+As a working unit you are a kind of one-man business corporation made up
+of two departments, the mental and the physical.
+
+Your mind is the executive office of this personal corporation, its
+directing "head." Your body is the corporation's "plant." Eyes and ears,
+sight and smell and touch, hands and feet--these are the implements, the
+equipment.
+
+We have undertaken to teach you how to acquire a perfect mastery of your
+own powers and meet the practical problems of your life in such a way
+that success will be swift and certain.
+
+[Sidenote: Business and Bodily Activity]
+
+First of all it is necessary that you should accept and believe two
+well-settled and fundamental laws.
+
+I. _All human achievement comes about through bodily activity._
+
+II. _All bodily activity is caused, controlled and directed by the
+mind._
+
+Give the first of these propositions but a moment's thought. You can
+conceive of no form of accomplishment which is not the result of some
+kind of bodily activity. One would say that the master works of poetry,
+art, philosophy, religion, are products of human effort furthest
+removed from the material side of life, yet even these would have
+perished still-born in the minds conceiving them had they not found
+transmission and expression through some form of bodily activity. You
+will agree, therefore, that the first of these propositions is so
+self-evident, so axiomatic, as neither to require nor to admit of formal
+proof.
+
+The second proposition is not so easily disposed of. It is in fact so
+difficult of acceptance by some persons that we must make very plain its
+absolute validity. Furthermore, its elucidation will bring forth many
+illuminating facts that will give you an entirely new conception of the
+mind and its scope and influence.
+
+[Sidenote: The Enslaved Brain]
+
+Remember, when we say "mind," we are not thinking of the brain. The
+brain is but one of the organs of the body, and, by the terms of our
+proposition as stated, is as much the slave of the mind as is any other
+organ of the body. To say that the mind controls the body presupposes
+that mind and body are distinct entities, the one belonging to a
+spiritual world, the other to a world of matter.
+
+That the mind is master of the body is a settled principle of science.
+But we realize that its acceptance may require you to lay aside some
+preconceived prejudices. You may be one of those who believe that the
+mind is nothing more nor less than brain activity. You may believe that
+the body is all there is to man and that mind-action is merely one of
+its functions.
+
+[Sidenote: First Step Toward Self-Realization]
+
+If so, we want you nevertheless to realize that, while as a matter of
+philosophic speculation you retain these opinions, you may at the same
+time for practical purposes regard the mind as an independent causal
+agency and believe that it can and does control and determine and
+_cause_ any and every kind of bodily activity. We want you to do this
+because this conclusion is at the basis of a practical system of mental
+efficiency and because, as we shall at once show you, it is capable of
+proof by the established methods of physical science.
+
+
+
+
+RELATION OF MIND ACTIVITY TO BODILY ACTIVITY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+RELATION OF MIND ACTIVITY TO BODILY ACTIVITY
+
+POINT OF VIEW FROM WHICH YOU MUST APPROACH THIS PROBLEM
+
+
+[Sidenote: Speculation and Practical Science]
+
+The fact is, one's opinion as to whether mind controls body or body
+makes mind-action depends altogether upon the point of view. And the
+first step for us to take is to agree upon the point of view we shall
+assume.
+
+Two points of view are possible. One is _speculative_, the other
+_practical_.
+
+[Sidenote: Philosophic Riddles and Personal Effectiveness]
+
+The _speculative point of view_ is that of the philosopher and
+religionist, who ponder the tie that binds "soul" and body in an effort
+to solve the riddle of "creation" and pierce the mystery of the
+"hereafter."
+
+The _practical point of view_ is that of the modern practical scientist,
+who deals only with actual facts of human experience and seeks only
+immediate practical results.
+
+The speculative problem is the historical and religious one of the
+mortality or immortality of the soul. The practical problem is the
+scientific one that demands to know what the mental forces are and how
+they can be used most effectively.
+
+[Sidenote: What We Want to Know]
+
+There is no especial need here to trace the historical development of
+these two problems or enter upon a discussion of religious or
+philosophical questions.
+
+Our immediate interest in the mind and its relationship to the body is
+not because we want to be assured of the salvation of our souls after
+death.
+
+_We want to know all we can about the reality and certainty and
+character of mental control of bodily functions because of the practical
+use we can make of such knowledge in this life, here and now._
+
+[Sidenote: Spiritualist, Materialist and Scientist]
+
+The practical scientist has nothing in common with either spiritualists,
+soul-believers, on the one hand, or materialists on the other. So far as
+the mortality of the soul is concerned, he may be either a spiritualist
+or a materialist But spiritualism or materialism is to him only an
+intellectual pastime. It is not his trade. In his actual work he seeks
+only practical results, and so confines himself wholly to the actual
+facts of human experience.
+
+The practical scientist knows that as between two given facts, and
+_only_ as between these two, one may be the "cause" of the other. But he
+is not interested in the "creative origin" of material things. He does
+not attempt to discover "first" causes.
+
+[Sidenote: Science of Cause and Effect]
+
+The practical scientist ascribes all sorts of qualities to electricity
+and lays down many laws concerning it without having the remotest idea
+as to what, in the last analysis, electricity may actually be. He is not
+concerned with ultimate truths. He does his work, and necessarily so,
+upon the principle that for all practical purposes he is justified in
+using any given assumption as a working hypothesis if everything happens
+just as if it were true.
+
+The practical scientist applies the term "cause" to any object or event
+that is the invariable predecessor of some other object or event.
+
+For him a "cause" is simply any object or event that may be looked upon
+as forecasting the action of some other object or the occurrence of some
+other event.
+
+The point with him is simply this, Does or does not this object or this
+event in any way affect that object or that event or determine its
+behavior?
+
+[Sidenote: Causes and "First" Causes]
+
+No matter where you look you will find that every fact in Nature is
+relatively cause and effect according to the point of view. Thus, if a
+railroad engine backs into a train of cars it transmits a certain amount
+of motion to the first car. This imparted motion is again passed on to
+the next car, and so on. The motion of the first car is, on the one
+hand, the effect of the impact of the engine, and is, on the other hand,
+the "cause" of the motion of the second car. And, in general, what is an
+"effect" in the first car becomes a "cause" when looked at in relation
+to the second, and what is an "effect" in the second becomes a "cause"
+in relation to the third. So that even the materialist will agree that
+"cause" and "effect" are relative terms in dealing with any series of
+facts in Nature.
+
+[Sidenote: A Common Platform for All]
+
+A man may be either a spiritualist, believing that the mind is a
+manifestation of the super-soul, or he may be a materialist, and in
+either case he may at the same time and with perfect consistency
+believe, as a practical scientist, that the mind is a "cause" and has
+bodily action as its "effect."
+
+Naturally this point of view offers no difficulties whatever to the
+spiritualist. He already looks upon the mind or soul as the "originating
+cause" of everything.
+
+[Sidenote: Thoughts Treated as Causes]
+
+But the materialist, too, may in accordance with his speculative theory
+continue to insist that _brain-action_ is the "originating cause" of
+mental life; yet if the facts show that certain thoughts are invariably
+followed by certain bodily activities, the materialist may without
+violence to his theories agree to the great practical value of _treating
+these thoughts as immediate causes_, no matter what the history of
+creation may have been.
+
+Whatever the brand of your materialism or your religious belief, you
+can join us in accepting this practical-science point of view as a
+common platform upon which to approach our second fundamental
+proposition, that "all bodily activity is caused, controlled and
+directed by the mind."
+
+[Sidenote: Scientific Method with Practical Problems]
+
+Ignoring all religious and metaphysical questions, we have, then, to ask
+ourselves merely: _Can the mind be relied upon to bring about or stop or
+in any manner influence bodily action? And if it can, what is the extent
+of the mind's influence?_
+
+In answering these questions we shall follow the method of the practical
+scientist, whose method is invariably the same whatever the problem he
+is investigating.
+
+This method involves two steps: first, the collection and classification
+of facts; second, the deduction from those facts of general principles.
+
+[Sidenote: Uses of Scientific Laws]
+
+The scientist first gathers together the greatest possible array of
+experiential facts and classifies these facts into sequences--that is to
+say, he gathers together as many instances as he can find in which one
+given fact follows directly upon the happening of another given fact.
+
+Having done this, he next formulates in broad general terms the common
+principle that he finds embodied in these many similar sequences.
+
+Such a formula, if there are facts enough to establish it, is what is
+known as a scientific law. Its value to the world lies in this, that
+whenever the given fact shall again occur our knowledge of the
+scientific law will enable us to predict with certainty just what events
+will follow the occurrence of that fact.
+
+First, then, let us marshal our facts tending to prove that bodily
+activities are caused by the mind.
+
+
+
+
+INTROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+INTROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY
+
+
+[Sidenote: Doing the Thing You Want to Do]
+
+The first and most conspicuous evidential fact is voluntary bodily
+action; that is to say, bodily action resulting from the exercise of the
+conscious will.
+
+[Sidenote: Source of Power of Will]
+
+If you will a bodily movement and that movement immediately follows, you
+are certainly justified in concluding that your mind has caused the
+bodily movement. Every conscious, voluntary movement that you make, and
+you are making thousands of them every hour, is a distinct example of
+mind activity causing bodily action. In fact, the very will to make any
+bodily movement is itself nothing more nor less than a mental state.
+
+_The will to do a thing is simply the belief, the conviction, that the
+appropriate bodily movement is about to occur._ The whole scientific
+world is agreed on this.
+
+For example, in order to bend your forefinger do you first think it
+over, then deliberately put forth some special form of energy? Not at
+all: The very thought of bending the finger, if unhindered by
+conflicting ideas, is enough to bend it.
+
+[Sidenote: Impellent Energy of Thought]
+
+Note this general law: _The idea of any bodily action tends to produce
+the action._
+
+This conception of thought as impellent--that is to say, as impelling
+bodily activity--is of absolutely fundamental importance. The following
+simple experiments will illustrate its working.
+
+Ask a number of persons to think successively of the letters "B," "O,"
+and "Q." They are not to pronounce the letters, but simply to think hard
+about the sound of each letter.
+
+[Sidenote: Bodily effects of Mental States]
+
+Now, as they think of these letters, one after the other, watch closely
+and you will see their lips move in readiness to pronounce them. There
+may be some whose lip-movements you will be unable to detect. If so, it
+will be because your eye is not quick enough or keen enough to follow
+them in every case.
+
+Have a friend blindfold you and then stand behind you with his hands on
+your shoulders. While in this position ask him to concentrate his mind
+upon some object in another part of the house. Yield yourself to the
+slightest pressure of his hands or arms and you will soon come to the
+object of which he has been thinking. If he is unfamiliar with the
+impelling energy of thought, he will charge the result to mind-reading.
+
+[Sidenote: Illustrative Experiments]
+
+The same law is illustrated by a familiar catch. Ask a friend to define
+the word "spiral." He will find it difficult to express the meaning in
+words. And nine persons out of ten while groping for appropriate words
+will unconsciously describe a spiral in the air with the forefinger.
+
+Swing a locket in front of you, holding the end of the chain with both
+hands. You will soon see that it will swing in harmony with your
+thoughts. If you think of a circle, it will swing around in a circle. If
+you think of the movement of a pendulum, the locket will swing back and
+forth.
+
+These experiments not only illustrate the impelling energy of thought
+and its power to induce bodily action, but they indicate also that the
+bodily effects of mental action are not limited to bodily movements that
+are conscious and voluntary.
+
+[Sidenote: Scope of Mind Power]
+
+_The fact is, every mental state whether you consider it as involving an
+act of the will or not, is followed some kind of bodily effect, and
+every bodily action is preceded by some distinct kind of mental
+activity. From the practical science point of view every thought causes
+its particular bodily effects._
+
+This is true of simple sensations. It is true of impulses, ideas and
+emotions. It is true of pleasures and pains. It is true of conscious
+mental activity. It is true of unconscious mental activity. It is true
+of the whole range of mental life.
+
+Since the mental conditions that produce bodily effects are not limited
+to those mental conditions in which there is a conscious exercise of the
+will, it follows that _the bodily effects produced by mental action are
+not limited to movements of what are known as the voluntary muscles._
+
+On the contrary, they include changes and movements in all of the
+so-called involuntary muscles, and in every kind of bodily structure.
+They include changes and movements in every part of the physical
+organism, from changes in the action of heart, lungs, stomach, liver
+and other viscera, to changes in the secretions of glands and in the
+caliber of the tiniest blood-vessels. A few instances such as are
+familiar to the introspective experience of everyone will illustrate the
+scope of the mind's control over the body.
+
+[Sidenote: Bodily Effects of Emotion]
+
+Emotion always causes numerous and intense bodily effects. Furious anger
+may cause frowning brows, grinding teeth, contracted jaws, clenched
+fists, panting breath, growling cries, bright redness of the face or
+sudden paleness. None of these effects is voluntary; we may not even be
+conscious of them.
+
+Fright may produce a wild beating of the heart, a death-like pallor, a
+gasping motion of the lips, an uncovering or protruding of the
+eye-balls, a sudden rigidity of the body as if "rooted" to the spot.
+
+Grief may cause profuse secretion of tears, swollen, reddened face, red
+eyes and other familiar symptoms.
+
+Shame may cause that sudden dilation of the capillary blood-vessels of
+the face known as "blushing."
+
+[Sidenote: Bodily Effects of Perception]
+
+The sight of others laughing or yawning makes us laugh or yawn. The
+sound of one man coughing will become epidemic in an audience. The
+thought of a sizzling porter-house steak with mushrooms, baked potatoes
+and rich _gravy_ makes the mouth of a hungry man "water."
+
+Suppose I show you a lemon cut in half and tell you with a wry face and
+puckered mouth that I am going to suck the juice of this exceedingly
+sour lemon. As you merely read these lines you may observe that the
+glands in your mouth have begun to secrete saliva. There is a story of a
+man who wagered with a friend that he could stop a band that was playing
+in front of his office. He got three lemons and gave half of a lemon to
+each of a number of street urchins. He then had these boys walk round
+and round the band, sucking the lemons and making puckered faces at the
+musicians. That soon ended the music.
+
+[Sidenote: Experiments of Pavlov]
+
+A distinguished German scientist, named Pavlov, has recently
+demonstrated in a series of experiments with dogs that the sight of the
+plate that ordinarily bears their food, or the sight of the chair upon
+which the plate ordinarily stands, or even the sight of the person who
+commonly brings the plate, may cause the saliva to flow from their
+salivary glands just as effectively as the food itself would do if
+placed in their mouths.
+
+[Sidenote: Taste and digestion]
+
+There was a time, and that not long ago, when the contact of food with
+the lining of the stomach was supposed to be the immediate cause of the
+secretion of the digestive fluids. Yet recent observation of the
+interior of the stomach through an incision in the body, has shown that
+just as soon as the food is _tasted_ in the mouth, a purely mental
+process, the stomach begins to well forth those fluids that are suitable
+for digestion.
+
+[Sidenote: Bodily Effects of Sensations]
+
+The press recently contained an account of a motorcycle race in Newark,
+New Jersey. The scene was a great bowl-shaped motor-drome. In the midst
+of cheering thousands, when riding at the blinding speed of ninety-two
+miles an hour, the motorcycle of one of the contestants went wrong. It
+climbed the twenty-eight-foot incline, hurled its rider to instant death
+and crashed into the packed grandstand. Before the whirling mass of
+steel was halted by a deep-set iron pillar four men lay dead and
+twenty-two others unconscious and severely injured. Then the twisted
+engine of death rebounded from the post and rolled down the saucer-rim
+of the track.
+
+Around the circular path, his speed scarcely less than that of his
+ill-fated rival, knowing nothing of the tragedy, hearing nothing of the
+screams of warning from the crowd, came another racer. The frightened
+throng saw the coming of a second tragedy. The sound that came from the
+crowd was a low moaning, a sighing, impotent, unconscious prayer of the
+thousands for the mercy that could not come. The second motorcycle
+struck the wreck, leaped into the air, and the body of its rider shot
+fifty feet over the handlebars and fell at the bottom of the track
+unconscious. Two hours later he was dead.
+
+What was the effect of this dreadful spectacle upon the onlookers?
+Confusion, cries of fright and panic, while throughout the grandstand
+women fainted and lay here and there unconscious. Many were afflicted
+with nausea. With others the muscles of speech contracted convulsively,
+knees gave way, hearts "stopped beating." Observe that these were wholly
+the effects of _mental_ action, effects of _sight_ and _sound
+sensations_.
+
+[Sidenote: The Fundamental Law of Expression]
+
+Why multiply instances? All that you need to do to be satisfied that the
+mind is directly responsible for any and every kind of bodily activity
+is to examine your own experiences and those of your friends. They will
+afford you innumerable illustrations.
+
+You will find that not only is your body constantly doing things because
+your mind wills that it should do them, but that your body is
+incessantly doing things simply because they are the expression of a
+passing thought.
+
+The law that _Every idea tends to express itself in some form of bodily
+activity_, is one of the most obviously demonstrable principles of human
+life.
+
+Bear in mind that this is but another way of expressing the second of
+our first two fundamental principles of mental efficiency, and that we
+are engaged in a scientific demonstration of its truth so that you will
+not confuse it with mere theory or speculation.
+
+To recall these fundamental principles to your mind and further impress
+them upon you, we will restate them:
+
+I. _All human achievement comes about through some form of bodily
+activity_.
+
+II. _All bodily activity is caused, controlled and directed by the
+mind._
+
+
+
+
+PHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+PHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY
+
+
+[Sidenote: Introspective Knowledge]
+
+We have been considering the relationship between mind and body from the
+standpoint of the mind. Our investigation has been largely
+introspective; that is to say, we simply looked within ourselves and
+considered the effects of our mental operations upon our own bodies. The
+facts we had before us were facts of which we had direct knowledge. We
+did not have to go out and seek them in the mental and bodily activities
+of other persons. We found them here within ourselves, inherent in our
+consciousness. To observe them we had merely to turn the spotlight into
+the hidden channels of our own minds.
+
+[Sidenote: Dissection and the Governing Consciousness]
+
+We come now to examine the mind's influence upon the body from the
+standpoint of the body. To do this we must go forth and investigate. We
+must use eye, ear and hand. We must use the forceps and scalpel and
+microscope of the anatomist and physiologist.
+
+[Sidenote: Subordinate Mental Units]
+
+_But it is well worth while that we should do this. For our
+investigation will show a bodily structure peculiarly adapted to control
+by a governing consciousness. It will reveal to the eye a physical
+mechanism peculiarly fitted for the dissemination of intelligence
+throughout the body. And, most of all, it will disclose the existence
+within the body of subordinate mental units, each capable of receiving,
+understanding and acting upon the intelligence thus submitted. And we
+shall have strongly corroborative evidence of the mind's complete
+control over every function of the body._
+
+Examine a green plant and you will observe that it is composed of
+numerous parts, each of which has some special function to perform. The
+roots absorb food and drink from the soil. The leaves breathe in
+carbonic acid from the air and transform it into the living substance of
+the plant. Every plant has, therefore, an anatomical structure, its
+parts and tissues visible to the naked eye.
+
+[Sidenote: What the Microscope Shows]
+
+Put one of these tissues under a microscope and you will find that it
+consists of a _honeycomb of small compartments or units_. These
+compartments are called "cells," and the structure of all plant tissues
+is described as "cellular." Wherever you may look in any plant, you will
+find these cells making up its tissues. The activity of any part or
+tissue of the plant, and consequently all of the activities of the plant
+as a whole, are but the combined and co-operating activities of the
+various individual cells of which the tissues are composed. _The living
+cell, therefore, is at the basis of all plant life._
+
+[Sidenote: The Little Universe Beyond]
+
+In the same way, if you turn to the structure of any animal, you will
+find that it is composed of parts or organs made up of different kinds
+of tissues, and these tissues examined under a microscope will disclose
+a cellular structure similar to that exhibited by the plant.
+
+_Look where you will among living things, plant or animal, you will find
+that all are mere assemblages of cellular tissues._
+
+Extend your investigation further, and examine into forms of life so
+minute that they can be seen only with the most powerful microscope and
+you will come upon a _whole universe of tiny creatures consisting of a
+single cell_.
+
+[Sidenote: The Unit of Life]
+
+Indeed, it is a demonstrable fact that these tiny units of life
+consisting of but a single cell are far more numerous than the forms of
+life visible to the naked eye. You will have some idea of their size and
+number when we tell you that millions may live and die and reproduce
+their kind in a single thimbleful of earth.
+
+_Every plant, then, or every animal, whatever its species, however
+simple or complicated its structure, is in the last analysis either a
+single cell or a confederated group of cells._
+
+All life, whether it be the life of a single cell or of an unorganized
+group of cells or of a republic of cells, has as its basis the life of
+the cell.
+
+For all the animate world, two great principles stand established.
+First, that _every living organism_, plant or animal, big or little,
+develops from a cell, and is itself a composite of cells, and that the
+cell is the unit of all life. Secondly, that _the big and complex
+organisms have through long ages developed out of simpler forms_, the
+organic life of today being the result of an age-long process of
+evolution.
+
+What, then, is the cell, and what part has it played in this process of
+evolution?
+
+To begin with, a cell is visible only through a microscope. A human
+blood cell is about one-three-thousandth of an inch across, while a
+bacterial cell may be no more than one-twenty-five-thousandth of an inch
+in diameter.
+
+[Sidenote: Characteristics of Living Cells]
+
+Yet, small as it is, the cell exhibits all of the customary phenomena of
+independent life; that is to say, it nourishes itself, it grows, it
+reproduces its kind, it moves about, and _it feels_. It is a _living,
+breathing, feeling, moving, feeding thing_.
+
+The term "cell" suggests a walled-in enclosure. This is because it was
+originally supposed that a confining wall or membrane was an invariable
+and essential characteristic of cell structure. It is now known,
+however, that while such a membrane may exist, as it does in most plant
+cells, it may be lacking, as is the case in most animal cells.
+
+The only absolutely essential parts of the cell are the inner _nucleus_
+or kernel and the tiny mass of living jelly surrounding it, called the
+_protoplasm_.
+
+[Sidenote: The Brain of the Cell]
+
+The most powerful microscopes disclose in this protoplasm a certain
+definite structure, a very fine, thread-like network spreading from the
+nucleus throughout the semi-fluid albuminous protoplasm. It is certainly
+in line with the broad analogies of life, to suppose that in each cell
+the nucleus with its network is the brain and nervous system of that
+individual cell._
+
+All living organisms consist, then simply of cells. Those consisting of
+but one cell are termed unicellular; those comprising more than one cell
+are called pluricellular.
+
+The unicellular organism is the unit of life on this earth. Yet tiny and
+ultimate as it is, every unicellular organism is possessed of an
+independent and "free living" existence.
+
+[Sidenote: Mind Life of One Cell]
+
+To be convinced of this fact, just consider for a moment the scope of
+development and range of activities of one of these tiny bodies.
+
+"We see, then," says Haeckel, "that it performs all the essential life
+functions which the entire organism accomplishes. Every one of these
+little beings grows and feeds itself independently. It assimilates
+juices from without, absorbing them from the surrounding fluid. Each
+separate cell is also able to reproduce itself and to increase. This
+increase generally takes place by simple division, the nucleus parting
+first, by a contraction round its circumference, into two parts; after
+which the protoplasm likewise separates into two divisions. The single
+cell is able to move and creep about; from its outer surface it sends
+out and draws back again finger-like processes, thereby modifying its
+form. Finally, the young cell has feeling, and is more or less
+sensitive. It performs certain movements on the application of chemical
+and mechanical irritants."
+
+[Sidenote: The Will of the Cell]
+
+The single living cell moves about in search of food. When food is found
+it is enveloped in the mass of protoplasm, digested and assimilated.
+
+The single cell has the _power of choice_, for it refuses to eat what is
+unwholesome and extends itself mightily to reach that which is
+nourishing.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cell and Organic Evolution]
+
+Moebius and Gates are convinced that the single cell possesses _memory_,
+for having once encountered anything dangerous, it knows enough to avoid
+it when presented under similar circumstances. And having once found
+food in a certain place, it will afterwards make a business of looking
+for it in the same place.
+
+And, finally, Verwörn and Binet have found in a single living cell
+manifestations of _the emotions of surprise and fear_ and the rudiments
+of _an ability to adapt means to an end_.
+
+Let us now consider pluricellular organisms and consider them
+particularly from the standpoint of organic evolution. The pluricellular
+organism is nothing more nor less than a later development, a
+confederated association of unicellular organisms. Mark the development
+of such an association.
+
+[Sidenote: Evolutionary Differentiation]
+
+Originally each separate cell performed all the functions of a separate
+life. The bonds that united it to its fellows were of the most transient
+character. Gradually the necessities of environment led to a more and
+more permanent grouping, until at last the bonds of union became
+indissoluble.
+
+Meanwhile, the great laws of "adaptation" and "heredity," the basic
+principles of evolution, have been steadily at work, and slowly there
+has come about a differentiation of cell function, an apportionment
+among the different cells of the different kinds of labor.
+
+[Sidenote: Plurality of the Individual]
+
+As the result of such differentiation, the pluricellular organism, as it
+comes ultimately to be evolved, is composed of many different kinds of
+cells. Each has its special function. Each has its field of labor. Each
+lives its own individual life. Each reproduces its own kind. Yet all are
+bound together as elements of the same "cell society" or organized "cell
+state."
+
+Among pluricellular organisms man is of course supreme. He is the one
+form of animal life that is most highly differentiated.
+
+[Sidenote: Combined Consciousness of the Millions]
+
+Knowing what you now know of microscopic anatomy, you cannot hold to the
+simple idea that the human body is a single life-unit. This is the
+naïve belief that is everywhere current among men today. Inquire among
+your own friends and acquaintances and you will find that not one in a
+thousand realizes that he is, to put it jocularly, singularly plural,
+that he is in fact an assemblage of individuals.
+
+[Illustration: MICROSCOPIC STUDIES IN HUMAN ANATOMY, PRIVATE LABORATORY,
+SOCIETY OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY]
+
+Not only is the living human body as a whole alive, but "every part of
+it as large as a pin-point is alive, with a separate and independent
+life all its own; every part of the brain, lungs, heart, muscles, fat
+and skin." No man ever has or ever can count the number of these parts
+or cells, some of which are so minute that it would take thousands in a
+row to reach an inch.
+
+"Feeling" or "consciousness" is the sum total of the feelings and
+consciousness of millions of cells, just as an orchestral harmony is a
+composite of the sounds of all the individual instruments.
+
+[Sidenote: Evolution of the Human Organism]
+
+In the ancient dawn of evolution, all the cells of the human body were
+of the same kind. But Nature is everywhere working out problems of
+economy and efficiency. And, to meet the necessities of environment,
+there has gradually come about a parceling out among the different cells
+of the various tasks that all had been previously called upon to perform
+for the support of the human institution.
+
+This differentiation in kinds of work has gradually brought about
+corresponding and appropriate changes of structure in the cells
+themselves, whereby each has become better fitted to perform its part in
+the sustenance and growth of the body.
+
+[Sidenote: The Crowd-Man]
+
+When you come to think that these processes of adaptation and heredity
+in the human body have been going on for _countless millions of years_,
+you can readily understand how it is that the human body of today is
+made up of more than thirty different kinds of cells, each having its
+special function.
+
+[Sidenote: Functions of Different Human Cells]
+
+We have muscle cells, with long, thin bodies like pea-pods, who devote
+their lives to the business of contraction; thin, hair-like connective
+tissue cells, whose office is to form a tough tissue for binding the
+parts of the body together; bone cells, a trades-union of masons, whose
+life work it is to select and assimilate salts of lime for the upkeep of
+the joints and framework; hair, skin, and nail cells, in various shapes
+and sizes, all devoting themselves to the protection and ornamentation
+of the body; gland cells, who give their lives, a force of trained
+chemists, to the abstraction from the blood of those substances that are
+needed for digestion; blood cells, crowding their way through the
+arteries, some making regular deliveries of provisions to the other
+tenants, some soldierly fellows patrolling their beats to repel invading
+disease germs, some serving as humble scavengers; liver cells engaged in
+the menial service of living off the waste of other organs and at the
+same time converting it into such fluids as are required for digestion;
+windpipe and lung cells, whose heads are covered with stiff hairs, which
+the cell throughout its life waves incessantly to and fro; and, lastly,
+and most important and of greatest interest to us, brain and nerve
+cells, the brain cells constituting altogether the organ of objective
+intelligence, the instrument through which we are conscious of the
+external world, and the nerve cells serving as a living telegraph to
+relay information, from one part of the body to another, with the
+"swiftness of thought."
+
+Says one writer, referring to the cells of the inner or true skin: "As
+we look at them arranged there like a row of bricks, let us remember two
+things: first, that this row is actually in our skin at this moment;
+and, secondly, that each cell is a living being--it is born, grows,
+lives, breathes, eats, works, decays and dies. A gay time of it these
+youngsters have on the very banks of a stream that is bringing down to
+them every minute stores of fresh air in the round, red corpuscles of
+the blood, and a constant stream of suitable food in the serum. But it
+is not all pleasure, for every one of them is hard at work."
+
+[Sidenote: Cell Life After Death]
+
+And again, speaking of the cells that line the air-tubes, he says: "The
+whole interior, then, of the air-tubes resembles nothing so much as a
+field of corn swayed by the wind to and fro, the principal sweep,
+however, being always upwards towards the throat. All particles of dust
+and dirt inhaled drop on this waving forest of hairs, and are gently
+passed up and from one to another out of the lungs. When we remember
+that these hairs commenced waving at our birth, and have never for one
+second ceased since, and will continue to wave a short time after our
+death, we are once more filled with wonder at the marvels that surround
+us on every side."
+
+[Sidenote: Experiments of Dr. Alexis Carrel]
+
+Remarkable confirmatory evidence of the fact that every organ of the
+body is composed of individual cell intelligences, endowed with an
+instinctive knowledge of how to perform their special functions, is
+found in the experiments of Dr. Alexis Carrel, the recipient of the
+Nobel prize for science for 1912.
+
+_Dr. Carrel has taken hearts, stomachs and kidneys out of living
+animals, and by artificial nourishment has succeeded in keeping them
+steadily at work digesting foods, and so on, in his laboratory, for
+months after the death of the bodies from which they were originally
+taken._
+
+[Sidenote: Man-Federation of Intelligences]
+
+We see, then, that every human body is an exceedingly complex
+association of units. It is a marvelously correlated and organized
+community of countless microscopic organisms. It is a sort of _cell
+republic_, as to which we may truthfully paraphrase: Life and Union, One
+and Inseparable.
+
+Every human body is thus made up of countless cellular intelligences,
+each of which instinctively utilizes ways and means for the performance
+of its special functions and the reproduction of its kind. These cell
+intelligences carry on, without the knowledge or volition of our central
+consciousness--that is to say, _subconsciously_--the vital operations of
+the body.
+
+[Sidenote: Creative Power of the Cell]
+
+Under normal conditions, conditions of health, each cell does its work
+without regard to the operations of its neighbors. But in the event of
+accident or disease, it is called upon to repair the organism. And in
+this it shows an energy and intelligence that "savor of creative power."
+With what promptness and vigor the cells apply themselves to heal a cut
+or mend a broken bone! In such cases all that the physician can do is to
+establish outward conditions that will favor the co-operative labors of
+these tiny intelligences.
+
+_The conclusion to be drawn from all this is obvious. For, if every
+individual and ultimate part of the body is a mind organism, it is very
+apparent that the body as a whole is peculiarly adapted to control and
+direction by mental influences.
+
+[Sidenote: Laying the Foundation for Practical Doing]
+
+Do not lose sight of the fact that in proving such control we are laying
+the foundation for a scientific method of achieving practical success in
+life, since all human achievement comes about through some form of
+bodily activity._
+
+We assume now your complete acceptance of the following propositions,
+based as they are upon facts long since discovered and enunciated in
+standard scientific works:
+
+_a_. The whole body is composed of cells, each of which is an
+intelligent entity endowed with mental powers commensurate with its
+needs.
+
+[Sidenote: Three New Propositions]
+
+_b._ The fact that every cell in the body is a _mind_ cell shows that
+the body, by the very nature of its component parts, is peculiarly
+susceptible to mental influence and control.
+
+To these propositions we now append the following:
+
+_c._ A further examination of the body reveals a central mental
+organism, the brain, composed of highly differentiated cells whose
+intelligence, as in the case of other cells, is commensurate with their
+functions.
+
+_d._ It reveals also a physical mechanism, the nervous system,
+peculiarly adapted to the communication of intelligence between the
+central governing intelligence and the subordinate cells.
+
+[Sidenote: An Instrument for Mental Dominance]
+
+_e._ The existence of this mind organism and this mechanism of
+intercommunication is additional evidence of the control and direction
+of bodily activities by _mental energy_.
+
+The facts to follow will not only demonstrate the truth of these
+propositions, but will disclose the existence within every one of us of
+a store of mental energies and activities of which we are entirely
+unconscious.
+
+The brain constitutes the organ of central governing intelligence, and
+the nerves are the physical means employed in bodily intercommunication.
+
+Brain and nerves are in other words the physical mechanism employed by
+the mind to dominate the body.
+
+[Sidenote: Gateways of Experience]
+
+Single nerve fibers are fine, thread-like cells. They are so small as to
+be invisible to the naked eye. Some of them are so minute that it would
+take twenty thousand of them laid side by side to measure an inch. Every
+nerve fiber in the human body forms one of a series of connecting links
+between some central nerve cell in the brain or spinal cord on the one
+hand and some bodily tissue on the other.
+
+All nerves originating in the brain may be divided into two classes
+according as they carry currents to the brain or from it. Those carrying
+currents to the brain are called _sensory_ nerves, or nerves of
+sensation; those carrying currents from the brain are called _motor_
+nerves, or nerves of motion.
+
+[Sidenote: Couriers of Action]
+
+Among the sensory nerves are the nerves of consciousness; that is, the
+nerves whereby we receive sense impressions from the external world.
+These include the nerves of touch, sight, pain, hearing, temperature,
+taste and smell. Motor nerves are those that carry messages from the
+brain and spinal cord on the one hand to the muscles on the other. They
+are the lines along which flash all orders resulting in bodily
+movements.
+
+[Sidenote: Nerve Systems]
+
+Another broad division of nerves is into two great nerve systems. There
+are the _cerebro-spinal_ system and the _sympathetic_ system. The first,
+the cerebro-spinal system, includes all the nerves of _consciousness_
+and of _voluntary action_; it includes all nerves running between the
+brain and spinal cord on the one hand and the voluntary muscles on the
+other. The second, the sympathetic nerve system, consists of all the
+nerves of the unconscious or functional life; it therefore includes all
+nerves running between the brain and sympathetic or involuntary nerve
+centers on the one hand and the involuntary muscles on the other.
+
+Every bodily movement or function that you can start or stop at will,
+even to such seemingly unconscious acts as winking, walking, etc., is
+controlled through the cerebro-spinal system. All other functions of the
+body, including the great vital processes, such as heart pulsation and
+digestion, are performed unconsciously, are beyond the direct control of
+the will, and are governed through the sympathetic nerve system.
+
+[Sidenote: Organs of Consciousness and Subconsciousness]
+
+It is obvious that the cerebro-spinal nerve system is the organ of
+consciousness, the apparatus through which the mind exercises its
+conscious and voluntary control over certain functions of the body. It
+is equally obvious that the _sympathetic system is not under the
+immediate control of consciousness, is not subject to the will, but is
+dominated by mental influences that act without, or even contrary to,
+our conscious will and sometimes without our knowledge._
+
+Yet you are not to understand that these two great nerve systems are
+entirely distinct in their operations. On the contrary, they are in many
+respects closely related.
+
+[Illustration: SEPARATE NERVE CENTERS, PLEXUSES AND GANGLIA, THE "LITTLE
+BRAINS" OF THE HUMAN BODY]
+
+Thus, the heart receives nerves from both centers of government, and
+besides all this is itself the center of groups of nerve cells. The
+power by which it beats arises from a ganglionic center within the heart
+itself, so that the heart will continue to beat apart from the body if
+it be supplied with fresh blood. But the rapidity of the heart's beating
+is regulated by the cerebro-spinal and sympathetic systems, of which the
+former tends to retard the beat and the latter tends to accelerate it.
+
+In the same way, your lungs are governed in part by both centers, for
+you can breathe slowly or rapidly as you will, but you cannot, by any
+power of your conscious will, stop breathing altogether.
+
+Your interest in the brain and nerve system is confined to such facts as
+may prove to be of use to you in your study of the mind. These
+anatomical divisions interest you only as they are identified with
+conscious mental action on the one hand and unconscious mental action on
+the other.
+
+It is, therefore, of no use to you to consider the various divisions of
+the sympathetic nerve system, since the sympathetic nerve system in its
+entirety belongs to the field of unconscious mental action. It operates
+without our knowledge and without our will.
+
+[Sidenote: Looking Inside the Skull]
+
+The cerebro-spinal system consists of the spinal cord and the brain. The
+brain in turn is made up of two principal subdivisions. First, there is
+the greater or upper brain, called the cerebrum; secondly, there is the
+lower or smaller brain, called the cerebellum. The cerebrum in turn
+consists of three parts: the convoluted _surface_ brain, the _middle_
+brain and the _lower_ brain. So that in all we have the _surface_ brain,
+the _middle_ brain, the _lower_ brain and the _cerebellum_. All these
+parts consist of masses of brain cells with connecting nerve fibers.
+
+[Sidenote: Brains Parts and Functions]
+
+And now, as to the functions of these various parts. Beginning at the
+lowest one and moving upward, we find first that the _spinal cord_
+consists of through lines of nerves running between the brain and the
+rest of the body. At the same time it contains within itself certain
+nerve centers that are sufficient for many simple bodily movements.
+These bodily movements are such as are instinctive or habitual and
+require no distinct act of the will for their performance. They are mere
+"reactions," without conscious, volitional impulse.
+
+Moving up one step higher, we find that the _cerebellum_ is the organ of
+equilibrium, and that it as well as the spinal cord operates
+independently of the conscious will, for no conscious effort of the will
+is required to make one reel from dizziness.
+
+As to the divisions of the greater brain or cerebrum, we want you to
+note that the _lower brain_ serves a double purpose. First, it is the
+channel through which pass through lines of communication to and from
+the upper brain and the mid-brain on the one hand and the rest of the
+body on the other. Secondly, it is itself a central office for the
+maintenance of certain vital functions, such as lung-breathing,
+heart-beating, saliva-secreting, swallowing, etc., all involuntary and
+unconscious in the sense that consciousness is not necessary to their
+performance.
+
+The next higher division, or _mid-brain_, is a large region from which
+the conscious will issues its edicts regulating all voluntary bodily
+movements. It is also the seat of certain special senses, such as sight.
+
+Lastly, the _surface brain_, known as the cortex, is the interpretative
+and reflective center, the abode of memory, intellect and will.
+
+[Sidenote: Drunkenness and Brain Efficiency]
+
+The functions of these various parts are well illustrated by the effects
+of alcohol upon the mind. If a man takes too much alcohol, its first
+apparent effect will be to paralyze the higher or cortical center. This
+leaves the mid-brain without the check-rein of a reflective intellect,
+and the man will be senselessly hilarious or quarrelsome, jolly or
+dejected, pugnacious or tearful, and would be ordinarily described as
+"drunk." If in spite of this he keeps on drinking, the mid-brain soon
+becomes deadened and ceases to respond, and the cerebellum, the organ of
+equilibrium, also becomes paralyzed. All voluntary bodily activities
+must then cease, and he rolls under the table, helpless and "dead"
+drunk, or in language that is even more graphically appreciative of the
+physiological effects of alcohol, "paralyzed." However, the deep-seated
+sympathetic system is still alive. No assault has yet been made upon
+the vital organs of the body; the heart continues to beat and the lungs
+to breathe. But suppose that some playful comrade pours still more
+liquor down the victim's throat. The medulla, or lower brain, then
+becomes paralyzed, the vital organs cease to act and the man is no
+longer "dead" drunk. He has become a sacrifice to Bacchus. He is
+literally and actually dead.
+
+It seems, then, that the surface brain and mid-brain constitute together
+the organ of consciousness and will. Consciousness and will disappear
+with the deadening or paralysis of these two organs.
+
+[Sidenote: Secondary Brains]
+
+Yet these two organs constitute but a small proportion of the entire
+mass of brain and nervous tissue of the body. In addition to these,
+there are not only the lower brain and the spinal cord and the countless
+ramifications of motor and sensory nerves throughout the body, but
+there are also separate nerve-centers or ganglia in every one of the
+visceral organs of the body. These ganglia have the power to maintain
+movements in their respective organs. _They may in fact be looked upon
+as little brains developing nerve force and communicating it to the
+organs._
+
+[Sidenote: Dependence of the Subconscious]
+
+All these automatic parts of the bodily mechanism are dominated by
+departments of the mind entirely distinct from ordinary consciousness.
+In fact, ordinary consciousness has no knowledge of their existence
+excepting what is learned from outward bodily manifestations.
+
+All these different organic ganglia constitute together the sympathetic
+nerve system, organ of that part of the mind which directs the vital
+operations of the body in apparent independence of the intelligence
+commonly called "the mind," an intelligence which acts through the
+cerebro-spinal system.
+
+Yet this independence is far from being absolute. For, as we have seen,
+not only is the cerebro-spinal system, which is the organ of
+consciousness, the abode of all the special senses, such as sight,
+hearing, etc., and therefore our only source of information of the
+external world, but many organs of the body are under the joint control
+of both systems.
+
+_So it comes about that these individual intelligences governing
+different organs of the body, with their intercommunications, are
+dependent upon consciousness for their knowledge of such facts of the
+outer world as have a bearing on their individual operations, and they
+are subject to the influence of consciousness as the medium that
+interprets these facts._
+
+It is unnecessary for us to go into this matter deeply. It is enough if
+you clearly understand that, in addition to consciousness, the
+department of mind that knows and directly deals with the facts of the
+outer world, there is also a deep-seated and seemingly unconscious
+department of mind consisting of individual organic intelligences
+capable of receiving, understanding and acting upon such information as
+consciousness transmits.
+
+[Sidenote: Unconsciousness and Subconsciousness]
+
+We have spoken of conscious and "seemingly unconscious" departments of
+the mind. In doing so we have used the word "seemingly" advisedly.
+Obviously we have no right to apply the term "unconscious" without
+qualification to an intelligent mentality such as we have described.
+
+"Unconscious" simply means "not conscious." In its common acceptation,
+it denotes, in fact, an absence of all mental action. It is in no sense
+descriptive. It is merely negative. Death is unconscious; but
+unconsciousness is no attribute of a mental state that is living and
+impellent and constantly manifests its active energy and power in the
+maintenance of the vital functions of the body.
+
+Hereafter, then, we shall continue to use the term consciousness as
+descriptive of that part of our mentality which constitutes what is
+commonly known as the "mind"; while that mental force, which, so far as
+our animal life is concerned, operates through the sympathetic nerve
+system, we shall hereafter describe as "_sub_conscious."
+
+[Sidenote: Synthesis of the Man-Machine]
+
+[Sidenote: Subserviency of the Body]
+
+Let us summarize our study of man's physical organism. We have learned
+that the human body is a confederation of various groups of living
+cells; that in the earliest stages of man's evolution, these cells
+were all of the same general type; that as such they were free-living,
+free-thinking and intelligent organisms as certainly as were those
+unicellular organisms which had not become members of any group or
+association; that through the processes of evolution, heredity and
+adaptation, there has come about in the course of the ages, a
+subdivision of labor among the cells of our bodies and a consequent
+differentiation in kind whereby each has become peculiarly fitted for
+the performance of its allotted functions; that, nevertheless, these
+cells of the human body are still free-living, intelligent organisms,
+of which each is endowed with the inherited, instinctive knowledge of
+all that is essential to the preservation of its own life and the
+perpetuation of its species within the living body; that, as a part of
+the specializing economy of the body, there have been evolved brain
+and nerve cells performing a twofold service--first, constituting the
+organ of a central governing intelligence with the important business
+of receiving, classifying, and recording all impressions or messages
+received through the senses from the outer world, and, second,
+communicating to the other cells of the body such part of the
+information so derived as may be appropriate to the functions of each;
+that finally, as such complex and confederated individuals, each of
+us possesses a direct, self-conscious knowledge of only a small part
+of his entire mental equipment; that we have not only a
+_consciousness_ receiving sense impressions and issuing motor impulses
+through the cerebro-spinal nervous system, but that we have also a
+_subconsciousness_ manifesting itself, so far as bodily functions are
+concerned, in the activity of the vital organs through the sympathetic
+nerve system; that this subconsciousness is dependent on consciousness
+for all knowledge of the external world; that, in accordance with the
+principles of evolution, man as a whole and as a collection of cell
+organisms, both consciously and unconsciously, is seeking to adapt
+himself to his external world, his environment; that the human body,
+both as a whole and as an aggregate of cellular intelligences, is
+therefore subject in every part and in every function to the
+influence of the special senses and of the mind of consciousness.
+
+
+
+
+The Supremacy of Consciousness
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE SUPREMACY OF CONSCIOUSNESS
+
+CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM STUDIES IN HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY, ANATOMY AND
+PHYSIOLOGY
+
+
+[Sidenote: Striking off the Mental Shackles]
+
+Stop a moment and mark the conclusion to which you have come. You have
+been examining the human body with the scalpel and the microscope of
+the anatomist and physiologist. In doing so and by watching the bodily
+organs in operation, you have learned that _every part of the body, even
+to those organs commonly known as involuntary, is ultimately subject to
+the influence or control of consciousness_, that part of the human
+intelligence which is popularly known as "the mind."
+
+Prior to this, as a matter of direct introspective knowledge, we had
+come to the conclusion that the influence of the mind over all the
+organs of the body was one of the most obvious facts of human life.
+
+So, our study of the body as the instrument of the mind has brought us
+to the same conclusion as did our study of the mind in its relations to
+the body.
+
+Looked at from the practical science standpoint, the evidences that
+mental activity can and does produce bodily effects are so clear and
+numerous as to admit of no dispute.
+
+The world has been slow to acknowledge the mastery of mind over body.
+This is because the world long persisted in looking at the question from
+the point of view of the philosopher and religionist. It is because the
+thought of the world has been hampered by its own definitions of terms.
+
+The spiritualist has been so busy in the pursuit of originating "first"
+causes, and the materialist has so emphasized the dependence of mind
+upon physical conditions, that the world has received with skepticism
+the assertion of the influence of mind over body, and in fact doubted
+the intuitive evidence of its own consciousness.
+
+[Sidenote: The Awakening of Enlightenment]
+
+The distinction between the two points of view has gradually come to be
+recognized. Today the fact that the mind may act as a "cause" in
+relationship with the body is a recognized principle of applied science.
+The world's deepest thinkers accept its truth. And the interest of
+enlightened men and women everywhere is directed toward the mind as an
+agency of undreamed resource for the cure of functional derangements of
+the body and for the attainment of the highest degree of bodily
+efficiency.
+
+In some respects it is unfortunate that you should have been compelled
+to begin these studies in mental efficiency and self-expression with
+lessons on the relationship between the mind and the body. There is the
+danger that you may jump at the conclusion that this course has some
+reference to "mental healing." Please disabuse your mind of any such
+mistaken idea.
+
+[Sidenote: The Vital Purpose]
+
+Health is a boon. It is not the greatest boon. Health is not life.
+Health is but a means to life. Life is service. Life is achievement.
+Health is of value in so far as it contributes to achievement.
+
+Our study of the relation between mind and body at this time has had a
+deeper, broader and more vital purpose. It is the foundation stone of an
+educational structure in which we shall show you how the mind may be
+brought by scientific measures to a certainty and effectiveness of
+operation far greater than is now common or ordinarily thought possible.
+
+[Sidenote: Your Reservoir of Latent Power]
+
+Remember the two fundamental propositions set forth in this book.
+
+I. _All human achievement comes about through some form of bodily
+activity._
+
+II. _All bodily activity is caused, controlled and directed by the
+mind._
+
+The truth of these propositions must now be obvious to you. You must
+realize that the mind is the one instrument by which it is possible to
+achieve anything in life. Your next step must be to learn how to use it.
+
+_In succeeding volumes, we shall sound the depths of the reservoir of
+latent mental power. We shall find the means of tapping its resources.
+And so we shall come to give you the master key to achievement and teach
+you how to use it with confidence and with the positive assurance of
+success._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Psychology and Achievement, by Warren Hilton
+
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Psychology and Achievement, by Warren Hilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Psychology and Achievement
+
+Author: Warren Hilton
+
+Release Date: October 19, 2004 [EBook #13791]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PSYCHOLOGY AND ACHIEVEMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<h4><span>Applied Psychology</span></h4>
+
+<h3><span>PSYCHOLOGY AND ACHIEVEMENT<br>
+<br>
+ <i>Being the First of a Series of Twelve Volumes on the
+Applications of Psychology to the Problems of Personal and Business
+Efficiency</i></span></h3>
+
+<h4>BY</h4>
+
+<h3><span>WARREN HILTON, A.B., L.L.B.</span></h3>
+
+<h5><span>FOUNDER OF THE SOCIETY OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY</span></h5>
+
+<h5 align="center"><span>ISSUED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF<br>
+ <b>THE LITERARY DIGEST.</b><br>
+ FOR</span></h5>
+
+<h4><span>The Society of Applied Psychology<br>
+ NEW YORK AND LONDON<br>
+ 1919</span></h4>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h5><span>1914<br>
+ BY THE APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY PRES<br>
+ SAN FRANCISCO<br>
+</span></h5>
+
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h3><span>PREFATORY NOTE</span></h3>
+
+<p><i>Lest in the text of these volumes credit may not always have
+been given where credit is due, grateful acknowledgment is here
+made to Professor Hugo M&uuml;nsterberg, Professor Walter Dill
+Scott, Dr. James H. Hyslop, Dr. Ernst Haeckel, Dr. Frank Channing
+Haddock, Mr. Frederick W. Taylor, Professor Morton Prince,
+Professor F.H. Gerrish, Mr. Waldo Pondray Warren, Dr. J.D.
+Quackenbos, Professor C.A. Strong, Professor Paul Dubois, Professor
+Joseph Jastrow, Professor Pierre Janet, Dr. Bernard Hart and
+Professor G.M. Whipple, of the indebtedness to them incurred in the
+preparation of this work.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h3><span>CONTENTS</span></h3>
+
+<p class="blkquot">Chapter<br>
+ I. ATTAINMENT OF MIND CONTROL<br>
+</p>
+
+<blockquote class="blkquot" style=
+"width: 75%; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%"><a href=
+"#Man_of_Tomorrow">THE MAN OF TOMORROW</a><br>
+ <a href="#Dollars_Sense">THE DOLLARS AND CENTS OF MENTAL
+WASTE</a><br>
+ <a href="#Means_to">THE MEANS TO NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENT</a><br>
+ <a href="#Making_Good">A PROCESS FOR "MAKING GOOD"</a><br>
+ <a href="#Inadequacy_Body">INADEQUACY OF BODY TRAINING</a><br>
+ <a href="#Inadequacy_Business">INADEQUACY OF BUSINESS
+SPECIALIZATION</a><br>
+ <a href="#Futility_Advice">FUTILITY OF ADVICE IN BUSINESS</a><br>
+ <a href="#Why_How">THE WHY AND THE HOW</a><br>
+ <a href="#FUNDAMENTAL_TRAINING">FUNDAMENTAL TRAINING FOR
+EFFICIENCY</a><br>
+ <a href="#VIRUS_OF_FAILURE">THE VIRUS OF FAILURE</a><br>
+ <a href="#PRACTICAL_FORMULAS">PRACTICAL FORMULAS FOR EVERY
+DAY</a><br>
+ <a href="#UNDISCOVERED_RESOURCES">YOUR UNDISCOVERED
+RESOURCES</a><br>
+ <a href="#MIND_MACHINE">MAN'S MIND MACHINE</a><br>
+ <a href="#ABJURING_MYSTICISMS">ABJURING MYSTICISMS</a><br>
+ <a href="#PSYCHOLOGY_PHYSIOLOGY">PSYCHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND
+RELATIONSHIPS</a><br>
+ <a href="#ABODE_AND_INSTRUMENT">ABODE AND INSTRUMENT OF
+MIND</a><br>
+ <a href="#MANNER_OF_HANDLING">MANNER OF HANDLING MENTAL
+PROCESSES</a><br>
+ <a href="#FUNDAMENTAL_LAWS">FUNDAMENTAL LAWS AND PRACTICAL
+METHODS</a><br>
+ <a href="#SPECIAL_BUSINESS">SPECIAL BUSINESS TOPICS</a><br>
+ <a href="#STEP_BEYOND">A STEP BEYOND COLLEGIATE PSYCHOLOGY</a><br>
+ <a href="#ETERNAL_LAWS">THE ETERNAL LAWS OF INDIVIDUAL
+ACHIEVEMENT</a><br>
+ <a href="#MASTER_OUR_METHODS">HOW TO MASTER OUR METHODS</a><br>
+</blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+
+<p class="blkquot">II. TWO LAWS OF SUCCESS-ACHIEVEMENT<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blkquot" style=
+"width: 75%; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%"><a href=
+"#ONE-MAN_BUSINESS">THE ONE-MAN BUSINESS CORPORATION</a><br>
+ <a href="#BODILY_ACTIVITY">BUSINESS AND BODILY ACTIVITY</a><br>
+ <a href="#ENSLAVED_BRAIN">THE ENSLAVED BRAIN</a><br>
+ <a href="#SELF-REALIZATION">FIRST STEP TOWARD
+SELF-REALIZATION</a><br>
+</div>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+
+<p class="blkquot">III. RELATION OF MIND ACTIVITY TO BODILY
+ACTIVITY<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blkquot" style=
+"width: 75%; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%"><a href=
+"#SPECULATION">SPECULATION AND PRACTICAL SCIENCE</a><br>
+ <a href="#RIDDLES">PHILOSOPHIC RIDDLES AND PERSONAL
+EFFECTIVENESS</a><br>
+ <a href="#WANT_TO_KNOW">WHAT WE WANT TO KNOW</a><br>
+ <a href="#SPIRITUALIST">SPIRITUALIST, MATERIALIST AND
+SCIENTIST</a><br>
+ <a href="#CAUSE_AND_EFFECT">SCIENCE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT</a><br>
+ <a href="#FIRST_CAUSES">CAUSES AND "FIRST" CAUSES</a><br>
+ <a href="#COMMON_PLATFORM">A COMMON PLATFORM FOR ALL</a><br>
+ <a href="#THOUGHTS_TREATED">THOUGHTS TREATED AS CAUSES</a><br>
+ <a href="#SCIENTIFIC_METHOD">SCIENTIFIC METHOD WITH PRACTICAL
+PROBLEMS</a><br>
+ <a href="#SCIENTIFIC_LAWS">USES OF SCIENTIFIC LAWS</a><br>
+</div>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+
+<p class="blkquot">IV. INTROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blkquot" style=
+"width: 75%; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%"><a href=
+"#WANT_TO_DO">DOING THE THING YOU WANT TO DO</a><br>
+ <a href="#POWER_OF_WILL">SOURCE OF POWER OF WILL</a><br>
+ <a href="#IMPELLENT">IMPELLENT ENERGY OF THOUGHT</a><br>
+ <a href="#BODILY_EFFECTS_OF_MENTAL">BODILY EFFECTS OF MENTAL
+STATES</a><br>
+ <a href="#ILLUSTRATIVE">ILLUSTRATIVE EXPERIMENTS</a><br>
+ <a href="#SCOPE_OF_MIND">SCOPE OF MIND POWER</a><br>
+ <a href="#BODILY_EFFECTS_OF_EMOTION">BODILY EFFECTS OF
+EMOTION</a><br>
+ <a href="#BODILY_EFFECTS_OF_PERCEPTION">BODILY EFFECTS OF
+PERCEPTION</a><br>
+ <a href="#PAVLOV">EXPERIMENTS OF PAVLOV</a><br>
+ <a href="#TASTE_AND_DIGESTION">TASTE AND DIGESTION</a><br>
+ <a href="#BODILY_EFFECTS_OF_SENSATIONS">BODILY EFFECTS OF
+SENSATIONS</a><br>
+ <a href="#LAW_OF_EXPRESSION">THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF
+EXPRESSION</a><br>
+</div>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+
+<p class="blkquot">V. PHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blkquot" style=
+"width: 75%; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%"><a href=
+"#INTROSPECTIVE">INTROSPECTIVE KNOWLEDGE</a><br>
+ <a href="#DISSECTION">DISSECTION AND THE GOVERNING
+CONSCIOUSNESS</a><br>
+ <a href="#SUBORDINATE">SUBORDINATE MENTAL UNITS</a><br>
+ <a href="#MICROSCOPE">WHAT THE MICROSCOPE SHOWS</a><br>
+ <a href="#LITTLE_UNIVERSE">THE LITTLE UNIVERSE BEYOND</a><br>
+ <a href="#UNIT_OF_LIFE">THE UNIT OF LIFE</a><br>
+ <a href="#LIVING_CELLS">CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING CELLS</a><br>
+ <a href="#BRAIN_OF_THE_CELL">THE BRAIN OF THE CELL</a><br>
+ <a href="#MIND_LIFE">MIND LIFE OF ONE CELL</a><br>
+ <a href="#WILL_OF_THE_CELL">THE WILL OF THE CELL</a><br>
+ <a href="#ORGANIC_EVOLUTION">THE CELL AND ORGANIC
+EVOLUTION</a><br>
+ <a href="#DIFFERENTIATIONS">EVOLUTIONARY DIFFERENTIATIONS</a><br>
+ <a href="#PLURALITY">PLURALITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL</a><br>
+ <a href="#COMBINED_CONSCIOUSNESS">COMBINED CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE
+MILLIONS</a><br>
+ <a href="#EVOLUTION_OF_THE_HUMAN">EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN
+ORGANISM</a><br>
+ <a href="#CROWD-MAN">THE CROWD-MAN</a><br>
+ <a href="#DIFFERENT_HUMAN_CELLS">FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT HUMAN
+CELLS</a><br>
+ <a href="#CELL_LIFE_AFTER">CELL LIFE AFTER DEATH</a><br>
+ <a href="#ALEXIS_CARRELL">EXPERIMENTS OF DR. ALEXIS
+CARRELL</a><br>
+ <a href="#MAN-FEDERATION">MAN-FEDERATION OF INTELLIGENCES</a><br>
+ <a href="#CREATIVE_POWER">CREATIVE POWER OF THE CELL</a><br>
+ <a href="#PRACTICAL_DOING">LAYING THE FOUNDATION FOR PRACTICAL
+DOING</a><br>
+ <a href="#THREE_NEW">THREE NEW PROPOSITIONS</a><br>
+ <a href="#MENTAL_DOMINANCE">AN INSTRUMENT FOR MENTAL
+DOMINANCE</a><br>
+ <a href="#GATEWAYS">GATEWAYS OF EXPERIENCE</a><br>
+ <a href="#COURIERS">COURIERS OF ACTION</a><br>
+ <a href="#NERVE_SYSTEMS">NERVE SYSTEMS</a><br>
+ <a href="#ORGANS_OF_CONSCIOUSNESS">ORGANS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND
+SUBCONSCIOUSNESS</a><br>
+ <a href="#INSIDE_THE_SKULL">LOOKING INSIDE THE SKULL</a><br>
+ <a href="#DRUNKENNESS">DRUNKENNESS AND BRAIN EFFICIENCY</a><br>
+ <a href="#SECONDARY_BRAINS">SECONDARY BRAINS</a><br>
+ <a href="#DEPENDENCE_OF">DEPENDENCE OF THE SUBCONSCIOUS</a><br>
+ <a href="#UNCONSCIOUSNESS_AND">UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND
+SUBCONSCIOUSNESS</a><br>
+ <a href="#SYNTHESIS_OF_THE_MAN-MACHINE">SYNTHESIS OF THE
+MAN-MACHINE</a><br>
+ <a href="#SUBSERVIENCY_OF_THE_BODY">SUBSERVIENCY OF THE
+BODY</a><br>
+</div>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+
+<p class="blkquot">VI. THE SUPREMACY OF CONSCIOUSNESS<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blkquot" style=
+"width: 75%; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%"><a href=
+"#MENTAL_SHACKLES">STRIKING OFF THE MENTAL SHACKLES</a><br>
+ <a href="#AWAKENING_OF_ENLIGHTENMENT">THE AWAKENING OF
+ENLIGHTENMENT</a><br>
+ <a href="#VITAL_PURPOSE">THE VITAL PURPOSE</a><br>
+ <a href="#RESERVOIR_OF_LATENT">YOUR RESERVOIR OF LATENT
+POWER</a><br>
+</div>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h2>ATTAINMENT OF MIND CONTROL</h2>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h3>CHAPTER I<br>
+ATTAINMENT OF MIND CONTROL</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="Man_of_Tomorrow">The Man of
+Tomorrow</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The men of the nineteenth century have harnessed the forces of
+the outer world. The age is now at hand that shall harness the
+energies of mind, new-found in the psychological laboratory, and
+shall put them at the service of humanity.</p>
+
+<p>Are you fully equipped to take a valiant part in the work of the
+coming years?</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="Dollars_Sense">The Dollars and
+Cents of Mental Waste</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The greatest of all eras is at hand! Are you increasing your
+fitness to appreciate it and take part in it, or are you merely
+passing your time away?</p>
+
+<p>Take careful note for a week of the incidents of your daily
+life&mdash;your methods of work, habits of thought, modes of
+recreation. You will discover an appalling waste in your present
+random methods of operation.</p>
+
+<p>How many foot-pounds of energy do you suppose you annually dump
+into the scrap-heap of wasted effort? What does this mean to you in
+dollars and cents? In conscious usefulness? In peace and
+happiness?</p>
+
+<p>Individual mental efficiency is an absolute prerequisite to any
+notable personal achievement or any great individual success. Your
+mental energies are the forces with which you must wage your
+battles in this world.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="Means_to">The Means to Notable
+Achievement</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Are you prepared to direct and deploy these forces with
+masterful control and strategic skill? Are you prepared to use all
+your reserves of mental energy in the crises of your career?<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Individual mental efficiency is an absolute prerequisite to any
+notable personal achievement or any great individual success. Your
+mental energies are the forces with which you must wage your
+battles in this world. Are you prepared to direct and deploy these
+forces with masterful control and strategic skill? Are you prepared
+to use all your reserves of mental energy in the crises of your
+career?<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>A Mighty and Intelligent Power resides within you. Its marvelous
+resources are just now coming to be recognized.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Recent scientific research has revealed, beyond the world of the
+senses and beyond the domain of consciousness, a wide and hitherto
+hidden realm of human energies and resources.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="Making_Good">A Process for
+"Making Good"</a></i></div>
+
+<p>These are mental energies and resources. They are phases of the
+mind, not of the "mind" of fifty years ago, but of a "mind" of
+whose operations you are unconscious and whose marvelous breadth
+and depth and power have but recently been revealed to the world by
+scientific experiment.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Thus in many fairly independent ways we are brought around to
+this same idea of a common structure underlying all the many
+seeming diversities manifested by what we call matter.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>In this <i>Basic Course of Reading</i> we shall lay before you
+in simple and clear-cut but scientific form the proof that you have
+at your command mental powers of which you have never before
+dreamed.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>And we shall give you such specific directions for the use of
+these new-found powers, that whatever your environment, whatever
+your business, whatever your ambition, <i>you need but follow our
+plain and simple instructions in order to do the thing you want to
+do, to be the man you want to be, or to get the thing you want to
+have.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="Inadequacy_Body">Inadequacy of
+Body Training</a></i></div>
+
+<p>If you have any thought that the control of your hidden mental
+energies is to be acquired by mere hygienic measures, put it from
+you. The idea that you may come into the fulness of your powers
+through mere wholesome living, outdoor sports and bodily exercise
+is an idea that belongs to an age that is past. Good health is not
+necessary to achievement. It is not even a positive influence for
+achievement. It is merely a negative blessing. With good health you
+may hope to reach your highest mental and spiritual development
+free from the harassment of soul-racking pain. But without good
+health men have reached the summit of Parnassus and have dragged
+their tortured bodies up behind them.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="Inadequacy_Business">Inadequacy
+of Business Specialization</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Nor does success necessarily follow or require long preparation
+in a particular field. The first occupation of the successful man
+is rarely the one in which he achieves his ultimate triumph. In the
+changing conditions of our day, one needs a better weapon than the
+mere knowledge of a particular trade, vocation or profession. <i>He
+needs that mastery of himself and others that is the fundamental
+secret of success in all fields of endeavor</i>.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="Futility_Advice">Futility of
+Advice in Business</a></i></div>
+
+<p>It is well to tell you beforehand that in this <i>Basic Course
+of Reading</i> we shall be content with no mere cataloguing of the
+factors that are commonly regarded as essential to success. We
+shall do no moralizing. You will find here no elaboration of the
+ancient aphorisms, "Honesty is the best policy," and "Genius is the
+infinite capacity for taking pains."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The world has had its fill of mere exhortations to industry,
+frugality and perseverance. For some thousands of years men have
+preached to the lazy man, "Be industrious," and to the timid man,
+"Be bold." But such phrases never have solved and never can solve
+the problem for the man who feels himself lacking in both industry
+and courage.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="Why_How">The Why and the
+How</a></i></div>
+
+<p>It is easy enough to tell the salesman that he must approach his
+"prospect" with tact and confidence. But tact and confidence are
+not qualities that can be assumed and discarded like a Sunday coat.
+Industry and courage and tact and confidence are well enough, but
+we must know the Why and the How of these things.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>It is well enough to preach that the secret of achievement is to
+be found in "courage-faith" and "courage-confidence," and that the
+way to acquire these qualities is to assume that you have them.
+There is no denying the undoubted fact that men and women have been
+rescued from the deepest mire of poverty and despair and lifted to
+planes of happy abundance by what is known as "faith." But what is
+"faith"? And "faith" in What? And Why? And How?<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Obviously we cannot achieve certain and definite results in this
+or any other field so long as we continue to deal with materials we
+do not understand.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="FUNDAMENTAL_TRAINING">Fundamental
+Training for Efficiency</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Yet that is what all men are doing today. The elements of truth
+are befogged in vague and amateurish mysticism, and the subject of
+individual efficiency when we get beyond mere preaching and
+moralizing is a chaos of isms.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The time is ripe for a real analysis of these important
+problems,&mdash;a serious and scientific analysis with a clear and
+practical exposition of facts and principles and rules for
+conduct.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Men and women must be fundamentally trained so that they can
+look deep into their own minds and see where the screw is loose,
+where oil is needed, and so readjust themselves and their living
+for a greater efficiency.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="VIRUS_OF_FAILURE">The Virus of
+Failure</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The embittered, the superstitious, the prejudiced, all those who
+scorpion-like sting themselves with the virus of failure, must be
+given an antidote of understanding that will repair their deranged
+mental machinery.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The conscientious but foolish business man who is worrying
+himself into failure and an early grave must be taught the
+physiological effects of ideas and given a new standard of
+values.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The profligate must be lured from his emotional excesses and
+debaucheries, not by moralizings, but by showing him just how these
+things fritter his energies and retard his progress.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="PRACTICAL_FORMULAS">Practical
+Formulas for Every Day</a></i></div>
+
+<p>It must be made plain to the successful promoter, to the rich
+banker, how a man may be a financial success and yet a miserable
+failure so far as true happiness is concerned, and how by
+scientific self-development he can acquire greater riches within
+than all his vaults of steel will hold.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>This <i>Basic Course of Reading</i> offers just such an analysis
+and exposition of fundamental principles. It furnishes definite and
+scientific answers to the problems of life. It will reveal to you
+unused or unintelligently used mental forces vastly greater than
+those now at your command.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="UNDISCOVERED_RESOURCES">Your
+Undiscovered Resources</a></i></div>
+
+<p>We go even further, and say that this <i>Basic Course of
+Reading</i> provides a practicable formula for the everyday use of
+these vast resources. It will enable you to acquire the magical
+qualities and still more magical effects that spell success and
+happiness, without straining your will to the breaking point and
+making life a burden. It will give you a definite prescription like
+the physician's, "Take one before meals," and as easily compounded,
+which will enable you to be prosperous and happy.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>In the development of one's innate resources, such as powers of
+observation, imagination, correct judgment, alertness,
+resourcefulness, application, concentration, and the faculty of
+taking prompt advantage of opportunities, the study of the mental
+machine is bound to be the first step. It must be the ultimate
+resource for self-training in efficiency for the promoter with his
+appeal to the cupidity and imaginations of men as surely as for the
+artist in his search for poetic inspiration.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="MIND_MACHINE">Man's Mind
+Machine</a></i></div>
+
+<p>No man can get the best results from any machine unless he
+understands its mechanism. We shall draw aside the curtain and show
+you the mind in operation.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The mastery of your own powers is worth more to you than all the
+knowledge of outside facts you can crowd into your head. Read and
+study and practice the teachings of this <i>Basic Course</i>, and
+they will make you in a new sense the master of yourself and of
+your future.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>In this <i>Basic Course of Reading</i> we shall begin by giving
+you a thorough understanding of certain mental operations and
+processes.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="ABJURING_MYSTICISMS">Abjuring
+Mysticisms</a></i></div>
+
+<p>We shall lead your interest away from "vague mysticisms" and
+emphasize such phases of scientific psychological theory as bear
+directly on practical achievement.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>We shall give you a practical working knowledge of concentrative
+mental methods and devices. We shall clear away the mysteries and
+misapprehensions that now envelop this particular field.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>In the present volume we shall begin with a discussion of
+certain aspects of the relation between the mind and the body.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name=
+"PSYCHOLOGY_PHYSIOLOGY">Psychology, Physiology and
+Relationships</a></i></div>
+
+<p>However we look at it, it is impossible to understand the mind
+without some knowledge of the bodily machine through which the mind
+works. The investigation of the mind and its conditions and
+problems is primarily the business of psychology, which seeks to
+describe and explain them. It would seem to be entirely distinct
+from physiology, which seeks to classify and explain the facts of
+bodily structure and operation. But all sciences overlap more or
+less. And this is particularly true of psychology, which deals with
+the mind, and physiology, which deals with the body.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>It is the mind that we are primarily interested in. But every
+individual mind resides within, or at least expresses itself
+through, a body. Upon the preservation of that body and upon the
+orderly performance of its functions depend our health and comfort,
+our very lives.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="ABODE_AND_INSTRUMENT">Abode and
+instrument of Mind</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Then, too, considered merely as part of the outside world of
+matter, man's body is the physical fact with which he is most in
+contact and most immediately concerned. It furnishes him with
+information concerning the existence and operations of other minds.
+It is in fact his only source of information about the outside
+world.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>First of all, then, you must form definite and intelligent
+conclusions concerning the relations between the mind and the
+body.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="MANNER_OF_HANDLING">Manner of
+Handling Mental Processes</a></i></div>
+
+<p>This will be of value in a number of ways. In the first place,
+you will understand the bodily mechanism through which the mind
+operates, and a knowledge of this mechanism is bound to enlighten
+you as to the character of the <i>mental</i> processes themselves.
+In the second place, it is worth while to know the extent of the
+mind's influence over the body, because this knowledge is the first
+step toward obtaining bodily efficiency through the mental control
+of bodily functions. And, finally, a study of this bodily mechanism
+is of very great practical importance in itself, for the body is
+the instrument through which the mind acts in its relations with
+the world at large.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>From a study of the bodily machine, we shall advance to a
+consideration of the mental processes themselves, not after the
+usual manner of works on psychology, but solely from the standpoint
+of practical utility and for the establishment of a scientific
+concept of the mind capable of everyday use.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="FUNDAMENTAL_LAWS">Fundamental
+Laws and Practical Methods</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The elucidation of every principle of mental operation will be
+accompanied by illustrative material pointing out just how that
+particular law may be employed for the attainment of specific
+practical ends. There will be numerous illustrative instances and
+methods that can be at once made use of by the merchant, the
+musician, the salesman, the advertiser, the employer of labor, the
+business executive.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="SPECIAL_BUSINESS">Special
+Business Topics</a></i></div>
+
+<p>In this way this <i>Basic Course of Reading</i> will lay a firm
+and broad foundation, first, for an understanding of the methods
+and devices whereby any man may acquire full control and direction
+of his mental energies and may develop his resources to the last
+degree; second, for an understanding of the psychological methods
+for success in any specific professional pursuit in which he may be
+particularly interested; and third, for an understanding of the
+methods of applying psychological knowledge to the industrial
+problems of office, store and factory.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The first of these&mdash;that is to say, instruction in methods
+for the attainment of any goal consistent with native
+ability&mdash;will follow right along as part of this <i>Basic
+Course of Reading.</i> The second and third&mdash;that is to say,
+the study of special commercial and industrial topics&mdash;are
+made the subject of special courses supplemental to this <i>Basic
+Course</i> and for which it can serve only as an introduction.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The conclusion which our minds are forced to draw from the facts
+presented in this chapter is not doubtful, nor is it difficult to
+state. Matter is not now being brought into existence by any means
+that we call "natural." <i>And yet the facts of radioactivity very
+positively forbid the past eternity of matter</i>. Hence, the
+conclusion is syllogistic: matter must have originated at some time
+in the past by methods or means which are equivalent to a real
+Creation.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="STEP_BEYOND">A Step Beyond
+Collegiate Psychology</a></i></div>
+
+<p>In this <i>Basic Course of Reading</i> we shall show you how you
+may acquire perfect individual efficiency. And, most remarkable of
+all, we shall show you how you may acquire it <i>without that
+effort to obtain it, that straining of the will, that struggling
+with wasteful inclinations and desires, that is itself the essence
+of inefficiency</i>.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The facts and principles set forth in this <i>Basic Course</i>
+are new and wonderful and inspiring. They have been established and
+attested by world-wide and exhaustive scientific research and
+experiment.<br>
+</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="ETERNAL_LAWS">The Eternal Laws of
+Individual Achievement</a></i></div>
+
+<p>You may be a college graduate. You may have had the advantage of
+a college course in psychology. But you have probably had no
+instruction in the practical application of your knowledge of
+mental operations. So far as we are aware, there are few
+universities in the world that embrace in their curricula a course
+in "applied" psychology. For the average college man this <i>Basic
+Course of Reading</i> will be, therefore, in the nature of a
+post-graduate course, teaching him how to make practical use of the
+psychology he learned at college, and in addition giving him facts
+about the mind unknown to the college psychology of a few years
+ago.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>In these books you will probe deeply into the normal human
+mind.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>You will see also the fantastic and distorted shape of its
+manifestations in disease.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>You will learn the Eternal Laws of Individual Achievement.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="MASTER_OUR_METHODS">How to Master
+Our Methods</a></i></div>
+
+<p>And you will be taught how to apply them to your own business or
+profession.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>But mark this word of warning. To comprehend the teachings of
+this <i>Basic Course</i> well enough to put them into practice
+demands from you careful study and reflection. It requires
+persistent application. Do not attempt to browse through the pages
+that follow. They are worth all the time that you can put upon
+them.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The mind is a complex mechanism. Each element is alone a fitting
+subject for a lifetime's study. Do not lose sight of the whole in
+the study of the parts.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>All the books bear upon a central theme. They will lead you on
+step by step. Gradually your conception of your relations to the
+world will change. A new realization of power will come upon you.
+You will learn that you are in a new sense the master of your fate.
+You will find these books, like the petals of a flower, unfolding
+one by one until a great and vital truth stands revealed in
+full-blown beauty.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>To derive full benefit from the <i>Course</i> it is necessary
+that you should do more than merely understand each sentence as you
+go along. You must grasp the underlying train of thought. You must
+perceive the continuity of the argument.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary, therefore, that you do but a limited amount of
+reading each day, taking ample time to reflect on what you have
+read.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>If any book is not entirely clear to you at first, go over it
+again. Persistence will enable any man to acquire a thorough
+comprehension of our teachings and a profound mastery of our
+methods.<br>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h2>TWO LAWS OF SUCCESS-ACHIEVEMENT</h2>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h3>CHAPTER II<br>
+TWO LAWS OF SUCCESS-ACHIEVEMENT</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="ONE-MAN_BUSINESS">The One-Man
+Business Corporation</a></i></div>
+
+<p>As a working unit you are a kind of one-man business corporation
+made up of two departments, the mental and the physical.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Your mind is the executive office of this personal corporation,
+its directing "head." Your body is the corporation's "plant." Eyes
+and ears, sight and smell and touch, hands and feet&mdash;these are
+the implements, the equipment.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="BODILY_ACTIVITY">Business and
+Bodily Activity</a></i></div>
+
+<p>We have undertaken to teach you how to acquire a perfect mastery
+of your own powers and meet the practical problems of your life in
+such a way that success will be swift and certain.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>First of all it is necessary that you should accept and believe
+two well-settled and fundamental laws.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>I. <i>All human achievement comes about through bodily
+activity.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<p>II. <i>All bodily activity is caused, controlled and directed by
+the mind.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Give the first of these propositions but a moment's thought. You
+can conceive of no form of accomplishment which is not the result
+of some kind of bodily activity. One would say that the master
+works of poetry, art, philosophy, religion, are products of human
+effort furthest removed from the material side of life, yet even
+these would have perished still-born in the minds conceiving them
+had they not found transmission and expression through some form of
+bodily activity. You will agree, therefore, that the first of these
+propositions is so self-evident, so axiomatic, as neither to
+require nor to admit of formal proof.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The second proposition is not so easily disposed of. It is in
+fact so difficult of acceptance by some persons that we must make
+very plain its absolute validity. Furthermore, its elucidation will
+bring forth many illuminating facts that will give you an entirely
+new conception of the mind and its scope and influence.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="ENSLAVED_BRAIN">The Enslaved
+Brain</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Remember, when we say "mind," we are not thinking of the brain.
+The brain is but one of the organs of the body, and, by the terms
+of our proposition as stated, is as much the slave of the mind as
+is any other organ of the body. To say that the mind controls the
+body presupposes that mind and body are distinct entities, the one
+belonging to a spiritual world, the other to a world of matter.<br>
+</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="SELF-REALIZATION">First Step
+Toward Self-Realization</a></i></div>
+
+<p>That the mind is master of the body is a settled principle of
+science. But we realize that its acceptance may require you to lay
+aside some preconceived prejudices. You may be one of those who
+believe that the mind is nothing more nor less than brain activity.
+You may believe that the body is all there is to man and that
+mind-action is merely one of its functions.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>If so, we want you nevertheless to realize that, while as a
+matter of philosophic speculation you retain these opinions, you
+may at the same time for practical purposes regard the mind as an
+independent causal agency and believe that it can and does control
+and determine and <i>cause</i> any and every kind of bodily
+activity. We want you to do this because this conclusion is at the
+basis of a practical system of mental efficiency and because, as we
+shall at once show you, it is capable of proof by the established
+methods of physical science.<br>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h2>RELATION OF MIND ACTIVITY TO BODILY ACTIVITY</h2>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h3>CHAPTER III<br>
+RELATION OF MIND ACTIVITY TO BODILY ACTIVITY</h3>
+
+<h4>POINT OF VIEW FROM WHICH YOU MUST APPROACH THIS PROBLEM</h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="SPECULATION">Speculation and
+Practical Science</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The fact is, one's opinion as to whether mind controls body or
+body makes mind-action depends altogether upon the point of view.
+And the first step for us to take is to agree upon the point of
+view we shall assume.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Two points of view are possible. One is <i>speculative</i>, the
+other <i>practical</i>.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="RIDDLES">Philosophic Riddles and
+Personal Effectiveness</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The <i>speculative point of view</i> is that of the philosopher
+and religionist, who ponder the tie that binds "soul" and body in
+an effort to solve the riddle of "creation" and pierce the mystery
+of the "hereafter."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The <i>practical point of view</i> is that of the modern
+practical scientist, who deals only with actual facts of human
+experience and seeks only immediate practical results.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The speculative problem is the historical and religious one of
+the mortality or immortality of the soul. The practical problem is
+the scientific one that demands to know what the mental forces are
+and how they can be used most effectively.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="WANT_TO_KNOW">What We Want to
+Know</a></i></div>
+
+<p>There is no especial need here to trace the historical
+development of these two problems or enter upon a discussion of
+religious or philosophical questions.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Our immediate interest in the mind and its relationship to the
+body is not because we want to be assured of the salvation of our
+souls after death.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>We want to know all we can about the reality and certainty
+and character of mental control of bodily functions because of the
+practical use we can make of such knowledge in this life, here and
+now.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="SPIRITUALIST">Spiritualist,
+Materialist and Scientist</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The practical scientist has nothing in common with either
+spiritualists, soul-believers, on the one hand, or materialists on
+the other. So far as the mortality of the soul is concerned, he may
+be either a spiritualist or a materialist. But spiritualism or
+materialism is to him only an intellectual pastime. It is not his
+trade. In his actual work he seeks only practical results, and so
+confines himself wholly to the actual facts of human
+experience.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The practical scientist knows that as between two given facts,
+and <i>only</i> as between these two, one may be the "cause" of the
+other. But he is not interested in the "creative origin" of
+material things. He does not attempt to discover "first"
+causes.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="CAUSE_AND_EFFECT">Science of
+Cause and Effect</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The practical scientist ascribes all sorts of qualities to
+electricity and lays down many laws concerning it without having
+the remotest idea as to what, in the last analysis, electricity may
+actually be. He is not concerned with ultimate truths. He does his
+work, and necessarily so, upon the principle that for all practical
+purposes he is justified in using any given assumption as a working
+hypothesis if everything happens just as if it were true.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The practical scientist applies the term "cause" to any object
+or event that is the invariable predecessor of some other object or
+event.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>For him a "cause" is simply any object or event that may be
+looked upon as forecasting the action of some other object or the
+occurrence of some other event.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The point with him is simply this, Does or does not this object
+or this event in any way affect that object or that event or
+determine its behavior?<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><a name="FIRST_CAUSES">Causes and "First"
+Causes</a></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="COMMON_PLATFORM">A Common
+Platform for All</a></i></div>
+
+<p>No matter where you look you will find that every fact in Nature
+is relatively cause and effect according to the point of view.
+Thus, if a railroad engine backs into a train of cars it transmits
+a certain amount of motion to the first car. This imparted motion
+is again passed on to the next car, and so on. The motion of the
+first car is, on the one hand, the effect of the impact of the
+engine, and is, on the other hand, the "cause" of the motion of the
+second car. And, in general, what is an "effect" in the first car
+becomes a "cause" when looked at in relation to the second, and
+what is an "effect" in the second becomes a "cause" in relation to
+the third. So that even the materialist will agree that "cause" and
+"effect" are relative terms in dealing with any series of facts in
+Nature.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>A man may be either a spiritualist, believing that the mind is a
+manifestation of the super-soul, or he may be a materialist, and in
+either case he may at the same time and with perfect consistency
+believe, as a practical scientist, that the mind is a "cause" and
+has bodily action as its "effect."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Naturally this point of view offers no difficulties whatever to
+the spiritualist. He already looks upon the mind or soul as the
+"originating cause" of everything.<br>
+</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="THOUGHTS_TREATED">Thoughts
+Treated as Causes</a></i></div>
+
+<p>But the materialist, too, may in accordance with his speculative
+theory continue to insist that <i>brain-action</i> is the
+"originating cause" of mental life; yet if the facts show that
+certain thoughts are invariably followed by certain bodily
+activities, the materialist may without violence to his theories
+agree to the great practical value of <i>treating these thoughts as
+immediate causes</i>, no matter what the history of creation may
+have been.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Whatever the brand of your materialism or your religious belief,
+you can join us in accepting this practical-science point of view
+as a common platform upon which to approach our second fundamental
+proposition, that "all bodily activity is caused, controlled and
+directed by the mind."<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="SCIENTIFIC_METHOD">Scientific
+Method with Practical Problems</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Ignoring all religious and metaphysical questions, we have,
+then, to ask ourselves merely:</p>
+
+<p><i>Can the mind be relied upon to bring about or stop or in any
+manner influence bodily action? And if it can, what is the extent
+of the mind's influence?</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<p>In answering these questions we shall follow the method of the
+practical scientist, whose method is invariably the same whatever
+the problem he is investigating.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>This method involves two steps: first, the collection and
+classification of facts; second, the deduction from those facts of
+general principles.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="SCIENTIFIC_LAWS">Uses of
+Scientific Laws</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The scientist first gathers together the greatest possible array
+of experiential facts and classifies these facts into
+sequences&mdash;that is to say, he gathers together as many
+instances as he can find in which one given fact follows directly
+upon the happening of another given fact.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Having done this, he next formulates in broad general terms the
+common principle that he finds embodied in these many similar
+sequences.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Such a formula, if there are facts enough to establish it, is
+what is known as a scientific law. Its value to the world lies in
+this, that whenever the given fact shall again occur our knowledge
+of the scientific law will enable us to predict with certainty just
+what events will follow the occurrence of that fact.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>First, then, let us marshal our facts tending to prove that
+bodily activities are caused by the mind.<br>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h2>INTROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY</h2>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h3>CHAPTER IV<br>
+INTROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="WANT_TO_DO">Doing the Thing You
+Want to Do</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The first and most conspicuous evidential fact is voluntary
+bodily action; that is to say, bodily action resulting from the
+exercise of the conscious will.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="POWER_OF_WILL">Source of Power of
+Will</a></i></div>
+
+<p>If you will a bodily movement and that movement immediately
+follows, you are certainly justified in concluding that your mind
+has caused the bodily movement. Every conscious, voluntary movement
+that you make, and you are making thousands of them every hour, is
+a distinct example of mind activity causing bodily action. In fact,
+the very will to make any bodily movement is itself nothing more
+nor less than a mental state.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>The will to do a thing is simply the belief, the conviction,
+that the appropriate bodily movement is about to occur.</i> The
+whole scientific world is agreed on this.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>For example, in order to bend your forefinger do you first think
+it over, then deliberately put forth some special form of energy?
+Not at all: The very thought of bending the finger, if unhindered
+by conflicting ideas, is enough to bend it.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="IMPELLENT">Impellent Energy of
+Thought</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Note this general law: <i>The idea of</i> any bodily action
+tends to produce the action.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>This conception of thought as impellent&mdash;that is to say, as
+impelling bodily activity&mdash;is of absolutely fundamental
+importance. The following simple experiments will illustrate its
+working.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Ask a number of persons to think successively of the letters
+"B," "O," and "Q." They are not to pronounce the letters, but
+simply to think hard about the sound of each letter.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="BODILY_EFFECTS_OF_MENTAL">Bodily
+effects of Mental States</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Now, as they think of these letters, one after the other, watch
+closely and you will see their lips move in readiness to pronounce
+them. There may be some whose lip-movements you will be unable to
+detect. If so, it will be because your eye is not quick enough or
+keen enough to follow them in every case.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Have a friend blindfold you and then stand behind you with his
+hands on your shoulders. While in this position ask him to
+concentrate his mind upon some object in another part of the house.
+Yield yourself to the slightest pressure of his hands or arms and
+you will soon come to the object of which he has been thinking. If
+he is unfamiliar with the impelling energy of thought, he will
+charge the result to mind-reading.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="ILLUSTRATIVE">Illustrative
+Experiments</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The same law is illustrated by a familiar catch. Ask a friend to
+define the word "spiral." He will find it difficult to express the
+meaning in words. And nine persons out of ten while groping for
+appropriate words will unconsciously describe a spiral in the air
+with the forefinger.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Swing a locket in front of you, holding the end of the chain
+with both hands. You will soon see that it will swing in harmony
+with your thoughts. If you think of a circle, it will swing around
+in a circle. If you think of the movement of a pendulum, the locket
+will swing back and forth.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>These experiments not only illustrate the impelling energy of
+thought and its power to induce bodily action, but they indicate
+also that the bodily effects of mental action are not limited to
+bodily movements that are conscious and voluntary.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="SCOPE_OF_MIND">Scope of Mind
+Power</a></i></div>
+
+<p><i>The fact is, every mental state</i> whether you consider it
+as involving an act of the will or not, is followed some kind of
+bodily effect, and every bodily action is preceded by some distinct
+kind of mental activity. From the practical science point of view
+every thought causes its particular bodily effects.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>This is true of simple sensations. It is true of impulses, ideas
+and emotions. It is true of pleasures and pains. It is true of
+conscious mental activity. It is true of unconscious mental
+activity. It is true of the whole range of mental life.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Since the mental conditions that produce bodily effects are not
+limited to those mental conditions in which there is a conscious
+exercise of the will, it follows that <i>the bodily effects
+produced by mental action are not limited to movements of what are
+known as the voluntary muscles.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<p>On the contrary, they include changes and movements in all of
+the so-called involuntary muscles, and in every kind of bodily
+structure. They include changes and movements in every part of the
+physical organism, from changes in the action of heart, lungs,
+stomach, liver and other viscera, to changes in the secretions of
+glands and in the caliber of the tiniest blood-vessels. A few
+instances such as are familiar to the introspective experience of
+everyone will illustrate the scope of the mind's control over the
+body.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="BODILY_EFFECTS_OF_EMOTION">Bodily
+Effects of Emotion</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Emotion always causes numerous and intense bodily effects.
+Furious anger may cause frowning brows, grinding teeth, contracted
+jaws, clenched fists, panting breath, growling cries, bright
+redness of the face or sudden paleness. None of these effects is
+voluntary; we may not even be conscious of them.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Fright may produce a wild beating of the heart, a death-like
+pallor, a gasping motion of the lips, an uncovering or protruding
+of the eye-balls, a sudden rigidity of the body as if "rooted" to
+the spot.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Grief may cause profuse secretion of tears, swollen, reddened
+face, red eyes and other familiar symptoms.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Shame may cause that sudden dilation of the capillary
+blood-vessels of the face known as "blushing."<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name=
+"BODILY_EFFECTS_OF_PERCEPTION">Bodily Effects of
+Perception</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The sight of others laughing or yawning makes us laugh or yawn.
+The sound of one man coughing will become epidemic in an audience.
+The thought of a sizzling porter-house steak with mushrooms, baked
+potatoes and rich <i>gravy</i> makes the mouth of a hungry man
+"water."<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="PAVLOV">Experiments of
+Pavlov</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Suppose I show you a lemon cut in half and tell you with a wry
+face and puckered mouth that I am going to suck the juice of this
+exceedingly sour lemon. As you merely read these lines you may
+observe that the glands in your mouth have begun to secrete saliva.
+There is a story of a man who wagered with a friend that he could
+stop a band that was playing in front of his office. He got three
+lemons and gave half of a lemon to each of a number of street
+urchins. He then had these boys walk round and round the band,
+sucking the lemons and making puckered faces at the musicians. That
+soon ended the music.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>A distinguished German scientist, named Pavlov, has recently
+demonstrated in a series of experiments with dogs that the sight of
+the plate that ordinarily bears their food, or the sight of the
+chair upon which the plate ordinarily stands, or even the sight of
+the person who commonly brings the plate, may cause the saliva to
+flow from their salivary glands just as effectively as the food
+itself would do if placed in their mouths.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="TASTE_AND_DIGESTION">Taste and
+digestion</a></i></div>
+
+<p>There was a time, and that not long ago, when the contact of
+food with the lining of the stomach was supposed to be the
+immediate cause of the secretion of the digestive fluids. Yet
+recent observation of the interior of the stomach through an
+incision in the body, has shown that just as soon as the food is
+<i>tasted</i> in the mouth, a purely mental process, the stomach
+begins to well forth those fluids that are suitable for
+digestion.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name=
+"BODILY_EFFECTS_OF_SENSATIONS">Bodily Effects of
+Sensations</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The press recently contained an account of a motorcycle race in
+Newark, New Jersey. The scene was a great bowl-shaped motor-drome.
+In the midst of cheering thousands, when riding at the blinding
+speed of ninety-two miles an hour, the motorcycle of one of the
+contestants went wrong. It climbed the twenty-eight-foot incline,
+hurled its rider to instant death and crashed into the packed
+grandstand. Before the whirling mass of steel was halted by a
+deep-set iron pillar four men lay dead and twenty-two others
+unconscious and severely injured. Then the twisted engine of death
+rebounded from the post and rolled down the saucer-rim of the
+track.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Around the circular path, his speed scarcely less than that of
+his ill-fated rival, knowing nothing of the tragedy, hearing
+nothing of the screams of warning from the crowd, came another
+racer. The frightened throng saw the coming of a second tragedy.
+The sound that came from the crowd was a low moaning, a sighing,
+impotent, unconscious prayer of the thousands for the mercy that
+could not come. The second motorcycle struck the wreck, leaped into
+the air, and the body of its rider shot fifty feet over the
+handlebars and fell at the bottom of the track unconscious. Two
+hours later he was dead.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>What was the effect of this dreadful spectacle upon the
+onlookers? Confusion, cries of fright and panic, while throughout
+the grandstand women fainted and lay here and there unconscious.
+Many were afflicted with nausea. With others the muscles of speech
+contracted convulsively, knees gave way, hearts "stopped beating."
+Observe that these were wholly the effects of <i>mental</i> action,
+effects of <i>sight</i> and <i>sound sensations</i>.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="LAW_OF_EXPRESSION">The
+Fundamental Law of Expression</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Why multiply instances? All that you need to do to be satisfied
+that the mind is directly responsible for any and every kind of
+bodily activity is to examine your own experiences and those of
+your friends. They will afford you innumerable illustrations.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>You will find that not only is your body constantly doing things
+because your mind wills that it should do them, but that your body
+is incessantly doing things simply because they are the expression
+of a passing thought.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The law that <i>Every idea tends to express itself in some form
+of bodily activity</i>, is one of the most obviously demonstrable
+principles of human life.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Bear in mind that this is but another way of expressing the
+second of our first two fundamental principles of mental
+efficiency, and that we are engaged in a scientific demonstration
+of its truth so that you will not confuse it with mere theory or
+speculation.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>To recall these fundamental principles to your mind and further
+impress them upon you, we will restate them:<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>I. <i>All human achievement comes about through some form of
+bodily activity</i>.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>II. <i>All bodily activity is caused, controlled and directed by
+the mind.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h2>PHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY</h2>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h3>CHAPTER V<br>
+PHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="INTROSPECTIVE">Introspective
+Knowledge</a></i></div>
+
+<p>We have been considering the relationship between mind and body
+from the standpoint of the mind. Our investigation has been largely
+introspective; that is to say, we simply looked within ourselves
+and considered the effects of our mental operations upon our own
+bodies. The facts we had before us were facts of which we had
+direct knowledge. We did not have to go out and seek them in the
+mental and bodily activities of other persons. We found them here
+within ourselves, inherent in our consciousness. To observe them we
+had merely to turn the spotlight into the hidden channels of our
+own minds.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="DISSECTION">Dissection and the
+Governing Consciousness</a></i></div>
+
+<p>We come now to examine the mind's influence upon the body from
+the standpoint of the body. To do this we must go forth and
+investigate. We must use eye, ear and hand. We must use the forceps
+and scalpel and microscope of the anatomist and physiologist.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="SUBORDINATE">Subordinate Mental
+Units</a></i></div>
+
+<p><i>But it is well worth while that we should do this. For our
+investigation will show a bodily structure peculiarly adapted to
+control by a governing consciousness. It will reveal to the eye a
+physical mechanism peculiarly fitted</i> for the dissemination of
+intelligence throughout the body. And, most of all, it will
+disclose the existence within the body of subordinate mental units,
+each capable of receiving, understanding and acting upon the
+intelligence thus submitted. And we shall have strongly
+corroborative evidence of the mind's complete control over every
+function of the body.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="MICROSCOPE">What the Microscope
+Shows</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Examine a green plant and you will observe that it is composed
+of numerous parts, each of which has some special function to
+perform. The roots absorb food and drink from the soil. The leaves
+breathe in carbonic acid from the air and transform it into the
+living substance of the plant. Every plant has, therefore, an
+anatomical structure, its parts and tissues visible to the naked
+eye.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Put one of these tissues under a microscope and you will find
+that it consists of a <i>honeycomb of small compartments or
+units</i>. These compartments are called "cells," and the structure
+of all plant tissues is described as "cellular." Wherever you may
+look in any plant, you will find these cells making up its tissues.
+The activity of any part or tissue of the plant, and consequently
+all of the activities of the plant as a whole, are but the combined
+and co-operating activities of the various individual cells of
+which the tissues are composed. <i>The living cell, therefore, is
+at the basis of all plant life.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="LITTLE_UNIVERSE">The Little
+Universe Beyond</a></i></div>
+
+<p>In the same way, if you turn to the structure of any animal, you
+will find that it is composed of parts or organs made up of
+different kinds of tissues, and these tissues examined under a
+microscope will disclose a cellular structure similar to that
+exhibited by the plant.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>Look where you will among living things, plant or animal, you
+will find that all are mere assemblages of cellular
+tissues.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Extend your investigation further, and examine into forms of
+life so minute that they can be seen only with the most powerful
+microscope and you will come upon a <i>whole universe of tiny
+creatures consisting of a single cell</i>.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="UNIT_OF_LIFE">The Unit of
+Life</a></i></div>
+
+<br>
+<p>Indeed, it is a demonstrable fact that these tiny units of life
+consisting of but a single cell are far more numerous than the
+forms of life visible to the naked eye. You will have some idea of
+their size and number when we tell you that millions may live and
+die and reproduce their kind in a single thimbleful of earth.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>Every plant, then, or every animal, whatever its species,
+however simple or complicated its structure, is in the last
+analysis either a single cell or a confederated group of
+cells.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<p>All life, whether it be the life of a single cell or of an
+unorganized group of cells or of a republic of cells, has as its
+basis the life of the cell.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>For all the animate world, two great principles stand
+established. First, that <i>every living organism</i>, plant or
+animal, big or little, develops from a cell, and is itself a
+composite of cells, and that the cell is the unit of all life.
+Secondly, that <i>the big and complex organisms have through long
+ages developed out of simpler forms</i>, the organic life of today
+being the result of an age-long process of evolution.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>What, then, is the cell, and what part has it played in this
+process of evolution?<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>To begin with, a cell is visible only through a microscope. A
+human blood cell is about one-three-thousandth of an inch across,
+while a bacterial cell may be no more than
+one-twenty-five-thousandth of an inch in diameter.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="LIVING_CELLS">Characteristics of
+Living Cells</a></i></div>
+
+<br>
+<p>Yet, small as it is, the cell exhibits all of the customary
+phenomena of independent life; that is to say, it nourishes itself,
+it grows, it reproduces its kind, it moves about, and <i>it
+feels</i>. It is a <i>living, breathing, feeling, moving, feeding
+thing</i>.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The term "cell" suggests a walled-in enclosure. This is because
+it was originally supposed that a confining wall or membrane was an
+invariable and essential characteristic of cell structure. It is
+now known, however, that while such a membrane may exist, as it
+does in most plant cells, it may be lacking, as is the case in most
+animal cells.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The only absolutely essential parts of the cell are the inner
+<i>nucleus</i> or kernel and the tiny mass of living jelly
+surrounding it, called the <i>protoplasm</i>.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="BRAIN_OF_THE_CELL">The Brain of
+the Cell</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The most powerful microscopes disclose in this protoplasm a
+certain definite structure, a very fine, thread-like network
+spreading from the nucleus throughout the semi-fluid albuminous
+protoplasm. It is certainly in line with the broad analogies of
+life, to suppose that in each cell the nucleus with its network is
+the brain and nervous system of that individual cell.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>All living organisms consist, then simply of cells. Those
+consisting of but one cell are termed unicellular; those comprising
+more than one cell are called pluricellular.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The unicellular organism is the unit of life on this earth. Yet
+tiny and ultimate as it is, every unicellular organism is possessed
+of an independent and "free living" existence.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="MIND_LIFE">Mind Life of One
+Cell</a></i></div>
+
+<p>To be convinced of this fact, just consider for a moment the
+scope of development and range of activities of one of these tiny
+bodies.<br>
+</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="WILL_OF_THE_CELL">The Will of the
+Cell</a></i></div>
+
+<br>
+<p>"We see, then," says Haeckel, "that it performs all the
+essential life functions which the entire organism accomplishes.
+Every one of these little beings grows and feeds itself
+independently. It assimilates juices from without, absorbing them
+from the surrounding fluid. Each separate cell is also able to
+reproduce itself and to increase. This increase generally takes
+place by simple division, the nucleus parting first, by a
+contraction round its circumference, into two parts; after which
+the protoplasm likewise separates into two divisions. The single
+cell is able to move and creep about; from its outer surface it
+sends out and draws back again finger-like processes, thereby
+modifying its form. Finally, the young cell has feeling, and is
+more or less sensitive. It performs certain movements on the
+application of chemical and mechanical irritants."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The single living cell moves about in search of food. When food
+is found it is enveloped in the mass of protoplasm, digested and
+assimilated.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The single cell has the <i>power of choice</i>, for it refuses
+to eat what is unwholesome and extends itself mightily to reach
+that which is nourishing.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="ORGANIC_EVOLUTION">The Cell and
+Organic Evolution</a></i></div>
+
+<br>
+<p>Moebius and Gates are convinced that the single cell possesses
+<i>memory</i>, for having once encountered anything dangerous, it
+knows enough to avoid it when presented under similar
+circumstances. And having once found food in a certain place, it
+will afterwards make a business of looking for it in the same
+place.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>And, finally, Verw&ouml;rn and Binet have found in a single
+living cell manifestations of <i>the emotions of surprise and
+fear</i> and the rudiments of <i>an ability to adapt means to an
+end</i>.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Let us now consider pluricellular organisms and consider them
+particularly from the standpoint of organic evolution. The
+pluricellular organism is nothing more nor less than a later
+development, a confederated association of unicellular organisms.
+Mark the development of such an association.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="DIFFERENTIATIONS">Evolutionary
+Differentiations</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Originally each separate cell performed all the functions of a
+separate life. The bonds that united it to its fellows were of the
+most transient character. Gradually the necessities of environment
+led to a more and more permanent grouping, until at last the bonds
+of union became indissoluble.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the great laws of "adaptation" and "heredity," the
+basic principles of evolution, have been steadily at work, and
+slowly there has come about a differentiation of cell function, an
+apportionment among the different cells of the different kinds of
+labor.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="PLURALITY">Plurality of the
+Individual</a></i></div>
+
+<br>
+
+
+<p>As the result of such differentiation, the pluricellular
+organism, as it comes ultimately to be evolved, is composed of many
+different kinds of cells. Each has its special function. Each has
+its field of labor. Each lives its own individual life. Each
+reproduces its own kind. Yet all are bound together as elements of
+the same "cell society" or organized "cell state."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Among pluricellular organisms man is of course supreme. He is
+the one form of animal life that is most highly differentiated.<br>
+</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+summary="Carltons Liniment">
+<tr align="center">
+<td align="center"><a href="images/hilton_001f.jpg"><img alt=
+"Microscopic Studies in Human Anatomy" src=
+"images/hilton_001s.jpg"></a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr align="center">
+<td>
+<div class="caption">MICROSCOPIC STUDIES IN HUMAN ANATOMY, PRIVATE
+LABORATORY, SOCIETY OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="COMBINED_CONSCIOUSNESS">Combined
+Consciousness of the Millions</a></i></div>
+
+<br>
+<p>Knowing what you now know of microscopic anatomy, you cannot
+hold to the simple idea that the human body is a single life-unit.
+This is the naive belief that is everywhere current among men
+today. Inquire among your own friends and acquaintances and you
+will find that not one in a thousand realizes that he is, to put it
+jocularly, singularly plural, that he is in fact an assemblage of
+individuals.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Not only is the living human body as a whole alive, but "every
+part of it as large as a pin-point is alive, with a separate and
+independent life all its own; every part of the brain, lungs,
+heart, muscles, fat and skin." No man ever has or ever can count
+the number of these parts or cells, some of which are so minute
+that it would take thousands in a row to reach an inch.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>"Feeling" or "consciousness" is the sum total of the feelings
+and consciousness of millions of cells, just as an orchestral
+harmony is a composite of the sounds of all the individual
+instruments.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="EVOLUTION_OF_THE_HUMAN">Evolution
+of the Human Organism</a></i></div>
+
+<p>In the ancient dawn of evolution, all the cells of the human
+body were of the same kind. But Nature is everywhere working out
+problems of economy and efficiency. And, to meet the necessities of
+environment, there has gradually come about a parceling out among
+the different cells of the various tasks that all had been
+previously called upon to perform for the support of the human
+institution.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>This differentiation in kinds of work has gradually brought
+about corresponding and appropriate changes of structure in the
+cells themselves, whereby each has become better fitted to perform
+its part in the sustenance and growth of the body.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="CROWD-MAN">The
+Crowd-Man</a></i></div>
+
+<p>When you come to think that these processes of adaptation and
+heredity in the human body have been going on for <i>countless
+millions of years</i>, you can readily understand how it is that
+the human body of today is made up of more than thirty different
+kinds of cells, each having its special function.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="DIFFERENT_HUMAN_CELLS">Functions
+of Different Human Cells</a></i></div>
+
+<p>We have muscle cells, with long, thin bodies like pea-pods, who
+devote their lives to the business of contraction; thin, hair-like
+connective tissue cells, whose office is to form a tough tissue for
+binding the parts of the body together; bone cells, a trades-union
+of masons, whose life work it is to select and assimilate salts of
+lime for the upkeep of the joints and framework; hair, skin, and
+nail cells, in various shapes and sizes, all devoting themselves to
+the protection and ornamentation of the body; gland cells, who give
+their lives, a force of trained chemists, to the abstraction from
+the blood of those substances that are needed for digestion; blood
+cells, crowding their way through the arteries, some making regular
+deliveries of provisions to the other tenants, some soldierly
+fellows patrolling their beats to repel invading disease germs,
+some serving as humble scavengers; liver cells engaged in the
+menial service of living off the waste of other organs and at the
+same time converting it into such fluids as are required for
+digestion; windpipe and lung cells, whose heads are covered with
+stiff hairs, which the cell throughout its life waves incessantly
+to and fro; and, lastly, and most important and of greatest
+interest to us, brain and nerve cells, the brain cells constituting
+altogether the organ of objective intelligence, the instrument
+through which we are conscious of the external world, and the nerve
+cells serving as a living telegraph to relay information, from one
+part of the body to another, with the "swiftness of thought."<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="CELL_LIFE_AFTER">Cell Life After
+Death</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Says one writer, referring to the cells of the inner or true
+skin: "As we look at them arranged there like a row of bricks, let
+us remember two things: first, that this row is actually in our
+skin at this moment; and, secondly, that each cell is a living
+being&mdash;it is born, grows, lives, breathes, eats, works, decays
+and dies. A gay time of it these youngsters have on the very banks
+of a stream that is bringing down to them every minute stores of
+fresh air in the round, red corpuscles of the blood, and a constant
+stream of suitable food in the serum. But it is not all pleasure,
+for every one of them is hard at work."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>And again, speaking of the cells that line the air-tubes, he
+says: "The whole interior, then, of the air-tubes resembles nothing
+so much as a field of corn swayed by the wind to and fro, the
+principal sweep, however, being always upwards towards the throat.
+All particles of dust and dirt inhaled drop on this waving forest
+of hairs, and are gently passed up and from one to another out of
+the lungs. When we remember that these hairs commenced waving at
+our birth, and have never for one second ceased since, and will
+continue to wave a short time after our death, we are once more
+filled with wonder at the marvels that surround us on every
+side."<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="ALEXIS_CARRELL">Experiments of
+Dr. Alexis Carrel</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Remarkable confirmatory evidence of the fact that every organ of
+the body is composed of individual cell intelligences, endowed with
+an instinctive knowledge of how to perform their special functions,
+is found in the experiments of Dr. Alexis Carrel, the recipient of
+the Nobel prize for science for 1912.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>Dr. Carrel has taken hearts, stomachs and kidneys out of
+living animals, and by artificial nourishment has succeeded in
+keeping them steadily at work digesting foods, and so on, in
+his</i> laboratory, for months after the death of the bodies from
+which they were originally taken.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="MAN-FEDERATION">Man-Federation of
+Intelligences</a></i></div>
+
+<p>We see, then, that every human body is an exceedingly complex
+association of units. It is a marvelously correlated and organized
+community of countless microscopic organisms. It is a sort of
+<i>cell republic</i>, as to which we may truthfully paraphrase:
+Life and Union, One and Inseparable.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Every human body is thus made up of countless cellular
+intelligences, each of which instinctively utilizes ways and means
+for the performance of its special functions and the reproduction
+of its kind. These cell intelligences carry on, without the
+knowledge or volition of our central consciousness&mdash;that is to
+say, <i>subconsciously</i>&mdash;the vital operations of the
+body.</p>
+
+<br>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="CREATIVE_POWER">Creative Power of
+the Cell</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Under normal conditions, conditions of health, each cell does
+its work without regard to the operations of its neighbors. But in
+the event of accident or disease, it is called upon to repair the
+organism. And in this it shows an energy and intelligence that
+"savor of creative power." With what promptness and vigor the cells
+apply themselves to heal a cut or mend a broken bone! In such cases
+all that the physician can do is to establish outward conditions
+that will favor the co-operative labors of these tiny
+intelligences.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>The conclusion to be drawn from all this is obvious. For, if
+every individual and ultimate part of the body is a mind</i>
+organism, it is very apparent that the body as a whole is
+peculiarly adapted to control and direction by mental
+influences.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="PRACTICAL_DOING">Laying the
+Foundation for Practical Doing</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Do not lose sight of the fact that in proving such control we
+are laying the foundation for a scientific method of achieving
+practical success in life, since all human achievement comes about
+through some form of bodily activity.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="THREE_NEW">Three New
+Propositions</a></i></div>
+
+<p>We assume now your complete acceptance of the following
+propositions, based as they are upon facts long since discovered
+and enunciated in standard scientific works:<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>a</i>. The whole body is composed of cells, each of which is
+an intelligent entity endowed with mental powers commensurate with
+its needs.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> The fact that every cell in the body is a <i>mind</i>
+cell shows that the body, by the very nature of its component
+parts, is peculiarly susceptible to mental influence and
+control.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>To these propositions we now append the following:<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> A further examination of the body reveals a central
+mental organism, the brain, composed of highly differentiated cells
+whose intelligence, as in the case of other cells, is commensurate
+with their functions.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> It reveals also a physical mechanism, the nervous
+system, peculiarly adapted to the communication of intelligence
+between the central governing intelligence and the subordinate
+cells.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>e.</i> The existence of this mind organism and this mechanism
+of intercommunication is additional evidence of the control and
+direction of bodily activities by <i>mental energy</i>.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="MENTAL_DOMINANCE">An Instrument
+for Mental Dominance</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The facts to follow will not only demonstrate the truth of these
+propositions, but will disclose the existence within every one of
+us of a store of mental energies and activities of which we are
+entirely unconscious.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The brain constitutes the organ of central governing
+intelligence, and the nerves are the physical means employed in
+bodily intercommunication.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Brain and nerves are in other words the physical mechanism
+employed by the mind to dominate the body.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="GATEWAYS">Gateways of
+Experience</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Single nerve fibers are fine, thread-like cells. They are so
+small as to be invisible to the naked eye. Some of them are so
+minute that it would take twenty thousand of them laid side by side
+to measure an inch. Every nerve fiber in the human body forms one
+of a series of connecting links between some central nerve cell in
+the brain or spinal cord on the one hand and some bodily tissue on
+the other.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>All nerves originating in the brain may be divided into two
+classes according as they carry currents to the brain or from it.
+Those carrying currents to the brain are called <i>sensory</i>
+nerves, or nerves of sensation; those carrying currents from the
+brain are called <i>motor</i> nerves, or nerves of motion.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="COURIERS">Couriers of
+Action</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Among the sensory nerves are the nerves of consciousness; that
+is, the nerves whereby we receive sense impressions from the
+external world. These include the nerves of touch, sight, pain,
+hearing, temperature, taste and smell. Motor nerves are those that
+carry messages from the brain and spinal cord on the one hand to
+the muscles on the other. They are the lines along which flash all
+orders resulting in bodily movements.<br>
+</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="NERVE_SYSTEMS">Nerve
+Systems</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Another broad division of nerves is into two great nerve
+systems. There are the <i>cerebro-spinal</i> system and the
+<i>sympathetic</i> system. The first, the cerebro-spinal system,
+includes all the nerves of <i>consciousness</i> and of <i>voluntary
+action</i>; it includes all nerves running between the brain and
+spinal cord on the one hand and the voluntary muscles on the other.
+The second, the sympathetic nerve system, consists of all the
+nerves of the unconscious or functional life; it therefore includes
+all nerves running between the brain and sympathetic or involuntary
+nerve centers on the one hand and the involuntary muscles on the
+other.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Every bodily movement or function that you can start or stop at
+will, even to such seemingly unconscious acts as winking, walking,
+etc., is controlled through the cerebro-spinal system. All other
+functions of the body, including the great vital processes, such as
+heart pulsation and digestion, are performed unconsciously, are
+beyond the direct control of the will, and are governed through the
+sympathetic nerve system.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="ORGANS_OF_CONSCIOUSNESS">Organs
+of Consciousness and Subconsciousness</a></i></div>
+
+<p>It is obvious that the cerebro-spinal nerve system is the organ
+of consciousness, the apparatus through which the mind exercises
+its conscious and voluntary control over certain functions of the
+body. It is equally obvious that the <i>sympathetic system is not
+under the immediate control of consciousness, is not subject to the
+will, but is dominated by mental influences that act without, or
+even contrary to, our conscious will and sometimes without our
+knowledge.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Yet you are not to understand that these two great nerve systems
+are entirely distinct in their operations. On the contrary, they
+are in many respects closely related.<br>
+</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+summary="Carltons Liniment">
+<tr align="center">
+<td align="center"><a href="images/hilton_002f.jpg"><img alt=
+"Separate Nerve Centers" src="images/hilton_002s.jpg"></a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr align="center">
+<td>
+<div class="caption">SEPARATE NERVE CENTERS, PLEXUSES AND GANGLIA,
+THE "LITTLE BRAINS" OF THE HUMAN BODY</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<br>
+<p>Thus, the heart receives nerves from both centers of government,
+and besides all this is itself the center of groups of nerve cells.
+The power by which it beats arises from a ganglionic center within
+the heart itself, so that the heart will continue to beat apart
+from the body if it be supplied with fresh blood. But the rapidity
+of the heart's beating is regulated by the cerebro-spinal and
+sympathetic systems, of which the former tends to retard the beat
+and the latter tends to accelerate it.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>In the same way, your lungs are governed in part by both
+centers, for you can breathe slowly or rapidly as you will, but you
+cannot, by any power of your conscious will, stop breathing
+altogether.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Your interest in the brain and nerve system is confined to such
+facts as may prove to be of use to you in your study of the mind.
+These anatomical divisions interest you only as they are identified
+with conscious mental action on the one hand and unconscious mental
+action on the other.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>It is, therefore, of no use to you to consider the various
+divisions of the sympathetic nerve system, since the sympathetic
+nerve system in its entirety belongs to the field of unconscious
+mental action. It operates without our knowledge and without our
+will.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="INSIDE_THE_SKULL">Looking Inside
+the Skull</a></i></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Brains Parts and Functions</i></div>
+
+<p>The cerebro-spinal system consists of the spinal cord and the
+brain. The brain in turn is made up of two principal subdivisions.
+First, there is the greater or upper brain, called the cerebrum;
+secondly, there is the lower or smaller brain, called the
+cerebellum. The cerebrum in turn consists of three parts: the
+convoluted <i>surface</i> brain, the <i>middle</i> brain and the
+<i>lower</i> brain. So that in all we have the <i>surface</i>
+brain, the <i>middle</i> brain, the <i>lower</i> brain and the
+<i>cerebellum</i>. All these parts consist of masses of brain cells
+with connecting nerve fibers.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>And now, as to the functions of these various parts. Beginning
+at the lowest one and moving upward, we find first that the
+<i>spinal cord</i> consists of through lines of nerves running
+between the brain and the rest of the body. At the same time it
+contains within itself certain nerve centers that are sufficient
+for many simple bodily movements. These bodily movements are such
+as are instinctive or habitual and require no distinct act of the
+will for their performance. They are mere "reactions," without
+conscious, volitional impulse.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Moving up one step higher, we find that the <i>cerebellum</i> is
+the organ of equilibrium, and that it as well as the spinal cord
+operates independently of the conscious will, for no conscious
+effort of the will is required to make one reel from dizziness.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>As to the divisions of the greater brain or cerebrum, we want
+you to note that the <i>lower brain</i> serves a double purpose.
+First, it is the channel through which pass through lines of
+communication to and from the upper brain and the mid-brain on the
+one hand and the rest of the body on the other. Secondly, it is
+itself a central office for the maintenance of certain vital
+functions, such as lung-breathing, heart-beating, saliva-secreting,
+swallowing, etc., all involuntary and unconscious in the sense that
+consciousness is not necessary to their performance.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The next higher division, or <i>mid-brain</i>, is a large region
+from which the conscious will issues its edicts regulating all
+voluntary bodily movements. It is also the seat of certain special
+senses, such as sight.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, the <i>surface brain</i>, known as the cortex, is the
+interpretative and reflective center, the abode of memory,
+intellect and will.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="DRUNKENNESS">Drunkenness and
+Brain Efficiency</a></i></div>
+
+<br>
+<p>The functions of these various parts are well illustrated by the
+effects of alcohol upon the mind. If a man takes too much alcohol,
+its first apparent effect will be to paralyze the higher or
+cortical center. This leaves the mid-brain without the check-rein
+of a reflective intellect, and the man will be senselessly
+hilarious or quarrelsome, jolly or dejected, pugnacious or tearful,
+and would be ordinarily described as "drunk." If in spite of this
+he keeps on drinking, the mid-brain soon becomes deadened and
+ceases to respond, and the cerebellum, the organ of equilibrium,
+also becomes paralyzed. All voluntary bodily activities must then
+cease, and he rolls under the table, helpless and "dead" drunk, or
+in language that is even more graphically appreciative of the
+physiological effects of alcohol, "paralyzed." However, the
+deep-seated sympathetic system is still alive. No assault has yet
+been made upon the vital organs of the body; the heart continues to
+beat and the lungs to breathe. But suppose that some playful
+comrade pours still more liquor down the victim's throat. The
+medulla, or lower brain, then becomes paralyzed, the vital organs
+cease to act and the man is no longer "dead" drunk. He has become a
+sacrifice to Bacchus. He is literally and actually dead.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>It seems, then, that the surface brain and mid-brain constitute
+together the organ of consciousness and will. Consciousness and
+will disappear with the deadening or paralysis of these two
+organs.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="SECONDARY_BRAINS">Secondary
+Brains</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Yet these two organs constitute but a small proportion of the
+entire mass of brain and nervous tissue of the body. In addition to
+these, there are not only the lower brain and the spinal cord and
+the countless ramifications of motor and sensory nerves throughout
+the body, but there are also separate nerve-centers or ganglia in
+every one of the visceral organs of the body. These ganglia have
+the power to maintain movements in their respective organs. <i>They
+may in fact be looked upon as little brains developing nerve force
+and communicating it to the organs.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="DEPENDENCE_OF">Dependence of the
+Subconscious</a></i></div>
+
+<p>All these automatic parts of the bodily mechanism are dominated
+by departments of the mind entirely distinct from ordinary
+consciousness. In fact, ordinary consciousness has no knowledge of
+their existence excepting what is learned from outward bodily
+manifestations.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>All these different organic ganglia constitute together the
+sympathetic nerve system, organ of that part of the mind which
+directs the vital operations of the body in apparent independence
+of the intelligence commonly called "the mind," an intelligence
+which acts through the cerebro-spinal system.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Yet this independence is far from being absolute. For, as we
+have seen, not only is the cerebro-spinal system, which is the
+organ of consciousness, the abode of all the special senses, such
+as sight, hearing, etc., and therefore our only source of
+information of the external world, but many organs of the body are
+under the joint control of both systems.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>So it comes about that these individual intelligences
+governing different organs of the body, with their
+intercommunications, are dependent upon consciousness for their
+knowledge of such facts of the outer world as have a bearing on
+their individual operations, and they are subject to the influence
+of consciousness as the medium that interprets these facts.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name=
+"UNCONSCIOUSNESS_AND">Unconsciousness and
+Subconsciousness</a></i></div>
+
+<p>It is unnecessary for us to go into this matter deeply. It is
+enough if you clearly understand that, in addition to
+consciousness, the department of mind that knows and directly deals
+with the facts of the outer world, there is also a deep-seated and
+seemingly unconscious department of mind consisting of individual
+organic intelligences capable of receiving, understanding and
+acting upon such information as consciousness transmits.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>We have spoken of conscious and "seemingly unconscious"
+departments of the mind. In doing so we have used the word
+"seemingly" advisedly. Obviously we have no right to apply the term
+"unconscious" without qualification to an intelligent mentality
+such as we have described.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>"Unconscious" simply means "not conscious." In its common
+acceptation, it denotes, in fact, an absence of all mental action.
+It is in no sense descriptive. It is merely negative. Death is
+unconscious; but unconsciousness is no attribute of a mental state
+that is living and impellent and constantly manifests its active
+energy and power in the maintenance of the vital functions of the
+body.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Hereafter, then, we shall continue to use the term consciousness
+as descriptive of that part of our mentality which constitutes what
+is commonly known as the "mind"; while that mental force, which, so
+far as our animal life is concerned, operates through the
+sympathetic nerve system, we shall hereafter describe as
+"<i>sub</i>conscious."<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name=
+"SYNTHESIS_OF_THE_MAN-MACHINE">Synthesis of the
+Man-Machine</a></i></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name=
+"SUBSERVIENCY_OF_THE_BODY">Subserviency of the Body</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Let us summarize our study of man's physical organism. We have
+learned that the human body is a confederation of various groups of
+living cells; that in the earliest stages of man's evolution, these
+cells were all of the same general type; that as such they were
+free-living, free-thinking and intelligent organisms as certainly
+as were those unicellular organisms which had not become members of
+any group or association; that through the processes of evolution,
+heredity and adaptation, there has come about in the course of the
+ages, a subdivision of labor among the cells of our bodies and a
+consequent differentiation in kind whereby each has become
+peculiarly fitted for the performance of its allotted functions;
+that, nevertheless, these cells of the human body are still
+free-living, intelligent organisms, of which each is endowed with
+the inherited, instinctive knowledge of all that is essential to
+the preservation of its own life and the perpetuation of its
+species within the living body; that, as a part of the specializing
+economy of the body, there have been evolved brain and nerve cells
+performing a twofold service&mdash;first, constituting the organ of
+a central governing intelligence with the important business of
+receiving, classifying, and recording all impressions or messages
+received through the senses from the outer world, and, second,
+communicating to the other cells of the body such part of the
+information so derived as may be appropriate to the functions of
+each; that finally, as such complex and confederated individuals,
+each of us possesses a direct, self-conscious knowledge of only a
+small part of his entire mental equipment; that we have not only a
+<i>consciousness</i> receiving sense impressions and issuing motor
+impulses through the cerebro-spinal nervous system, but that we
+have also a <i>subconsciousness</i> manifesting itself, so far as
+bodily functions are concerned, in the activity of the vital organs
+through the sympathetic nerve system; that this subconsciousness is
+dependent on consciousness for all knowledge of the external world;
+that, in accordance with the principles of evolution, man as a
+whole and as a collection of cell organisms, both consciously and
+unconsciously, is seeking to adapt himself to his external world,
+his environment; that the human body, both as a whole and as an
+aggregate of cellular intelligences, is therefore subject in every
+part and in every function to the influence of the special senses
+and of the mind of consciousness.<br>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h2>THE SUPREMACY OF CONSCIOUSNESS</h2>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<h3>CHAPTER VI<br>
+THE SUPREMACY OF CONSCIOUSNESS</h3>
+
+<h4>CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM STUDIES IN HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY, ANATOMY AND
+PHYSIOLOGY</h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="MENTAL_SHACKLES">Striking off the
+Mental Shackles</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Stop a moment and mark the conclusion to which you have come.
+You have been examining the human body with the scalpel and the
+microscope of the anatomist and physiologist. In doing so and by
+watching the bodily organs in operation, you have learned that
+<i>every part of the body, even to those organs commonly known as
+involuntary,</i> is ultimately subject to the influence or control
+of consciousness, that part of the human intelligence which is
+popularly known as "the mind."<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Prior to this, as a matter of direct introspective knowledge, we
+had come to the conclusion that the influence of the mind over all
+the organs of the body was one of the most obvious facts of human
+life.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>So, our study of the body as the instrument of the mind has
+brought us to the same conclusion as did our study of the mind in
+its relations to the body.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Looked at from the practical science standpoint, the evidences
+that mental activity can and does produce bodily effects are so
+clear and numerous as to admit of no dispute.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The world has been slow to acknowledge the mastery of mind over
+body. This is because the world long persisted in looking at the
+question from the point of view of the philosopher and religionist.
+It is because the thought of the world has been hampered by its own
+definitions of terms.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The spiritualist has been so busy in the pursuit of originating
+"first" causes, and the materialist has so emphasized the
+dependence of mind upon physical conditions, that the world has
+received with skepticism the assertion of the influence of mind
+over body, and in fact doubted the intuitive evidence of its own
+consciousness.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="AWAKENING_OF_ENLIGHTENMENT">The
+Awakening of Enlightenment</a></i></div>
+
+<p>The distinction between the two points of view has gradually
+come to be recognized. Today the fact that the mind may act as a
+"cause" in relationship with the body is a recognized principle of
+applied science. The world's deepest thinkers accept its truth. And
+the interest of enlightened men and women everywhere is directed
+toward the mind as an agency of undreamed resource for the cure of
+functional derangements of the body and for the attainment of the
+highest degree of bodily efficiency.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="VITAL_PURPOSE">The Vital
+Purpose</a></i></div>
+
+<p>In some respects it is unfortunate that you should have been
+compelled to begin these studies in mental efficiency and
+self-expression with lessons on the relationship between the mind
+and the body. There is the danger that you may jump at the
+conclusion that this course has some reference to "mental healing."
+Please disabuse your mind of any such mistaken idea.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Health is a boon. It is not the greatest boon. Health is not
+life. Health is but a means to life. Life is service. Life is
+achievement. Health is of value in so far as it contributes to
+achievement.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Our study of the relation between mind and body at this time has
+had a deeper, broader and more vital purpose. It is the foundation
+stone of an educational structure in which we shall show you how
+the mind may be brought by scientific measures to a certainty and
+effectiveness of operation far greater than is now common or
+ordinarily thought possible.<br>
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i><a name="RESERVOIR_OF_LATENT">Your
+Reservoir of Latent Power</a></i></div>
+
+<p>Remember the two fundamental propositions set forth in this
+book.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>I. <i>All human achievement comes about through some form of
+bodily activity.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<p>II. <i>All bodily activity is caused, controlled and directed by
+the mind.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The truth of these propositions must now be obvious to you. You
+must realize that the mind is the one instrument by which it is
+possible to achieve anything in life. Your next step must be to
+learn how to use it.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>In succeeding volumes, we shall sound the depths of the
+reservoir of latent mental power. We shall find the means of
+tapping its resources. And so we shall come to give you the master
+key to achievement and teach you how to use it with confidence and
+with the positive assurance of success.</i><br>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Psychology and Achievement, by Warren Hilton
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Psychology and Achievement, by Warren Hilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Psychology and Achievement
+
+Author: Warren Hilton
+
+Release Date: October 19, 2004 [EBook #13791]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PSYCHOLOGY AND ACHIEVEMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+Applied Psychology
+
+
+PSYCHOLOGY AND ACHIEVEMENT
+
+
+_Being the First of a Series of Twelve Volumes on the Applications of
+Psychology to the Problems of Personal and Business Efficiency_
+
+
+BY
+
+WARREN HILTON, A.B., L.L.B.
+FOUNDER OF THE SOCIETY OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY
+
+
+ISSUED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE LITERARY DIGEST
+
+FOR
+
+The Society of Applied Psychology
+NEW YORK AND LONDON
+1919
+
+1914
+
+BY THE APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY PRESS
+
+SAN FRANCISCO
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE
+
+
+_Lest in the text of these volumes credit may not always have been given
+where credit is due, grateful acknowledgment is here made to Professor
+Hugo Muensterberg, Professor Walter Dill Scott, Dr. James H. Hyslop, Dr.
+Ernst Haeckel, Dr. Frank Channing Haddock, Mr. Frederick W. Taylor,
+Professor Morton Prince, Professor F.H. Gerrish, Mr. Waldo Pondray
+Warren, Dr. J.D. Quackenbos, Professor C.A. Strong, Professor Paul
+Dubois, Professor Joseph Jastrow, Professor Pierre Janet, Dr. Bernard
+Hart and Professor G.M. Whipple, of the indebtedness to them incurred in
+the preparation of this work._
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+Chapter
+  I. ATTAINMENT OF MIND CONTROL
+       THE MAN OF TOMORROW
+       THE DOLLARS AND CENTS OF MENTAL WASTE
+       THE MEANS TO NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENT
+       A PROCESS FOR "MAKING GOOD"
+       INADEQUACY OF BODY TRAINING
+       INADEQUACY OF BUSINESS SPECIALIZATION
+       FUTILITY OF ADVICE IN BUSINESS
+       THE WHY AND THE HOW
+       FUNDAMENTAL TRAINING FOR EFFICIENCY
+       THE VIRUS OF FAILURE
+       PRACTICAL FORMULAS FOR EVERY DAY
+       YOUR UNDISCOVERED RESOURCES
+       MAN'S MIND MACHINE
+       ABJURING MYSTICISMS
+       PSYCHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND RELATIONSHIPS
+       ABODE AND INSTRUMENT OF MIND
+       MANNER OF HANDLING MENTAL PROCESSES
+       FUNDAMENTAL LAWS AND PRACTICAL METHODS
+       SPECIAL BUSINESS TOPICS
+       A STEP BEYOND COLLEGIATE PSYCHOLOGY
+       THE ETERNAL LAWS OF INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENT
+       HOW TO MASTER OUR METHODS
+
+ II. TWO LAWS OF SUCCESS-ACHIEVEMENT
+       THE ONE-MAN BUSINESS CORPORATION
+       BUSINESS AND BODILY ACTIVITY
+       THE ENSLAVED BRAIN
+       FIRST STEP TOWARD SELF-REALIZATION
+
+III. RELATION OF MIND ACTIVITY TO BODILY ACTIVITY
+       SPECULATION AND PRACTICAL SCIENCE
+       PHILOSOPHIC RIDDLES AND PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS
+       WHAT WE WANT TO KNOW
+       SPIRITUALIST, MATERIALIST AND SCIENTIST
+       SCIENCE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
+       CAUSES AND "FIRST" CAUSES
+       A COMMON PLATFORM FOR ALL
+       THOUGHTS TREATED AS CAUSES
+       SCIENTIFIC METHOD WITH PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
+       USES OF SCIENTIFIC LAWS
+
+
+ IV. INTROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY
+       DOING THE THING YOU WANT TO DO
+       SOURCE OF POWER OF WILL
+       IMPELLENT ENERGY OF THOUGHT
+       BODILY EFFECTS OF MENTAL STATES
+       ILLUSTRATIVE EXPERIMENTS
+       SCOPE OF MIND POWER
+       BODILY EFFECTS OF EMOTION
+       BODILY EFFECTS OF PERCEPTION
+       EXPERIMENTS OF PAVLOV
+       TASTE AND DIGESTION
+       BODILY EFFECTS OF SENSATIONS
+       THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF EXPRESSION
+
+  V. PHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY
+       INTROSPECTIVE KNOWLEDGE
+       DISSECTION AND THE GOVERNING CONSCIOUSNESS
+       SUBORDINATE MENTAL UNITS
+       WHAT THE MICROSCOPE SHOWS
+       THE LITTLE UNIVERSE BEYOND
+       THE UNIT OF LIFE
+       CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING CELLS
+       THE BRAIN OF THE CELL
+       MIND LIFE OF ONE CELL
+       THE WILL OF THE CELL
+       THE CELL AND ORGANIC EVOLUTION
+       EVOLUTIONARY DIFFERENTIATIONS
+       PLURALITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL
+       COMBINED CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE MILLIONS
+       EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN ORGANISM
+       THE CROWD-MAN
+       FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT HUMAN CELLS
+       CELL LIFE AFTER DEATH
+       EXPERIMENTS OF DR. ALEXIS CARRELL
+       MAN-FEDERATION OF INTELLIGENCES
+       CREATIVE POWER OF THE CELL
+       LAYING THE FOUNDATION FOR PRACTICAL DOING
+       THREE NEW PROPOSITIONS
+       AN INSTRUMENT FOR MENTAL DOMINANCE
+       GATEWAYS OF EXPERIENCE
+       COURIERS OF ACTION
+       NERVE SYSTEMS
+       ORGANS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND SUBCONSCIOUSNESS
+       LOOKING INSIDE THE SKULL
+       DRUNKENNESS AND BRAIN EFFICIENCY
+       SECONDARY BRAINS
+       DEPENDENCE OF THE SUBCONSCIOUS
+       UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND SUBCONSCIOUSNESS
+       SYNTHESIS OF THE MAN-MACHINE
+       SUBSERVIENCY OF THE BODY
+
+ VI. THE SUPREMACY OF CONSCIOUSNESS
+       STRIKING OFF THE MENTAL SHACKLES
+       THE AWAKENING OF ENLIGHTENMENT
+       THE VITAL PURPOSE
+       YOUR RESERVOIR OF LATENT POWER
+
+
+
+
+ATTAINMENT OF MIND CONTROL
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+ATTAINMENT OF MIND CONTROL
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Man of Tomorrow]
+
+The men of the nineteenth century have harnessed the forces of the outer
+world. The age is now at hand that shall harness the energies of mind,
+new-found in the psychological laboratory, and shall put them at the
+service of humanity.
+
+Are you fully equipped to take a valiant part in the work of the coming
+years?
+
+[Sidenote: The Dollars and Cents of Mental Waste]
+
+The greatest of all eras is at hand! Are you increasing your fitness to
+appreciate it and take part in it, or are you merely passing your time
+away?
+
+Take careful note for a week of the incidents of your daily life--your
+methods of work, habits of thought, modes of recreation. You will
+discover an appalling waste in your present random methods of operation.
+
+How many foot-pounds of energy do you suppose you annually dump into the
+scrap-heap of wasted effort? What does this mean to you in dollars and
+cents? In conscious usefulness? In peace and happiness?
+
+[Sidenote: The Means to Notable Achievement]
+
+Individual mental efficiency is an absolute prerequisite to any notable
+personal achievement or any great individual success. Your mental
+energies are the forces with which you must wage your battles in this
+world. Are you prepared to direct and deploy _Achievement__ these forces
+with masterful control and strategic skill? Are you prepared to use all
+your reserves of mental energy in the crises of your career?
+
+A Mighty and Intelligent Power resides within you. Its marvelous
+resources are just now coming to be recognized.
+
+Recent scientific research has revealed, beyond the world of the senses
+and beyond the domain of consciousness, a wide and hitherto hidden realm
+of human energies and resources.
+
+[Sidenote: A Process for "Making Good"]
+
+These are mental energies and resources. They are phases of the mind,
+not of the "mind" of fifty years ago, but of a "mind" of whose
+operations you are unconscious and whose marvelous breadth and depth and
+power have but recently been revealed to the world by scientific
+experiment.
+
+In this _Basic Course of Reading_ we shall lay before you in simple and
+clear-cut but scientific form the proof that you have at your command
+mental powers of which you have never before dreamed.
+
+And we shall give you such specific directions for the use of these
+new-found powers, that whatever your environment, whatever your
+business, whatever your ambition, _you need but follow our plain and
+simple instructions in order to do the thing you want to do, to be the
+man you want to be, or to get the thing you want to have._
+
+[Sidenote: Inadequacy of Body Training]
+
+If you have any thought that the control of your hidden mental energies
+is to be acquired by mere hygienic measures, put it from you. The idea
+that you may come into the fulness of your powers through mere
+wholesome living, outdoor sports and bodily exercise is an idea that
+belongs to an age that is past. Good health is not necessary to
+achievement. It is not even a positive influence for achievement. It is
+merely a negative blessing. With good health you may hope to reach your
+highest mental and spiritual development free from the harassment of
+soul-racking pain. But without good health men have reached the summit
+of Parnassus and have dragged their tortured bodies up behind them.
+
+[Sidenote: Inadequacy of Business Specialization]
+
+Nor does success necessarily follow or require long preparation in a
+particular field. The first occupation of the successful man is rarely
+the one in which he achieves his ultimate triumph. In the changing
+conditions of our day, one needs a better weapon than the mere knowledge
+of a particular trade, vocation or profession. _He needs that mastery of
+himself and others that is the fundamental secret of success in all
+fields of endeavor_.
+
+[Sidenote: Futility of Advice in Business]
+
+It is well to tell you beforehand that in this _Basic Course of Reading_
+we shall be content with no mere cataloguing of the factors that are
+commonly regarded as essential to success. We shall do no moralizing.
+You will find here no elaboration of the ancient aphorisms, "Honesty is
+the best policy," and "Genius is the infinite capacity for taking
+pains."
+
+The world has had its fill of mere exhortations to industry, frugality
+and perseverance. For some thousands of years men have preached to the
+lazy man, "Be industrious," and to the timid man, "Be bold." But such
+phrases never have solved and never can solve the problem for the man
+who feels himself lacking in both industry and courage.
+
+[Sidenote: The Why and the How]
+
+It is easy enough to tell the salesman that he must approach his
+"prospect" with tact and confidence. But tact and confidence are not
+qualities that can be assumed and discarded like a Sunday coat. Industry
+and courage and tact and confidence are well enough, but we must know
+the Why and the How of these things.
+
+It is well enough to preach that the secret of achievement is to be
+found in "courage-faith" and "courage-confidence," and that the way to
+acquire these qualities is to assume that you have them. There is no
+denying the undoubted fact that men and women have been rescued from the
+deepest mire of poverty and despair and lifted to planes of happy
+abundance by what is known as "faith." But what is "faith"? And "faith"
+in What? And Why? And How?
+
+[Sidenote: Fundamental Training for Efficiency]
+
+Obviously we cannot achieve certain and definite results in this or any
+other field so long as we continue to deal with materials we do not
+understand. Yet that is what all men are doing today. The elements of
+truth are befogged in vague and amateurish mysticism, and the subject of
+individual efficiency when we get beyond mere preaching and moralizing
+is a chaos of isms.
+
+The time is ripe for a real analysis of these important problems,--a
+serious and scientific analysis with a clear and practical exposition of
+facts and principles and rules for conduct.
+
+Men and women must be fundamentally trained so that they can look deep
+into their own minds and see where the screw is loose, where oil is
+needed, and so readjust themselves and their living for a greater
+efficiency.
+
+[Sidenote: The Virus of Failure]
+
+The embittered, the superstitious, the prejudiced, all those who
+scorpion-like sting themselves with the virus of failure, must be given
+an antidote of understanding that will repair their deranged mental
+machinery.
+
+The conscientious but foolish business man who is worrying himself into
+failure and an early grave must be taught the physiological effects of
+ideas and given a new standard of values.
+
+The profligate must be lured from his emotional excesses and
+debaucheries, not by moralizings, but by showing him just how these
+things fritter his energies and retard his progress.
+
+[Sidenote: Practical Formulas for Every Day]
+
+It must be made plain to the successful promoter, to the rich banker,
+how a man may be a financial success and yet a miserable failure so far
+as true happiness is concerned, and how by scientific self-development
+he can acquire greater riches within than all his vaults of steel will
+hold.
+
+This _Basic Course of Reading_ offers just such an analysis and
+exposition of fundamental principles. It furnishes definite and
+scientific answers to the problems of life. It will reveal to you unused
+or unintelligently used mental forces vastly greater than those now at
+your command.
+
+[Sidenote: Your Undiscovered Resources]
+
+We go even further, and say that this _Basic Course of Reading_ provides
+a practicable formula for the everyday use of these vast resources. It
+will enable you to acquire the magical qualities and still more magical
+effects that spell success and happiness, without straining your will to
+the breaking point and making life a burden. It will give you a definite
+prescription like the physician's, "Take one before meals," and as
+easily compounded, which will enable you to be prosperous and happy.
+
+In the development of one's innate resources, such as powers of
+observation, imagination, correct judgment, alertness, resourcefulness,
+application, concentration, and the faculty of taking prompt advantage
+of opportunities, the study of the mental machine is bound to be the
+first step. It must be the ultimate resource for self-training in
+efficiency for the promoter with his appeal to the cupidity and
+imaginations of men as surely as for the artist in his search for poetic
+inspiration.
+
+[Sidenote: Man's Mind Machine]
+
+No man can get the best results from any machine unless he understands
+its mechanism. We shall draw aside the curtain and show you the mind in
+operation.
+
+The mastery of your own powers is worth more to you than all the
+knowledge of outside facts you can crowd into your head. Read and study
+and practice the teachings of this _Basic Course_, and they will make
+you in a new sense the master of yourself and of your future.
+
+In this _Basic Course of Reading_ we shall begin by giving you a
+thorough understanding of certain mental operations and processes.
+
+[Sidenote: Abjuring Mysticisms]
+
+We shall lead your interest away from "vague mysticisms" and emphasize
+such phases of scientific psychological theory as bear directly on
+practical achievement.
+
+We shall give you a practical working knowledge of concentrative mental
+methods and devices. We shall clear away the mysteries and
+misapprehensions that now envelop this particular field.
+
+In the present volume we shall begin with a discussion of certain
+aspects of the relation between the mind and the body.
+
+[Sidenote: Psychology, Physiology and Relationships]
+
+However we look at it, it is impossible to understand the mind without
+some knowledge of the bodily machine through which the mind works. The
+investigation of the mind and its conditions and problems is primarily
+the business of psychology, which seeks to describe and explain them.
+It would seem to be entirely distinct from physiology, which seeks to
+classify and explain the facts of bodily structure and operation. But
+all sciences overlap more or less. And this is particularly true of
+psychology, which deals with the mind, and physiology, which deals with
+the body.
+
+It is the mind that we are primarily interested in. But every individual
+mind resides within, or at least expresses itself through, a body. Upon
+the preservation of that body and upon the orderly performance of its
+functions depend our health and comfort, our very lives.
+
+[Sidenote: Abode and instrument of Mind]
+
+Then, too, considered merely as part of the outside world of matter,
+man's body is the physical fact with which he is most in contact and
+most immediately concerned. It furnishes him with information concerning
+the existence and operations of other minds. It is in fact his only
+source of information about the outside world.
+
+First of all, then, you must form definite and intelligent conclusions
+concerning the relations between the mind and the body.
+
+[Sidenote: Manner of Handling Mental Processes]
+
+This will be of value in a number of ways. In the first place, you will
+understand the bodily mechanism through which the mind operates, and a
+knowledge of this mechanism is bound to enlighten you as to the
+character of the _mental_ processes themselves. In the second place, it
+is worth while to know the extent of the mind's influence over the body,
+because this knowledge is the first step toward obtaining bodily
+efficiency through the mental control of bodily functions. And, finally,
+a study of this bodily mechanism is of very great practical importance
+in itself, for the body is the instrument through which the mind acts in
+its relations with the world at large.
+
+From a study of the bodily machine, we shall advance to a consideration
+of the mental processes themselves, not after the usual manner of works
+on psychology, but solely from the standpoint of practical utility and
+for the establishment of a scientific concept of the mind capable of
+everyday use.
+
+[Sidenote: Fundamental Laws and Practical Methods]
+
+The elucidation of every principle of mental operation will be
+accompanied by illustrative material pointing out just how that
+particular law may be employed for the attainment of specific practical
+ends. There will be numerous illustrative instances and methods that can
+be at once made use of by the merchant, the musician, the salesman, the
+advertiser, the employer of labor, the business executive.
+
+[Sidenote: Special Business Topics]
+
+In this way this _Basic Course of Reading_ will lay a firm and broad
+foundation, first, for an understanding of the methods and devices
+whereby any man may acquire full control and direction of his mental
+energies and may develop his resources to the last degree; second, for
+an understanding of the psychological methods for success in any
+specific professional pursuit in which he may be particularly
+interested; and third, for an understanding of the methods of applying
+psychological knowledge to the industrial problems of office, store and
+factory.
+
+The first of these--that is to say, instruction in methods for the
+attainment of any goal consistent with native ability--will follow right
+along as part of this _Basic Course of Reading._ The second and
+third--that is to say, the study of special commercial and industrial
+topics--are made the subject of special courses supplemental to this
+_Basic Course_ and for which it can serve only as an introduction.
+
+[Sidenote: A Step Beyond Collegiate Psychology]
+
+In this _Basic Course of Reading_ we shall show you how you may acquire
+perfect individual efficiency. And, most remarkable of all, we shall
+show you how you may acquire it _without that effort to obtain it, that
+straining of the will, that struggling with wasteful inclinations and
+desires, that is itself the essence of inefficiency_.
+
+The facts and principles set forth in this _Basic Course_ are new and
+wonderful and inspiring. They have been established and attested by
+world-wide and exhaustive scientific research and experiment.
+
+[Sidenote: The Eternal Laws of Individual Achievement]
+
+You may be a college graduate. You may have had the advantage of a
+college course in psychology. But you have probably had no instruction
+in the practical application of your knowledge of mental operations. So
+far as we are aware, there are few universities in the world that
+embrace in their curricula a course in "applied" psychology. For the
+average college man this _Basic Course of Reading_ will be, therefore,
+in the nature of a post-graduate course, teaching him how to make
+practical use of the psychology he learned at college, and in addition
+giving him facts about the mind unknown to the college psychology of a
+few years ago.
+
+In these books you will probe deeply into the normal human mind.
+
+You will see also the fantastic and distorted shape of its
+manifestations in disease.
+
+You will learn the Eternal Laws of Individual Achievement.
+
+[Sidenote: How to Master Our Methods]
+
+And you will be taught how to apply them to your own business or
+profession.
+
+But mark this word of warning. To comprehend the teachings of this
+_Basic Course_ well enough to put them into practice demands from you
+careful study and reflection. It requires persistent application. Do not
+attempt to browse through the pages that follow. They are worth all the
+time that you can put upon them.
+
+The mind is a complex mechanism. Each element is alone a fitting subject
+for a lifetime's study. Do not lose sight of the whole in the study of
+the parts.
+
+All the books bear upon a central theme. They will lead you on step by
+step. Gradually your conception of your relations to the world will
+change. A new realization of power will come upon you. You will learn
+that you are in a new sense the master of your fate. You will find these
+books, like the petals of a flower, unfolding one by one until a great
+and vital truth stands revealed in full-blown beauty.
+
+To derive full benefit from the _Course_ it is necessary that you should
+do more than merely understand each sentence as you go along. You must
+grasp the underlying train of thought. You must perceive the continuity
+of the argument.
+
+It is necessary, therefore, that you do but a limited amount of reading
+each day, taking ample time to reflect on what you have read. If any
+book is not entirely clear to you at first, go over it again.
+Persistence will enable any man to acquire a thorough comprehension of
+our teachings and a profound mastery of our methods.
+
+
+
+
+TWO LAWS OF SUCCESS-ACHIEVEMENT
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+TWO LAWS OF SUCCESS-ACHIEVEMENT
+
+
+[Sidenote: The One-Man Business Corporation]
+
+As a working unit you are a kind of one-man business corporation made up
+of two departments, the mental and the physical.
+
+Your mind is the executive office of this personal corporation, its
+directing "head." Your body is the corporation's "plant." Eyes and ears,
+sight and smell and touch, hands and feet--these are the implements, the
+equipment.
+
+We have undertaken to teach you how to acquire a perfect mastery of your
+own powers and meet the practical problems of your life in such a way
+that success will be swift and certain.
+
+[Sidenote: Business and Bodily Activity]
+
+First of all it is necessary that you should accept and believe two
+well-settled and fundamental laws.
+
+I. _All human achievement comes about through bodily activity._
+
+II. _All bodily activity is caused, controlled and directed by the
+mind._
+
+Give the first of these propositions but a moment's thought. You can
+conceive of no form of accomplishment which is not the result of some
+kind of bodily activity. One would say that the master works of poetry,
+art, philosophy, religion, are products of human effort furthest
+removed from the material side of life, yet even these would have
+perished still-born in the minds conceiving them had they not found
+transmission and expression through some form of bodily activity. You
+will agree, therefore, that the first of these propositions is so
+self-evident, so axiomatic, as neither to require nor to admit of formal
+proof.
+
+The second proposition is not so easily disposed of. It is in fact so
+difficult of acceptance by some persons that we must make very plain its
+absolute validity. Furthermore, its elucidation will bring forth many
+illuminating facts that will give you an entirely new conception of the
+mind and its scope and influence.
+
+[Sidenote: The Enslaved Brain]
+
+Remember, when we say "mind," we are not thinking of the brain. The
+brain is but one of the organs of the body, and, by the terms of our
+proposition as stated, is as much the slave of the mind as is any other
+organ of the body. To say that the mind controls the body presupposes
+that mind and body are distinct entities, the one belonging to a
+spiritual world, the other to a world of matter.
+
+That the mind is master of the body is a settled principle of science.
+But we realize that its acceptance may require you to lay aside some
+preconceived prejudices. You may be one of those who believe that the
+mind is nothing more nor less than brain activity. You may believe that
+the body is all there is to man and that mind-action is merely one of
+its functions.
+
+[Sidenote: First Step Toward Self-Realization]
+
+If so, we want you nevertheless to realize that, while as a matter of
+philosophic speculation you retain these opinions, you may at the same
+time for practical purposes regard the mind as an independent causal
+agency and believe that it can and does control and determine and
+_cause_ any and every kind of bodily activity. We want you to do this
+because this conclusion is at the basis of a practical system of mental
+efficiency and because, as we shall at once show you, it is capable of
+proof by the established methods of physical science.
+
+
+
+
+RELATION OF MIND ACTIVITY TO BODILY ACTIVITY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+RELATION OF MIND ACTIVITY TO BODILY ACTIVITY
+
+POINT OF VIEW FROM WHICH YOU MUST APPROACH THIS PROBLEM
+
+
+[Sidenote: Speculation and Practical Science]
+
+The fact is, one's opinion as to whether mind controls body or body
+makes mind-action depends altogether upon the point of view. And the
+first step for us to take is to agree upon the point of view we shall
+assume.
+
+Two points of view are possible. One is _speculative_, the other
+_practical_.
+
+[Sidenote: Philosophic Riddles and Personal Effectiveness]
+
+The _speculative point of view_ is that of the philosopher and
+religionist, who ponder the tie that binds "soul" and body in an effort
+to solve the riddle of "creation" and pierce the mystery of the
+"hereafter."
+
+The _practical point of view_ is that of the modern practical scientist,
+who deals only with actual facts of human experience and seeks only
+immediate practical results.
+
+The speculative problem is the historical and religious one of the
+mortality or immortality of the soul. The practical problem is the
+scientific one that demands to know what the mental forces are and how
+they can be used most effectively.
+
+[Sidenote: What We Want to Know]
+
+There is no especial need here to trace the historical development of
+these two problems or enter upon a discussion of religious or
+philosophical questions.
+
+Our immediate interest in the mind and its relationship to the body is
+not because we want to be assured of the salvation of our souls after
+death.
+
+_We want to know all we can about the reality and certainty and
+character of mental control of bodily functions because of the practical
+use we can make of such knowledge in this life, here and now._
+
+[Sidenote: Spiritualist, Materialist and Scientist]
+
+The practical scientist has nothing in common with either spiritualists,
+soul-believers, on the one hand, or materialists on the other. So far as
+the mortality of the soul is concerned, he may be either a spiritualist
+or a materialist But spiritualism or materialism is to him only an
+intellectual pastime. It is not his trade. In his actual work he seeks
+only practical results, and so confines himself wholly to the actual
+facts of human experience.
+
+The practical scientist knows that as between two given facts, and
+_only_ as between these two, one may be the "cause" of the other. But he
+is not interested in the "creative origin" of material things. He does
+not attempt to discover "first" causes.
+
+[Sidenote: Science of Cause and Effect]
+
+The practical scientist ascribes all sorts of qualities to electricity
+and lays down many laws concerning it without having the remotest idea
+as to what, in the last analysis, electricity may actually be. He is not
+concerned with ultimate truths. He does his work, and necessarily so,
+upon the principle that for all practical purposes he is justified in
+using any given assumption as a working hypothesis if everything happens
+just as if it were true.
+
+The practical scientist applies the term "cause" to any object or event
+that is the invariable predecessor of some other object or event.
+
+For him a "cause" is simply any object or event that may be looked upon
+as forecasting the action of some other object or the occurrence of some
+other event.
+
+The point with him is simply this, Does or does not this object or this
+event in any way affect that object or that event or determine its
+behavior?
+
+[Sidenote: Causes and "First" Causes]
+
+No matter where you look you will find that every fact in Nature is
+relatively cause and effect according to the point of view. Thus, if a
+railroad engine backs into a train of cars it transmits a certain amount
+of motion to the first car. This imparted motion is again passed on to
+the next car, and so on. The motion of the first car is, on the one
+hand, the effect of the impact of the engine, and is, on the other hand,
+the "cause" of the motion of the second car. And, in general, what is an
+"effect" in the first car becomes a "cause" when looked at in relation
+to the second, and what is an "effect" in the second becomes a "cause"
+in relation to the third. So that even the materialist will agree that
+"cause" and "effect" are relative terms in dealing with any series of
+facts in Nature.
+
+[Sidenote: A Common Platform for All]
+
+A man may be either a spiritualist, believing that the mind is a
+manifestation of the super-soul, or he may be a materialist, and in
+either case he may at the same time and with perfect consistency
+believe, as a practical scientist, that the mind is a "cause" and has
+bodily action as its "effect."
+
+Naturally this point of view offers no difficulties whatever to the
+spiritualist. He already looks upon the mind or soul as the "originating
+cause" of everything.
+
+[Sidenote: Thoughts Treated as Causes]
+
+But the materialist, too, may in accordance with his speculative theory
+continue to insist that _brain-action_ is the "originating cause" of
+mental life; yet if the facts show that certain thoughts are invariably
+followed by certain bodily activities, the materialist may without
+violence to his theories agree to the great practical value of _treating
+these thoughts as immediate causes_, no matter what the history of
+creation may have been.
+
+Whatever the brand of your materialism or your religious belief, you
+can join us in accepting this practical-science point of view as a
+common platform upon which to approach our second fundamental
+proposition, that "all bodily activity is caused, controlled and
+directed by the mind."
+
+[Sidenote: Scientific Method with Practical Problems]
+
+Ignoring all religious and metaphysical questions, we have, then, to ask
+ourselves merely: _Can the mind be relied upon to bring about or stop or
+in any manner influence bodily action? And if it can, what is the extent
+of the mind's influence?_
+
+In answering these questions we shall follow the method of the practical
+scientist, whose method is invariably the same whatever the problem he
+is investigating.
+
+This method involves two steps: first, the collection and classification
+of facts; second, the deduction from those facts of general principles.
+
+[Sidenote: Uses of Scientific Laws]
+
+The scientist first gathers together the greatest possible array of
+experiential facts and classifies these facts into sequences--that is to
+say, he gathers together as many instances as he can find in which one
+given fact follows directly upon the happening of another given fact.
+
+Having done this, he next formulates in broad general terms the common
+principle that he finds embodied in these many similar sequences.
+
+Such a formula, if there are facts enough to establish it, is what is
+known as a scientific law. Its value to the world lies in this, that
+whenever the given fact shall again occur our knowledge of the
+scientific law will enable us to predict with certainty just what events
+will follow the occurrence of that fact.
+
+First, then, let us marshal our facts tending to prove that bodily
+activities are caused by the mind.
+
+
+
+
+INTROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+INTROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY
+
+
+[Sidenote: Doing the Thing You Want to Do]
+
+The first and most conspicuous evidential fact is voluntary bodily
+action; that is to say, bodily action resulting from the exercise of the
+conscious will.
+
+[Sidenote: Source of Power of Will]
+
+If you will a bodily movement and that movement immediately follows, you
+are certainly justified in concluding that your mind has caused the
+bodily movement. Every conscious, voluntary movement that you make, and
+you are making thousands of them every hour, is a distinct example of
+mind activity causing bodily action. In fact, the very will to make any
+bodily movement is itself nothing more nor less than a mental state.
+
+_The will to do a thing is simply the belief, the conviction, that the
+appropriate bodily movement is about to occur._ The whole scientific
+world is agreed on this.
+
+For example, in order to bend your forefinger do you first think it
+over, then deliberately put forth some special form of energy? Not at
+all: The very thought of bending the finger, if unhindered by
+conflicting ideas, is enough to bend it.
+
+[Sidenote: Impellent Energy of Thought]
+
+Note this general law: _The idea of any bodily action tends to produce
+the action._
+
+This conception of thought as impellent--that is to say, as impelling
+bodily activity--is of absolutely fundamental importance. The following
+simple experiments will illustrate its working.
+
+Ask a number of persons to think successively of the letters "B," "O,"
+and "Q." They are not to pronounce the letters, but simply to think hard
+about the sound of each letter.
+
+[Sidenote: Bodily effects of Mental States]
+
+Now, as they think of these letters, one after the other, watch closely
+and you will see their lips move in readiness to pronounce them. There
+may be some whose lip-movements you will be unable to detect. If so, it
+will be because your eye is not quick enough or keen enough to follow
+them in every case.
+
+Have a friend blindfold you and then stand behind you with his hands on
+your shoulders. While in this position ask him to concentrate his mind
+upon some object in another part of the house. Yield yourself to the
+slightest pressure of his hands or arms and you will soon come to the
+object of which he has been thinking. If he is unfamiliar with the
+impelling energy of thought, he will charge the result to mind-reading.
+
+[Sidenote: Illustrative Experiments]
+
+The same law is illustrated by a familiar catch. Ask a friend to define
+the word "spiral." He will find it difficult to express the meaning in
+words. And nine persons out of ten while groping for appropriate words
+will unconsciously describe a spiral in the air with the forefinger.
+
+Swing a locket in front of you, holding the end of the chain with both
+hands. You will soon see that it will swing in harmony with your
+thoughts. If you think of a circle, it will swing around in a circle. If
+you think of the movement of a pendulum, the locket will swing back and
+forth.
+
+These experiments not only illustrate the impelling energy of thought
+and its power to induce bodily action, but they indicate also that the
+bodily effects of mental action are not limited to bodily movements that
+are conscious and voluntary.
+
+[Sidenote: Scope of Mind Power]
+
+_The fact is, every mental state whether you consider it as involving an
+act of the will or not, is followed some kind of bodily effect, and
+every bodily action is preceded by some distinct kind of mental
+activity. From the practical science point of view every thought causes
+its particular bodily effects._
+
+This is true of simple sensations. It is true of impulses, ideas and
+emotions. It is true of pleasures and pains. It is true of conscious
+mental activity. It is true of unconscious mental activity. It is true
+of the whole range of mental life.
+
+Since the mental conditions that produce bodily effects are not limited
+to those mental conditions in which there is a conscious exercise of the
+will, it follows that _the bodily effects produced by mental action are
+not limited to movements of what are known as the voluntary muscles._
+
+On the contrary, they include changes and movements in all of the
+so-called involuntary muscles, and in every kind of bodily structure.
+They include changes and movements in every part of the physical
+organism, from changes in the action of heart, lungs, stomach, liver
+and other viscera, to changes in the secretions of glands and in the
+caliber of the tiniest blood-vessels. A few instances such as are
+familiar to the introspective experience of everyone will illustrate the
+scope of the mind's control over the body.
+
+[Sidenote: Bodily Effects of Emotion]
+
+Emotion always causes numerous and intense bodily effects. Furious anger
+may cause frowning brows, grinding teeth, contracted jaws, clenched
+fists, panting breath, growling cries, bright redness of the face or
+sudden paleness. None of these effects is voluntary; we may not even be
+conscious of them.
+
+Fright may produce a wild beating of the heart, a death-like pallor, a
+gasping motion of the lips, an uncovering or protruding of the
+eye-balls, a sudden rigidity of the body as if "rooted" to the spot.
+
+Grief may cause profuse secretion of tears, swollen, reddened face, red
+eyes and other familiar symptoms.
+
+Shame may cause that sudden dilation of the capillary blood-vessels of
+the face known as "blushing."
+
+[Sidenote: Bodily Effects of Perception]
+
+The sight of others laughing or yawning makes us laugh or yawn. The
+sound of one man coughing will become epidemic in an audience. The
+thought of a sizzling porter-house steak with mushrooms, baked potatoes
+and rich _gravy_ makes the mouth of a hungry man "water."
+
+Suppose I show you a lemon cut in half and tell you with a wry face and
+puckered mouth that I am going to suck the juice of this exceedingly
+sour lemon. As you merely read these lines you may observe that the
+glands in your mouth have begun to secrete saliva. There is a story of a
+man who wagered with a friend that he could stop a band that was playing
+in front of his office. He got three lemons and gave half of a lemon to
+each of a number of street urchins. He then had these boys walk round
+and round the band, sucking the lemons and making puckered faces at the
+musicians. That soon ended the music.
+
+[Sidenote: Experiments of Pavlov]
+
+A distinguished German scientist, named Pavlov, has recently
+demonstrated in a series of experiments with dogs that the sight of the
+plate that ordinarily bears their food, or the sight of the chair upon
+which the plate ordinarily stands, or even the sight of the person who
+commonly brings the plate, may cause the saliva to flow from their
+salivary glands just as effectively as the food itself would do if
+placed in their mouths.
+
+[Sidenote: Taste and digestion]
+
+There was a time, and that not long ago, when the contact of food with
+the lining of the stomach was supposed to be the immediate cause of the
+secretion of the digestive fluids. Yet recent observation of the
+interior of the stomach through an incision in the body, has shown that
+just as soon as the food is _tasted_ in the mouth, a purely mental
+process, the stomach begins to well forth those fluids that are suitable
+for digestion.
+
+[Sidenote: Bodily Effects of Sensations]
+
+The press recently contained an account of a motorcycle race in Newark,
+New Jersey. The scene was a great bowl-shaped motor-drome. In the midst
+of cheering thousands, when riding at the blinding speed of ninety-two
+miles an hour, the motorcycle of one of the contestants went wrong. It
+climbed the twenty-eight-foot incline, hurled its rider to instant death
+and crashed into the packed grandstand. Before the whirling mass of
+steel was halted by a deep-set iron pillar four men lay dead and
+twenty-two others unconscious and severely injured. Then the twisted
+engine of death rebounded from the post and rolled down the saucer-rim
+of the track.
+
+Around the circular path, his speed scarcely less than that of his
+ill-fated rival, knowing nothing of the tragedy, hearing nothing of the
+screams of warning from the crowd, came another racer. The frightened
+throng saw the coming of a second tragedy. The sound that came from the
+crowd was a low moaning, a sighing, impotent, unconscious prayer of the
+thousands for the mercy that could not come. The second motorcycle
+struck the wreck, leaped into the air, and the body of its rider shot
+fifty feet over the handlebars and fell at the bottom of the track
+unconscious. Two hours later he was dead.
+
+What was the effect of this dreadful spectacle upon the onlookers?
+Confusion, cries of fright and panic, while throughout the grandstand
+women fainted and lay here and there unconscious. Many were afflicted
+with nausea. With others the muscles of speech contracted convulsively,
+knees gave way, hearts "stopped beating." Observe that these were wholly
+the effects of _mental_ action, effects of _sight_ and _sound
+sensations_.
+
+[Sidenote: The Fundamental Law of Expression]
+
+Why multiply instances? All that you need to do to be satisfied that the
+mind is directly responsible for any and every kind of bodily activity
+is to examine your own experiences and those of your friends. They will
+afford you innumerable illustrations.
+
+You will find that not only is your body constantly doing things because
+your mind wills that it should do them, but that your body is
+incessantly doing things simply because they are the expression of a
+passing thought.
+
+The law that _Every idea tends to express itself in some form of bodily
+activity_, is one of the most obviously demonstrable principles of human
+life.
+
+Bear in mind that this is but another way of expressing the second of
+our first two fundamental principles of mental efficiency, and that we
+are engaged in a scientific demonstration of its truth so that you will
+not confuse it with mere theory or speculation.
+
+To recall these fundamental principles to your mind and further impress
+them upon you, we will restate them:
+
+I. _All human achievement comes about through some form of bodily
+activity_.
+
+II. _All bodily activity is caused, controlled and directed by the
+mind._
+
+
+
+
+PHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+PHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF MENTAL MASTERY
+
+
+[Sidenote: Introspective Knowledge]
+
+We have been considering the relationship between mind and body from the
+standpoint of the mind. Our investigation has been largely
+introspective; that is to say, we simply looked within ourselves and
+considered the effects of our mental operations upon our own bodies. The
+facts we had before us were facts of which we had direct knowledge. We
+did not have to go out and seek them in the mental and bodily activities
+of other persons. We found them here within ourselves, inherent in our
+consciousness. To observe them we had merely to turn the spotlight into
+the hidden channels of our own minds.
+
+[Sidenote: Dissection and the Governing Consciousness]
+
+We come now to examine the mind's influence upon the body from the
+standpoint of the body. To do this we must go forth and investigate. We
+must use eye, ear and hand. We must use the forceps and scalpel and
+microscope of the anatomist and physiologist.
+
+[Sidenote: Subordinate Mental Units]
+
+_But it is well worth while that we should do this. For our
+investigation will show a bodily structure peculiarly adapted to control
+by a governing consciousness. It will reveal to the eye a physical
+mechanism peculiarly fitted for the dissemination of intelligence
+throughout the body. And, most of all, it will disclose the existence
+within the body of subordinate mental units, each capable of receiving,
+understanding and acting upon the intelligence thus submitted. And we
+shall have strongly corroborative evidence of the mind's complete
+control over every function of the body._
+
+Examine a green plant and you will observe that it is composed of
+numerous parts, each of which has some special function to perform. The
+roots absorb food and drink from the soil. The leaves breathe in
+carbonic acid from the air and transform it into the living substance of
+the plant. Every plant has, therefore, an anatomical structure, its
+parts and tissues visible to the naked eye.
+
+[Sidenote: What the Microscope Shows]
+
+Put one of these tissues under a microscope and you will find that it
+consists of a _honeycomb of small compartments or units_. These
+compartments are called "cells," and the structure of all plant tissues
+is described as "cellular." Wherever you may look in any plant, you will
+find these cells making up its tissues. The activity of any part or
+tissue of the plant, and consequently all of the activities of the plant
+as a whole, are but the combined and co-operating activities of the
+various individual cells of which the tissues are composed. _The living
+cell, therefore, is at the basis of all plant life._
+
+[Sidenote: The Little Universe Beyond]
+
+In the same way, if you turn to the structure of any animal, you will
+find that it is composed of parts or organs made up of different kinds
+of tissues, and these tissues examined under a microscope will disclose
+a cellular structure similar to that exhibited by the plant.
+
+_Look where you will among living things, plant or animal, you will find
+that all are mere assemblages of cellular tissues._
+
+Extend your investigation further, and examine into forms of life so
+minute that they can be seen only with the most powerful microscope and
+you will come upon a _whole universe of tiny creatures consisting of a
+single cell_.
+
+[Sidenote: The Unit of Life]
+
+Indeed, it is a demonstrable fact that these tiny units of life
+consisting of but a single cell are far more numerous than the forms of
+life visible to the naked eye. You will have some idea of their size and
+number when we tell you that millions may live and die and reproduce
+their kind in a single thimbleful of earth.
+
+_Every plant, then, or every animal, whatever its species, however
+simple or complicated its structure, is in the last analysis either a
+single cell or a confederated group of cells._
+
+All life, whether it be the life of a single cell or of an unorganized
+group of cells or of a republic of cells, has as its basis the life of
+the cell.
+
+For all the animate world, two great principles stand established.
+First, that _every living organism_, plant or animal, big or little,
+develops from a cell, and is itself a composite of cells, and that the
+cell is the unit of all life. Secondly, that _the big and complex
+organisms have through long ages developed out of simpler forms_, the
+organic life of today being the result of an age-long process of
+evolution.
+
+What, then, is the cell, and what part has it played in this process of
+evolution?
+
+To begin with, a cell is visible only through a microscope. A human
+blood cell is about one-three-thousandth of an inch across, while a
+bacterial cell may be no more than one-twenty-five-thousandth of an inch
+in diameter.
+
+[Sidenote: Characteristics of Living Cells]
+
+Yet, small as it is, the cell exhibits all of the customary phenomena of
+independent life; that is to say, it nourishes itself, it grows, it
+reproduces its kind, it moves about, and _it feels_. It is a _living,
+breathing, feeling, moving, feeding thing_.
+
+The term "cell" suggests a walled-in enclosure. This is because it was
+originally supposed that a confining wall or membrane was an invariable
+and essential characteristic of cell structure. It is now known,
+however, that while such a membrane may exist, as it does in most plant
+cells, it may be lacking, as is the case in most animal cells.
+
+The only absolutely essential parts of the cell are the inner _nucleus_
+or kernel and the tiny mass of living jelly surrounding it, called the
+_protoplasm_.
+
+[Sidenote: The Brain of the Cell]
+
+The most powerful microscopes disclose in this protoplasm a certain
+definite structure, a very fine, thread-like network spreading from the
+nucleus throughout the semi-fluid albuminous protoplasm. It is certainly
+in line with the broad analogies of life, to suppose that in each cell
+the nucleus with its network is the brain and nervous system of that
+individual cell._
+
+All living organisms consist, then simply of cells. Those consisting of
+but one cell are termed unicellular; those comprising more than one cell
+are called pluricellular.
+
+The unicellular organism is the unit of life on this earth. Yet tiny and
+ultimate as it is, every unicellular organism is possessed of an
+independent and "free living" existence.
+
+[Sidenote: Mind Life of One Cell]
+
+To be convinced of this fact, just consider for a moment the scope of
+development and range of activities of one of these tiny bodies.
+
+"We see, then," says Haeckel, "that it performs all the essential life
+functions which the entire organism accomplishes. Every one of these
+little beings grows and feeds itself independently. It assimilates
+juices from without, absorbing them from the surrounding fluid. Each
+separate cell is also able to reproduce itself and to increase. This
+increase generally takes place by simple division, the nucleus parting
+first, by a contraction round its circumference, into two parts; after
+which the protoplasm likewise separates into two divisions. The single
+cell is able to move and creep about; from its outer surface it sends
+out and draws back again finger-like processes, thereby modifying its
+form. Finally, the young cell has feeling, and is more or less
+sensitive. It performs certain movements on the application of chemical
+and mechanical irritants."
+
+[Sidenote: The Will of the Cell]
+
+The single living cell moves about in search of food. When food is found
+it is enveloped in the mass of protoplasm, digested and assimilated.
+
+The single cell has the _power of choice_, for it refuses to eat what is
+unwholesome and extends itself mightily to reach that which is
+nourishing.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cell and Organic Evolution]
+
+Moebius and Gates are convinced that the single cell possesses _memory_,
+for having once encountered anything dangerous, it knows enough to avoid
+it when presented under similar circumstances. And having once found
+food in a certain place, it will afterwards make a business of looking
+for it in the same place.
+
+And, finally, Verwoern and Binet have found in a single living cell
+manifestations of _the emotions of surprise and fear_ and the rudiments
+of _an ability to adapt means to an end_.
+
+Let us now consider pluricellular organisms and consider them
+particularly from the standpoint of organic evolution. The pluricellular
+organism is nothing more nor less than a later development, a
+confederated association of unicellular organisms. Mark the development
+of such an association.
+
+[Sidenote: Evolutionary Differentiation]
+
+Originally each separate cell performed all the functions of a separate
+life. The bonds that united it to its fellows were of the most transient
+character. Gradually the necessities of environment led to a more and
+more permanent grouping, until at last the bonds of union became
+indissoluble.
+
+Meanwhile, the great laws of "adaptation" and "heredity," the basic
+principles of evolution, have been steadily at work, and slowly there
+has come about a differentiation of cell function, an apportionment
+among the different cells of the different kinds of labor.
+
+[Sidenote: Plurality of the Individual]
+
+As the result of such differentiation, the pluricellular organism, as it
+comes ultimately to be evolved, is composed of many different kinds of
+cells. Each has its special function. Each has its field of labor. Each
+lives its own individual life. Each reproduces its own kind. Yet all are
+bound together as elements of the same "cell society" or organized "cell
+state."
+
+Among pluricellular organisms man is of course supreme. He is the one
+form of animal life that is most highly differentiated.
+
+[Sidenote: Combined Consciousness of the Millions]
+
+Knowing what you now know of microscopic anatomy, you cannot hold to the
+simple idea that the human body is a single life-unit. This is the
+naive belief that is everywhere current among men today. Inquire among
+your own friends and acquaintances and you will find that not one in a
+thousand realizes that he is, to put it jocularly, singularly plural,
+that he is in fact an assemblage of individuals.
+
+[Illustration: MICROSCOPIC STUDIES IN HUMAN ANATOMY, PRIVATE LABORATORY,
+SOCIETY OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY]
+
+Not only is the living human body as a whole alive, but "every part of
+it as large as a pin-point is alive, with a separate and independent
+life all its own; every part of the brain, lungs, heart, muscles, fat
+and skin." No man ever has or ever can count the number of these parts
+or cells, some of which are so minute that it would take thousands in a
+row to reach an inch.
+
+"Feeling" or "consciousness" is the sum total of the feelings and
+consciousness of millions of cells, just as an orchestral harmony is a
+composite of the sounds of all the individual instruments.
+
+[Sidenote: Evolution of the Human Organism]
+
+In the ancient dawn of evolution, all the cells of the human body were
+of the same kind. But Nature is everywhere working out problems of
+economy and efficiency. And, to meet the necessities of environment,
+there has gradually come about a parceling out among the different cells
+of the various tasks that all had been previously called upon to perform
+for the support of the human institution.
+
+This differentiation in kinds of work has gradually brought about
+corresponding and appropriate changes of structure in the cells
+themselves, whereby each has become better fitted to perform its part in
+the sustenance and growth of the body.
+
+[Sidenote: The Crowd-Man]
+
+When you come to think that these processes of adaptation and heredity
+in the human body have been going on for _countless millions of years_,
+you can readily understand how it is that the human body of today is
+made up of more than thirty different kinds of cells, each having its
+special function.
+
+[Sidenote: Functions of Different Human Cells]
+
+We have muscle cells, with long, thin bodies like pea-pods, who devote
+their lives to the business of contraction; thin, hair-like connective
+tissue cells, whose office is to form a tough tissue for binding the
+parts of the body together; bone cells, a trades-union of masons, whose
+life work it is to select and assimilate salts of lime for the upkeep of
+the joints and framework; hair, skin, and nail cells, in various shapes
+and sizes, all devoting themselves to the protection and ornamentation
+of the body; gland cells, who give their lives, a force of trained
+chemists, to the abstraction from the blood of those substances that are
+needed for digestion; blood cells, crowding their way through the
+arteries, some making regular deliveries of provisions to the other
+tenants, some soldierly fellows patrolling their beats to repel invading
+disease germs, some serving as humble scavengers; liver cells engaged in
+the menial service of living off the waste of other organs and at the
+same time converting it into such fluids as are required for digestion;
+windpipe and lung cells, whose heads are covered with stiff hairs, which
+the cell throughout its life waves incessantly to and fro; and, lastly,
+and most important and of greatest interest to us, brain and nerve
+cells, the brain cells constituting altogether the organ of objective
+intelligence, the instrument through which we are conscious of the
+external world, and the nerve cells serving as a living telegraph to
+relay information, from one part of the body to another, with the
+"swiftness of thought."
+
+Says one writer, referring to the cells of the inner or true skin: "As
+we look at them arranged there like a row of bricks, let us remember two
+things: first, that this row is actually in our skin at this moment;
+and, secondly, that each cell is a living being--it is born, grows,
+lives, breathes, eats, works, decays and dies. A gay time of it these
+youngsters have on the very banks of a stream that is bringing down to
+them every minute stores of fresh air in the round, red corpuscles of
+the blood, and a constant stream of suitable food in the serum. But it
+is not all pleasure, for every one of them is hard at work."
+
+[Sidenote: Cell Life After Death]
+
+And again, speaking of the cells that line the air-tubes, he says: "The
+whole interior, then, of the air-tubes resembles nothing so much as a
+field of corn swayed by the wind to and fro, the principal sweep,
+however, being always upwards towards the throat. All particles of dust
+and dirt inhaled drop on this waving forest of hairs, and are gently
+passed up and from one to another out of the lungs. When we remember
+that these hairs commenced waving at our birth, and have never for one
+second ceased since, and will continue to wave a short time after our
+death, we are once more filled with wonder at the marvels that surround
+us on every side."
+
+[Sidenote: Experiments of Dr. Alexis Carrel]
+
+Remarkable confirmatory evidence of the fact that every organ of the
+body is composed of individual cell intelligences, endowed with an
+instinctive knowledge of how to perform their special functions, is
+found in the experiments of Dr. Alexis Carrel, the recipient of the
+Nobel prize for science for 1912.
+
+_Dr. Carrel has taken hearts, stomachs and kidneys out of living
+animals, and by artificial nourishment has succeeded in keeping them
+steadily at work digesting foods, and so on, in his laboratory, for
+months after the death of the bodies from which they were originally
+taken._
+
+[Sidenote: Man-Federation of Intelligences]
+
+We see, then, that every human body is an exceedingly complex
+association of units. It is a marvelously correlated and organized
+community of countless microscopic organisms. It is a sort of _cell
+republic_, as to which we may truthfully paraphrase: Life and Union, One
+and Inseparable.
+
+Every human body is thus made up of countless cellular intelligences,
+each of which instinctively utilizes ways and means for the performance
+of its special functions and the reproduction of its kind. These cell
+intelligences carry on, without the knowledge or volition of our central
+consciousness--that is to say, _subconsciously_--the vital operations of
+the body.
+
+[Sidenote: Creative Power of the Cell]
+
+Under normal conditions, conditions of health, each cell does its work
+without regard to the operations of its neighbors. But in the event of
+accident or disease, it is called upon to repair the organism. And in
+this it shows an energy and intelligence that "savor of creative power."
+With what promptness and vigor the cells apply themselves to heal a cut
+or mend a broken bone! In such cases all that the physician can do is to
+establish outward conditions that will favor the co-operative labors of
+these tiny intelligences.
+
+_The conclusion to be drawn from all this is obvious. For, if every
+individual and ultimate part of the body is a mind organism, it is very
+apparent that the body as a whole is peculiarly adapted to control and
+direction by mental influences.
+
+[Sidenote: Laying the Foundation for Practical Doing]
+
+Do not lose sight of the fact that in proving such control we are laying
+the foundation for a scientific method of achieving practical success in
+life, since all human achievement comes about through some form of
+bodily activity._
+
+We assume now your complete acceptance of the following propositions,
+based as they are upon facts long since discovered and enunciated in
+standard scientific works:
+
+_a_. The whole body is composed of cells, each of which is an
+intelligent entity endowed with mental powers commensurate with its
+needs.
+
+[Sidenote: Three New Propositions]
+
+_b._ The fact that every cell in the body is a _mind_ cell shows that
+the body, by the very nature of its component parts, is peculiarly
+susceptible to mental influence and control.
+
+To these propositions we now append the following:
+
+_c._ A further examination of the body reveals a central mental
+organism, the brain, composed of highly differentiated cells whose
+intelligence, as in the case of other cells, is commensurate with their
+functions.
+
+_d._ It reveals also a physical mechanism, the nervous system,
+peculiarly adapted to the communication of intelligence between the
+central governing intelligence and the subordinate cells.
+
+[Sidenote: An Instrument for Mental Dominance]
+
+_e._ The existence of this mind organism and this mechanism of
+intercommunication is additional evidence of the control and direction
+of bodily activities by _mental energy_.
+
+The facts to follow will not only demonstrate the truth of these
+propositions, but will disclose the existence within every one of us of
+a store of mental energies and activities of which we are entirely
+unconscious.
+
+The brain constitutes the organ of central governing intelligence, and
+the nerves are the physical means employed in bodily intercommunication.
+
+Brain and nerves are in other words the physical mechanism employed by
+the mind to dominate the body.
+
+[Sidenote: Gateways of Experience]
+
+Single nerve fibers are fine, thread-like cells. They are so small as to
+be invisible to the naked eye. Some of them are so minute that it would
+take twenty thousand of them laid side by side to measure an inch. Every
+nerve fiber in the human body forms one of a series of connecting links
+between some central nerve cell in the brain or spinal cord on the one
+hand and some bodily tissue on the other.
+
+All nerves originating in the brain may be divided into two classes
+according as they carry currents to the brain or from it. Those carrying
+currents to the brain are called _sensory_ nerves, or nerves of
+sensation; those carrying currents from the brain are called _motor_
+nerves, or nerves of motion.
+
+[Sidenote: Couriers of Action]
+
+Among the sensory nerves are the nerves of consciousness; that is, the
+nerves whereby we receive sense impressions from the external world.
+These include the nerves of touch, sight, pain, hearing, temperature,
+taste and smell. Motor nerves are those that carry messages from the
+brain and spinal cord on the one hand to the muscles on the other. They
+are the lines along which flash all orders resulting in bodily
+movements.
+
+[Sidenote: Nerve Systems]
+
+Another broad division of nerves is into two great nerve systems. There
+are the _cerebro-spinal_ system and the _sympathetic_ system. The first,
+the cerebro-spinal system, includes all the nerves of _consciousness_
+and of _voluntary action_; it includes all nerves running between the
+brain and spinal cord on the one hand and the voluntary muscles on the
+other. The second, the sympathetic nerve system, consists of all the
+nerves of the unconscious or functional life; it therefore includes all
+nerves running between the brain and sympathetic or involuntary nerve
+centers on the one hand and the involuntary muscles on the other.
+
+Every bodily movement or function that you can start or stop at will,
+even to such seemingly unconscious acts as winking, walking, etc., is
+controlled through the cerebro-spinal system. All other functions of the
+body, including the great vital processes, such as heart pulsation and
+digestion, are performed unconsciously, are beyond the direct control of
+the will, and are governed through the sympathetic nerve system.
+
+[Sidenote: Organs of Consciousness and Subconsciousness]
+
+It is obvious that the cerebro-spinal nerve system is the organ of
+consciousness, the apparatus through which the mind exercises its
+conscious and voluntary control over certain functions of the body. It
+is equally obvious that the _sympathetic system is not under the
+immediate control of consciousness, is not subject to the will, but is
+dominated by mental influences that act without, or even contrary to,
+our conscious will and sometimes without our knowledge._
+
+Yet you are not to understand that these two great nerve systems are
+entirely distinct in their operations. On the contrary, they are in many
+respects closely related.
+
+[Illustration: SEPARATE NERVE CENTERS, PLEXUSES AND GANGLIA, THE "LITTLE
+BRAINS" OF THE HUMAN BODY]
+
+Thus, the heart receives nerves from both centers of government, and
+besides all this is itself the center of groups of nerve cells. The
+power by which it beats arises from a ganglionic center within the heart
+itself, so that the heart will continue to beat apart from the body if
+it be supplied with fresh blood. But the rapidity of the heart's beating
+is regulated by the cerebro-spinal and sympathetic systems, of which the
+former tends to retard the beat and the latter tends to accelerate it.
+
+In the same way, your lungs are governed in part by both centers, for
+you can breathe slowly or rapidly as you will, but you cannot, by any
+power of your conscious will, stop breathing altogether.
+
+Your interest in the brain and nerve system is confined to such facts as
+may prove to be of use to you in your study of the mind. These
+anatomical divisions interest you only as they are identified with
+conscious mental action on the one hand and unconscious mental action on
+the other.
+
+It is, therefore, of no use to you to consider the various divisions of
+the sympathetic nerve system, since the sympathetic nerve system in its
+entirety belongs to the field of unconscious mental action. It operates
+without our knowledge and without our will.
+
+[Sidenote: Looking Inside the Skull]
+
+The cerebro-spinal system consists of the spinal cord and the brain. The
+brain in turn is made up of two principal subdivisions. First, there is
+the greater or upper brain, called the cerebrum; secondly, there is the
+lower or smaller brain, called the cerebellum. The cerebrum in turn
+consists of three parts: the convoluted _surface_ brain, the _middle_
+brain and the _lower_ brain. So that in all we have the _surface_ brain,
+the _middle_ brain, the _lower_ brain and the _cerebellum_. All these
+parts consist of masses of brain cells with connecting nerve fibers.
+
+[Sidenote: Brains Parts and Functions]
+
+And now, as to the functions of these various parts. Beginning at the
+lowest one and moving upward, we find first that the _spinal cord_
+consists of through lines of nerves running between the brain and the
+rest of the body. At the same time it contains within itself certain
+nerve centers that are sufficient for many simple bodily movements.
+These bodily movements are such as are instinctive or habitual and
+require no distinct act of the will for their performance. They are mere
+"reactions," without conscious, volitional impulse.
+
+Moving up one step higher, we find that the _cerebellum_ is the organ of
+equilibrium, and that it as well as the spinal cord operates
+independently of the conscious will, for no conscious effort of the will
+is required to make one reel from dizziness.
+
+As to the divisions of the greater brain or cerebrum, we want you to
+note that the _lower brain_ serves a double purpose. First, it is the
+channel through which pass through lines of communication to and from
+the upper brain and the mid-brain on the one hand and the rest of the
+body on the other. Secondly, it is itself a central office for the
+maintenance of certain vital functions, such as lung-breathing,
+heart-beating, saliva-secreting, swallowing, etc., all involuntary and
+unconscious in the sense that consciousness is not necessary to their
+performance.
+
+The next higher division, or _mid-brain_, is a large region from which
+the conscious will issues its edicts regulating all voluntary bodily
+movements. It is also the seat of certain special senses, such as sight.
+
+Lastly, the _surface brain_, known as the cortex, is the interpretative
+and reflective center, the abode of memory, intellect and will.
+
+[Sidenote: Drunkenness and Brain Efficiency]
+
+The functions of these various parts are well illustrated by the effects
+of alcohol upon the mind. If a man takes too much alcohol, its first
+apparent effect will be to paralyze the higher or cortical center. This
+leaves the mid-brain without the check-rein of a reflective intellect,
+and the man will be senselessly hilarious or quarrelsome, jolly or
+dejected, pugnacious or tearful, and would be ordinarily described as
+"drunk." If in spite of this he keeps on drinking, the mid-brain soon
+becomes deadened and ceases to respond, and the cerebellum, the organ of
+equilibrium, also becomes paralyzed. All voluntary bodily activities
+must then cease, and he rolls under the table, helpless and "dead"
+drunk, or in language that is even more graphically appreciative of the
+physiological effects of alcohol, "paralyzed." However, the deep-seated
+sympathetic system is still alive. No assault has yet been made upon
+the vital organs of the body; the heart continues to beat and the lungs
+to breathe. But suppose that some playful comrade pours still more
+liquor down the victim's throat. The medulla, or lower brain, then
+becomes paralyzed, the vital organs cease to act and the man is no
+longer "dead" drunk. He has become a sacrifice to Bacchus. He is
+literally and actually dead.
+
+It seems, then, that the surface brain and mid-brain constitute together
+the organ of consciousness and will. Consciousness and will disappear
+with the deadening or paralysis of these two organs.
+
+[Sidenote: Secondary Brains]
+
+Yet these two organs constitute but a small proportion of the entire
+mass of brain and nervous tissue of the body. In addition to these,
+there are not only the lower brain and the spinal cord and the countless
+ramifications of motor and sensory nerves throughout the body, but
+there are also separate nerve-centers or ganglia in every one of the
+visceral organs of the body. These ganglia have the power to maintain
+movements in their respective organs. _They may in fact be looked upon
+as little brains developing nerve force and communicating it to the
+organs._
+
+[Sidenote: Dependence of the Subconscious]
+
+All these automatic parts of the bodily mechanism are dominated by
+departments of the mind entirely distinct from ordinary consciousness.
+In fact, ordinary consciousness has no knowledge of their existence
+excepting what is learned from outward bodily manifestations.
+
+All these different organic ganglia constitute together the sympathetic
+nerve system, organ of that part of the mind which directs the vital
+operations of the body in apparent independence of the intelligence
+commonly called "the mind," an intelligence which acts through the
+cerebro-spinal system.
+
+Yet this independence is far from being absolute. For, as we have seen,
+not only is the cerebro-spinal system, which is the organ of
+consciousness, the abode of all the special senses, such as sight,
+hearing, etc., and therefore our only source of information of the
+external world, but many organs of the body are under the joint control
+of both systems.
+
+_So it comes about that these individual intelligences governing
+different organs of the body, with their intercommunications, are
+dependent upon consciousness for their knowledge of such facts of the
+outer world as have a bearing on their individual operations, and they
+are subject to the influence of consciousness as the medium that
+interprets these facts._
+
+It is unnecessary for us to go into this matter deeply. It is enough if
+you clearly understand that, in addition to consciousness, the
+department of mind that knows and directly deals with the facts of the
+outer world, there is also a deep-seated and seemingly unconscious
+department of mind consisting of individual organic intelligences
+capable of receiving, understanding and acting upon such information as
+consciousness transmits.
+
+[Sidenote: Unconsciousness and Subconsciousness]
+
+We have spoken of conscious and "seemingly unconscious" departments of
+the mind. In doing so we have used the word "seemingly" advisedly.
+Obviously we have no right to apply the term "unconscious" without
+qualification to an intelligent mentality such as we have described.
+
+"Unconscious" simply means "not conscious." In its common acceptation,
+it denotes, in fact, an absence of all mental action. It is in no sense
+descriptive. It is merely negative. Death is unconscious; but
+unconsciousness is no attribute of a mental state that is living and
+impellent and constantly manifests its active energy and power in the
+maintenance of the vital functions of the body.
+
+Hereafter, then, we shall continue to use the term consciousness as
+descriptive of that part of our mentality which constitutes what is
+commonly known as the "mind"; while that mental force, which, so far as
+our animal life is concerned, operates through the sympathetic nerve
+system, we shall hereafter describe as "_sub_conscious."
+
+[Sidenote: Synthesis of the Man-Machine]
+
+[Sidenote: Subserviency of the Body]
+
+Let us summarize our study of man's physical organism. We have learned
+that the human body is a confederation of various groups of living
+cells; that in the earliest stages of man's evolution, these cells
+were all of the same general type; that as such they were free-living,
+free-thinking and intelligent organisms as certainly as were those
+unicellular organisms which had not become members of any group or
+association; that through the processes of evolution, heredity and
+adaptation, there has come about in the course of the ages, a
+subdivision of labor among the cells of our bodies and a consequent
+differentiation in kind whereby each has become peculiarly fitted for
+the performance of its allotted functions; that, nevertheless, these
+cells of the human body are still free-living, intelligent organisms,
+of which each is endowed with the inherited, instinctive knowledge of
+all that is essential to the preservation of its own life and the
+perpetuation of its species within the living body; that, as a part of
+the specializing economy of the body, there have been evolved brain
+and nerve cells performing a twofold service--first, constituting the
+organ of a central governing intelligence with the important business
+of receiving, classifying, and recording all impressions or messages
+received through the senses from the outer world, and, second,
+communicating to the other cells of the body such part of the
+information so derived as may be appropriate to the functions of each;
+that finally, as such complex and confederated individuals, each of
+us possesses a direct, self-conscious knowledge of only a small part
+of his entire mental equipment; that we have not only a
+_consciousness_ receiving sense impressions and issuing motor impulses
+through the cerebro-spinal nervous system, but that we have also a
+_subconsciousness_ manifesting itself, so far as bodily functions are
+concerned, in the activity of the vital organs through the sympathetic
+nerve system; that this subconsciousness is dependent on consciousness
+for all knowledge of the external world; that, in accordance with the
+principles of evolution, man as a whole and as a collection of cell
+organisms, both consciously and unconsciously, is seeking to adapt
+himself to his external world, his environment; that the human body,
+both as a whole and as an aggregate of cellular intelligences, is
+therefore subject in every part and in every function to the
+influence of the special senses and of the mind of consciousness.
+
+
+
+
+The Supremacy of Consciousness
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE SUPREMACY OF CONSCIOUSNESS
+
+CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM STUDIES IN HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY, ANATOMY AND
+PHYSIOLOGY
+
+
+[Sidenote: Striking off the Mental Shackles]
+
+Stop a moment and mark the conclusion to which you have come. You have
+been examining the human body with the scalpel and the microscope of
+the anatomist and physiologist. In doing so and by watching the bodily
+organs in operation, you have learned that _every part of the body, even
+to those organs commonly known as involuntary, is ultimately subject to
+the influence or control of consciousness_, that part of the human
+intelligence which is popularly known as "the mind."
+
+Prior to this, as a matter of direct introspective knowledge, we had
+come to the conclusion that the influence of the mind over all the
+organs of the body was one of the most obvious facts of human life.
+
+So, our study of the body as the instrument of the mind has brought us
+to the same conclusion as did our study of the mind in its relations to
+the body.
+
+Looked at from the practical science standpoint, the evidences that
+mental activity can and does produce bodily effects are so clear and
+numerous as to admit of no dispute.
+
+The world has been slow to acknowledge the mastery of mind over body.
+This is because the world long persisted in looking at the question from
+the point of view of the philosopher and religionist. It is because the
+thought of the world has been hampered by its own definitions of terms.
+
+The spiritualist has been so busy in the pursuit of originating "first"
+causes, and the materialist has so emphasized the dependence of mind
+upon physical conditions, that the world has received with skepticism
+the assertion of the influence of mind over body, and in fact doubted
+the intuitive evidence of its own consciousness.
+
+[Sidenote: The Awakening of Enlightenment]
+
+The distinction between the two points of view has gradually come to be
+recognized. Today the fact that the mind may act as a "cause" in
+relationship with the body is a recognized principle of applied science.
+The world's deepest thinkers accept its truth. And the interest of
+enlightened men and women everywhere is directed toward the mind as an
+agency of undreamed resource for the cure of functional derangements of
+the body and for the attainment of the highest degree of bodily
+efficiency.
+
+In some respects it is unfortunate that you should have been compelled
+to begin these studies in mental efficiency and self-expression with
+lessons on the relationship between the mind and the body. There is the
+danger that you may jump at the conclusion that this course has some
+reference to "mental healing." Please disabuse your mind of any such
+mistaken idea.
+
+[Sidenote: The Vital Purpose]
+
+Health is a boon. It is not the greatest boon. Health is not life.
+Health is but a means to life. Life is service. Life is achievement.
+Health is of value in so far as it contributes to achievement.
+
+Our study of the relation between mind and body at this time has had a
+deeper, broader and more vital purpose. It is the foundation stone of an
+educational structure in which we shall show you how the mind may be
+brought by scientific measures to a certainty and effectiveness of
+operation far greater than is now common or ordinarily thought possible.
+
+[Sidenote: Your Reservoir of Latent Power]
+
+Remember the two fundamental propositions set forth in this book.
+
+I. _All human achievement comes about through some form of bodily
+activity._
+
+II. _All bodily activity is caused, controlled and directed by the
+mind._
+
+The truth of these propositions must now be obvious to you. You must
+realize that the mind is the one instrument by which it is possible to
+achieve anything in life. Your next step must be to learn how to use it.
+
+_In succeeding volumes, we shall sound the depths of the reservoir of
+latent mental power. We shall find the means of tapping its resources.
+And so we shall come to give you the master key to achievement and teach
+you how to use it with confidence and with the positive assurance of
+success._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Psychology and Achievement, by Warren Hilton
+
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