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diff --git a/old/13762-h.zip b/old/13762-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6578708 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13762-h.zip diff --git a/old/13762-h/13762-h.htm b/old/13762-h/13762-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c144c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13762-h/13762-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,986 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Report of Mr. W. E. Cormack's journey in search of the Red Indians in Newfoundland, by W. E. Cormack</title> +<style type="text/css"> + body {background:#ffffff; + color:black; + font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; + font-size:14pt; + margin-top:100px; + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align:justify} + hr { width: 100%; + height: 5px; } + hr.narrow { width: 50%; + height: 1px; } + blockquote { font-size: 14pt; } + blockquote.small { font-size: 12pt; } + blockquote.footnote { font-size: 14pt; } + .smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps } + .note, .footnote { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 12pt;} + table {font-size:14pt} + p {text-indent: 4% } + p.footnote { margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 0; + text-indent: 0; + font-size: 14pt; } + a:link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:red} + pre {font-size:8pt;} +</style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Report of Mr. W. E. Cormack's journey in +search of the Red Indians in Newfoundland, by W. E. Cormack</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<font size="-1"> +Title: Report of Mr. W. E. Cormack's journey in search of the Red Indians in Newfoundland<br><br> +Author: W. E. Cormack<br><br> +Release Date: October 16, 2004 [eBook #13762]<br><br> +Language: English<br><br> +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1<br><br> +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT OF MR. W. E. CORMACK'S JOURNEY IN SEARCH OF THE RED INDIANS IN NEWFOUNDLAND***<br><br> +</font> +<br><br><center><h4>E-text prepared by Canadian Insitute for Historical Microreproduction,<br> + Wallace McLean,<br> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</h4></center><br><br> +<hr noshade> +<br> +<br> +<center> +<h2>REPORT <i>of Mr W. E. CORMACK'S Journey<br> +in search of the Red Indians in Newfoundland</i>.</h2> + +<h3>Read before the Boeothick Institution<br> +at St John's, Newfoundland.</h3> + +<hr width="75%"> +<i>From the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal</i>. + +<hr width="75%"> +</center> + +<p><b><font size="+3">P</font><font size="+1">URSUANT</font></b> to +special summons, a meeting of this Institution was held at St +John's on the 12th day of January 1828; the Honourable A.W. +Desbarres, Vice-Patron, in the chair. The Honourable Chairman +stated, that the primary motive which led to the formation of the +Institution, was the desire of opening a communication with, and +promoting the civilization of, the Red Indians of Newfoundland; and +of procuring, if possible, an authentic history of that unhappy +race of people, in order that their language, customs and pursuits, +might be contrasted with those of other tribes of Indians and +nations;—that, in following up the chief object of the +institution, it was anticipated that much information would be +obtained respecting the natural productions of the island; the +interior of which is less known than any other of the British +possessions abroad. Their excellent President, keeping all these +objects in view, had permitted nothing worthy of research to escape +his scrutiny, and consequently a very wide field of information was +now introduced to their notice, all apparently highly interesting +and useful to society, if properly cultivated. He was aware of +their very natural anxiety to hear from the president an outline of +his recent expedition, and he would occupy their attention farther, +only by observing, that the purposes of the present meeting would +be best accomplished by taking into consideration the different +subjects recommended to them in the president's report, and passing +such resolutions as might be considered necessary to govern the +future proceedings of the Institution.</p> + +<p>The President, W.E. Cormack, Esq. then laid the following +Statement before the meeting.</p> + +<p>Having so recently returned, I will now only lay before you a +brief outline of my expedition in search of the Boeothicks or Red +Indians, confining my remarks exclusively to its primary object. A +detailed report of the journey will be prepared, and submitted to +the Institution, whenever I shall have leisure to arrange the other +interesting materials which have been collected.</p> + +<p>My party consisted of three Indians, whom I procured from among +the other different tribes, viz. an intelligent and able man of the +Abenakie tribe, from Canada; an elderly Mountaineer from Labrador; +and an adventurous young Micmack, a native of this island, together +with myself. It was difficult to obtain men fit for the purpose, +and the trouble attending on this prevented my entering on the +expedition a month earlier in the season. It was my intention to +have commenced our search at White Bay, which is nearer the +northern extremity of the island than where we did, and to have +travelled southward; but the weather not permitting to carry my +party thither by water, after several days delay, I unwillingly +changed my line of route.</p> + +<p>On the 31st of October 1828 [Sic: 30th of October 1827] last, we +entered the country at the mouth of the River Exploits, on the +north side, at what is called the Northern Arm. We took a +north-westerly direction to lead us to Hall's Bay, which place we +reached through an almost uninterrupted forest, over a hilly +country, in eight days. This tract comprehends the country interior +from New Bay, Badger Bay, Seal Bay, &c.; these being minor +bays, included in Green or Notre Dame Bay, at the north-east part +of the island, and well known to have been always heretofore the +summer residence of the Red Indians.</p> + +<p>On the fourth day after our departure, at the east end of Badger +Bay-Great Lake, at a <i>portage</i> known by the name of the Indian +Path, we found traces made by the Red Indians, evidently in the +spring or summer of the preceding year. Their party had had two +canoes; and here was a <i>canoe-rest</i>, on which the daubs of +red-ochre, and the roots of trees used to fasten or tie it together +appeared fresh. A canoe-rest is simply a few beams, supported +horizontally, about five feet from the ground, by perpendicular +posts. A party with two canoes, when descending from the interior +to the sea-coast, through such a part of the country as this, where +there are troublesome portages, leave one canoe resting, bottom up, +on this kind of frame, to protect it from injury by the weather, +until their return. Among other things which lay strewed about +here, were a spear-shaft, eight feet in length, recently made and +ochred; parts of old canoes, fragments of their skin-dresses, +&c. For some distance around, the trunks of many of the birch, +and of that species of spruce pine called here the Var (<i>Pinus +balsamifera</i>), had been rinded; these people using the inner +part of the bark of that kind of tree for food. Some of the cuts in +the trees with the axe were evidently made the preceding year. +Besides these, we were elated by other encouraging signs. The +traces left by the Red Indians are so peculiar, that we were +confident those we saw here were made by them.</p> + +<p>This spot has been a favourite place of settlement with these +people. It is situated at the commencement of a <i>portage</i>, +which forms a communication by a path between the sea-coast at +Badger Bay, about eight miles to the north-east, and a chain of +lakes extending westerly and southerly from hence, and discharging +themselves by a rivulet into the River Exploits, about thirty miles +from its mouth. A path also leads from this place to the lakes, +near New Bay, to the eastward. Here are the remains of one of their +villages, where the vestiges of eight or ten winter +<i>mamateeks</i> or wigwams, each intended to contain from six to +eighteen or twenty people, are distinctly seen close together. +Besides these, there are the remains of a number of summer wigwams. +Every winter wigwam has close by it a small square-mouthed or +oblong pit, dug into the earth, about four feet deep, to preserve +their stores, &c. in. Some of these pits were lined with +birch-rind. We discovered also in this village the remains of a +vapour-bath. The method used by the Boeothicks to raise the steam, +was by pouring water on large stones, made very hot for the +purpose, in the open air, by burning a quantity of wood around +them; after this process, the ashes were removed, and a +hemispherical frame-work, closely covered with skins, to exclude +the external air, was fixed over the stones. The patient then crept +in under the skins, taking with him a birch-rind-bucket of water, +and a small bark-dish to dip it out, which, by pouring on the +stones, enabled him to raise the steam at pleasure.*</p> + +<p>At Hall's Bay we got no useful information from the three (and +the only) English families settled there. Indeed we could hardly +have expected any; for these, and such people, have been the +unchecked and ruthless destroyers of the tribe, the remnant of +which we were in search of. After sleeping one night in a +<i>house</i>, we again struck into the country to the westward.</p> + +<p>In five days we were on the high lands south of White Bay, and +in sight of the high lands east of the Bay of Islands, on the west +coast of Newfoundland. The country south and west of us was low and +flat, consisting of marshes, extending in a southerly direction +more than thirty miles. In this direction lies the famous Red +Indians' Lake. It was now near the middle of November, and the +winter had commenced pretty severely in the interior. The country +was everywhere covered with snow, and, for some days past, we had +walked over the small ponds on the ice. The summits of the hills on +which we stood had snow on them, in some places many feet deep. The +deer were migrating from the rugged and dreary mountains in the +north to the low mossy barrens and more woody parts in the south; +and we inferred, that if any of the Red Indians had been at White +Bay during the past summer, they might be at that time stationed +about the borders of the low tract of country before us, at the +<i>deer-passes</i>, or were employed somewhere else in the +interior, killing deer for winter provision. At these passes, which +are particular places in the migration lines of path, such as the +extreme ends of, and straights in, many of the large +lakes,—the foot of valleys between high or rugged +mountains,—fords in the large rivers, and the like,—the +Indians kill great numbers of deer with very little trouble, during +their migrations. We looked out for two days from the summits of +the hills adjacent, trying to discover the smoke from the camps of +the Red Indians; but in vain. These hills command a very extensive +view of the country in every direction.</p> + +<blockquote>* <font size="-1">Since my return, I learn from the +captive Red Indian woman <i>Shawnawdithit</i>, that the vapour-bath +is chiefly used by old people, and for rheumatic +affections.</font></blockquote> + +<blockquote><font size="-1"><i>Shanawdithit</i> is the survivor of +three Red Indian females, who were taken by, or rather who gave +themselves up, exhausted with hunger, to some English furriers, +about five years ago, in Notre Dame Bay. She is the only one of +that tribe in the hands of the English, and the only one that has +ever lived so long among them. It appears extraordinary, and it is +to be regretted, that this woman has not been taken care of, nor +noticed before, in a manner which the peculiar and interesting +circumstances connected with her tribe and herself would have led +us to expect.</font></blockquote> + +<p><br> +</p> + +<p>We now determined to proceed towards the Red Indians' Lake, +sanguine that, at that known rendezvous, we would find the objects +of our search.</p> + +<p>Travelling over such a country, except when winter has fairly +set in, is truly laborious.</p> + +<p>In about ten days we got a glimpse of this beautifully majestic +and splendid sheet of water. The ravages of fire, which we saw in +the woods for the last two days, indicated that man had been near. +We looked down on the lake, from the hills at the northern +extremity, with feelings of anxiety and admiration:—No canoe +could be discovered moving on its placid surface in the distance. +We were the first Europeans who had seen it in an unfrozen state, +for the three former parties who had visited it before, were here +in the winter, when its waters were frozen and covered over with +snow. They had reached it from below, by way of the River Exploits, +on the ice. We approached the lake with hope and caution; but found +to our mortification that the Red Indians had deserted it for some +years past. My party had been so excited, so sanguine, and so +determined to obtain an interview of some kind with these people, +that, on discovering, from appearances every where around us, that +the Red Indians—the terror of the Europeans as well as the +other Indian inhabitants of Newfoundland—no longer existed, +the spirits of one and all of us were very deeply affected. The old +mountaineer was particularly overcome. There were every where +indications that this had long been the central and undisturbed +rendezvous of the tribe, where they had enjoyed peace and security. +But these primitive people had abandoned it, after having been +tormented by parties of Europeans during the last eighteen [Sic: +thirteen] years. Fatal rencounters had on these occasions +unfortunately taken place.</p> + +<p>We spent several melancholy days wandering on the borders of the +east end of the lake, surveying the various remains of what we now +contemplated to have been an unoffending and cruelly extirpated +people. At several places, by the margin of the lake, are small +clusters of winter and summer wigwams in ruins. One difference, +among others, between the Boeothick wigwams and those of the other +Indians is, that in most of the former there are small hollows, +like nests, dug in the earth around the fire-place, one for each +person to sit in. These hollows are generally so close together, +and also so close to the fire-place, and to the sides of the +wigwam, that I think it probable these people have been accustomed +to sleep in a sitting position. There was one wooden building +constructed for drying and smoking venison in, still perfect; also +a small log-house, in a dilapidated condition, which we took to +have been once a store-house. The wreck of a large handsome +birch-rind canoe, about twenty-two feet in length, comparatively +new, and certainly very little used, lay thrown up among the bushes +at the beach. We supposed that the violence of a storm had rent it +in the way it was found, and that the people who were in it had +perished; for the iron nails, of which there was no want, all +remained in it. Had there been any survivors, nails being much +prized by these people, they never having held intercourse with +Europeans, such an article would most likely have been taken out +for use again. All the birch trees in the vicinity of the lake had +been rinded, and many of them and of the spruce fir or var +(<i>Pinus balsamifera</i>, Canadian balsam tree) had the bark taken +off, to use the inner part of it for food, as noticed before.</p> + +<p>Their wooden repositories for the dead are what are in the most +perfect state of preservation. These are of different +constructions, it would appear, according to the character or rank +of the persons entombed. In one of them, which resembled a hut, ten +feet by eight or nine, and four or five feet high in the centre, +floored with squared poles, the roof covered with rinds of trees, +and in every way well secured against the weather inside and the +intrusion of wild beasts, there were two grown persons laid out at +full length on the floor, the bodies wrapped round with deer-skins. +One of these bodies appeared to have been placed here not longer +ago than five or six years. We thought there were children laid in +here also. On first opening this building, by removing the posts +which formed the ends, our curiosity was raised to the highest +pitch; but what added to our surprise, was the discovery of a white +deal coffin, containing a skeleton neatly shrouded in white muslin. +After a long pause of conjecture how such a thing existed here, the +idea of <i>Mary March</i> occurred to one of the party, and the +whole mystery was at once explained.*</p> + +<blockquote><font size="-1">* It should be remarked here, that Mary +March, so called from the name of the month in which she was taken, +was the Red Indian female who was captured and carried away by +force from this place by an armed party of English people, nine or +ten in number, who came up here in the month of March 1809.[Sic: +1819] The local government authorities at that time did not foresee +the result of offering a reward to <i>bring a Red Indian to +them</i>. Her husband was cruelly shot, after nobly making several +attempts, single-handed, to rescue her from the captors, in +defiance of their fire-arms and fixed bayonets. His tribe built +this cemetery for him, on the foundation of his own wigwam, and his +body is one of those now in it. The following winter, Captain +Buchan was sent to the River Exploits, by order of the local +government of Newfoundland, to take back this woman to the lake +where she was captured, and, if possible, at the same time, to open +a friendly intercourse with her tribe. But she died on board +Captain B.'s vessel, at the mouth of the river. Captain B., +however, took up her body to the lake; and not meeting with any of +her people, left it where they were afterwards likely to meet with +it. It appears the Indians were this winter encamped on the banks +of the River Exploits, and observed Captain B.'s party passing up +the river on the ice. They retired from their encampments in +consequence; and, some weeks afterwards, went by a circuitous route +to the lake, to ascertain what the party had been doing there. They +found <i>Mary March's</i> body, and removed it from where Captain +B. had left it to where it now lies, by the side of her +husband.</font></blockquote> + +<blockquote><font size="-1">With the exception of Captain Buchan's +first expedition, by order of the local government of Newfoundland, +in the winter of 1810, [Sic: 1815] to endeavour to open a friendly +intercourse with the Red Indians, the two parties just mentioned +are the only two we know of that had ever before been up to the Red +Indian Lake. Captain B. at that time succeeded in forcing an +interview with the principal encampment of these people. All of the +tribe that remained at that period were then at the Great Lake, +divided into parties, and in their winter encampments, at different +places in the woods on the margin of the lake. Hostages were +exchanged; but Captain B. had not been absent from the Indians two +hours, in his return to a depot left by him at a short distance +down the river, to take up additional presents for them, when the +want of confidence of these people in the whites evinced itself. A +suspicion spread among them that he had gone down to bring up a +reinforcement of men to take them all prisoners to the sea-coast; +and they resolved immediately to break up their encampment and +retire farther into the country, and alarm and join the rest of +their tribe, who were all at the western parts of the lake. To +prevent their proceedings being known, they killed and then cut off +the heads of the two English hostages; and, on the same afternoon +on which Captain B. had left them, they were in full retreat across +the lake, with baggage, children, &c. The whole of them +afterwards spent the remainder of the winter together, at a place +twenty to thirty miles to the south-west, on the south-east side of +the lake. On Captain B.'s return to the lake next day or the day +after, the cause of the scene there was inexplicable; and it +remained a mystery until now, when we can gather some facts +relating to these people from the Red Indian woman +<i>Shawnawdithit</i>.</font></blockquote> + +<p><br> +</p> + +<p>In this cemetery were deposited a variety of articles, in some +instances the property, in others the representations of the +property and utensils, and of the achievements, of the deceased. +There were two small wooden images of a man and woman, no doubt +meant to represent husband and wife; a small doll, which we +supposed to represent a child (for <i>Mary March</i> had to leave +her only child here, which died two days after she was taken): +several small models of their canoes; two small models of boats; an +iron axe; a bow and quiver of arrows were placed by the side of +<i>Mary March's</i> husband; and two fire-stones (radiated iron +pyrites, from which they produce fire, by striking them together) +lay at his head; there were also various kinds of culinary +utensils, neatly made, of birch-rind, and ornamented; and many +other things, of some of which we did not know the use or +meaning.</p> + +<p>Another mode of sepulture which we saw here was, where the body +of the deceased had been wrapped in birch rind, and with his +property, placed on a sort of scaffold about four feet and a-half +from the ground. The scaffold was formed of four posts, about seven +feet high, fixed perpendicularly in the ground, to sustain a kind +of crib, five feet and a-half in length by four in breadth, with a +floor made of small squared beams, laid close together +horizontally, and on which the body and property rested.</p> + +<p>A third mode was, when the body, bent together, and wrapped in +birch-rind, was enclosed in a kind of box on the ground. The box +was made of small squared posts, laid on each other horizontally, +and notched at the corners, to make them meet close; it was about +four feet by three, and two and a-half feet deep, and well lined +with birch-rind, to exclude the weather from the inside. The body +lay on its right side.</p> + +<p>A fourth, and the most common mode of burying among these +people, has been, to wrap the body in birch-rind, and cover it over +with a heap of stones, on the surface of the earth, in some retired +spot; sometimes the body, thus wrapped up, is put a foot or two +under the surface, and the spot covered with stones; in one place, +where the ground was sandy and soft, they appeared to have been +buried deeper, and no stones placed over the graves.</p> + +<p>These people appear to have always shewn great respect for their +dead; and the most remarkable remains of them commonly observed by +Europeans, at the sea-coast, are their burying-places. These are at +particular chosen spots; and it is well known that they have been +in the habit of bringing their dead from a distance to them. With +their women, they bury only their clothes.</p> + +<p>On the north side of the lake, opposite the River Exploits, are +the extremities of two deer fences, about half a mile apart, where +they lead to the water. It is understood that they diverge many +miles in north-westerly directions. The Red Indians make these +fences to lead and scare the deer to the lake, during the +periodical migration of these animals; the Indians being stationed +looking out, when the deer get into the water to swim across, the +lake being narrow at this end, they attack and kill the animals +with spears out of their canoes. In this way they secure their +winter provisions before the severity of that season sets in.</p> + +<p>There were other old remains of different kinds peculiar to +these people met with about the lake.</p> + +<p>One night we encamped on the foundation of an old Red Indian +wigwam, on the extremity of a point of land which juts out into the +lake, and exposed to the view of the whole country around. A large +fire at night is the life and soul of such a party as ours, and +when it blazed up at times, I could not help observing, that two of +my Indians evinced uneasiness and want of confidence in things +around, as if they thought themselves usurpers on the Red Indian +territory. From time immemorial none of the Indians of the other +tribes had ever encamped near this lake fearlessly, and, as we had +now done, in the very centre of such a country; the lake and +territory adjacent having been always considered to belong +exclusively to the Red Indians, and to have been occupied by them. +It had been our invariable practice hitherto to encamp near hills, +and be on their summits by the dawn of day, to try to discover the +morning smoke ascending from the Red Indians' camps; and, to +prevent the discovery of ourselves, we extinguished our own fire +always some length of time before day-light.</p> + +<p>Our only and frail hope now left of seeing the Red Indians lay +on the banks of the River Exploits, on our return to the +sea-coast.</p> + +<p>The Red Indians' Lake discharges itself about three or four +miles from its north-east end, and its waters from the River +Exploits. From the lake to the sea-coast is considered about +seventy miles; and down this noble river the steady perseverance +and intrepidity of my Indians carried me on rafts in four days, to +accomplish which otherwise, would have required, probably, two +weeks. We landed at various places on both banks of the river on +our way down, but found no traces of the Red Indians so recent as +those seen at the portage at Badger Bay-Great Lake, towards the +beginning of our excursion. During our descent, we had to construct +new rafts at the different waterfalls. Sometimes we were carried +down the rapids at the rate of ten miles an hour or more, with +considerable risk of destruction to the whole party, for we were +always together on one raft.</p> + +<p>What arrests the attention most while gliding down the stream, +is the extent of the Indian fences to entrap the deer. They extend +from the lake downwards, continuous, on the banks of the river at +least thirty miles. There are openings left here and there in them, +for the animals to go through and swim across the river, and at +these places the Indians are stationed, and kill them in the water +with spears, out of their canoes, as at the lake. Here, then, +connecting these fences with those on the north-west side of the +lake, is at least forty miles of country, easterly and westerly, +prepared to intercept all the deer that pass that way in their +periodical migrations. It was melancholy to contemplate the +gigantic, yet feeble efforts of a whole primitive nation, in their +anxiety to provide subsistence, forsaken and going to decay.</p> + +<p>There must have been hundreds of the Red Indians, and that not +many years ago, to have kept up these fences and ponds. As their +numbers were lessened so was their ability to keep them up for the +purposes intended; and now the deer pass the whole line +unmolested.</p> + +<p>We infer, that the few of these people who yet survive, have +taken refuge in some sequestered spot, still in the northern part +of the island, and where they can procure deer to subsist on.</p> + +<p>On the 29th November we were again returned to the mouth of the +River Exploits, in thirty days after our departure from thence, +after having made a complete circuit of about 200 miles in the Red +Indian territory.</p> + +<center> +<p> + * * * * *</p> +</center> + +<p>I have now stated generally the result of my excursion, +avoiding, for the present, entering into any detail. The materials +collected on this, as well as on my excursion across the interior a +few years ago, and on other occasions, put me in possession of a +general knowledge of the natural condition and productions of +Newfoundland; and, as a member of an institution formed to protect +the aboriginal inhabitants of the country in which we live, and to +prosecute inquiry into the moral character of man in his primitive +state, I can, at this early stage of our institution, assert, +trusting to nothing vague, that we already possess more information +concerning these people than has been obtained during the two +centuries and a-half in which Newfoundland has been in the +possession of Europeans. But it is to be lamented that now, when we +have taken up the cause of a barbarously treated people, so few +should remain to reap the benefit of our plans for their +civilization. The institution and its supporters will agree with +me, that, after the unfortunate circumstances attending past +encounters between the Europeans and the Red Indians, it is best +now to employ Indians belonging to the other tribes to be the +medium of beginning the intercourse we have in view; and indeed I +have already chosen three of the most intelligent men from among +the others met with in Newfoundland to follow up my search.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, I congratulate the institution on the acquisition +of several ingenious articles, the manufacture of the +<i>Boeothicks</i>, some of which we had the good fortune to +discover on our recent excursion;—models of their canoes, +bows and arrows, spears of different kinds, &c. and also a +complete dress worn by that people. Their mode of kindling fire is +not only original, but as far as we at present know, is peculiar to +the tribe. These articles, together with a short vocabulary of +their language consisting of 200 to 300 words, which I have been +enabled to collect, prove the Boeothicks to be a distinct tribe +from any hitherto discovered in North America. One remarkable +characteristic of their language, and in which it resembles those +of Europe more than any other Indian languages do, with which we +have had an opportunity of comparing it,—is its abounding in +diphthongs. In my detailed report, I would propose to have plates +of these articles, and also of the like articles used by other +tribes of Indians, that a comparative idea may be formed of them; +and, when the Indian female <i>Shawnawdithit</i> arrives in St +John's, I would recommend that a correct likeness of her be taken, +and be preserved in the records of the institution. One of the +specimens of mineralogy which we found in our excursion, was a +block of what is called <i>Labrador Felspar</i>, nearly four +one-half feet in length, by about three feet in breadth and +thickness. This is the largest piece of that beautiful rock yet +discovered any where. Our subsistence in the interior was entirely +animal food, deer and beavers, which we shot.</p> + +<center> +<p> + * * * * *</p> +</center> + +<p> "<i>Resolved</i>,—That the +measures recommended in the president's report be agreed to; and +that the three men, Indians of the Canadian and Mountaineer tribes, +be placed upon the establishment of this institution, to be +employed under the immediate direction and control of the +president; and that they be allowed for their services such a sum +of money as the president may consider a fair and reasonable +compensation: That it be the endeavour of this institution to +collect every useful information respecting the natural productions +and resources of this island, and, from time to time, to publish +the same in its reports: That the instruction of +<i>Shawnawdithit</i> would be much accelerated by bringing her to +St John's, &c.: That the proceedings of the institution, since +its establishment, be laid before his Majesty's Secretary of State +for the Colonial Department, by the president, on his arrival in +England.</p> + +<p align="RIGHT">(Signed) "A.W. des B<font size= +"-1">ARRES</font>,<br> + Chairman and Vice-Patron."</p> +<br> +<br> +<hr noshade> +<font size="-1"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT OF MR. 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Cormack's journey in search of the Red Indians +in Newfoundland + +Author: W. E. Cormack + +Release Date: October 16, 2004 [eBook #13762] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT OF MR. W. E. CORMACK'S +JOURNEY IN SEARCH OF THE RED INDIANS IN NEWFOUNDLAND*** + + +E-text prepared by Canadian Insitute for Historical Microreproduction, +Wallace McLean, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading +Team + + + +REPORT OF MR W. E. CORMACK'S JOURNEY IN SEARCH OF THE RED INDIANS +IN NEWFOUNDLAND + +Read before the Boeothick Institution at St John's, Newfoundland + + + + + + + +Pursuant to special summons, a meeting of this Institution was held at +St John's on the 12th day of January 1828; the Honourable A.W. +Desbarres, Vice-Patron, in the chair. The Honourable Chairman stated, +that the primary motive which led to the formation of the Institution, +was the desire of opening a communication with, and promoting the +civilization of, the Red Indians of Newfoundland; and of procuring, if +possible, an authentic history of that unhappy race of people, in +order that their language, customs and pursuits, might be contrasted +with those of other tribes of Indians and nations;--that, in following +up the chief object of the institution, it was anticipated that much +information would be obtained respecting the natural productions of +the island; the interior of which is less known than any other of the +British possessions abroad. Their excellent President, keeping all +these objects in view, had permitted nothing worthy of research to +escape his scrutiny, and consequently a very wide field of information +was now introduced to their notice, all apparently highly interesting +and useful to society, if properly cultivated. He was aware of their +very natural anxiety to hear from the president an outline of his +recent expedition, and he would occupy their attention farther, only +by observing, that the purposes of the present meeting would be best +accomplished by taking into consideration the different subjects +recommended to them in the president's report, and passing such +resolutions as might be considered necessary to govern the future +proceedings of the Institution. + +The President, W.E. Cormack, Esq. then laid the following Statement +before the meeting. + +Having so recently returned, I will now only lay before you a brief +outline of my expedition in search of the Boeothicks or Red Indians, +confining my remarks exclusively to its primary object. A detailed +report of the journey will be prepared, and submitted to the +Institution, whenever I shall have leisure to arrange the other +interesting materials which have been collected. + +My party consisted of three Indians, whom I procured from among the +other different tribes, viz. an intelligent and able man of the +Abenakie tribe, from Canada; an elderly Mountaineer from Labrador; and +an adventurous young Micmack, a native of this island, together with +myself. It was difficult to obtain men fit for the purpose, and the +trouble attending on this prevented my entering on the expedition a +month earlier in the season. It was my intention to have commenced our +search at White Bay, which is nearer the northern extremity of the +island than where we did, and to have travelled southward; but the +weather not permitting to carry my party thither by water, after +several days delay, I unwillingly changed my line of route. + +On the 31st of October 1828 [Sic: 30th of October 1827] last, we +entered the country at the mouth of the River Exploits, on the north +side, at what is called the Northern Arm. We took a north-westerly +direction to lead us to Hall's Bay, which place we reached through an +almost uninterrupted forest, over a hilly country, in eight days. This +tract comprehends the country interior from New Bay, Badger Bay, Seal +Bay, &c.; these being minor bays, included in Green or Notre Dame Bay, +at the north-east part of the island, and well known to have been +always heretofore the summer residence of the Red Indians. + +On the fourth day after our departure, at the east end of Badger +Bay-Great Lake, at a _portage_ known by the name of the Indian Path, +we found traces made by the Red Indians, evidently in the spring or +summer of the preceding year. Their party had had two canoes; and here +was a _canoe-rest_, on which the daubs of red-ochre, and the roots of +trees used to fasten or tie it together appeared fresh. A canoe-rest +is simply a few beams, supported horizontally, about five feet from +the ground, by perpendicular posts. A party with two canoes, when +descending from the interior to the sea-coast, through such a part of +the country as this, where there are troublesome portages, leave one +canoe resting, bottom up, on this kind of frame, to protect it from +injury by the weather, until their return. Among other things which +lay strewed about here, were a spear-shaft, eight feet in length, +recently made and ochred; parts of old canoes, fragments of their +skin-dresses, &c. For some distance around, the trunks of many of the +birch, and of that species of spruce pine called here the Var (_Pinus +balsamifera_), had been rinded; these people using the inner part of +the bark of that kind of tree for food. Some of the cuts in the trees +with the axe were evidently made the preceding year. Besides these, we +were elated by other encouraging signs. The traces left by the Red +Indians are so peculiar, that we were confident those we saw here were +made by them. + +This spot has been a favourite place of settlement with these people. +It is situated at the commencement of a _portage_, which forms a +communication by a path between the sea-coast at Badger Bay, about +eight miles to the north-east, and a chain of lakes extending westerly +and southerly from hence, and discharging themselves by a rivulet into +the River Exploits, about thirty miles from its mouth. A path also +leads from this place to the lakes, near New Bay, to the eastward. +Here are the remains of one of their villages, where the vestiges of +eight or ten winter _mamateeks_ or wigwams, each intended to contain +from six to eighteen or twenty people, are distinctly seen close +together. Besides these, there are the remains of a number of summer +wigwams. Every winter wigwam has close by it a small square-mouthed or +oblong pit, dug into the earth, about four feet deep, to preserve +their stores, &c. in. Some of these pits were lined with birch-rind. +We discovered also in this village the remains of a vapour-bath. The +method used by the Boeothicks to raise the steam, was by pouring water +on large stones, made very hot for the purpose, in the open air, by +burning a quantity of wood around them; after this process, the ashes +were removed, and a hemispherical frame-work, closely covered with +skins, to exclude the external air, was fixed over the stones. The +patient then crept in under the skins, taking with him a +birch-rind-bucket of water, and a small bark-dish to dip it out, +which, by pouring on the stones, enabled him to raise the steam at +pleasure[A]. + +At Hall's Bay we got no useful information from the three (and the +only) English families settled there. Indeed we could hardly have +expected any; for these, and such people, have been the unchecked and +ruthless destroyers of the tribe, the remnant of which we were in +search of. After sleeping one night in a _house_, we again struck into +the country to the westward. + +In five days we were on the high lands south of White Bay, and in +sight of the high lands east of the Bay of Islands, on the west coast +of Newfoundland. The country south and west of us was low and flat, +consisting of marshes, extending in a southerly direction more than +thirty miles. In this direction lies the famous Red Indians' Lake. It +was now near the middle of November, and the winter had commenced +pretty severely in the interior. The country was everywhere covered +with snow, and, for some days past, we had walked over the small ponds +on the ice. The summits of the hills on which we stood had snow on +them, in some places many feet deep. The deer were migrating from the +rugged and dreary mountains in the north to the low mossy barrens and +more woody parts in the south; and we inferred, that if any of the Red +Indians had been at White Bay during the past summer, they might be at +that time stationed about the borders of the low tract of country +before us, at the _deer-passes_, or were employed somewhere else in +the interior, killing deer for winter provision. At these passes, +which are particular places in the migration lines of path, such as +the extreme ends of, and straights in, many of the large lakes,--the +foot of valleys between high or rugged mountains,--fords in the large +rivers, and the like,--the Indians kill great numbers of deer with +very little trouble, during their migrations. We looked out for two +days from the summits of the hills adjacent, trying to discover the +smoke from the camps of the Red Indians; but in vain. These hills +command a very extensive view of the country in every direction. + +We now determined to proceed towards the Red Indians' Lake, sanguine +that, at that known rendezvous, we would find the objects of our +search. + +Travelling over such a country, except when winter has fairly set in, +is truly laborious. + +In about ten days we got a glimpse of this beautifully majestic and +splendid sheet of water. The ravages of fire, which we saw in the +woods for the last two days, indicated that man had been near. We +looked down on the lake, from the hills at the northern extremity, +with feelings of anxiety and admiration:--No canoe could be discovered +moving on its placid surface in the distance. We were the first +Europeans who had seen it in an unfrozen state, for the three former +parties who had visited it before, were here in the winter, when its +waters were frozen and covered over with snow. They had reached it +from below, by way of the River Exploits, on the ice. We approached +the lake with hope and caution; but found to our mortification that +the Red Indians had deserted it for some years past. My party had been +so excited, so sanguine, and so determined to obtain an interview of +some kind with these people, that, on discovering, from appearances +every where around us, that the Red Indians--the terror of the +Europeans as well as the other Indian inhabitants of Newfoundland--no +longer existed, the spirits of one and all of us were very deeply +affected. The old mountaineer was particularly overcome. There were +every where indications that this had long been the central and +undisturbed rendezvous of the tribe, where they had enjoyed peace and +security. But these primitive people had abandoned it, after having +been tormented by parties of Europeans during the last eighteen [Sic: +thirteen] years. Fatal rencounters had on these occasions +unfortunately taken place. + +We spent several melancholy days wandering on the borders of the east +end of the lake, surveying the various remains of what we now +contemplated to have been an unoffending and cruelly extirpated +people. At several places, by the margin of the lake, are small +clusters of winter and summer wigwams in ruins. One difference, among +others, between the Boeothick wigwams and those of the other Indians +is, that in most of the former there are small hollows, like nests, +dug in the earth around the fire-place, one for each person to sit in. +These hollows are generally so close together, and also so close to +the fire-place, and to the sides of the wigwam, that I think it +probable these people have been accustomed to sleep in a sitting +position. There was one wooden building constructed for drying and +smoking venison in, still perfect; also a small log-house, in a +dilapidated condition, which we took to have been once a store-house. +The wreck of a large handsome birch-rind canoe, about twenty-two feet +in length, comparatively new, and certainly very little used, lay +thrown up among the bushes at the beach. We supposed that the violence +of a storm had rent it in the way it was found, and that the people +who were in it had perished; for the iron nails, of which there was no +want, all remained in it. Had there been any survivors, nails being +much prized by these people, they never having held intercourse with +Europeans, such an article would most likely have been taken out for +use again. All the birch trees in the vicinity of the lake had been +rinded, and many of them and of the spruce fir or var (_Pinus +balsamifera_, Canadian balsam tree) had the bark taken off, to use the +inner part of it for food, as noticed before. + +Their wooden repositories for the dead are what are in the most +perfect state of preservation. These are of different constructions, +it would appear, according to the character or rank of the persons +entombed. In one of them, which resembled a hut, ten feet by eight or +nine, and four or five feet high in the centre, floored with squared +poles, the roof covered with rinds of trees, and in every way well +secured against the weather inside and the intrusion of wild beasts, +there were two grown persons laid out at full length on the floor, the +bodies wrapped round with deer-skins. One of these bodies appeared to +have been placed here not longer ago than five or six years. We +thought there were children laid in here also. On first opening this +building, by removing the posts which formed the ends, our curiosity +was raised to the highest pitch; but what added to our surprise, was +the discovery of a white deal coffin, containing a skeleton neatly +shrouded in white muslin. After a long pause of conjecture how such a +thing existed here, the idea of _Mary March_ occurred to one of the +party, and the whole mystery was at once explained[B]. + +In this cemetery were deposited a variety of articles, in some +instances the property, in others the representations of the property +and utensils, and of the achievements, of the deceased. There were two +small wooden images of a man and woman, no doubt meant to represent +husband and wife; a small doll, which we supposed to represent a child +(for _Mary March_ had to leave her only child here, which died two +days after she was taken): several small models of their canoes; two +small models of boats; an iron axe; a bow and quiver of arrows were +placed by the side of _Mary March's_ husband; and two fire-stones +(radiated iron pyrites, from which they produce fire, by striking them +together) lay at his head; there were also various kinds of culinary +utensils, neatly made, of birch-rind, and ornamented; and many other +things, of some of which we did not know the use or meaning. + +Another mode of sepulture which we saw here was, where the body of the +deceased had been wrapped in birch rind, and with his property, placed +on a sort of scaffold about four feet and a-half from the ground. The +scaffold was formed of four posts, about seven feet high, fixed +perpendicularly in the ground, to sustain a kind of crib, five feet +and a-half in length by four in breadth, with a floor made of small +squared beams, laid close together horizontally, and on which the body +and property rested. + +A third mode was, when the body, bent together, and wrapped in +birch-rind, was enclosed in a kind of box on the ground. The box was +made of small squared posts, laid on each other horizontally, and +notched at the corners, to make them meet close; it was about four +feet by three, and two and a-half feet deep, and well lined with +birch-rind, to exclude the weather from the inside. The body lay on +its right side. + +A fourth, and the most common mode of burying among these people, has +been, to wrap the body in birch-rind, and cover it over with a heap of +stones, on the surface of the earth, in some retired spot; sometimes +the body, thus wrapped up, is put a foot or two under the surface, and +the spot covered with stones; in one place, where the ground was sandy +and soft, they appeared to have been buried deeper, and no stones +placed over the graves. + +These people appear to have always shewn great respect for their dead; +and the most remarkable remains of them commonly observed by +Europeans, at the sea-coast, are their burying-places. These are at +particular chosen spots; and it is well known that they have been in +the habit of bringing their dead from a distance to them. With their +women, they bury only their clothes. + +On the north side of the lake, opposite the River Exploits, are the +extremities of two deer fences, about half a mile apart, where they +lead to the water. It is understood that they diverge many miles in +north-westerly directions. The Red Indians make these fences to lead +and scare the deer to the lake, during the periodical migration of +these animals; the Indians being stationed looking out, when the deer +get into the water to swim across, the lake being narrow at this end, +they attack and kill the animals with spears out of their canoes. In +this way they secure their winter provisions before the severity of +that season sets in. + +There were other old remains of different kinds peculiar to these +people met with about the lake. + +One night we encamped on the foundation of an old Red Indian wigwam, +on the extremity of a point of land which juts out into the lake, and +exposed to the view of the whole country around. A large fire at night +is the life and soul of such a party as ours, and when it blazed up at +times, I could not help observing, that two of my Indians evinced +uneasiness and want of confidence in things around, as if they thought +themselves usurpers on the Red Indian territory. From time immemorial +none of the Indians of the other tribes had ever encamped near this +lake fearlessly, and, as we had now done, in the very centre of such a +country; the lake and territory adjacent having been always considered +to belong exclusively to the Red Indians, and to have been occupied by +them. It had been our invariable practice hitherto to encamp near +hills, and be on their summits by the dawn of day, to try to discover +the morning smoke ascending from the Red Indians' camps; and, to +prevent the discovery of ourselves, we extinguished our own fire +always some length of time before day-light. + +Our only and frail hope now left of seeing the Red Indians lay on the +banks of the River Exploits, on our return to the sea-coast. + +The Red Indians' Lake discharges itself about three or four miles from +its north-east end, and its waters from the River Exploits. From the +lake to the sea-coast is considered about seventy miles; and down this +noble river the steady perseverance and intrepidity of my Indians +carried me on rafts in four days, to accomplish which otherwise, would +have required, probably, two weeks. We landed at various places on +both banks of the river on our way down, but found no traces of the +Red Indians so recent as those seen at the portage at Badger Bay-Great +Lake, towards the beginning of our excursion. During our descent, we +had to construct new rafts at the different waterfalls. Sometimes we +were carried down the rapids at the rate of ten miles an hour or more, +with considerable risk of destruction to the whole party, for we were +always together on one raft. + +What arrests the attention most while gliding down the stream, is the +extent of the Indian fences to entrap the deer. They extend from the +lake downwards, continuous, on the banks of the river at least thirty +miles. There are openings left here and there in them, for the animals +to go through and swim across the river, and at these places the +Indians are stationed, and kill them in the water with spears, out of +their canoes, as at the lake. Here, then, connecting these fences with +those on the north-west side of the lake, is at least forty miles of +country, easterly and westerly, prepared to intercept all the deer +that pass that way in their periodical migrations. It was melancholy +to contemplate the gigantic, yet feeble efforts of a whole primitive +nation, in their anxiety to provide subsistence, forsaken and going to +decay. + +There must have been hundreds of the Red Indians, and that not many +years ago, to have kept up these fences and ponds. As their numbers +were lessened so was their ability to keep them up for the purposes +intended; and now the deer pass the whole line unmolested. + +We infer, that the few of these people who yet survive, have taken +refuge in some sequestered spot, still in the northern part of the +island, and where they can procure deer to subsist on. + +On the 29th November we were again returned to the mouth of the River +Exploits, in thirty days after our departure from thence, after having +made a complete circuit of about 200 miles in the Red Indian +territory. + + * * * * * + +I have now stated generally the result of my excursion, avoiding, for +the present, entering into any detail. The materials collected on +this, as well as on my excursion across the interior a few years ago, +and on other occasions, put me in possession of a general knowledge of +the natural condition and productions of Newfoundland; and, as a +member of an institution formed to protect the aboriginal inhabitants +of the country in which we live, and to prosecute inquiry into the +moral character of man in his primitive state, I can, at this early +stage of our institution, assert, trusting to nothing vague, that we +already possess more information concerning these people than has been +obtained during the two centuries and a-half in which Newfoundland has +been in the possession of Europeans. But it is to be lamented that +now, when we have taken up the cause of a barbarously treated people, +so few should remain to reap the benefit of our plans for their +civilization. The institution and its supporters will agree with me, +that, after the unfortunate circumstances attending past encounters +between the Europeans and the Red Indians, it is best now to employ +Indians belonging to the other tribes to be the medium of beginning +the intercourse we have in view; and indeed I have already chosen +three of the most intelligent men from among the others met with in +Newfoundland to follow up my search. + +In conclusion, I congratulate the institution on the acquisition of +several ingenious articles, the manufacture of the _Boeothicks_, some +of which we had the good fortune to discover on our recent +excursion;--models of their canoes, bows and arrows, spears of +different kinds, &c. and also a complete dress worn by that people. +Their mode of kindling fire is not only original, but as far as we at +present know, is peculiar to the tribe. These articles, together with +a short vocabulary of their language consisting of 200 to 300 words, +which I have been enabled to collect, prove the Boeothicks to be a +distinct tribe from any hitherto discovered in North America. One +remarkable characteristic of their language, and in which it resembles +those of Europe more than any other Indian languages do, with which we +have had an opportunity of comparing it,--is its abounding in +diphthongs. In my detailed report, I would propose to have plates of +these articles, and also of the like articles used by other tribes of +Indians, that a comparative idea may be formed of them; and, when the +Indian female _Shawnawdithit_ arrives in St John's, I would recommend +that a correct likeness of her be taken, and be preserved in the +records of the institution. One of the specimens of mineralogy which +we found in our excursion, was a block of what is called _Labrador +Felspar_, nearly four one-half feet in length, by about three feet in +breadth and thickness. This is the largest piece of that beautiful +rock yet discovered any where. Our subsistence in the interior was +entirely animal food, deer and beavers, which we shot. + + * * * * * + +"_Resolved_,--That the measures recommended in the president's report +be agreed to; and that the three men, Indians of the Canadian and +Mountaineer tribes, be placed upon the establishment of this +institution, to be employed under the immediate direction and control +of the president; and that they be allowed for their services such a +sum of money as the president may consider a fair and reasonable +compensation: That it be the endeavour of this institution to collect +every useful information respecting the natural productions and +resources of this island, and, from time to time, to publish the same +in its reports: That the instruction of _Shawnawdithit_ would be much +accelerated by bringing her to St John's, &c.: That the proceedings of +the institution, since its establishment, be laid before his Majesty's +Secretary of State for the Colonial Department, by the president, on +his arrival in England. + +(Signed) "A.W. des BARRES, Chairman and Vice-Patron." + + +Footnotes: + +[Footnote A: Since my return, I learn from the captive Red Indian +woman _Shawnawdithit_, that the vapour-bath is chiefly used by old +people, and for rheumatic affections. + +_Shanawdithit_ is the survivor of three Red Indian females, who were +taken by, or rather who gave themselves up, exhausted with hunger, to +some English furriers, about five years ago, in Notre Dame Bay. She is +the only one of that tribe in the hands of the English, and the only +one that has ever lived so long among them. It appears extraordinary, +and it is to be regretted, that this woman has not been taken care of, +nor noticed before, in a manner which the peculiar and interesting +circumstances connected with her tribe and herself would have led us +to expect.] + +[Footnote B: It should be remarked here, that Mary March, so called +from the name of the month in which she was taken, was the Red Indian +female who was captured and carried away by force from this place by +an armed party of English people, nine or ten in number, who came up +here in the month of March 1809.[Sic: 1819] The local government +authorities at that time did not foresee the result of offering a +reward to _bring a Red Indian to them_. Her husband was cruelly shot, +after nobly making several attempts, single-handed, to rescue her from +the captors, in defiance of their fire-arms and fixed bayonets. His +tribe built this cemetery for him, on the foundation of his own +wigwam, and his body is one of those now in it. The following winter, +Captain Buchan was sent to the River Exploits, by order of the local +government of Newfoundland, to take back this woman to the lake where +she was captured, and, if possible, at the same time, to open a +friendly intercourse with her tribe. But she died on board Captain +B.'s vessel, at the mouth of the river. Captain B., however, took up +her body to the lake; and not meeting with any of her people, left it +where they were afterwards likely to meet with it. It appears the +Indians were this winter encamped on the banks of the River Exploits, +and observed Captain B.'s party passing up the river on the ice. They +retired from their encampments in consequence; and, some weeks +afterwards, went by a circuitous route to the lake, to ascertain what +the party had been doing there. They found _Mary March's_ body, and +removed it from where Captain B. had left it to where it now lies, by +the side of her husband. + +With the exception of Captain Buchan's first expedition, by order of +the local government of Newfoundland, in the winter of 1810, [Sic: +1815] to endeavour to open a friendly intercourse with the Red +Indians, the two parties just mentioned are the only two we know of +that had ever before been up to the Red Indian Lake. Captain B. at +that time succeeded in forcing an interview with the principal +encampment of these people. All of the tribe that remained at that +period were then at the Great Lake, divided into parties, and in their +winter encampments, at different places in the woods on the margin of +the lake. Hostages were exchanged; but Captain B. had not been absent +from the Indians two hours, in his return to a depot left by him at a +short distance down the river, to take up additional presents for +them, when the want of confidence of these people in the whites +evinced itself. A suspicion spread among them that he had gone down to +bring up a reinforcement of men to take them all prisoners to the +sea-coast; and they resolved immediately to break up their encampment +and retire farther into the country, and alarm and join the rest of +their tribe, who were all at the western parts of the lake. To prevent +their proceedings being known, they killed and then cut off the heads +of the two English hostages; and, on the same afternoon on which +Captain B. had left them, they were in full retreat across the lake, +with baggage, children, &c. The whole of them afterwards spent the +remainder of the winter together, at a place twenty to thirty miles to +the south-west, on the south-east side of the lake. On Captain B.'s +return to the lake next day or the day after, the cause of the scene +there was inexplicable; and it remained a mystery until now, when we +can gather some facts relating to these people from the Red Indian +woman _Shawnawdithit_.] + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT OF MR. W. E. 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