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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:42:56 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:42:56 -0700 |
| commit | 3ae7f88586fea7c3f6971cef330cb55c7d297716 (patch) | |
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diff --git a/13788-h/13788-h.htm b/13788-h/13788-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ce7083 --- /dev/null +++ b/13788-h/13788-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8160 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> + + <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. + VI, No. 3, February, 1896.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + h1, h3 {margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em} + h2 {margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 2em} + h1, h4 {font-variant: small-caps;} + + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + pre.note {font-size: 0.9em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%; clear: both;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + .note, .noteBox + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .noteBox {border-style: dashed; + border-width: thin; + padding-left: 1em; + padding-right: 1em} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + margin-bottom: 1em; + text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + + .figure, .figcenter, .figright, .figleft, .figletter + {padding: 1em; + margin: 0; + text-align: center; + font-size: 0.8em;} + .figure img, .figcenter img, .figright img, .figleft img, .figletter img + {border: none;} + .figure p, .figcenter p, .figright p, .figleft p + {margin: 0; text-indent: 1em;} + .figcenter {margin: auto; clear: both} + .figright {float: right;} + .figleft {float: left;} + .figletter {float: left; + margin-top: -.1in; + margin-bottom: -.1in; + margin-left: -.1in;} + + .inline {border: none; vertical-align: middle;} + + .footnote {font-size: 0.9em; + margin-right: 10%; + margin-left: 10%;} + + .side { float:right; + font-size: 75%; + width: 25%; + padding-left:10px; + border-left: dashed thin; + margin-left: 10px; + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic;} + + div.trans-note {border-style: solid; + border-width: 1px; + margin: 3em 15%; + padding: 1em; + text-align: center;} + + .illustrations {margin : 0.5em 10%; + font-size : 0.9em;} + + .toc {margin : 0 10%; + text-align : left; + font-size : 0.9em;} + .toc p {margin : 0.5em 0; } + .toc p.i4 {margin-left : 2em;} + + p.author {text-align: right; margin-top: -1.5em; margin-right: 5%;} + p.right {text-align: right; margin-right: 5%;} + p.close {margin-top: -1.0em; } + p.center {text-align: center;} + p.hang {text-indent: -.6em; } + p.cap:first-letter {font-size: 200%;} + + a:link {color: blue; text-decoration: none} + link {color: blue; text-decoration: none} + a:visited {color: blue; text-decoration: none} + a:hover {color: red} + + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> + +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13788 ***</div> + + <div class="trans-note"> + Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and the list of + illustrations were added by the transcriber. + </div> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h1>McClure's Magazine</h1> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h4>February, 1896.</h4> + + <h4>Vol. VI. No. 3</h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h3> + + <div class="toc"> + <p><a href="#illustrations">ILLUSTRATIONS</a></p> + + <p>ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell. + <a href="#page213">213</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Lincoln's Life at New Salem from 1832 to + 1836. <a href="#page213">213</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Looking for Work. + <a href="#page213">213</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Decides to Buy a Store. + <a href="#page213">213</a></p> + + <p class="i4">He Begins to Study Law. + <a href="#page221">221</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Berry and Lincoln Get a Tavern License. + <a href="#page226">226</a></p> + + <p class="i4">The Firm Hires a Clerk. + <a href="#page227">227</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Lincoln Appointed Postmaster. + <a href="#page228">228</a></p> + + <p class="i4">A New Opening. <a href="#page228">228</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Surveying with a Grapevine. + <a href="#page230">230</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Business Reverses. + <a href="#page230">230</a></p> + + <p class="i4">The Kindness Shown Lincoln in New Salem. + <a href="#page232">232</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Lincoln's Acquaintance in Sangamon County Is + Extended. <a href="#page232">232</a></p> + + <p class="i4">He Finally Decides on a Legal Career. + <a href="#page233">233</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Lincoln Enters the Illinois Assembly. + <a href="#page234">234</a></p> + + <p class="i4">The Story of Ann Rutledge. + <a href="#page236">236</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Abraham Lincoln at Twenty-six Years of Age. + <a href="#page238">238</a></p> + + <p>A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL. By Ian Maclean. + <a href="#page241">241</a></p> + + <p>THE FASTEST RAILROAD RUN EVER MADE. By Harry Perry + Robinson. <a href="#page247">247</a></p> + + <p>A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low. + <a href="#page256">256</a></p> + + <p>THE TRAGEDY OF GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION. By Murat + Halstead. <a href="#page269">269</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Garfield's Administration. + <a href="#page274">274</a></p> + + <p class="i4">The Garfields in the White House. + <a href="#page277">277</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Last Interview with President Garfield. + <a href="#page278">278</a></p> + + <p>THE VICTORY OF THE GRAND DUKE OF MITTENHEIM. By Anthony + Hope. <a href="#page280">280</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Chapter II. <a href="#page288">288</a></p> + + <p>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. + <a href="#page293">293</a></p> + + <p>THE TOUCHSTONE. By Robert Louis Stevenson. + <a href="#page300">300</a></p> + + <p>MAGAZINE NOTES. <a href="#page304">304</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Mrs. Humphry Ward—Dr. Jowett. + <a href="#page304">304</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Three Hundred Thousand. + <a href="#page304">304</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Our Own Printing Establishment. + <a href="#page304">304</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Anthony Hope's New Novel. + <a href="#page304">304</a></p> + + <p class="i4">The Life of Lincoln. + <a href="#page304">304</a></p> + + <p class="i4">The Early Life of Lincoln. + <a href="#page304">304</a></p> + + <p class="i4">Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. + <a href="#page304">304</a></p> + + <p class="i4">"The Sabine Women"—A Correction. + <a href="#page304">304</a></p> + </div> + <hr /> + <a name="illustrations" + id="illustrations"></a> + + <h4>ILLUSTRATIONS</h4> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig213">THE EARLIEST + PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig215">LINCOLN IN + 1859.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig216">LINCOLN IN THE + SUMMER OF 1860.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig217">LINCOLN EARLY IN + 1861.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig218">LINCOLN IN + 1861.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig219-1">THE STATE-HOUSE AT + VANDALIA, ILLINOIS.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig219-2">LINCOLN'S + SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig220">FACSIMILE OF A + TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND LINCOLN.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig221">BERRY AND LINCOLN'S + STORE IN 1895.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig222-1">DANIEL GREEN + BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig222-3">THE REV. JOHN M. + CAMERON.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig222-2">JAMES + SHORT.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig223-1">SQUIRE COLEMAN + SMOOT.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig223-2">SAMUEL HILL--AT + WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE POST-OFFICE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig223-3">MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, + MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig224-1">JOHN CALHOUN, + UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED SURVEYING.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig224-2">LINCOLN'S + SADDLE-BAGS.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig225">REPORT OF A ROAD + SURVEY BY LINCOLN.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig226">A MAP MADE BY + LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD COUNTY.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig227">A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR + NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS "ANN RUTLEDGE'S WELL."</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig229">CONCORD + CEMETERY.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig231">STEPHEN A. + DOUGLAS.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig233">MAJOR JOHN T. + STUART.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig235">JOSEPH DUNCAN, + GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S FIRST TERM.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig239">GRAVE OF ANN + RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig242">"I WENT UP TO MR. + PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT CEREMONY."</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig245">"HE HAD THE JOLLIEST + LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER SAW."</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig247">VIEW BACK ON THE + TRACK WHEN TRAIN WAS RUNNING AT ABOUT 80 MPH.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig248">JOHN NEWELL.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig249">THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE + 564.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig251">THE BROOKS ENGINE + 599.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig252">THE ENGINEERS WHO + BROUGHT THE TRAIN FROM CHICAGO TO CLEVELAND.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig253-1">J.R. GARNER, + ENGINEER FROM CLEVELAND TO ERIE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig253-2">WILLIAM TUNKEY, + ENGINEER FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig256">GEORGE ROMNEY, + PAINTER OF "THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER."</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig257">THE PARSON'S + DAUGHTER.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig258-1">JOHN + CONSTABLE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig258-2">FLATFORD MILL, ON + THE RIVER STOUR.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig259">THE + HAY-WAIN.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig260">THE "FIGHTING + TEMERAIRE" TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig261-1">JOSEPH MALLORD + WILLIAM TURNER.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig261-2">PEACE--BURIAL AT + SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID WILKIE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig262">PORTRAIT OF A + BOY.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig263-1">JOHN + HOPPNER.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig263-2">PORTRAIT OF A + LADY.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig264">PORTRAIT OF A + CHILD.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig265">MRS. + SIDDONS.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig266-1">LADY + BLESSINGTON.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig266-2">SIR THOMAS + LAWRENCE.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig267">MISS BARRON, + AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig268">PORTRAIT OF A + BROTHER AND SISTER.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig269">GARFIELD IN 1881, + WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig270-1">GARFIELD IN + 1863.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig270-2">GARFIELD IN + 1863.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig271">GARFIELD IN 1867, + WITH HIS DAUGHTER.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig281">"FROM THE LONG GRASS + BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN SPRANG UP."</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig283">"'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY + OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED SMILING."</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig286">"'LISTEN!' SHE + CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET."</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig291">"HE LEANED FROM HIS + SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY."</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig293">RALPH WALDO + EMERSON.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig296">PROFESSOR AUSTIN + PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig297">PROFESSOR M. STUART + PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS.</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig300">"HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, + AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS DAUGHTER."</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig301">"'MAID,' QUOTH HE, + 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'"</a></p> + + <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig303">"ALL THAT DAY HE + RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET."</a></p> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page213" + id="page213"></a>[pg 213]</span> + + <h2>ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</h2> + + <h4>By Ida M. Tarbell.</h4> + + <h3>LINCOLN'S LIFE AT NEW SALEM FROM 1832 TO 1836.</h3> + + <p>BERRY AND LINCOLN'S GROCERY.—A SET OF BLACKSTONE'S + COMMENTARIES.—BERRY AND LINCOLN TAKE OUT A TAVERN + LICENSE.—THE POSTMASTER OF NEW SALEM IN + 1833.—LINCOLN BECOMES DEPUTY SURVEYOR.—THE FAILURE + OF BERRY AND LINCOLN.—ELECTIONEERING IN + ILLINOIS.—LINCOLN CHOSEN ASSEMBLYMAN.—BEGINS TO + STUDY LAW.—THE ILLINOIS STATE LEGISLATURE IN + 1834.—THE STORY OF ANN RUTLEDGE.—ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT + TWENTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE.</p> + + <p class="center"><i>Embodying special studies in Lincoln's + life at New Salem by J. McCan Davis.</i></p><br /> + + + <h4>LOOKING FOR WORK.</h4> + + <div class="figletter"> + <a href="images/LetterI.jpg" + name="fig213" + id="fig213"><img src="images/LetterI.jpg" + alt="Letter I" /></a> + </div> + + <p class="hang">T was in August, 1832, that Lincoln made his + unsuccessful canvass for the Illinois Assembly. The election + over, he began to look for work. One of his friends, an admirer + of his physical strength, advised him to become a blacksmith, + but it was a trade which would afford little leisure for study, + and for meeting and talking with men; and he had already + resolved, it is evident, that books and men were essential to + him. The only employment to be had in New Salem which seemed to + offer both support and the opportunities he sought, was + clerking in a store; and he applied for a place successively at + all of the stores then doing business in New Salem. But they + were in greater need of customers than of clerks. The business + had been greatly overdone. In the fall of 1832 there were at + least four stores in New Salem. The most pretentious was that + of Hill and McNeill, which carried a large line of dry goods. + The three others, owned by the Herndon Brothers, Reuben + Radford, and James Rutledge, were groceries.</p><br /> + + + <h4>DECIDES TO BUY A STORE.</h4> + + <p>Failing to secure employment at any of these establishments, + Lincoln, though without money enough to pay a week's board in + advance, resolved to <i>buy</i> a store. He was not long in + finding an opportunity to purchase. James Herndon had already + sold out his half interest in Herndon Brothers' store to + William F. Berry; and Rowan Herndon, not getting along well + with Berry, was only too glad to find a purchaser of his half + in the person of "Abe" Lincoln. Berry was as poor as Lincoln; + but that was not a serious obstacle, for their notes were + accepted for the Herndon stock of goods. They had barely hung + out their sign when something happened which threw another + store into their hands. Reuben Radford had made himself + obnoxious to the Clary's Grove Boys, and one night they broke + in his doors and windows, and overturned his counters and sugar + barrels. It was too much for Radford, and he sold out next day + to William G. Green for a four-hundred-dollar note signed by + Green. At the latter's request, Lincoln made an inventory of + the stock, and offered him six hundred and fifty dollars for + it—a proposition which was cheerfully accepted. Berry and + Lincoln, being unable to pay cash, assumed the + four-hundred-dollar note payable to Radford, and gave Green + their joint note for two hundred and fifty dollars. The little + grocery owned by James Rutledge was the next to succumb. Berry + and Lincoln bought it at a bargain, their joint note taking the + place of cash. The three stocks were consolidated. Their + aggregate cost must have been not less than fifteen hundred + dollars. Berry and Lincoln had secured a monopoly of the + grocery business in New Salem. Within a few weeks two penniless + men had become the proprietors of three stores, and had stopped + buying only because there were no more to + purchase.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page214" + id="page214"></a>[pg 214]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/214.jpg" + name="fig214" + id="fig214"><img src="images/214.jpg" + alt="THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN (REPRINTED FROM FROM McCLURE'S FOR NOVEMBER)." /> + </a> + + <h5>THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. (REPRINTED + FROM McCLURE'S FOR NOVEMBER).</h5> + + <p>From a daguerreotype in the possession of the Hon. + Robert T. Lincoln, taken before Lincoln was forty, and + first published in the McCLURE'S Life of Lincoln. Of the + sixty or more portraits of Lincoln which will be published + in this series of articles, thirty, at least, will be + absolutely new to our readers; and of these thirty none is + more important than this early portrait. It is generally + believed that Lincoln was not over thirty-five years old + when this daguerreotype was taken, and it is certainly true + that it is the face of Lincoln as a young man. "About + thirty would be the general verdict," says Mr. Murat + Halstead in an editorial in the Brooklyn "Standard-Union," + "if it were not that the daguerreotype was unknown when + Lincoln was of that age. It does not seem, however, that he + could have been more than thirty-five, and for that age the + youthfulness of the portrait is wonderful. This is a new + Lincoln, and far more attractive, in a sense, than anything + the public has possessed. This is the portrait of a + remarkably handsome man.... The head is magnificent, the + eyes deep and generous, the mouth sensitive, the whole + expression something delicate, tender, pathetic, poetic. + This was the young man with whom the phantoms of romance + dallied, the young man who recited poems and was fanciful + and speculative, and in love and despair, but upon whose + brow there already gleamed the illumination of intellect, + the inspiration of patriotism. There were vast + possibilities in this young man's face. He could have gone + anywhere and done anything. He might have been a military + chieftain, a novelist, a poet, a philosopher, ah! a hero, a + martyr—and, yes, this young man might have + been—he even was Abraham Lincoln! This was he with + the world before him. It is good fortune to have the + magical revelation of the youth of the man the world + venerates. This look into his eyes, into his soul—not + before he knew sorrow, but long before the world knew + him—and to feel that it is worthy to be what it is, + and that we are better acquainted with him and love him the + more, is something beyond price."</p> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page215" + id="page215"></a>[pg 215]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/215.jpg" + name="fig215" + id="fig215"><img src="images/215.jpg" + alt="LINCOLN IN 1859." /></a> + + <h5>LINCOLN IN 1859.</h5> + + <p>From a photograph in the collection of H.W. Fay, De + Kalb, Illinois. The original was made by S.M. Fassett, of + Chicago; the negative was destroyed in the Chicago fire. + This picture was made at the solicitation of D.B. Cook, who + says that Mrs. Lincoln pronounced it the best likeness she + had ever seen of her husband. Rajon used the Fassett + picture as the original of his etching, and Kruell has made + a fine engraving of it.</p> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page216" + id="page216"></a>[pg 216]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/216.jpg" + name="fig216" + id="fig216"><img src="images/216.jpg" + alt="LINCOLN IN THE SUMMER OF 1860." /></a> + + <h5>LINCOLN IN THE SUMMER OF 1860.</h5> + + <p>From a copy (made by E.A. Bromley of the Minneapolis + "Journal" staff) of a photograph owned by Mrs. Cyrus + Aldrich, whose husband, now dead, was a congressman from + Minnesota. In the summer of 1860 Mr. M.C. Tuttle, a + photographer of St. Paul, wrote to Mr. Lincoln requesting + that he have a negative taken and sent to him for local use + in the campaign. The request was granted, but the negative + was broken in transit. On learning of the accident, Mr. + Lincoln sat again, and with the second negative he sent a + jocular note wherein he referred to the fact, disclosed by + the picture, that in the interval he had "got a new coat." + A few copies of the picture were made by Mr. Tuttle, and + distributed among the Republican editors of the State. It + has never before been reproduced. Mrs. Aldrich's copy was + presented to her by William H. Seward, when he was + entertained at the Aldrich homestead (now the Minneapolis + City Hospital) in September, 1860. A fine copy of this same + photograph is in the possession of Mr. Ward Monroe, of + Jersey City, N.J.</p> + </div> + + <p>William F. Berry, the partner of Lincoln, was the son of a + Presbyterian minister, the Rev. John Berry, who lived on Rock + Creek, five miles from New Salem. The son had strayed from the + footsteps of the father, for he was a hard drinker, a gambler, + a fighter, and "a very wicked young man." Lincoln cannot in + truth be said to have chosen such a partner, but rather to have + accepted him from the force of circumstances. It required only + a little time to make it plain that the partnership was wholly + uncongenial. Lincoln displayed little business capacity. He + trusted largely to Berry; and Berry rapidly squandered the + profits of the business in riotous living. Lincoln loved books + as Berry loved liquor, and hour after hour he was stretched out + on the counter of the store or under a shade tree, reading + Shakespeare or + Burns.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page217" + id="page217"></a>[pg 217]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/217.jpg" + name="fig217" + id="fig217"><img src="images/217.jpg" + alt="LINCOLN EARLY IN 1861.—PROBABLY THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT SHOWING HIM WITH A BEARD." /> + </a> + + <h5>LINCOLN EARLY IN 1861.—PROBABLY THE EARLIEST + PORTRAIT SHOWING HIM WITH A BEARD.</h5> + + <p>From a photograph in the collection of H.W. Fay of De + Kalb, Illinois, taken probably in Springfield early in + 1861. It is supposed to have been the first, or at least + one of the first, portraits made of Mr. Lincoln after he + began to wear a beard. As is well known, his face was + smooth until about the end of 1860; and when he first + allowed his beard to grow, it became a topic of newspaper + comment, and even of caricature. A pretty story relating to + Lincoln's adoption of a beard is more or less familiar. A + letter written to the editor of the present Life, under + date of December 6, 1895, by Mrs. Grace Bedell Billings, + tells this story, of which she herself as a little girl was + the heroine, in a most charming way. The letter will be + found printed in full at the end of this article, on page + 240.</p> + </div> + + <p>His thorough acquaintance with the works of these two + writers dates from this period. In New Salem there was one of + those curious individuals sometimes found in frontier + settlements, half poet, half loafer, incapable of earning a + living in any steady employment, yet familiar with good + literature and capable of enjoying it—Jack Kelso. He + repeated passages from Shakespeare and Burns incessantly over + the odd jobs he undertook or as he idled by the + streams—for he was a famous fisherman—and Lincoln + soon became one of his constant companions. The taste he formed + in company with Kelso he retained through life. William D. + Kelley tells an incident which shows that Lincoln had a really + intimate knowledge of Shakespeare. Mr. Kelley had taken + McDonough, an actor, to call at the White House; and Lincoln + began the conversation by + saying:</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page218" + id="page218"></a>[pg 218]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/218.jpg" + name="fig218" + id="fig218"><img src="images/218.jpg" + alt="LINCOLN IN 1861." /></a> + + <h5>LINCOLN IN 1861.</h5> + + <p>From a photograph loaned by Mr. Frank A. Brown of + Minneapolis, Minnesota. This beautiful photograph was + taken, probably early in 1861, by Alexander Hesler of + Chicago. It was used by Leonard W. Volk, the sculptor, in + his studies of Lincoln, and closely resembles the fine + etching by T. Johnson.</p> + </div> + + <p>"'I am very glad to meet you, Mr. McDonough, and am grateful + to Kelley for bringing you in so early, for I want you to tell + me something about Shakespeare's plays as they are constructed + for the stage. You can imagine that I do not get much time to + study such matters, but I recently had a couple of talks with + Hackett—Baron Hackett, as they call him—who is + famous as Jack Falstaff, but from whom I elicited few + satisfactory replies, though I probed him with a good many + questions.'</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page219" + id="page219"></a>[pg 219]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/219-1.jpg" + name="fig219-1" + id="fig219-1"><img src="images/219-1.jpg" + alt="THE STATE-HOUSE AT VANDALIA, ILLINOIS—NOW USED AS A COURT-HOUSE." /> + </a> + + <h5>THE STATE-HOUSE AT VANDALIA, ILLINOIS—NOW USED AS + A COURT-HOUSE.</h5> + + <p>Vandalia was the State capital of Illinois for twenty + years, and three different State-houses were built and + occupied there. The first, a two-story frame structure, was + burned down December 9, 1823. The second was a brick + building, and was erected at a cost of $12,381.50, of which + the citizens of Vandalia contributed $3,000. The agitation + for the removal of the capital to Springfield began in + 1833, and in the summer of 1836 the people of Vandalia, + becoming alarmed at the prospect of their little city's + losing its prestige as the seat of the State government, + tore down the old capitol (much complaint being made about + its condition), and put up a new one at a cost of $16,000. + The tide was too great to be checked; but after the "Long + Nine" had secured the passage of the bill taking the + capital to Springfield, the money which the Vandalia people + had expended was refunded. The State-house shown in this + picture was the third and last one. In it Lincoln served as + a legislator. Ceasing to be the capitol July 4, 1839, it + was converted into a court-house for Fayette County, and is + still so used.—<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p> + </div> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/219-2.jpg" + name="fig219-2" + id="fig219-2"><img width="100%" + src="images/219-2.jpg" + alt="LINCOLN'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS—PHOTOGRAPHED FOR McCLURE'S" /> + </a> + + <h5>LINCOLN'S SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS—PHOTOGRAPHED FOR + McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.</h5> + + <p>After Lincoln gave up surveying, he sold his instruments + to John B. Gum, afterward county surveyor of Menard County. + Mr. Gum kept them until a few years ago, when he presented + the instruments to the Lincoln Monument Association, and + they are now on exhibition at the monument in Springfield, + Ill.</p> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page220" + id="page220"></a>[pg 220]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/220.jpg" + name="fig220" + id="fig220"><img width="100%" + src="images/220.jpg" + alt="FACSIMILE OF A TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND LINCOLN MARCH 6, 1833, BY THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' COURT OF SANGAMON COUNTY." /> + </a> + + <h5>FACSIMILE OF A TAVERN LICENSE ISSUED TO BERRY AND + LINCOLN MARCH 6, 1833, BY THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' COURT + OF SANGAMON COUNTY.</h5> + + <p>The only tavern in New Salem in 1833 was that kept by + James Rutledge—a two-story log-structure of five + rooms, standing just across the street from Berry and + Lincoln's store. Here Lincoln boarded. It seems entirely + probable that he may have had an ambition to get into the + tavern business, and that he and Berry obtained a license + with that end in view, possibly hoping to make satisfactory + terms for the purchase of the Rutledge hostelry. The tavern + of sixty years ago, besides answering the purposes of the + modern hotel, was the dramshop of the frontier. The + business was one which, in Illinois, the law strictly + regulated. Tavern-keepers were required to pay a license + fee, and to give bonds to insure their good behavior. + Minors were not to be harbored, nor did the law permit + liquor to be sold to them; and the sale to slaves of any + liquors "or strong drink, mixed or unmixed, either within + or without doors," was likewise forbidden. Nor could the + poor Indian get any "fire-water" at the tavern or the + grocery. If a tavern-keeper violated the law, two-thirds of + the fine assessed against him went to the poor people of + the county. The Rutledge tavern was the only one at New + Salem of which we have any authentic account. It was kept + by others besides Mr. Rutledge; for a time by Henry Onstott + the cooper, and then by Nelson Alley, and possibly there + were other landlords; but nothing can be more certain than + that Lincoln was not one of them. The few surviving + inhabitants of the vanished village, and of the country + round about, have a clear recollection of Berry and + Lincoln's store—of how it looked, and of what things + were sold in it; but not one has been found with the + faintest remembrance of a tavern kept by Lincoln, or by + Berry, or by both. Stage passengers jolting into New Salem + sixty-two years ago must, if Lincoln was an inn-keeper, + have partaken of his hospitality by the score; but if they + did, they all died many, many years ago, or have all + maintained an unaccountable and most perplexing + silence.—<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>"'Your last suggestion,' said Mr. Lincoln, 'carries with it + greater weight than anything Mr. Hackett suggested, but the + first is no reason at all;' and after reading another passage, + he said, 'This is not withheld, and where it passes current + there can be no reason for withholding the other.'... And, as + if feeling the impropriety of preferring the player to the + parson, [there was a clergyman in the room] he turned to the + chaplain and said: 'From your calling it is probable that you + do not know that the acting plays which people crowd to hear + are not always those planned by their reputed authors. Thus, + take the stage edition of "Richard III." It opens with a + passage from "Henry VI.," after which come portions of "Richard + III.," then another scene from "Henry VI.," and the finest + soliloquy in the play, if we may judge from the many quotations + it furnishes, and the frequency with which it is heard in + amateur exhibitions, was never seen by Shakespeare, but was + written—was it not, Mr. McDonough?—after his death, + by Colley Cibber."</p> + + <p>"Having disposed, for the present, of questions relating to + the stage editions of the plays, he recurred to his standard + copy, and, to the evident surprise of Mr. McDonough, read or + repeated from memory extracts from several of the plays, some + of which embraced a number of lines.</p> + + <p>"It must not be supposed that Mr. Lincoln's poetical studies + had been confined to his plays. He interspersed his remarks + with extracts striking from their similarity to, or contrast + with, something of Shakespeare's, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page221" + id="page221"></a>[pg 221]</span> from Byron, Rogers, + Campbell, Moore, and other English + poets."<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/221.jpg" + name="fig221" + id="fig221"><img src="images/221.jpg" + alt="BERRY AND LINCOLN'S STORE IN 1895." /></a> + + <h5>BERRY AND LINCOLN'S STORE IN 1895.</h5> + + <p>From a recent photograph by C.S. McCullough, Petersburg, + Illinois. The little frame store-building occupied by Berry + and Lincoln at New Salem is now standing at Petersburg, + Illinois, in the rear of L.W. Bishop's gun-shop. Its + history after 1834 is somewhat obscure, but there is no + reason for doubting its identity. According to tradition it + was bought by Robert Bishop, the father of the present + owner, about 1835, from Mr. Lincoln himself; but it is + difficult to reconcile this legend with the sale of the + store to the Trent brothers, unless, upon the flight of the + latter from the country and the closing of the store, the + building, through the leniency of creditors, was allowed to + revert to Mr. Lincoln, in which event he no doubt sold it + at the first opportunity and applied the proceeds to the + payment of the debts of the firm. When Mr. Bishop bought + the store building, he removed it to Petersburg. It is said + that the removal was made in part by Lincoln himself; that + the job was first undertaken by one of the Bales, but that, + encountering some difficulty, he called upon Lincoln to + assist him, which Lincoln did. The structure was first set + up adjacent to Mr. Bishop's house, and converted into a + gun-shop. Later it was removed to a place on the public + square; and soon after the breaking out of the late war, + Mr. Bishop, erecting a new building, pushed Lincoln's store + into the back-yard, and there it still stands. Soon after + the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, the front door was + presented to some one in Springfield, and has long since + been lost sight of. It is remembered by Mr. Bishop that in + this door there was an opening for the reception of + letters—a circumstance of importance as tending to + establish the genuineness of the building, when it is + remembered that Lincoln was postmaster while he kept the + store. The structure, as it stands to-day, is about + eighteen feet long, twelve feet in width, and ten feet in + height. The back room, however, has disappeared, so that + the building as it stood when occupied by Berry and Lincoln + was somewhat longer. Of the original building there only + remain the frame-work, the black-walnut weather-boarding on + the front end and the ceiling of sycamore boards. One + entire side has been torn away by relic-hunters. In recent + years the building has been used as a sort of store-room. + Just after a big fire in Petersburg some time ago, the city + council condemned the Lincoln store building and ordered it + demolished. Under this order a portion of one side was torn + down, when Mr. Bishop persuaded the city authorities to + desist, upon giving a guarantee that if Lincoln's store + ever caught fire he would be responsible for any loss which + might ensue.—<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p> + </div><br /> + + + <h4>HE BEGINS TO STUDY LAW.</h4> + + <p>It was not only Burns and Shakespeare that interfered with + the grocery-keeping: Lincoln had begun seriously to read law. + His first acquaintance with the subject had been made when he + was a mere lad in Indiana, and a copy of the "Revised Statutes + of Indiana" had fallen into his hands. The very copy he used is + still in existence and, fortunately, in hands where it is safe. + The book was owned by Mr. David Turnham, of Gentryville, and + was given in 1865 by him to Mr. Herndon, who placed it in the + Lincoln Memorial collection of Chicago. In December, 1894, this + collection was sold in Philadelphia, and the "Statutes of + Indiana" was bought by Mr. William Hoffman Winters, Librarian + of the New York Law Institute, and through his courtesy I have + been allowed to examine it. The book is worn, the title page is + gone and a few leaves from the end are missing. The title page + of a duplicate volume which Mr. Winters kindly showed me reads: + "The Revised Laws of Indiana adopted and enacted by the General + Assembly at their eighth session. To which are prefixed the + Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United + States, the Constitution of the State of Indiana, and sundry + other documents connected with the Political History of the + Territory and State of Indiana. Arranged and published by + authority of the General Assembly. Corydon, Printed by + Carpenter and Douglass, + 1824."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page222" + id="page222"></a>[pg 222]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/222-1.jpg" + name="fig222-1" + id="fig222-1"><img src="images/222-1.jpg" + alt="DANIEL GREEN BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK." /> + </a> + + <h5>DANIEL GREEN BURNER, BERRY AND LINCOLN'S CLERK.</h5> + + <p>From a recent photograph. Mr. Burner was Berry and + Lincoln's clerk. He lived at New Salem from 1829 to 1834. + Lincoln for many months lodged with his father, Isaac + Burner, and he and Lincoln slept in the same bed. He now + lives on a farm near Galesburg, Illinois, past eighty.</p> + </div> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/222-3.jpg" + name="fig222-3" + id="fig222-3"><img src="images/222-3.jpg" + alt="THE REV. JOHN M. CAMERON." /></a> + + <h5>THE REV. JOHN M. CAMERON.</h5> + + <p>From a photograph in the possession of the Hon. W.J. + Orendorff, of Canton, Illinois. John M. Cameron, a + Cumberland Presbyterian minister, and a devout, sincere, + and courageous man, was held in the highest esteem by his + neighbors. Yet, according to Daniel Green Burner, Berry and + Lincoln's clerk—and the fact is mentioned merely as + illustrating a universal custom among the + pioneers—"John Cameron always kept a barrel of + whiskey in the house." He was a powerful man physically, + and a typical frontiersman. He was born in Kentucky in + 1791, and, with his wife, moved to Illinois in 1815. He + settled in Sangamon County in 1818, and in 1829 took up his + abode in a cabin on a hill overlooking the Sangamon River, + and, with James Rutledge, founded the town of New + Salem.</p> + + <p>According to tradition, Lincoln, for a time, lived with + the Camerons. In the early thirties they moved to Fulton + County, Illinois; then, in 1841 or 1842, to Iowa; and + finally, in 1849, to California. In California they lived + to a ripe old age—Mrs. Cameron dying in 1875, and her + husband following her three years later. They had twelve + children, eleven of whom were girls. In 1886 there were + living nine of these children, fifty grandchildren, and one + hundred and one great-grandchildren. Mr. Cameron is said to + have officiated at the funeral of Ann Rutledge in + 1835.—<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p> + </div> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/222-2.jpg" + name="fig222-2" + id="fig222-2"><img src="images/222-2.jpg" + alt="JAMES SHORT, WHO SAVED LINCOLN'S HORSE AND SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS FROM A CREDITOR." /> + </a> + + <h5>JAMES SHORT, WHO SAVED LINCOLN'S HORSE AND SURVEYING + INSTRUMENTS FROM A CREDITOR.</h5> + + <p>From a photograph taken at Jacksonville, Illinois, about + thirty years ago. James Short lived on Sand Ridge, a few + miles north of New Salem, and Lincoln was a frequent + visitor at his house. When Lincoln's horse and surveying + instruments were levied upon by a creditor and sold, Mr. + Short bought them in, and made Lincoln a present of them. + Lincoln, when President, made his old friend an Indian + agent in California. Mr. Short, in the course of his life, + was happily married five times. He died in Iowa many years + ago. His acquaintance with Lincoln began in rather an + interesting way. His sister, who lived in New Salem, had + made Lincoln a pair of jeans trousers. The material + supplied by Lincoln was scant, and the trousers came out + conspicuously short in the legs. One day when James Short + was visiting with his sister, he pointed to a man walking + down the street, and asked, "Who is that man in the short + breeches." "That is Lincoln," the sister replied; and Mr. + Short went out and introduced himself to + Lincoln.—<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page223" + id="page223"></a>[pg 223]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/223-1.jpg" + name="fig223-1" + id="fig223-1"><img src="images/223-1.jpg" + alt="SQUIRE COLEMAN SMOOT." /></a> + + <h5>SQUIRE COLEMAN SMOOT.</h5> + + <p>Coleman Smoot was born in Virginia, February 13, 1794; + removed to Kentucky when a child; married Rebecca Wright + March 17, 1817; came to Illinois in 1831, and lived on a + farm across the Sangamon River from New Salem until his + death, March 21, 1876. He accumulated an immense fortune. + Lincoln met him for the first time in Offutt's store in + 1831. "Smoot," said Lincoln, "I am disappointed in you; I + expected to see a man as ugly as old Probst," referring to + a man reputed to be the homeliest in the county. "And I am + disappointed," replied Smoot; "I had expected to see a + good-looking man when I saw you." From that moment they + were warm friends. After Lincoln's election to the + legislature in 1834, he called on Smoot, and said, "I want + to buy some clothes and fix up a little, so that I can make + a decent appearance in the legislature; and I want you to + loan me $200." The loan was cheerfully made, and of course + was subsequently repaid.—<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p> + </div> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/223-2.jpg" + name="fig223-2" + id="fig223-2"><img src="images/223-2.jpg" + alt="SAMUEL HILL—AT WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE POST-OFFICE." /> + </a> + + <h5>SAMUEL HILL—AT WHOSE STORE LINCOLN KEPT THE + POST-OFFICE.</h5> + + <p>From an old daguerreotype. Samuel Hill was among the + earliest inhabitants of New Salem. He opened a general + store there in partnership with John McNeill,—the + John McNeill who became betrothed to Ann Rutledge, and + whose real name was afterwards discovered to be John + McNamar. When McNeill left New Salem and went East, Mr. + Hill became sole proprietor of the store. He also owned the + carding machine at New Salem. Lincoln, after going out of + the grocery business, made his headquarters at Samuel + Hill's store. There he kept the post-office, entertained + the loungers, and on busy days helped Mr. Hill wait on + customers. Mr. Hill is said to have once courted Ann + Rutledge himself, but he did not receive the encouragement + which was bestowed upon his partner, McNeill. In 1839 he + moved his store to Petersburg, and died there in 1857. In + 1835 he married Miss Parthenia W. Nance, who still lives at + Petersburg.—<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p> + </div> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/223-3.jpg" + name="fig223-3" + id="fig223-3"><img src="images/223-3.jpg" + alt="MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE." /> + </a> + + <h5>MARY ANN RUTLEDGE, MOTHER OF ANN MAYES RUTLEDGE.</h5> + + <p>From an old tintype. Mary Ann Rutledge was the wife of + James Rutledge and the mother of Ann. She was born October + 21, 1787, and reared in Kentucky. She lived to be + ninety-one years of age, dying in Iowa December 26, 1878. + The Rutledges left New Salem in 1833 or 1834, moving to a + farm a few miles northward. On this farm Ann Rutledge died + August 25, 1835; and here also, three months later + (December 3, 1835), died her father, broken-hearted, no + doubt, by the bereavement. In the following year the family + moved to Fulton County, Illinois, and some three years + later to Birmingham, Iowa. Of James Rutledge there is no + portrait in existence. He was born in South Carolina, May + 11, 1781. He and his sons, John and David, served in the + Black Hawk War.—<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page224" + id="page224"></a>[pg 224]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/224-1.jpg" + name="fig224-1" + id="fig224-1"><img src="images/224-1.jpg" + alt="JOHN CALHOUN, UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED SURVEYING." /> + </a> + + <h5>JOHN CALHOUN, UNDER WHOM LINCOLN LEARNED + SURVEYING.</h5> + + <p>From a steel engraving in the possession of R.W. Diller, + Springfield, Illinois. John Calhoun was born in Boston, + Massachusetts, October 14, 1806; removed to the Mohawk + Valley, New York, in 1821; was educated at Canajoharie + Academy, and studied law. In 1830 he removed to + Springfield, Illinois, and after serving in the Black Hawk + War was appointed Surveyor of Sangamon County. He was + married there December 29, 1831, to Miss Sarah Cutter. He + was a Democratic Representative in 1838; Clerk of the House + in 1840; circuit clerk in 1842; Democratic presidential + elector in 1844; candidate for Governor before the + Democratic State convention in 1846; Mayor of Springfield + in 1849, 1850, and 1851; a candidate for Congress in 1852, + and in the same year again a Democratic presidential + elector. In 1854, President Pierce appointed him + Surveyor-General of Kansas, and he became conspicuous in + Kansas politics. He was president of the Lecompton + Convention. He died at St. Joseph, Missouri, October 25, + 1859. Mr. Frederick Hawn, who was his boyhood friend, and + afterward married a sister of Calhoun's wife, is now living + at Leavenworth, Kansas, at the age of eighty-five years. In + an interesting letter to the writer, he says: "It has been + related that Calhoun induced Lincoln to study surveying in + order to become his deputy. Presuming that he was ready to + graduate and receive his commission, he called on Calhoun, + then living with his father-in-law, Seth R. Cutter, on + Upper Lick Creek. After the interview was concluded, Mr. + Lincoln, about to depart, remarked: 'Calhoun, I am entirely + unable to repay you for your generosity at present. All + that I have you see on me, except a quarter of a dollar in + my pocket.' This is a family tradition. However, my wife, + then a miss of sixteen, says, while I am writing this + sketch, that she distinctly remembers this interview. After + Lincoln was gone she says she and her sister, Mrs. Calhoun, + commenced making jocular remarks about his uncanny + appearance, in the presence of Calhoun, to which in + substance he made this rejoinder: 'For all that, he is no + common man.' My wife believes these were the exact + words."—<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>We know from Dennis Hanks, from Mr. Turnham, to whom the + book belonged, and from other associates of Lincoln's at the + time, that he read this book intently and discussed its + contents intelligently. It was a remarkable volume for a + thoughtful lad whose mind had been fired already by the history + of Washington; for it opened with that wonderful document, the + Declaration of Independence, a document which became, as Mr. + John G. Nicolay says, "his political chart and inspiration." + Following the Declaration of Independence was the Constitution + of the United States, the Act of Virginia passed in 1783 by + which the "Territory North Westward of the river Ohio" was + conveyed to the United States, and the Ordinance of 1787 for + governing this territory, containing that clause on which + Lincoln in the future based many an argument on the slavery + question. This article, No. 6 of the Ordinance, reads: "There + shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said + territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof + the party shall have been duly convicted: provided always, that + any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or service + is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such + fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person + claiming his or her labour or service, as aforesaid."</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:40%;"> + <a href="images/224-2.jpg" + name="fig224-2" + id="fig224-2"><img width="90%" + src="images/224-2.jpg" + alt="LINCOLN'S SADDLE-BAGS—PHOTOGRAPHED FOR McCLURE'S MAGAZINE." /> + </a> + + <h5>LINCOLN'S SADDLE-BAGS—PHOTOGRAPHED FOR McCLURE'S + MAGAZINE.</h5> + + <p>These saddle-bags, now in the Lincoln Monument at + Springfield, are said to have been used by Lincoln while he + was a surveyor.</p> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page225" + id="page225"></a>[pg 225]</span> + + <p>Following this was the Constitution and the Revised Laws of + Indiana, three hundred and seventy-five pages of five hundred + words each of statutes—enough law, if thoroughly + digested, to make a respectable lawyer. When Lincoln finished + this book, as he had probably before he was eighteen, we have + reason to believe that he understood the principles on which + the nation was founded, how the State of Indiana came into + being, and how it was governed. His understanding of the + subject was clear and practical, and he applied it in his + reading, thinking, and discussion.</p><br clear="all" /> + + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/225.jpg" + name="fig225" + id="fig225"><img src="images/225.jpg" + alt="REPORT OF A ROAD SURVEY BY LINCOLN—HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED." /> + </a> + + <h5>REPORT OF A ROAD SURVEY BY LINCOLN—HITHERTO + UNPUBLISHED.</h5> + + <p>Photographed for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE from the original, + now on file in the County Clerk's office, Springfield, + Illinois. The survey here reported was made in pursuance of + an order of the County Commissioners' Court, September 1, + 1834, in which Lincoln was designated as the surveyor.</p> + </div> + + <p>It was after he had read the Laws of Indiana that Lincoln + had free access to the library of his admirer, Judge John + Pitcher of Rockport, Indiana, where undoubtedly he examined + many law-books. But from the time he left Indiana in 1830 he + had no legal reading until one day soon after the grocery was + started, when there happened one of those trivial incidents + which so often turn the current of a life. It is best told in + Mr. Lincoln's own words.<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> + "One day a man who was migrating to the West drove up in + front of my store with a wagon which contained his family + and household plunder. He asked me if I would buy an old + barrel, for which he had no room in his wagon, and which he + said contained nothing of special value. I did not want it, + but to oblige him I bought it, and paid him, I think, half a + dollar for it. Without further examination, I put it away in + the store, and forgot all about it. Some time after, in + overhauling things, I came upon the barrel, and emptying it + upon the floor to see what it contained, I found at the + bottom of the rubbish a complete edition of Blackstone's + Commentaries. I began to read those famous works, and I had + plenty of time; for, during the long summer days, when the + farmers were busy with their crops, my customers were few + and far between. The more I read"—this he said with + unusual emphasis—"the more intensely interested I + became. Never in my whole life was my mind so thoroughly + absorbed. I read until I devoured + them."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page226" + id="page226"></a>[pg 226]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/226.jpg" + name="fig226" + id="fig226"><img src="images/226.jpg" + alt="A MAP MADE BY LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD COUNTY, ILLINOIS—HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED." /> + </a> + + <h5>A MAP MADE BY LINCOLN OF A PIECE OF ROAD IN MENARD + COUNTY, ILLINOIS—HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</h5> + + <p>Photographed from the original for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE. + This map, which, as here reproduced, is about one-half the + size of the original, accompanied Lincoln's report of the + survey of a part of the road between Athens and Sangamon + town. For making this map, Lincoln received fifty cents. + The road evidently was located "on good ground," and was + "necessary and proper," as the report says, for it is still + the main travelled highway leading into the country south + of Athens, Menard County.</p> + </div><br /> + + + <h4>BERRY AND LINCOLN GET A TAVERN LICENSE.</h4> + + <p>But all this was fatal to business, and by spring it was + evident that something must be done to stimulate the grocery + sales.</p> + + <p>On the 6th of March, 1833, the County Commissioners' Court + of Sangamon County granted the firm of Berry and Lincoln a + license to keep a tavern at New Salem. A copy of this license + is here given:</p> + + <blockquote class="noteBox"> + <p>Ordered that William F. Berry, in the name of Berry and + Lincoln, have a license to keep a tavern in New Salem to + continue 12 months from this date, and that they pay one + dollar in addition to the six dollars heretofore paid as + per Treasurer's receipt, and that they be allowed the + following rates (viz.):</p> + <pre class="note"> +French Brandy per 1/2 pt. 25 +Peach " " " . 18-3/4 +Apple " " " . 12 +Holland Gin " " . 18-3/4 +Domestic " " . 12-1/2 +Wine " " . 25 +Rum " " . 18-3/4 +Whisky " " . 12-1/2 +Breakfast, din'r or supper 25 +Lodging per night........ 12-1/2 +Horse per night.......... 25 +Single feed.............. 12-1/2 +Breakfast, dinner or supper +for Stage Passengers..... 37-1/2 + +who gave bond as required by law. +</pre> + </blockquote> + + <p>It is probable that the license was procured to enable the + firm to retail the liquors which they had in stock, and not for + keeping a tavern. In a community in which liquor-drinking was + practically universal, at a time when whiskey was as legitimate + an article of merchandise as coffee or calico, when no family + was without a jug, when the minister of the gospel could + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page227" + id="page227"></a>[pg 227]</span> take his "dram" without any + breach of propriety, it is not surprising that a reputable + young man should have been found selling whiskey. Liquor was + sold at all groceries, but it could not be lawfully sold in + a smaller quantity than one quart. The law, however, was not + always rigidly observed, and it was the custom of + store-keepers to "set up" the drinks to their patrons. Each + of the three groceries which Berry and Lincoln acquired had + the usual supply of liquors, and the combined stock must + have amounted almost to a superabundance. It was only good + business that they should seek a way to dispose of the + surplus quickly and profitably—an end which could be + best accomplished by selling it over the counter by the + glass. Lawfully to do this required a tavern license; and it + is a warrantable conclusion that such was the chief aim of + Berry and Lincoln in procuring a franchise of this + character. We are fortified in this conclusion by the + coincidence that three other grocers of New + Salem—William Clary, Henry Sincoe, and George + Warberton—were among those who took out tavern + licenses. To secure the lawful privilege of selling whiskey + by the "dram" was no doubt their purpose; for their + "taverns" were as mythical as the inn of Berry and + Lincoln.</p> + + <p>At the granting of a tavern license, the applicants therefor + were required by law to file a bond. The bond given in the case + of Berry and Lincoln was as follows:</p> + + <blockquote class="noteBox"> + <p>Know all men by these presents, we, William F. Berry, + Abraham Lincoln and John Bowling Green, are held and firmly + bound unto the County Commissioners of Sangamon County in + the full sum of three hundred dollars to which payment well + and truly to be made we bind ourselves, our heirs, + executors and administrators firmly by these presents, + sealed with our seal and dated this 6th day of March A.D. + 1833. Now the condition of this obligation is such that + Whereas the said Berry & Lincoln has obtained a license + from the County Commissioners Court to keep a tavern in the + Town of New Salem to continue one year. Now if the said + Berry & Lincoln shall be of good behavior and observe + all the laws of this State relative to tavern + keepers—then this obligation to be void or otherwise + remain in full force.</p> + + <p class="right">ABRAHAM LINCOLN [Seal]</p> + + <p class="right">WM. F. BERRY [Seal]</p> + + <p class="right">BOWLING GREEN [Seal]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>This bond appears to have been written by the clerk of the + Commissioners' Court; and Lincoln's name was signed by some one + other than himself, very likely by his partner Berry.</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/227.jpg" + name="fig227" + id="fig227"><img src="images/227.jpg" + alt="A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS ANN RUTLEDGE'S WELL." /> + </a> + + <h5>A WAYSIDE WELL NEAR NEW SALEM, KNOWN AS "ANN RUTLEDGE'S + WELL."</h5> + </div><br /> + + + <h4>THE FIRM HIRES A CLERK.</h4> + + <p>The license seems to have stimulated the business, for the + firm concluded to hire a clerk. The young man who secured this + position was Daniel Green Burner, son of Isaac Burner, at whose + house Lincoln for a time boarded. He is still living on a farm + near Galesburg, Illinois, and is in the eighty-second year of + his age. "The store building of Berry and Lincoln," says Mr. + Burner, "was a frame building, not very large, one story in + height, and contained two rooms. In the little back room + Lincoln had a fireplace and a bed. There is where we slept. I + clerked in the store through the winter of 1834, up to the 1st + of March. While I was there they had nothing for sale but + liquors. They may have had some groceries before that, but I am + certain they had none then. I used to sell whiskey over their + counter at six cents a glass—and charged it, too. N.A. + Garland started a store, and Lincoln wanted Berry to ask his + father for a loan, so they could buy out Garland; but Berry + refused, saying this was one of the last things he would think + of doing."</p> + + <p>Among the other persons yet living who were residents with + Lincoln of New Salem or its near neighborhood are Mrs. + Parthenia <span class="pagenum"><a name="page228" + id="page228"></a>[pg 228]</span> W. Hill, aged seventy-nine + years, widow of Samuel Hill, the New Salem merchant; James + McGrady Rutledge, aged eighty-one years; John Potter, aged + eighty-seven years; and Thomas Watkins, aged seventy-one + years—all now living at Petersburg, Illinois. Mrs. + Hill, a woman of more than ordinary intelligence, did not + become a resident of New Salem until 1835, the year in which + she was married. Lincoln had then gone out of business, but + she knew much of his store. "Berry and Lincoln," she says, + "did not keep any dry goods. They had a grocery, and I have + always understood they sold whiskey." Mr. Rutledge, a nephew + of James Rutledge the tavern-keeper, has a vivid + recollection of the store. He says: "I have been in Berry + and Lincoln's store many a time. The building was a + frame—one of the few frame buildings in New Salem. + There were two rooms, and in the small back room they kept + their whiskey. They had pretty much everything, except dry + goods—sugar, coffee, some crockery, a few pairs of + shoes (not many), some farming implements, and the like. + Whiskey, of course, was a necessary part of their stock. I + remember one transaction in particular which I had with + them. I sold the firm a load of wheat, which they turned + over to the mill." Mr. Potter, who remembers the morning + when Lincoln, then a stranger on his way to New Salem, + stopped at his father's house and ate breakfast, knows less + about the store, but says: "It was a grocery, and they sold + whiskey, of course." Thomas Watkins says that the store + contained "a little candy, tobacco, sugar, and coffee, and + the like;" though Mr. Watkins, being then a small boy, and + living a mile in the country, was not a frequent visitor at + the store.</p><br /> + + + <h4>LINCOLN APPOINTED POSTMASTER.</h4> + + <p>Business was not so brisk, however, in Berry and Lincoln's + grocery, even after the license was granted, that the junior + partner did not welcome an appointment as postmaster which he + received in May, 1833. The appointment of a Whig by a + Democratic administration seems to have been made without + comment. "The office was too insignificant to make his politics + an objection," say the autobiographical notes. The duties of + the new office were not arduous, for letters were few, and + their comings far between. At that date the mails were carried + by four-horse post-coaches from city to city, and on horseback + from central points into the country towns. The rates of + postage were high. A single-sheet letter carried thirty miles + or under cost six cents; thirty to eighty miles, ten cents; + eighty to one hundred and fifty miles, twelve and one-half + cents; one hundred and fifty to four hundred miles, eighteen + and one-half cents; over four hundred miles, twenty-five cents. + A copy of this magazine sent from New York to New Salem would + have cost fully twenty-five cents. The mail was irregular in + coming as well as light in its contents. Though supposed to + arrive twice a week, it sometimes happened that a fortnight or + more passed without any mail. Under these conditions the New + Salem post-office was not a serious care.</p> + + <p>A large number of the patrons of the office lived in the + country—many of them miles away—but generally + Lincoln delivered their letters at their doors. These letters + he would carefully place in the crown of his hat, and + distribute them from house to house. Thus it was in a measure + true that he kept the New Salem post-office in his hat. The + habit of carrying papers in his hat clung to Lincoln; for, many + years later, when he was a practising lawyer in Springfield, he + apologized for failing to answer a letter promptly, by + explaining: "When I received your letter I put it in my old + hat, and buying a new one the next day, the old one was set + aside, and so the letter was lost sight of for a time."</p> + + <p>But whether the mail was delivered by the postmaster + himself, or the recipient came to the store to inquire, + "Anything for me?" it was the habit "to stop and visit awhile." + He who received a letter read it and told the contents; if he + had a newspaper, usually the postmaster could tell him in + advance what it contained, for one of the perquisites of the + early post-office was the privilege of reading all printed + matter before delivering it. Every day, then, Lincoln's + acquaintance in New Salem, through his position as postmaster, + became more intimate.</p><br /> + + + <h4>A NEW OPENING.</h4> + + <p>As the summer of 1833 went on, the condition of the store + became more and more unsatisfactory. As the position of + postmaster brought in only a small revenue, Lincoln was forced + to take any odd work he could get. He helped in other stores in + the town, split rails, and looked after the mill; but all this + yielded only a scant and uncertain support, and when in the + fall he <span class="pagenum"><a name="page229" + id="page229"></a>[pg 229]</span> had an opportunity to learn + surveying, he accepted it eagerly.</p> + + <p>The condition of affairs in Illinois in the thirties made a + demand for the services of surveyors. The immigration had been + phenomenal. There were thousands of farms to be surveyed and + thousands of "corners" to be located. Speculators bought up + large tracts, and mapped out cities on paper. It was years + before the first railroad was built in Illinois, and as all + inland travelling was on horseback or in the stage-coach, each + year hundreds of miles of wagon road were opened through woods + and swamps and prairies. As the county of Sangamon was large + and eagerly sought by immigrants, the county surveyor in 1833, + one John Calhoun, needed deputies; but in a country so new it + was no easy matter to find men with the requisite capacity.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/229.jpg" + name="fig229" + id="fig229"><img src="images/229.jpg" + alt="CONCORD CEMETERY." /></a> + + <h5>CONCORD CEMETERY.</h5> + + <p>From a photograph by C.S. McCullough, Petersburg, + Illinois. Concord cemetery lies seven miles northwest of + the old town of New Salem, in a secluded place, surrounded + by woods and pastures, away from the world. In this lonely + spot Ann Rutledge was at first laid to rest. Thither + Lincoln is said to have often come alone, and "sat in + silence for hours at a time;" and it was to Ann Rutledge's + grave here that he pointed and said: "There my heart lies + buried." The old cemetery suffered the melancholy fate of + New Salem. It became a neglected, deserted spot. The graves + were lost in weeds, and a heavy growth of trees kept out + the sun and filled the place with gloom. A dozen years ago + this picture was taken. It was a blustery day in the + autumn, and the weeds and trees were swaying before a + furious gale. No other picture of the place, taken while + Ann Rutledge was buried there, is known to be in existence. + A picture of a cemetery, with the name of Ann Rutledge on a + high, flat tombstone, has been published in two or three + books; but it is not genuine, the "stone" being nothing + more than a board improvised for the occasion. The grave of + Ann Rutledge was never honored with a stone until the body + was taken up in 1890 and removed to Oakland cemetery, a + mile southwest of Petersburg.—<i>J. McCan + Davis.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>With Lincoln, Calhoun had little, if any, personal + acquaintance, for they lived twenty miles apart. Lincoln, + however, had made himself known by his meteoric race for the + legislature in 1832, and Calhoun had heard of him as an honest, + intelligent, and trustworthy young man. One day he sent word to + Lincoln by Pollard Simmons, who lived in the New Salem + neighborhood, that he had decided to appoint him a deputy + surveyor if he would accept the position.</p> + + <p>Going into the woods, Simmons found Lincoln engaged in his + old occupation of making rails. The two sat down together on a + log, and Simmons told Lincoln what Calhoun had said. It was a + surprise to Lincoln. Calhoun was a "Jackson man;" he was for + Clay. What did he know about surveying, and why should a + Democratic official offer him a position of any kind? He + immediately went to Springfield, and had a talk with Calhoun. + He would not accept the appointment, he said, unless he had the + assurance that it involved no political obligation, and that he + might continue to express his political opinions as freely and + frequently as he chose. This assurance was given. The only + difficulty then in the way was the fact that he knew absolutely + nothing of surveying. But Calhoun, of course, understood this, + and agreed that he should have time to + learn.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page230" + id="page230"></a>[pg 230]</span> + + <p>With the promptness of action with which he always undertook + anything he had to do, he procured Flint and Gibson's treatise + on surveying, and sought Mentor Graham for help. At a sacrifice + of some time, the schoolmaster aided him to a partial mastery + of the intricate subject. Lincoln worked literally day and + night, sitting up night after night until the crowing of the + cock warned him of the approaching dawn. So hard did he study + that his friends were greatly concerned at his haggard face. + But in six weeks he had mastered all the books within reach + relating to the subject—a task which, under ordinary + circumstances, would hardly have been achieved in as many + months. Reporting to Calhoun for duty (greatly to the amazement + of that gentleman), he was at once assigned to the territory in + the northwest part of the county, and the first work he did of + which there is any authentic record was in January, 1834. In + that month he surveyed a piece of land for Russell Godby, + dating the certificate January 14, 1834, and signing it "J. + Calhoun, S.S.C., by A. Lincoln."</p> + + <p>Lincoln was frequently employed in laying out public roads, + being selected for that purpose by the County Commissioners' + Court. So far as can be learned from the official records, the + first road he surveyed was "from Musick's Ferry on Salt Creek, + via New Salem, to the county line in the direction of + Jacksonville." For this he was allowed fifteen dollars for five + days' service, and two dollars and fifty cents for a plat of + the new road. The next road he surveyed, according to the + records, was that leading from Athens to Sangamon town. This + was reported to the County Commissioners' Court November 4, + 1834. But road surveying was only a small portion of his work. + He was more frequently employed by private + individuals.</p><br /> + + + <h4>SURVEYING WITH A GRAPEVINE.</h4> + + <p>According to tradition, when he first took up the business + he was too poor to buy a chain, and, instead, used a long, + straight grape-vine. Probably this is a myth, though surveyors + who had experience in the early days say it may be true. The + chains commonly used at that time were made of iron. Constant + use wore away and weakened the links, and it was no unusual + thing for a chain to lengthen six inches after a year's use. + "And a good grape-vine," to use the words of a veteran + surveyor, "would give quite as satisfactory results as one of + those old-fashioned chains."</p> + + <p>Lincoln's surveys had the extraordinary merit of being + correct. Much of the government work had been rather + indifferently done, or the government corners had been + imperfectly preserved, and there were frequent disputes between + adjacent land-owners about boundary lines. Frequently Lincoln + was called upon in such cases to find the corner in + controversy. His verdict was invariably the end of the dispute, + so general was the confidence in his honesty and skill. Some of + these old corners located by him are still in existence. The + people of Petersburg proudly remember that they live in a town + which was laid out by Lincoln. This he did in 1836, and it was + the work of several weeks.</p> + + <p>Lincoln's pay as a surveyor was three dollars a day, more + than he had ever before earned. Compared with the compensation + for like services nowadays it seems small enough; but at that + time it was really princely. The Governor of the State received + a salary of only one thousand dollars a year, the Secretary of + State six hundred dollars, and good board and lodging could be + obtained for one dollar a week. But even three dollars a day + did not enable him to meet all his financial obligations. The + heavy debts of the store hung over him. The long distances he + had to travel in his new employment had made it necessary to + buy a horse, and for it he had gone into debt.</p> + + <p>"My father," says Thomas Watkins of Petersburg, who + remembers the circumstances well, "sold Lincoln the horse, and + my recollection is that Lincoln agreed to pay him fifty dollars + for it. Lincoln was a little slow in making the payments, and + after he had paid all but ten dollars, my father, who was a + high-strung man, became impatient, and sued him for the + balance. Lincoln, of course, did not deny the debt, and raised + the money and paid it. I do not often tell this," Mr. Watkins + adds, "because I have always thought there never was such a man + as Lincoln, and I have always been sorry father sued + him."</p><br /> + + + <h4>BUSINESS REVERSES.</h4> + + <p>Between his duties as deputy surveyor and postmaster, + Lincoln had little leisure for the store, and its management + had passed into the hands of Berry. The stock of groceries was + on the wane. The numerous obligations of the firm were + maturing, with no money to meet them. Both members + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page231" + id="page231"></a>[pg 231]</span> of the firm, in the face of + such obstacles, lost courage; and when, early in 1834, + Alexander and William Trent asked if the store was for sale, + an affirmative answer was eagerly given. A price was agreed + upon, and the sale was made. Now, neither Alexander Trent + nor his brother had any money; but as Berry and Lincoln had + bought without money, it seemed only fair that they should + be willing to sell on the same terms. Accordingly the notes + of the Trent brothers were accepted for the purchase price, + and the store was turned over to the new owners. But about + the time their notes fell due the Trent brothers + disappeared. The few groceries in the store were seized by + creditors, and the doors were closed, never to be opened + again.</p> + + <p>Misfortunes now crowded upon Lincoln. His late partner, + Berry, soon reached the end of his wild career; and one morning + a farmer from the Rock Creek neighborhood drove into New Salem + with the news that he was dead.</p> + + <p>The appalling debt which had accumulated was thrown upon + Lincoln's shoulders. It was then too common a fashion among men + who became deluged in debt to "clear out," in the expressive + language of the pioneer, as the Trents had done; but this was + not Lincoln's way. He quietly settled down among the men he + owed, and promised to pay them. For fifteen years he carried + this burden—a load which he cheerfully and manfully bore, + but one so heavy that he habitually spoke of it as the + "national debt." Talking once of it to a friend, Lincoln said: + "That debt was the greatest obstacle I have ever met in life; I + had no way of speculating, and could not earn money except by + labor, and to earn by labor eleven hundred dollars, besides my + living, seemed the work of a lifetime. There was, however, but + one way. I went to the creditors, and told them that if they + would let me alone, I would give them all I could earn over my + living, as fast as I could earn it." As late as 1848, so we are + informed by Mr. Herndon, Mr. Lincoln, then a member of + Congress, sent home money saved from his salary to be applied + on these obligations. All the notes, with interest at the high + rates then prevailing, were at last paid.</p> + + <p>With a single exception Lincoln's creditors seem to have + been lenient. One of the notes given by him came into the hands + of a Mr. Van Bergen, who, when it fell due, brought suit. The + amount of the judgment was more than Lincoln could pay, and his + personal effects were levied upon. These consisted of his + horse, saddle and bridle, and surveying instruments. James + Short, a well-to-do farmer living on Sand Ridge a few miles + north of New Salem, heard of the trouble which had befallen his + young friend. Without advising Lincoln of his plans he attended + the sale, bought in the horse and surveying instruments for one + hundred and twenty dollars, and turned them over to their + former owner.</p> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/231.jpg" + name="fig231" + id="fig231"><img src="images/231.jpg" + alt="STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS." /></a> + + <h5>STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.</h5> + </div> + + <p>Lincoln's first meeting with Douglas occurred at the State + capital, Vandalia, in the winter of 1834-35, when Lincoln was + serving his first term in the legislature, and Douglas was an + applicant for the office of State attorney for the first + judicial district of Illinois.]</p> + + <p>Lincoln never forgot a benefactor. He not only repaid the + money with interest, but nearly thirty years later remembered + the kindness in a most substantial way. After Lincoln left New + Salem financial reverses came to James Short, and he removed to + the far West to seek his fortune anew. Early in Lincoln's + presidential term he heard that "Uncle Jimmy" was living + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page232" + id="page232"></a>[pg 232]</span> in California. One day Mr. + Short received a letter from Washington, D.C. Tearing it + open, he read the gratifying announcement that he had been + commissioned an Indian agent.</p><br /> + + + <h4>THE KINDNESS SHOWN LINCOLN IN NEW SALEM.</h4> + + <p>The kindness of Mr. Short was not exceptional in Lincoln's + New Salem career. When the store had "winked out," as he put + it, and the post-office had been left without headquarters, one + of his neighbors, Samuel Hill, invited the homeless postmaster + into his store. There was hardly a man or woman in the + community who would not have been glad to do as much. It was a + simple recognition on their part of Lincoln's friendliness to + them. He was what they called "obliging"—a man who + instinctively did the thing which he saw would help another, no + matter how trivial or homely it was. In the home of Rowan + Herndon, where he had boarded when he first came to the town, + he had made himself loved by his care of the children. "He + nearly always had one of them around with him," says Mr. + Herndon. In the Rutledge tavern, where he afterwards lived, the + landlord told with appreciation how, when his house was full, + Lincoln gave up his bed, went to the store, and slept on the + counter, his pillow a web of calico. If a traveller "stuck in + the mud" in New Salem's one street, Lincoln was always the + first to help pull out the wheel. The widows praised him + because he "chopped their wood;" the overworked, because he was + always ready to give them a lift. It was the spontaneous, + unobtrusive helpfulness of the man's nature which endeared him + to everybody and which inspired a general desire to do all + possible in return. There are many tales told of homely service + rendered him, even by the hard-working farmers' wives around + New Salem. There was not one of them who did not gladly "put on + a plate" for Abe Lincoln when he appeared, or would not darn or + mend for him when she knew he needed it. Hannah Armstrong, the + wife of the hero of Clary's Grove, made him one of her family. + "Abe would come out to our house," she said, "drink milk, eat + mush, cornbread and butter, bring the children candy, and rock + the cradle while I got him something to eat.... Has stayed at + our house two or three weeks at a time." Lincoln's pay for his + first piece of surveying came in the shape of two buckskins, + and it was Hannah who "foxed" them on his trousers.</p> + + <p>His relations were equally friendly in the better homes of + the community; even at the minister's, the Rev. John Cameron's, + he was perfectly at home, and Mrs. Cameron was by him + affectionately called "Aunt Polly." It was not only his kindly + service which made Lincoln loved; it was his sympathetic + comprehension of the lives and joys and sorrows and interests + of the people. Whether it was Jack Armstrong and his wrestling, + Hannah and her babies, Kelso and his fishing and poetry, the + schoolmaster and his books—with one and all he was at + home. He possessed in an extraordinary degree the power of + entering into the interests of others, a power found only in + reflective, unselfish natures endowed with a humorous sense of + human foibles, coupled with great tenderness of heart. Men and + women amused Lincoln, but so long as they were sincere he loved + them and sympathized with them. He was human in the best sense + of that fine word.</p><br /> + + + <h4>LINCOLN'S ACQUAINTANCE IN SANGAMON COUNTY IS EXTENDED.</h4> + + <p>Now that the store was closed and his surveying increased, + Lincoln had an excellent opportunity to extend his + acquaintance, for he was travelling about the country. + Everywhere he won friends. The surveyor naturally was respected + for his calling's sake, but the new deputy surveyor was admired + for his friendly ways, his willingness to lend a hand indoors + as well as out, his learning, his ambition, his independence. + Throughout the county he began to be regarded as "a right smart + young man." Some of his associates appear even to have + comprehended his peculiarly great character and dimly to have + foreseen a splendid future. "Often," says Daniel Green Burner, + Berry and Lincoln's clerk in the grocery, "I have heard my + brother-in-law, Dr. Duncan, say he would not be surprised if + some day Abe Lincoln got to be Governor of Illinois. Lincoln," + Mr. Burner adds, "was thought to know a little more than + anybody else among the young people. He was a good debater, and + liked it. He read much, and seemed never to forget + anything."</p> + + <p>Lincoln was fully conscious of his popularity, and it seemed + to him in 1834 that he could safely venture to try again for + the legislature. Accordingly he announced himself as a + candidate, spending much of the summer of 1834 in + electioneering. It <span class="pagenum"><a name="page233" + id="page233"></a>[pg 233]</span> was a repetition of what he + had done in 1832, though on the larger scale made possible + by wider acquaintance. In company with the other candidates, + he rode up and down the county, making speeches in the + public squares, in shady groves, now and then in a log + school-house. In his speeches he soon distinguished himself + by the amazing candor with which he dealt with all + questions, and by his curious blending of audacity and + humility. Wherever he saw a crowd of men he joined them, and + he never failed to adapt himself to their point of view in + asking for votes. If the degree of physical strength was + their test for a candidate, he was ready to lift a weight or + wrestle with the country-side champion; if the amount of + grain a man could cradle would recommend him, he seized the + cradle and showed the swath he could cut. The campaign was + well conducted, for in August he was elected one of the four + assemblymen from Sangamon. The vote at this election stood: + Dawson, 1390; Lincoln, 1376; Carpenter, 1170; Stuart, + 1164.<a id="footnotetag3" + name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/233.jpg" + name="fig233" + id="fig233"><img src="images/233.jpg" + alt="MAJOR JOHN T. STUART, THE MAN WHO INDUCED LINCOLN TO STUDY LAW." /> + </a> + + <h5>MAJOR JOHN T. STUART, THE MAN WHO INDUCED LINCOLN TO + STUDY LAW.</h5> + + <p>Born in Kentucky in 1807. At twenty-one, on being + admitted to the bar, he removed to Springfield, Illinois, + and was soon prominent in his profession. He was a member + of the legislature from 1832 to 1836. In 1838 he defeated + Stephen A. Douglas for Congress, and served two + terms—as a Whig. In 1863 and 1864 he served a third + term—as a Democrat. He served also in the State + Senate, and was a major in the Black Hawk War. He died in + 1885.</p> + </div><br /> + + + <h4>HE FINALLY DECIDES ON A LEGAL CAREER.</h4> + + <p>The best thing which Lincoln did in the canvass of 1834 was + not winning votes; it was coming to a determination to read + law, not for pleasure but as a business. In his + autobiographical notes he says: "During the canvass, in a + private conversation Major John T. Stuart (one of his + fellow-candidates) encouraged Abraham to study law. After the + election he borrowed books of Stuart, took them home with him, + and went at it in good earnest. He never studied with anybody." + He seems to have thrown himself into the work with an almost + impatient ardor. As he tramped back and forth from Springfield, + twenty miles away, to get his law-books, he read sometimes + forty pages or more on the way. Often he was seen wandering at + random across the fields, repeating aloud the points in his + last reading. The subject seemed never to be out of his mind. + It was the great absorbing interest of his life. The rule he + gave twenty years later to a young man who wanted to know how + to become a lawyer, seems to have been the one he + practised.<a id="footnotetag4" + name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p> + + <p>Having secured a book of legal forms, he was soon able to + write deeds, contracts, and all sorts of legal instruments; and + he was frequently called upon by his neighbors to perform + services of this kind. "In 1834," says Daniel Green Burner, + Berry and Lincoln's clerk, "my father, Isaac Burner, sold out + to Henry Onstott, and he wanted a deed written. I knew how + handy Lincoln was that way, and suggested that we get him. We + found him sitting on a stump. 'All right,' said he, when + informed what we wanted. 'If you will bring me a pen and ink + and a piece of paper I will write it here.' I brought him these + articles, and, picking up a shingle and putting it on his knee + for a desk, he wrote out the deed." As there was no practising + lawyer nearer than Springfield, Lincoln was often employed to + act the part of advocate before the village squire, at + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page234" + id="page234"></a>[pg 234]</span> that time Bowling Green. He + realized that this experience was valuable, and never, so + far as known, demanded or accepted a fee for his services in + these petty cases.</p> + + <p>Justice was sometimes administered in a summary way in + Squire Green's court. Precedents and the venerable rules of law + had little weight. The "Squire" took judicial notice of a great + many facts, often going so far as to fill, simultaneously, the + two functions of witness and court. But his decisions were + generally just.</p> + + <p>James McGrady Rutledge tells a story in which several of + Lincoln's old friends figure and which illustrates the legal + practices of New Salem. "Jack Kelso," says Mr. Rutledge, "owned + or claimed to own a white hog. It was also claimed by John + Ferguson. The hog had often wandered around Bowling Green's + place, and he was somewhat acquainted with it. Ferguson sued + Kelso, and the case was tried before 'Squire' Green. The + plaintiff produced two witnesses who testified positively that + the hog belonged to him. Kelso had nothing to offer, save his + own unsupported claim.</p> + + <p>"'Are there any more witnesses?' inquired the court.</p> + + <p>"He was informed that there were no more.</p> + + <p>"'Well,' said 'Squire' Green, 'the two witnesses we have + heard have sworn to a —— lie. I know this shoat, + and I know it belongs to Jack Kelso. I therefore decide this + case in his favor.'"</p> + + <p>An extract from the record of the County Commissioners' + Court illustrates the nature of the cases that came before the + justice of the peace in Lincoln's day. It also shows the price + put upon the privilege of working on Sunday, in 1832:</p> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p>JANUARY 29, 1832.—Alexander Gibson found guilty of + Sabbath-breaking and fined 12½ cents. Fine paid into + court.</p> + + <p class="author">"(Signed) EDWARD ROBINSON, J.P."</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + + <h4>LINCOLN ENTERS THE ILLINOIS ASSEMBLY.</h4> + + <p>The session of the ninth Assembly began December 1, 1834, + and Lincoln went to the capital, then Vandalia, seventy-five + miles southeast of New Salem, on the Kaskaskia River, in time + for the opening. Vandalia was a town which had been called into + existence in 1820 especially to give the State government an + abiding-place. Its very name had been chosen, it is said, + because it "sounded well" for a State capital. As the tradition + goes, while the commissioners were debating what they should + call the town they were making, a wag suggested that it be + named Vandalia, in honor of the Vandals, a tribe of Indians + which, said he, had once lived on the borders of the Kaskaskia; + this, he argued, would conserve a local tradition while giving + a euphonous title. The commissioners, pleased with so good a + suggestion, adopted the name. When Lincoln first went to + Vandalia it was a town of about eight hundred inhabitants; its + noteworthy features, according to Peck's "Gazetteer" of + Illinois for 1834, being a brick court-house, a two-story brick + edifice "used by State officers," "a neat framed house of + worship for the Presbyterian Society, with a cupola and bell," + "a framed meeting-house for the Methodist Society," three + taverns, several stores, five lawyers, four physicians, a land + office, and two newspapers. It was a much larger town than + Lincoln had ever lived in before, though he was familiar with + Springfield, then twice as large as Vandalia, and he had seen + the cities of the Mississippi.</p> + + <p>The Assembly which he entered was composed of eighty-one + members,—twenty-six senators, fifty-five representatives. + As a rule, these men were of Kentucky, Tennessee, or Virginia + origin, with here and there a Frenchman. There were but few + Eastern men, for there was still a strong prejudice in the + State against Yankees. The close bargains and superior airs of + the emigrants from New England contrasted so unpleasantly with + the open-handed hospitality and the easy ways of the + Southerners and French, that a pioneer's prospects were blasted + at the start if he acted like a Yankee. A history of Illinois + in 1837, published evidently to "boom" the State, cautioned the + emigrant that if he began his life in Illinois by "affecting + superior intelligence and virtue, and catechizing the people + for their habits of plainness and simplicity and their apparent + want of those things which he imagines indispensable to + comfort," he must expect to be forever marked as "a Yankee," + and to have his prospects correspondingly defeated. A + "hard-shell" Baptist preacher of about this date showed the + feeling of the people when he said, in preaching of the + richness of the grace of the Lord: "It tuks in the isles of the + sea and the uttermust part of the yeth. It embraces the + Esquimaux and the Hottentots, and some, my dear brethering, go + so far as to suppose that it tuks in the poor benighted + Yankees, but <i>I don't go that fur</i>." When it came to an + election of legislators, many of the people "didn't go that + fur" either.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page235" + id="page235"></a>[pg 235]</span> + + <p>There was a preponderance of jean suits like Lincoln's in + the Assembly, and there were coonskin caps and buckskin + trousers. Nevertheless, more than one member showed a studied + garb and a courtly manner. Some of the best blood of the South + went into the making of Illinois, and it showed itself from the + first in the Assembly. The surroundings of the legislators were + quite as simple as the attire of the plainest of them. The + court-house, in good old Colonial style, with square pillars + and belfry, was finished with wooden desks and benches. The + State furnished her law-makers no superfluities—three + dollars a day, a cork inkstand, a certain number of quills, and + a limited amount of stationery was all an Illinois legislator + in 1834 got from his position. Scarcely more could be expected + from a State whose revenues from December 1, 1834, to December + 1, 1836, were only about one hundred and twenty-five thousand + dollars, with expenditures during the same period amounting to + less than one hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars.</p> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/235.jpg" + name="fig235" + id="fig235"><img src="images/235.jpg" + alt="JOSEPH DUNCAN, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S FIRST TERM IN THE LEGISLATURE." /> + </a> + + <h5>JOSEPH DUNCAN, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS DURING LINCOLN'S + FIRST TERM IN THE LEGISLATURE.</h5> + + <p>Joseph Duncan, Governor of Illinois from 1834 to 1838, + was born in Kentucky in 1794. The son of an officer of the + regular army, he, at nineteen, became a soldier in the war + of 1812, and did gallant service. He removed to Illinois in + 1818, and soon became prominent in the State, serving as a + major-general of militia, a State Senator, and, from 1826 + to 1834, as a member of Congress, resigning from Congress + to take the office of Governor. He was at first a Democrat, + but afterwards became a Whig. He was a man of the highest + character and public spirit. He died in 1844.</p> + </div> + + <p>Lincoln thought little of these things, no doubt. To him the + absorbing interest was the men he met. To get acquainted with + them, measure them, compare himself with them, and discover + wherein they were his superiors and what he could do to make + good his deficiency—this was his chief occupation. The + men he met were good subjects for such study. Among them were + Wm. L.D. Ewing, Jesse K. Dubois, Stephen T. Logan, Theodore + Ford, and Governor Duncan—men destined to play large + parts in the history of the State. One whom he met that winter + in Vandalia was destined to play a great part in the history of + the nation—the Democratic candidate for the office of + State attorney for the first judicial district of Illinois; a + man four years younger than Lincoln—he was only + twenty-one at the time; a new-comer, too, in the State, having + arrived about a year before, under no very promising auspices + either, for he had only thirty-seven cents in his pockets, and + no position in view; but a man of metal, it was easy to see, + for already he had risen so high in the district where he had + settled, that he dared contest the office of State attorney + with John J. Hardin, one of the most successful lawyers of the + State. This young man was Stephen A. Douglas. He had come to + Vandalia from Morgan County to conduct his campaign, and + Lincoln met him first in the halls of the old court-house, + where he and his friends carried on with success their contest + against Hardin.</p> + + <p>The ninth Assembly gathered in a more hopeful and ambitious + mood than any of its predecessors. Illinois was feeling well. + The State was free from debt. The Black Hawk War had stimulated + the people greatly, for it had brought a large amount of money + into circulation. In fact, the greater portion of the eight to + ten million dollars the war had cost had been circulated among + the Illinois volunteers. Immigration, too, was increasing at a + bewildering rate. In 1835 the census showed a population of + 269,974. Between 1830 and 1835 two-fifths of this number had + come in. In the northeast Chicago had begun to rise. "Even for + Western towns" its growth had been unusually rapid, declared + Peck's "Gazetteer" of 1834; the harbor building there, the + proposed Michigan and Illinois canal, the rise in town + lots—all promised to the State a metropolis. To meet the + rising tide of prosperity, the legislators of 1834 felt that + they must devise some worthy scheme, so they chartered a new + State bank with a capital of one million five hundred thousand + dollars, and revived a bank which had broken twelve years + before, granting it a charter of three hundred thousand + dollars. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page236" + id="page236"></a>[pg 236]</span> There was no surplus money + in the State to supply the capital; there were no trained + bankers to guide the concern; there was no clear notion of + how it was all to be done; but a banking capital of one + million eight hundred thousand dollars would be a good thing + in the State, they were sure; and if the East could be made + to believe in Illinois as much as her legislators believed + in her, the stocks would go, and so the banks were + chartered.</p> + + <p>But even more important to the State than banks was a + highway. For thirteen years plans of the Illinois and Michigan + canal had been constantly before the Assembly. Surveys had been + ordered, estimates reported, the advantages extolled, but + nothing had been done. Now, however, the Assembly, flushed by + the first thrill of the coming "boom," decided to authorize a + loan of a half-million on the credit of the State. Lincoln + favored both these measures. He did not, however, do anything + especially noteworthy for either of the bills, nor was the + record he made in other directions at all remarkable. He was + placed on the committee of public accounts and expenditures, + and attended meetings with great fidelity. His first act as a + member was to give notice that he would ask leave to introduce + a bill limiting the jurisdiction of justices of the + peace—a measure which he succeeded in carrying through. + He followed this by a motion to change the rules, so that it + should not be in order to offer amendments to any bill after + the third reading, which was not agreed to; though the same + rule, in effect, was adopted some years later, and is to this + day in force in both branches of the Illinois Assembly. He next + made a motion to take from the table a report which had been + submitted by his committee, which met a like fate. His first + resolution, relating to a State revenue to be derived from the + sales of the public lands, was denied a reference, and laid + upon the table. Neither as a speaker nor an organizer did he + make any especial impression on the body.</p><br /> + + + <h4>THE STORY OF ANN RUTLEDGE.</h4> + + <p>In the spring of 1835 the young representative from Sangamon + returned to New Salem to take up his duties as postmaster and + deputy surveyor, and to resume his law studies. He exchanged + his rather exalted position for the humbler one with a light + heart. New Salem held all that was dearest in the world to him + at that moment, and he went back to the poor little town with a + hope, which he had once supposed honor forbade his + acknowledging even to himself, glowing warmly in his heart. He + loved a young girl of that town, and now for the first time, + though he had known her since he first came to New Salem, was + he free to tell his love.</p> + + <p>One of the most prominent families of the settlement in + 1831, when Lincoln first appeared there, was that of James + Rutledge. The head of the house was one of the founders of New + Salem, and at that time the keeper of the village tavern. He + was a high-minded man, of a warm and generous nature, and had + the universal respect of the community. He was a South + Carolinian by birth, but had lived many years in Kentucky + before coming to Illinois. Rutledge came of a distinguished + family: one of his ancestors signed the Declaration of + Independence; another was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of + the United States by appointment of Washington, and another was + a conspicuous leader in the American Congress.</p> + + <p>The third of the nine children in the Rutledge household was + a daughter, Ann Mayes, born in Kentucky, January 7, 1813. When + Lincoln first met her she was nineteen years old, and as fresh + as a flower. Many of those who knew her at that time have left + tributes to her beauty and gentleness, and even to-day there + are those living who talk of her with moistened eyes and + softened tones. "She was a beautiful girl," says her cousin, + James McGrady Rutledge, "and as bright as she was pretty. She + was well educated for that early day, a good conversationalist, + and always gentle and cheerful. A girl whose company people + liked." So fair a maid was not, of course, without suitors. The + most determined of those who sought her hand was one John + McNeill, a young man who had arrived in New Salem from New York + soon after the founding of the town. Nothing was known of his + antecedents, and no questions were asked. He was understood to + be merely one of the thousands who had come West in search of + fortune. That he was intelligent, industrious, and frugal, with + a good head for business, was at once apparent; for he and + Samuel Hill opened a general store and they soon doubled their + capital, and their business continued to grow marvellously. In + four years from his first appearance in the settlement, besides + having a half-interest in the store, he owned a large farm a + few miles north of New Salem. His neighbors believed him to be + worth about twelve thousand + dollars.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page237" + id="page237"></a>[pg 237]</span> + + <p>John McNeill was an unmarried man—at least so he + represented himself to be—and very soon after becoming a + resident of New Salem he formed the acquaintance of Ann + Rutledge, then a girl of seventeen. It was a case of love at + first sight, and the two soon became engaged, in spite of the + rivalry of Samuel Hill, McNeill's partner. But Ann was as yet + only a young girl; and it was thought very sensible in her and + very gracious and considerate in her lover that both acquiesced + in the wishes of Ann's parents that, for some time at least, + the marriage be postponed.</p> + + <p>Such was the situation when Lincoln appeared in New Salem. + He naturally soon became acquainted with the girl. She was a + pupil in Mentor Graham's school, where he frequently visited, + and rumor says that he first met her there. However that may + be, it is certain that in the latter part of 1832 he went to + board at the Rutledge tavern and there was thrown daily into + her company.</p> + + <p>During the next year, 1833, John McNeill, in spite of his + fair prospects, became restless and discontented. He wanted to + see his people, he said, and before the end of the year he had + decided to go East for a visit. To secure perfect freedom from + his business while gone, he sold out his interest in his store. + To Ann he said that he hoped to bring back his father and + mother, and to place them on his farm. "This duty done," was + his farewell word, "you and I will be married." In the spring + of 1834 McNeill started East. The journey overland by foot and + horse was in those days a trying one, and on the way McNeill + fell ill with chills and fever. It was late in the summer + before he reached his home, and wrote back to Ann, explaining + his silence. The long wait had been a severe strain on the + girl, and Lincoln had watched her anxiety with softened heart. + It was to him, the New Salem postmaster, that she came to + inquire for letters. It was to him she entrusted those she + sent. In a way the postmaster must have become the girl's + confidant; and his tender heart, which never could resist + suffering, must have been deeply touched. After the long + silence was broken, and McNeill's first letter of explanation + came, the cause of anxiety seemed removed; but, strangely + enough, other letters followed only at long intervals, and + finally they ceased altogether. Then it was that the young girl + told her friends a secret which McNeill had confided to her + before leaving New Salem.</p> + + <p>He had told her what she had never even suspected before, + that John McNeill was not his real name, but that it was John + McNamar. Shortly before he came to New Salem, he explained, his + father had suffered a disastrous failure in business. He was + the oldest son; and in the hope of retrieving the lost fortune, + he resolved to go West, expecting to return in a few years and + share his riches with the rest of the family. Anticipating + parental opposition, he ran away from home; and, being sure + that he could never accumulate anything with so numerous a + family to support, he endeavored to lose himself by a change of + name. All this Ann had believed and not repeated; but now, worn + out by waiting, she took the story to her friends.</p> + + <p>With few exceptions they pronounced the story a fabrication + and McNamar an impostor. Why had he worn this mask? His excuse + seemed flimsy. At best, they declared, he was a mere + adventurer; and was it not more probable that he was a fugitive + from justice—a thief, a swindler, or a murderer? And who + knew how many wives he might have? With all New Salem declaring + John McNamar false, Ann Rutledge could hardly be blamed for + imagining that he was either dead or had transferred his + affections.</p> + + <p>It was not until McNeill, or McNamar, had been gone many + months, and gossip had become offensive, that Lincoln ventured + to show his love for Ann, and then it was a long time before + the girl would listen to his suit. Convinced at last, however, + that her former lover had deserted her, she yielded to + Lincoln's wishes and promised, in the spring of 1835, soon + after Lincoln's return from Vandalia, to become his wife. But + Lincoln had nothing on which to support a family—indeed, + he found it no trifling task to support himself. As for Ann, + she was anxious to go to school another year. It was decided + that in the autumn she should go with her brother to + Jacksonville and spend the winter there in an academy. Lincoln + was to devote himself to his law studies; and the next spring, + when she returned from school and he was a member of the bar, + they were to be married.</p> + + <p>A happy spring and summer followed. New Salem took a cordial + interest in the two lovers and presaged a happy life for them, + and all would undoubtedly have gone well if the young girl + could have dismissed the haunting memory of her old lover. The + possibility that she had wronged him, that he might reappear, + that he loved her still, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page238" + id="page238"></a>[pg 238]</span> though she now loved + another, that perhaps she had done wrong—a torturing + conflict of memory, love, conscience, doubt, and morbidness + lay like a shadow across her happiness, and wore upon her + until she fell ill. Gradually her condition became hopeless; + and Lincoln, who had been shut from her, was sent for. The + lovers passed an hour alone in an anguished parting, and + soon after, on August 25, 1835, Ann died.</p> + + <p>The death of Ann Rutledge plunged Lincoln into the deepest + gloom. That abiding melancholy, that painful sense of the + incompleteness of life which had been his mother's dowry to + him, asserted itself. It filled and darkened his mind and his + imagination, tortured him with its black pictures. One stormy + night Lincoln was sitting beside William Greene, his head bowed + on his hand, while tears trickled through his fingers; his + friend begged him to control his sorrow, to try to forget. "I + cannot," moaned Lincoln; "the thought of the snow and rain on + her grave fills me with indescribable grief."</p> + + <p>He was seen walking alone by the river and through the + woods, muttering strange things to himself. He seemed to his + friends to be in the shadow of madness. They kept a close watch + over him; and at last Bowling Green, one of the most devoted + friends Lincoln then had, took him home to his little log + cabin, half a mile north of New Salem, under the brow of a big + bluff. Here, under the loving care of Green and his good wife + Nancy, Lincoln remained until he was once more master of + himself.</p> + + <p>But though he had regained self-control, his grief was deep + and bitter. Ann Rutledge was buried in Concord cemetery, a + country burying-ground seven miles northwest of New Salem. To + this lonely spot Lincoln frequently journeyed to weep over her + grave. "My heart is buried there," he said to one of his + friends.</p> + + <p>When McNamar returned (for McNamar's story was true, and two + months after Ann Rutledge died he drove into New Salem with his + widowed mother and his brothers and sisters in the "prairie + schooner" beside him) and learned of Ann's death, he "saw + Lincoln at the post-office," as he afterward said, and "he + seemed desolate and sorely distressed."</p> + + <p>McNamar's strange conduct toward Ann Rutledge is to this day + a mystery. Her death apparently produced upon him no deep + impression. He certainly experienced no such sorrow as Lincoln + felt, for within a year he married another woman.</p> + + <p>Many years ago a sister of Ann Rutledge, Mrs. Jeane Berry, + told what she knew of Ann's love affairs; and her statement has + been preserved in a diary kept by the Rev. R.D. Miller, now + Superintendent of Schools of Menard County, with whom she had + the conversation. She declared that Ann's "whole soul seemed + wrapped up in Lincoln," and that they "would have been married + in the fall or early winter" if Ann had lived. "After Ann + died," said Mrs. Berry, "I remember that it was common talk + about how sad Lincoln was; and I remember myself how sad he + looked. They told me that every time he was in the neighborhood + after she died, he would go alone to her grave and sit there in + silence for hours."</p> + + <p>In later life, when his sorrow had become a memory, he told + a friend who questioned him: "I really and truly loved the girl + and think often of her now." There was a pause, and then the + President added:</p> + + <p>"And I have loved the name of Rutledge to this + day."</p><br /> + + + <h4>ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT TWENTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE.</h4> + + <p>When the death of Ann Rutledge came upon Lincoln, for a time + threatening to destroy his ambition and blast his life, he was + in a most encouraging position. Master of a profession in which + he had an abundance of work and earned fair wages, hopeful of + being admitted in a few months to the bar, a member of the + State Assembly with every reason to believe that, if he desired + it, his constituency would return him—few men are as far + advanced at twenty-six as was Abraham Lincoln.</p> + + <p>Intellectually he was far better equipped than he believed + himself to be, better than he has ordinarily been credited with + being. True, he had had no conventional college training, but + he had by his own efforts attained the chief result of all + preparatory study, the ability to take hold of a subject and + assimilate it. The fact that in six weeks he had acquired + enough of the science of surveying to enable him to serve as + deputy surveyor shows how well-trained his mind was. The power + to grasp a large subject quickly and fully is never an + accident. The nights Lincoln spent in Gentryville lying on the + floor in front of the fire figuring on the fire-shovel, the + hours he passed in poring over the Statutes of Indiana, the + days he wrestled with Kirkham's Grammar, alone made the mastery + of Flint and Gibson possible. His struggle with Flint and + Gibson <span class="pagenum"><a name="page239" + id="page239"></a>[pg 239]</span> made easier the volumes he + borrowed from Major Stuart's law library.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/239.jpg" + name="fig239" + id="fig239"><img src="images/239.jpg" + alt="GRAVE OF ANN RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY." /> + </a> + + <h5>GRAVE OF ANN RUTLEDGE IN OAKLAND CEMETERY.</h5> + + <p>From a photograph made for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE by C.S. + McCullough, Petersburg, Illinois, in September, 1895. On + the 15th of May, 1890, the remains of Ann Rutledge were + removed from the long-neglected grave in the Concord + grave-yard to a new and picturesque burying-ground a mile + southwest of Petersburg, called Oakland cemetery. The old + grave, though marked by no stone, was easily identified + from the fact that Ann was buried by the side of her + younger brother, David, who died in 1842, upon the + threshold of what promised to be a brilliant career as a + lawyer. The removal was made by Samuel Montgomery, a + prominent business man of Petersburg. He was accompanied to + the grave by James McGrady Rutledge and a few others, who + located the grave beyond doubt. In the new cemetery, the + grave occupies a place somewhat apart from others. A young + maple tree is growing beside it, and it is marked by an + unpolished granite stone bearing the simple inscription + "Ann Rutledge."—<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p> + </div> + + <p>Lincoln had a mental trait which explains his rapid growth + in mastering subjects—seeing clearly was essential to + him. He was unable to put a question aside until he understood + it. It pursued him, irritated him until solved. Even in his + Gentryville days his comrades noted that he was constantly + searching for reasons and that he "explained so clearly." This + characteristic became stronger with years. He was unwilling to + pronounce himself on any subject until he understood it, and he + could not let it alone until he had reached a conclusion which + satisfied him.</p> + + <p>This seeing clearly became a splendid force in Lincoln; + because when he once had reached a conclusion he had the + honesty of soul to suit his actions to it. No consideration + could induce him to abandon the course his reason told him was + logical. Not that he was obstinate and having taken a position, + would not change it if he saw on further study that he was + wrong. In his first circular to the people of Sangamon County + is this characteristic passage: "Upon the subjects I have + treated, I have spoken as I thought. I may be wrong in any or + all of them; but, holding it a sound maxim that it is better + only sometimes to be right than at all times to be wrong, so + soon as I discover my opinions to be erroneous, I shall be + ready to renounce them."</p> + + <p>Joined to these strong mental and moral qualities was that + power of immediate action which so often explains why one man + succeeds in life while another of equal intelligence and + uprightness fails. As soon as Lincoln saw a thing to do he did + it. He wants to know; here is a book—it may be a + biography, a volume of dry statutes, a collection of verse; no + matter, he reads and ponders it until he has absorbed all it + has for him. He is eager to see the world; + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page240" + id="page240"></a>[pg 240]</span> a man offers him a position + as a "hand" on a Mississippi flatboat; he takes it without a + moment's hesitation over the toil and exposure it demands. + John Calhoun is willing to make him a deputy surveyor; he + knows nothing of the science; in six weeks he has learned + enough to begin his labors. Sangamon County must have + representatives, why not he? and his circular goes out. + Ambition alone will not explain this power of instantaneous + action. It comes largely from that active imagination which, + when a new relation or position opens, seizes on all its + possibilities and from them creates a situation so real that + one enters with confidence upon what seems to the + unimaginative the rashest undertaking. Lincoln saw the + possibilities in things and immediately appropriated + them.</p> + + <p>But the position he filled in Sangamon County in 1835 was + not all due to these qualities; much was due to his personal + charm. By all accounts he was big, awkward, ill-clad, + shy—yet his sterling honor, his unselfish nature, his + heart of the true gentleman, inspired respect and confidence. + Men might laugh at his first appearance, but they were not long + in recognizing the real superiority of his nature.</p> + + <p>Such was Abraham Lincoln at twenty-six, when the tragic + death of Ann Rutledge made all that he had attained, all that + he had planned, seem fruitless and empty. He was too sincere + and just, too brave a man, to allow a great sorrow permanently + to interfere with his activities. He rallied his forces, and + returned to his law, his surveying, his politics. He brought to + his work a new power, that insight and patience which only a + great sorrow can give.</p> + + <p class="center">(<i>Begun in the November number 1895; to be + continued.</i>)</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>LINCOLN'S BEARD—THE LETTER OF MRS. BILLINGS + REFERRED TO ON PAGE 217.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p class="right">DELPHOS, KANSAS, <i>December 6, + 1895.</i></p>MISS TARBELL: + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p>In reply to your letter of recent date inquiring about + the incident of my childhood and connected with Mr. + Lincoln, I would say that at the time of his first + nomination to the Presidency I was a child of eleven years, + living with my parents in Chautauqua County, N.Y.</p> + + <p>My father was an ardent Republican, and possessed of a + profound admiration for the character of the grand man who + was the choice of his party. We younger children accepted + his opinions with unquestioning faith, and listened with + great delight to the anecdotes of his life current at that + time, and were particularly interested in reading of the + difficulties he encountered in getting an education; so + much did it appeal to our childish imaginations that + <i>we</i> were firmly persuaded that if we could only study + our lessons prone before the glow and cheer of an open fire + in a great fireplace, <i>we</i> too might rise to heights + which now we could never attain. My father brought to us, + one day, a large poster, and my mind still holds a + recollection of its crude, coarse work and glaring colors. + About the edges were grouped in unadorned and exaggerated + ugliness the pictures of our former Presidents, and in the + midst of them were the faces of "Lincoln and Hamlin," + surrounded by way of a frame with a rail fence. We are all + familiar with the strong and rugged face of Mr. Lincoln, + the deep lines about the mouth, and the eyes have much the + same sorrowful expression in all the pictures I have seen + of him. I think I must have felt a certain disappointment, + for I said to my mother that he would look much nicer if he + wore whiskers, and straightway gave him the benefit of my + opinion in a letter, describing the poster and hinting, + rather broadly, that his appearance might be improved if he + would let his whiskers grow. Not wishing to wound his + feelings, I added that the rail fence around his picture + looked real pretty! I also asked him if he had any little + girl, and if so, and he was too busy to write and tell me + what he thought about it, if he would not let her do so; + and ended by assuring him I meant to try my best to induce + two erring brothers of the Democratic faith to cast their + votes for him. I think the circumstance would have speedily + passed from my mind but for the fact that I confided to an + elder sister that I had written to Mr. Lincoln, and had she + not expressed a doubt as to whether I had addressed him + properly. To prove that I had, and was not as ignorant as + she thought me, I re-wrote the address for her inspection: + "<i>Hon. Abraham Lincoln Esquire</i>."</p> + + <p>My mortification at the laughter and ridicule excited + was somewhat relieved by my mother's remarking that "there + should be no mistake as to whom the letter belonged." The + reply to my poor little letter came in due time, and the + following is a copy of the original, which is <i>still in + my possession</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p class="right">"<i>Private</i>.</p> + + <p class="right">"SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, <i>October 19, + 1860</i>.</p> + + <p>"MISS GRACE BEDELL.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p>"<i>My Dear little Miss</i>:—Your very agreeable + letter of the 15th inst. is received. I regret the + necessity of saying I have no daughter. I have three sons; + one seventeen, one nine, and one seven years of age. They, + with their mother, constitute my whole family. As to the + whiskers, having never worn any, do you not think people + would call it a piece of silly affectation if I were to + begin wearing them now? Your very sincere well-wisher,</p> + + <p class="right">"A. LINCOLN."</p> + + <p>Probably the frankness of the child appealed to the + humorous side of his nature, for the suggestion was acted + upon. After the election, and on his journey from + Springfield to Washington, he inquired of Hon. G.W. + Patterson, who was one of the party who accompanied him on + that memorable trip, and who was a resident of our town, if + he knew of a family bearing the name of Bedell. Mr. + Patterson replying in the affirmative, Mr. Lincoln said he + "had received a letter from a little girl called Grace + Bedell, advising me to wear whiskers, as she thought it + would improve my looks." He said the character of the + "letter was so unique and so different from the many + self-seeking and threatening ones he was daily receiving + that it came to him as a relief and a pleasure." When the + train reached Westfield, Mr. Lincoln made a short speech + from the platform of the car, and in conclusion said he had + a correspondent there, relating the circumstance and giving + my name, and if she were present he would like to see her. + I was present, but in the crowd had neither seen nor heard + the speaker; but a gentleman helped me forward, and Mr. + Lincoln stepped down to the platform where I stood, shook + my hand, kissed me, and said: "You see I let these whiskers + grow for you, Grace." The crowd cheered, Mr. Lincoln + reentered the car, and I ran quickly home, looking at and + speaking to no one, with a much dilapidated bunch of roses + in my hand, which I had hoped might be passed up to Mr. + Lincoln with some other flowers which were to be presented, + but which in my confusion I had forgotten. Gentle and + genial, simple and warm-hearted, how full of anxiety must + have been his life in the days which followed. These words + seem to fitly describe him: "A man of sorrows and + acquainted with grief."</p> + + <p>Very sincerely,</p> + + <p class="author">GRACE BEDELL BILLINGS.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="short" /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" + name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>William D. Kelley, in "Reminiscences of Abraham + Lincoln." Edited by Allen Thorndike Rice, 1886.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" + name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>This incident was told by Lincoln to Mr. A.J. Conant, + the artist, who in 1860 painted his portrait ini + Springfield. Mr. Conant, in order to keep Mr. Lincoln's + pleasant expression, had engaged him in conversation, and + had questioned him about his early life; and it was in the + course of their conversation that this incident came out. + It is to be found in a delightful and suggestive article + entitled, "My Acquaintance with Abraham Lincoln," + contributed by Mr. Conant to the "Liber Scriptorum," and by + his permission quoted here.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" + name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p>With one exception the biographers of Lincoln have given + him the first place on the ticket in 1834. He really stood + second in order, Herndon gives the correct vote, although + he is in error in saying that the chief authority he + quotes—a document owned by Dr. A.W. French of + Springfield, Ill.—is an "official return." It is a + copy of the official return made out in Lincoln's writing + and certified to by the county clerk. The official return + is on file in the Springfield court-house.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" + name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p>"Get books and read and study them carefully. Begin with + Blackstone's Commentaries, and after reading carefully + through, say twice, take up Chitty's Pleadings, Greenleaf's + Evidence, and Story's Equity in succession. Work, work, + work, is the main thing."</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page241" + id="page241"></a>[pg 241]</span> + + <h2>A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL.</h2> + + <h3>By Ian Maclaren,</h3> + + <p class="center">Author of "Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush," + etc.</p> + + <div class="figletter"> + <a href="images/LetterN.png" + name="fig241" + id="fig241"><img src="images/LetterN.png" + alt="Letter N" /></a> + </div> + + <p class="hang">EVER had I met any man so methodical in his + habits, so neat in his dress, so accurate in speech, so precise + in manner as my fellow-lodger. When he took his bath in the + morning I knew it was half-past seven, and when he rang for hot + water, that it was a quarter to eight. Until a quarter-past he + moved about the room in his slow, careful dressing, and then + everything was quiet next door till half-past eight, when the + low murmur of the Lord's Prayer concluded his devotions. Two + minutes later he went downstairs—if he met a servant one + could hear him say "Good morning"—and read his + newspaper—he seldom had letters—till nine, when he + rang for breakfast. Twenty-past nine he went upstairs and + changed his coat, and he spent five minutes in the lobby + selecting a pair of gloves, brushing his hat, and making a last + survey for a speck of dust. One glove he put on opposite the + hat-stand, and the second on the door-step; and when he touched + the pavement you might have set your watch by nine-thirty. Once + he was in the lobby at five-and-twenty minutes to ten, + distressed and flurried.</p> + + <p>"I cut my chin slightly when shaving," he explained, "and + the wound persists in bleeding. It has an untidy appearance, + and a drop of blood might fall on a letter."</p> + + <p>The walk that morning was quite broken; and before reaching + the corner, he had twice examined his chin with a handkerchief, + and shaken his head as one whose position in life was now + uncertain.</p> + + <p>"It is nothing in itself," he said afterwards, with an + apologetic allusion to his anxiety, "and might not matter to + another man. But any little misadventure—a yesterday's + collar or a razor-cut, or even an inky finger—would + render me helpless in dealing with people. They would simply + look at the weak spot, and one would lose all authority. Some + of the juniors smile when I impress on them to be very careful + about their dress—quiet, of course, as becomes their + situation, but unobjectionable. With more responsibility they + will see the necessity of such details. I will remember your + transparent sticking-plaster—a most valuable + suggestion."</p> + + <p>His name was Frederick Augustus Perkins—so ran the + card he left on my table a week after I settled in the next + rooms; and the problem of his calling gradually became a + standing vexation. It fell under the class of conundrums, and + one remembered from childhood that it is mean to be told the + answer; so I could not say to Mister Perkins—for it was + characteristic of the prim little man that no properly + constituted person could have said Perkins—"By the way, + what is your line of things?" or any more decorous rendering of + my curiosity.</p> + + <p>Mrs. Holmes—who was as a mother to Mr. Perkins and + myself, as well as to two younger men of literary pursuits and + irregular habits—had a gift of charming irrelevance, and + was able to combine allusions to Mr. Perkins's orderly life and + the amatory tendencies of a new cook in a mosaic of enthralling + interest.</p> + + <p>"No, Betsy Jane has 'ad her notice, and goes this day week; + not that her cookin's bad, but her brothers don't know when to + leave. One was 'ere no later than last night, though if he was + her born brother, 'e 'ad a different father and mother, or my + name ain't 'Olmes. 'Your brother, Betsy Jane,' says I, 'ought + not to talk in a strange 'ouse on family affairs till eleven + o'clock.'</p> + + <p>"''E left at 'alf-past ten punctual,' says she, lookin' as + hinnocent as a child, 'for I 'eard Mr. Perkins go up to 'is + room as I was lettin' Jim out.'</p> + + <p>"'Betsy Jane,' I says, quite calm, 'where do you expeck to + go to as doesn't know wot truth is?'—for Mr. Perkins + leaves 'is room has the 'all clock starts on eleven, and 'e's + in 'is bedroom at the last stroke. If she 'adn't brought in Mr. + Perkins, she might 'ave deceived me—gettin' old and not + bein' so quick in my 'earin' as I was; but that settled + her.</p> + + <p>"'Alf-past," went on Mrs. Holmes, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page242" + id="page242"></a>[pg 242]</span> scornfully; "and 'im never + varied two minutes the last ten years, except one night 'e + fell asleep in 'is chair, being bad with hinfluenza.</p> + + <p>"For a regular single gentleman as rises in the morning and + goes out, and comes in and takes 'is dinner, and goes to bed + like the Medes and Persians, I've never seen 'is equal; an' + it's five-and-twenty years since 'Olmes died, 'avin' a bad + liver through takin' gin for rheumatics; an' Lizbeth Peevey + says to me, 'Take lodgers, Jemima; not that they pays for the + trouble, but it 'ill keep an 'ouse'....</p> + + <p>"Mr. Perkins' business?"—it was shabby, but the + temptation came as a way of escape from the flow of Mrs. + Holmes's autobiography—"now that I couldn't put a name + on, for why, 'e never speaks about 'is affairs; just 'Good + evening, Mrs. 'Olmes; I'll take fish for breakfast to-morrow;' + more than that, or another blanket on 'is bed on the first of + November, for it's by days, not cold, 'e goes...."</p> + + <p>It was evident that I must solve the problem for myself.</p> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/242.jpg" + name="fig242" + id="fig242"><img src="images/242.jpg" + alt="I WENT UP TO MR. PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT CEREMONY." /> + </a> + + <h5>"I WENT UP TO MR. PERKINS'S ROOM WITHOUT + CEREMONY."</h5> + </div> + + <p>Mr. Perkins could not be a city man, for in the hottest June + he never wore a white waistcoat, nor had he the swelling gait + of one who made an occasional <i>coup</i> in mines, and it went + without saying that he did not write—a man who went to + bed at eleven, and whose hair made no claim to distinction. + One's mind fell back on the idea of law—conveyancing + seemed probable—but his face lacked sharpness, and the + alternative of confidential clerk to a firm of dry-salters was + contradicted by an air of authority that raised observations on + the weather to the level of a state document. The truth came + upon me—a flash of inspiration—as I saw Mr. Perkins + coming home one evening. The black frock-coat and waistcoat, + dark gray trousers, spotless linen, high, old-fashioned collar, + and stiff stock, were a symbol, and could only mean one + profession.</p> + + <p>"By the way, Mr. Perkins," for this was all one now required + to know, "are you Income Tax or Stamps?"</p> + + <p>"Neither, although my duty makes me familiar with every + department in the Civil Service. I have the honor to be," and + he cleared his throat with dignity, "a first-class clerk in the + Schedule Office.</p> + + <p>"Our work," he explained to me, "is very important, and in + fact, vital to the administration of affairs. The efficiency of + practical government depends on the accuracy of the forms + issued, and every one is composed in our office.</p> + + <p>"No, that is a common mistake," in reply to my shallow + remark; "the departments do not draw up their own forms, and, + in fact, they are not fit for such work. They send us a + memorandum of what their officials wish to ask, and we put it + into shape.</p> + + <p>"It requires long experience and, I may say, + some—ability, to compose a really creditable schedule, + one that will bring out every point clearly and exhaustively; + in fact, I have ventured to call it a science"—here Mr. + Perkins allowed himself to smile—"and it might be defined + Schedulology.</p> + + <p>"Yes, to see a double sheet of foolscap divided up into some + twenty-four compartments, each with a question and a blank + space for the answer, is pleasing to the eye—very + pleasing indeed.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page243" + id="page243"></a>[pg 243]</span> + + <p>"What annoys one," and Mr. Perkins became quite irritable, + "is to examine a schedule after it has been filled and to + discover how it has been misused—simply mangled.</p> + + <p>"It is not the public simply who are to blame; they are, of + course, quite hopeless, and have an insane desire to write + their names all over the paper, with family details; but + members of the Civil Service abuse the most admirable forms + that ever came out of our office.</p> + + <p>"Numerous? Yes, naturally so; and as governmental machinery + turns on schedules, they will increase every year. Could you + guess, now, the number of different schedules under our + charge?"</p> + + <p>"Several hundred, perhaps."</p> + + <p>Mr. Perkins smiled with much complacency. "Sixteen thousand + four hundred and four, besides temporary ones that are only + used in emergencies. One department has now reached twelve + hundred and two; it has been admirably organized, and its + secretary could tell you the subject of every form.</p> + + <p>"Well, it does not become me to boast, but I have had the + honor of contributing two hundred and twenty myself, and have + composed forty-two more that have not yet been accepted.</p> + + <p>"Well, yes," he admitted, with much modesty, "I have kept + copies of the original drafts;" and he showed me a bound volume + of his works.</p> + + <p>"An author? It is very good of you to say so;" and Mr. + Perkins seemed much pleased with the idea, twice smiling to + himself during the evening, and saying as we parted, "It's my + good fortune to have a large and permanent circulation."</p> + + <p>All November Mr. Perkins was engaged with what he hoped + would be one of his greatest successes.</p> + + <p>"It's a sanitation schedule for the Education Department, + and is, I dare to say, nearly perfect. It has eighty-three + questions, on every point from temperature to drains, and will + present a complete view of the physical condition of primary + schools.</p> + + <p>"You have no idea," he continued, "what a fight I have had + with our Head to get it through—eight drafts, each one + costing three days' labor—but now he has passed it.</p> + + <p>"'Perkins,' he said, 'this is the most exhaustive schedule + you have ever drawn up, and I'm proud it's come through the + hands of the drafting sub-department. Whether I can approve it + as Head of the publishing sub-department is very + doubtful.'"</p> + + <p>"Do you mean that the same man would approve your paper in + one department to-day, and—"</p> + + <p>"Quite so. It's a little difficult for an outsider to + appreciate the perfect order, perhaps I might say symmetry, of + the Civil Service;" and Mr. Perkins spoke with a tone of + condescension as to a little child. "The Head goes himself to + the one sub-department in the morning and to the other in the + afternoon, and he acts with absolute impartiality.</p> + + <p>"Why, sir"—Mr. Perkins began to warm and grow + enthusiastic—"I have received a letter from the other + sub-department, severely criticising a draft he had highly + commended in ours two days before, and I saw his hand in the + letter—distinctly; an able review, too, very able + indeed.</p> + + <p>"'Very well put, Perkins,' he said to me himself; 'they've + found the weak points; we must send an amended draft;' and so + we did, and got a very satisfactory reply. It was a schedule + about swine fever, 972 in the Department of Agriculture. I have + had the pleasure of reading it in public circulation when on my + holidays."</p> + + <p>"Does your Head sign the letters addressed to himself?"</p> + + <p>"Certainly; letters between departments are always signed by + the chief officer." Mr. Perkins seemed to have found another + illustration of public ignorance, and recognized his duty as a + missionary of officialism. "It would afford me much pleasure to + give you any information regarding our excellent system, which + has been slowly built up and will repay study; but you will + excuse me this evening, as I am indisposed—a tendency to + shiver, which annoyed me in the office to-day."</p> + + <p>Next morning I rose half an hour late, as Mr. Perkins did + not take his bath, and was not surprised when Mrs. Holmes came + to my room, overflowing with concern and disconnected + speech.</p> + + <p>"'E's that regular in 'is ways, that when 'Annah Mariar says + 'is water's at 'is door at eight o'clock, I went up that + 'urried that I couldn't speak; and I 'ears 'im speakin' to + 'isself, which is not what you would expect of 'im, 'e bein' + the quietest gentleman as ever—"</p> + + <p>"Is Mr. Perkins ill, do you mean?" for Mrs. Holmes seemed + now in fair breath, and was always given to comparative + reviews.</p> + + <p>"So I knocks and says, 'Mr. Perkins, 'ow are you feelin'?' + and all I could 'ear <span class="pagenum"><a name="page244" + id="page244"></a>[pg 244]</span> was 'temperance;' it's + little as 'e needs of that, for excepting a glass of wine at + his dinner, and it might be somethin' 'ot before goin' to + bed in winter—</p> + + <p>"So I goes in," resumed Mrs. Holmes, "an' there 'e was + sittin' up in 'is bed, with 'is face as red as fire, an' not + knowin' me from Adam. If it wasn't for 'is 'abits an' a + catchin' of 'is breath you wud 'ave said drink, for 'e says, + 'How often have the drains been sluiced last year?'" After + which I went up to Mr. Perkins's room without ceremony.</p> + + <p>He was explaining, with much cogency, as it seemed to me, + that unless the statistics of temperature embraced the whole + year, they would afford no reliable conclusions regarding the + sanitary condition of Board Schools; but when I addressed him + by name with emphasis, he came to himself with a start.</p> + + <p>"Excuse me, sir, I must apologize—I really did not + hear—in fact—" And then, as he realized his + situation, Mr. Perkins was greatly embarrassed.</p> + + <p>"Did I forget myself so far as—to send for + you?—I was not feeling well. I have a slight difficulty + in breathing, but I am quite able to go to the office—in + a cab.</p> + + <p>"You are most kind and obliging, but the schedule I + am—it just comes and goes—thank you, no more + water—is important and—intricate; no one—can + complete it—except myself.</p> + + <p>"With your permission I will rise—in a few minutes. + Ten o'clock, dear me!—this is most unfortunate—not + get down till eleven!—I must really insist—" But + the doctor had come, and Mr. Perkins obeyed on one + condition.</p> + + <p>"Yes, doctor, I prefer, if you please, to know; you see I am + not a young person—nor nervous—thank you very + much—quite so; pneumonia is serious—and double + pneumonia dangerous, I understand.—No, it is not + that—one is not alarmed at my age, but—yes, I'll + lie down—letter must go to office—dictate it to my + friend—certain form—leave of absence, in + fact—trouble you too much—medical certificate."</p> + + <p>He was greatly relieved after this letter was sent by + special messenger with the key of his desk, and quite refreshed + when a clerk came up with the chief's condolences.</p> + + <p>"My compliments to Mr. Lighthead—an excellent young + official, very promising indeed—and would he step + upstairs for a minute—will excuse this undress in + circumstances—really I will not speak any more.</p> + + <p>"Those notes, Mr. Lighthead, will make my idea quite + plain—and I hope to revise final draft—if God + will—my dutiful respect to the Board, and kind regards to + the chief clerk. It was kind of you to come—most + thoughtful."</p> + + <p>This young gentleman came into my room to learn the state of + the case, and was much impressed.</p> + + <p>"Really this kind of thing—Perkins gasping in bed and + talking in his old-fashioned way—knocks one out of time, + don't you know? If he had gone on much longer I should have + bolted.</p> + + <p>"Like him in the office? I should think so. You should have + seen the young fellows to-day when they heard he was so ill. Of + course we laugh a bit at him—Schedule Perkins he's + called—because he's so dry and formal; but that's + nothing.</p> + + <p>"With all his little cranks, he knows his business better + than any man in the department; and then he's a gentleman, d'y + see? could not say a rude word or do a mean thing to save his + life—not made that way, in fact.</p> + + <p>"Let me just give you one instance—show you his sort. + Every one knew that he ought to have been chief clerk, and that + Rodway's appointment was sheer influence. The staff was mad, + and some one said Rodway need not expect to have a particularly + good time.</p> + + <p>"Perkins overheard him, and chipped in at once. 'Mr. + Rodway'—you know his dry manner, wagging his eyeglass all + the time—'is our superior officer, and we are bound to + render him every assistance in our power, or,' and then he was + splendid, 'resign our commissions.' Rodway, they say, has + retired, but the worst of it is that as Perkins has been once + passed over he'll not succeed.</p> + + <p>"Perhaps it won't matter, poor chap. I say," said Lighthead, + hurriedly, turning his back and examining a pipe on the + mantelpiece, "do you think he is going to—I mean, has he + a chance?"</p> + + <p>"Just a chance, I believe. Have you been long with him?"</p> + + <p>"That's not it—it's what he's done for a—for + fellows. Strangers don't know Perkins. You might talk to him + for a year, and never hear anything but shop. Then one day you + get into a hole, and you would find out another Perkins.</p> + + <p>"Stand by you?" and he wheeled round. "Rather, and no + palaver either; with money and with time and with—other + things, that do a fellow more good than the whole concern, and + no airs. There's <span class="pagenum"><a name="page245" + id="page245"></a>[pg 245]</span> more than one man in our + office has cause to—bless Schedule Perkins.</p> + + <p>"Let me tell you how he got—one chap out of the + biggest scrape he'll ever fall into. Do you mind me smoking?" + And then he made himself busy with matches and a pipe that was + ever going out for the rest of the story.</p> + + <p>"Well, you see, this man, clerk in our office, had not been + long up from the country, and he was young. Wasn't quite bad, + but he couldn't hold his own with older fellows.</p> + + <p>"He got among a set that had suppers in their rooms, and + gambled a bit, and he lost and borrowed, and—in fact, was + stone broke.</p> + + <p>"It's not very pleasant for a fellow to sit in his room a + week before Christmas, and know that he may be cashiered before + the holidays, and all through his own fault.</p> + + <p>"If it were only himself, why, he might take his licking and + go to the Colonies, but it was hard—on his + mother—it's always going, out, this pipe!—when he + was her only son, and she rather—believed in him.</p> + + <p>"Didn't sleep much that night—told me himself + afterwards—and he concluded that the best way out was to + buy opium in the city next day, and take it—pretty stiff + dose, you know—next night.</p> + + <p>"Cowardly rather, of course, but it might be easier for the + mater down in Devon—his mother, I mean—did I say he + was Devon?—same county as myself—affair would be + hushed up, and she would have—his memory clean.</p> + + <p>"As it happened, though, he didn't buy any opium next + day—didn't get the chance; for Perkins came round to his + desk, and asked this young chap to have a bit of dinner with + him—aye, and made him come.</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/245.jpg" + name="fig245" + id="fig245"><img width="100%" + src="images/245.jpg" + alt="'HE HAD THE JOLLIEST LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER SAW.'" /> + </a> + + <h5>"'HE HAD THE JOLLIEST LITTLE DINNER READY YOU EVER + SAW.'"</h5> + </div> + + <p>"He had the jolliest little dinner ready you ever saw, and + he insisted, on the fellow smoking, though Perkins hates the + very smell of 'baccy, and—well, he got the whole trouble + out of him, except the opium.</p> + + <p>"D'y think he lectured and scolded? Not a bit—that's + not Perkins—he left the fool to do his own lecturing, and + he did it stiff. I'll tell you what he said: 'Your health must + have been much tried by this anxiety, so you must go down and + spend Christmas with your mother, and I would venture to + suggest that you take her a suitable gift.</p> + + <p>"'With regard to your debt, you will allow me,' and Perkins + spoke as if he had been explaining a schedule, 'to take it + over, on two conditions—that you repay me by installments + every quarter, and dine with me every Saturday evening for six + months.'</p> + + <p>"See what he was after? Wanted to keep—the fellow + straight, and cheer him up; and you've no idea how Perkins came + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page246" + id="page246"></a>[pg 246]</span> out those + Saturdays—capital stories as ever you heard—and + he declared that it was a pleasure to him.</p> + + <p>"'I am rather lonely,' he used to say, 'and it is most kind + of a young man to sit with me.' Kind!"</p> + + <p>"What was the upshot with your friend? Did he turn over a + new leaf?"</p> + + <p>"He'll never be the man that Perkins expects; but he's doing + his level best, and—is rising in the office. Perkins + swears by him, and that's made a man of the fellow.</p> + + <p>"He's paid up the cash now, but—he can never pay up + the kindness—confound those wax matches, they never + strike—he told his mother last summer the whole + story.</p> + + <p>"She wrote to Perkins—of course I don't know what was + in the letter—but Perkins had the fellow into his room. + 'You ought to have regarded our transaction as confidential. I + am grieved you mentioned my name;' and then as I—I mean, + as the fellow—was going out, 'I'll keep that letter + beside my commission,' said Perkins.</p> + + <p>"If Perkins dies"—young men don't do that kind of + thing, or else one would have thought—"it'll be—a + beastly shame," which was a terrible collapse, and Mr. Geoffrey + Lighthead of the Schedule Department left the house without + further remark or even shaking hands.</p> + + <p>That was Wednesday, and on Friday morning he appeared, + flourishing a large blue envelope, sealed with an imposing + device, marked "On Her Majesty's Service," and addressed to</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Frederick Augustus Perkins, Esq.,</p> + + <p>First Class Clerk in the Schedule Department,</p> + + <p>Somerset House,</p> + + <p>London,"</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>an envelope any man might be proud to receive, and try to + live up to for a week.</p> + + <p>"Rodway has retired," he shouted, "and we can't be sure in + the office, but the betting is four to one—I'm ten + myself—that the Board has appointed Perkins Chief Clerk;" + and Lighthead did some steps of a triumphal character.</p> + + <p>"The Secretary appeared this morning after the Board had + met. 'There's a letter their Honors wish taken at once to Mr. + Perkins. Can any of you deliver it at his residence?' Then the + other men looked at me, because—well, Perkins has been + friendly with me; and that hansom came very creditably + indeed.</p> + + <p>"Very low, eh? Doctors afraid not last over the + night—that's hard lines—but I say, they did not + reckon on this letter. Could not you read it to him? You see + this was his one ambition. He could never be Secretary, not + able enough, but he was made for Chief Clerk. Now he's got it, + or I would not have been sent out skimming with this letter. + Read it to him, and the dear old chap will be on his legs in a + week."</p> + + <p>It seemed good advice; and this was what I read, while + Perkins lay very still and did his best to breathe:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>"DEAR MR. PERKINS:</p> + + <p>"I have the pleasure to inform you that the Board have + appointed you Chief Clerk in the Schedule Department in + succession to Gustavus Rodway, Esq., who retires, and their + Honors desire me further to express their appreciation of + your long and valuable service, and to express their + earnest hope that you may be speedily restored to + health.</p> + + <p>"I am,</p> + + <p class="close">"Your obedient servant,</p> + + <p class="author">"ARTHUR WRAXALL,</p> + + <p class="right">"<i>Secretary</i>."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>For a little time it was too much for Mr. Perkins, and then + he whispered:</p> + + <p>"The one thing on earth I wished, and—more than I + deserved—not usual, personal references in Board + letters—perhaps hardly regular—but most + gratifying—and—strengthening.</p> + + <p>"I feel better already—some words I would like to hear + again—thank you, where I can reach it—nurse will be + so good as to read it."</p> + + <p>Mr. Perkins revived from that hour, having his tonic + administered at intervals, and astonished the doctors. On + Christmas Eve he had made such progress that Lighthead was + allowed to see him for five minutes.</p> + + <p>"Heard about your calling three times a day—far too + kind with all your work—and the messages from the + staff—touched me to heart.—Never thought had so + many friends—wished been more friendly myself.</p> + + <p>"My promotion, too—hope may be fit for + duty—can't speak much, but think I'll be + spared—Almighty very good to me—Chief Clerk of + Schedule Department—would you mind saying Lord's Prayer + together—it sums up everything."</p> + + <p>So we knelt one on each side of Perkins's bed, and I led + with "Our Father"—the other two being once or twice quite + audible. The choir of a neighboring church were singing a + Christmas carol in the street, and the Christ came into our + hearts as a little child.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page247" + id="page247"></a>[pg 247]</span> + + <h2>THE FASTEST RAILROAD RUN EVER MADE.</h2> + + <p>DISTANCE, 510 MILES.—AVERAGE RUNNING TIME, 65.07 MILES + AN HOUR.—HIGHEST SPEED ATTAINED, 92.3 MILES AN + HOUR.</p><br /> + + + <h4>By Harry Perry Robinson,</h4> + + <p class="center">Editor of "The Railway Age" and one of the + official time-keepers on the train.</p> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/247.jpg" + name="fig247" + id="fig247"><img width="80%" + src="images/247.jpg" + alt="VIEW BACK ON THE TRACK.—A SNAP-SHOT TAKEN BY MR. ROBINSON FROM THE REAR PLATFORM OF THE LAST CAR WHEN THE TRAIN WAS RUNNING AT ABOUT EIGHTY MILES AN HOUR." /> + </a> + + <h5>VIEW BACK ON THE TRACK.—A SNAP-SHOT TAKEN BY MR. + ROBINSON FROM THE REAR PLATFORM OF THE LAST CAR WHEN THE + TRAIN WAS RUNNING AT ABOUT EIGHTY MILES AN HOUR.</h5> + </div> + + <p class="cap">WHEN, on August 22d last, a train was run over + what is known as the West Coast line (of the London and + Northwestern and the Caledonian Railways) from London to + Aberdeen, a distance of 540 miles, at an average speed, while + running, of 63.93 miles an hour, the English press hailed with + a jubilation which was almost clamorous the fact that the + world's record for long distance speed rested once more with + Great Britain. From the tone which the English newspapers + adopted, it appeared that they believed that the record then + made was one which could not be beaten in this country, but + that the former records of the New York Central represented the + maximum speed obtainable on an American railway with American + engines.</p> + + <p>Undoubtedly the West Coast run was a remarkable one. But + English judges were mistaken as to the permanence of the + record. It was left unchallenged for just twenty days—or + until September 11th, when the cable carried to England the + unpleasant news that the New York Central had covered the + 436.32 miles from New York to East Buffalo at an average speed, + when running, of 64.26 miles an hour—or about one-third + of a mile an hour faster than the English run.</p> + + <p>There was still left to the Englishmen, however, a loophole + for escape from confession of defeat. It will be noticed that + the distance from New York to Buffalo is rather more than 100 + miles shorter than that from London to Aberdeen. It was yet + possible for the Englishmen to say: "We are talking only of + long distance speeds. We do not consider anything under 500 + miles a long distance." The record, in fact, for a distance of + over 500 miles was still with England.</p> + + <p>There are not many railways in the United States on which a + sustained high speed for a distance of over 500 miles would be + possible. In England the run is made, as already stated, over + the connecting lines of two companies. In this country, while + not a few roads have over 500 miles of first-class track in + excellent condition, there is usually at some point in that + distance an obstacle (either steep grades to cross a mountain + range, or bad curves, or a river to be ferried) sufficient to + prevent the making of a record. On the Lake Shore and Michigan + Southern, from Chicago to Buffalo, there exists no such + impediment, and between the outskirts of the two cities the + distance is 510.1 miles. It was in an informal conversation + between certain officers of the Lake Shore and Michigan + Southern Railway that the idea of attempting to beat the record + on this piece of track was first suggested.</p> + + <p>In making comparison of different runs there are other + matters to be taken into consideration besides the mere + distance covered and the speed attained. It is not possible to + exactly equalize all conditions—as, for instance, those + of wind and weather, or of the physical character of the track + in the matter of grades and curves. Entire equality in all + particulars could only be attained in the same way that it is + attained in horse-racing, viz., by having trains run side by + side on parallel tracks.</p> + + <p>Certain conditions there are, however, which are more + important and which can be equalized. One of these is the + weight of the train hauled. The English load was a light + one—67 tons (English) or 147,400 + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page248" + id="page248"></a>[pg 248]</span> pounds. This was little + more than one-quarter of the load hauled by the New York + Central engine on its magnificent run, when the weight of + the cars making the train was 565,000 pounds. With the types + of locomotive used on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern + it was not possible to haul at record-breaking speed any + such load as this. It was enough if the load should be about + double that of the English train. This was attained by + putting together two heavy Wagner parlor cars of 92,500 + pounds each and Dr. Webb's private car "Elsmere," which + alone weighs 119,500 pounds—or more than three-fourths + of the weight of the entire English train. The total weight + of the three Lake Shore and Michigan Southern cars was + 304,500 pounds.</p> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/248.jpg" + name="fig248" + id="fig248"><img src="images/248.jpg" + alt="JOHN NEWELL, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE LAKE SHORE AND MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY." /> + </a> + + <h5>JOHN NEWELL, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE LAKE SHORE AND + MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY.</h5> + + <p>From a photograph by Max Platz, Chicago. President + Newell died August 24, l894, and is said to have fairly + sacrificed his life to giving the Lake Shore the best + railway track in America. The proud record made, in this + speed run, is largely the fruit of his labor.</p> + </div> + + <p>The last important condition to be taken into consideration + is the number of stops made. It should be explained that when + speed is reckoned "when running" or "exclusive of stops" (the + phrases mean the same thing), the time consumed in stops is + deducted—the time, that is, when the wheels are actually + at rest. No deduction however, is made for the loss of time in + slowing up to a stop or in getting under way again. On the run + of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, for instance, an + irregular or unexpected stop was made when the train was + running at a speed of about 71 miles an hour. The train was + actually at rest for 2 minutes and 5 seconds. That allowance, + therefore, was made for the stop. It is unnecessary to say that + the secondary loss of time in bringing the train to a + standstill and in regaining speed was much greater; but for + these (aggregating probably five or six minutes) there was no + allowance. It is evident, therefore, that the number of times + that a train has to slow down and get under way again is an + important factor in the average speed of a long run. In the + English run two stops were made. The schedule for the Lake + Shore run provided for four stops. A fifth stop, as has already + been stated, was made, which was not on the programme.</p> + + <p>These, then, were the conditions under which the now famous + run of October 24, 1895, was accomplished: A train weighing + twice as much as the English train was to be hauled for a + distance of over 500 miles, making four stops <i>en route</i>, + at a speed, when running, greater than 63.93 miles an hour. + Incidentally it was hoped also that the New York Central's + speed of 64.26 miles an hour would be beaten.</p> + + <p>No public announcement was made of the undertaking in + advance, for the sufficient reason that the gentlemen in charge + were well aware of the difficulty of the task in which they + were engaged and the many chances of failure. They had no + desire to have such a failure made unnecessarily public. No one + was informed of what was in hand except the officials and + employees of the Lake Shore road, whose coöperation was + necessary, one daily newspaper (the Chicago "Tribune"), the + Associated Press, and two gentlemen who were invited to attend + as official time-keepers, Messrs. H.P. Robinson and Willard A. + Smith—the former being the editor of "The Railway Age," + and the latter the ex-chief of the Transportation Department at + the Chicago World's Fair. General Superintendent Canniff of the + Lake Shore was in charge of the train in + person.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page249" + id="page249"></a>[pg 249]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/249.jpg" + name="fig249" + id="fig249"><img src="images/249.jpg" + alt="THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE 564, WITH WHICH ENGINEER TUNKEY MADE THE RUN FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO, ATTAINING A SPEED OF 92.3 MILES AN HOUR." /> + </a> + + <h5>THE TEN-WHEEL ENGINE 564, WITH WHICH ENGINEER TUNKEY + MADE THE RUN FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO, ATTAINING A SPEED OF + 92.3 MILES AN HOUR.</h5> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page250" + id="page250"></a>[pg 250]</span> + + <p>It was at two o'clock of the morning of October 24th that + the train, which had been waiting since early in the evening on + a side track in the Lake Shore station at Chicago, slipped + unostentatiously away behind a switch engine which was to haul + it as far as One Hundredth Street, where the start was to be + made. Here there was a wait of nearly an hour until the time + fixed for starting—half-past three. There was plenty to + be done at the last moment to occupy the time of waiting, + however. There were last messages to be sent back to Chicago; + last orders to be sent on ahead; telegrams containing weather + bulletins, which promised fair weather all the way to Buffalo, + to be read; and, finally, the preparations to be made for + time-taking.</p> + + <p>One of the time-keepers, taking two stop-watches in his + hand, started the split-second-hands of both with one movement + of his muscles, exactly together. To one or other of these + timepieces all the watches on the train were set.</p> + + <p>In one of the parlor cars, as nearly as might be in the + middle of the length of the train, two tables were set, one on + either side of the aisle. The time-keepers had agreed to + relieve each other at each stop at the end of a division, one + being always on duty, and the other close at hand to verify any + record on which a question might arise. The time-keeper on duty + sat at one of the tables, watch in hand. Opposite to him was a + representative of the railway company, with no power to + originate a record, but to check each stop in case an error + should occur. Across the aisle sat the official recorder, a + representative of the Wagner Palace Car Company, and opposite + to him a representative of the daily press.</p> + + <p>For two minutes before the time for starting, silence + settled down upon the car. The shades were pulled down over + every window. Inside, the car was brilliantly lighted with + Pintsch gas; and the eyes of every man were on the face of the + watch which each held in his hand, and his finger was ready to + press the stop which splits the second-hand. The two minutes + passed slowly, and the silence was almost painful as the + watches showed that the moment was close at hand. Suddenly the + smallest perceptible jerk told that the wheels had moved, and + on the instant the split-hand of every watch in the car had + recorded the fact. + "Three—twenty-nine—twenty-seven!" announced the + time-keeper.</p> + + <p>"Three—twenty-nine—twenty-seven!" echoed the + representative of the railway company.</p> + + <p>"Three—twenty-nine—twenty-seven!" called the + recorder as he entered the figures on the sheet before him.</p> + + <p>"Three—twenty-nine—twenty-seven!" said the + member of the press.</p> + + <p>The start had been made thirty-three seconds ahead of time, + and each member of the party settled himself down to the work + ahead.</p> + + <p>Over each division of the road the superintendent of that + division rode as "caller-off" of the stations as they were + passed. It was necessary, during the first hours of darkness + especially, that some one should do this who was familiar with + every foot of the track—some one who would not have to + rely on eyesight alone, but to whose accustomed senses every + sway of the car as a curve was passed, and every sound of the + wheels on bridge or culvert, would be familiar.</p> + + <p>The first station, Whiting, is only three and one-half miles + from the starting-point. The night outside was intensely black, + and it was doubtful whether even the practised eye and ear of + Superintendent Newell would be able to catch the little station + as it went by. With one eye on our watches, therefore, we all + had also one anxious eye on him where he sat with his head + hidden under the shade that was drawn behind him, a blanket + held over the crevices to shut out every ray of light, and his + face pressed close against the glass. The minutes passed + slowly—one, two, three, four, five! Whiting must be very + near, and—but just as we began to fear that he had missed + the station, the word came:</p> + + <p>"Ready for Whiting!" and the response,</p> + + <p>"Ready for Whiting!"</p> + + <p>A few short seconds of silence, and then:</p> + + <p>"Now!"</p> + + <p>Instantly the muscles of the waiting fingers throbbed on the + split-stop; but no quicker than the roar told that the car was + already passing the station.</p> + + <p>"Three—thirty-four—forty-five!" called the + time-keeper.</p> + + <p>"Three—thirty-four—forty-five!"</p> + + <p>"Three—thirty-four—forty-five!"</p> + + <p>"Three—thirty-four—forty-five!"</p> + + <p>It was an immense relief to find that the system + "worked."</p> + + <p>When the warning "Ready for Pine "—the next station, + six miles further on—came + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page251" + id="page251"></a>[pg 251]</span> from behind the envelope of + window-shade and blanket, we were at our ease, and the + record, "Three—forty-one—three," was called and + echoed and tossed across the car with confidence.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/251.jpg" + name="fig251" + id="fig251"><img src="images/251.jpg" + alt="THE BROOKS ENGINE 599, WHICH DREW THE TRAIN FROM ELKHART TO TOLEDO. ALL BUT ONE (THE LAST) OF THE FIVE ENGINES USED ON THE RUN WERE OF THIS TYPE." /> + </a> + + <h5>THE BROOKS ENGINE 599, WHICH DREW THE TRAIN FROM + ELKHART TO TOLEDO. ALL BUT ONE (THE LAST) OF THE FIVE + ENGINES USED ON THE RUN WERE OF THIS TYPE.</h5> + </div> + + <p>By the time that Miller's—fifteen miles from the + start—was passed, the train was moving at a speed of over + a mile a minute, and at every mile the velocity increased. At + La Porte, forty-five miles from the start, the speed was 66 + miles an hour; and fourteen miles further on, at Terre Coupee, + it reached to 70. It was fast running—while it lasted; + but it did not last long. The next station showed that the + speed was down to 67 miles an hour, and at the next it was + barely over sixty. A speed of a mile a minute, however, is high + enough when passing through the heart of a city like South + Bend, Indiana. South Bend is understood to have a city + ordinance forbidding trains to run within the city limits at a + speed exceeding 15 miles an hour. But if any good citizen of + South Bend was shocked that morning at being waked from his + sleep by the roar of the flying train, it is to be hoped that + he forgot his resentment before evening. Then he knew that he + had been waked in a good cause, and that if the city ordinance + had been broken it was broken in good company—the world's + record suffered with it.</p> + + <p>To those inside the cars nothing but their watches told them + of the rate of speed. Of the party on board every man was + familiar with railway affairs; but there was not one who was + not surprised at the smoothness of the track and the complete + absence of uncomfortable motion. Only by lifting a window shade + and straining the eyes into the blackness of the night, to see + the red sparks streaming by or the dim outlines of house and + tree loom up and disappear, was it possible to appreciate the + velocity at which the train was moving.</p> + + <p>Fifteen miles from South Bend the first stop was made, at + Elkhart, and one-sixth of the run was over—87.4 miles in + 85.4 minutes, or a speed of 61.38 miles an hour.</p> + + <p>That was good work; but it was not breaking records. It had + not been expected, however, that the best speed would be made + on this first stretch; and if there was any disappointment + among those on the train, it did not yet amount to + discouragement. It had been dark (and breaking records in the + dark is not as easy as in daylight), there had been curves and + grades to surmount, and, above all, it was now discovered that + a heavy frost lay on the rails.</p> + + <p>At Elkhart there was a change of engines, two minutes and + eleven seconds being consumed in the process, and at three + minutes before five o'clock (4 hours, 57 minutes, 4 seconds) + the wheels were moving again.</p> + + <p>The frost that was on the rails was felt inside the cars. It + was not an occasion when an engineer would have steam to spare + for heating cars; and the group that were huddled in the glare + of the gaslight were muffled in blankets and heavy overcoats. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page252" + id="page252"></a>[pg 252]</span> Outside, the dawn was + coming up from the east to meet us—as lovely a dawn as + ever broke in rose-color and flame. As the daylight grew, we + were able to see how complete the arrangements were for the + safety of the run. At every crossing, whether of railway, + highway, or farm road, a man was posted—1,300 men in + all, it is said, along the 510 miles of line. Apart from + these solitary figures, no one was yet astir to see the + wonderful sight of the brilliantly lighted train—for + the shades were lifted now—rushing through the + dawn.</p> + + <h5>THE ENGINEERS WHO BROUGHT FROM CHICAGO TO BUFFALO THE + FASTEST TRAIN EVER RUN.</h5> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="font-size: 0.7em; width:50%;"> + <a href="images/252.jpg" + name="fig252" + id="fig252"><img src="images/252.jpg" + alt="Mark Floyd; D.M. Luce; James A. Lathrop." /></a> + + <p>MARK FLOYD—FROM CHICAGO TO ELKHART.</p> + + <p>D.M. LUCE—FROM ELKHART TO TOLEDO.</p> + + <p>JAMES A. LATHROP—FROM TOLEDO TO CLEVELAND.</p> + </div><br clear="all" /> + + + <div class="figleft" + style="font-size: 0.7em; width:50%;"> + <a href="images/253-1.jpg" + name="fig253-1" + id="fig253-1"><img src="images/253-1.jpg" + alt="J.R. GARNER." /></a> + + <p class="center">J.R. GARNER—FROM CLEVELAND TO + ERIE.</p> + </div> + + <div class="figright" + style="font-size: 0.7em; width:40%;"> + <a href="images/253-2.jpg" + name="fig253-2" + id="fig253-2"><img src="images/253-2.jpg" + alt="WILLIAM TUNKEY." /></a> + + <p class="center">WILLIAM TUNKEY, WHOSE UNPRECEDENTED RUN + FROM ERIE TO BUFFALO SAVED THE DAY.</p> + </div><br clear="all" /> + + + <p>At Kendallville, 42 miles from Elkhart, the speed, in spite + of an adverse grade, was 67 miles an hour. Here—the + highest point on the line above the sea—the Grand Rapids + and Indiana Railroad crosses the Lake Shore track at right + angles, and a train was standing waiting for us to + pass—the engine shrieking its good wishes to us as we + flew by. At Waterloo, twelve miles further on, a clump of early + pedestrians stood in the street to gaze, and two + women—wives, doubtless, of railway hands who had learned + what was in progress—were out on the porch of a cottage + to see us pass. And it must have been a sight worth seeing, for + we were running at 70 miles an hour now, with 60 miles of + tangent ahead of us. At Butler, seven miles beyond, we passed a + Wabash train on a parallel track, which made great show of + travelling fast. Perhaps it was doing so—moving, + perchance, at 40 miles an hour. But we were running at 72, and + the Wabash train slid backwards from us at the rate of half a + mile a minute; and still our pace quickened to 75 miles an + hour, and 78, and 79, and at last to 80. But that speed could + not be held for long.</p> + + <p>The sun was above the horizon now, and the long straight + column of smoke that we left behind us glowed rosy-red; and all + the autumn foliage of the woods was ablaze with color and + light. But as the sunlight struck the rails the frost began to + melt; and a wet rail is fatal to the highest speeds. The + 80-mile-an-hour mark, touched only for a few seconds, was not + to be reached again on this division. During the next 47 miles, + to Toledo, 64, 65, and 66 miles were reached at times; and when + for the second time the train came to a standstill it was one + minute after seven, and the 133.4 miles from Elkhart had been + made in 124.5 minutes—or at 64.24 miles an hour. This was + better than the run to Elkhart—and good enough in itself + to beat the English figures. But it was not what had been + expected of the "air line division," with its 69 miles of + tangent and favorable grades; and, taking the two divisions + together, 220 miles of the 510 were gone, and we were as yet, + thanks to the frost, below the record which we had to beat.</p> + + <p>The time spent in changing engines at Toledo was 2 minutes + and 28 seconds, and at 7.04.07 the train was sliding out of the + yards again. Coming out of Toledo the railway runs over a + drawbridge; and boats on the river below have right of way. But + not on such an occasion as this; for there, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page253" + id="page253"></a>[pg 253]</span> waiting patiently, lay a + tug tied up to a pier of the bridge, with her tow swinging + on the stream behind her.</p> + + <p>If the record was to be beaten for the first half of the + run, the speed for the next thirty miles would have to be + nearly 70 miles an hour. Each individual mile was anxiously + timed, and at 12 miles from Toledo the speed was already 66 + miles an hour. Nor did it stop there, but 10 miles further on a + stretch of 3½ miles showed a rate of 73.80 miles an + hour, and the next 5½ miles were covered at the rate of + 71.40.</p> + + <p>It would not take much of such running to put us safely + ahead of the record at the half-way point; but even as hope + grew, there was a sudden jar and grinding of the wheels which + told of brakes suddenly applied. What was the matter? It takes + some little time to bring a train to a standstill when it is + running at over 70 miles an hour; and there was still good + headway on when we slid past a man who yet held a red flag in + his hand. Evidently he had signalled the engineer to stop. But + why? Windows were thrown up, and before the train had stopped, + heads were thrust out. The engineer climbed down from his cab. + From the rear platform the passengers poured out, until only + the time-keepers were left on the train, sitting watch in hand + to catch the exact record of the stop and the start. And + already, before his voice could be heard, the man with the flag + was brandishing his arms in the signal to "go ahead;" and no + one cared to stop to question him.</p> + + <p>The stop was short—only a few seconds over two + minutes, but the good headway of 70 miles an hour was lost; and + as the wheels moved again, it was a sullen and dispirited party + on the train. Just as the hope of winning our uphill fight had + begun to grow strong, precious minutes had been lost; and for + what reason none could guess. The common belief on the train + was that the man, in excess of enthusiasm at the speed which + the train was making, had lost his head, and waved his red flag + in token of encouragement. It subsequently transpired that he + was justified, an injury to a rail having been discovered which + might have made the passage at great speed dangerous; but, + until that fact was known, the poor trackman at Port Clinton + was sufficiently abused.</p> + + <p>On the 70 miles that remained of this division there was no + possibility that such a speed could be made as would put the + total for the first half of the run above the record. Once it + was necessary to slow down to take water from the track, and + once again for safety in rounding the curve at Berea. Between + these points there were occasional bursts of speed when 68 and + 70 miles an hour were reached; and after Berea was passed, + there remained only 13 miles to Cleveland. But in those 13 + miles was done the fastest running that had been made that day; + for 7 miles to Rockport were covered at the rate of 83.4 miles + an hour, and at Rockport itself the train must have been + running nearly a mile and a half in a minute.</p> + + <p>It was a gallant effort; and, but for "the man at Port + Clinton," there is no doubt that by that time the success of + the run would have been reasonably assured. As it was, + Cleveland was reached at ten minutes to nine (8.50.13), the 107 + miles from Toledo having been covered in 109 minutes—from + which two minutes and five seconds were to be deducted for the + time in which the train was at rest at Port Clinton. In all, so + far, 328½ miles <span class="pagenum"><a name="page254" + id="page254"></a>[pg 254]</span> had been run at a speed of + 62.16 miles an hour.</p> + + <p>"It may be done yet," people told each other, but there was + little confidence in the voices which said it.</p> + + <p>The stop at Cleveland was a good omen, for the change of + engines was made in a minute and forty-five seconds, and it was + soon evident that Jacob Garner, the new engineer, understood + that he had a desperate case in hand. Before ten miles were + covered the train was travelling more than a mile in a minute. + Twenty-eight miles from the start, in spite of an adverse + grade, six miles were covered at the rate of 74.40 miles an + hour; and from there on mile after mile flew past, and station + after station, and still the speed showed 70 miles and upwards. + Through Ashtabula, haunted with the memory of railway disaster, + we burst, and on to Conneaut and Springfield; and, even against + hope, hope grew again. Twelve miles from Springfield is the + little town of Swanville, and here the high-water mark of 83.4 + miles at the end of the last division was beaten; for the 6.2 + miles from there to Dock Junction were made in 4.4 + minutes—or at the speed of 84.54 miles an hour.</p> + + <p>As has been said, it was hoping only against hope. But to + despair was impossible in the face of such running; and when + Erie, 8½ miles beyond Dock Junction, was reached, the + 95½ miles from Cleveland had been done in 85½ + minutes, at an average speed of 67.01 miles an hour. The + average speed for the whole distance from Chicago was now 63.18 + miles an hour, which was crawling close up to the record. But + 424 miles had been covered, and only 86 miles remained. If the + record was to be beaten, the speed for those 86 miles would + have to average over 70 miles an hour.</p> + + <p>Was it possible to do such a thing? It never had been done, + of course, in all the world; but the essence and the object of + the whole day's run were that it should defy all precedent. + There were few people, however, of those on board who in their + hearts dared harbor any hope; especially as the engine which + was to be tried at this crucial moment was a doubtful + quantity.</p> + + <p>All the engines used upon this run were built by the Brooks + Locomotive Works, of Dunkirk, N.Y., after designs by Mr. George + W. Stevens, of the Lake Shore road. The first four engines, + which had hauled the train as far as Erie, were of what is + known as the American type—eight-wheelers, comparatively + light, but built for fast speeds. These locomotives weighed + only 52 tons, with 17 by 24-inch cylinders and 72-inch + driving-wheels. They had been doing admirable work in service, + having been built to haul the famous "Exposition Flyer" in + 1893; and that they were capable of very high speeds, for short + distances at least, even with a fairly heavy train, had been + shown in the earlier stages of this run, when all had reached a + speed of 70 miles an hour, and two had touched and held a speed + of well over 80.</p> + + <p>The last engine was of a different type, and a type which + among experts has not been considered best adapted to extremely + high speeds. Somewhat heavier than its predecessors (weighing + 56½ tons in working order), this engine was a + ten-wheeler, with three pairs of coupled drivers and a + four-wheeled swivelling truck. It had the same small cylinders + (17 by 24 inches), and driving-wheels of only 68 inches + diameter. It was a bold experiment to put such an engine to do + such work; and nothing could well be devised for fast speeds + more unlike the magnificent engine "No. 999," which was built + in the New York Central Railroad shops at West Albany, and is + the glory of the New York Central road, or than the London and + Northwestern compound engine with its 88-inch driving-wheels, + or the Caledonian locomotive (which did the best running in the + English races) with its 78-inch drivers and cylinders 18 by 26 + inches.</p> + + <p>It was now after ten o'clock in the morning; and at Erie + crowds had assembled at the station to see the train go out, + for news of what was being done had by this time gone abroad. + The platforms, too, at every station from Erie to Buffalo were + thronged with people as we went roaring by. In Dunkirk (through + which we burst at 75 miles an hour) crowds stood on the + sidewalks and at every corner. To describe the run for those 86 + miles in detail would be impossible, or to put into words the + tension of the suppressed excitement among those on board the + train as miles flew by and we knew that we were travelling as + men had never travelled before.</p> + + <p>For those who had misgivings as to the possibilities of the + type of engine there was a surprise as soon as she picked up + the train. She must have reached a speed of a mile a minute + within five miles from the first movement of the wheels. The + first eight miles were finished in 8 minutes, 49 seconds. From + there on there was never an instant of slackening pace. From 60 + miles an hour the velocity rose to 70; from + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page255" + id="page255"></a>[pg 255]</span> 70 to 80; from 80, past the + previous high-water marks, to 85 and 90, and at last to over + 92.</p> + + <p>Trains have been timed for individual miles at speeds of + over 90 miles before. There is even said to be on record an + instance of a single mile run at 112 miles an hour. But never + before has an engine done what the ten-wheeler did that day, + when it reached 80 miles an hour and held the speed for half an + hour; reached 85 miles an hour and held that for nearly ten + minutes; reached 90 miles and held that for three or four + consecutive miles. A speed of 75 miles an hour (a mile and a + quarter a minute) was maintained for the whole hour, and the 75 + miles were actually covered in the 60 minutes. The entire 86 + miles were done in 70 minutes 46 seconds,—an average + speed of 72.91 miles an hour. In the English run, a speed of + 68.40 miles was maintained for an even hour, 69 miles being + done in 60.5 minutes; and 141 miles were run at an average + speed of 67.20 miles an hour.</p> + + <p>To word it otherwise, the American train covered 7 miles + more in its fastest hour than did the English train. The speed + which the English engines held for 141 miles the American + engines held for over 200—181 miles being made at 69.67 + miles an hour.</p> + + <p>The most remarkable figures in the American run are given in + the following table:</p> + <pre class="note"> +A distance of 510.1 miles made at 65.07 miles an hour. +" " " 289.3 " " " 66.68 " " " +" " " 181.5 " " " 69.67 " " " +" " " 85 " " " 72.92 " " " +" " " 71 " " " 75.06 " " " +" " " 59 " " " 76.08 " " " +" " " 52 " " " 78.00 " " " +" " " 42 " " " 79.04 " " " +" " " 33 " " " 80.07 " " " +" " " 8 " " " 85.44 " " " +</pre> + + <p>A single mile was also timed (unofficially) at the speed of + 92.3 miles an hour.</p> + + <p>Here is the schedule of the last division:</p> + <pre class="note"> + Dis- Time of + tance. leaving. +Erie (leave).............................— 10-19-48 +Harbor Creek............................. 8 miles 10-28-37 +Moorhead................................. 3 " 10-31-06 +North East............................... 4 " 10-34-22 +State Line............................... 5 " 10-38-15 +Ripley................................... 3 " 10-40-22 +Westfield................................ 8 " 10-45-56 +Brocton.................................. 8 " 10-52-06 +Van Buren...........,.................... 5 " 10-55-39 +Dunkirk.................................. 4 " 10-58-54 +Silver Creek............................. 9 " 11-06-05 +Fairhaven................................ 5 " 11-10-33 +Angola .................................. 5 " 11-14-14 +Lake View................................ 7 " 11-20-11 +Athol Springs............................ 4 " 11-24-39 +Buffalo Creek............................ 8 " 11-30-34 + -- -------- +Total distance Erie to Buffalo + Creek................................86 " +Total time for the 86 miles.... 1-10-46 + +Average speed over division..............72.91 miles per hour. +</pre> + + <p>So remarkable are these figures, considering the type of + engine used, that an English technical journal has, since the + run was made, scientifically demonstrated to its own + satisfaction that it was an impossibility. Well, it is the + impossible which sometimes happens.</p> + + <p>Through all the running at these wonderful speeds the train + moved with singular smoothness. Moments there were of some + anxiety, when the cars swung round a curve or dashed through + the streets of a town. At such times there were those among the + passengers who would perhaps gladly have sacrificed a few + seconds of the record. Except for those occasions, however, + there was nothing to tell of the extraordinary + speed—nothing unless one stood on the rear platform of + the last car and saw the swirling cloud of dust and leaves and + bits of paper, even of sticks and stones, that were sucked up + into the vacuum behind, and almost shut out the view of the + rapidly receding track. It may be (it certainly will be) that + the average of 65.07 miles an hour for a distance of 510 miles + will be beaten before long. It is almost certain that the same + engines on the same road could beat it in another + trial—taking a slightly lighter train, running by + daylight and over a dry rail. It will be long, however, before + such another run is made as that over the last 86 miles by the + ten-wheeler, with William Tunkey in charge. Railway men alone, + perhaps, understand the qualities which are necessary in an + engineer to enable him to make such a run; and the name of + Tunkey is one (however unheroic it may sound) which railway men + will remember for many years to come. An analysis of the + figures given above will show that it was not until within 20 + miles of the end of the run that there was any confidence that + the record was broken; and not until the run was actually + finished and the watches stopped for the last time, at 34 + seconds after half-past eleven, that confidence was changed to + certainty.</p> + + <p>In addition to the mere speed, everything combined to make + the run supremely dramatic—the disappointment over the + first divisions—the growing hopes dashed by the + unexpected flag—the increase of hope again on the run to + Erie—the misgivings as to the type of engine—all + culminating in the last tremendous burst of speed and the + triumphant rush into Buffalo station.</p> + + <p>And having left Chicago at half-past three in the morning, + at half past-ten that night I sat and watched Mr. John Drew on + the stage of a New York theatre.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page256" + id="page256"></a>[pg 256]</span> + + <h2>A CENTURY OF PAINTING.</h2> + + <p>NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.—A PROVINCIAL SCHOOL OF + ART IN ENGLAND.—THE PRECURSOR OF MODERN ART, + CONSTABLE.—THE SOLITARY GENIUS OF TURNER.—THE + ENGLISH SCHOOL OF PORTRAITURE.—ROMNEY, OPIE, HOPPNER, AND + LAWRENCE.</p><br /> + + + <h4>By Will H. Low.</h4> + + <p class="cap">AT the period when in France David and his + followers had resuscitated a dead and gone art, and by dint of + governmental patronage had infused into it a semblance of life, + across the Channel, in a provincial town of England, a little + group of painters were quietly doing work which, if it did not + in itself change the face of modern art, was at least + indicative of the change soon to be accomplished by the advent + of Constable.</p> + + <p>The leader of this group, which has been of late years in + the hands of zealous amateurs and dealers elevated to the rank + of "school," was John Crome, born at Norwich, December 22, + 1768. The son of a publican, he was first an errand boy to a + local physician and afterwards apprenticed to a sign painter. + Without instruction, hampered by an early marriage, he forsook + his occupation, and sought to paint landscapes; meanwhile + finding in the houses of the neighboring gentry pupils in + drawing. The lessons gave him a living; and in the houses where + he taught were many Dutch pictures which he carefully studied, + so that he is in a sense a follower of the Holland school. But + his greatest and best teacher was the quiet Norfolk country; + and the environs of Norwich, from which he seldom strayed, + found in him an earnest student.</p> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/256.jpg" + name="fig256" + id="fig256"><img src="images/256.jpg" + alt="GEORGE ROMNEY, PAINTER OF 'THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER,' SHOWN ON PAGE 257. FROM A MEDALLION BY THOMAS HALEY." /> + </a> + + <h5>GEORGE ROMNEY, PAINTER OF "THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER," + SHOWN ON PAGE 257. FROM A MEDALLION BY THOMAS HALEY.</h5> + </div> + + <p>In 1805, in conjunction with his son (the younger Crome) and + Cotman, Stark, and Vincent, Crome founded at Norwich an + artists' club, where the members exhibited their pictures and + had a large studio in common. Some of the members of the + Norwich "school," a title to which none of them in their own + time pretended, left their native town, and went to London; but + its founder remained true to the city of his birth, where he + died April 22, 1821. Late in life he visited Paris, where the + Louvre still held the treasures of Europe, garnered after every + campaign by Napoleon; and his enthusiasm for the great Dutch + painters found fresh nourishment.</p> + + <p>It is by this link in the great chain of art that Crome + gained his first consideration in the world's esteem; but more + important to us of to-day is the fact that he was the first of + his century to return to nature. No evil that the frivolous + eighteenth century had wrought, or that the classicism of the + early years of the nineteenth had perpetuated in art, was so + great as the substitution of a conventional type of picture + instead of that directly inspired by nature; and this + artificial standard, which diverted figure painting from its + legitimate field, bore even more heavily on the art of + landscape painting.</p> + + <p>Crome, by his isolation at Norwich, escaped this tendency. + The Norwich painters, however, were, to a certain degree, an + accident. In the London of their time, the almost total + cessation of intercourse with continental Europe, due to the + war with France, had not prevented the academical standard from + penetrating and taking root. The independence of Hogarth in the + preceding century had been without result; and Sir Joshua + Reynolds, in principle if not always in practice, had preached + the doctrine <span class="pagenum"><a name="page257" + id="page257"></a>[pg 257]</span> of submission to accepted + formulas. Benjamin West, who had succeeded him as president + of the Royal Academy, was little but an academic formula + himself; and landscape (whose greatest representative had + been, until his death in 1782, Richard Wilson, a painter of + merit, who had united to a charming sense of color an + adherence to the strictest classical influence) was + wallowing in the mire of conventionality.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/257.jpg" + name="fig257" + id="fig257"><img src="images/257.jpg" + alt="THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER. FROM A PAINTING BY GEORGE ROMNEY IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON." /> + </a> + + <h5>THE PARSON'S DAUGHTER. FROM A PAINTING BY GEORGE ROMNEY + IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.</h5> + + <p>This portrait, from an unknown model, gives Romney with + all his charm and more than his usual sincerity.</p> + </div> + + <p>To the London of 1800, however, were to be given two + landscape painters who may fairly claim the honor of placing + their art on a higher pinnacle than it had ever before reached. + One of them, John Constable, remains to-day the direct source + from which all representation of the free open air is derived, + be the painter Saxon, Gallic, or Teuton. The other, Joseph + Mallord William Turner, may be said to reach greater heights + than his contemporary; but, unlike him, his art is so based on + qualities peculiar to himself that he stands alone, though + having many imitators who have never achieved more than a + superficial resemblance to his work.</p> + + <p>Constable, founding his work on nature with close observance + of natural laws, was able to exert an influence by which all + painters have since profited. When he came to London, at the + age of twenty-three, to study in the school of the Royal + Academy, he attracted the attention of Sir George Beaumont, an + amateur painter who, by his taste and social position, was + all-powerful in the artistic circles of the metropolis. It was + he who asked the young painter the famous question, "Where do + you place your brown tree?" this freak of vegetation being one + of the essential component parts of the properly constructed + academical landscape of the period. For a year or two the youth + placed brown trees, submissively enough, in landscapes + painfully precise in detail and deficient in atmosphere. Then + he did that which to a common, sensible mind would seem the + most obvious thing for a landscape painter to do, but which had + been <span class="pagenum"><a name="page258" + id="page258"></a>[pg 258]</span> done so rarely that the + simple act was the boldest of innovations. He took his + colors out of doors, and painted from nature.</p> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/258-1.jpg" + name="fig258-1" + id="fig258-1"><img src="images/258-1.jpg" + alt="JOHN CONSTABLE. FROM AN ENGRAVING BY LUCAS, AFTER A PORTRAIT BY C.E. LESLIE." /> + </a> + + <h5>JOHN CONSTABLE. FROM AN ENGRAVING BY LUCAS, AFTER A + PORTRAIT BY C.E. LESLIE.</h5> + + <p>Reproduced, by the courtesy of W.H. Fuller, from + "Memoirs of the Life of John Constable, Esq., R.A., + Composed Chiefly of his Letters, by C.R. Leslie, R.A." + Quarto, London, 1843. This noble memoir, which makes one + love the man as one admires the painter, is unfortunately + out of print.</p> + </div> + + <p>Of the dreary waste of "historical" and arbitrarily composed + landscapes, even in the simpler honest productions of the Dutch + preceding this century, nearly all were painted from drawings; + color had been applied according to recipe; the brown tree was + rampant through all the seasons represented, from primavernal + spring to golden autumn. At the most, only studies in colors + were made out of doors—unrelated portions of pictures, + stained rather than painted, with timid desire to enregister + details. These were then transported to the studio, where they + underwent a process of arrangement, of "cookery," as the + typically just French expression puts it; from which the + picture came out steeped in a "brown sauce," conventional, + artificial, and monotonous, but pleasing to the Academy-ridden + public of the time. The young "miller of Bergholt"—for it + was there in the county of Suffolk that young Constable first + saw the light, on June 11, 1776—determined in 1803 to + have done with convention. He writes to a friend, one + Dunthorne, who had had much influence on his early life and was + his first teacher: "For the last two years I have been running + after pictures and seeking truth at second hand;" adding that + he would hereafter study nature alone, convinced that "there is + [was] room enough for a natural painter."</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/258-2.jpg" + name="fig258-2" + id="fig258-2"><img src="images/258-2.jpg" + alt="FLATFORD MILL, ON THE RIVER STOUR. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON." /> + </a> + + <h5>FLATFORD MILL, ON THE RIVER STOUR. FROM A PAINTING BY + JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.</h5> + + <p>This picture was given to the National Gallery by the + painter's children. It is possibly one of three pictures on + which Constable obtained the gold medal of the Paris Salon + in 1822—the one which in the Salon catalogue is + entitled "A Canal." The other two were "The Hay-Wain" + (shown on the next page) and "Hampstead Heath," both now in + the National Gallery.</p> + </div> + + <p>This was henceforth the aim of his life; and from constant + study out of doors he learned that natural objects exist to our + sight not isolated, but in relation one to another; that the + whole is more important than a part; and that the bark of a + tree, a minutely defined plant, or a conscientiously + geologically studied rock, may mar the effect of a whole + picture, while the scene to be represented has a character of + its own more subtle, more evanescent, but also infinitely more + true than any single element of which it is composed. More than + that, through living on such intimate terms with Mother Nature, + he learned to value the smiles of her sunshine, and to + cunningly adjust her cloud-veils when she frowned. His object + was no longer that of the earlier painters, who—and along + with others even faithful Crome—had aimed to paint a + "view" for its topographical value, suppressing or altering, + like mediocre portrait painters, any feature which was + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page259" + id="page259"></a>[pg 259]</span> thought to be displeasing. + Constable painted the moods of nature; the simplest subjects + seen under ever-varying effects of light were his choice; + and though his pictures bear the names of various places, + and divers existing features of these places are portrayed, + it is always the beauty of the scene, or that of the moment + of the day or night, which affects the spectator.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/259.jpg" + name="fig259" + id="fig259"><img src="images/259.jpg" + alt="THE HAY-WAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON." /> + </a> + + <h5>THE HAY-WAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN CONSTABLE, NOW IN + THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.</h5> + + <p>This picture was first exhibited in the Royal Academy of + 1821. It is also one of three exhibited by Constable in the + Paris Salon the following year. It is one of Constable's + best known pictures. The thoroughly English character of + the scene, painted with truth and simplicity, makes it, + after a lapse of seventy-five years, as modern as though it + were painted yesterday.</p> + </div> + + <p>By a public which was used to the conventional tones of the + older painters, and which understood or was interested in + Turner's daring variations on the theme of classical landscape, + these fresh, simple pictures which to-day look so natural to us + were regarded with distrust. Not even the shepherd, much less + the warrior or the demigod, inhabited these quiet scenes. A + picture which any rural gentleman could see from his front + door, smacked too little of art for the modish town. Moreover, + Constable, no doubt sighing for something lighter and more + brilliant, was accustomed, in a vain effort to rival the clear + light of out-of-doors, to use the lightest colors of his + palette. On a varnishing day at the Royal Academy, the word was + passed around among the astonished painters that in portions of + his picture of the year Constable had actually used pure + white!</p> + + <p>In 1829, however, the world moving, Constable was elected to + membership in the Royal Academy. The most notable triumph of + his life, though, befell seven years earlier, in 1822, when he + sent three pictures to be exhibited in the Salon in Paris. The + Hay-Wain, and Hampstead Heath, both at present in the National + Gallery, London, were of the three, and excited the greatest + enthusiasm among the group of young painters who, with + Delacroix at their head, were warring against the academic rule + imposed by David. Constable's work thenceforward was the + dominant influence in France, and from it can be directly + traced the great group of landscape painters which we to-day + miscall the "Barbizon" school.</p> + + <p>It is pleasant to recall that official honor—the first + which he received—came to Constable by the award of the + great gold medal of the Salon at this time. For a number of + years after this he sent his work to the successive Salons. + Pecuniary success, such as fell to the lot of Turner, was + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page260" + id="page260"></a>[pg 260]</span> never his; the first + painter who looked at nature in the open air "through his + temperament," as Zola aptly expresses it, was perforce + contented to live a modest life at Hampstead, happy in his + work, grateful to nature who disclosed so many of her + secrets to him.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/260.jpg" + name="fig260" + id="fig260"><img src="images/260.jpg" + alt="THE 'FIGHTING TEMERAIRE' TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH. FROM A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER." /> + </a> + + <h5>THE "FIGHTING TEMERAIRE" TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH. FROM + A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER.</h5> + + <p>The "Fighting Téméraire" was a + line-of-battle ship of ninety-eight guns which Lord Nelson + captured from the French at the battle of the Nile, August + 1, 1798. In the battle of Trafalgar, October 21, 1805, she + fought next to the "Victory"—the ship from which + Nelson commanded the battle, and aboard which, in the + course of it, he was killed. She was sold out of the + service in 1838, and towed to Rotherhithe to be broken up. + Turner's painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy of + 1839. His picture touched the popular heart, and though no + reproduction in black and white can approach the splendor + of color in the original, the engraving renders faithfully + the sentiment of the picture.</p> + </div> + + <p>"I love," he said, "every stile and stump and lane in the + village; as long as I am able to hold a brush, I shall never + cease to paint them." He ceased to "hold a brush" on the 30th + of March, 1837.</p> + + <p>Turner, who was born a year before Constable, on April 23, + 1775, was, unlike the miller's son of Bergholt, a child of the + city. He was born in London, in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, + where his father was a hair-dresser; and when only fourteen + entered the Royal Academy schools as a student. The next year + he exhibited a drawing of Lambeth Palace; and in 1799 was made + an associate, and in 1802 a member, of the Royal Academy. His + career was probably more successful than that of any other + artist of modern times. Of his life the more that is said in + charity the better; for as the sun rises oftentimes from a fog + bank, so the luminous dreams of color by which we know Turner + emanated from an apparently sour, prosaic cockney. A bachelor + implicated in low intrigues, dying under the assumed name of + "Puggy Booth" in a dreary lodging in Chelsea, after a long + career of miserly observance and rapacious bickering—of + his life naught became him like the leaving. He died December + 19, 1851. His will directed that his pictures—three + hundred and sixty paintings and nearly two thousand + drawings—should become the property of the nation, the + only condition attached being that two of the pictures should + be placed between two paintings by Claude Lorraine in the + National Gallery. Twenty thousand pounds were left to the Royal + Academy for the benefit of superannuated artists; and one + thousand pounds were appropriated for a monument in St. Paul's, + where this curious old man knew the English people would be + proud to lay him.</p> + + <p>For many years Turner had refused to sell certain of his + pictures; while for others, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page261" + id="page261"></a>[pg 261]</span> and for the published + engravings after his work, he had exacted prices of a + character and in a manner that smacked of dishonesty. But as + in obscure and dingy lodgings his brain had evolved the + splendor of sunset and mirage, so, undoubtedly, his + imagination had foreshadowed the noble monument which the + Turner room at the National Gallery has created to his + memory.</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/261-1.jpg" + name="fig261-1" + id="fig261-1"><img src="images/261-1.jpg" + alt="JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER. FROM A DRAWING BY SIR JOHN GILBERT." /> + </a> + + <h5>JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER. FROM A DRAWING BY SIR + JOHN GILBERT.</h5> + + <p>This portrait, made many years ago, is a sketch from + life, and realizes the crabbed, sturdy painter, Turner, as + we may imagine him.</p> + </div> + + <p>Turner's work, as has been said before, is peculiarly his + own. It is true that in the earlier pictures the influence of + Claude Lorraine is evident; but upon this root is engrafted an + audacity in the conception of color, a research of luminosity + in comparison with which nearly all painting is eclipsed. That + this refulgence is tinged now and then with exaggeration, with + a forcing of effect that destroys the sense of weight and + solidity in depicted objects where this sense should prevail, + is certain. But it is not the least of his merits that he was + endowed with a sureness of taste which enabled him to avoid the + rock on which all his imitators have split—his work is + never spectacular. It is perhaps at its best when he has the + simple elements of sea and sky as his theme. Here, with the + intangible qualities of air and light, textureless and + diaphanous, he is most at home. When it becomes a question of + the representation of earth, buildings, or trees, one feels the + lack of loving subservience to nature; the spirit against which + the art of Constable is eloquent lurks here too much.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/261-2.jpg" + name="fig261-2" + id="fig261-2"><img src="images/261-2.jpg" + alt="PEACE—BURIAL AT SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID WILKIE. FROM A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY." /> + </a> + + <h5>PEACE—BURIAL AT SEA OF THE BODY OF SIR DAVID + WILKIE. FROM A PAINTING BY J.M.W. TURNER IN THE NATIONAL + GALLERY.</h5> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"The midnight torch gleamed o'er the steamer's + side,</p> + + <p>And merit's corse was yielded to the tide."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="right">—<i>Fallacies of Hope.</i></p> + + <p>The "Fallacies of Hope" was an imaginary poem from which + Turner professed to quote whenever he wanted a line or a + couplet to explain his pictures, the avowed quotation being + really of his own composition. Sir David Wilkie, the + distinguished painter, died at sea on his way home from the + Orient, June 1, 1841. His body was consigned to the sea at + midnight of that day. The picture was exhibited at the + Royal Academy in 1842.</p> + </div> + + <p>The stone-pines of Italy are seen through the distortion of + convention, the palaces of Venice were never builded by the + hand of man; and we lose by this the contrast which nature + provides between solid earth and filmy cloud. The onlooker must + indeed be devoid of imagination, however, if he can stand + before those pictures of Turner where the limitless sky is + reflected in the waters, without profound emotion. They may not + seem <i>natural</i> in such sense as one finds works of more + realistic aim; but one must at least agree with Turner, in the + time-worn story of the lady who taxed him with violation of + natural law, saying that she had never seen a sky like one in + the picture before them. "Possibly," growled the unruffled + painter; "but don't you wish you + could?"</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page262" + id="page262"></a>[pg 262]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/262.jpg" + name="fig262" + id="fig262"><img src="images/262.jpg" + alt="PORTRAIT OF A BOY. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN OPIE, IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON." /> + </a> + + <h5>PORTRAIT OF A BOY. FROM A PAINTING BY JOHN OPIE, IN THE + NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.</h5> + + <p class="center">This is believed to be a portrait of the + painter's younger brother, William Opie.</p> + </div> + + <p>Another phase of art—English, like that of Constable + and Turner—rose to its greatest popularity at about the + same time. It had an origin more easily traceable—the + presence of Vandyke in England in the seventeenth century + having given an impulsion to portrait painting which had been + maintained by Reynolds and Gainsborough in the century + preceding our own. George Romney, who was born at Dalton, in + Lancashire, December 15, 1734, divided with these last two + painters the patronage of the great and wealthy of his time. He + was but eleven years younger than Reynolds, and seven years the + junior of Gainsborough; but by the fact of his living until + November 15, 1802, he may be considered in connection with the + painters of this century. He possessed great facility of brush, + which led him occasionally into careless drawing, and he lacked + the refined grace of Reynolds and the simple charm of + Gainsborough. Nevertheless, a superabundance of the qualities + which go to make up a painter were his, and his art is less + affected by influences foreign to his native soil than that of + any painter of his time.</p> + + <p>Romney was preëminently a painter of women, as were the + majority of his followers—English art at that time being + possessed of more sweetness than force. Lady Hamilton, the + Circe who succeeded in ensnaring the English Ulysses, Nelson, + was a frequent model for Romney, and the list of notable names + of the fair women whose beauty he perpetuated would be a long + one. His life offers one of the most curious examples of the + engrossing nature of a painter's work, if we accept this as the + explanation of his strange conduct. Having come to London from + Kendal in 1762, leaving his wife and family behind him in + Lancashire, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page263" + id="page263"></a>[pg 263]</span> he remained in the + metropolis for thirty-seven years, making, during this time, + but two visits to the place which he never ceased to + consider his home. It does not appear that anything but + absorption in work was the cause of this neglect. His wife + and children remained all the time in their northern home. + In 1799, three years before his death, the husband and + father awoke to a realization of their existence, and + returned to live with them.</p> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:28%;"> + <a href="images/263-1.jpg" + name="fig263-1" + id="fig263-1"><img src="images/263-1.jpg" + alt="JOHN HOPPNER. FROM A DRAWING BY GEORGE DANCE, NOVEMBER 10, 1793." /> + </a> + + <h5>JOHN HOPPNER. FROM A DRAWING BY GEORGE DANCE, NOVEMBER + 10, 1793.</h5> + </div> + + <p>John Opie, known as the "Cornish genius" when his first + works, executed at the age of twenty, were exhibited in the + Royal Academy, was a pupil of Sir Joshua Reynolds. He was born + at Truro in May, 1761, the son of a carpenter. His precocity + attracted the notice of Dr. Wolcot ("Peter Pindar"), who + introduced him to Reynolds.</p> + + <p>Opie is thoroughly English in his manner, having, however, + more affiliation to Hogarth and the earlier painters of his + century than to his master. A certain hardness and lack of + color are his principal defects; but, on the other hand, his + work is sincere to a degree which none of the other painters of + his time show, preoccupied as were even the best of them by a + somewhat conventional type of beauty. He was appointed + professor of painting at the Royal Academy in 1805, but + delivered only one course of lectures, dying, at the age of + forty-six, April 9, 1807.</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:40%;"> + <a href="images/263-2.jpg" + name="fig263-2" + id="fig263-2"><img src="images/263-2.jpg" + alt="PORTRAIT OF A LADY. FROM A PAINTING KNOWN AS 'THE CORAL NECKLACE,' BY JOHN HOPPNER." /> + </a> + + <h5>PORTRAIT OF A LADY. FROM A PAINTING KNOWN AS "THE CORAL + NECKLACE," BY JOHN HOPPNER.</h5> + + <p>From the collection of George A. Hearn of New York, by + whose courtesy it appears here. Quaint and charming as a + picture, of great beauty of color in the original, this is + an admirable example of this painter. The original painting + is at present on exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum, New + York.</p> + </div> + + <p>During the last quarter of the eighteenth century and the + first years of the nineteenth, the fashionable portrait + painters of London were John Hoppner and Sir Thomas Lawrence. + The latter, living twenty years longer than Hoppner, was able + to generously say of him, in a letter written shortly after + Hoppner's death: "You will believe that I sincerely feel the + loss of a brother artist from whose works I have often gained + instruction, and who has gone by my side in the race these + eighteen years."</p> + + <p>Born in Whitechapel, London, April 4, 1758, Hoppner's first + vocation was that of chorister in the Chapel Royal. By lucky + accident his first efforts at painting attracted the attention + of the king, George III., who granted him a small allowance + which enabled him to study in the Royal Academy, where, in + 1782, he gained the medal for oil painting. He first exhibited + in 1780, and for some years devoted himself to landscape. + Gradually changing to portraiture, he was appointed portrait + painter to the Prince of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page264" + id="page264"></a>[pg 264]</span> Wales in 1789, and in 1793 + he was made an associate of the Academy, receiving full + membership in 1795. For twenty years and until his death, + January 23, 1810, he was extremely successful, and his + productions, though less in number than those of Reynolds, + or his contemporary, Lawrence, were numerous. In the course + of thirty years he contributed one hundred and sixty-six + works to the Academy exhibitions. These were chiefly + portraits of women and children, and are marked by + unaffected grace and appreciation of character.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/264.jpg" + name="fig264" + id="fig264"><img src="images/264.jpg" + alt="PORTRAIT OF A CHILD. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE." /> + </a> + + <h5>PORTRAIT OF A CHILD. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS + LAWRENCE.</h5> + + <p>This picture, in the National Gallery, London, has + inscribed on the canvas: "Lady Giorgiana Fane; 1800. + Æt 5." It shows Lawrence's method of treating a + child's portrait, in the style dear to our ancestors, as a + "fancy" portrait. It is also typical of his pronounced + mannerism, which would lead one to believe that before the + days of photography sitters were easily contented on the + score of resemblance. The head in this picture, for + instance, is almost identical with that of Napoleon's son + in the "Roi de Rome," executed fifteen years later.</p> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page265" + id="page265"></a>[pg 265]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/265.jpg" + name="fig265" + id="fig265"><img src="images/265.jpg" + alt="MRS. SIDDONS. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE." /> + </a> + + <h5>MRS. SIDDONS. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS + LAWRENCE.</h5> + + <p>The greatest of all English actresses, at least in + tragic parts—is the common judgment on Mrs. Siddons. + She was almost born and reared on the stage, her father, + Roger Kemble, being the manager of a travelling company of + actors, with one of whom, William Siddons, she had married + when she was eighteen. She was born at Brecon, in Wales, + July 5, 1755, and had already attained to some distinction + as an actress in 1775, when she made her first appearance + in London. From then until her retirement in 1812 her + career was a succession of triumphs. She died in London, + June 8, 1831. Naturally, she was a favorite subject with + the portrait painters of her time. The sweet-faced girl + shown in the above portrait has as little resemblance to + the stately lady of Gainsborough, or the "Tragic Muse" of + Sir Joshua Reynolds, as it has to our imagination of what a + "tragic queen" should be. The picture is, nevertheless, a + portrait of <i>the</i> Mrs. Siddons, and was presented to + the National Gallery, London, where it now is, by her + daughter, Mrs. Cecelia Combe, in 1868.</p> + </div> + + <p>Time has enhanced the value of Hoppner's work somewhat at + the expense of his great rival, Lawrence. While the latter + remains, from youth to comparative old age, a most astonishing + example of facile and brilliant execution, the less obtrusive, + possibly more timid, attitude of Hoppner in the presence of + nature gives him a greater claim to our sympathy to-day. He was + apparently preoccupied above all in rendering the individual + characteristics of his sitter; and there are many instances in + his work where a painter can see that he has chosen to retain + certain qualities of resemblance, rather than risk their loss + by an exhibition of <i>bravura</i> painting. Sir Thomas + Lawrence is one, on the contrary, before whose pictures it is + felt that the principal question has been to make it first of + all a typical example of his + work.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page266" + id="page266"></a>[pg 266]</span> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/266-1.jpg" + name="fig266-1" + id="fig266-1"><img width="100%" + src="images/266-1.jpg" + alt="LADY BLESSINGTON. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE." /> + </a> + + <h5>LADY BLESSINGTON. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS + LAWRENCE.</h5> + + <p>This portrait of the gifted and brilliant woman who, as + Lady Blessington, and the intimate friend of Count d'Orsay, + alternately shocked and ruled the literary London of + Byron's time, is representative of Lawrence's extreme + mannerism; but, despite its "keepsake" prettiness, has + great charm. Besides her distinguished beauty, Lady + Blessington offered much, in her life and surroundings, to + inspire a painter. Born in Ireland in 1789, she was forced + at fourteen into marrying one Captain Farmer. She could not + live with him, and they separated after three months. + Farmer was killed in 1817, and the next year she married + the Earl of Blessington. Then began that brilliant social + career by virtue of which her fame now most survives. Her + house became the resort of the most distinguished people of + the time; and she herself, by her remarkable grace, + cleverness, and vivacity, ever kept pace with the best of + her company. She derived a large estate from her husband at + his death, in 1829; and besides, for nearly twenty years + she had ten thousand dollars a year from her novels (for + she was also an author); but she lived most profusely, and + had finally, in company with Count d'Orsay, to flee from + her creditors. She died in Paris, June 4, 1849.</p> + </div> + + <p>Lawrence, born at Bristol, May 4, 1769, was the son of the + landlord of the Black Bear Inn at Devizes; and the child was + not yet in his teens when some chalk drawings of his father's + customers gave him a local reputation. We are told that "at the + age of ten he set up as a portrait painter in crayons at + Oxford; and soon after took a house at Bath, the then + fashionable watering-place, where he immediately met with much + employment and extraordinary success." When seventeen, his + success called him to London, where in 1791, though under the + age required by the laws of the Academy, he was elected as + associate when twenty-two. The year before, he had painted the + portraits of the king and queen; in 1794 he was made + Academician, in 1815 was knighted, in 1820 was unanimously + elected President of the Royal Academy, and in 1825 was created + chevalier of the Legion of Honor in France.</p> + + <p>This list of official honors is but little in comparison + with the success which he had socially. Of a charming + personality, he was admitted to the intimacy of all that Europe + boasted of aristocracy and royalty. In 1815 he went to the + congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, where his facile brush portrayed + the august features of the allied sovereigns assembled there. + He contributed, from 1787 to 1830 inclusive, three hundred and + eleven pictures to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy.</p> + + <p>It goes without saying that production of this quantity + cannot be in every instance of the first quality. But the + average merit of Lawrence's work is nevertheless of a high + order. Of feminine charm (like many of his time and many of his + predecessors) he was a master; no one has ever succeeded better + in giving a certain aristocratic bearing to his sitters than + he. It can be accounted a fault that this becomes somewhat + stereotyped—that we feel that, were it wanting in the + person before him, the amiable Sir Thomas could easily supply + it. The English race has not changed so much in the short + period which has elapsed since his time that the demeasurably + large and liquid eyes, the swan-like necks, and the sloping + shoulders, which mark it as his own in Lawrence's work, should + be to-day of more rare occurrence. With this great and + important limitation, among the pictures of Lawrence can be + found a certain number of canvases, not always the most + typical, of exceeding merit. Few men have ever conveyed better + the impression of the depth and living quality of an eye, nor + have many painters succeeded in giving to every part of their + canvas the same qualities of color and brilliancy of execution + as he.</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/266-2.jpg" + name="fig266-2" + id="fig266-2"><img src="images/266-2.jpg" + alt="SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE. AFTER A PAINTING BY CHARLES LANDSEER." /> + </a> + + <h5>SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE. AFTER A PAINTING BY CHARLES + LANDSEER.</h5> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page267" + id="page267"></a>[pg 267]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/267.jpg" + name="fig267" + id="fig267"><img src="images/267.jpg" + alt="MISS BARRON, AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE." /> + </a> + + <h5>MISS BARRON, AFTERWARDS MRS. RAMSEY. FROM A PAINTING BY + SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.</h5> + + <p>This picture, owned by R.H. McCormick of Chicago, by + whose courtesy it is here reproduced, represents Lawrence + in his least mannered aspect. The simplicity of young + girlhood is well expressed, the head is drawn and modelled + with great subtlety, and we are fortunate to have so good + an example of Lawrence's work in this country.</p> + </div> + + <p>Lawrence died in his beautiful house on Russell Square in + London, surrounded by rare works of art which he had collected, + on January 7, 1830. Nine years later Sir William Beechey, born + at Burford in Oxfordshire in 1753, died in London at the age of + eighty-six. He had come to London in 1772; and in 1798, having + acquired consideration and a lucrative practice as a portrait + painter, and after having painted a picture, now at Hampton + Court, representing the king, George III., the Prince of Wales, + and the Duke of York at a review, he was knighted. The same + year saw his election to the Academy, of which he had been an + associate since 1793.</p> + + <p>One of Beechey's distinctions is to have outnumbered even + Lawrence in his contributions to the Academy, as three hundred + and sixty-two of his works appeared on its walls. Of hasty + execution or too great dependence on a dangerous facility, + there is, however, little trace in his work. He was occupied + exclusively with painting; he + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page268" + id="page268"></a>[pg 268]</span> lived more than twenty + years longer than Lawrence, and was never diverted by the + claims of society upon his time. With his healthy, English + color, recalling Reynolds, a sober style not devoid of + charm, he is fairly typical of his time; and may fitly close + this brief review of the earlier English portraitists. Their + task has never been taken up by their successors in art, + English portraiture to-day having much the same qualities + and defects which mark the contemporaneous painters of all + nations.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/268.jpg" + name="fig268" + id="fig268"><img src="images/268.jpg" + alt="PORTRAIT OF A BROTHER AND SISTER. FROM A PAINTING BY SIR WILLIAM BEECHEY." /> + </a> + + <h5>PORTRAIT OF A BROTHER AND SISTER. FROM A PAINTING BY + SIR WILLIAM BEECHEY.</h5> + + <p>The original painting is now in the museum of the + Louvre, and is a picture charming in color—the warm + white of the dress, and the rich surroundings, in the + manner of Reynolds, making an admirable foil to the + children's heads.</p> + </div> + + <p>The exclusive choice of feminine portraits in this article + has been dictated by a desire to show, in the space at command, + the painting most typical of the time and people. While all + these painters produced portraits of men, their work in this + field was, as a rule, inferior to the art of France. Lawrence + is perhaps an exception; as it would seem that occasionally in + the presence of a masculine sitter he rose superior to his + manner and, painting with all sincerity, gave his remarkable + gifts full play. The lack, however, of serious training in + drawing, the over-reliance on charm of color and sentiment, + give to the English work a degree of weakness as compared with + the thorough command of form and austere fidelity to + resemblance that was preached to the French with "drawing is + the probity of art" for a text.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page269" + id="page269"></a>[pg 269]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/269.jpg" + name="fig269" + id="fig269"><img src="images/269.jpg" + alt="GARFIELD IN 1881, WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49." /> + </a> + + <h5>GARFIELD IN 1881, WHILE PRESIDENT. AGE 49.</h5> + + <p class="center">From a photograph by Handy, + Washington.</p> + </div> + + <h2>THE TRAGEDY OF GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION.</h2> + + <h3>PERSONAL REMINISCENCES AND RECORDS OF CONVERSATIONS.</h3> + + <h4>By Murat Halstead.</h4> + + <p class="cap">JAMES A. GARFIELD, twentieth President of the + United States, had the good fortune to be a boy long after he + reached the years of manhood. This fact is the key to his + character and the explanation of his career. His boyishness was + not lack of manhood; it was a lingering youthfulness of spirit, + a keen susceptibility of impression, an elasticity of mind, a + hearty enjoyment of his strong life, a tenderness and freshness + of heart, an openness to friend and foe, something of deference + to others, and of diffidence, not without understanding of and + confidence in his own powers. He was youthful with the noble + youth of the fields and schools and churches, of the farms and + villages of the West, when he became a member of the + legislature of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page270" + id="page270"></a>[pg 270]</span> Ohio, from which he passed + into the army, that was like a university to him. As a + soldier he was typically a big, brave boy, powerful, ardent, + amiable, rejoicing in his strength. In eastern Kentucky he + led his regiment in its first fight. He found out where the + enemy were, and pulling off his coat—the regulation + country style of preparing for battle—headed a + foot-race straight for "the rebs," and routed them. It was + literally a case of "come on, boys." Those opposed, so to + speak, thought the devil possessed the robust young man in + his shirt-sleeves.</p> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/270-1.jpg" + name="fig270-1" + id="fig270-1"><img src="images/270-1.jpg" + alt="GARFIELD IN 1863, THE YEAR IN WHICH, AT THE AGE OF 32, AND WITH THE RANK OF MAJOR-GENERAL, HE RETIRED FROM THE ARMY TO BECOME A MEMBER OF CONGRESS." /> + </a> + + <h5>GARFIELD IN 1863, THE YEAR IN WHICH, AT THE AGE OF 32, + AND WITH THE RANK OF MAJOR-GENERAL, HE RETIRED FROM THE + ARMY TO BECOME A MEMBER OF CONGRESS.</h5> + + <p class="center">From a photograph by Handy, + Washington.</p> + </div> + + <p>When Garfield was President, he was asked whether he ever + thought, before his nomination for the office, that he was + likely to fill it, and his answer was curious and + characteristic of his manner of expression. He said he supposed + all American young men reflected on that subject, and he had + done so—not with any serious concern, but as a remote + possibility. And he added, "I have fancied the great public + personified and looking with an immense, a rolling, intense + eye, over the millions of the nation, to pick out future + Presidents, and thought as it swept along the ranks the eye + might give me a glance, and that perhaps the meaning of it was: + I may want you—some time."</p> + + <p>It was my theory, as the editor of an important journal in + Ohio during the time General Garfield served in Congress, that + he needed a good deal of admonition; that he had a tendency to + sentimentalism in politics that called for correction; that he + required paragraphs to brace him up in various affairs; that he + lacked a little in worldly wisdom, and maybe had a dangerous + tendency to giving and taking too much confidence; and that he + was disposed to dwell upon a mountain, and would be the better + off for an occasional taking-down with a shade of good-humored + sarcasm. He was still boyish about some things, and the + speculative men in public life sought to beguile him. He was + growing all the time, though. He was a student, and was brainy + and generous, and laughed at "able articles" even if they had + stings in them.</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/270-2.jpg" + name="fig270-2" + id="fig270-2"><img src="images/270-2.jpg" + alt="GARFIELD IN 1863." /></a> + + <h5>GARFIELD IN 1863.</h5> + + <p class="center">From a photograph by Handy, + Washington.</p> + </div> + + <p>Cincinnati knew him best as the Christian + orator—follower of Alexander Campbell—who preached + with a big voice and great earnestness at the corner of Walnut + and Eighth Streets. This was when he was a grand young man, + sure enough. Some time after, Congress found it out. After a + while the public knew Garfield as + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page271" + id="page271"></a>[pg 271]</span> one of the half dozen + strongest men in the country. Next to John Sherman he stood + the most commanding figure in Ohio politics, and was elected + Senator of the United States, his term commencing on the day + on which, as it happened, he was inaugurated President. He + was just realizing his ability, having had it measured for + him in the House of Representatives, and knew he was a force + in affairs. He enjoyed his dinners and dressed well, and was + of imposing presence: a good-natured giant—no + posing—no troublesome sense of grandeur—none of + the pomp affected by public men too conscious of + importance.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/271.jpg" + name="fig271" + id="fig271"><img src="images/271.jpg" + alt="GARFIELD IN 1867, WITH HIS DAUGHTER. AT THIS TIME HE WAS CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS, IN THE LOWER HOUSE OF CONGRESS." /> + </a> + + <h5>GARFIELD IN 1867, WITH HIS DAUGHTER. AT THIS TIME HE + WAS CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS, IN THE + LOWER HOUSE OF CONGRESS.</h5> + + <p class="center">From a photograph by Handy, + Washington.</p> + </div> + + <p>He suffered under the petty charge that he had been + influenced by a scrap of stock whose value might be affected by + Congressional action; and those who knew him well were aware + that his innocence of knowledge to do what he was charged with + doing, was absurd and itself proof that he was sound. He was, + by virtue of superior capacity, at the head of the Ohio + delegation <span class="pagenum"><a name="page272" + id="page272"></a>[pg 272]</span> to the Republican National + Convention of 1880, and was charged with the management of + the candidacy of John Sherman, Secretary of the Treasury, + for the Presidency—the most competent man in the + country for the office.</p> + + <p>It had been thought for a time that the combination of + important men for a third term of General Grant would succeed, + as the glory of the General was very great and those who wanted + him for President again were able and resolute. Blaine had + hesitated for a moment whether to take the field; but learning + that Sherman would be in the race whether there was or was not + any other man a candidate in opposition to Grant, he made the + fight, and he and Sherman were the representative leaders + against the third term.</p> + + <p>Their feeling was that they were not making war upon General + Grant, but upon those who sought to use his fame for their own + purpose, and they meant particularly Senator Conkling. General + Grant, at Galena, wrote a letter to Senator Cameron, and gave + it to John Russell Young, who handed it to Mr. Cameron, and it + disappeared. This letter was a frank and serious statement that + he desired not to be considered a candidate, and no doubt his + preference was the nomination of Mr. Conkling.</p> + + <p>The interest of the great convention early centred in the + two tall men on the floor, the undoubted champions of the + contending forces, Conkling and Garfield; and the latter got + the first decided advantage in breaking the third term line + when Conkling demanded that the majority of the delegation of a + State should cast the entire vote. This was the famous unit + rule, the defeat of which was the first event of the + convention. Garfield and Conkling were foremost in the fray + because they were the most masterful men of the vast + assembly—nearly twenty thousand people under the + roof.</p> + + <p>The advocates of the Old Commander for a third term were in + heavy force, and knew exactly what they wanted; and whenever + the convention met, as Senator Conkling usually walked in late, + he had a tumultuous reception. The opposition saw it was + necessary to counteract this personal demonstration, and + managed to hold Garfield back so that he should be later than + Conkling, and then they gave him salutations of unheard-of + exuberance far resounding; and this was the beginning of the + end. Garfield, because he was in person, position, and + transcending talent a leader, was transformed into a colossus + before the eyes of the convention, and was an appeal to the + imagination. When the nominating addresses were made, none was + heard by the whole multitude but those by Conkling and + Garfield. They stood on tables of reporters, and their voices + rang clear, through their splendid speeches, carrying every + word to the remotest corners; and the rivalry between the two + men became emphasized. Each had the sense to admire the effort + of the other, Conkling saying to the delegate by his side: "It + is bright in Garfield to speak from that place," and it was a + good deal for him to say. More and more Garfield loomed as the + man who stood against Grant.</p> + + <p>There had been a good many persons meantime saying that + neither Blaine nor Sherman could beat Grant, and that Garfield + was the man to do it. All who are familiar with our political + methods are aware of the frantic desire of the average + office-seeker, or practical politician, no matter what he + wants, to find out early all the possibilities of the next + Presidency; and it is esteemed a superb achievement to be among + the first to pick the man. The number of far-sighted citizens + on the subject of the eligibility of Garfield, as the + convention progressed, grew large. Governor Foster of Ohio did + not conceal his impression that the nomination of Garfield was + certain. In his opinion Sherman was not in the race, and + perhaps his judgment to that effect assisted the formation of + the current that finally flooded the convention. One man, a + delegate from Pennsylvania, voted for Garfield on every ballot, + and kept him before the people. I had telegrams from + correspondents of the Cincinnati "Commercial," at Chicago, + several days before the nomination, evidently reflecting + Governor Foster's opinions, and frequently repeated, until the + event justified them, saying Garfield would be the nominee. I + was that time slow to understand the situation, and protested, + against putting the "nonsense" on the wires, in telegrams that + after the event were held to signify lack of sagacity about + Garfield.</p> + + <p>The first man who held decidedly Garfield would be nominated + was Mr. Starin of New York, who travelled with Senator Conkling + in a special car from the national capital to the convention, + and said on the way the nomination of Grant was not to be, and + that Blaine and Sherman could not carry off the prize, and that + therefore Garfield was to be the man. He made this point to the + Hon. Thomas L. James, the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page273" + id="page273"></a>[pg 273]</span> Postmaster-General in + Garfield's cabinet, between Harrisburg and Chicago. Mr. + Blaine regarded beating Grant at Chicago as no loss to the + General and no reflection on him, but rather as the best + thing for him; and that the true policy and purpose was to + beat Conkling, who committed the error in strategy, however + gallant the sentiment that inspired him, of committing + himself irretrievably to Grant—and though the + contested votes were all against him, he was unchangeable. + "No angle-worm nomination will take place + to-day"—meaning nothing feeble—was Mr. + Conkling's oracular remark the morning of the day when the + Presidential destiny of the occasion was determined.</p> + + <p>The drift toward Garfield was in so many ways announced + before the decisive hour that he could not be insensible of its + existence, and he was greatly disturbed. He said he would + "rather be shot with musketry than nominated" and have Sherman + think he had been unfaithful to his obligations as leader of + the forces for him. That Senator Sherman was offended is well + known; but so far as he felt that Garfield had been to blame, + it was due to the gossip, widely disseminated, that Garfield + was personally concerned in working his own "boom." All that + was well threshed out long ago, and there is nothing tangible + in it to-day. The fact is, Garfield could not have worked a + personal scheme. He must have been defeated if he had tried it. + A movement on his part of that kind would have been fatal. On + the other hand, if he had got up to decline to be a candidate, + it would have been easy to say that he was making a nominating + speech for himself. It was not particularly difficult to call + Garfield a "traitor," and the temptation to do it was because + he was so sensitive regarding that imputation in + politics—whatever hurts goes. He had no idea of + concealing anything, and told such queer stories as this:</p> + + <p>The morning of his nomination—the fact that this was + from Garfield himself is certain—one of his relatives + from Michigan saw him and said: "Jim, you are going to be + nominated to-day. I had a dream about you last night, and + thought I was in the hall and there was something happening, I + could not tell what, when suddenly on every side the standards + of the States [names of the States on staffs locating the + delegations] were pulled from their places, and men ran to + where you were sitting, and waved them over your head." + Garfield stated that this was certainly told him on the way to + his breakfast; and after the nomination the dreamer reappeared + and said: "What did I tell you, Jim? Why, the very thing I saw + in my dream last night, I saw in the convention to-day."</p> + + <p>The inside truth about the nomination was freely given by + Mr. Blaine, who, as the convention progressed, was studying the + proceedings with the surprisingly clear vision he possessed for + the estimation of passing events. He soon made up his mind that + his nomination could not happen, and that Sherman also was + impossible. They could not unite forces without losses. + Evidently there was a crisis at hand. There is something in a + convention that always tells the competent observer, near or + far, that decisive action is about to be taken. The evidence + appears of an intolerant impatience. Mr. Conkling was relying + upon the absolute solidity of his three hundred and five. Mr. + Blaine was a wiser man about the force of a tempest in a + convention, and would have preferred Sherman to Conkling. But + Conkling was quite as bitter toward Sherman as regarding + Blaine, even more so in his invective; and this grew out of the + custom-house difficulty that ultimately so deeply affected + General Arthur's fortunes. There had to be a break + somewhere—to Grant from Sherman and Blaine, or from him + to them, or a rush to Conkling, or to Garfield, whose + conspicuity had constantly suggested it; and Blaine resolved + that the chance to rout the third-termers was to sweep the + convention by going for Garfield, and overwhelming him with the + rest, thus winning a double victory over Conkling.</p> + + <p>It is a fact, and the one that makes certain the proposition + that Sherman could not have been nominated, that the majority + of the Blaine men from New York, turned loose by breaking the + unit rule—there were nineteen of them—preferred + Grant to Sherman. If the break by Blaine from himself had been + attempted, for Sherman, Grant would have been nominated if one + ballot had been decisive. But Blaine was able to transfer every + vote cast for him to Garfield, with the exception of that of a + colored delegate from Virginia; and this movement was managed + so as to overthrow all who strove to stand against it. Grant + was in the lead for thirty-four ballots, but on the + thirty-fourth there were seventeen votes for Garfield. On the + thirty-fifth ballot Garfield had three hundred and ninety-nine + votes, twenty-one majority over all. Blaine by telegraph had + outgeneralled Conkling, present and commanding in + person.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page274" + id="page274"></a>[pg 274]</span> + + <p>The course of the proceedings of the convention from the + first was a preparation for the final scenes, the putting of + Garfield against Conkling and working up a rivalry between them + having a marked effect; and this was not so much for Garfield + as against Conkling. Garfield grieved to think Sherman would + misunderstand him, and was apprehensive as to the feeling of + the New York delegation. "How do your people feel about this?" + Garfield asked a New Yorker, when he had returned to his hotel + the nominee.</p> + + <p>"Well, they feel badly and bitterly," was the reply.</p> + + <p>"Yes," said Garfield, "I suppose they do. It is as + Wellington said, 'next to the sadness of defeat, the saddest + moment is that of victory.'" This remark was quite in + Garfield's method and manner.</p> + + <p>Mr. Sherman's failure was made inevitable in this, as in + other conventions, by the strange absence, always observable in + New York, of appreciation of the unparalleled services to the + country of his public labors culminating in the resumption of + specie payments. That is the real secret and chief fault of the + convention.</p> + + <p>Ex-Governor Dennison of Ohio appeared at the headquarters of + the New York delegation after the Garfield nomination, and + Senator Conkling greeted him cordially. There Dennison said, so + that the whole delegation heard, that he was the bearer of a + message from the delegation of Ohio, that they would give a + solid vote for any man New York would be pleased to name for + Vice-President. "Even," said Senator Conkling promptly, in his + finest cynical way, "if that man should be Chester A. + Arthur?"</p> + + <p>Dennison's answer was, after a moment, "Yes;" and Conkling + put the question of supporting Arthur to a vote, making a + motion that he was the choice of the delegation for the + Vice-Presidency, and it was carried immediately. This was + understood to be pretty hard on the Ohio people, including + especially Sherman and Garfield. Of course, under the lead of + New York and Ohio, the convention ratified the motion of + Conkling, and the ticket was Garfield and Arthur. And so ample + preparation was made for the bitterness of the coming + time—for the troubled administration of Garfield and its + tragic close.</p><br /> + + + <h4>GARFIELD'S ADMINISTRATION.</h4> + + <p>There have been limitations upon the candor of all persons + who have undertaken to write the story of the tragedy of the + administration of Garfield, and partisanism in personalities + has had too much attention. Mr. Conkling seemed to be the storm + centre, and it was difficult to deal with him and not to offend + him. It is well remembered that in his speech placing Grant in + nomination he quoted Miles O'Reilly:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>If asked what State he hails from,</p> + + <p class="i2">Our sole reply shall be—</p> + + <p>He comes from Appomattox</p> + + <p class="i2">And the famous apple tree.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>On the way home, Governor Foster of Ohio, called out at Fort + Wayne, paraphrased the Senator thus:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>If asked what State he hails from,</p> + + <p class="i2">Our sole reply shall be—</p> + + <p>He comes from old Ohio</p> + + <p class="i2">And his name is General G.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>This was not startling in any way, but Mr. Conkling had the + reputation of being very much offended by the parody.</p> + + <p>It happens often in war, and sometimes in peace, that + newspaper correspondents send the real news privately to the + editor in charge, and give things as they ought to be in "copy" + for the printers. There are before me private letters written + by one well informed of that which was going on in the capital + city of Ohio immediately after the nomination of Garfield, and + a few extracts will turn the light on the inside of the affairs + of the Republicans of the nominee's State at that + time—the news then being too strong for newspapers.</p> + + <p>"July 10.—The plan to have Garfield go through New + York to Saratoga with Logan, Foster, and others has been given + up.... Logan and Cameron are all right, but Conkling refuses to + be pacified or conciliated, unless Garfield will make promises; + and that he refuses to do. Conkling said he'd 'rather had to + support Blaine.' Conkling never called upon Garfield, or + returned Garfield's call, or answered Garfield's note. Sherman + has been in cordial consultation with the committee, and + promised to do all he can honorably in his position [Secretary + of the Treasury]. Garfield appears well under fire, and is a + more manly character than ever before. He says no man could be + in a better position for defeat, if he has to get it. His + behavior has won the respect of the workers since the + convention."</p> + + <p>"July 11.—They all stand around and watch Conkling as + little dogs watch their <span class="pagenum"><a name="page275" + id="page275"></a>[pg 275]</span> master when he is in a bad + mood—waiting for him to graciously smile, and they + will jump about with effusive joy. A strong letter was + written urging Conkling, in the most flattering way, and + appealing to him in the most humble manner, to come to Ohio + and deliver a speech in the Cincinnati Music Hall, and + promising no end of thousands of people and bands and guns + and things, till you couldn't rest. I opposed sending such a + missive, advocating such a simple and cordial invitation as + it is customary to extend to a leader and honest, earnest + party man. But they looked upon me (probably rightly, too) + as a fool who would rush in where angels fear to tread. And + now Jewell writes that he has not dared to give the letter + to Conkling yet, as he has not 'deemed any moment yet as + opportune.' Meanwhile Conkling and Arthur have gone off on a + two or three weeks' fishing trip. Dorsey humbly and piously + hopes Conkling can be induced to make a speech in Vermont, + and if the Almighty happens to take the right course with + him, he may condescend to come to Ohio."</p> + + <p>This is a true picture of the way the campaign opened. Mr. + Sherman said something in an interview that was less cordial + than was expected and caused some temper, but the fault found + was not that he was accusative but reserved. Colonel Dick + Thompson made a ringing speech pledging the Hayes + administration without reserve; and that gave encouragement, + and was said to be for a time the only inspiration the + Republicans got to go for Garfield with good will and + confidence.</p> + + <p>It was arranged to have General Garfield appear in New York + City, and it was expected that he would there meet Mr. + Conkling. There was to be a consultation of Republicans, and + the plan of the campaign perfected. The question of special + exertion in the Southern States was up. The conference came + off, and Mr. Conkling did not attend it. Mr. Arthur seemed very + much grieved about that. Mr. Logan was unwilling to speak in + the presence of reporters, and Mr. Blaine said he would be very + much disappointed if his speech was not reported. Thurlow Weed + made the speech of the occasion. The real object of the meeting + was to bring Garfield and Conkling together without making the + fact too obvious; and the disturbance of the candidate was + manifest in his references to the absent Senator as "my Lord + Roscoe."</p> + + <p>"I have," said Garfield next day, "an invitation to make a + trip to Coney Island, and it means that I may there have a + pocket interview with my Lord Roscoe; but if the Presidency is + to turn on that, I do not want the office badly enough to go;" + and he did not go. The words are precisely Garfield's; and the + next thing was the journey over the Erie line, and speeches by + Garfield, accompanied by General Harrison and Governor + Kirkwood, at every important place from Paterson to Jamestown. + That the General was capable of warm resentment, this letter + testifies:</p> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p class="right">MENTOR, OHIO, <i>September 20, + 1880</i>.</p> + + <p>I notice —— is parading through the country + devoting himself to personal assaults upon me. Why do not + our people republish his letter, which a few years ago + drove him in disgrace from the stump, and compelled the + Democracy to recall every appointment then pending? Of all + the black sheep that have been driven from our flock, I + know of none blacker than he, and less entitled to assail + any other man's character.</p> + + <p>Very truly yours,</p> + + <p class="author">J.A. GARFIELD.</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>The speaking on the line of the Erie road by Garfield, + Harrison, and Kirkwood was of a very high and effective + character. The man who did more to make peace than any other + was General Grant. Conkling had a genuine affection for him, + and consented to go with him to Mentor; and yet there was some + trifle always in the way of a complete understanding with the + old guard of the Third-Term Crusaders.</p> + + <p>Garfield was very sensible of and grateful for the work done + by Grant and Conkling, and did not stint expression of his + feeling. The State of New York was carried by the Republicans, + and Garfield indisputably elected President of the United + States. There was a vast amount of worry in making up the + cabinet, and Mr. Conkling's hand appeared, but not with a + gesture of conciliation. He and Garfield were of incompatible + temper. Each had mannerisms that irritated the other; and when + they seemed to try to agree, the effort was not a success.</p> + + <p>As soon as the administration was moving the President was + under two fires: one in respect to the attempted reforms in the + postal service, and the other about the New York appointments. + Mr. Conkling did not seem able to understand that anything + could be done that was not according to his pleasure, without + personal offence toward himself. He was a giant, and that was + his weakness. It was Garfield's ardent desire to be friendly + with the senior New York Senator; but one + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page276" + id="page276"></a>[pg 276]</span> position he avowedly + maintained. It was that he was not to blame for being + President of the United States; that he had taken the oath + of office, and was the man responsible to the people for the + administration, and he could not, dare not, shift that + obligation; and, more than that, he must give the + "recognition" due friends to the men who had aided him in + breaking down Mr. Conkling's policy at Chicago. If that was + a crime he was a criminal. He was President, and he would be + true to his friends; and surely he should not be expected to + serve another man's purpose by humiliating himself.</p> + + <p>Conkling had taken part in the campaign at last, but that + was his duty at first. It is needless to refer to questions of + veracity—to what practical politicians call "promises." A + polite phrase is twisted, by the many seized with fury to be + officers, to mean what is desired, though it may be but a mere + civility—the more marked probably because the President + knows he has only good words to give! There are always such + issues when there is patronage to be distributed, for, of + course, there is dissatisfaction. Everybody cannot be made + happy, with or without civil service reform; and it is no + effort, when the President says "Good morning," and seems to be + obliging, and says he will take a recommendation into + consideration and if possible read the papers, and adds, "I + shall be glad to see you again," to say, when he appoints + another to the coveted place, that he has falsified.</p> + + <p>Mr. Conkling's friends relate that he was about to go to the + White House and hold a consultation in which Mr. Arthur and Mr. + Platt were to participate, when he received a telegram in + cipher from Governor Cornell which, when translated, turned out + to be an urgent request that the Senator should vote to confirm + Robertson; and that this was regarded as insulting, and Mr. + Conkling refused to go to the White House, with a burst of + scorn about the dispensation of offices! This is not consistent + with the accusations that Garfield was influenced to be + perfidious. There are those who think there would have been + peace if it had not been for that Cornell telegram; but they + are of the manner of mind of the peacemakers of 1861, who + thought another conference would heal all wounded + susceptibilities. The source of discordance was not near the + surface; it was in the system of "patronage" and "recognition," + and deep in the characteristics of the individuals.</p> + + <p>It is not true that Mr. Blaine was fierce for war upon + Conkling; he thought a fight was inevitable, and that the time + for the President to assert himself was at the beginning; and + said so. "Fight now if at all," said Blaine then to Garfield, + "for your administration tapers!" As to his personal wishes, he + was often overruled in the cabinet, and took it complacently. + But he was warlike on the point that the President was entitled + to be friendly with his friends, and must not be personally + oppressed.</p> + + <p>One day Mr. Conkling in the Senate had one of the New York + appointments pleasing to him taken up and confirmed, leaving + half a dozen others, about evenly divided between his own and + the President's favorites. Then came a crisis; and it was + represented to the President that he should pull those + appointments out of the Senate at once, before Conkling's power + was further exhibited; and that if he did not, the bootblacks + at Willard's would know that the Senator, and not the + President, was first in affairs. The appointments were + withdrawn, and it was perfectly understood that this withdrawal + signified that the President would not allow men to be + discriminated against because they were opposed to Conkling at + Chicago. A letter came from General Grant in Mexico, addressed + to Senator Jones of Nevada, and was published, reflecting upon + Garfield's course; and at once the President wrote to the Old + Commander defending his administration. This was done as a + matter of personal respect. General Grosvenor of Ohio happened + to be in the President's room when he mailed a copy of his + letter to General Grant, and read the duplicate that was + reserved. It was a very respectful and decisive statement. This + letter was personal to General Grant, and the rush of events + caused it to be reserved and finally forgotten, except by the + few who knew enough of it to value it as an historical + document.</p> + + <p>There were but a few days of the four months between the + inauguration of President Garfield and his assassination that + he could be said to have had any enjoyment out of the great + office. It brought him only bitter cares, venomous criticisms, + lurking malice, covert threats ambushed in demands that were + unreasonable if not irrational. He felt keenly the accusation + that he had been nominated when his duty was due another; and + he was aware that friends had given color to accusation by a + zeal that was unseemly. He was pathetic + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page277" + id="page277"></a>[pg 277]</span> in his anxiety to be very + right; and only the assurance that Conkling was implacable + took the sting out of the haughty presumption he encountered + in that severe gentleman, whose egotism was so lofty it was + ever imposing, when it would have been absurd in any one + else.</p> + + <p>During the summer and autumn of the campaign and the winter + following, President Garfield was subject to attacks of acute + indigestion that were distressing; and it was remembered with + concern that he had at Atlantic City suffered from a sunstroke + while bathing, and fallen into an insensible condition for a + quarter of an hour. The question whether his physical condition + might not be one of frailty was serious. Then Mrs. Garfield + became ill, and the situation was gloomy.</p><br /> + + + <h4>THE GARFIELDS IN THE WHITE HOUSE.</h4> + + <p>There was one evening at the White House—just when + Mrs. Garfield's indisposition was at first manifested, and then + was only apparent in a slight chill, that caused a rather + unseasonable wood fire to be lighted—that none of those + present can have forgotten; for there were not many bright + hours in the midst of the dismal shadowing of the drama + hastening to the tragic close. Mrs. Garfield was, with the + privilege of an invalid, whose chilly sensation was supposed to + be trivial, seated before the fire, the warmth of which was to + her pleasant; and she was pale but animated, surrounded by a + group among whom were several very dear to her. General Sherman + arrived, and was—as always when his vivacity was kindly, + and it was never otherwise with ladies—fascinating. The + scene was brilliant, and had a charming domestic character. The + President was detained for half an hour beyond the time when he + was expected, and came in with a quick step and hearty manner, + and there was soon a flush of pleasure upon his face, that had + been touched with the lines of fatigue, as he saw how agreeable + the company were. A lady, who had never before seen him, voiced + the sentiment of all present, saying in a whisper: "Why, he is + the ideal President! How grand he is! How can they speak about + him so? What a magnificent gentleman he is! Talk about your + canal boys!" He was well dressed, of splendid figure, his coat + buttoned over his massive chest, his dome-like head erect, + adequately supported by immense shoulders, and he looked the + President indeed, and an embodiment of power. He was feeling + that the dark days were behind him, that he was equal to his + high fortune, that the world was wide and fair before him. It + was a supreme hour—and only an hour—for the + occasion was informal, and there was a feeling that the lady of + the White House should not be detained from her rest; and the + good-night words were trustful that she would be well next + morning; but then she was in a fever, and after some weeks was + taken to Long Branch, and returned to her husband, called, to + find him stricken unto death.</p> + + <p>It happened on the last day of June, 1881, that I stopped in + Washington on the way to New York; and in the evening—it + was Thursday—walked from the Arlington to the White + House, and sent my card to the President, who was out. Then I + strolled, passing through Lafayette Square and sitting awhile + there, thoughtful over the President's troubles, and recalling + the long letters I had written to him at Mentor, urging that + Levi P. Morton should be Secretary of the Treasury, wondering + whether things would have been better if that had been done; + for a good deal of the tempest that broke over Garfield was + because he sustained Thomas L. James in postal reforms. The + testimony taken during the trial of Guiteau shows that he was + that night in that square; and, knowing the President had left + the White House, was on the look-out, with intent to murder + him. The incarnate sneak was lying in wait, a horrible + burlesque, to take his revenge because he thought he had been + slighted, and was so malignant a fool he believed public + opinion might applaud the deed. One of the dusky figures on the + benches was probably his.</p> + + <p>At the Arlington, a few minutes after ten o'clock, I met + Postmaster-General James; and when told that I was going to New + York in the morning, he asked: "Have you seen the + President?"</p> + + <p>I had not, and General James said quite earnestly: "Go over + and see him now;" and he added: "The President, you know, is + going to Williams College the day after to-morrow, and I know + he is not going to bed early, and is not very busy, and will be + glad to see you. He and I have been out dining with Secretary + Hunt; and the President left me here a few minutes ago. Go over + and see him. He has had a good deal of disagreeable business + this afternoon relating to my department, and I am sure he + would be glad to talk with you, and have something very + interesting to say."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page278" + id="page278"></a>[pg 278]</span> <br /> + + + <h4>LAST INTERVIEW WITH PRESIDENT GARFIELD.</h4> + + <p>Returning to the White House, arriving there about a quarter + before eleven, after I had waited a few minutes in one of the + small parlors, the President came down the stairs rapidly, and + I took note that his movements were very alert. I had not seen + him since the night when Mrs. Garfield had notice of the + illness that had become alarming, and from which she was now + convalescent, and said first: "Mrs. Garfield is much + better?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, much better," said the President, "and getting health + out of the sea air. She has enjoyed it intensely, and will be + able to join me day after to-morrow at Jersey City, on the way + to Williams College—the sweetest old place in the world. + Come and go with us; several of the cabinet are going, and we + shall have a rare time; come and go with us. Have you ever seen + the lovely country there?"</p> + + <p>I answered, "No, I have not seen it; and, thanking you for + the invitation, shall not go; have too much to do. You will + have a vacation?"</p> + + <p>"Yes," the President said, "and I am feeling like a + schoolboy about it. You should go. You were along with + Harrison, Kirkwood, and me to Chautauqua, you know. That was a + great day's ride. Do you remember those watermelons? They would + have been first-rate if they had been on ice a few hours."</p> + + <p>"You had a hard day of it," I said; "forty speeches, weren't + there? And you will have another lot of speeches to make."</p> + + <p>He said he did not mind the speeches.</p> + + <p>"And how is your health," I asked; "any more indigestion? + Ever try Billy Florence's remedy, Valentine's meat juice, made + in Richmond, Virginia—great reputation abroad, little at + home?"</p> + + <p>He said he had never tried it, had forgotten it. Then, + turning with an air half comic, but with something of + earnestness, he said, naming me by way of start: "You have been + holding a sort of autopsy over me ever since I tumbled over at + Atlantic City. I exposed myself there too long both in the + water and in the sun, but it was not so bad as you think."</p> + + <p>I said he might pardon a degree of solicitude, under all the + circumstances, and he said he did not want any premature + autopsies held over him; and I put it that they had much better + be premature. Then the President said, with the greatest + earnestness: "I am in better health—indeed, quite well. + It is curious, isn't it? My wife's sickness cured me. I got so + anxious about her I ceased to think about myself. Both ends of + the house were full of trouble. My wife's illness was alarming, + and I thought no more of the pit of my stomach and the base of + my brain and the top of my head; and when she was out of + danger, and my little troubles occurred to me—why, they + were gone, and I have not noticed them since. And so," said the + President, uttering the short words with deliberation, and + picking them with care, "and so, if one could, so to say, + unself one's self, what a cure all that would be!"</p> + + <p>"The other end of the White House is better, is it not?" I + asked.</p> + + <p>"Not so much change there," said the President; "but one + becomes accustomed to heavy weather."</p> + + <p>"Lord Roscoe is feeling happier, I hope," said I.</p> + + <p>The President answered, dropping the "Lord Roscoe" + comicality, and speaking rapidly and seriously, with a flush of + excitement: "Conkling, after ten years of absolute despotism in + New York—for Grant did everything for him, and Hayes + tried to comfort him—got the elephantiasis of conceit. We + read that gentlemen in Oriental countries, having that disease + in its advanced stage, need a wheelbarrow or small wagon to aid + their locomotion when they go out to walk—and the + population think there is something divine in it. Conkling + thought if he should go on parade in New York, and place the + developments of his vanity fully on exhibition, the whole + people would fall down and worship the phenomenon. But he was + mistaken, for they soon saw it was a plain, old-fashioned case + of sore-head."</p> + + <p>Then the President, having exhausted the elephantiasis as a + divine manifestation, expressed regrets that there had been + such contentions among those who should be friends of the + administration; and repeated his view of that which was due to + the actual trust the people had placed in him, and of which he + could not honorably divest himself. He thought the people + already understood the case fairly well and would be more and + more of the opinion that he had tried to do the things that + were right, "with malice toward none and charity for all." We + talked until midnight. It was a Friday morning, and the + President was doomed to be shot the next day. The assassin had + been on his path that night. The President had gone out dining + for the last time.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page279" + id="page279"></a>[pg 279]</span> + + <p>"And you will not go to Williams College with me?" he + said.</p> + + <p>I said: "Mr. President, you have forgotten you were assailed + for being in my company to Chautauqua; and I have been so + fortunate since as to gather a fresh crop of enemies, and do + not want them to jump on to you on my account—for there + are enough upon you already."</p> + + <p>That, the President said, was "curious and interesting," and + he laughed about my "fresh crop," and said something about + cutting hay; and I told him I had been invited to meet him + Saturday night at Cyrus W. Field's country place, where a + dinner party was appointed; and jumping up, hurried away. The + light in the hall shone down on the President's pale, high + forehead, as he walked toward the stairway leading to his + apartments, and I saw him no more.</p> + + <p>Something familiar struck me in the appearance of the + watchman at the door of the White House, and stopping, I said: + "Did you hold this position here in Lincoln's time?"</p> + + <p>"Yes," said he, "I did."</p> + + <p>"And did you not look after his safety sometimes?"</p> + + <p>"I did, indeed," was the answer; "many a time I kept myself + between him and the trees there," pointing to them, "as we + walked over to the War Department to get the news from the + armies. I did not know who might be hidden in the trees, and I + would not let him go alone."</p> + + <p>"Did it ever occur to you," I asked, "that it would be worth + while to have a care that no harm happened here?"</p> + + <p>"What, now?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, now."</p> + + <p>"Oh, it is different now—no war now."</p> + + <p>"No," said I, "no war, but people are about who are queer; + and there are ugly excitements; think of it."</p> + + <p>Of course, this conversation at the door of the White House + the midnight morning of the day before the President was shot, + is accounted for by the sensibility that there was a + half-suppressed public uneasiness that could mean some fashion + of mischief, and it might be of a deadly sort to the President, + because he was so formidably conspicuous. Nearly a year + afterward, walking by General Sherman's residence, I saw him + sitting under a strong light, with his back to the street, + writing—doors and windows all open. I walked in, saying: + "General, I wouldn't sit with my back to an open window late at + night, under a light like this, if I were you. Some fool will + come along with a bull-dog pistol and the idea that death loves + a shining mark."</p> + + <p>"Pooh!" said the old soldier. "Nobody interested in killing + me. They will let me well alone with their bull-dog + pistols."</p> + + <p>The White House shone like marble in the green trees as I + drove from the Arlington to the Potomac depot, July 1st, to + take the train corresponding to the one that had the + President's car attached on the following morning, when he + meant to have a holiday of which he had the most delightful + anticipation, as one throwing off a brood of nightmares. He was + going back the President to the scene of his struggles in early + manhood for an education, going to what he called the "sweetest + place in the world," having reached the summit of ambition, + confident in himself, assured of the public good will, happy to + meet his wife restored to health, himself robust and to be, he + thought, hag-ridden no more; rejoicing to meet the dearest of + old friends, kindling with the realization of his superb and + commanding position, glowing with his just pride of place; no + heart beating higher, no imagination that exalted this mighty + country more than his, no brain that conceived with greater + splendor the glory of the nation than his, no American + patriotism more true, brighter, broader, deeper, more abounding + than his; and all was shattered at a stroke by a creature like + a crawling serpent with a deadly sting.</p> + + <p>All over the land the flags flew at half mast, and the woful + news was told: "The President is shot!" The man had fallen who, + when Lincoln was murdered, spoke the memorable words from the + Treasury building, on the spot where Washington was + inaugurated: "The President is dead—but God reigns and + the Republic lives." There were nearly three months of torture + reserved for the second martyred President, and he bore them + with marvellous fortitude; and then, on a September night, the + throbbing of the bells from Scotland to California told, that + the dark curtain of death had fallen on the tragic drama of the + Presidency of Garfield.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page280" + id="page280"></a>[pg 280]</span> + + <h2>THE VICTORY OF THE GRAND DUKE OF MITTENHEIM.</h2> + + <h3>THE LAST ROMANCE OF THE PRINCESS OSRA.</h3> + + <h4>BY ANTHONY HOPE,</h4> + + <p class="center">Author of "The Prisoner of Zenda," "The Dolly + Dialogues," etc.</p> + + <div class="figletter"> + <a href="images/LetterK.png" + name="fig280K" + id="fig280K"><img src="images/LetterK.png" + alt="Letter K" /></a> + </div> + + <p class="hang">ING RUDOLF, being in the worst of humors, had + declared in the presence of all the court that women were born + to plague men and for no other purpose whatsoever under heaven. + Hearing this discourteous speech, the Princess Osra rose, and + said that, for her part, she would go walking alone by the + river outside the city gates, where she would at least be + assailed by no more reproaches. For since she was irrevocably + determined to live and die unmarried, of what use or benefit + was it to trouble her with embassies, courtings, or proposals, + either from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim or anybody else? She + was utterly weary of this matter of love—and her mood + would be unchanged, though this new suitor were as exalted as + the King of France, as rich as Croesus himself, and as handsome + as the god Apollo. She did not desire a husband, and there was + an end of it. Thus she went out, while the queen sighed, and + the king fumed, and the courtiers and ladies said to one + another that these dissensions made life very uncomfortable at + Strelsau, the ladies further adding that he would be a bold man + who married Osra, although doubtless she was not + ill-looking.</p> + + <p>To the banks of the river outside the walls then Osra went; + and as she went she seemed to be thinking of nothing at all in + the world, least of all of whom she might chance to meet there + on the banks of the river, where in those busy hours of the day + few came. Yet there was a strange new light in her eyes, and + there seemed a new understanding in her mind; and when a young + peasant-wife came by, her baby in her arms, Osra stopped her, + and kissed the child and gave money, and then ran on in + unexplained confusion, laughing and blushing as though she had + done something which she did not wish to be seen. Then, without + reason, her eyes filled with tears; but she dashed them away, + and burst suddenly into singing. And she was still singing + when, from the long grass by the river's edge, a young man + sprang up, and, with a very low bow, drew aside to let her + pass. He had a book in his hand, for he was a student at the + University, and came there to pursue his learning in peace. His + plain brown clothes spoke of no wealth or station, though + certainly they set off a stalwart straight shape, and seemed to + match well with his bright brown hair and hazel eyes. Very low + this young man bowed, and Osra bent her head. The pace of her + walk slackened, grew quicker, slackened again; she was past + him, and with a great sigh he lay down again. She turned, he + sprang up; she spoke coldly, yet kindly.</p> + + <p>"Sir," said she, "I cannot but notice that you lie every day + here by the river, with your book, and that you sigh. Tell me + your trouble, and if I can I will relieve it."</p> + + <p>"I am reading, madam," he answered, "of Helen of Troy, and I + am sighing because she is dead."</p> + + <p>"It is an old grief by now," said Osra, smiling. "Will no + one serve you but Helen of Troy?"</p> + + <p>"If I were a prince," said he, "I need not mourn."</p> + + <p>"No, sir?"</p> + + <p>"No, madam," he said, with another bow.</p> + + <p>"Farewell, sir."</p> + + <p>"Madam, farewell."</p> + + <p>So she went on her way, and saw him no more till the next + day, nor after that till the next day following; and then came + an interval when she saw him not, and the interval was no less + than twenty-four hours; yet still he read of Helen of Troy, and + still sighed that she was dead and he no prince. At last he + tempted the longed-for question from her shy, smiling lips.</p> + + <p>"Why would you not mourn, sir, if you were a prince?" said + she. "For princes and princesses have their share of sighs." + And with a very plaintive sigh Osra looked at the rapid-running + river, as she waited for the answer.</p> + + <p>"Because I would then go to Strelsau, and so forget + her."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page281" + id="page281"></a>[pg 281]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/281.jpg" + name="fig281" + id="fig281"><img src="images/281.jpg" + alt="'FROM THE LONG GRASS BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN SPRANG UP, AND, WITH A VERY LOW BOW, DREW ASIDE TO LET HER PASS.'" /> + </a> + + <h5>"FROM THE LONG GRASS BY THE RIVER'S EDGE A YOUNG MAN + SPRANG UP, AND, WITH A VERY LOW BOW, DREW ASIDE TO LET HER + PASS."</h5> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page282" + id="page282"></a>[pg 282]</span> + + <p>"But you are at Strelsau now!" she cried with wonderful + surprise.</p> + + <p>"Ah, but I am no prince, madam!" said he.</p> + + <p>"Can princes alone—forget in Strelsau?"</p> + + <p>"How should a poor student dare to—forget in + Strelsau?" And as he spoke he made bold to step near her, and + stood close, looking down into her face. Without a word she + turned and left him, going with a step that seemed to dance + through the meadow and yet led her to her own chamber, where + she could weep in quiet.</p> + + <p>"I know it now, I know it now!" she whispered softly that + night to the tree that rose by her window. "Heigh-ho, what am I + to do? I cannot live; no, and now I cannot die. Ah me! what am + I to do? I wish I were a peasant-girl—but then perhaps he + would not—Ah yes, but he would!" And her low, long laugh + rippled in triumph through the night, and blended with the + rustling of the leaves under a summer breeze, and she stretched + her white arms to heaven, imploring the kind God with prayers + that she dared not speak even to His pitiful ear.</p> + + <p>"Love knows no princesses, my princess." It was that she + heard as she fled from him next day. She should have rebuked + him. But for that she must have stayed, and to stay she had not + dared. Yet she must rebuke him. She must see him again in order + to rebuke him. Yet all this while she must be pestered with the + court of the Grand Duke of Mittenheim! And when she would not + name a day on which the embassy should come, the king flew into + a passion, and declared that he would himself set a date for + it. Was his sister mad, he asked, that she would do nothing but + walk every day by the river's bank?</p> + + <p>"Surely I must be mad," thought Osra, "for no sane being + could be at once so joyful and so piteously unhappy."</p> + + <p>Did he know what it was he asked? He seemed to know nothing + of it. He did not speak any more now of princesses, only of his + princess; nor of queens, save of his heart's queen; and when + his eyes asked love, they asked as though none would refuse and + there could be no cause for refusal. He would have wooed his + neighbor's daughter thus, and thus he wooed the sister of King + Rudolf. "Will you love me?" was his question—not, "Though + you love, yet dare you own you love?" He seemed to shut the + whole world from her, leaving nothing but her and him; and in a + world that held none but her and him she could love unblamed, + untroubled, and with no trembling.</p> + + <p>"You forget who I am," she faltered once.</p> + + <p>"You are the beauty of the world," he answered smiling, and + he kissed her hand—a matter about which she could make no + great ado, for it was not the first time that he had kissed + it.</p> + + <p>But the embassy from the Grand Duke was to come in a week, + and to be received with great pomp. The ambassador was already + on the way, carrying proposals and gifts. Therefore Osra went + pale and sad down to the river bank that day, having declared + again to the king that she would live and die unmarried. But + the king had laughed again. Surely she needed kindness and + consolation that sad day; but Fate had kept by her a crowning + sorrow, for she found him also almost sad. At least, she could + not tell whether he were sad or not; for he smiled and yet + seemed ill at ease, like a man who ventures a fall with + fortune, hoping and fearing. And he said to her:</p> + + <p>"Madam, in a week I return to my own country."</p> + + <p>She looked at him in silence with lips just parted. For her + life she could not speak; but the sun grew dark, and the river + changed its merry tune to mournful dirges.</p> + + <p>"So the dream ends," said he. "So comes the awakening. But + if life were all a dream!" And his eyes sought hers.</p> + + <p>"Yes," she whispered, "if life were all a dream, sir?"</p> + + <p>"Then I should dream of two dreamers whose dream was one, + and in that dream I should see them ride together at break of + day from Strelsau."</p> + + <p>"Whither?" she murmured.</p> + + <p>"To Paradise," said he. "But the dream ends. If it did not + end—" He paused.</p> + + <p>"If it did not end?" a breathless longing whisper + echoed.</p> + + <p>"If it did not end now, it should not end even with death," + said he.</p> + + <p>"You see them in your dream? You see them riding—"</p> + + <p>"Aye, swiftly, side by side, they two alone, through the + morning. None is near, none knows."</p> + + <p>He seemed to be searching her face for something that yet he + scarcely hoped to find.</p> + + <p>"And their dream," said he, "brings them at last to a small + cottage, and there they live—"</p> + + <p>"They live?"</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page283" + id="page283"></a>[pg 283]</span> + + <div class="figleft" + style="width:40%;"> + <a href="images/283.jpg" + name="fig283" + id="fig283"><img src="images/283.jpg" + alt="'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED SMILING, AND HE KISSED HER HAND." /> + </a> + + <h5>"'YOU ARE THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,' HE ANSWERED + SMILING, AND HE KISSED HER HAND."</h5> + </div> + + <p>"And work," he added. "For she keeps his home while he + works."</p> + + <p>"What does she do?" asked Osra, with smiling, wondering + eyes.</p> + + <p>"She gets his food for him when he comes home weary in the + evening, and makes a bright fire, and—"</p> + + <p>"Ah, and she runs to meet him at the door—oh, further + than the door!"</p> + + <p>"But she has worked hard and is weary."</p> + + <p>"No, she is not weary," cried Osra. "It is for him!"</p> + + <p>"The wise say this is silly talk," said he.</p> + + <p>"The wise are fools, then!" cried Osra.</p> + + <p>"So the dream would please you, madam?" he asked.</p> + + <p>She had come not to know how she left him. Somehow, while he + still spoke, she would suddenly escape by flight. He did not + pursue, but let her go. So now she returned to the city, her + eyes filled with that golden dream, and she entered her home as + though it had been some strange palace decked with new + magnificence, and she an alien in it. For her true home seemed + now rather in the cottage of the dream, and she moved + unfamiliarly through the pomp that had been hers from birth. + Her soul was gone from it, while her body rested there; and + life stopped for her till she saw him again by the banks of the + river.</p> + + <p>"In five days now I go," said he; and he smiled at her. She + hid her face in her hands. Still he smiled; but suddenly he + sprang forward, for she had sobbed. The summons had sounded, he + was there; and who could sob again when he was there and his + sheltering arm warded away all grief? She looked up at him with + shining eyes, whispering:</p> + + <p>"Do you go alone?"</p> + + <p>A great joy blazed confidently in his eyes as he whispered + in answer:</p> + + <p>"I think I shall not go alone."</p> + + <p>"But how, how?"</p> + + <p>"I have two horses."</p> + + <p>"You! You have two horses?"</p> + + <p>"Yes. Is it not riches? But we will sell them when we get to + the cottage."</p> + + <p>"To the cottage! Two horses!"</p> + + <p>"I would I had but one for both of us."</p> + + <p>"Yes."</p> + + <p>"But we should not go quick enough."</p> + + <p>"No."</p> + + <p>He took his hand from her waist, and stood away from + her.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page284" + id="page284"></a>[pg 284]</span> + + <p>"You will not come?" he said.</p> + + <p>"If you doubt of my coming, I will not come. Ah, do not + doubt of my coming! For there is a great horde of fears and + black thoughts beating at the door, and you must not open + it."</p> + + <p>"And what can keep it shut, my princess?"</p> + + <p>"I think your arm, my prince," said she; and she flew to + him.</p> + + <p>That evening King Rudolf swore that if a man were only firm + enough, and kept his temper (which, by the way, the king had + not done, though none dared say no), he could bring any foolish + girl to reason in good time. For in the softest voice, and with + the strangest smile flitting to her face, the Princess Osra was + pleased to bid the embassy come on the fifth day from then.</p> + + <p>"And they shall have their answer then," said she, flushing + and smiling.</p> + + <p>"It is as much as any lady could say," the court declared; + and it was reported through all Strelsau that the match was as + good as made, and that Osra was to be Grand Duchess of + Mittenheim.</p> + + <p>"She is a sensible girl, after all," cried Rudolf, all his + anger gone.</p> + + <p>The dream began, then, before they came to the cottage. + Those days she lived in its golden mists that shut out all the + cold world from her, moving through space that held but one + form, and time that stood still waiting for one divine unending + moment. And the embassy drew near to Strelsau.</p> + + <p>It was night, the dead of night, and all was still in the + palace. But the sentinel by the little gate was at his post, + and the gate-warden stood by the western gate of the city. Each + was now alone, but to each, an hour ago, a man had come, + stealthily and silently through the darkness, and each was + richer by a bag of gold than he had been before. The gold was + Osra's—how should a poor student, whose whole fortune was + two horses, scatter bags of gold? And other gold Osra had, aye, + five hundred crowns. Would not that be a brave surprise for the + poor student? And she, alone of all awake, stood looking round + her room, entranced with the last aspect of it. Over the city + also she looked, but in the selfishness of her joy did no more + than kiss a hasty farewell to the good city folk who loved her. + Once she thought that maybe some day he and she would steal + together back to Strelsau, and, sheltered by some disguise, + watch the king ride in splendor through the streets. But if + not—why, what was Strelsau and the people and the rest? + Ah, how long the hours were before those two horses stood by + the little gate, and the sentry and the gate-warden earned + their bags of gold! So she passed the hours—the last long + lingering hours.</p> + + <p>There was a little tavern buried in the narrowest, oldest + street of the city. Here the poor student had lodged; here in + the back room a man sat at a table, and two others stood before + him. These two seemed gentlemen, and their air spoke of + military training. They stroked long mustaches, and smiled with + an amusement that deference could not hide. Both were booted + and wore spurs, and the man sitting at the table gave them + orders.</p> + + <p>"You will meet the embassy," he said to one, "about ten + o'clock. Bring it to the place I have appointed, and wait + there. Do not fail."</p> + + <p>The officer addressed bowed and retired. A minute later his + horse's hoofs clattered through the streets. Perhaps he also + had a bag of gold, for the gate-warden opened the western gate + for him, and he rode at a gallop along the river banks, till he + reached the great woods that stretch to within ten miles of + Strelsau.</p> + + <p>"An hour after we are gone," said the man at the table to + the other officer, "go warily, find one of the king's servants, + and give him the letter. Give no account of how you came by it, + and say nothing of who you are. All that is necessary is in the + letter. When you have given it, return here, and remain in + close hiding till you hear from me again."</p> + + <p>The second officer bowed. The man at the table rose, and + went out into the street. He took his way to where the palace + rose, and then skirted along the wall of its gardens till he + came to the little gate. Here stood two horses and at their + heads a man.</p> + + <p>"It is well. You can go," said the student; and he was left + alone with the horses. They were good horses for a student to + possess. The thought perhaps crossed their owner's mind, for he + laughed softly as he looked at them. Then he also fell to + thinking that the hours were long; and a fear came suddenly + upon him that she would not come. It was in these last hours + that doubts crept in, and she was not there to drive them away. + Would the great trial fail? Would she shrink at the last? But + he would not think it of her, and he was smiling again, when + the clock of the cathedral struck two, and told him that no + more than one hour now parted her from him. For she would come; + the princess <span class="pagenum"><a name="page285" + id="page285"></a>[pg 285]</span> would come to him, the + student, led by the vision of that cottage in the dream.</p> + + <p>Would she come? She would come; she had risen from her + knees, and moved to and fro, in cautious silence, making her + last preparations. She had written a word of farewell for the + brother she loved—for some day, of course, Rudolf would + forgive her—and she had ready all that she took with + her—the five hundred crowns, one ring that she would give + her lover, some clothes to serve till his loving labor + furnished more. That night she had wept, and she had laughed; + but now she neither wept nor laughed, but there was a great + pride in her face and gait. And she opened the door of her + room, and walked down the great staircase, under the eyes of + crowned kings who hung framed upon the walls. And as she went + she seemed indeed their daughter. For her head was erect and + her eye set firm in haughty dignity. Who dared to say that she + did anything that a king's daughter should not do? Should not a + woman love? Love should be her diadem. And so with this proud + step she came through the gardens of the palace, looking + neither to right nor left nor behind, but with her face set + straight for the little gate, and she walked as she had been + accustomed to walk when all Strelsau looked on her and hailed + her as its glory and its darling.</p> + + <p>The sentry slept, or seemed to sleep. Her face was not even + veiled when she opened the little gate. She would not veil her + proud face. It was his to look on now when he would; and thus + she stood for an instant in the gateway, while he sprang to + her, and, kneeling, carried her hand to his lips.</p> + + <p>"You are come?" he cried; for though he had believed, yet he + wondered.</p> + + <p>"I am come," she smiled. "Is not the word of a princess + sure? Ah, how could I not come?"</p> + + <p>"See, love," said he, rising, "day dawns in royal purple for + you, and golden love for me."</p> + + <p>"The purple is for my king, and the love for me," she + whispered, as he led her to her horse. "Your fortune!" said + she, pointing to them. "But I also have brought a + dowry—fancy, five hundred crowns!" and her mirth and + happiness burst out in a laugh. It was so deliciously little, + five hundred crowns!</p> + + <p>She was mounted now, and he stood by her.</p> + + <p>"Will you turn back?" he said.</p> + + <p>"You shall not make me angry," said she. "Come, mount."</p> + + <p>"Aye, I must mount," said he. "For if we were found here the + king would kill me."</p> + + <p>For the first time the peril of their enterprise seemed to + strike, into her mind, and turned her cheek pale.</p> + + <p>"Ah, I forgot! In my happiness I forgot. Mount, mount! Oh, + if he found you!"</p> + + <p>He mounted. Once they clasped hands; then they rode swiftly + for the western gate.</p> + + <p>"Veil your face," he said; and since he bade her, she + obeyed, saying:</p> + + <p>"But I can see you through the veil."</p> + + <p>The gate stood open, and the gate-warden was not there. They + were out of the city; the morning air blew cold and pure from + the meadows along the river. The horses stretched into an eager + gallop. And Osra tore her veil from her face, and turned on him + eyes of radiant triumph.</p> + + <p>"It is done," she cried; "it is done!"</p> + + <p>"Yes, it is done, my princess," said he.</p> + + <p>"And—and it is begun, my prince," said she.</p> + + <p>"Yes, and it is begun," said he.</p> + + <p>She laughed aloud in absolute joy, and for a moment he also + laughed.</p> + + <p>But then his face grew grave, and he said:</p> + + <p>"I pray you may never grieve for it."</p> + + <p>She looked at him with eyes wide in wonder; for an instant + she seemed puzzled, but then she fell again to laughing.</p> + + <p>"Grieve for it!" said she between her merry laughs.</p> + + <p>King Rudolf was a man who lay late in the morning; and he + was not well pleased to be roused when the clock had but just + struck four. Yet he sat up in his bed readily enough, for he + imagined that the embassy from the Grand Duke of Mittenheim + must be nearer than he had thought, and, sooner than fail in + any courtesy towards the prince whose alliance he ardently + desired, he was ready to submit to much inconvenience. But his + astonishment was great when, instead of any tidings from the + embassy, one of his gentlemen handed him a letter, saying that + a servant had received it from a stranger with instructions to + carry it at once to the king. When asked if any answer were + desired from his majesty, the stranger had answered, "Not + through me," and at once turned away, and quickly disappeared. + The king, with a peevish oath at having been roused for such a + trifle, broke the seal and fastenings of the letter, and opened + it; and he read:</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page286" + id="page286"></a>[pg 286]</span> + + <p>"Sire—Your sister does not wait for the embassy, but + chooses her own lover. She has met a student of the University + every day for the last three weeks by the river bank." (The + king started.) "This morning she has fled with him on horseback + along the western road. If you desire a student for a + brother-in-law, sleep again. If not, up and ride. Do not doubt + these tidings."</p> + + <p>There was no signature to the letter; yet the king, knowing + his sister, cried:</p> + + <p>"See whether the princess is in the palace. And in the + meanwhile saddle my horse, and let a dozen of the guard be at + the gate."</p> + + <p>The princess was not in the palace; but her woman found the + letter that she had left, and brought it to the king. And the + king read: "Brother, whom I love best of all men in the world + save one, I have left you to go with that one. You will not + forgive me now, but some day forgive me. Nay, it is not I who + have done it, but my love which is braver than I. He is the + sweetest gentleman alive, brother, and therefore he must be my + lord. Let me go, but still love me—Osra."</p> + + <p>"It is true," said the king. "And the embassy will be here + to-day." And for a moment he seemed dazed. Yet he spoke nothing + to anybody of what the letters contained, but sent word to the + queen's apartments that he went riding for pleasure. And he + took his sword and his pistols; for he swore that by his own + hand, and that of no other man, this sweetest gentleman alive + should meet his death. But all, knowing that the princess was + not in the palace, guessed that the king's sudden haste + concerned her; and great wonder and speculation rose in the + palace, and presently, as the morning advanced, spread from the + palace to its environs, and from the environs to the rest of + the city. For it was reported that a sentinel that had stood + guard that night was missing, and that the gate-warden of the + western gate was nowhere to be found, and that a mysterious + letter had come by an unknown hand to the king, and lastly, + that Princess Osra—their princess—was gone; whether + by her own will or by some bold plot of seizure and kidnapping, + none knew. Thus a great stir grew in all Strelsau, and men + stood about the street gossiping when they should have gone to + work, while women chattered in lieu of sweeping their houses + and dressing their children. So that when the king rode out of + the courtyard of the palace at a gallop, with twelve of the + guard behind, he could hardly make his way through the streets + for the people who crowded round him, imploring him to tell + them where the princess was. When the king saw that the matter + had thus become public, his wrath was greater still, and he + swore again that the student of the University should pay the + price of life for his morning ride with the princess. And when + he darted through the gate, and set his horse straight along + the western road, many of the people, neglecting all their + business, as folk will for excitement's sake, followed him as + they best could, agog to see the thing to its end.</p> + + <p>"The horses are weary," said the student to the princess, + "we must let them rest; we are now in the shelter of the + wood."</p> + + <p>"But my brother may pursue you," she urged; "and if he came + up with you—ah, heaven forbid!"</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:40%;"> + <a href="images/286.jpg" + name="fig286" + id="fig286"><img src="images/286.jpg" + alt="'LISTEN!' SHE CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET. 'THEY ARE HORSES' HOOFS.' ... AND SHE CAUGHT HIM BY THE HAND, AND PULLED HIM TO HIS FEET.'" /> + </a> + + <h5>"'LISTEN!' SHE CRIED, SPRINGING TO HER FEET. 'THEY ARE + HORSES' HOOFS.' ... AND SHE CAUGHT HIM BY THE HAND, AND + PULLED HIM TO HIS FEET."</h5> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page287" + id="page287"></a>[pg 287]</span> + + <p>"He will not know you have gone for another three hours," + smiled he. "And here is a green bank where we can rest."</p> + + <p>So he aided her to dismount; then, saying he would tether + the horses, he led them away some distance, so that she could + not see where he had posted them; and he returned to her, + smiling still. Then he took from his pocket some bread, and, + breaking the loaf in two, gave her one-half, saying:</p> + + <p>"There is a spring just here; so we shall have a good + breakfast."</p> + + <p>"Is this your breakfast?" she asked, with a wondering laugh. + Then she began to eat, and cried directly, "How delicious this + bread is! I would have nothing else for breakfast;" and at this + the student laughed.</p> + + <p>Yet Osra ate little of the bread she liked so well; and + presently she leaned against her lover's shoulder, and he put + his arm round her; and they sat for a little while in silence, + listening to the soft sounds that filled the waking woods as + day grew to fulness and the sun beat warm through the + sheltering foliage.</p> + + <p>"Don't you hear the trees?" Osra whispered to her lover. + "Don't you hear them? They are whispering for me what I dare + not whisper."</p> + + <p>"What is it they whisper, sweet?" he asked; and he himself + did no more than whisper.</p> + + <p>"The trees whisper, 'Love, love, love.' And the + wind—don't you hear the wind murmuring, 'Love, love, + love'? And the birds sing, 'Love, love, love.' Aye, all the + world to-day is softly whispering, 'Love, love, love!' What + else should the great world whisper but my love? For my love is + greater than the world." And she suddenly hid her face in her + hands; and he could kiss no more than her hands, though her + eyes gleamed at him from between slim white fingers.</p> + + <p>But suddenly her hands dropped, and she leaned forward as + though she listened.</p> + + <p>"What is that sound?" she asked, apprehension dawning in her + eyes.</p> + + <p>"It is but another whisper, love!" said he.</p> + + <p>"Nay, but it sounds to me like—ah, like the noise of + horses galloping."</p> + + <p>"It is but the stream, beating over stones."</p> + + <p>"Listen, listen, listen!" she cried, springing to her feet. + "They are horses' hoofs. Ah, merciful God, it is the king!" And + she caught him by the hand, and pulled him to his feet, looking + at him with a face pale and alarmed.</p> + + <p>"Not the king," said he; "he would not know yet. It is some + one else. Hide your face, dear lady, and all will be well."</p> + + <p>"It is the king," she cried. "Hark how they gallop on the + road! It is my brother. Love, he will kill you; love, he will + kill you!"</p> + + <p>"If it is the king," said he, "I have been betrayed."</p> + + <p>"The horses, the horses!" she cried. "By your love for me, + the horses!"</p> + + <p>He nodded his head, and, turning, disappeared among the + trees. She stood with clasped hands, heaving breast, and + fearful eyes, awaiting his return. Minutes passed, and he came + not. She flung herself on her knees, beseeching heaven for his + life. At last he came along alone, and he bent over her, taking + her hand.</p> + + <p>"My love," said he, "the horses are gone."</p> + + <p>"Gone!" she cried, gripping his hand.</p> + + <p>"Aye. This love, my love, is a wonderful thing. For I forgot + to tie them, and they are gone. Yet what matter? For the + king—yes, sweet, I think now it is the king—will + not be here for some minutes yet, and those minutes I have + still for love and life."</p> + + <p>"He will kill you!" she said.</p> + + <p>"Yes," said he.</p> + + <p>She looked long in his eyes; then she threw her arms about + his neck, and, for the first time unasked, covered his face + with kisses.</p> + + <p>"Kiss me, kiss me," said she; and he kissed her. Then she + drew back a little, but took his arm and set it round her + waist. And she drew a little knife from her girdle, and showed + it him.</p> + + <p>"If the king will not pardon us and let us love one another, + I also will die," said she; and her voice was quiet and happy. + "Indeed, my love, I should not grieve. Ah, do not tell me to + live without you!"</p> + + <p>"Would you obey?" he asked.</p> + + <p>"Not in that," said she.</p> + + <p>And thus they stood silent, while the sound of the hoofs + drew very near. But she looked up at him, and he looked at her; + then she looked at the point of the little dagger, and she + whispered:</p> + + <p>"Keep your arm round me till I die."</p> + + <p>He bent his head, and kissed her once again, saying:</p> + + <p>"My princess, it is enough."</p> + + <p>And she, though she did not know why he smiled, yet smiled + back at him. For although life was sweet that day, yet such a + death, with him and to prove her love for him, seemed well-nigh + as sweet. And thus they awaited the coming of the + king.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page288" + id="page288"></a>[pg 288]</span> <br /> + + + <h4>II.</h4> + + <p>King Rudolf and his guards far out-stripped the people who + pursued them from the city; and when they came to the skirts of + the wood, they divided themselves into four parties, since, if + they went all together, they might easily miss the fugitives + whom they sought. Of these four parties, one found nothing; + another found the two horses which the student himself, who had + hidden them, failed to find; the third party had not gone far + before they caught sight of the lovers, though the lovers did + not see them; and two of them remained to watch and, if need + be, to intercept any attempted flight, while the third rode off + to find the king and bring him where Osra and the student were, + as he had commanded.</p> + + <p>But the fourth party, with which the king was, though it did + not find the fugitives, found the embassy from the Grand Duke + of Mittenheim; and the ambassador, with all his train, was + resting by the roadside, seeming in no haste at all to reach + Strelsau. When the king suddenly rode up at great speed and + came upon the embassy, an officer that stood by the + ambassador—whose name was Count Sergius of + Antheim—stooped down and whispered in his excellency's + ear, upon which he rose and advanced towards the king, + uncovering his head and bowing profoundly. For he chose to + assume that the king had ridden to meet him out of excessive + graciousness and courtesy towards the Grand Duke; so that he + began, to the impatient king's infinite annoyance, to make a + very long and stately speech, assuring his majesty of the great + hope and joy with which his master awaited the result of the + embassy; for, said he, since the king was so zealous in his + cause, his master could not bring himself to doubt of success, + and therefore most confidently looked to win for his bride the + most exalted and lovely lady in the world, the peerless + Princess Osra, the glory of the court of Strelsau, and the + brightest jewel in the crown of the king, her brother. And + having brought this period to a prosperous conclusion, Count + Sergius took breath, and began another that promised to be + fully as magnificent and not a whit less long. So that, before + it was well started, the king smote his hand on his thigh and + roared:</p> + + <p>"Heavens, man, while you're making speeches, that rascal is + carrying off my sister!"</p> + + <p>Count Sergius, who was an elderly man of handsome presence + and great dignity, being thus rudely and strangely interrupted, + showed great astonishment and offence; but the officer by him + covered his mouth with his hand to hide a smile. For the moment + that the king had spoken these impetuous words he was himself + overwhelmed with confusion; for the last thing that he wished + the Grand Duke's ambassador to know was that the princess whom + his master courted had run away that morning with a student of + the University of Strelsau. Accordingly he began, very hastily, + and with more regard for prudence than for truth, to tell Count + Sergius how a noted and bold criminal had that morning swooped + down on the princess as she rode unattended outside the city, + and carried her off—which seemed to the ambassador a very + strange story. But the king told it with great fervor, and he + besought the count to scatter his attendants all through the + wood, and seek the robber. Yet he charged them not to kill the + man themselves, but to keep him till he came. "For I have sworn + to kill him with my own hand," he cried.</p> + + <p>Now Count Sergius, however much astonished he might be, + could do nothing but accede to the king's request, and he sent + off all his men to scour the woods, and, mounting his horse, + himself set off with them, showing great zeal in the king's + service, but still thinking the king's story a very strange + one. Thus the king was left alone with his two guards and with + the officer who had smiled.</p> + + <p>"Will you not go also, sir?" asked the king.</p> + + <p>But at this moment a man galloped up at furious speed, + crying:</p> + + <p>"We have found them, sire, we have found them!"</p> + + <p>"Then he hasn't five minutes to live!" cried the king in + fierce joy; and he lugged out his sword, adding: "The moment I + set my eyes on him, I will kill him. There is no need for words + between me and him."</p> + + <p>At this speech the face of the officer grew suddenly grave + and alarmed; and he put spurs to his horse, and hastened after + the king, who had at once dashed away in the direction in which + the man had pointed. But the king had got a start and kept it; + so that the officer seemed terribly frightened, and muttered to + himself:</p> + + <p>"Heaven send that he does not kill him before he knows!" And + he added some very impatient words concerning the follies of + princes, and, above all, of princes in love.</p> + + <p>Thus, while the ambassador and his men + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page289" + id="page289"></a>[pg 289]</span> searched high and low for + the noted robber, and the king's men hunted for the student + of the University, the king, followed by two of his guard at + a distance of about fifty yards (for his horse was better + than theirs), came straight to where Osra and her lover + stood together. And a few yards behind the guards came the + officer; and he also had by now drawn his sword. But he rode + so eagerly that he overtook and passed the king's guards, + and got within thirty yards of the king by the time that the + king was within twenty of the lovers. But the king let him + get no nearer, for he dug his spurs again into his horse's + side, and the horse bounded forward, while the king cried + furiously to his sister, "Stand away from him!" The princess + did not heed, but stood in front of her lover (for the + student was wholly unarmed), holding up the little dagger in + her hand. The king laughed scornfully and angrily, thinking + that Osra menaced him with the weapon, and not supposing + that it was herself for whom she destined it. And, having + reached them, the king leaped from his horse and ran at + them, with his sword raised to strike. Osra gave a cry of + terror. "Mercy!" she cried. "Mercy!" But the king had no + thought of mercy, and he would certainly then and there have + killed her lover had not the officer, gaining a moment's + time by the king's dismounting, at this very instant come + galloping up; and, there being no time for any explanation, + he leaned from his saddle as he dashed by, and, putting out + his hand, snatched the king's sword away from him, just as + the king was about to thrust it through his sister's + lover.</p> + + <p>But the officer's horse was going so furiously that he could + not stop it for hard on forty yards, and he narrowly escaped + splitting his head against a great bough that hung low across + the grassy path; and he dropped first his own sword and then + the king's; but at last he brought the horse to a standstill, + and, leaping down, ran back towards where the swords lay. But + at the moment the king also ran towards them; for the fury that + he had been in before was as nothing to that which now + possessed him. After his sword was snatched from him he stood + in speechless anger for a full minute, but then had turned to + pursue the man who had dared to treat him with such insult. And + now, in his desire to be at the officer, he had come very near + to forgetting the student. Just as the officer came to where + the king's sword lay, and picked it up, the king, in his turn, + reached the officer's sword and picked up that. The king came + with a rush at the officer, who, seeing that the king was + likely to kill him, or he the king, if he stood his ground, + turned tail and sped away at the top of his speed through the + forest. But as he went, thinking that the time had come for + plain speaking, he looked back over his shoulder and + shouted:</p> + + <p>"Sire, it's the Grand Duke himself!"</p> + + <p>The king stopped short in sudden amazement.</p> + + <p>"Is the man mad?" he asked. "Who is the Grand Duke?"</p> + + <p>"It's the Grand Duke, sir, who is with the princess. And you + would have killed him if I had not snatched your sword," said + the officer; and he also came to a halt, but he kept a very + wary eye on King Rudolf.</p> + + <p>"I should certainly have killed him, let him be who he + will," said the king. "But why do you call him the Grand + Duke?"</p> + + <p>The officer very cautiously approached the king, and, seeing + that the king made no threatening motion, he at last trusted + himself so close that he could speak to the king in a very low + voice; and what he said seemed to astonish, please, and amuse + the king immensely. For he clapped the officer on the back, + laughed heartily, and cried:</p> + + <p>"A pretty trick! On my life, a pretty trick!"</p> + + <p>Now Osra and her lover had not heard what the officer had + shouted to the king, and when Osra saw her brother returning + from among the trees alone and with his sword, she still + supposed that her lover must die; and she turned and flung her + arms round his neck, and clung to him for a moment, kissing + him. Then she faced the king, with a smile on her face and the + little dagger in her hand. But the king came up, wearing a + scornful smile, and he asked her:</p> + + <p>"What is the dagger for, my wilful sister?"</p> + + <p>"For me, if you kill him," said she.</p> + + <p>"You would kill yourself, then, if I killed him?"</p> + + <p>"I would not live a moment after he was dead."</p> + + <p>"Faith, it is wonderful!" said the king with a shrug. "Then + plainly, if you cannot live without him, you must live with + him. He is to be your husband, not mine. Therefore, take him, + if you will."</p> + + <p>When Osra heard this, which indeed for joy and wonder she + could hardly believe, she dropped her knife, and, running + forward, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page290" + id="page290"></a>[pg 290]</span> fell on her knees before + her brother, and, catching his hand, she covered it with + kisses, and her tears mingled with her kisses. But the king + let her go on, and stood over her, laughing and looking at + the student. Presently the student began to laugh also, and + he had just advanced a step towards King Rudolf, when Count + Sergius of Antheim, the Grand Duke's ambassador, came out + from among the trees, riding hotly and with great zeal after + the noted robber. But no sooner did the count see the + student than he stopped his horse, leaped down with a cry of + wonder, and, running up to the student, bowed very low and + kissed his hand. So that when Osra looked round from her + kissing of her brother's hand, she beheld the Grand Duke's + ambassador kissing the hand of her lover. She sprang to her + feet in wonder.</p> + + <p>"Who are you?" she cried to the student, running in between + him and the ambassador.</p> + + <p>"Your lover and servant," said he.</p> + + <p>"And besides?" she said.</p> + + <p>"Why, in a month, your husband," laughed the king, taking + her lover by the hand.</p> + + <p>He clasped the king's hand, but turned at once to her, and + said humbly:</p> + + <p>"Alas, I have no cottage!"</p> + + <p>"Who are you?" she whispered to him.</p> + + <p>"The man for whom you were ready to die, my princess. Is it + not enough?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, it is enough," said she; and she did not repeat her + question. But the king, with a short laugh, turned on his heel, + and took Count Sergius by the arm and walked off with him; and + presently they met the officer and learned fully how the Grand + Duke had come to Strelsau, and how he had contrived to woo and + win the Princess Osra, and finally to carry her off from the + palace.</p> + + <p>It was an hour later when the whole of the two companies, + that of the king and that of the ambassador, were all gathered + together again, and had heard the story; so that when the king + went to where Osra and the Grand Duke walked together among the + trees, and, taking each by a hand, led them out, they were + greeted with a great cheer; and they mounted their horses, + which the Grand Duke now found without any + difficulty—although when the need of them seemed far + greater the student could not contrive to come upon + them—and the whole company rode together out of the wood + and along the road towards Strelsau, the king being full of + jokes and hugely delighted with a trick that suited his merry + fancy. But before they had ridden far, they met the great crowd + which had come out from Strelsau to learn what had happened to + the Princess Osra. And the king cried out that the Grand Duke + was to marry the princess, while his guards who had been with + him and the ambassador's people spread themselves among the + crowd and told the story. And when they heard it, the Strelsau + folk were nearly beside themselves with amusement and delight, + and thronged round Osra, kissing her hands and blessing her. + But the king drew back, and let her and the Grand Duke ride + alone together, while he followed with Count Sergius. Thus, + moving at a very slow pace, they came in the forenoon to + Strelsau; but some one had galloped on ahead with the news, and + the cathedral bells had been set ringing, the streets were + full, and the whole city given over to excitement and + rejoicing. All the men were that day in love with Princess + Osra; and, what is more, they told their sweethearts so, and + these found no other revenge than to blow kisses and fling + flowers at the Grand Duke as he rode past with Osra by his + side. Thus they came back to the palace whence they had fled in + the early gleams of that morning's light.</p> + + <p>It was evening, and the moon rose, fair and clear, over + Strelsau. In the streets there were sounds of merriment and + rejoicing; for every house was bright with light, and the king + had sent out meat and wine for every soul in the city, that + none might be sad or hungry or thirsty in all the city that + night; so that there was no small uproar. The king himself sat + in his armchair, toasting the bride and bride-groom in company + with Count Sergius of Antheim, whose dignity, somewhat wounded + by the trick his master had played upon him, was healing + quickly under the balm of King Rudolf's graciousness. And the + king said to Count Sergius:</p> + + <p>"My lord, were you ever in love?"</p> + + <p>"I was, sire," said the count.</p> + + <p>"So was I," said the king. "Was it with the countess, my + lord?"</p> + + <p>Count Sergius's eyes twinkled demurely; but he answered:</p> + + <p>"I take it, sire, that it must have been with the + countess."</p> + + <p>"And I take it," said the king, "that it must have been with + the queen."</p> + + <p>Then they both laughed, and then they both sighed; and the + king, touching the count's elbow, pointed out to the terrace of + the palace, on to which the room where they were opened. For + Princess Osra and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page291" + id="page291"></a>[pg 291]</span> her lover were walking up + and down together on this terrace. And the two shrugged + their shoulders, smiling.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/291.jpg" + name="fig291" + id="fig291"><img src="images/291.jpg" + alt="HE LEANED FROM HIS SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY, AND ... SNATCHED THE KING'S SWORD AWAY FROM HIM, JUST AS THE KING WAS ABOUT TO THRUST IT THROUGH HIS SISTER'S LOVER." /> + </a> + + <h5>"HE LEANED FROM HIS SADDLE AS HE DASHED BY, AND ... + SNATCHED THE KING'S SWORD AWAY FROM HIM, JUST AS THE KING + WAS ABOUT TO THRUST IT THROUGH HIS SISTER'S LOVER."</h5> + </div> + + <p>"With him," remarked the king, "it will have been + with—"</p> + + <p>"The countess, sire," discreetly interrupted Count Sergius + of Antheim.</p> + + <p>"Why, yes, the countess," said the king; and, with a laugh, + they turned bank to their wine.</p> + + <p>But the two on the terrace also talked.</p> + + <p>"I do not yet understand it," said Princess Osra. "For on + the first day I loved you, and on the second I loved you, and + on the third, and the fourth, and every day I loved you. Yet + the first day was not like the second, nor the second like the + third, nor any day like any other. And to-day, again, is unlike + them all. Is love so various and full of changes?"</p> + + <p>"Is it not?" he asked with a smile. "For while you were with + the queen, talking of I know not what—"</p> + + <p>"Nor I, indeed," said Osra hastily.</p> + + <p>"I was with the king, and he, saying that forewarned was + forearmed, told me very strange and pretty stories. Of some a + report had reached me before—"</p> + + <p>"And yet you came to Strelsau?"</p> + + <p>"While of others, I had not heard."</p> + + <p>"Or you would not have come to Strelsau?"</p> + + <p>The Grand Duke, not heeding these questions, proceeded to + his conclusion:</p> + + <p>"Love, therefore," said he, "is very various. For M. de + Mérosailles—"</p> + + <p>"These are old stories," cried Osra, pretending to stop her + ears.</p> + + <p>"Loved in one way, and Stephen the Smith in another, + and—the Miller of Hofbau in a third."</p> + + <p>"I think," said Osra, "that I have forgotten the Miller of + Hofbau. But can one heart love in many different ways? I know + that different men love differently."</p> + + <p>"But cannot one heart love in different ways?" he + smiled.</p> + + <p>"May be," said Osra thoughtfully, "one heart can have + loved." But then she suddenly looked up at him with a + mischievous sparkle in her eyes. "No, no," she cried; "it was + not love. It was—"</p> + + <p>"What was it?"</p> + + <p>"The courtiers entertained me till the king came," she said + with a blushing laugh. And looking up at him again, she + whispered: "Yet I am glad that you lingered for a little."</p> + + <p>At this moment she saw the king come out on to the terrace, + and with him was the Bishop of Modenstein; and after the bishop + had been presented to the Grand + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page292" + id="page292"></a>[pg 292]</span> Duke, the king began to + talk with the Grand Duke, while the bishop kissed Osra's + hand and wished her joy.</p> + + <p>"Madam," said he, "once you asked me if I could make you + understand what love was. I take it you have no need for my + lessons now. Your teacher has come."</p> + + <p>"Yes, he has come," she said gently, looking on the bishop + with great friendliness. "But tell me, will he always love + me?"</p> + + <p>"Surely he will," answered the bishop.</p> + + <p>"And tell me," said Osra, "shall I always love him?"</p> + + <p>"Surely," said the bishop again, most courteously. "Yet, + indeed, madam," he continued, "it would seem almost enough to + ask of Heaven to love now and now to be loved. For the years + roll on, and youth goes, and even the most incomparable beauty + will yield its blossoms when the season wanes; yet that sweet + memory may ever be fresh and young, a thing a man can carry to + his grave and raise as her best monument on his lady's + tomb."</p> + + <p>"Ah, you speak well of love," said she. "I marvel that you + speak so well of love. For it is as you say; and to-day in the + wood it seemed to me that I had lived enough, and that even + Death was but Love's servant as Life is, both purposed solely + for his better ornament."</p> + + <p>"Men have died because they loved you, madam, and some yet + live who love you," said the bishop.</p> + + <p>"And shall I grieve for both, my lord—or for + which?"</p> + + <p>"For neither, madam; for the dead have gained peace, and + they who live have escaped forgetfulness."</p> + + <p>"But would they not be happier for forgetting?"</p> + + <p>"I do not think so," said the bishop; and, bowing low to her + again, he stood back, for he saw the king approaching with the + Grand Duke; and the king took him by the arm, and walked on + with him; but Osra's face lost the brief pensiveness that had + come upon it as she talked with the bishop, and, turning to her + lover, she stretched out her hands to him, saying:</p> + + <p>"I wish there was a cottage, and that you worked for bread, + while I made ready for you at the cottage, and then ran far, + far, far, down the road to watch and wait for your coming."</p> + + <p>"Since a cottage was not too small, a palace will not be too + large," said he, catching her in his arms.</p> + + <p>Thus the heart of Princess Osra found its haven and its + rest; for a month later she was married to the Grand Duke of + Mittenheim in the cathedral of Strelsau, having utterly refused + to take any other place for her wedding. And again she and he + rode forth together through the western gate; and the king rode + with them on their way till they came to the woods. Here he + paused, and all the crowd that accompanied him stopped also; + and they all waited till the sombre depths of the glades hid + Osra and her lover from their sight. Then, leaving them thus + riding together to their happiness, the people returned home, + sad for the loss of their darling princess. But, for + consolation, and that their minds might less feel her loss, + they had her name often on their lips; and the poets and + story-tellers composed many stories about her, not always + grounded on fact, but the fabric of idle imaginings, wrought to + please the fancy of lovers or to wake the memories of older + folk. So that, if a stranger goes now to Strelsau, he may be + pardoned if it seem to him that all mankind was in love with + Princess Osra. Nay, and those stories so pass all fair bounds + that, if you listened to them, you would come near to believing + that the princess also had found some love for all the men who + had given her their love. Thus to many she is less a woman that + once lived and breathed than some sweet image under whose name + they fondly group all the virtues and the charms of her whom + they love best, each man fashioning for himself from his own + chosen model her whom he calls his princess. Yet it may be that + for some of them who so truly loved her, her heart had a + moment's tenderness. Who shall tell all the short-lived dreams + that come and go, the promptings and stirrings of a vagrant + inclination? And who would pry too closely into these secret + matters? May we not more properly give thanks to heaven that + the thing is as it is? For surely it makes greatly for the + increase of joy and entertainment in the world, and of courtesy + and true tenderness, that the heart of Princess Osra—or + of what lady you may choose, sir, to call by her + name—should flutter in pretty hesitation here and there + and to and fro a little, before it flies on a straight swift + wing to its destined and desired home. And if you be not the + prince for your princess, why, sir, your case is a sad one.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page293" + id="page293"></a>[pg 293]</span> + + <h2>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.</h2> + + <h4>By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps,</h4> + + <p class="center">Author of "The Gates Ajar," "The Madonna of + the Tubs," etc.</p> + + <p>EMERSON IN ANDOVER.—RECOLLECTIONS OF EARLY RELIGIOUS + TRAINING.—THE STUDIES OF A PROFESSOR'S + DAUGHTER.—THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.</p> + + <div class="figletter"> + <a href="images/LetterP.jpg" + name="fig293P" + id="fig293P"><img src="images/LetterP.jpg" + alt="Letter P" /></a> + </div> + + <p class="hang">ERHAPS no one has ever denied, or more + definitely, has ever wished to deny, that Andover society + consisted largely of people with obvious religious convictions; + and that her visitors were chiefly of the Orthodox + Congregational turn of mind. I do not remember that we ever saw + any reason for regret in this "feature" of the Hill. It is + true, however, that a dash of the world's people made their way + among us.</p> + + <p>I remember certain appearances of Ralph Waldo Emerson. If I + am correct about it, he had been persuaded by some emancipated + and daring mind to give us several lectures.</p> + + <p>He was my father's guest on one of these occasions, and I + met him for the first time then. Emerson was—not to speak + disrespectfully—in a much muddled state of his + distinguished mind, on Andover Hill. His blazing seer's gaze + took us all in, politely; it burned straight on, with its own + philosophic fire; but it wore, at moments, a puzzled + softness.</p> + + <p>His clear-cut, sarcastic lips sought to assume the well-bred + curves of conformity to the environment of entertainers who + valued him so far as to demand a series of his own lectures; + but the cynic of his temperamental revolt from us, or, to be + exact, from the thing which he supposed us to be, lurked in + every line of his memorable face.</p> + + <p>By the way, what a look of the eagle it had!</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:20%;"> + <a href="images/293.jpg" + name="fig293" + id="fig293"><img src="images/293.jpg" + alt="RALPH WALDO EMERSON." /></a> + + <h5>RALPH WALDO EMERSON.</h5> + </div> + + <p>The poet—I was about to say the pagan + poet—quickly recognized, to a degree, that he was not + among a group of barbarians; and I remember the marked respect + with which he observed my father's noble head and countenance, + and the attention with which he listened to the low, perfectly + modulated voice of his host. But Mr. Emerson was accustomed to + do the talking himself; this occasion proved no exception; and + here his social divination or experience failed him a little. + Quite promptly, I remember, he set adrift upon the sea of + Alcott.</p> + + <p>Now, we had heard of Mr. Alcott in Andover, it is true, but + we did not look upon him exactly through Mr. Emerson's + marine-glass; and, though the Professor did his hospitable best + to sustain his end of the conversation, it swayed off + gracefully into monologue. We listened deferentially while the + philosopher pronounced Bronson Alcott the greatest mind of our + day—I think he said the greatest since Plato. He was + capable of it, in moments of his own exaltation. I thought I + detected a twinkle in my father's blue eye; but the fine curve + of his lips remained politely closed; and our distinguished + guest spoke on.</p> + + <p>There was something noble about this ardent way of + appreciating his friends, and Emerson was distinguished for it, + among those who knew him well.</p> + + <p>Publishers understood that his literary judgment was + touchingly warped by his + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page294" + id="page294"></a>[pg 294]</span> personal admirations. He + would offer some impossible MS. as the work of dawning + genius; it would be politely received, and filed in the + rejected pigeon-holes. Who knows what the great man thought + when his friend's poem failed to see the light of the + market?</p> + + <p>On this particular occasion, the conversation changed to + Browning. Now, the Professor, although as familiar as he + thought it necessary to be with the latest poetic idol, was not + a member of a Browning class; and here, again, his attitude + towards the subject was one of well-mannered respect, rather + than of abandoned enthusiasm. (Had it only been Wordsworth!) A + lady was present, young, and of the Browningesque temperament. + Mr. Emerson expressed himself finely to the effect that there + was something outside of ourselves about Browning—that we + might not always grasp him—that he seemed, at times, to + require an extra sense.</p> + + <p>"Is it not because he touches our extra moods?" asked the + lady. The poet's face turned towards her quickly; he had not + noticed her before; a subtle change touched his expression, as + if he would have liked to say: For the first time since this + subject was introduced in this Calvinistic drawing-room, I find + myself understood.</p> + + <p>It chanced that we had a Chaucer Club in Andover at that + time; a small company, severely selected, not to flirt or to + chat, but to work. We had studied hard for a year, and most of + us had gone Chaucer mad. This present writer was the + unfortunate exception to that idolatrous enthusiasm, + and—meeting Mr. Emerson at another time—took modest + occasion in answer to a remark of his to say something of the + sort.</p> + + <p>"Chaucer interests me, certainly, but I cannot make myself + feel as the others do. He does not take hold of my nature. He + is too far back. I am afraid I am too much of a modern. It is a + pity, I know."</p> + + <p>"It <i>is</i> a pity," observed Mr. Emerson sarcastically. + "What would you read? The 'Morning Advertiser'?" The Chaucer + Club glared at me in what, I must say, I felt to be unholy + triumph.</p> + + <p>Not a glance of sympathy reached me, where I sat, demolished + before the rebuke of the great man. I distinctly heard a + chuckle from a feminine member. Yet, what had the dissenter + done, or tried to do? To be quite honest, only, in a little + matter where affectation would have been the flowery way; and I + must say that I have never loved the Father of English Poetry + any better for this episode.</p> + + <p>The point, however, at which I am coming is the effect + wrought upon Mr. Emerson's mind by the history of that club. It + seemed to us disproportionate to the occasion that he should + feel and manifest so much surprise at our existence. This he + did, more than once, and with a genuineness not to be + mistaken.</p> + + <p>That an organization for the study of Chaucer could subsist + on Andover Hill, he could not understand. What he thought us, + or thought about us, who can say? He seemed as much taken aback + as if he had found a tribe of Cherokees studying onomatopoeia + in English verse.</p> + + <p>"A <i>Chaucer</i> club! In <i>Andover</i>?" he repeated. The + seer was perplexed.</p> + + <p>Of course, whenever we found ourselves in forms of society + not in harmony with our religious views, we were accustomed, in + various ways, to meet with a similar predisposition. As a + psychological study this has always interested me, just as one + is interested in the attitude of mind exhibited by the Old + School physician towards the Homoeopathist with whom he + graduated at the Harvard Medical School. Possibly that graduate + may have distinguished himself with the honors of the school; + but as soon as he prescribes on the principles of Hahnemann, he + is not to be adjudged capable of setting a collar-bone. By + virtue of his therapeutic views he has become disqualified for + professional recognition. So, by virtue of one's religious + views, the man or woman of orthodox convictions, whatever one's + proportion of personal culture, is regarded with a gentle + superiority, as being of a class still enslaved in + superstition, and therefore <i>per se</i> barbaric.</p> + + <p>Put in undecorated language, this is about the sum and + substance of a state of feeling which all intelligent + evangelical Christians recognize perfectly in those who have + preempted for themselves the claims belonging to what are + called the liberal faiths.</p> + + <p>On the other hand, one who is regarded as a little of a + heretic from the sterner sects, may make the warmest + friendships of a lifetime among "the world's people"—whom + far be it from me to seem to dispossess of any of their + manifold charms.</p> + + <p>This brings me closely to a question which I am so often + asked, either directly or indirectly, that I cannot easily pass + this Andover chapter by without some recognition of it.</p> + + <p>What was, in very truth, the effect of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page295" + id="page295"></a>[pg 295]</span> such a religious training + as Andover gave her children?</p> + + <p>Curious impressions used to be afloat about us among people + of easier faiths; often, I think, we were supposed to spend our + youth paddling about in a lake of blue fire, or in committing + the genealogies to memory, or in gasping beneath the agonies of + religious revivals.</p> + + <p>To be quite honest, I should say that I have not retained + <i>all</i> the beliefs which I was taught—who does? But I + have retained the profoundest respect for the way in which I + was taught them; and I would rather have been taught what I + was, <i>as</i> I was, and run whatever risks were involved in + the process, than to have been taught much less, little, or + nothing.</p> + + <p>An excess of religious education may have its unfortunate + aspects. But a deficiency of it has worse.</p> + + <p>It is true that, for little people, our little souls were a + good deal agitated on the question of eternal salvation. We + were taught that heaven and hell followed life and death; that + the one place was "a desirable location," and the other too + dreadful to be mentioned in ears polite; and that what Matthew + Arnold calls "conduct" was the deciding thing. Not that we + heard much, until we grew old enough to read for ourselves, + about Matthew Arnold; but we did hear a great deal about plain + behaviour—unselfishness, integrity, honor, sweet + temper—the simple good morals of childhood.</p> + + <p>We were taught, too, to respect prayer and the Christian + Bible. In this last particular we never had at all an + oppressive education.</p> + + <p>My Sunday-school reminiscences are few and comfortable, and + left me, chiefly, with the impression that Sunday-schools + always studied Acts; for I do not recall any lessons given me + by strolling theologues in any other—certainly none in + any severer—portions of the Bible.</p> + + <p>It was all very easy and pleasant, if not feverishly + stimulating; and I am quite willing to match my Andover + Sunday-school experiences with that of a Boston free-thinker's + little daughter who came home and complained to her mother:</p> + + <p>"There is a dreadful girl put into our Sunday-school. I + think, mamma, she is bad society for me. She says the Bible is + exaggerated, and then she tickles my legs!"</p> + + <p>I have said that we were taught to think something about our + own "salvation;" and so we were, but not in a manner calculated + to burden the good spirits of any but a very sensitive or + introspective child. Personally, I may have dwelt on the idea, + at times, more than was good for my happiness; but certainly no + more than was good for my character. The idea of character was + at the basis of everything we did, or dreamed, or learned.</p> + + <p>There is a scarecrow which "liberal" beliefs put together, + hang in the field of public terror or ridicule, and call it + Orthodoxy. Of this misshapen creature we knew nothing in + Andover.</p> + + <p>Of hell we heard sometimes, it is true, for Andover Seminary + believed in it—though, be it said, much more comfortably + in the days before this iron doctrine became the bridge of + contention in the recent serious, theological battle which has + devastated Andover. In my own case, I do not remember to have + been shocked or threatened by this woful doctrine. I knew that + my father believed in the everlasting misery of wicked people + who could be good if they wanted to, but would not; and I was, + of course, accustomed to accept the beliefs of a parent who + represented everything that was tender, unselfish, pure, and + noble, to my mind—in fact, who sustained to me the ideal + of a fatherhood which gave me the best conception I shall ever + get, in this world, of the Fatherhood of God. My father + presented the interesting anomaly of a man holding, in one dark + particular, a severe faith, but displaying in his private + character rare tenderness and sweetness of heart. He would go + out of his way to save a crawling thing from death, or any + sentient thing from pain. He took more trouble to give comfort + or to prevent distress to every breathing creature that came + within his reach, than any other person whom I have ever known. + He had not the heart to witness heartache. It was impossible + for him to endure the sight of a child's suffering. His + sympathy was an extra sense, finer than eyesight, more + exquisite than touch.</p> + + <p>Yet, he did believe that absolute perversion of moral + character went to its "own place," and bore the consequence of + its own choice.</p> + + <p>Once I told a lie (I was seven years old), and my father was + a broken-hearted man. He told me <i>then</i> that liars went to + hell. I do not remember to have heard any such personal + application of the doctrine of eternal punishment before or + since; and the fact made a life-long impression, to which I + largely owe a personal preference for veracity. Yet, to analyze + the scene <span class="pagenum"><a name="page296" + id="page296"></a>[pg 296]</span> strictly, I must say that + it was not fear of torment which so moved me; it was the + sight of that broken face. For my father wept—only + when death visited the household did I ever see him cry + again—and I stood melted and miserable before his + anguish and his love. The devil and all his angels could not + have punished into me the noble shame of that moment.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/296.jpg" + name="fig296" + id="fig296"><img src="images/296.jpg" + alt="PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS." /> + </a> + + <h5>PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, FATHER OF ELIZABETH STUART + PHELPS.</h5> + + <p class="center">From a photograph by Warren, Boston.</p> + </div> + + <p>I have often been aware of being pitied by outsiders for the + theological discipline which I was supposed to have received in + Andover; but I must truthfully say that I have never been + conscious of needing compassion in this respect. I was taught + that God is Love, and Christ His Son is our Saviour; that the + important thing in life was to be that kind of woman for which + there is really, I find, no better word than Christian, and + that the only road to this end was to be trodden by way of + character. The ancient Persians (as we all know) were taught to + hurl a javelin, ride a horse, and speak the truth.</p> + + <p>I was taught that I should speak the truth, say my prayers, + and consider other people; it was a wholesome, right-minded, + invigorating training that we had, born of tenderness, educated + conscience, and good sense, and I have lived to bless it in + many troubled years.</p> + + <p>What if we did lend a little too much romance now and then + to our religious "experience"? It was better for us than some + other kinds of romance to which we were quite as liable. What + if I did "join the church" (entirely of my own urgent will, not + of my father's preference or guiding) at the age of twelve, + when the great dogmas to which I was expected to subscribe + could not possibly have any rational meaning for me? I remember + how my father took me apart, and gently explained to me + beforehand the clauses of the rather simple and truly beautiful + chapel creed which he himself, I believe, had written to + modernize and clarify the old one—I wonder if it were + done at that very time? <span class="pagenum"><a name="page297" + id="page297"></a>[pg 297]</span> And I remember that it all + seemed to me very easy and happy—signifying chiefly, + that one meant to be a good girl, if possible. What if one + did conduct a voluminous religious correspondence with the + other Professor's daughter, who put notes under the fence + which divided our homes? We were none the worse girls for + that. And we outgrew it, when the time came.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/297.jpg" + name="fig297" + id="fig297"><img src="images/297.jpg" + alt="PROFESSOR M. STUART PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR AUSTIN PHELPS, AND BROTHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS." /> + </a> + + <h5>PROFESSOR M. STUART PHELPS, ELDEST SON OF PROFESSOR + AUSTIN PHELPS, AND BROTHER OF ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS.</h5> + + <p>Professor M. Stuart Phelps died in 1883, at the age of + 34. He was professor of philosophy in Smith College, was + called by those entitled to judge, the most promising young + psychologist in this country, and a brilliant future was + prophesied for him. The above portrait is from a photograph + by Pach Brothers, New York.</p> + </div> + + <p>One thing, supremely, I may say that I learned from the + Andover life, or, at least, from the Andover home. That was an + everlasting scorn of worldliness—I do not mean in the + religious sense of the word. That tendency to seek the lower + motive, to do the secondary thing, to confuse sounds or + appearances with values, which is covered by the word as we + commonly use it, very early came to seem to me a way of looking + at life for which I know no other term than underbred.</p> + + <p>There is no better training for a young person than to live + in the atmosphere of a study—we did not call it a + library, in my father's home. People of leisure who read might + have libraries. People who worked among their books had + studies.</p> + + <p>The life of a student, with its gracious peace, its beauty, + its dignity, seemed to me, as the life of social preoccupation + or success may seem to children born to that penumbra, the + inevitable thing.</p> + + <p>As one grew to think out life for one's self, one came to + perceive a width and sanctity in the choice of + work—whether rhetoric or art, theology or sculpture, + hydraulics or manufacture—but to <i>work</i>, to work + hard, to see work steadily, and see it whole, was the way to be + reputable. I think I always respected a good blacksmith more + than a lady of leisure.</p> + + <p>I know it took me a while to recover from a very youthful + and amusing disinclination to rich people, which was surely + never trained into me, but grew like the fruit of the + horse-chestnut trees, ruggedly, of nature, and of Andover Hill; + and which dropped away when its time came—just about as + useless as the big brown nuts which we cut into baskets and + carved into Trustees' faces for a mild November day, and then + threw away.</p> + + <p>When I came in due time to observe that property and a + hardened character were not identical, and that families of + ease in which one might happen to visit were not deficient in + education because their incomes were large—I think it was + at first with a certain sense of surprise. It is impossible to + convey to one differently reared the delicious + <i>naïveté</i> of this state of + mind.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page298" + id="page298"></a>[pg 298]</span> + + <p>Whatever the "personal peculiarities" of our youthful + conceptions of life, as acquired at Andover, one thing is + sure—that we grew into love of reality as naturally as + the Seminary elms shook out their long, green plumes in May, + and shed their delicate, yellow leaves in October.</p> + + <p>I can remember no time when we did not instinctively despise + a sham, and honor a genuine person, thing, or claim. In mere + social pretension not built upon character, intelligence, + education, or gentle birth, we felt no interest. I do not + remember having been taught this, in so many words. It came + without teaching.</p> + + <p>My father taught me most things without text-books or + lessons. By far the most important portion of what one calls + education, I owe to him; yet he never preached, or prosed, or + played the pedagogue. He talked a great deal, not to us, but + with us; we began to have conversation while we were still + playing marbles and dolls. I remember hours of discussion with + him on some subject so large that the littleness of his + interlocutor must have tried him sorely. Time and eternity, + theology and science, literature and art, invention and + discovery came each in its turn; and, while I was still making + burr baskets, or walking fences, or coasting (standing up) on + what I was proud to claim as the biggest sled in town, down the + longest hills, and on the fastest local record—I was + fascinated with the wealth and variety which seem to have been + the conditions of thought with him. I have never been more + <i>interested</i> by anything in later life than I was in my + father's conversation.</p> + + <p>I never attended a public school of any kind—unless we + except the Sunday-school that studied Acts—and when it + came time for me to pass from the small to the large private + schools of Andover, the same paternal comradeship continued to + keep step with me. There was no college diploma for girls of my + kind in my day; but we came as near to it as we could.</p> + + <p>There was a private school in Andover, of wide reputation in + its time, known to the irreverent as the "Nunnery," but bearing + in professional circles the more stately name of Mrs. Edwards's + School for Young Ladies. Two day-scholars, as a marked favor to + their parents, were admitted with the boarders elect; and of + these two I was one. If I remember correctly, Professor Park + and my father were among the advisers whose opinions had weight + with the selection of our course of study, and I often wonder + how, with their rather feudal views of women, these two wise + men of Andover managed to approve so broad a curriculum.</p> + + <p>Possibly the quiet and modest learned lady, our principal, + had ideas of her own which no one could have suspected her of + obtruding against the current of her times and environment; + like other strong and gentle women she may have had her "way" + when nobody thought so. At all events, we were taught wisely + and well, in directions to which the fashionable girls' schools + of the day did not lift an eye-lash.</p> + + <p>I was an out-of-door girl, always into every little mischief + of snow or rainfall, flower, field, or woods or ice; but in + spite of skates and sleds and tramps and all the west winds + from Wachusett that blew through me, soul and body, I was not + strong; and my father found it necessary to oversee my methods + of studying. Incidentally, I think, he influenced the choice of + some of our text-books, and I remember that, with the exception + of Greek and trigonometry—thought, in those days, to be + beyond the scope of the feminine intellect—we pursued the + same curriculum that our brothers did at college. In some cases + we had teachers who were then, or afterwards, college + professors in their specialties; in all departments I think we + were faithfully taught, and that our tastes and abilities were + electively recognized.</p> + + <p>I was not allowed, I remember, to inflict my musical talents + upon the piano for more than one hour a day; my father taking + the ground that, as there was only so much of a girl, if she + had not unusual musical gift and had less than usual physical + vigor, she had better give the best of herself to her studies. + I have often blessed him for this daring individualism; for, + while the school "practice" went on about me, in the ordinary + way, so many precious hours out of a day that was all too short + for better things—I was learning my lessons quite + comfortably, and getting plenty of fresh air and exercise + between whiles.</p> + + <p>I hasten to say that I was not at all a remarkable scholar. + I cherished a taste for standing near the top of the class, + somewhere, and always preferred rather to answer a question + than to miss it; but this, I think, was pure pride, rather than + an absorbing, intellectual passion. It was a wholesome pride, + however, and served me a good turn.</p> + + <p>At one epoch of history, so far back that I cannot date it, + I remember to have been a scholar at Abbott Academy long enough + to learn how to spell. Perhaps one ought + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page299" + id="page299"></a>[pg 299]</span> to give the honor of this + achievement where honor is due. When I observe the manner in + which the superior sex is often turned out by masculine + diplomas upon the world with the life-long need of a + vest-pocket dictionary or a spelling-book, I cherish a + respect for the method in which I was compelled to spell the + English language. It was severe, no doubt. We stood in a + class of forty, and lost our places for the misfit of a + syllable, a letter, a definition, or even a stumble in + elocution. I remember once losing the head of the class for + saying: L-u-ux—Lux. It was a terrible blow, and I + think of it yet with burning mortification on my cheeks.</p> + + <p>In the "Nunnery" we were supposed to have learned how to + spell. We studied what we called Mental Philosophy, to my + unmitigated delight; and Butler's Analogy, which I considered a + luxury; and Shakespeare, whom I distantly but never intimately + adored; Latin, to which dead language we gave seven years + apiece, out of our live girlhood; Picciola and Undine we + dreamed over, in the grove and the orchard; English literature + is associated with the summer-house and the grape arbor, with + flecks of shade and glints of light, and a sense of + unmistakable privilege. There was physiology, which was + scarcely work, and astronomy, which I found so exhilarating + that I fell ill over it. Alas, truth compels me to add that + Mathematics, with a big <i>M</i> and stretching on through the + books of Euclid, darkened my young horizon with dull despair; + and that chemistry—but the facts are too humiliating to + relate. My father used to say that all he ever got out of the + pursuit of this useful science in his college days—and he + was facile valedictorian—was the impression that there + was a sub-acetate of something dissolved in a powder at the + bottom.</p> + + <p>All that I am able to recall of the study of "my brother's + text-books," in this department, is that there was once a + frightful odor in the laboratory for which Professor Hitchcock + and a glass jar and a chemical were responsible, and that I + said, "At least, the name of <i>this</i> will remain with me to + my dying hour." But what <i>was</i> the name of it? "Ask me no + more."</p> + + <p>In the department of history I can claim no results more + calculated to reflect credit upon the little student who hated + a poor recitation much, but facts and figures more. To the best + of my belief, I can be said to have retained but two out of the + long list of historic dates with which my quivering memory was + duly and properly crowded.</p> + + <p>I <i>do</i> know when America was discovered; because the + year is inscribed over a spring in the seaside town where I + have spent twenty summers, and I have driven past it on an + average once a day, for that period of time. And I can tell + when Queen Elizabeth left this world, because Macaulay wrote a + stately sentence:</p> + + <p>"In 1603 the Great Queen died."</p> + + <p>It must have been the year when my father read De Quincey + and Wordsworth to me on winter evenings that I happened for + myself on Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The first little event + opened for me, as distinctly as if I had never heard of it + before, the world of letters as a Paradise from which no + flaming sword could ever exile me; but the second revealed to + me my own nature.</p> + + <p>The Andover sunsets blazed behind Wachusett, and between the + one window of my little room and the fine head of the mountain + nothing intervened. The Andover elms held above lifted eyes + arch upon arch of exquisite tracery, through which the far sky + looked down like some noble thing that one could spend all + one's life in trying to reach, and be happy just because it + existed, whether one reached it or not. The paths in my + father's great gardens burned white in the summer moonlights, + and their shape was the shape of a mighty cross. The June + lilies, yellow and sweet, lighted their soft lamps beside the + cross—I was sixteen, and I read Aurora Leigh.</p> + + <p>A grown person may smile—but, no; no gentle-minded man + or woman smiles at the dream of a girl. What has life to offer + that is nobler in enthusiasm, more delicate, more ardent, more + true to the unseen and the unsaid realities which govern our + souls, or leave us sadder forever because they do not? There + may be greater poems in our language than Aurora Leigh, but it + was many years before it was possible for me to suppose it; and + none that ever saw the hospitality of fame could have done for + that girl what that poem did at that time. I had never a good + memory—but I think I could have repeated a large portion + of it; and know that I often stood the test of hap-hazard + examinations on the poem from half-scoffing friends, sometimes + of the masculine persuasion. Each to his own; and what + Shakespeare or the Latin Fathers might have done for some other + impressionable girl, Mrs. Browning—forever bless her + strong and gentle name!—did for me.</p> + + <p>I owe to her, distinctly, the first visible + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page300" + id="page300"></a>[pg 300]</span> aspiration (ambition is too + low a word) to do some honest, hard work of my own, in the + World Beautiful, and for it.</p> + + <p>It is April, and it is the year 1861. It is a dull morning + at school. The sky is gray. The girls are not in + spirits—no one knows just why. The morning mail is late, + and the Boston papers are tardily distributed. The older girls + get them, and are reading the head-lines lazily, as girls do; + not, in truth, caring much about a newspaper, but aware that + one must be well-informed.</p> + + <p>Suddenly, in the recitation room, where I am refreshing my + accomplishments in some threatening lesson, I hear low murmurs + and exclamations. Then a girl, very young and very pretty, + catches the paper and whirls it overhead. With a laugh which + tinkles through my ears to this day, she dances through the + room and cries:</p> + + <p>"War's begun! <i>War's begun!</i>"</p> + + <p>An older girl utters a cry of horror, and puts her hand upon + the little creature's thoughtless lips.</p> + + <p>"Oh, how <i>can</i> you?" so I hear the older girl. "Hush, + hush, <i>hush</i>!"</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>THE TOUCHSTONE.</h2> + + <h4>By Robert Louis Stevenson.</h4> + + <p class="cap">THE King was a man that stood well before the + world; his smile was sweet as clover, but his soul withinsides + was as little as a pea. He had two sons; and the younger son + was a boy after his heart, but the elder was one whom he + feared. It befell one morning that the drum sounded in the dun + before it was yet day; and the King rode with his two sons, and + a brave army behind them. They rode two hours, and came to the + foot of a brown mountain that was very steep.</p> + + <p>"Where do we ride?" said the elder son.</p> + + <p>"Across this brown mountain," said the King, and smiled to + himself.</p> + + <p>"My father knows what he is doing," said the younger + son.</p> + + <p>And they rode two hours more, and came to the sides of a + black river that was wondrous deep.</p> + + <p>"And where do we ride?" asked the elder son.</p> + + <p>"Over this black river," said the King, and smiled to + himself.</p> + + <p>"My father knows what he is doing," said the younger + son.</p> + + <p>And they rode all that day, and about the time of the + sun-setting came to the side of a lake, where was a great + dun.</p> + + <p>"It is here we ride," said the King; "to a King's house, and + a priest's, and a house where you will learn much."</p> + + <p>At the gates of the dun, the King who was a priest met them, + and he was a grave man, and beside him stood his daughter, and + she was as fair as the morn, and one that smiled and looked + down.</p> + + <p>"These are my two sons," said the first King.</p> + + <p>"And here is my daughter," said the King who was a + priest.</p> + + <p>"She is a wonderful fine maid," said the first King, "and I + like her manner of smiling."</p> + + <p>"They are wonderful well-grown lads," said the second, "and + I like their gravity."</p> + + <p>And then the two Kings looked at each other, and said, "The + thing may come about."</p> + + <p>And in the meanwhile the two lads looked upon the maid, and + the one grew pale and the other red; and the maid looked upon + the ground smiling.</p> + + <p>"Here is the maid that I shall marry," said the elder. "For + I think she smiled upon me."</p> + + <p>But the younger plucked his father by the sleeve. "Father," + said he, "a word in your ear. If I find favor in your sight, + might not I wed this maid, for I think she smiles upon me?"</p> + + <p>"A word in yours," said the King his father. "Waiting is + good hunting, and when the teeth are shut the tongue is at + home."</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/300.png" + name="fig300" + id="fig300"><img src="images/300.png" + alt="HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS DAUGHTER." /> + </a> + + <h5>"HE WAS A GRAVE MAN, AND BESIDE HIM STOOD HIS + DAUGHTER."</h5> + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page301" + id="page301"></a>[pg 301]</span> + + <p>Now they were come into the dun, and feasted; and this was a + great house, so that the lads were astonished; and the King + that was a priest sat at the end of the board and was silent, + so that the lads were filled with reverence; and the maid + served them, smiling, with downcast eyes, so that their hearts + were enlarged.</p> + + <p>Before it was day, the elder son arose, and he found the + maid at her weaving, for she was a diligent girl. "Maid," quoth + he, "I would fain marry you."</p> + + <p>"You must speak with my father," said she, and she looked + upon the ground smiling, and became like the rose.</p> + + <p>"Her heart is with me," said the elder son, and he went down + to the lake and sang.</p> + + <p>A little after came the younger son. "Maid," quoth he, "if + our fathers were agreed, I would like well to marry you."</p> + + <p>"You can speak to my father," said she, and looked upon the + ground and smiled and grew like the rose.</p> + + <p>"She is a dutiful daughter," said the younger son, "she will + make an obedient wife." And then he thought, "What shall I do?" + and he remembered the King her father was a priest, so he went + into the temple and sacrificed a weasel and a hare.</p> + + <p>Presently the news got about; and the two lads and the first + King were called into the presence of the King who was a + priest, where he sat upon the high seat.</p> + + <p>"Little I reck of gear," said the King who was a priest, + "and little of power. For we live here among the shadows of + things, and the heart is sick of seeing them. And we stay here + in the wind like raiment drying, and the heart is weary of the + wind. But one thing I love, and that is truth; and for one + thing will I give my daughter, and that is the trial stone. For + in the light of that stone the seeming goes, and the being + shows, and all things besides are worthless. Therefore, lads, + if ye would wed my daughter, out foot, and bring me the stone + of touch, for that is the price of her."</p> + + <p>"A word in your ear," said the younger son to his father. "I + think we do very well without this stone."</p> + + <p>"A word in yours," said his father. "I am of your way of + thinking; but when the teeth are shut the tongue is at home." + And he smiled to the King that was a priest.</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:50%;"> + <a href="images/301.png" + name="fig301" + id="fig301"><img width="430" + src="images/301.png" + alt="'MAID,' QUOTH HE, 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'" /> + </a> + + <h5>"'MAID,' QUOTH HE, 'I WOULD FAIN MARRY YOU.'"</h5> + </div> + + <p>But the elder son got to his feet, and called the King that + was a priest by the name of father. "For whether I marry the + maid or no, I will call you by that word for the love of your + wisdom; and even now I will ride forth and search the world for + the stone of touch." So he said farewell and rode into the + world.</p> + + <p>"I think I will go, too," said the younger son, "if I can + have your leave. For my heart goes out to the maid."</p> + + <p>"You will ride home with me," said his father.</p> + + <p>So they rode home, and when they came to the dun, the King + had his son into his treasury. "Here," said he, "is the + touchstone which shows truth; for there is no truth but plain + truth; and if you will look in this, you will see yourself as + you are."</p> + + <p>And the younger son looked in it, and saw his face as it + were the face of a beardless youth, and he was well enough + pleased; for the thing was a piece of a mirror.</p> + + <p>"Here is no such great thing to make a work about," said he; + "but if it will get me the maid, I shall never complain. But + what a fool is my brother to ride into the world, and the thing + all the while at home."</p> + + <p>So they rode back to the other dun, and showed the mirror to + the King that was a priest; and when he had looked in it, and + seen himself like a King, and his house like a King's house, + and all things like themselves, he cried out and blessed God. + "For now I know," said he, "there is no truth but the plain + truth; and I am a King indeed, although my heart misgave me." + And <span class="pagenum"><a name="page302" + id="page302"></a>[pg 302]</span> he pulled down his temple + and built a new one; and then the younger son was married to + the maid.</p> + + <p>In the meantime the elder son rode into the world to find + the touchstone of the trial of truth; and whenever he came to a + place of habitation, he would ask the men if they had heard of + it. And in every place the men answered: "Not only have we + heard of it, but we alone of all men possess the thing itself, + and it hangs in the side of our chimney to this day." Then + would the elder son be glad, and beg for a sight of it. And + sometimes it would be a piece of mirror, that showed the + seeming of things, and then he would say: "This can never be, + for there should be more than seeming." And sometimes it would + be a lump of coal, which showed nothing; and then he would say: + "This can never be, for at least there is the seeming." And + sometimes it would be a touchstone indeed, beautiful in hue, + adorned with polishing, the light inhabiting its sides; and + when he found this, he would beg the thing, and the persons of + that place would give it him, for all men were very generous of + that gift; so that at the last he had his wallet full of them, + and they chinked together when he rode; and when he halted by + the side of the way, he would take them out and try them, till + his head turned like the sails upon a windmill.</p> + + <p>"A murrain upon this business!" said the elder son, "for I + perceive no end to it. Here I have the red, and here the blue + and the green; and to me they seem all excellent, and yet shame + each other. A murrain on the trade! If it were not for the King + that is a priest, and whom I have called my father, and if it + were not for the fair maid of the dun that makes my mouth to + sing and my heart enlarge, I would even tumble them all into + the salt sea, and go home and be a King like other folk."</p> + + <p>But he was like the hunter that has seen a stag upon a + mountain, so that the night may fall, and the fire be kindled, + and the lights shine in his house, but desire of that stag is + single in his bosom.</p> + + <p>Now after many years the elder son came upon the sides of + the salt sea; and it was night, and a savage place, and the + clamor of the sea was loud. There he was aware of a house, and + a man that sat there by the light of a candle, for he had no + fire. Now the elder son came in to him, and the man gave him + water to drink, for he had no bread; and wagged his head when + he was spoken to, for he had no words.</p> + + <p>"Have you the touchstone of truth?" asked the elder son; and + when the man had wagged his head, "I might have known that," + cried the elder son; "I have here a wallet full of them!" And + with that he laughed, although his heart was weary.</p> + + <p>And with that the man laughed too, and with the fuff of his + laughter the candle went out.</p> + + <p>"Sleep," said the man, "for now I think you have come far + enough; and your quest is ended, and my candle is out."</p> + + <p>Now, when the morning came, the man gave him a clear pebble + in his hand, and it had no beauty and no color, and the elder + son looked upon it scornfully and shook his head, and he went + away, for it seemed a small affair to him.</p> + + <p>All that day he rode, and his mind was quiet, and the desire + of the chase allayed. "How if this poor pebble be the + touchstone, after all?" said he; and he got down from his + horse, and emptied forth his wallet by the side of the way. + Now, in the light of each other, all the touchstones lost their + hue and fire, and withered like stars at morning; but in the + light of the pebble, their beauty remained, only the pebble was + the most bright. And the elder son smote upon his brow. "How if + this be the truth," he cried, "that all are a little true?" And + he took the pebble, and turned its light upon the heavens, and + they deepened above him like the pit; and he turned it on the + hills, and the hills were cold and rugged, but life ran in + their sides so that his own life bounded; and he turned it on + the dust, and he beheld the dust with joy and terror; and he + turned it on himself, and kneeled down and prayed.</p> + + <p>"Now thanks be to God," said the elder son, "I have found + the touchstone; and now I may turn my reins, and ride home to + the King and to the maid of the dun that makes my mouth to sing + and my heart enlarge."</p> + + <p>Now, when he came to the dun, he saw children playing by the + gate where the King had met him in the old days, and this + stayed his pleasure; for he thought in his heart, "It is here + my children should be playing." And when he came into the hall, + there was his brother on the high seat, and the maid beside + him; and at that his anger rose, for he thought in his heart, + "It is I that should be sitting there, and the maid beside + me."</p> + + <p>"Who are you?" said his brother. "And what make you in the + dun?"</p> + + <p>"I am your elder brother," he replied. "And I am come to + marry the maid, for I have brought the touchstone of + truth."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page303" + id="page303"></a>[pg 303]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/303.png" + name="fig303" + id="fig303"><img width="486" + src="images/303.png" + alt="ALL THAT DAY HE RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET.... 'HOW IF THIS POOR PEBBLE BE THE TOUCHSTONE, AFTER ALL?' SAID HE." /> + </a> + + <h5>"ALL THAT DAY HE RODE, AND HIS MIND WAS QUIET.... 'HOW + IF THIS POOR PEBBLE BE THE TOUCHSTONE, AFTER ALL?' SAID + HE."</h5> + </div> + + <p>Then the younger brother laughed aloud. "Why," said he, "I + have found the touchstone years ago, and married the maid, and + there are our children playing at the gate."</p> + + <p>Now at this the elder brother grew as gray as the dawn. "I + pray you have dealt justly," said he, "for I perceive my life + is lost."</p> + + <p>"Justly?" quoth the younger brother. "It becomes you ill, + that are a restless man and a runagate, to doubt my justice or + the King my father's, that are sedentary folk and known in the + land."</p> + + <p>"Nay," said the elder brother; "you have all else, have + patience also, and suffer me to say the world is full of + touchstones, and it appears not easily which is true."</p> + + <p>"I have no shame of mine," said the younger brother. "There + it is, and look in it."</p> + + <p>So the elder brother looked in the mirror, and he was sore + amazed; for he was an old man, and his hair was white upon his + head; and he sat down in the hall and wept aloud.</p> + + <p>"Now," said the younger brother, "see what a fool's part you + have played, that ran over all the world to seek what was lying + in our father's treasury, and came back an old carle for the + dogs to bark at, and without chick or child. And I that was + dutiful and wise sit here crowned with virtues and pleasures, + and happy in the light of my hearth."</p> + + <p>"Methinks you have a cruel tongue," said the elder brother; + and he pulled out the clear pebble, and turned its light on his + brother; and behold, the man was lying; his soul was shrunk + into the smallness of a pea, and his heart was a bag of little + fears like scorpions, and love was dead in his bosom. And at + that the elder brother cried out aloud, and turned the light of + the pebble on the maid, and lo! she was but a mask of a woman, + and withinsides she was quite dead, and she smiled as a clock + ticks, and knew not wherefore.</p> + + <p>"Oh, well," said the elder brother, "I perceive there is + both good and bad. So fare ye all as well as ye may in the dun; + but I will go forth into the world with my pebble in my + pocket."</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page304" + id="page304"></a>[pg 304]</span> + + <h2>MAGAZINE NOTES.</h2> + + <h4>MRS. HUMPHRY WARD—DR. JOWETT.</h4> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p>The late Dr. Jowett is reported to have once said to + Mrs. Humphry Ward: "We shall come in the future to teach + almost entirely by biography. We shall begin with the life + that is most familiar to us, 'The Life of Christ,' and we + shall more and more put before our children the great + examples of persons' lives so that they shall have from the + beginning heroes and friends in their thoughts."</p> + + <p>The editors of this magazine thoroughly agree with Dr. + Jowett. It has been, for a long time, their great desire to + publish in these pages a "Life of Christ" which shall be, + to quote Mr. Hall Caine's words in the December MCCLURE'S, + "as vivid and as personal from the standpoint of belief as + Renan's was from the standpoint of unbelief."</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + + <h4>THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND.</h4> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p>It is hard to realize the meaning of these figures, + which represent the present circulation of MCCLURE'S + MAGAZINE. Three years ago five magazines—"The + Century," "Harper's," "Scribner's," "The Cosmopolitan," and + "Munsey's"—apparently occupied the whole magazine + field. But their total circulation was not over five + hundred thousand copies. The circulation of MCCLURE'S is + now equal to three-fifths of the combined circulation of + all its rivals at the time it started.</p> + + <p>"Harper's Magazine" and "The Century" for many years + supplied the need of the American people for great + illustrated monthlies. One imagines that every intelligent + family in the United States takes one or the other, or + both, of these magazines. "Harper's" is over half a century + old, and "The Century" has just completed twenty-five years + of splendid life.</p> + + <p>MCCLURE'S has a circulation equal to both these giants + of the magazine world.</p> + + <p>We mention these facts, not for the mere sake of + comparison, but simply to enable our friends to understand + what a circulation of three hundred thousand means.</p> + + <p>And while we are speaking about ourselves we might + mention that for three months—October, November, and + December—we had, month by month, more paid + advertising than any other magazine, while our December + number had more pages of paid advertising than any other + magazine at any time in the history of the world.</p> + + <p>Another interesting fact is that during the two months + of November and December, MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE made greater + strides in permanent circulation than any other magazine + ever made.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + + <h4>OUR OWN PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT.</h4> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p>We have been compelled by the large circulation of the + MAGAZINE to purchase a complete printing and binding plant. + This we hope to install before the first of March. The + capacity of the plant will be not less than five hundred + thousand copies a month, and, under pressure, we can print + six hundred thousand copies.</p> + + <p>We have secured the best and most modern presses, and, + with proper pressmen, shall be able to print as beautiful a + magazine as can be made anywhere.</p> + </blockquote> + + <h4>ANTHONY HOPE'S NEW NOVEL</h4> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p>begins in our April number. It is a spirited story of + adventure. It is his first novel since "The Prisoner of + Zenda," and has even more action than that splendid + story.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + + <h4>THE LIFE OF LINCOLN</h4> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p>will increase in interest as the history comes nearer + our own time. Every chapter will contain much that is new, + and every number of the magazine will have several + portraits of Lincoln.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + + <h4>THE EARLY LIFE OF LINCOLN.</h4> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p>We have collected the first four Lincoln articles, added + new matter both in text and pictures, and shall, in a few + days, issue a volume with the above title. It will contain + twenty portraits of Lincoln, and over one hundred other + pictures, and will deal with the first twenty-six years of + Lincoln's life.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + + <h4>ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS</h4> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p>in the next two numbers tells about the writing of "The + Gates Ajar." She was then only twenty years old. The effect + of the book on the public, the correspondence it brought + her, and the acquaintances it secured her, will be amply + dwelt upon. These are two remarkable papers in literary + autobiography.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + + <h4>COLONEL ELLSWORTH, BY COLONEL JOHN HAY.</h4> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p>Ellsworth's death at Alexandria—"the first + conspicuous victim of the war"—although he was only + twenty-four, was the dramatic end of a most romantic and + picturesque career; and no one knows its details so well as + Colonel Hay. Ellsworth "was one of the dearest of the + friends of my youth," says Colonel Hay. Moreover, he was a + particular favorite and <i>protégé</i> of + President Lincoln's when Colonel Hay was Lincoln's private + secretary. Colonel Hay's paper, therefore, is one of quite + extraordinary interest. There will be published with it + some very interesting pictures.</p> + </blockquote><br /> + + + <h4>"THE SABINE WOMEN"—A CORRECTION.</h4> + + <blockquote class="note"> + <p>Changes made in Mr. Low's article in the January number + at the very moment of going to press, occasioned a mistake + which should be corrected, though, no doubt, most of our + readers have detected it for themselves. In the note to + David's picture of "The Sabine Women," the picture was + described as portraying the seizure of the Sabine women by + the Romans, whereas it portrays the interposition of the + women in a battle following the seizure.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13788 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/13788-h/images/214.jpg b/13788-h/images/214.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..093d0ef --- /dev/null +++ b/13788-h/images/214.jpg diff --git a/13788-h/images/215.jpg b/13788-h/images/215.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9bc1e6f --- /dev/null +++ b/13788-h/images/215.jpg diff --git a/13788-h/images/216.jpg b/13788-h/images/216.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..673c3dc --- /dev/null +++ b/13788-h/images/216.jpg diff --git a/13788-h/images/217.jpg b/13788-h/images/217.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..715b4d5 --- /dev/null +++ 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