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diff --git a/old/13761.txt b/old/13761.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff67d0e --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13761.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5353 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Bay State Monthly, Volume I. No. VI. +June, 1884, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume I. No. VI. June, 1884 + A Massachusetts Magazine + +Author: Various + +Release Date: October 16, 2004 [EBook #13761] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci, the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team, and Cornell University, + + + + + + + +[Illustration: Ben F. Butler] + + + + +THE + +BAY STATE MONTHLY. + +_A Massachusetts Magazine_ + +VOL. I. + +JUNE,1884. + +No. VI. + + * * * * * + +BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUTLER. + + +There is a belt extending irregularly across the State of New Hampshire, +and varying in width, from which have gone forth men who have won a +national reputation. From this section went Daniel Webster, Lewis Cass, +Levi Woodbury, Zachariah Chandler, Horace Greeley, Henry Wilson, William +Pitt Fessenden, Salmon P. Chase, John Wentworth, Nathan Clifford, and +Benjamin F. Butler. + +BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUTLER was born in the town of Deerfield, New +Hampshire, November 5, 1818. + +His father, Captain John Butler, was a commissioned officer in the War +of 1812, and served with General Andrew Jackson at New Orleans. As +merchant, supercargo, and master of the vessel, he was engaged for some +years in the West India trade, in which he was fairly successful, until +his death in March, 1819, while on a foreign voyage. In politics he was +an ardent Democrat, an admirer of General Jackson, and a personal friend +of Isaac Hill, of New Hampshire. + +Left an orphan when an infant, the child was dependent for his early +training upon his mother; and faithfully did she attend to her duties. +Descended from the Scotch Covenanters and Irish patriots, Mrs. Butler +possessed rare qualities: she was capable, thrifty, diligent, and +devoted. In 1828, Mrs. Butler removed with her family to Lowell, where +her two boys could receive better educational advantages, and where her +efforts for their maintenance would be better rewarded, than in their +native village. + +As a boy young Butler was small, sickly, and averse to quarrels. He was +very fond of books, and eagerly read all that came in his way. From his +earliest youth he possessed a remarkably retentive memory, and was such +a promising scholar that his mother determined to help him obtain a +liberal education, hoping that he would be called to the Baptist +ministry. With this end in view, he was fitted for college at the public +schools of Lowell and at Exeter Academy, and at the early age of sixteen +entered Waterville College. Here for four years, the formative period of +his life, his mind received that bent and discipline which fitted him +for his future active career. + +He was a student who appreciated his advantages, and acquired all the +general information the course permitted outside of regular studies; but +his rank was low in the class, as deportment and attention to college +laws were taken into account. During the latter part of his course he +was present at the trial of a suit at law, and was so impressed with the +forensic battle he then witnessed, that he chose law as his profession. +He was graduated from the college in 1838, in poor health, and in debt, +but a fishing cruise to the coast of Labrador restored him, and in the +fall he entered upon the study of the law at Lowell. While a student he +practised in the police court, taught school, and devoted every energy +to acquiring a practical knowledge of his profession. + + +MILITIA. + +While yet a minor he joined the City Guards, a company of the fifth +regiment of Massachusetts Militia. His service in the militia was +honorable, and continued for many years; he rose gradually in the +regular line of promotion through every grade, from a private to a +brigadier-general. + + +LAW. + +In 1840, Mr. Butler was admitted to the bar. He was soon brought into +contact with the mill-owners, and was noted for his audacity and +quickness. He won his way rapidly to a lucrative practice, at once +important, leading, and conspicuous. He was bold, diligent, vehement, +and an inexhaustible opponent. His memory was such, that he could retain +the whole of the testimony of the longest trial without taking a note. +His power of labor seemed unlimited. In fertility of expedient, and in +the lightning quickness of his devices to snatch victory from the jaws +of defeat, his equal has seldom lived. + +For twenty years Mr. Butler devoted his whole energies to his +profession. At the age of forty he was retained in over five hundred +cases, enjoyed the most extensive and lucrative practice in New England, +and could at that age have retired from active business with an +independent fortune. + + +POLITICS. + +Despite his enormous and incessant labors at the bar, Mr. Butler, since +early manhood, has been a busy and eager politician, regularly for many +years attending the national conventions of the Democratic party, and +entering actively into every campaign. + +Before the Rebellion he was twice elected to the Massachusetts +Legislature: once to the House in 1853, and once to the Senate in 1859; +and was a candidate for governor in 1856, receiving fifty thousand +votes, the full support of his party. + +In April, 1860, Mr. Butler was a delegate to the Democratic convention +held at Charleston. There he won a national reputation. In June, at an +adjourned session of the convention, at Baltimore, Mr. Butler went out +with the delegates who were resolved to defeat the nomination of Stephen +A. Douglas. The retiring body nominated Mr. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, +for the Presidency, and Mr. Butler returned home to help his election. +It may be here stated that Mr. Breckinridge was a Southern pro-slavery +unionist. Mr. Butler was the Breckinridge candidate for the governorship +of Massachusetts, and received only six thousand votes. + +In December, 1860, after the election of Abraham Lincoln was an +established fact, there was a gathering of politicians at Washington, +Mr. Butler among the rest. South Carolina had passed the ordinance of +secession, and had sent commissioners or embassadors to negotiate a +treaty with the general government. Mr. Butler told his Southern friends +that they were hastening on a war; that the North would never consent to +a disunion of the States, and that he should be among the first to offer +to fight for the Union. He counselled the administration to receive the +South Carolina commissioners, listen to their communication, arrest +them, and try them for high treason. Mr. Butler foresaw a great war, and +on his return to Massachusetts advised Governor Andrew to prepare the +militia for the event. This was quietly done by dropping those who could +not be depended upon to leave the State, and enlisting others in their +stead. Arms and clothing were also prepared. On April 15, 1861, a +telegram was received by Governor Andrew from Senator Henry Wilson +asking for troops to defend the capital. A little before five o'clock, +Mr. Butler was, trying, a case before a court in Boston, when Colonel +Edward F. Jones, of the sixth regiment, brought to him for endorsement +an order from Governor Andrew to muster his regiment forthwith on Boston +Common, prepared to go to the defence of Washington. Two days later Mr. +Butler received the order to take command of the troops. + + +IN THE WAR. + +General Butler's command consisted of four regiments. The sixth was +despatched immediately to Washington by the way of Baltimore, two +regiments were sent in transports to garrison Fortress Monroe, while +General Butler accompanied the eighth regiment in person. At +Philadelphia, on the nineteenth of April, General Butler was apprised of +the attack on the sixth regiment during their passage through Baltimore, +and he resolved to open communication with the capital through +Annapolis. + +At Annapolis, General Butler's great executive qualities came into +prominence. He was placed in command of the "Department of Annapolis," +and systematically attended to the forwarding of troops and the +formation of a great army. On May 13, with his command, he occupied the +city of Baltimore, a strategic movement of great importance. On May 16, +he was commissioned major-general, and on the twenty-second was saluted +as the commander of Fortress Monroe. Two days later, he gave to the +country the expressive phrase "contraband of war," which proved the +deathblow of American slavery. + +A skirmish at Great Bethel, June 10, was unimportant in its results +except that it caused the loss of twenty-five Union soldiers, Major +Theodore Winthrop among the number, and was a defeat for the Northern +army. This was quickly followed by the disastrous battle of Bull Run, +which fairly aroused the North to action. + +On August 18, General Butler resigned the command of the department of +Virginia to General Wool, and accepted a command under him. The first +duty entrusted to General Butler was an expedition sent to reduce the +forts at Hatteras Inlet, in which with a small force he was successful. + +Early in September, he was authorized by the war department to raise and +equip six regiments of volunteers from New England for the war. This +task was easy for the energetic general. + +Early in the year 1862, the capture of New Orleans was undertaken, and +General Butler was placed in command of the department of the Gulf, and +fifteen thousand troops entrusted to him. After innumerable delays, the +general with a part of his force arrived, March 20, 1862, at Ship +Island, near the delta of the Mississippi River, at which rendezvous the +rest of the troops had already been assembled. From this post the +reduction of New Orleans was executed. + +On the morning of April 24, the fleet under command of Captain Farragut +succeeded in passing the forts, and a week later the transport +Mississippi with General Butler and his troops was alongside the levee +at New Orleans. + +On December 16, 1862, General Butler formally surrendered the command of +the department of the Gulf to General Banks. What General Butler did at +New Orleans during the months he was in command in that city is a matter +of history, and has been ably chronicled by James Parton. He there +displayed those wonderful qualities of command which made him the most +hated, as well as the most respected, Northern man who ever visited the +South. He did more to subject the Southern people to the inevitable +consequence of the war than a division of a hundred thousand soldiers. +He even conquered that dread scourge, yellow fever, and demonstrated +that lawlessness even in New Orleans could be suppressed. + +The new channel for the James River, known as the Dutch Gap, planned by +General Butler, and ridiculed by the press, but approved by the officers +of the United States Engineer Corps, remains to this day the +thoroughfare used by commerce. + +The fame of General Butler's career at New Orleans, and his presence, +quieted the fierce riots in New York City, occasioned by the drafts. + +General Butler resigned his commission at the close of the war, and +resumed the practice of his profession. He is now, and has been for many +years, the senior major-general of all living men who have held that +rank in the service of the United States. + + +IN CONGRESS. + +In 1867, Mr. Butler was elected to the fortieth Congress from the fifth +congressional district of Massachusetts, and in 1869 from the sixth +district. He was re-elected in 1871, 1873, and in 1877. He was a +recognized power in the House of Representatives, and with the +administration. In 1882, he was elected Governor of Massachusetts, and +gracefully retired in December, 1883, to the disappointment of more than +one hundred and fifty thousand Massachusetts voters. + +Mr. Butler is a man of vast intellectual ability--in every sense of the +word a great man. He possesses a remarkable memory, great executive +abilities, good judgment, immense energy, and withal a tender heart. He +has always been a champion of fair play and equal rights. + +As an orator he has great power to sway his hearers, for his words are +wise. Had the Democratic party listened to Mr. Butler at the Charleston +convention, its power would have continued; had the South listened to +him, it would not have seceded. Mr. Butler is a man who arouses popular +enthusiasm, and who has a great personal following of devoted friends +and admirers. + +Books have already been written about him--more will follow in the years +to come. He is the personification of the old _ante bellum_ Democratic +party of the Northern States--a party that believed in the +aggrandizement of the country, at home and abroad; which placed the +rights of an American citizen before the gains of commerce; which +fostered that commerce until it whitened the seas; and which provided +for the reception of millions, who were sure to come to these shores, by +acquiring large areas of territory. + +This hastily prepared sketch gives but a meagre outline of this +remarkable man, whose history is yet by no means completed. + + * * * * * + +THE BOUNDARY LINES OF OLD GROTON.--II. + +By THE HON. SAMUEL ABBOTT GREEN, M.D. + + The report of the Comitty of the Hon'ble Court vpon the petition of + Concord Chelmsford Lancaster & Stow for a grant of part of Nashobe + lands + + Persuant to the directions giuen by this Hon'ble Court bareng Date + the 30'th of May 1711 The Comity Reports as foloweth that is to say + &ce + + That on the second day of October 1711 the s'd comitty went vpon + the premises with an Artis and veved [viewed] and servaied the Land + mentioned in the Peticion and find that the most southerly line of + the plantation of Nashobe is bounded partly on Concord & partly on + Stow and this line contains by Estimation vpon the servey a bought + three miles & 50 polle The Westerly line Runs partly on Stowe & + partly on land claimed by Groton and containes four miles and 20 + poll extending to a place called Brown hill. The North line Runs a + long curtain lands claimed by Groton and contains three miles, the + Easterle line Runs partly on Chelmsford, and partly on a farm cald + Powersis farm in Concord; this line contains a bought fouer miles + and twenty fiue pole + + The lands a boue mentioned wer shewed to vs for Nashobe Plantation + and there were ancient marks in the seuerall lines fairly marked, + And s'd comite find vpon the servey that Groton hath Run into + Nashobe (as it was showed to vs) so as to take out nere one half + s'd plantation and the bigest part of the medows, it appears to vs + to Agree well with the report of M'r John Flint & M'r Joseph + Wheeler who were a Commetty imployed by the County Court in + midlesexs to Run the bounds of said plantation (June y'e 20'th 82) + The plat will demonstrate how the plantation lyeth & how Groton + coms in vpon it: as aleso the quaintete which is a bought 7840 + acres + + And said Comite are of the opinion that ther may [be] a township in + that place it lying so remote from most of the neighboreng Towns, + provided this Court shall se reson to continew the bounds as we do + judg thay have been made at the first laieng out And that ther be + sum addition from Concord & Chelmsford which we are redy to think + will be complyed with by s'd Towns And s'd Comite do find a bought + 15 famelys setled in s'd plantation of Nashobe (5) in Groton + claimed and ten in the remainder and 3 famelys which are allredy + setled on the powerses farm: were convenient to joyn w s'd + plantation and are a bought Eaight mille to any meting-house (Also, + ther are a bought Eaight famelys in Chelmsford which are allredy + setled neer Nashobe line & six or seven miles from thir own meeting + house + + JONATHAN TYNG + THOMAS HOW + JOHN STEARNS + + In the Houes of Representatives + Nov'm 2: 1711. Read + Oct'o. 23, 1713. + + In Council + + Read and accepted; And the Indians native Proprietors of the s'd + Planta'con. Being removed by death Except two or Three families + only remaining Its Declared and Directed That the said Lands of + Nashoba be preserved for a Township. + + And Whereas it appears That Groton Concord and Stow by several of + their Inhabitants have Encroached and Setled upon the said Lands; + This Court sees not reason to remove them to their Damage; but will + allow them to be and remain with other Inhabitants that may be + admitted into the Town to be there Setled; And that they have full + Liberty when their Names and Number are determined to purchase of + the few Indians there remaining for the Establishment of a Township + accordingly. + + Saving convenient Allotments and portions of Land to the remaining + Indian Inhabitants for their Setling and Planting. + + Is'a ADDINGTON Secry. + + In the House of Representatives + + Octo'r: 23th: 1713. Read + + [Massachusetts Archives, cxiii, 600.] + +The inhabitants of Groton had now become alarmed at the situation of +affairs, fearing that the new town would take away some of their land. +Through neglect the plan of the original grant, drawn up in the year +1668, had never been returned to the General Court for confirmation, as +was customary in such cases; and this fact also excited further +apprehension. It was not confirmed finally until February 10, 1717, +several years after the incorporation of Nashobah. + +In the General Court Records (ix, 263) in the State Library, under the +date of June 18, 1713, it is entered:-- + + Upon reading a Petition of the Inhabitants of the Town of Groton, + Praying that the Return & Plat of the Surveyor of their Township + impowered by the General Court may be Accepted for the Settlement & + Ascertaining the Bounds of their Township, Apprehending they are + likely to be prejudiced by a Survey lately taken of the Grant of + Nashoba; + + Voted a Concurrence with the Order pass'd thereon in the House of + Represent'ves That the Petitioners serve the Proprietors of Nashoba + Lands with a copy of this Petition, That they may Shew Cause, if + any they have on the second Fryday of the Session of this Court in + the Fall of the Year, Why the Prayer therof may not be granted, & + the Bounds of Groton settled according to the ancient Plat of said + Town herewith exhibited. + +It is evident from the records that the Nashobah lands gave rise to much +controversy. Many petitions were presented to the General Court, and +many claims made, growing out of this territory. The following entry is +found in the General Court Records (ix, 369) in the State Library, under +the date of November 2, 1714:-- + + The following Order pass'd by the Represent'ves. Read & Concur'd; + viz, + + Upon Consideration of the many Petitions & Claims relating to the + Land called Nashoba Land; Ordered that the said Nashoba Land be + made a Township, with the Addition of such adjoining Lands of the + Neighbouring Towns, whose Owners shall petition for that End, & + that this Court should think fit to grant, That the said Nashoba + Lands having been long since purchased of the Indians by M'r + Bulkley & Henchman one Half, the other Half by Whetcomb & Powers, + That the said purchase be confirmed to the children of the said + Bulkley, Whetcomb & Powers, & Cpt. Robert Meers as Assignee to M'r + Henchman according to their respective Proportions; Reserving to + the Inhabitants, who have settled within these Bounds, their + Settlements with Divisions of Lands, in proportion to the Grantees, + & such as shall be hereafter admitted; the said Occupants or + present Inhabitants paying in Proportion as others shall pay for + their Allotments;. Provided the said Plantation shall be settled + with Thirty five Families & an orthodox Minister in three years + time, And that Five hundred Acres of Land be reserved and laid out + for the Benefit of any of the Descendants of the Indian Proprietors + of the said Plantation, that may be surviving; A Proportion + thereof to be for Sarah Doublet alias Sarah Indian;. The Rev. M'r. + John Leveret & Spencer Phips Esq'r. to be Trustees for the said + Indians to take Care of the said Lands for their Use. And it is + further Ordered that Cpt. Hopestill Brown, M'r. Timothy Wily & M'r. + Joseph Burnap of Reading be a Committee to lay out the said Five + hundred Acres of Land reserved for the Indians, & to run the Line + between Groton & Nashoba, at the Charge of both Parties & make + Report to this Court, And that however the Line may divide the Land + with regard to the Township, yet the Proprietors on either side may + be continued in the Possession of their Improvements, paying as + aforesaid; And that no Persons legal Right or Property in the said + Lands shall [be] hereby taken away or infringed, + + Consented to J DUDLEY + +The report of this committee is entered in the same volume of General +Court Records (ix, 395, 396) as the order of their appointment, though +the date as given by them does not agree with the one there mentioned. + + The following Report of the Committee for Running the Line between + Groton & Nashoba Accepted by Represent'ves. Read & Concur'd; Viz. + + We the Subscribers appointed a Committee by the General Court to + run the Line between Groton & Nashoba & to lay out Five hundred + Acres of Land in said Nashoba to the the [_sic_] Descendants of the + Indians; Pursuant to said Order of Court, bearing Date Octob'r + 20'th [November 2?] 1714, We the Subscribers return as follows; + + That on the 30'th. of November last, we met on the Premises, & + heard the Information of the Inhabitants of Groton, Nashoba & + others of the Neighbouring Towns, referring to the Line that has + been between Groton & Nashoba & seen several Records, out of Groton + Town Book, & considered other Writings, that belong to Groton & + Nashoba, & We have considered all, & We have run the Line (Which we + account is the old Line between Groton & Nashoba;) We began next + Chelmsford Line, at a Heap of Stones, where, We were informed, that + there had been a great Pine Tree, the Northeast Corner of Nashoba, + and run Westerly by many old mark'd Trees, to a Pine Tree standing + on the Southerly End of Brown Hill mark'd N and those marked Trees + had been many times marked or renewed, tho they do not stand in a + direct or strait Line to said Pine Tree on said Brown Hill; And + then from said Brown Hill we turned a little to the East of the + South, & run to a white Oak being an old Mark, & so from said Oak + to a Pitch Pine by a Meadow, being an other old Mark; & the same + Line extended to a white Oak near the North east Corner of Stow: + And this is all, as we were informed, that Groton & Nashoba joins + together: Notwithstanding the Committees Opinion is, that Groton + Men be continued in their honest Rights, tho they fall within the + Bounds of Nashoba; And We have laid out to the Descendants of the + Indians Five hundred Acres at the South east Corner of the + Plantation of Nashoba; East side, Three hundred Poles long, West + side three hundred Poles, South & North ends, Two hundred & eighty + Poles broad; A large white Oak marked at the North west Corner, & + many Line Trees we marked at the West side & North End, & it takes + in Part of two Ponds. + + Dated Decem'r 14. 1714. + + HOPESTILL BROWN + TIMOTHY WILY + JOSEPH BURNAP + + Consented to + J Dudley. + +The incorporation of Nashobah on November 2, 1714, settled many of the +disputes connected with the lands; but on December 3 of the next year, +the name was changed from Nashobah to Littleton. As already stated, the +plan of the original Groton grant had never been returned by the +proprietors to the General Court for confirmation, and this neglect had +acted to their prejudice. After Littleton had been set off, the town of +Groton undertook to repair the injury and make up the loss. John Shepley +and John Ames were appointed agents to bring about the necessary +confirmation by the General Court. It is an interesting fact to know +that in their petition (General Court Records, x, 216, February 11, +1717, in the office of the secretary of state) they speak of having in +their possession at that time the original plan of the town, made by +Danforth in the year 1668, though it was somewhat defaced. In the +language of the Records, it was said to be "with the Petitioner," which +expression in the singular number may have been intentional, referring +to John Shepley, probably the older one, as certainly the more +influential, of the two agents. This plan was also exhibited before the +General Court on June 18, 1713, according to the Records (ix, 263) of +that date. + +The case, as presented by the agents, was as follows:-- + + A petition of John Sheply & John Ames Agents for the Town of Groton + Shewing that the General Assembly of the Province did in the year + 1655, Grant unto M'r Dean Winthrop & his Associates a Tract of Land + of Eight miles quare for a Plantation to be called by the name of + Groton, that Thom's & Jonathan Danforth did in the year 1668, lay + out the said Grant, but the Plat thereof through Neglect was not + returned to the Court for Confirmation that the said Plat tho + something defaced is with the Petitioner, That in the Year 1713 M'r + Samuel Danforth Surveyour & Son of the abovesaid Jonathan Danforth, + at the desire of the said Town of Groton did run the Lines & make + an Implatment of the said Township laid out as before & found it + agreeable to the former. W'h. last Plat the Petitioners do herewith + exhibit, And pray that this Hon'ble Court would allow & confirm the + same as the Township of Groton. + + In the House of Represent'ves; Feb. 10. 1717. Read, Read a second + time, And Ordered that the Prayer of the Petition be so far granted + that the Plat herewith exhibited (Altho not exactly conformable to + the Original Grant of Eight Miles quare) be accounted, accepted & + Confirmed as the Bounds of the Township of Groton in all parts, + Except where the said Township bounds on the Township of Littleton, + Where the Bounds shall be & remain between the Towns as already + stated & settled by this Court, And that this Order shall not be + understood or interpreted to alter or infringe the Right & Title + which any Inhabitant or Inhabitants of either of the said Towns + have or ought to have to Lands in either of the said Townships + + In Council, Read & Concur'd, + Consented to Sam'll Shute + +[General Court Records (x, 216), February 11, 1717, in the office of the +secretary of state.] + +The proprietors of Groton felt sore at the loss of their territory along +the Nashobah line in the year 1714, although it would seem without +reason. They had neglected to have the plan of their grant confirmed by +the proper authorities at the proper time; and no one was to blame for +this oversight but themselves. In the autumn of 1734 they represented to +the General Court that in the laying out of the original plantation no +allowance had been made for prior grants in the same territory, and that +in settling the line with Littleton they had lost more than four +thousand acres of land; and in consideration of these facts they +petitioned for an unappropriated gore of land lying between Dunstable +and Townsend. + +The necessary steps for bringing the matter before the General Court at +this time were taken at a town meeting, held on July 25, 1734. It was +then stated that the town had lost more than twenty-seven hundred and +eighty-eight acres by the encroachment of Littleton line; and that two +farms had been laid out within the plantation before it was granted to +the proprietors. Under these circumstances Benjamin Prescott was +authorized to present the petition to the General Court, setting forth +the true state of the case and all the facts connected with it. The two +farms alluded to were Major Simon Willard's, situated at Nonacoicus or +Coicus, now within the limits of Ayer, and Ralph Reed's, in the +neighborhood of the Ridges; so Mr. Butler told me several years before +his death, giving Judge James Prescott as his authority, and I carefully +wrote it down at the time. The statement is confirmed by the report of a +committee on the petition of Josiah Sartell, made to the House of +Representatives, on June 13, 1771. Willard's farm, however, was not laid +out before the original plantation was granted, but in the spring of +1658, three years after the grant. At this time Danforth had not made +his plan of the plantation, which fact may have given rise to the +misapprehension. Ralph Reed was one of the original proprietors of the +town, and owned a fifteen-acre right; but I do not find that any land +was granted him by the General Court. + +It has been incorrectly supposed, and more than once so stated in print, +that the gore of land, petitioned for by Benjamin Prescott, lay in the +territory now belonging to Pepperell; but this is a mistake. The only +unappropriated land between Dunstable and Townsend, as asked for in the +petition, lay in the angle made by the western boundary of Dunstable and +the northern boundary of Townsend. At that period Dunstable was a very +large township, and included within its territory several modern towns, +lying mostly in New Hampshire. The manuscript records of the General +Court define very clearly the lines of the gore, and leave no doubt in +regard to it. It lay within the present towns of Mason, Brookline, +Wilton, Milford, and Greenville, New Hampshire. Benjamin Prescott was at +the time a member of the General Court and the most influential man in +town. His petition was presented to the House of Representatives on +November 28, 1734, and referred to a committee, which made a report +thereon a fortnight later. They are as follows:-- + + A Petition of _Benjamin Prescot_, Esq; Representative of the Town + of _Groton_, and in behalf of the Proprietors of the said Town, + shewing that the General Court in _May_ 1655, in answer to the + Petition of Mr. _Dean Winthrop_ and others, were pleased to grant + the Petitioners a tract of Land of the contents of eight miles + square, the Plantation to be called _Groton_, that in taking a Plat + of the said tract there was no allowance made for prior Grants &c. + by means whereof and in settling the Line with _Littleton Anno_ + 1715, or thereabouts, the said Town of _Groton_ falls short more + than four thousand acres of the Original Grant, praying that the + said Proprietors may obtain a Grant of what remains undisposed of + of a Gore of Land lying between _Dunstable_ and _Townshend_, or an + equivalent elsewhere of the Province Land. Read and _Ordered_, That + Col. _Chandler_, Capt. _Blanchard_, Capt. _Hobson_, Major _Epes_, + and Mr. _Hale_, be a Committee to take this Petition under + consideration, and report what may be proper for the Court to do in + answer thereto. + + [Journal of the House of Representatives, November 28, 1734, page + 94.] + + Col. _Chandler_ from the Committee appointed the _28th._ ult. to + consider the Petition of _Benjamin Prescot_, Esq; in behalf of the + Proprietors of _Groton_, made report, which was read and accepted, + and in answer to this Petition, _Voted_, That a Grant of ten + thousand eight hundred acres of the Lands lying in the _Gore_ + between _Dunstable_ and _Townshend_, be and hereby is made to the + Proprietors of the Town of _Groton_, as an equivalent for what was + taken from them by _Littleton_ and _Coyachus_ or _Willard's Farm_ + (being about two acres and a half for one) and is in full + satisfaction thereof, and that the said Proprietors be and hereby + are allowed and impowred by a Surveyor and Chain-men on Oath to + survey and lay out the said ten thousand eight hundred acres in the + said _Gore_, and return a Plat thereof to this Court within twelve + months for confirmation to them their heirs and assigns + respectively. + + Sent up for Concurrence. + + [Journal of the House of Representatives, December 12, 1734, page + 119.] + +The proprietors of Groton had a year's time allowed them, in which they +could lay out the grant, but they appear to have taken fifteen months +for the purpose. The record of the grant is as follows:-- + + A Memorial of Benj'a Prescott Esq: Represent'a of the Town of + Groton in behalf of the Proprietors there, praying that the Votes + of the House on his Memorial & a plat of Ten Thousand Eight hundred + Acres of Land, lately Granted to the said Proprietors, as Entred in + the House the 25 of March last, may be Revived and Granted, The + bounds of which Tract of Land as Mentioned on the said Plat are as + follows viz't.: begining at the North West Corner of Dunstable at + Dram Cup hill by Sohegan River and Runing South in Dunstable line + last Perambulated and Run by a Com'tee of the General Court, two + Thousand one hundred & fifty two poles to Townshend line, there + making an angle, and Runing West 31 1-2 Deg. North on Townshend + line & province Land Two Thousand and Fifty Six poles to a Pillar + of Stones then turning and Runing by Province Land 31 1-2 deg North + two Thousand & forty Eight poles to Dunstable Corner first + mentioned + + In the House of Represent'a. Read & Ordered that the prayer of the + Memorial be Granted, and further that the within Plat as Reformed + and Altered by Jonas Houghton Survey'r, be and hereby is accepted + and the Lands therein Delineated and Described (Excepting the said + One Thousand Acres belonging to Cambridge School Farm and therein + included) be and hereby are Confirmed to the Proprietors of the + Town of Groton their heirs and Assignes Respectivly forever, + According to their Several Interests; Provided the same do not + interfere with any former Grant of this Court nor Exceeds the + Quantity of Eleven thousand and Eight hundred Acres and the + Committee for the Town of Ipswich are Allowed and Impowred to lay + out such quantity of Land on their West line as is Equivalent to + what is taken off their East line as aforesaid, and Return a plat + thereof to this Court within twelve Months for confirmation. + + In Council Read & Concurr'd. + + Consented to J Belcher + + And in Answer to the said Memorial of Benj'a Prescott Esq'r + + In the House of Represent'a. Ordered that the prayer of the + Memorial be Granted and the Com'tee. for the new Township Granted + to some of the Inhabitants of Ipswich are hereby Allowed to lay out + an Equivalent on the West line of the said New Township + Accordingly. + + In Council Read & Concurr'd + + Consented to J Belcher + + [General Court Records (xvi, 334), June 15, 1736, in the office of + the secretary of state.] + +This grant, now made to the proprietors of Groton, interfered with the +territory previously given on April, 1735, to certain inhabitants of +Ipswich, but the mistake was soon rectified, as appears by the +following:-- + + _Voted_, That one thousand seven hundred Acres of the + unappropriated Lands of the Province be and hereby is given and + granted to the Proprietors or Grantees of the Township lately + granted to sixty Inhabitants of the Town of _Ipswich_, as an + Equivalent for about that quantity being taken off their Plat by + the Proprietors of the Common Lands of _Groton_, and that the + _Ipswich_ Grantees be allowed to lay out the same on the Northern + or Westerly Line of the said new Township or on both sides. + + Sent up for Concurrence. + + [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 108), January 12, + 1736.] + +[Illustration: Groton Gore in 1884] + +The record of the grant clearly marks the boundaries of Groton Gore, and +by it they can easily be identified. Dram Cup Hill, near Souhegan River, +the old northwest corner of Dunstable, is in the present territory of +Milford, New Hampshire. From that point the line ran south for six or +seven miles, following the western boundary of Dunstable, until it came +to the old Townsend line; then it turned and ran northwesterly six miles +or more, when turning again it made for the original starting-place at +Dunstable northwest corner. These lines enclosed a triangular district +which became known as Groton Gore; in fact, the word _gore_ means a lot +of land of triangular shape. This territory is now entirely within the +State of New Hampshire, lying mostly in Mason, but partly in Brookline, +Wilton, Milford, and Greenville. It touches in no place the tract, +hitherto erroneously supposed to comprise the Gore. It was destined, +however, to remain only a few years in the possession of the +proprietors; but during this short period it was used by them for +pasturing cattle. Mr. John B. Hill, in his History of the Town of Mason, +New Hampshire, says:-- + + Under this grant, the inhabitants of Groton took possession of, and + occupied the territory. It was their custom to cut the hay upon the + meadows, and stack it, and early in the spring to send up their + young cattle to be fed upon the hay, under the care of Boad, the + negro slave. They would cause the woods to be fired, as it was + called, that is, burnt over in the spring; after which fresh and + succulent herbage springing up, furnished good store of the finest + feed, upon which the cattle would thrive and fatten through the + season. Boad's camp was upon the east side of the meadow, near the + residence of the late Joel Ames. (Page 26.) + +In connection with the loss of the Gore, a brief statement of the +boundary question between Massachusetts and New Hampshire is here given. + +During many years the dividing-line between these two provinces was the +subject of controversy. The cause of dispute dated back to the time when +the original grant was made to the colony of Massachusetts Bay, The +charter was drawn up in England at a period when little was known in +regard to the interior of this country; and the boundary lines, +necessarily, were very indefinite. The Merrimack River was an important +factor in fixing the limits of the grant, as the northern boundary of +Massachusetts was to be a line three miles north of any and every part +of it. At the date of the charter, the general direction of the river +was not known, but it was incorrectly assumed to be easterly and +westerly. As a matter of fact, the course of the Merrimack is southerly, +for a long distance from where it is formed by the union of the +Winnepeseogee and the Pemigewasset Rivers, and then it turns and runs +twenty-five or thirty miles in a northeasterly direction to its mouth; +and this deflexion in the current caused the dispute. The difference +between the actual and the supposed direction was a matter of little +practical importance so long as the neighboring territory remained +unsettled, or so long as the two provinces were essentially under one +government; but as the population increased it became an exciting and +vexatious question. Towns were chartered by Massachusetts in territory +claimed by New Hampshire, and this action led to bitter feeling and +provoking legislation. Massachusetts contended for the land "nominated +in the bond," which would carry the line fifty miles northward into the +very heart of New Hampshire; and on the other hand that province +strenuously opposed this view of the case, and claimed that the line +should run, east and west, three miles north of the mouth of the river. +At one time, a royal commission was appointed to consider the subject, +but their labors produced no satisfactory result. At last the matter was +carried to England for a decision, which was rendered by the king on +March 5, 1739-40. His judgment was final, and in favor of New Hampshire. +It gave that province not only all the territory in dispute, but a strip +of land fourteen miles in width, lying along her southern border, mostly +west of the Merrimack, which she had never claimed. This strip was the +tract of land between the line running east and west, three miles north +of the southernmost trend of the river, and a similar line three miles +north of its mouth. By the decision twenty-eight townships were taken +from Massachusetts and transferred to New Hampshire. The settlement of +this disputed question was undoubtedly a public benefit, although it +caused, at the time, a great deal of hard feeling. In establishing the +new boundary Pawtucket Falls, situated now in the city of Lowell, and +near the most southern portion of the river's course, was taken as the +starting-place; and the line which now separates the two States was run +west, three miles north of this point. It was surveyed officially in the +spring of 1741. + +The new boundary passed through the original Groton grant, and cut off a +triangular portion of its territory, now within the limits of Nashua, +and went to the southward of Groton Gore, leaving that tract of land +wholly in New Hampshire. + +A few years previously to this time the original grant had undergone +other dismemberment, when a slice of its territory was given to +Westford. It was a long and narrow tract of land, triangular in shape, +with its base resting on Stony Brook Pond, now known as Forge Pond, and +coming to a point near Millstone Hill, where the boundary lines of +Groton, Westford, and Tyngsborough intersect. The Reverend Edwin R. +Hodgman, in his History of Westford, says:-- + + Probably there was no computation of the area of this triangle at + any time. Only four men are named as the owners of it, but they, it + is supposed, held titles to only a portion, and the remainder was + wild, or "common," land, (Page 25.) + +In the Journal of the House of Representatives (page 9), September 10, +1730, there is recorded:-- + + A petition of _Jonas Prescot, Ebenezer Prescot, Abner Kent_, and + _Ebenezer Townsend_, Inhabitants of the Town of _Groton_, praying, + That they and their Estates, contained in the following Boundaries, + _viz._ beginning at the _Northwesterly_ Corner of _Stony Brook_ + Pond, from thence extending to the _Northwesterly_ Corner of + _Westford_, commonly called _Tyng's_ Corner, and so bound + _Southerly_ by said Pond, may be set off to the Town of _Westford_, + for Reasons mentioned. Read and _Ordered_, That the Petitioners + within named, with their Estates, according to the Bounds before + recited, be and hereby are to all Intents and Purposes set off from + the Town of _Groton_, and annexed to the said Town of _Westford_. + + Sent up for Concurrence. + +This order received the concurrence of the council, and was signed by +the governor, on the same day that it passed the House. + +During this period the town of Harvard was incorporated. It was made up +from portions of Groton, Lancaster, and Stow, and the engrossed act +signed by the governor, on June 29, 1732. The petition for the township +was presented to the General Court nearly two years before the date of +incorporation. In the Journal of the House of Representatives (pages 84, +85), October 9, 1730, it is recorded:-- + + A Petition of _Jonas Houghton, Simon Stone, Jonathan Whitney_, and + _Thomas Wheeler_, on behalf of themselves, and on behalf and at the + desire of sundry of the Inhabitants on the extream parts of the + Towns of _Lancaster, Groton_ and _Stow_, named in the Schedule + thereunto annexed; praying, That a Tract of Land (with the + Inhabitants thereon, particularly described and bounded in said + Petition) belonging to the Towns above-mentioned, may be + incorporated and erected into a distinct Township, agreeable to + said Bounds, for Reasons mentioned. Read, together with the + Schedule, and _Ordered_, That the Petitioners serve the Towns of + _Lancaster, Groton_ and _Stow_ with Copies of the Petition, that + they may shew Cause (if any they have) on the first Thursday of the + next Session, why the Prayer thereof may not be granted. + + Sent up for Concurrence. + +Further on, in the same Journal (page 136), December 29, 1730, it is +also recorded:-- + + The Petition of _Jonas Houghton, Simon Stone_, and others, praying + as entred the 9th. of _October_ last. Read again, together with the + Answers of the Towns of _Lancaster, Groton_ and Stow, and + _Ordered_, That Maj. _Brattle_ and Mr. _Samuel Chandler_, with such + as the Honourable Board shall appoint, be a Committee, (at the + Charge of the Petitioners) to repair to the Land Petitioned for to + be a Township, that they carefully view and consider the Situation + and Circumstances of the Petitioners, and Report their Opinion what + may be proper for this Court to do in Answer thereto, at their next + Session. + + Sent up for Concurrence. + + _Ebenezer Burrel_ Esq; brought from the Honourable Board, the + Report of the Committee appointed by this Court the 30th of + _December_ last, to take under Consideration the Petition of _Jonas + Houghton_ and others, in behalf of themselves and sundry of the + Inhabitants of the _Eastern_ part of the Towns of _Lancaster, + Groton_ and _Stow_, praying that they may be erected into a + separate Township. Likewise a Petition of _Jacob Houghton_ and + others, of the _North-easterly_ part of the Town of _Lancaster_, + praying the like. As also a Petition of sundry of the Inhabitants + of the _South-west_ part of the _North-east_ Quarter of the + Township of _Lancaster_, praying they may be continued as they are. + Pass'd in Council, _viz._ In Council, _June_ 21, 1731. Read, and + _Ordered_, That this Report be accepted. + + Sent down for Concurrence. Read and Concurred. + + [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 52), June 22, 1731.] + +The original copy of the petition for Harvard is now probably lost; but +in the first volume (page 53) of "Ancient Plans Grants &c." among the +Massachusetts Archives, is a rough plan of the town, with a list of the +petitioners, which may be the "Schedule" referred to in the extract from +the printed Journal. It appears from this document that, in forming the +new town, forty-eight hundred and thirty acres of land were taken from +the territory of Groton; and with the tract were nine families, +including six by the name of Farnsworth. This section comprised the +district known, even now, as "the old mill," where Jonas Prescott had, +as early as the year 1667, a gristmill. The heads of these families were +Jonathan Farnsworth, Eleazer Robbins, Simon Stone, Jr., Jonathan +Farnsworth, Jr., Jeremiah Farnsworth, Eleazer Davis, Ephram Farnsworth, +Reuben Farnsworth, and [_torn_] Fransworth, who had petitioned the +General Court to be set off from Groton. On this plan of Harvard the +names of John Burk, John Burk, Jr., and John Davis, appear in opposition +to Houghton's petition. + +The town of Harvard took its name from the founder of Harvard College, +probably at the suggestion of Jonathan Belcher, who was governor of the +province at the time and a graduate of the college. + + To his Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esq'r. Cap't General and + Governour in Chief The Hon'ble. The Council and the Honourable + House of Representatives of His Majestys Province of the + Massachusetts Bay in New England in General Court Assembled by + Adjournment Decemb'r 16 1730 + + The Memorial of Jonas Houghton Simon Stone Jonathan Whitney and + Thomas Wheeler Humbly Sheweth + + That upon their Petition to this Great and Honourable Court in + October last [the 9th] praying that a Certain Tract of Land + belonging to Lancaster Stow and Groton with the Inhabitants thereon + may be Erected into a Distinct and Seperate Township (and for + Reasons therein Assigned) your Excellency and Honours were pleased + to Order that the petitioners Serve The Towns of Lancaster Groton + and Stow with a Copy of their said Petition that they may shew + Cause if any they have on the first Thursday of the next Sessions + why the prayers thereof may not be granted. + + And for as much as this great and Hon'ble. Court now Sitts by + Adjournment and the next Session may be very Remote And your + Memorialists have attended the Order of this Hon'ble: Court in + serving the said Several Towns with Copys of the said Petition And + the partys are attending and Desirous the hearing thereon may be + brought forward y'e former order of this Hon'l Court + notwithstanding. + + They therefore most humbly pray your Excellency & Honours would be + pleased to Cause the hearing to be had this present Session and + that a Certain day may be assigned for the same as your Excellency + & Honours in your great wisdom & Justice shall see meet. + + And your Memorialists as in Duty bound Shall Ever pray. + + JONAS HOUGHTON + SIMON STOON JUNER + JONATHAN WHITNEY + THOMAS WHELER + + In the House of Rep'tives Dec'r 17, 1730 Read and in Answer to this + Petition Ordered That the Pet'rs give Notice to the Towns of + Lancaster Groton and Stow or their Agents that they give in their + Answer on the twenty ninth Inst't. why the Prayer of the Petition + within referred to may not be granted. + + Sent up for Concurrence + + J QUINCY Sp'kr: + + In Council Dec. 18, 1730; Read and Concur'd. + + J WILLARD Secry + + [Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 6-8.] + +The next dismemberment of the Groton grant took place in the winter of +1738-39, when a parcel of land was set off to Littleton. I do not find a +copy of the petition for this change, but from Mr. Sartell's +communication it seems to have received the qualified assent of the +town. + + To his Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esq'r Captain General & + Governour in Chief &c the Honorable Council and House of + Representatives in General Court assembled at Boston January 1, + 1738. + + May it please your Excellency and the Honorable Court. + + Whereas there is Petition offered to your Excellency and the + Honorable Court by several of the Inhabitants of the Town of Groton + praying to be annexed to the Town of Littleton &c. + + The Subscriber as Representative of said Town of Groton and in + Behalf of said Town doth hereby manifest the Willingness of the + Inhabitants of Groton in general that the Petitioners should be + annexed to the said Town of Littleton with the Lands that belong to + them Lying within the Line Petitioned for, but there being a + Considerable Quantity of Proprietors Lands and other particular + persons Lying within the Line that is Petitioned for by the said + Petitioners. The Subscriber in Behalf of said Town of Groton & the + Proprietors and others would humbly pray your Excellency and the + Honorable Court that that part of their Petition may be rejected if + in your Wisdom you shall think it proper and that they be sett off + with the lands only that belong to them Lying within the Line + Petitioned for as aforesaid, and the Subscriber in Behalf of the + Town of Groton &c will as in Duty Bound ever pray &c. + + NATHANIEL SARTELL + + [Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 300.] + + _John Jeffries_, Esq; brought down the Petition of _Peter Lawrence_ + and others of _Groton_, praying to be annexed to _Littleton_, as + entred the 12th ult. Pass'd in Council, _viz._ In Council _January + 4th_, 1738. Read again, together with the Answer of _Nathanael + Sartell_, Esq; Representative for the Town of _Groton_, which + being considered, _Ordered_, That the Prayer of the Petition be so + far granted as that the Petitioners with their Families & Estates + within the Bounds mentioned in the Petition be and hereby are set + off from the Town of _Groton_, and are annexed to and accounted as + part of the Town of _Littleton_, there to do Duty and receive + Priviledge accordingly. + + Sent down for Concurrence. Read and concur'd. + + [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 86), January 4, + 1738.] + +In the autumn of 1738, many of the settlers living in the northerly part +of Groton, now within the limits of Pepperell, and in the westerly part +of Dunstable, now Hollis, New Hampshire, were desirous to be set off in +a new township. Their petition for this object was also signed by a +considerable number of non-resident proprietors, and duly presented to +the General Court. The reasons given by them for the change are found in +the following documents:-- + + To His Excellency Jon'a. Belcher Esq'r. Captain General and + Governour in Chief &c The Hon'ble. the Council and House of + Rep'tives in General Court Assembled at Boston November the 29th + 1738 + + The Petition of the Subscribers Inhabitants and Proprietors of the + Towns of Dunstable and Groton. + + Humbly Sheweth + + That your Petitioners are Situated on the Westerly side Dunstable + Township and the Northerly side Groton Township those in the + Township of Dunstable in General their houses are nine or ten miles + from Dunstable Meeting house and those in the Township of Groton + none but what lives at least on or near Six miles from Groton + Meeting house by which means your petitioners are deprived of the + benefit of preaching, the greatest part of the year, nor is it + possible at any season of the year for their familys in General to + get to Meeting under which Disadvantages your pet'rs has this + Several years Laboured, excepting the Winter Seasons for this two + winters past, which they have at their Own Cost and Charge hired + preaching amongst themselves which Disadvantages has very much + prevented peoples Settling land there. + + That there is a Tract of good land well Situated for a Township of + the Contents of about Six miles and an half Square bounded thus, + beginning at Dunstable Line by Nashaway River So running by the + Westerly side said River Southerly One mile in Groton Land, then + running Westerly a Paralel Line with Groton North Line, till it + comes to Townsend Line and then turning and running north to + Grotton Northwest Corner, and from Grotton Northwest Comer by + Townsend line and by the Line of Groton New Grant till it comes to + be five miles and an half to the Northward of Groton North Line + from thence due east, Seven miles, from thence South to Nashua + River and So by Nashua River Southwesterly to Grotton line the + first mentioned bounds, which described Lands can by no means be + prejudicial either to the Town of Dunstable or Groton (if not + coming within Six miles or thereabouts of either of their Meeting + houses at the nearest place) to be taken off from them and Erected + into a Seperate Township. + + That there is already Settled in the bounds of the aforedescribed + Tract near forty familys and many more ready to come on were it not + for the difficulties and hardships afores'd of getting to meeting. + These with many other disadvantages We find very troublesome to Us, + Our living so remote from the Towns We respectively belong to. + + Wherefore your Petitioners most humbly pray Your Excellency and + Honours would take the premises into your Consideration and make an + Act for the Erecting the aforesaid Lands into a Seperate and + distinct Township with the powers priviledges and Immunities of a + distinct and Seperate Township under such restrictions and + Limitations, as you in your Great Wisdom shall see meet. + + And Whereas it will be a great benefit and Advantage to the Non + resident proprietors owning Lands there by Increasing the Value of + their Lands or rendering easy Settleing the same, Your Pet'rs also + pray that they may be at their proportionable part according to + their respective Interest in Lands there, for the building a + Meeting-house and Settling a Minister, and so much towards Constant + preaching as in your wisdom shall be thought proper. + + Settlers on the afore'sd Lands + + Obadiah Parker Will'm Colburn + Josiah Blood Stephen Harris + Jerahmal Cumings Tho's Dinsmoor + Eben'r Pearce Peter Pawer + Abr'm Taylor Jun'r Benj'a Farley + Henry Barton Peter Wheeler + Robert Colburn David Vering + Philip Woolerick Nath'l Blood + William Adams Joseph Taylor + Moses Procter Will'm Shattuck + Tho's Navins + + Non Resident Proprietors + + Samuel Browne W Browne + Joseph Blanchard John Fowle Jun'r + Nath Saltonstall Joseph Eaton + Joseph Lemmon Jeremiah Baldwin + Sam'l Baldwin Daniel Remant + John Malven Jon'a Malven + James Cumings Isaac Farwell + Eben'r Procter + + In the House of Representatives Dec'r 12th. 1738. Read and Ordered + that the Petitioners Serve the Towns of Grotton and Dunstable with + Coppys of the petition. + + In Council January 4'th. 1738. + + Read again and Ordered that the further Consideration of this + Petition be referred to the first tuesday of the next May Session + and that James Minot and John Hobson Esq'rs with Such as the + Honourable Board shall joine be a Committee at the Charge of the + Petitioners to repair to the Lands petitioned for to be Erected + into a Township first giving Seasonable notice as well to the + petitioners as to the Inhabitants and Non Resident Proprietors of + Lands within the s'd Towns of Dunstable and Groton of the time of + their going by Causing the same to be publish'd in the Boston + Gazette, that they carefully View the s'd Lands as well as the + other parts of the s'd Towns, so farr as may be desired by the + Partys or thought proper, that the Petitioners and all others + Concerned be fully heard in their pleas and Allegations for, as + well as against the prayer of the Petition; and that upon Mature + Consideration on the whole the Committee then report what in their + Opinion may be proper for the Court to do in Answer there to Sent + up for Concurrence. + + J QUINCY Sp'kr. + + In Council Jan'ry 9'th. 1738 + + Read and Concurred and Thomas Berry Esq'r is joined in the Affair + + SIMON FROST Dep'ty. Sec'ry. + + Consented to + + J. BELCHER + + A true Copy Exam'd per Simon Frost, Dep'y Sec'ry. + + In the House of Rep'tives June 7'th: 1739 + + Read and Concurred + + J QUINCY Sp'kr; + + [Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 268-271.] + + The Committee Appointed on the Petition of the Inhabitants and + Proprietors situated on the Westerly side of Dunstable and + Northerly side of Groton, Having after Notifying all parties, + Repaired to the Lands, Petitioned to be Erected into a Township, + Carefully Viewed the same, Find a very Good Tract of Land in + Dunstable Westward of Nashuway River between s'd River and Souhegan + River Extending from Groton New Grant and Townsend Line Six Miles + East, lying in a very Commodious Form for a Township, and on said + Lands there now is about Twenty Families, and many more settling, + that none of the Inhabitants live nearer to a Meeting House then + Seven miles and if they go to their own Town have to pass over a + ferry the greatest part of the Year. We also Find in Groton a + sufficient Quantity of Land accommodable for settlement, and a + considerable Number of Inhabitants thereon, that in Some Short Time + when they are well Agreed may be Erected into a Distinct Parish; + And that it will be very Form prayed for or to Break in upon + Either Town. The Committee are of Opinion that the Petitioners in + Dunstable are under such Circumstances as necessitates them to Ask + Relief which will be fully Obtained by their being made Township, + which if this Hon'ble. Court should Judge necessary to be done; The + Committee are Further of Opinion that it Will be greatly for the + Good and Interest of the Township that the Non Resident + Proprietors, have Liberty of Voting with the Inhabitants as to the + Building and Placing a Meeting House and that the Lands be Equally + Taxed, towards said House And that for the Support of the Gosple + Ministry among them the Lands of the Non Resident Proprietors be + Taxed at Two pence per Acre for the Space of Five Years. + + All which is Humbly Submitted in the Name & by Order of the + Committee + + THOMAS BERRY + + In Council July 7 1739 + + Read and ordered that the further Consideration of this Report be + referred to the next Sitting, and that the Petitioners be in the + meantime freed from paying any thing toward the support of the + ministry in the Towns to which they respectively belong + + Sent down for Concurrence + + J WlLLARD Sec'ry + + In the House of Rep'tives June 7: 1739 Read and Concurred + + J QUINCY Sp'kr: + + Consented to + + J BELCHER + + In Council Decem'r 27, 1739. + + Read again and Ordered that this Report be so far accepted as that + the Lands mentioned and described therein, with the Inhabitants + there be erected into a Separate & distinct precinct, and the Said + Inhabitants are hereby vested with all Such Powers and Priviledges + that any other Precinct in this Province have or by Law ought to + enjoy and they are also impowered to assess & levy a Tax of Two + pence per Acre per Annum for the Space of Five years on all the + unimproved Lands belonging to the non residents Proprietors to be + applied for the Support of the Ministry according to the Said + Report. + + Sent down for Concurrence + + SIMON FROST Dep'y Sec'ry + + In the House of Rep'tives Dec 28. 1739 Read and Concur'd. + + J QUINCY Sp'kr: + + Janu'. 1: Consented to, + + J BELCHER + + [Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 272, 273.] + +While this petition was before the General Court, another one was +presented praying for a new township to be made up from the same towns, +but including a larger portion of Groton than was asked for in the first +petition. This application met with bitter opposition on the part of +both places, but it may have hastened the final action on the first +petition. It resulted in setting off a precinct from Dunstable, under +the name of the West Parish, which is now known as Hollis, New +Hampshire. The papers relating to the second petition are as follows:-- + + To His Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esquire Captain General and + Governor in Chief in and over His Majesty's Province of the + Massachusetts Bay in New England, the Honourable the Council and + House of Representatives of said Province, in General Court + Assembled Dec. 12'th, 1739. + + The Petition of Richard Warner and Others, Inhabitants of the Towns + of Groton and Dunstable. + + Most Humbly Sheweth + + That Your Petitioners dwell very far from the place of Public + Worship in either of the said Towns, Many of them Eight Miles + distant, some more, and none less than four miles, Whereby Your + Petitioners are put to great difficulties in Travelling on the + Lord's Days, with our Families. + + Your Petitioners therefore Humbly Pray Your Excellency and Honours + to take their circumstances into your Wise and Compassionate + Consideration, And that a part of the Town of Groton, Beginning at + the line between Groton and Dunstable where inconvenient to Erect a + Township in the it crosses Lancaster [Nashua] River, and so up the + said River until it comes to a Place called and Known by the name + of Joseph Blood's Ford Way on said River, thence a West Point 'till + it comes to Townshend line &c. With such a part and so much of the + Town of Dunstable as this Honourable Court in their great Wisdom + shall think proper, with the Inhabitants Thereon, may be Erected + into a separate and distinct Township, that so they may attend the + Public Worship of God with more ease than at present they can, by + reason of the great distance they live from the Places thereof as + aforesaid. + + And Your Petitioners, as in Duty bound, shall ever Pray &c. + + Richard Warner + Benjamin Swallow + William Allin + Isaac Williams + Ebenezer Gilson + Ebenezer Peirce + Samuel Fisk + John Green + Josiah Tucker + Zachariah Lawrence Jun'r + William Blood + Jeremiah Lawrence + Stephen Eames + + "[Inhabitants of Groton]" + + Enoch Hunt + Eleazer Flegg + Samuel Cumings + William Blanchard + Gideon Howe + Josiah Blood + Samuel Parke + Samuel Farle + William Adams + Philip Wolrich + + "[Inhabitants of Dunstable]" + + [Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 274, 273.] + + Province of the Massachusetts Bay + + To His Excellency The Governour The Hon'ble Council & House of + Rep'tives in Generall Court Assembled Dec'r 1739 + + The Answer of y'e Subscribers agents for the Town of Groton to y'e + Petition of Richard Warner & others praying that part of Said Town + with part of Dunstable may be Erected into a Distinct & Seperate + Township. + + May it please your Excellency & Hon'rs + + The Town of Groton Duely Assembled and Taking into Consideration + y'e Reasonableness of said Petition have Voted their Willingness, + That the prayer of y'e Petition be Granted as per their Vote + herewith humbly presented appears, with this alteration namely That + they Include the River (viz't Nashua River) over w'ch is a Bridge, + built Intirely to accommodate said Petitioners heretofore, & your + Respondents therefore apprehend it is but Just & Reasonable the + same should for the future be by them maintain'd if they are Set of + from us. + + Your Respondents Pursuant to y'e Vote Aforesaid, humbly move to + your Excellency & Hon'rs That no more of Dunstable be Laid to + Groton Then Groton have voted of, for one Great Reason that Induced + Sundry of y'e Inhabitants of Groton to come into Said Vote was This + Namely They owning a very Considerable part of the Lands Voted to + be set of as afores'd were willing to Condesent to y'e Desires of + their Neighbours apprehending that a meeting House being Erected on + or near y'e Groton Lands & a minister settled it would Raise their + Lands in Vallue but should considerable part of Dunstable be set of + more then of Groton it must of course draw the Meeting House + farther from y'e Groton Inhabitants which would be very hurtfull + both to the people petitioners & those that will be Non Resident + proprietors if the Township is made. + + Wherefore they pray That Said New Township may be Incorporated + Agreeable to Groton Vote viz't Made Equally out of both Towns & as + in Duty bound Shall Ever pray + + Nat'ell Sartell + William Lawrence + + [Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 378, 279.] + + At A Legall town Meeting of the Inhabitants & free holders of the + town of Groton assembled December y'e 24th: 1739 Voted & Chose + Cap't William Lawrance Madderator for said meeting &c: + + In Answer to the Petion of Richard Warnor & others Voted that the + land with the Inhabitance mentioned in said Petion Including the + Riuer from Dunstable Line to o'r. ford way Called and Known by y'e. + Name of Joseph Bloods ford way: be Set of from the town of Groton + to Joyn with sum of the westerdly Part of the town of Dunstable to + make a Distinct and Sepprate town Ship Prouided that their be no: + More taken from Dunstable then from Groton in making of Said new + town. Also Voted that Nathaniel Sawtell Esq'r. and Cap't. William + Lawrance be Agiants In the affair or Either of them to wait upon + the Great and Generial. Cort: to Vse their Best in Deauer to set + off the Land as a fores'd so that the one half of y'e said New town + may be made out of Groton and no: more. + + Abstract Examined & Compaird of the town book of Record for Groton + per + + Iona't. Sheple Town Clark + + Groton Decem'br: 24'th: A:D: 1739 + + [Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 281.] + + Province of y'e Mass'tts Bay + + To His Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esq'r Governour &c To The Hon'd. + His Majesty's Councill & House of Representatives in Gen'll Court + Assembled December 1739 + + Whereas some few of the Inhabitants of Groton & Dunstable have + Joyned in their Petition to this Hon'd. Court to be erected with + Certain Lands into a Township as per their Petition entered the + 12'th: Curr. which prayer if granted will very much Effect y'e. + Quiet & Interest of the Inhabitants on the northerly part of Groton + + Wherefore the Subscribers most Humbly begg leave To Remonstrate to + y'or Excellency & Hon'rs. the great & Numerous Damages that we and + many Others Shall Sustain if their Petition should be granted and + would Humbly Shew + + That the Contents of Groton is ab't. forty Thousand Acres Good Land + Sufficient & happily Situated for Two Townships, and have on or + near Two Hundred & Sixty Familys Setled there with Large + Accomodations for many more + + That the land pray'd for Out of Groton Could it be Spared is in a + very Incomodious place, & will render a Division of the remaining + part of the town Impracticable & no ways Shorten the travel of the + remotest Inhabit'nts. + + That it will leave the town from the northeast and to the Southwest + end at least fourteen miles and no possibillity for those ends to + be Accomodated at any Other place which will render the + Difficulties we have long Laboured under without Remidy + + That part of the lands Petitioned for (will when This Hon'd. Court + shall see meet to Divide us) be in & near the Middle of one of y'e. + Townships + + And Altho the number of thirteen persons is there Sett forth to + Petition. it is wrong and Delusive Severall of them gave no Consent + to any Such thing And to compleat their Guile have entered the + names of four persons who has no Interest in that part of the town + viz Swallow Tucker Ames & Green + + That there is near Double the number On the Lands Petit'd. for and + Setled amongst them who Declare Against their Proceedings, & here + Signifie the Same + + That many of us now are at Least Seven miles from Our meeting And + the Only Encouragement to Settle there was the undeniable + Accomodations to make An Other town without w'ch. We Should by no + means have undertaken + + That if this their Pet'n. Should Succed--Our hopes must + Perish--thay by no means benifitted--& we put to all the Hardships + Immaginable. + + That the whole tract of Land thay pray may be Taken Out of groton + Contains about Six or Seven Thousand Acres, (the Quantity and + Situation may be Seen on y'e. plan herewith And but Ab't. four Or + five hundred Acres thereof Owned by the Petit'rs. and but very + Small Improvements On that. Under all w'ch. Circumstances wee + Humbly conceive it unreasonable for them to desire thus to Harrase + and perplex us. Nor is it by Any means for the Accomodation of + Dunstable thus to Joyn who have land of their Own Sufficient and + none to Spare without prejudicing their begun Settlement Wherefore + we most Humbly pray Y'or. Excellency & Hon'rs. to compassionate Our + Circumstances and that thay may not be set off and as in Duly bound + &c + + Benj'a. Parker John Woods + Josiah Sartell Samuel Shattuck iu + Joseph Spoaldeng James Larwance + Juner Jonathan Shattuck + Nath'll. Parker James Shattuck + Jacob Lakin John Chambrlen + Thomas Fisk John Cumings + Isaac Lakin Henery Jefes + John Shattuck David Shattuck + John Scott Seth Phillips + Benj'n. Robines Samuel Wright + Isaac Woods John Swallow + Enoch larwance William Spoalding + John Blood Jonathan Woods + James Green Wiliam Cumings + Joseph Blood Nathaniel Lawrence iu + + [Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 282-284.] + + Wee the Sub'rs: Inhab'ts: of y'e Town of Dunstable & Resident in + that part of it Called Nissitisitt Do hereby authorize and Fully + Impower Abraham Taylor Jun'r. and Peter Power to Represent to + Gen'll. Court our unwillingness that any Part of Dunstable should + [be] sett off to Groton to make a Township or Parish and to Shew + forth our Earness Desire that a Township be maide intirely out out + [_sic_] off Dunstable Land, Extending Six mils North from Groton + Line which will Bring the on the Line on y'e Brake of Land and Just + Include the Present Setlers: or otherwise As y'e Ho'll. Commitee + Reported and Agreeable to the tenour thereoff as The Hon'rd Court + shall see meet and as Duly bound &c + + Tho's: Dinmore, and 20 others. + + Dunstable Dece'r; y'e 21'st; 1739 + + These may sertifie to y'e Hon'rd. Court that there is Nomber of + Eleven more y't has not signed this Nor y'e Petetion of Richard + Worner & others, that is now setled and About to setle + + [Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 277.] + + * * * * * + +TUBEROSES. + +By LAURA GARLAND CARR. + + + In misty greenhouse aisles or garden walks, + In crowded halls or in the lonely room, + Where fair tuberoses, from their slender stalks, + Lade all the air with heavy, rich perfume, + My heart grows sick; my spirits sink like lead,-- + The scene before me slips and fades away: + A small, still room uprising in its stead, + With softened light, and grief's dread, dark array. + Shrined in its midst, with folded hands, at rest, + Life's work all over ere 'twas well begun, + Lies a fair girl in snowy garments dressed, + And all the place with bud and bloom o'errun; + Pinks, roses, lilies, blend in odorous death, + But over all the tuberose sends its wealth, + Seeming to hold the lost one by its breath + While creeping o'er our living hearts in stealth. + O subtle blossoms, you are death's own flowers! + You have no part with love or festal hours. + + * * * * * + +YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS. + +BY RUSSELL STURGIS, JR. + + +[Illustration: GEORGE WILLIAMS. Founder of Young Men's Christian +Associations.] + +There is an old French proverb which runs: "L'homme propose, et Dieu +dispose," which is but the echo of the Scripture, "A man's heart +deviseth his way, but the Lord directeth his steps." In truth, God alone +sees the end from the beginning. + +From the beginning men have been constantly building better than they +knew. No unprejudiced man who looks at history can fail to see from how +small and apparently unimportant an event has sprung the greatest +results to the individual, the nation, and the world. The Christian, at +least, needs no other explanation of this than that his God, without +whose knowledge no sparrow falleth to the ground, guides all the affairs +of the world. Surely God did not make the world, and purchase the +salvation of its tenants by the sacrifice of his Son, to take no further +interest in it, but leave it subject either to fixed law or blind +chance! Indeed the God who provided for the wants of his people in the +wilderness is a God who changeth not. The principles which once guided +him must guide him to-day and forever. There never has been a time when +to the open eye it was not clear that he provides for every want of his +creatures. Did chance or the unassisted powers of man discover coal, +when wood was becoming scarce? and oil and gas from coal, when the whale +was failing? Cowper's mind was clear when he said:-- + + "Deep in unfathomable mines + With never-failing skill, + He treasures up his bright designs, + And works his gracious will." + +If in his temporal affairs God cares for man, much more will he do for +his soul. Great multitudes of young men came to be congregated in the +cities, and Satan spread his nets at every street-corner to entrap them. + +In 1837, George Williams, then sixteen years of age, employed in a +dry-goods establishment, in Bridgewater, England, gave himself to the +service of the Lord Jesus Christ. He immediately began to influence the +young men with him, and many of them were converted. In 1841, Williams +came to London, and entered the dry-goods house of Hitchcock and +Company. Here he found himself one of more than eighty young men, almost +none of them Christians. He found, however, among them a few professed +Christians, and these he gathered in his bedroom, to pray for the rest. +The number increased--a larger room was necessary, which was readily +obtained from Mr. Hitchcock. The work spread from one establishment to +another, and on the sixth of June, 1844, in Mr. Williams's bedroom the +first Young Men's Christian Association was formed. + +In 1844, one association in the world: in November, 1851, one +association in America, at Montreal; in December, one month after, with +no knowledge on the part of either of the other's plan, one association +in the United States, at Boston. Was it a mere hap that these two groups +formed simultaneously the associations which were always to unite the +young Christian men of the two countries, and to grow together, till +to-day the little one has become a thousand? + +Forty years ago, one little association in London: to-day Great Britain +dotted all over with them; one hundred and ninety in England and Wales; +one hundred and seventy-eight in Scotland, and twenty in Ireland. France +has eight districts, or groups, containing sixty-four associations. +Germany, divided into five _bunds_, has four hundred; Holland, its +eleven provinces, with three hundred and thirty-five; Romansch +Switzerland, eighty-seven; German Switzerland, one hundred and +thirty-five; Belgium, eighteen; Spain, fourteen; Italy, ten Turkey in +Europe, one, at Philippopolis; Sweden and Norway, seventy-one; Austria, +two, at Vienna and Budapesth; Russia, eight, among them Moscow and St. +Petersburg; Turkey in Asia, nine; Syria, five, at Beirut, Damascus, +Jaffa, Jerusalem, and Nazareth; India, five; Japan, two; Sandwich +Islands, one, at Honolulu; Australia, twenty-seven; South Africa, seven; +Madagascar, two; West Indies, three; British Guiana, one, at Georgetown; +South America (besides), three; Canada and British Provinces, fifty-one. +In the United States, seven hundred and eighty-six. + +In all, nearly twenty-seven hundred, scattered over the world, and all +the outgrowth of forty years. It has been said that the sun never rises +anywhere that it is not saluted by the British reveille. Look how +quickly the organization of young men has stretched its cordon round the +world, and dotted it all over with the tents of its conflict for them +against the opposing forces of the evil one. + +[Illustration: CEPHAS BRAINERD, ESQ. +Chairman of the International Executive Committee Y.M.C.A.] + +What are its characteristics? + +1. It is the universal church of Christ, working through its young men +for the salvation of young men. In the words of a paper, read at the +last world's conference, at London:-- + +"The fundamental idea of the organization, on which all subsequent +substantial development has been based, was simply this: that in the +associated effort of young men connected with the various branches of +the church of Christ lies a great power to promote their own development +and help their fellows, thus prosecuting the work of the church among +the most-important, most-tempted, and least-cared-for class in the +community." + +[Illustration: BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. IN MONTREAL, CANADA.] + +The distinct work for young men was thus emphasized at the Chicago +convention in 1863, in the following resolutions presented by the +Reverend Henry G. Potter, then of Troy, and now assistant bishop of the +diocese of New York:-- + +"Resolved, That the interests and welfare of young men in our cities +demand, as heretofore, the steadfast sympathies and efforts of the Young +Men's Christian Associations of this country. + +"Resolved, That the various means by which Christian associations can +gain a hold upon young men, and preserve them from unhealthy +companionship and the deteriorating influences of our large cities, +ought to engage our most earnest and prayerful consideration." + +2. It is a Christian work. It stands upon the basis of the faith of the +church of all ages, which is thus set forth in the formula of this +organization. + +The convention in 1856 promptly accepted and ratified the Paris basis, +adopted by the first world's conference of the associations, in the +following language:-- + +"The Young Men's Christian Associations seek to unite those young men +who, regarding Jesus Christ as their God and Saviour, according to the +Holy Scriptures, desire to be his disciples in their doctrine and in +their life, and to associate their efforts for the extension of his +kingdom among young men." + +This was reaffirmed in the convention of 1866 at Albany. In 1868, at the +Detroit convention, was adopted what is known as the evangelical test, +and at the Portland convention of 1869 the definition of the term +evangelical; they are as follows:-- + +"As these associations bear the name of Christian, and profess to be +engaged directly in the Saviour's service, so it is clearly their duty +to maintain the control and management of all their affairs in the hands +of those who love and publicly avow their faith in Jesus the Redeemer as +divine, and who testify their faith by becoming and remaining members of +churches held to be evangelical: and we hold those churches to be +evangelical which, maintaining the Holy Scriptures to be the only +infallible rule of faith and practice, do believe in the Lord Jesus +Christ (the only begotten of the Father, King of kings and Lord of +lords, in whom dwelleth the fulness of the Godhead, bodily, and who was +made sin for us, though knowing no sin, bearing our sins in his own body +on the tree) as the only name under heaven given among men, whereby we +must be saved from everlasting punishment." + +But while the management is thus rightly kept in the hands of those who +stand together upon the platform of the church of Christ, the benefits +and all other privileges are for all young men of good morals, whether +Greek, Romanist, heretic, Jew, Moslem, heathen, or infidel. Its field, +the world. Wherever there are young men, there is the association field, +and an extended work must be organized. Already in August, 1855, the +importance of the work made conference necessary, and thirty-five +delegates met at Paris, of whom seven were from the United States, and +the same number from Great Britain. + +In 1858, a second conference was held at Geneva, with one hundred and +fifty-eight delegates. In 1862, at London, were present ninety-seven +delegates; in 1865, at Elberfeld, one hundred and forty; in 1867, at +Paris, ninety-one; in 1872, at Amsterdam, one hundred and eighteen; in +1875, at Hamburg, one hundred and twenty-five; in 1878, at Geneva, two +hundred and seven,--forty-one from the United States; in 1881, in +London, three hundred and thirty-eight,--seventy-five from the United +States. + +At the conference of 1878, in Geneva, a man in the prime of life, and +partner in a leading banking-house of that city, was chosen president. +He spoke with almost equal ease the three languages of the +conference--English, French, and German. Shortly after that convention +Mr. Fermand gave up his business and became the general secretary of the +world's committee of the Young Men's Christian Associations. He traveled +over the whole continent of Europe, visiting the associations, and then +came to America to make acquaintance with our plans of work. Now +stationed at Geneva, with some resident members of the convention, he +keeps up the intercourse of the associations through nine members +representing the principal nations. I have spoken of the three languages +of the conference. It is a wonderful inspiration to find one's self in a +gathering of all nations, brought together by the love of one person, +each speaking in his own tongue, praising the one name, so similar in +each,--that name alone in each address needing no interpretation. + +[Illustration: BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. IN NEW YORK.] + +The conference meets this year, in August, at Berlin, when probably as +many as one hundred delegates will be present from the United States. + +But inter-association organization has gone much further in this country +than elsewhere, and communication is exceedingly close between the nine +hundred associations of America. + +The first conception of uniting associations came to the Reverend +William Chauncey Langdon, then a layman, and a member of the Washington +Association, now rector of the Episcopal Church at Bedford, +Pennsylvania. Mr. McBurney, in his fine Historical Sketch of +Associations, says: "Many of the associations of America owe their +individual existence to the organization effected through his wise +foresight. The associations of our land, and in all lands, owe a debt of +gratitude to Mr. Langdon far greater than has ever been recognized." +Oscar Cobb, of Buffalo, and Mr. Langdon signed the call to the first +convention, which assembled on June 7, 1854, at Buffalo. This was the +first conference of associations held in the English-speaking world. +Here was appointed a central committee, located at Washington, and six +elsewhere. + +In 1860, Philadelphia was made the headquarters. The confederation of +associations and its committee came to an end in Chicago, June 4, 1863, +and the present organization with its international executive committee +was born, with members increasing in number. The committee now numbers +thirty-three, two being resident in New York City. + +In the year 1865, a committee was appointed by the convention at +Philadelphia. The president of this convention became the chairman of +the international executive committee, consisting of ten members +resident in New York City, and twenty-three placed at different +prominent points in the United States and British Provinces. There is +also a corresponding member of the committee in each State and province, +and means of constant communication between the committee and each +association, and between the several associations, through the Young +Men's Christian Association Watchman, a sixteen-paged paper, published +each fortnight in Chicago. + +On the sixteenth day of April, 1883, the international committee, which +had been superintending the work since 1865, was incorporated in the +State of New York. Cephas Brainerd, a lawyer of New York City, a direct +descendant of the Brainerds of Connecticut, and present owner of the +homestead, has always been chairman of the committee, and, from a very +large practice, has managed to take an immense amount of time for this +work, which has more and more taken hold on his heart,--and here let me +say that I know no work, not even that of foreign missions, which takes +such a grip upon those who enter upon it. Time, means, energy, strength, +have been lavishly poured out by them. Mr. Brainerd and his committee +work almost as though it were their only work, and yet each member of +the committee is one seemingly fully occupied with his business or +professional duties. See the members of the Massachusetts committee, so +fired with love for this work that, in the gospel canvasses of the +State, after working all day, many of them give from forty to fifty +evenings, sometimes traveling all night to get back to their work in the +morning. It is no common cause that thus draws men out of themselves for +others. Then, too, I greatly doubt where there are such hard-worked men +as the general secretaries,--days and evenings filled with work that +never ends; the work the more engrossing and exacting because it +combines physical and mental with spiritual responsibility. We who know +this are not surprised to find the strength of these men failing. Those +who employ them should carefully watch that relief is promptly given +from time to time as needed. There are now more than three hundred and +fifty of these paid secretaries. Now, look back over the whole history +of the associations, and can you doubt that he who meets the wants of +his creatures has raised up the organization for the express purpose of +saving young men as a class? And to do this he employs the church +itself--not the church in its separate organizations, but the church +universal. A work for all young men should be by the young men of the +whole church. First, because it is young manhood that furnishes the +common ground of sympathy. Second, because the appliances are too +expensive for the individual churches. Large well-situated buildings, +with all possible right attractions, are simply necessary to success in +this work. These things are so expensive that the united church only can +procure them. That in Philadelphia cost $700,000; in New York, $500,000; +in Boston, more than $300,000; in Baltimore, $250,000; in Chicago, +$150,000; San Francisco, $76,000; Montreal, $67,000; Toronto, $48,000; +Halifax, $36,000; West New Brighton, New York, $19,000; at the small +town of Rockport, Massachusetts, about $4,000; and at Nahant, $2,000. In +all these are eighty buildings, worth more than $3,000,000, while as +many more have land or building-funds. Third, how blessedly this sets +forth the vital unity of Christ's church, "that they may all be one," +and also distinguishes them from all other religious bodies. "Come out +from among them and be ye separate." + +[Illustration: BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. AT JACKSONVILLE, ILL.] + +This association work is divided into local (the city or town), state or +home mission, the international and foreign mission. + +The local is purely a city or town work. The "state," which I have +called the home mission, is thoroughly to canvass the State, learn where +the association is needed, plant it there, strengthen all existing +associations, and keep open communication between all. This is also the +international work, but its field is the United States and British +Provinces, under the efficient management of this committee. + +As has been said, the convention of 1866 appointed the international +committee, which was directed to call and arrange for state and +provincial conventions. This is the result: in 1866, no state or +provincial committee or conventions. Now, thirty-three such committees, +thirty-one of which hold state or provincial conventions, together with +a large number of district and local conferences. + +[Illustration: BUILDING OF Y.M.C.A. AT LYNN, MASS.] + +In 1870, Mr. R.C. Morse, a graduate of Yale College, and a minister of +the Presbyterian Church, became the general secretary of the committee +and continues such to-day. Of the missionary work of the committee the +most conspicuous has been that at the West and South. In 1868, the +convention authorized the employment of a secretary for the West. This +man, Robert Weidansall, a graduate of Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, +was found working in the shops of the Pacific Railroad Company at Omaha. +He had intended entering the ministry, but his health failed him. To-day +there is no question as to his health--he has a superb physique, travels +constantly, works extremely hard, and has been wonderfully successful. +When he began there were thirty-nine associations in the States of +Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, +Kansas, Nebraska, Kentucky, and Tennessee. There was only one secretary, +and no building. Now there are nearly three hundred associations, +spending more than one hundred and ten thousand dollars; twenty general +secretaries, and five buildings. Nine States are organized, and five +employ state secretaries. The following words from a recent Kansas +report sound strangely, almost like a joke, to one who remembers the +peculiar influence of Missouri upon the infant Kansas: "Kansas owes much +of her standing to-day to the fostering care and efforts of the Missouri +state executive committee." In 1870, two visitors were sent to the +Southern States. There were then three associations only between +Virginia and Texas. There are now one hundred and fifty-seven. + +[Illustration: BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. AT TORONTO, CANADA.] + +Previous to the Civil War the work was well under way, but had been +almost entirely given up. Our visitors were not at once received as +brethren, but Christian love did its work and gradually all differences +were forgotten by these Christians in the wonderful tie which truly +united them, and when, in 1877, the convention met at Richmond, not only +harmony prevailed, but it seemed as though each were trying to prove to +the other his intenser brotherly love. The cross truly conquered. No one +who was present can ever forget those scenes, or cease to bless God for +what I truly believe was the greatest step toward the uniting again of +North and South. Mr. T.K. Cree has had charge of this work since the +beginning. Not only has sectional spreading of associations been done by +the committee, but, in the language of the report already quoted: +"Special classes of young men, isolated in a measure from their fellows +by virtue of occupation, training, or foreign birth, have from time to +time so strongly appealed to the attention of the American associations +as to elicit specific efforts in their behalf." Thus, in 1868, the first +secretary of the committee was directed to devote his time to railroad +employees. For one year he labored among them. The general call on his +time then became so imperative that he was obliged to leave the +railroad work. This work had been undertaken at St. Albans, Vermont, in +1854, and in Canada in 1855. The first really important step in this +work was at Cleveland in 1872, when an employee of a railroad company, +who had been a leader in every kind of dissipation, was converted. He +immediately began to use his influence among his comrades, and such was +the power of the Spirit that the Cleveland Association took up the work +and began holding meetings especially for these men. In 1877, Mr. E.D. +Ingersol was appointed by the international committee to superintend the +work. There has been no rest for him in this. A leading railroad +official says: "Ingersol is indeed a busy man. Night and day he travels. +To-day a railroad president wants him here, to-morrow a manager summons +him. He is going like a shuttle back and forth across the country, +weaving the web of railroad associations." When he entered on the work +there were but three railroad secretaries; now there are nearly seventy. +There are now over sixty branches in operation; and the work is going on +besides at twenty-five points; almost a hundred different places, +therefore, where specific work is done for railroad men. They own seven +buildings, valued at thirty-three thousand two hundred and fifty +dollars. The expense of maintaining these reading-rooms is over eighty +thousand dollars, and more than two thirds of this is paid by the +corporations themselves; most of the secretaries are on the regular +pay-rolls of the companies. How can this be done? Simply because the +officers see such a return from this expenditure in the morals and +efficiency of their men that they have no doubt as to the propriety of +the investment. + +Mr. William Thaw, vice-president of the Pennsylvania Company, writes: +"This work is wholly good, both for the men and the roads which they +serve." Mr. C. Vanderbilt, first vice-president of the New York Central +and Hudson River Railroad, writes: "Few things about railroad affairs +afford more satisfactory returns than these reading-rooms." Mr. J.H. +Devereux, of Cleveland, president of the Cleveland, Columbus, +Cincinnati, and Indianapolis Railway, writes: "The association work has +from the beginning (now ten years ago) been prosecuted at Cleveland +satisfactorily and with good results. The conviction of the board of +superintendents is that the influence of the room and the work in +connection with it has been of great value to both the employer and the +employed, and that the instrumentalities in question should not only be +encouraged but further strengthened." Mr. John W. Garrett, president of +the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, says: "A secretary of the Young +Men's Christian Association, for the service of the Baltimore and Ohio +Railroad Company, was appointed in 1879, and I am gratified to be able +to say that the officers under whose observation his efforts have been +conducted informed me that this work has been fruitful of good results." +Mr. Thomas Dickson, president of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, +writes: "This company takes an active interest in the prosperity of the +association, and will cheerfully co-operate in all proper methods for +the extension of its usefulness." Mr. H.B. Ledyard, general manager of +the Michigan Central Railroad Company, writes: "I have taken a deep +interest in the work of the Young Men's Christian Association among +railroad men, and believe that, leaving out all other questions, it is a +paying investment for a railroad company." + +[Illustration: BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. IN CHICAGO.] + +These are a few out of a great number of assurances from railroad men of +the value of this organization. In Chicago, the president of one of the +leading railroads, the general superintendent of another, and other +officials, are serving on the railroad committee of the Young Men's +Christian Association, and it is hoped that at every railway centre +there may soon be an advisory committee of the work. Such a committee is +now forming in Boston. This work should interest every individual, +because it touches every one who ever journeys by train. Speak as some +men may, faithlessly, concerning religion, where is the man who would +not feel safer should he know that the engineer and conductor of his +train were Christians? men not only caring for others, but themselves +especially cared for. + +Frederick von Schluembach, of noble birth, an officer in the Prussian +army, was a leader there in infidelity and dissipation to such a degree +as to drive him to this country at the time of our Civil War. He went +into service and attained to the rank of captain. His conversion was +remarkable and he brought to his Saviour's service all the intense +earnestness and zeal that he had been giving to Satan. He joined the +Methodists and became a minister among them. His heart went out to the +multitudes of his countrymen here, and especially to the young; thus he +came in contact with the central committee and was employed by them to +visit German centres. This was in 1871, in Baltimore, where took place +the first meeting of the national bund of German-speaking associations. +At their request Mr. Von Schluembach took the field, which has resulted, +after extreme opposition on the part of the German churches, in eight +German Young Men's Christian Associations, besides an equal number of +German committees in associations. When we remember that there are more +than two million Germans in this country, and that New York is the +fourth German city in the world, we can scarcely overestimate the +greatness of this work. Mr. Von Schluembach was obliged on account of +ill health to go to Germany for a while, and, recovering, formed +associations there,--the one in Berlin being especially powerful, some +of "Caesar's household" holding official positions in it. He has now +returned, and with Claus Olandt, Jr., is again at work among his +countrymen. His first work on returning was to assist in raising fifty +thousand dollars for the German building in New York City. + +Mr. Henry E. Brown has always since the war been intensely interested in +the colored men of the South. Shortly after graduation at Oberlin +College, Ohio, he founded, and was for two years president of, a college +for colored men in Alabama. He is now secretary for the committee among +this class at the South, and speaks most encouragingly of the future of +this work. + +In 1877, there was graduated a young man named L.D. Wishard, from +Princeton College. To him seems to have been given a great desire for an +inter-collegiate religious work. He, with his companions, issued a call +to collegians to meet at the general convention of Young Men's Christian +Associations at Louisville. Twenty-two colleges responded and sent +delegates. Mr. Wishard was appointed international secretary. One +hundred and seventy-five associations have now been formed, with nearly +ten thousand members. These colleges report about ninety Bible-classes +during the past year. Fifteen hundred students have professed conversion +through the association; of these forty have decided to enter the +ministry, and two of these are going to the foreign fields. + +The work is among the men most likely to occupy the highest position in +the country, hence its importance is very great. Mr. Wishard is quite +overtaxed and help has been given him at times, but he needs, and so +also does the railroad work, an assistant secretary. + +There is a class of men in our community who are almost constantly +traveling. Rarely at home, they go from city to city. The temptations to +these men are peculiar and very great. In 1879, Mr. E.W. Watkins, +himself one of this class of commercial travelers, was appointed +secretary in their behalf. He has since visited all the principal +associations, and has created an interest in these neglected men. Among +the appliances which are productive of the most good is the traveler's +ticket, which entitles him to all the privileges of membership in any +place where an association may be. A second most valuable work is the +hotel-visiting done by more than fifty associations each week. The +hotel-registers are consulted on Saturday afternoon, and a personal note +is sent to each young man, giving him the times of service at the +several churches and inviting him to the rooms. Is it necessary to call +the attention of business men to the importance to themselves of this +work? Is it not patent? You cannot follow the young man whose honesty +and clear-headedness is of such consequence to you. God has put it into +the heart of this association to try and care for those men, upon whom +your success largely depends. Can you be blind to its value? Every +individual man who employs commercial travelers should aid the work. But +how is all this great work for young men carried on? It requires now +thirty thousand dollars a year to do it. Of this sum New York pays more +than one half, Pennsylvania about one sixth, and Massachusetts less than +one fifteenth. But to do this work properly,--this work of the universal +church of Christ for young men,--at least one third more, or forty +thousand dollars a year, is needed. There is another need, however, much +harder to meet--the men to fill the places calling earnestly for general +secretaries. There are nearly three hundred and fifty paid employees in +the field, representing about two hundred associations. Since every +association should have a secretary, and there are nearly, if not quite, +nine hundred, the need will be clearly seen. This need it is proposed to +meet by training men in schools established for the purpose. Something +of this has already been done in New York State and at Peoria, Illinois, +and there must soon be a regular training-school established to +accommodate from fifty to one hundred men. + +This is a very meagre sketch of a great work. How inadequately it +portrays it, none know so well as those who are immediately connected +with it. Could you have been present at a dinner given a few months ago +to the secretaries of the international committee, and heard each man +describe his field and its needs; could you have seen the intensity with +which each endeavored to make us feel what he himself realized, that his +special field was the most important,--you would have come to our +conclusion: that each field was all-important, and that each man was in +his proper place, peculiarly fitted for it and assigned to it by the +Master. + +A prominent divine has lately said: "I believe the Young Men's Christian +Association to be the greatest religious fact of the nineteenth +century." + +What has been effected by this fact? Thousands of young men in all parts +of the world have been brought to Jesus Christ. It has been the +training-school for Moody, Whittle, and hosts of laymen who are to-day +proclaiming the simple Gospel. It has organized great evangelistic +movements both here and abroad. It formed the Christian Commission, +which not only relieved the wants of the body during our war, but sent +hundreds of Christ's missionaries to the hospitals and battle-fields. It +has gloriously manifested the unity of Christ's true church. It stands +to-day an organic body, instinct with one life, spreading its limbs +through the world, active, alert, ready at any moment to respond to the +call of the church, and enables it to present an unbroken front to +superstition and infidelity, which already rear their brazen heads +against Christ and his church, and will soon be in open rebellion and +actual warfare, and which Christ at his coming will forever destroy. + +[NOTE.--Through the kindness of Messrs. Harper and Brothers, of New +York, we present to our readers the two portraits in this article. For +the cuts of the buildings we are indebted to the Chicago Watchman, +mention of which is made above.--R.S., Jr.] + + * * * * * + +GEORGE FULLER. + +BY SIDNEY DICKINSON. + + +The death of George Fuller has removed a strong and original figure from +the activity of American art, and added a weighty name to its history. +To speak of him now, while his work is fresh in the public mind, is a +labor of some peril; so easy is it, when the sense of loss is keen, to +make mistakes in judgment, and to allow the friendly spirit to prevail +over the judicial, in an estimation of him as a man and a painter. Yet +he has gone in and out before us long enough to make a study of him +profitable, and to give us, even now, some occasion for an opinion as to +the place he is likely to occupy in the annals of our native art. Mr. +Fuller held a peculiar position in American painting, and one which +seems likely to remain hereafter unfilled. He followed no one, and had +no followers; his art was the outgrowth of personal temperament and +experience, rather than the result of teaching, and although he studied +others, he was himself his only master. In other men whose names are +prominent in our art, we seem to see the direction of an outside +influence. Stuart and Copley confessed to the teaching of the English +school of their day--a school brilliant but formal, and holding close +guiding-reins over its disciples; Benjamin West became denationalized, +so far as his art was concerned; Allston showed the impression of +England, Italy, and Flanders, all at once, in his refined and thoughtful +style, and Hunt manifested in every stroke of his brilliant brush the +learned and facile methods that are in vogue in the leading ateliers of +modern Paris. In these men, and in the followers whom their preeminent +ability drew after them, we perceive the dominant impulse to be of alien +origin; Fuller alone, of all the great ones in our art, was in thought +and action purely and simply American. The influence that led others +into the error of imitation, seems to have been exerted unavailingly +upon his self-reliant mind. We shall search vainly if we look elsewhere +than within himself for the suggestions upon which his art was +established. Superficial resemblances to other painters are sometimes to +be noted in his works, but in governing principle and habit of thought +he was serenely and grandly alone. + +We must regard him thus if we would study him understandingly, and gain +from our observation a correct estimate of his power. We think of our +other painters as in the crowd, and amid the affairs of men, and detect +in their art a certain uneasiness which the bustle about them +necessarily caused. We perceive this most in Hunt, who was emphatically +a man of the world, and in Stuart, who shows in some of his later work +that his position as the court painter of America, while it aided his +purse and reputation, harmed his repose; least in Allston, whose tastes +were literary, whose love was in retirement, and who would have been a +poet had not circumstances first placed a brush and palette in his +hands. Allston, however, enjoyed popularity, and was courted by the best +society of his time, and was not permitted, although he doubtless longed +for it, to indulge to its full extent his chaste and dreamy fancy. It +may be said without disrespect to his undoubted powers, that he would +have been less esteemed in his own day if his art had not been largely +conventional, and thus easily understood by those who had studied the +accepted masters of painting. He lacked positive force of idea, as his +works clearly show,--that quality which was among the most +characteristic traits of Fuller's method, and made him at once the +greatest genius, and the man most misunderstood, among contemporary +American painters. + +Although men who have not had "advantages" in life are naturally prone +to regret their deprivation, they frequently owe their success to this +seeming bar against opportunity. We have often seen illustrated in our +art the fact that favorable circumstances do not necessarily insure +success, and now from the life of Fuller we gain the still more +important truth, that power is never so well aroused as in the face of +obstacles. Few men endured more for art than he; none have waited more +uncomplainingly for a recognition that was sure to come by-and-by, or +received with greater serenity the approbation which the dull world came +at last to bestow. His history is most wholesome in its record of +steadfast resting upon conviction, and teaches quite as strongly as his +pictures do, the value of absorption in a lofty idea. + +If the saying that those nations are the happiest that have no history +is true of men, Mr. Fuller's life must be regarded as exceptionally +fortunate. Considered by itself, it was quiet and uneventful, and had +little to excite general interest; but when viewed in its relation to +the practice of his art, it is found to be full of eloquent suggestions +to all who, like him, have been appointed to win success through +suffering. The narrative of his experience comprises two great +periods--the preparation, which covered thirty-four years, and the +achievement, to the enjoyment of which less than eight years were +permitted. The first period is subdivided into two, of which one +embraces eighteen years, from the time when, at the age of twenty, he +entered upon the study of his art, to his retirement from the world to +the exile of his Deerfield farm; the other including sixteen years of +seclusion, until, at the age of fifty-four, he came forth again to +proclaim a new revelation. The first part of his career may be dismissed +without any extended consideration. Its record consists of an almost +unrelieved account of struggle, indifferent success, and lack of +appreciation and encouragement, in the cities of Boston and New York. +In Boston he appeared as the student, rather than the producer of works, +and laid the foundation of his style in observation of the paintings of +Stuart, Copley, Allston, and Alexander,--all excellent models upon which +to base a practice, although destined to show little of their influence +upon the pictures which he painted in the maturity of his power. It is +not to be doubted, however, that all these men, and particularly Stuart, +made an impression upon him which he was never afterward wholly able to +conceal. We may see even in some of his latest works, under his own +peculiar manner, suggestions of Stuart, particularly in portraits of +women, which in pose and expression, and to a considerable degree in +color, show much of that dignity and composure which so distinguish the +female heads of our greatest portrait-painter. He always admired Stuart, +and in his later years spoke much of him, with strong appreciation for +his skill in describing character, and the refined taste which is such a +marked feature of his best manner. + +His work in Boston made no particular impression upon the public mind, +and after five years' trial of it he removed to New York, where he +joined that brilliant circle of painters and sculptors which, with its +followers, has made one of the strongest impressions, if not the most +valuable or permanent, upon the art of America. During his residence in +that city he devoted himself almost exclusively to portrait-painting, in +which he developed a manner more distinguished for conventional +excellence than any particular individuality. It was remarked of him, +however, that he was disposed, even at this time, to seek to present the +thought and disposition of his subjects more strongly than their merely +physical features, and among his principal associates excited no little +appreciative comment upon this tendency. In some of his portraits of +women of that period, wherein he evidently attempted to present the +superior fineness and sensibility of the feminine nature, this effort +toward ideality is quite strongly indicated; they are painted with a +more hesitating and lingering touch than his portraits of men, and with +a certain seeming lack of confidence, which throws about them a thin +fold of that veil of etherialism and mystery which so enwraps nearly all +his pictures of the last eight years. This treatment, however, seems to +have been at that time more the result of experiment than conviction; +later in life he wrought its suggestions into a system, the principles +of which we may study further on. His earlier work, as has been said, +was chiefly confined to portrait-painting, although it is a significant +fact that among his pictures of that time are two which show that the +feeling for poetical and imaginative effort was working in him. At a +comparatively early age he painted an impression of Coleridge's +Genevieve, which showed marked evidence of power, and later, after +seeing a picture of the school of Rubens, which was owned by one of his +artist friends, produced a study which he afterward seems to have +developed into his well-known Boy and Bird; a Cupid-like figure, holding +a bird closely against its breast. These exercises, however, seem to +have been, as it were, accidental, and had little or no effect in +leading him to the practice in which he afterward became absorbed. + +His life in New York, which was interrupted only by three winter trips +to the South, whither he went in the hope of securing some commissions +for portraits, was an uneventful experience of very modest pecuniary +success, and brought him as the only official honor of his life an +election as associate of the National Academy of Design. He then went to +Europe, where, for eight months, he carefully studied the old masters in +the principal galleries of England and the Continent. This visit to the +Old World was of incalculable value to him in the method of painting +which he afterward made his own, and, in point of fact, gave him his +first decided inclination toward it. Its best influence, however, was in +giving him confidence in himself, and assurance of the reasonableness of +the views which he had already begun to entertain. He had been led +before to regard the old masters as superior to rivalry and incapable of +weakness, superhuman characters, indeed, whose works should discourage +effort. Instead of this, however, he found them to be men like himself, +with their share of defect and error, yet made grand by inspiration and +idea, and this knowledge greatly encouraged him, a man who of all +painters was at once the most modest and devoted. Most painters who +resort to Europe to study the old art find there one or two men whose +works make the strongest appeals to their liking, and, devoting their +attention chiefly to these, they show ever after the marks of an +influence that is easily traced to its source; Fuller, however, observed +with broader and more penetrating view, and, as his works show, seems to +have studied men less than principles, and to have been filled with +admiration, not so much for particular practices as for the common and +lofty spirit in which the greatest of the world's painters labored. The +colorists and chiaroscurists, such as Titian on the one hand and +Rembrandt on the other, seem to have impressed him particularly, and of +all men Titian the most strongly, as many of his pictures testify, and +as such glowing works as the Arethusa and the Boy and Bird unmistakably +show. Yet it was not in matter or in manner, but in the expression of a +great truth, that the old masters most strongly affected him. He felt at +once, and grew to admire greatly, their repose and modesty, calm +strength and undisturbed temper, and drew from them the important +principle that true genius may be known by its confessing neither pride +nor self-distrust. The serenity of their style he sought at once to +appropriate, and thereafter worked as much as possible in imitation of +their evident purpose, striving simply to do his best, without any +question of whether the result would please, or another's effort be +reckoned as greater than his own. It became a governing principle with +him never to seek to outdo any one, or to feel anything but pleasure at +another's success, for he was not a man who could fail to recognize the +truth that envy is fatal to a fine mood in any labor. Few artists, we +may well believe, study the great art of the world in this spirit, or +derive from it such a lesson. + +On his return to America, he betook himself to his native town of +Deerfield, to assume for a time the care of the ancestral farm, which +the death of his father had placed in his hands. He had returned from +Europe full of inspired ideas, and was apparently ready to go on at once +in new paths of labor; but the voice of duty seemed to him to call him +away from his chosen life, and he obeyed its summons without hesitation. +Moreover, he loved the country and the family homestead, and may have +perceived, also, that the condition of art in Boston and New York was +not such as to encourage an original purpose, and that, if he was ever +to gain success, he must develop himself in quiet, and aloof from the +distracting influences of other methods and men. It is easy to perceive, +with the complete record of his life before us, that this experience of +labor and thought upon the Deerfield farm, although at first sight +forming an hiatus in his career, was really its most pregnant period, +and that without it the Fuller who is now so much admired might have +been lost to us, and the spirit that appears in his later works never +have been awakened. It is, indeed, a spirit that can find no congenial +dwelling-place in towns, but makes its home in the fields and on the +hillsides, to which the poet-painter, depressed but not cast down by his +experience of life, repaired to work and dream. For sixteen years, in +the midst of the fairest pastoral valley of New England, he lived in the +contemplation of the ideas that had passed across his mind in the quiet +of European galleries, and now became more definite impressions. The +secret of those years, with their deep, slow current of refined and +melancholy thought, is now sealed with him in eternal sleep; but from +the works that remain to us as the matured fruits of his life, we may +gain some hint of his experiences. It is not to be questioned that he +drew from the New-England soil that he tilled, and the air that he +breathed, an inspiration which never failed him. The flavor of the quiet +valley fills all his canvases. We see in them the spaciousness of its +meadows, the inviting slope of its low hills, the calm grandeur of its +encircling mountains, the mysterious gloom and wholesome brightness of +its changing skies, the atmosphere of history and romance which is its +breath and life. Song and story have found many incidents for treatment +in this locality. Not far from the farm where Fuller's daily work was +done, the tragedy of Bloody Brook was enacted; the fields which he +tilled have their legend of Indian ambuscade and massacre; the soil is +sown, as with dragon's teeth, with the arrow-heads and battle-axes of +many bitter conflicts; even to the ancient house where, in recent years, +the painter's summer easel was set up, a former owner was brought home +with the red man's bullet in his breast. The menace of midnight attack +seems even now to the wanderer in the darkness to burden the air of +these mournful meadows, and tradition shows that here were felt the +ripples of that tide of superstitious frenzy which flowed from Salem +through all the early colonies. No place could have furnished more +potent suggestions to the art-idealist than this, and although it did +not lead him to paint its tragic history (for no man had less liking for +violence and passion than he), it impressed him deeply with its +concurrent records of endurance and devotion. Nor did it invite him, as +it might have done in the case of a weaker man, into mere description, +but having aroused his thought, it submitted itself wholly to the +treatment of his strong and original genius. He approached his task with +a broad and comprehensive vision, and a loving and inquiring soul. He +was not satisfied with the revelation of his eyes alone, but sought +earnestly for the secret of nature's life, and of its influence upon +the sensitive mind of man. He perceived the truth that nature without +man is naught, even as there is no color without light, and strove +earnestly to show in his art the relations that they sustain to each +other. He saw, also, that the material in each is nothing without the +spirit which they share in common, and thus he painted not places, but +the influence of places, even as he painted not persons merely, but +their natures and minds. It is for this reason that, although we see in +all his pictures where landscape finds a place the meadows, trees, and +skies of Deerfield, we also see much more,--the general and unlocated +spirit of New-England scenery. + +This is the true impressionism--a system to which Fuller was always +constant in later life, and which he developed grandly. He was, however, +as far removed as possible from that cheap, shallow, and idealess school +of French painters whose wrongful appropriation of the name +"Impressionist" has prejudiced us against the principle that it +involves. The inherent difference between them and Fuller lies in +this--he exercised a choice, and thought the beautiful alone to be +worthy of description, while they selected nothing, but painted +indiscriminately all things, with whatever preference they indicated +lying in the direction of the strong and ugly, as being most imperative +in its demands for attention. Fuller's subjects were always sweet and +noble, and it followed as a matter of course that his treatment of them +was refined and strong. His idea was also broad; he sought for the +typical in nature and life, and grew inevitably into a continually +widening and more comprehensive style. He taught himself to lose the +sense of detail, and to strike at once to the centre, presenting the +vital idea with decision, and departing from it with increasing +vagueness of treatment, until the whole area of his work was filled with +a harmonious and carefully graduated sense of suggestion. He arrived at +his method by an original way of studying the natural world. He did not, +as most artists do, take his paint-box and easel and devote himself to +description, and from his studies work out the finished picture. +Instead, he disencumbered himself of all materials for making memoranda, +and merely stood before the scene that impressed him, looking upon it +for hours at a time. Then he betook himself to his studio, and there +worked from the impression that his mind had formed under the +guiding-hand of his fancy, the result being that nature and human +thought appeared together upon the canvas, giving a double grace and +power. The process was subtle, and not to be described clearly even by +the painter himself, who found his work so largely a matter of +inspiration that he was never able to make copies of his pictures. They +grew out of his consciousness in a strange way whose secret he could not +grasp; to the end of his life he was an inquirer, always hesitating, and +never confident in anything except that art was truth, and that he who +followed it must walk in modesty and humbleness of spirit before the +greatness of its mystery. A man of ideas and sentiment, remote from the +clamor of schools and the complaints of critics, with recollections of +the grandest art of the world in his mind, and beautiful aspects of +nature continually before his eyes, he could hardly fail to work out a +style of marked originality. The effort, however, was slow; one does not +erase on the instant the impressions that eighteen years of study and +practice have made, and Fuller found his life at Deerfield none too long +to rid him of his respect for formulas. + +His experience there was a continuous round of study. He completed +little, although he painted much, inexorably blotting out, no matter +after what expenditure of labor, the work that failed to respond to his +idea, and striving constantly to be simple, straightforward, and +impressive, without being vapid, arrogant, or dogmatic. He possessed in +large measure that rarest of gifts to genius--modesty--and approached +the secrets of nature and life more tremblingly as he passed from their +outer to their inner circles. It was a necessity of his peculiar feeling +and manner of study that he should develop a lingering, hesitating, +half-uncertain style of painting, which, however variously it may be +viewed by different minds, is undoubtedly of the utmost effectiveness in +describing the principles, rather than the facts, of nature and life. +This way of presenting his idea, which some call a "mannerism,"--a term +that has wrongly come to have a suggestion of contempt attached to +it,--was with him a principle, and employed by him as the one in which +he could best express truth. Art may justly claim great latitude in this +endeavor, and schools and systems arrogate too much when they seek to +define its limitations. Absolute truth to nature is impossible in art, +which is constrained to lie to the eye in order to satisfy the mind, and +continually transposes the harmonies of earth and sky into the minor +key. Fuller offended the senses often, but he touched that nerve-centre +in the heart, without which impressions are not truly recognized. He won +liking, rather than startled men into it, and his art, instead of +approaching, retired and beckoned. His figures never "came out of the +frame at you," as is the common expression of admiration nowadays. He +put everything at a distance, made it reposeful, and drew about figure +and landscape an atmosphere which not only made them beautiful, but +established a strange and reciprocal mood of sentiment between them. He +alone of all American painters filled the whole of his canvas with air; +others place a barrier to atmosphere in their middle distance, and it +comes no farther, but he brought it over to the nearest inch of +foreground. This treatment, while it aided the quietness and restful +mystery of his pictures, also strengthened his constant effort to avoid +marked contrasts. He sought always a general impression, and ruthlessly +sacrificed everything that called attention to itself at the expense of +the whole. Yet he was not a man of swift insight in comprehensive +matters, nor one who could be called clever. Weighty in thought as in +figure, he moved slowly and in long waves, and although of marked +quickness in intuition, he seemed to distrust this quality in himself +until he had proved it by reason. He received his motive as by a spark +quicker than the lightning's, and when he began a work saw its intention +clearly, although its form and details were wholly obscured. Out of a +mist of darkness he saw a face shine dimly with some light of joy or +sorrow that was in it, and at the moment caught its suggestion upon the +waiting canvas. Then came inquiry, explanation, reasoning, the exercise +of a manly and poetic sensibility, and endless experiment with lines and +forms, of which the greater part were meaningless, until by unwearied +searching, and constant trial and correction, the complete idea was +expressed at last. + +When a painter produces works in this strange fashion, an involved and +confused manner of technical treatment becomes inevitable. The schools, +which glorify manual skill and the swift and exhilarating production of +effects, cannot appreciate it, for all their teaching is opposed to the +principle that makes technique subordinate to idea, and they cannot look +with favor upon a man who boldly reverses everything. The perfect art +undoubtedly rests upon a combination of sublime thought and entire +command of resources, but while we wait for this we shall not make +mistake if we consider the effective, even if unlicensed, expression of +idea superior to a facility that has become cheap from hundreds +mastering it yearly. We cannot close our eyes to Fuller's technical +faults and weaknesses, but his pictures would undeniably be a less +precious heritage to American art than they now are, if he had not been +great enough to perceive that academic skill becomes weak by just so +much as it is magnified, and is strong only when viewed in its just +relation, as the means to an end. We perplex and confuse ourselves in +studying his work, and are naturally a little irritated that he keeps +his secret of power so well; yet we cannot help feeling that his style +is wonderfully adapted to the end in view, and perhaps the only +appropriate medium for the expression of a habit of thought that is as +peculiar as itself. Schools will insist, and with reason, upon working +by rule; yet in art, as in other discipline of teaching, genius does not +develop itself until it escapes from its instructors. + +Mr. Fuller's life was constantly swayed by circumstances, and through it +all he was impelled to steps which he might never have taken of his own +accord. He was drawn by influences that he could not control into his +fruitful course of study and experience at Deerfield, where his farm +gave him support, and permitted him to indulge in an unembarrassed +practice of his art; then, when his time was ripe, he was driven by the +sharp lash of financial embarrassment into the world again. Eight years +ago he reappeared in Boston, with about a dozen paintings of landscapes, +ideal heads, and small figures, which were exhibited and promptly sold +amid every expression of interest and favor. Confirmed and strengthened +in his belief by this success, he again established his studio here, and +began that series of remarkable works which have given him a place among +the greatest of American painters. The touch of popular favor quickened +him into a lofty and quiet enthusiasm, and stimulated both his +imagination and his descriptive powers. During all his experience at +Deerfield a certain lack of self-confidence seems to have prevented him +from making any large endeavor, but with his convictions endorsed by the +public, he attempted at once to labor on a more ambitious scale. He +broadened his canvases, and increased the size of his figures and +landscapes, and where he was before sweet and inviting, became strong +and impressive, yet still holding all his former qualities. The first +year of his new residence in Boston saw the production of The Dandelion +Girl, a light-hearted, careless creature, full of a life that had no +touch of responsibility, and descriptive of a joyous and ephemeral mood. +A long step forward was taken in The Romany Girl, which immediately +followed,--a work full of fire and freedom, strongly personal in +suggestion, and marked by a wild and impatient individuality which +revealed in the girl the impression of a lawless ancestry, that somehow +and somewhere had felt the action of a finer strain of blood. The next +year Fuller reached the highest point of his inspiration and power in +The Quadroon, a work which is likely to be held for all time as his +masterpiece, so far as strength of idea, importance of motive, and vivid +force of description are concerned. Without violence, even without +expression of action, but simply by a pair of haunting eyes, a +beautiful, despairing face, and a form confessing utter weariness and +abandonment of hope, he revealed all the national shame of slavery, and +its degradation of body and soul. Every American cannot but blush to +look upon it, so simple and dignified is its rebuke of the nation's long +perversity and guilt. The artist's next important effort was the famous +Winifred Dysart, as far removed in purpose from The Quadroon as it could +well be, yet akin to it by its added testimony to the painter's constant +sympathy with weak and beseeching things, and worthy to stand at an +equal height with the picture of the slave by virtue of its beauty of +conception, loveliness of character, and pathetic appeal to the +interest. It was in all respects as typical and comprehensive as The +Quadroon itself, holding within its face and figure all the sweetness +and innocence of New-England girlhood, yet with the shadow of an +uncongenial experience brooding over it, and perhaps of inherited +weakness and early death. And the wonder of it all was that the girl had +no sign about herself of longing or discontent; she was not of a nature +to anticipate or dream, and the spectator's interest was intensified at +seeing in her and before her what she herself did not perceive. That art +can give such power of suggestion to its creations is a marvel and a +delight. + +Following these two works--and at some distance, although near enough to +confirm and even increase the painter's fame--came the Priscilla, +Evening; Lorette, Nydia, Boy and Bird, Hannah, Psyche, and others, +ending this year with the Arethusa, whose glowing and chastened +loveliness makes it his strongest purely artistic work, and confirms the +technical value of his method as completely as The Quadroon and Winifred +Dysart do his habit of thought. He painted innumerable landscapes, +portraits, and ideal heads, and in figure compositions produced, among +others, two works of great and permanent value, the And She Was a Witch, +and The Gatherer of Simples, to whose absorbing interest all who have +studied them closely will confess. The latter, particularly, is of +importance as showing how carefully Fuller studied into the secret of +expression, and of nature's sympathy with human moods. This poor, worn, +sad, old face, in which beauty and hope shone once, and where +resignation and memory now dwell; this trembling figure, to whose +decrepitude the bending staff confesses as she totters _down_ the hill; +the gathering gloom of the sky, in which one ray of promise for a bright +to-morrow shines from the setting sun; the mute witnessing of the trees +upon the hill, which have seen her pass and repass from joyful youth to +lonely age, and even her eager grasp upon the poor treasure of herbs +that she bears,--all these items of the scene impress one with a +sympathy whose keenness is even bitter, and excite a deep respect and +love for the man who could paint with so much simplicity and power. It +is not strange that when the news of his death became known, many who +had never seen him, but had studied the pictures in his latest +exhibition, should have come, with tears in their eyes, to the studios +which neighbored his, to learn something of his history. + +Such works are not struck out in a heat, but grow and develop like human +lives, and it will not surprise many to know that most of them were +labored on for years. With Fuller, a picture was never completed. His +idea was constantly in advance of his work, and persisted in new +suggestions, so that the Winifred Dysart was two years in the painting, +the Arethusa five, and The Gatherer of Simples and the Witch, after an +even longer course of labor, were held by him at his death as not yet +satisfactory. The figures in the two works last mentioned have suffered +almost no change since first put upon the canvas, but they have from +time to time appeared in at least a dozen different landscapes, and +would doubtless have been placed in as many more before he had satisfied +his fastidious and exacting taste. + +The artist found as much difficulty in naming his pictures when they +were done as he did in painting them. It is a prevalent, but quite +erroneous, impression that his habit was to select a subject from some +literary work, and then attempt to paint it in the light of the author's +ideas. His practice exactly reversed this method: he painted his picture +first, and then tried to evolve or find a name that would fit it. The +name Winifred Dysart, which is without literary origin or meaning, and +yet in some strange way seems the only proper title for the work to +which it is attached, came out of the artist's own mind. His Priscilla +was started as an Elsie Venner, but he found it impossible to work upon +the lines another had laid down without too much cramping his own fancy; +when half done he thought of calling it Lady Wentworth, and at last gave +it its present name by chance of having taken up The Blithedale Romance, +and noting with pleased surprise how closely Hawthorne's account of his +heroine fitted his own creation. The Nydia was started with the idea of +presenting the helplessness of blindness, with a hint of the exaltation +of the other senses that is consequent upon the loss of sight, and +showed at first merely a girl groping along a wall in search of a door; +and the Arethusa was the outgrowth of a general inspiration caused by a +reading of Spenser's Faerie Queen, and did not receive its present very +appropriate name until its exhibition made some designation necessary. + +I have devoted this study on of Mr. Fuller to his quality as an artist +rather than to his character as a man, but shall have written in vain if +some hint has not been given of the loveliness of his disposition, the +modesty of his spirit, the chaste force of his mind. A man inevitably +paints as he himself is, and shows his nature in his works: Fuller's +pictures are founded upon purity of thought, and painted with dignity +and single-heartedness, and the grace of his life dwells in them. + + * * * * * + +[GEORGE FULLER was born in Deerfield, Massachusetts, in 1822. He was +descended from old Puritan stock, and his ancesters were among the early +settlers of the Connecticut River valley. He inherited a taste for art, +as an uncle and several other relatives of the previous generation were +painters, although none of them attained any particular reputation. He +began painting by himself at the age of about sixteen years, and at the +age of twenty entered the studio of Henry K. Brown, of Albany, New York, +where he received his first and only direct instruction. His work, until +the age of about forty years, was almost entirely devoted to portraits; +but he is best known, and will be longest remembered, for his ideal work +in figure and landscape painting, which he entered upon about 1860, but +did not make his distinctive field until 1876. From the latter date, to +the time of his death, he painted many important works, and was +pecuniarily successful. He received probably the largest prices ever +paid to an American artist for single figures: $3,000 for the Winifred +Dysart, and $4,000 each for the Priscilla and Evening; Lorette. He died +in Boston on the twenty-first of March, 1884, leaving a widow, four +sons, and a daughter. During May, a memorial exhibition of his works was +held at the Museum of Fine Arts.--EDITOR.] + + * * * * * + +THE LOYALISTS OF LANCASTER. + +By HENRY S. NOURSE. + + +The outburst of patriotic rebellion in 1775 throughout Massachusetts was +so universal, and the controversy so hot with the wrath of a people +politically wronged, as well as embittered by the hereditary rage of +puritanism against prelacy, that the term _tory_ comes down to us in +history loaded with a weight of opprobrium not legitimately its own. +After the lapse of a hundred years the word is perhaps no longer +synonymous with everything traitorous and vile, but when it is desirable +to suggest possible respectability and moral rectitude in any member of +the conservative party of Revolutionary days, it must be done under the +less historically disgraced title,--loyalist. In fact, then, as always, +two parties stood contending for principles to which honest convictions +made adherents. If among the conservatives were timid office-holders and +corrupt self-seekers, there were also of the Revolutionary party blatant +demagogues and bigoted partisans. The logic of success, though a success +made possible at last only by exterior aid, justified the appeal to arms +begun in Massachusetts before revolt was prepared or thought imminent +elsewhere. Now, to the careful student of the situation, it seems among +the most premature and rash of all the rebellions in history. But for +the precipitancy of the uprising, and the patriotic frenzy that fired +the public heart at news of the first bloodshed, many ripe scholars, +many soldiers of experience, might have been saved to aid and honor the +republic, instead of being driven into ignominious exile by fear of mob +violence and imprisonment, and scourged through the century as enemies +of their country. In and about Lancaster, then the largest town in +Worcester County, the royalist party was an eminently respectable +minority. At first, indeed, not only those naturally conservative by +reason of wealth, or pride of birthright, but nearly all the +intellectual leaders, both ecclesiastic and civilian, deprecated revolt +as downright suicide. They denounced the Stamp Act as earnestly, they +loved their country in which their all was at stake as sincerely, as did +their radical neighbors. Some of them, after the bloody nineteenth of +April, acquiesced with such grace as they could in what they now saw to +be inevitable, and tempered with prudent counsel the blind zeal of +partisanship: thus ably serving their country in her need. Others would +have awaited the issue of events as neutrals; but such the committees of +safety, or a mob, not unnaturally treated as enemies. + +On the highest rounds of the social ladder stood the great-grandsons of +Major Simon Willard, the Puritan commander in the war of 1675. These +three gentlemen had large possessions in land, were widely known +throughout the Province, and were held in deserved esteem for their +probity and ability. They were all royalists at heart, and all connected +by marriage with royalist families. Abijah Willard, the eldest, had just +passed his fiftieth year. He had won a captaincy before Louisburg when +but twenty-one, and was promoted to a colonelcy in active service +against the French; was a thorough soldier, a gentleman of stately +presence and dignified manners, and a skilful manager of affairs. For +his first wife, he married Elizabeth, sister of Colonel William +Prescott; for his second, Mrs. Anna Prentice, but had recently married a +third partner, Mrs. Mary McKown, of Boston. He was the wealthiest +citizen of Lancaster, kept six horses in his stables, and dispensed +liberal hospitality in the mansion inherited from his father Colonel +Samuel Willard. By accepting the appointment of councillor in 1774, he +became at once obnoxious to the dominant party, and in August, when +visiting Connecticut on business connected with his large landed +interests there, he was arrested by the citizens of the town of Union, +and a mob of five hundred persons accompanied him over the state line +intending to convey him to the nearest jail. Whether their wrath became +somewhat cooled by the colonel's bearing, or by a six-mile march, they +released him upon his signing a paper dictated to him, of which the +following is a copy, printed at the time in the Boston Gazette:-- + + STURBRIDGE, August 25, 1774. + + Whereas I Abijah Willard, of Lancaster, have been appointed by + mandamus Counselor for this province, and have without due + Consideration taken the Oath, do now freely and solemnly and in + good faith promise and engage that I will not set or act in said + Council, nor in any other that shall be appointed in such manner + and form, but that I will, as much as in me lies, maintain the + Charter Rights and Liberties of the Province, and do hereby ask + forgiveness of all the honest, worthy Gentlemen that I have + offended by taking the abovesaid Oath, and desire this may be + inserted in the public Prints. Witness my Hand + + ABIJAH WILLARD. + +From that time forward Colonel Willard lived quietly at home until the +nineteenth of April, 1775; when, setting out in the morning on horseback +to visit his farm in Beverly, where he had planned to spend some days in +superintending the planting, he was turned from his course by the +swarming out of minute-men at the summons of the couriers bringing the +alarm from Lexington, and we next find him with the British in Boston. +He never saw Lancaster again. It is related that, on the morning of the +seventeenth of June, standing with Governor Gage, in Boston, +reconnoitring the busy scene upon Bunker's Hill, he recognized with the +glass his brother-in-law Colonel William Prescott, and pointed him out +to the governor, who asked if he would fight. The answer was: "Prescott +will fight you to the gates of hell!" or, as another historian more +mildly puts it: "Ay, to the last drop of his blood." Colonel Willard +knew whereof he testified, for the two colonels had earned their +commissions together in the expeditions against Canada. An officer of so +well-known skill and experience as Abijah Willard was deemed a valuable +acquisition, and he was offered a colonel's commission in the British +army, but refused to serve against his countrymen, and at the evacuation +of Boston went to Halifax, having been joined by his own and his +brother's family. In 1778, he was proscribed and banished. Later in the +war he joined the royal army, at Long Island, and was appointed +commissary; in which service it was afterwards claimed by his friends +that his management saved the crown thousands of pounds. A malicious +pamphleteer of the day, however, accused him of being no better than +others, and alleging that whatever saving he effected went to swell his +own coffers. Willard's name stands prominent among the "Fifty-five" who, +in 1783, asked for large grants of land in Nova Scotia as compensation +for their losses by the war. He chose a residence on the coast of New +Brunswick, which he named _Lancaster_ in remembrance of his beloved +birthplace, and there died in May, 1789, having been for several years +an influential member of the provincial council. His family returned to +Lancaster, recovered the old homestead, and, aided by a small pension +from the British government, lived in comparative prosperity. The son +Samuel died on January 1, 1856, aged ninety-six years and four months. +His widowed sister, Mrs. Anna Goodhue, died on August 2, 1858, at the +age of ninety-five. Memories of their wholly pleasant and beneficent +lives, abounding in social amenities and Christian graces, still linger +about the old mansion. + +Levi Willard was three years the junior of Abijah. He had been collector +of excise for the county, held the military rank of lieutenant-colonel, +and was justice of the peace. With his brother-in-law Captain Samuel +Ward he conducted the largest mercantile establishment in Worcester +County at that date. He had even made the voyage to England to purchase +goods. Although not so wealthy as his brother, he might have rivaled him +in any field of success but for his broken health; and he was as widely +esteemed for his character and capacity. At the outbreak of hostilities +he was too ill to take active part on either side, but his sympathies +were with his loyalist kindred. He died on July 11, 1775. His partner in +business, Captain Samuel Ward, cast his lot with the patriot party, but +his son, Levi Willard, Jr., graduated at Harvard College in 1775, joined +his uncle Abijah, and went to England and there remained until 1785, +when he returned and died five years later. + +Abel Willard, though equally graced by nature with the physical gifts +that distinguished his brothers, unlike them chose the arts of peace +rather than those of war. He was born at Lancaster on January 12, +1731-2, and was graduated at Harvard College in 1752, ranking third in +the class. His wife was Elizabeth Rogers, daughter of the loyalist +minister of Littleton. His name was affixed to the address to Governor +Gage, June 21, 1774, and he was forced to sign, with the other justices, +a recantation of the aspersions cast upon the people in that address. He +has the distinction of being recorded by the leading statesman of the +Revolution--John Adams--as his personal friend. So popular was Abel +Willard and so well known his character as a peacemaker and well-wisher +to his country, that he might have remained unmolested and respected +among his neighbors in spite of his royalist opinions; but, whether led +by family ties or natural timidity, he sought refuge in Boston, and +quick-coming events made it impossible for him to return. At the +departure of the British forces for Halifax, he accompanied them. A +letter from Edmund Quincy to his daughter Mrs. Hancock, dated Lancaster, +March 26, 1776, contains a reference to him: ... "Im sorry for poor Mrs +Abel Willard your Sisters near neighbour & Friend. Shes gone we hear +with her husband and Bro and sons to Nova Scotia P'haps in such a +situation and under such circumstances of Offense respecting their +Wors'r Neighbours as never to be in a political capacity of returning to +their Houses unless w'th power & inimical views w'ch God forbid should +ever be ye Case." + +In 1778, the act of proscription and banishment included Abel Willard's +name. His health gave way under accumulated trouble, and he died in +England in 1781. + +The estates of Abijah and Abel Willard were confiscated. In the +Massachusetts Archives (cliv, 10) is preserved the anxious inquiry of +the town authorities respecting the proper disposal of the wealth they +abandoned. + + _To the Honourable Provincial Congress now holden at Watertown in + the Proviance of the Massachusetts Bay._ + + We the subscribers do request and desire that you would be pleased + to direct or Inform this proviance in General or the town of + Lancaster in Partickeler what is best to be done with the Estates + of those men which are Gone from their Estates to General Gage and + to whose use they shall Improve them whether for the proviance or + the town where s'd Estate is. + + EBENEZER ALLEN, + CYRUS FAIRBANK, + SAMLL THURSTON, + The Selectmen of Lancaster. + + Lancaster June 7 day 1775. + +The Provincial Congress placed the property in question in the hands of +the selectmen and Committee of Safety to improve, and instructed them to +report to future legislatures. Finally, Cyrus Fairbank is found acting +as the local agent for confiscated estates of royalists in Lancaster, +and his annual statements are among the archives of the State. His +accounts embrace the estates of "Abijah Willard, Esq., Abel Willard, +Esq., Solomon Houghton, Yeoman, and Joseph Moore Gent." The final +settlement of Abel Willard's estate, October 26, 1785, netted his +creditors but ten shillings, eleven pence to the pound. The claimants +and improvers probably swallowed even the larger estate of Abijah +Willard, leaving nothing to the Commonwealth. + +Katherine, the wife of Levi Willard, was the sister, and Dorothy, wife +of Captain Samuel Ward, the daughter, of Judge John Chandler, "the +honest Refugee." These estimable and accomplished ladies lived but a +stone's throw apart, and after the death of Levi Willard there came to +reside with them an elder brother of Mrs. Ward, one of the most notable +personages in Lancaster during the Revolution. Clark Chandler was a +dapper little bachelor about thirty-two years of age, eccentric in +person, habits, and dress. Among other oddities of apparel, he was +partial to bright red small-clothes. His tory principles and +singularities called down upon him the jibes of the patriots among whom +his lot was temporarily cast, but his ready tongue and caustic wit were +sufficient weapons of defence. In 1774, as town clerk of Worcester, he +recorded a protest of forty-three royalist citizens against the +resolutions of the patriotic majority. This record he was compelled in +open town meeting to deface, and when he failed to render it +sufficiently illegible with the pen, his tormentors dipped his fingers +into the ink and used them to perfect the obliteration. He fled to +Halifax, but after a few months returned, and was thrown into Worcester +jail. The reply to his petition for release is in Massachusetts Archives +(clxiv, 205). + + Colony of the Massachusetts Bay. By the Major part of the Council + of said Colony. Whereas Clark Chandler of Worcester has been + Confined in the Common Prison at Worcester for holding + Correspondence with the enemies of this Country and the said Clark + having humbly petitioned for an enlargement and it having been made + to appear that his health is greatly impaired & that the Publick + will not be endangered by his having some enlargement, and Samuel + Ward, John Sprague, & Ezekiel Hull having Given Bond to the Colony + Treasurer in the penal sum of one thousand Pounds, for the said + Clarks faithful performance of the order of Council for his said + enlargement, the said Clark is hereby permitted to go to Lancaster + when his health will permit, and there to continue and not go out + of the Limits of that Town, he in all Respects Conforming himself + to the Condition in said Bond contained, and the Sheriff of said + County of Worcester and all others are hereby Directed to permit + the said Clark to pass unmolested so long as he shall conform + himself to the obligations aforementioned. Given under our Hands at + ye Council Chambers in Watertown the 15 Day of Dec. Anno Domini + 1775. + + By their Honors Command, + + James Prescott W'm Severs + Cha Channey B. Greenleaf + M. Farley W. Spooner + Moses Gill Caleb Cushing + J. Palmer J. Winthrop + Eldad Taylor John Whitcomb + B. White Jed'n Foster + B. Lincoln + Perez Morton + Dp't Sec'ry. + +The air of Lancaster, which proved so salubrious to the pensioners of +the British government before named, grew oppressive to this tory +bachelor, as we find by a lengthy petition in Massachusetts Archives +(clxxiii, 546), wherein he begs for a wider range, and especially for +leave to go to the sea-shore. A medical certificate accompanies it. + + LANCASTER, OCT. 25. 1777 + + This is to inform whom it may Concern that Mr. Clark Chandler now + residing in this Town is in such a Peculiar Bodily Indisposition as + in my opinion renders it necessary for him to take a short Trip to + the Salt Water in order to assist in recovering his Health. + + JOSIAH WILDER Phn. + +He was allowed to visit Boston, and to wander at will within the bounds +of Worcester County. He returned to Worcester, and there died in 1804. + +Joseph Wilder, Jr., colonel, and judge of the court of common pleas of +Worcester County,--as his father had been before him,--was prominent +among the signers of the address to General Gage. He apologized for this +indiscretion, and seems to have received no further attention from the +Committee of Safety. In the extent of his possessions he rivaled Abijah +Willard, having increased a generous inheritance by the profits of very +extensive manufacture and export of pearlash and potash: an industry +which he and his brother Caleb were the first to introduce into America. +He was now nearly seventy years of age, and died in the second year of +the war. + +Joseph House, at the evacuation of Boston, went with the army to +Halifax. He was a householder, but possessed no considerable estate in +Lancaster. In 1778, his name appears among the proscribed and banished. + +The Lancaster committee of correspondence, July 17, 1775, published +Nahum Houghton as "an unwearied pedlar of that baneful herb tea," and +warned all patriots "to entirely shun his company and have no manner of +dealings or connections with him except acts of common humanity." A +special town meeting was called on June 30, 1777, chiefly "to act on a +Resolve of the General Assembly Respecting and Securing this and the +other United States against the Danger to which thay are Exposed by the +Internal Enemies Thereof, and to Elect some proper person to Collect +such evidence against such Persons as shall be demed by athority as +Dangerous persons to this and the other United States of America." At +this meeting Colonel Asa Whitcomb was chosen to collect evidence against +suspected loyalists, and Moses Gerrish, Daniel Allen, Ezra Houghton, +Joseph Moor, and Solomon Houghton, were voted "as Dangerous Persons and +Internal Enemies to this State." On September 12 of the same year, +apparently upon a report from Colonel Asa Whitcomb, it was voted that +Thomas Grant, James Carter, and the Reverend Timothy Harrington, "Stand +on the Black List." It was also ordered that the selectmen "Return a +List of these Dangerous Persons to the Clerk, and he to the Justice of +the Quorum as soon as may be." This action of the extremists seems to +have aroused the more conservative citizens, and another meeting was +called, on September 23, for the purpose of reconsidering this +ill-advised and arbitrary proscription, at which meeting the clerk was +instructed not to return the names of James Carter and the Reverend +Timothy Harrington before the regular town meeting in November. + +Thomas Grant was an old soldier, having served in the French and Indian +War, and, if a loyalist, probably condoned the offence by enlisting in +the patriot army; his name is on the muster-roll of the Rhode Island +expedition in 1777, and in 1781 he was mustered into the service for +three years. He was about fifty years of age, and a poor man, for the +town paid bills presented "for providing for Tom Grant's Family." + +Moses Gerrish was graduated at Harvard College in 1762, and reputed a +man of considerable ability. Enoch Gerrish, perhaps a brother of Moses, +was a farmer in Lancaster who left his home, was arrested and imprisoned +in York County, and thence removed for trial to Worcester by order of +the council, May 29, 1778. The following letter uncomplimentary to these +two loyalists is found in Massachusetts Archives (cxcix, 278). + + Sir. The two Gerrishes Moses & Enoch, that ware sometime since + apprehended by warrant from the Council are now set at Libberty by + reason of that Laws Expiring on which they were taken up. I would + move to your Hon'rs a new warrant might Isue, Directed to Doc'r. + Silas Hoges to apprehend & confine them as I look upon them to be + Dangerous persons to go at large. I am with respect your Hon'rs. + most obedient Hum. Ser't. + + JAMES PRESCOTT. + + Groton 12 of July 1778. + + To the Hon'e Jereh. Powel Esq. + +An order for their rearrest was voted by the council. Moses Gerrish +finally received some position in the commissary department of the +British army, and, when peace was declared, obtained a grant of free +tenancy of the island of Grand Menan for seven years. At the expiration +of that time, if a settlement of forty families with schoolmaster and +minister should be established, the whole island was to become the +freehold of the colonists. Associated with Gerrish in this project was +Thomas Ross, of Lancaster. They failed in obtaining the requisite number +of settlers, but continued to reside upon the island, and there Moses +Gerrish died at an advanced age. + +Solomon Houghton, a Lancaster farmer in comfortable circumstances, +fearing the inquisition of the patriot committee, fled from his home. In +1779, the judge of probate for Worcester County appointed commissioners +to care for his confiscated estate. + +Ezra Houghton, a prosperous farmer, and recently appointed justice of +the peace, affixed his name to the address to General Gage in 1775, and +to the recantation. In May, 1777, he was imprisoned, under charge of +counterfeiting the bills of public credit and aiding the enemy. In +November following he petitioned to be admitted to bail (see +Massachusetts Archives, ccxvi, 129) and his request was favorably +received, his bail bond being set at two thousand pounds. + +Joseph Moore was one of the six slave-owners of Lancaster in 1771, +possessed a farm and a mill, and was ranked a "gentleman." On September +20, 1777, being confined in Worcester jail, he petitioned for +enlargement, claiming his innocence of the charges for which his name +had been put upon Lancaster's black list. His petition met no favor, and +his estate was duly confiscated. (See Massachusetts Archives, clxxxiii, +160.) + +At the town meeting on the first Monday in November, 1777, the names of +James Carter and Daniel Allen were stricken from the black list, +apparently without opposition. That the Reverend Timothy Harrington, +Lancaster's prudent and much-beloved minister, should be denounced as an +enemy of his country, and his name even placed temporarily among those +of "dangerous persons," exhibits the bitterness of partisanship at that +date. This town-meeting prosecution was ostensibly based upon certain +incautious expressions of opinion, but appears really to have been +inspired by the spite of the Whitcombs and others, whose enmity had been +aroused by his conservative action several years before in the church +troubles, known as "the Goss and Walley war," in the neighboring town of +Bolton. The Reverend Thomas Goss, of Bolton, Ebenezer Morse, of +Boylston, and Andrew Whitney, of Petersham, were classmates of Mr. +Harrington in the Harvard class of 1737, and all of them were opposed to +the revolution of the colonies. The disaffection, which, ignoring the +action of an ecclesiastical council, pushed Mr. Goss from his pulpit, +arose more from the political ferment of the day than from any advanced +views of his opponents respecting the abuse of alcoholic stimulants. For +nearly forty years Mr. Harrington had perhaps never omitted from his +fervent prayers in public assemblies the form of supplication for +divine blessing upon the sovereign ruler of Great Britain. It is not +strange, although he had yielded reluctant submission to the new order +of things, and was anxiously striving to perform his clerical duties +without offense to any of his flock, that his lips should sometimes +lapse into the wonted formula, "bless our good King George." It is +related that on occasions of such inadvertence, he, without embarrassing +pause, added: "Thou knowest, O Lord! we mean George Washington." In the +records of the town clerk, nothing is told of the nature of the charges +against Mr. Harrington, or of the manner of his defence. Two deacons +were sent as messengers "to inform the Rev'd Timo'o Harrington that he +has something in agitation Now to be Heard in this Meeting at which he +has Liberty to attend." Joseph Willard, Esq., in 1826, recording +probably the reminiscence of some one present at the dramatic scene, +says that when the venerable clergyman confronted his accusers, baring +his breast, he exclaimed with the language and feeling of outraged +virtue: "Strike, strike here with your daggers! I am a true friend to my +country!" + +Among the manuscripts left by Mr. Harrington there is one prepared for, +if not read at, this town meeting, containing the charges in detail, and +his reply to each. It is headed: "Harrington's answers to ye Charges +&c." It is a shrewd and eloquent defence, bearing evidence, so far as +rhetoric can, that its author was in advance of his people and his times +in respect of Christian charity, if not of political foresight. The +charges were four in number: the first being that of the Bolton +Walleyites alleging that his refusal to receive them as church members +in regular standing brought him "under ye censure of shutting up ye +Kingdom of Heaven against men." To this, calm answer is given by a +review of the whole controversy in the Bolton Church, closing thus: "Mr. +Moderator, as I esteemed the Proceedings of these Brethren at Bolton +Disorderly and Schismatical, and as the Apostle hath given Direction to +mark those who cause Divisions and Offences and avoid them, I thought it +my Duty to bear Testimony against ye Conduct of both ye People at +Bolton, and those who were active in settling a Pastor over them in the +Manner Specified, and I still retain ye sentiment, and this not to shut +the Kingdom of Heaven against them, but to recover them from their +wanderings to the Order of the Gospel and to the direct way to the +Kingdom of Heaven. And I still approve and think them just." + +The second charge, in full, was as follows:-- + +"It appears to us that his conduct hath ye greatest Tendency to subvert +our religious Constitution and ye Faith of these churches.--In his +saying that the Quebeck Bill was just--and that he would have done the +same had he been one of ye Parliament--and also saying that he was in +charity with a professed Roman Catholick, whose Principles are so +contrary to the Faith of these churches,--That for a man to be in +charity with them we conceive that it is impossible that he should be in +Charity with professed New England Churches. It therefore appears to us +that it would be no better than mockery for him to pretend to stand as +Pastor to one of these churches." To this Mr. Harrington first replies +by the pointed question: "Is not Liberty of Conscience and ye right of +judging for themselves in the matters of Religion, one grand professed +Principle in ye New England Churches; and one Corner Stone in their +Foundation?" He then explicitly states his abhorrence of "the +anti-Christian tenets of Popery," adding: "However on the other hand +they receive all the articles of the Athanasian Creed--and of +consequence in their present Constitution they have some Gold, Silver, +and precious stones as well as much wood, hay, and stubble." He +characterizes the accusation in this pithy paragraph: "Too much Charity +is the Charge here brought against me,--would to God I had still more of +it in ye most important sense. Instead of a Disqualification, it would +be a most enviable accomplishment in ye Pastor of a Protestant New +England Church." A sharp _argumentum ad hominem_, for the benefit of the +ultra-radical accuser closes this division of his defence. "But, Mr. +Moderator, if my charity toward some Roman Catholicks disqualified me +for a Protestant Minister, what, what must we think of ye honorable +Congress attending Mass in a Body in ye Roman Catholic Chappel at +Philadelphia? Must it not be equal mockery in them to pretend to +represent and act for the United Protestant States?" ... + +The third charge was that he had declared himself and one of the +brethren to "be a major part of the Church." This, like the first +charge, was a revival of an old personal grievance within the church, +rehabilitated to give cumulative force to the political complaints. The +accusation is summarily disposed of; the accused condemning the +sentiment "as grossly Tyrannical, inconsistent with common sense and +repugnant to good order"; and denying that he ever uttered it. + +Lastly came the political charge pure and simple. + +"His despising contemning and setting at naught and speaking Evil of all +our Civil Rulers, Congress, Continental and Provincial, of all our +Courts, Legislative and Executive, are not only subversive of good +Order: But we apprehend come under Predicament of those spoken of in 2 +Pet. II. 10, who despise government, presumptuous, selfwilled, they are +not afraid to speak evil of Dignities &c." + +Mr. Harrington acknowledges that he once uttered to a Mr. North this +imprudent speech. "I disapprove abhor and detest the Results of Congress +whether Continental or Provincial," but adds that he "took the first +opportunity to inform Mr. North that I had respect only to two articles +in said Results." He apologizes for the speech, but at the same time +defends his criticism of the two articles as arbitrary measures. He also +confesses saying that "General Court had no Business to direct +Committees to seize on Estates before they had been Confiscated in a +course of Law," and "that their Constituents never elected or sent them +for that Purpose," but this sentiment he claimed that he had +subsequently retracted as rash and improper to be spoken. These +objectionable expressions of opinion, he asserts, were made "before ye +19th of April 1775." + +It is needless to say that the Reverend Timothy Harrington's name was +speedily erased from the black list, and, to the credit of his people be +it said, he was treated with increased consideration and honor during +the following eighteen years that he lived to serve them. In the +deliberations of the Lancaster town meeting, as in those of the +Continental Congress, broad views of National Independence based upon +civil and religions liberty, finally prevailed over sectional prejudice +and intolerance. The loyalist pastor was a far better republican than +his radical inquisitors. + + * * * * * + +[Since the paper upon Lancaster and the Acadiens was published in The +Bay State Monthly for April, I have been favored with the perusal of +Captain Abijah Willard's "Orderly Book," through the courtesy of its +possessor, Robert Willard, M.D., of Boston, who found it among the +historical collections of his father, Joseph Willard, Esq. The volume +contains, besides other interesting matter, a concise diary of +experiences during the military expedition of 1755 in Nova Scotia; from +which it appears that the Lancaster company was prominently engaged in +the capture of Forts Lawrence and Beau Sejour. Captain Willard, though +not at Grand Pre, was placed in command of a detachment which carried +desolation through the villages to the westward of the Bay of Minas; and +the diary affords evidence that this warfare against the defenceless +peasantry was revolting to that gallant officer; and that, while +obedient to his positive orders, he tempered the cruelty of military +necessity with his own humanity. + +The full names of his subalterns, not given in the list from General +Winslow's Journal, are found to be + + "Joshua Willard, _Lieutenant_, + Moses Haskell, " + Caleb Willard, _Ensign_." + +Of the Lancaster men, Sergeant James Houghton died, and William Hudson +was killed, in Nova Scotia. + +The diary is well worthy of being printed complete. + +H.S.M.] + + * * * * * + +LOUIS ANSART. + +BY CLARA CLAYTON. + + +One of the notable citizens of Revolutionary times was Colonel Louis +Ansart. He was a native of France, and came to America in 1776, while +our country was engaged in war with England. He brought with him +credentials from high officials in his native country, and was +immediately appointed colonel of artillery and inspector-general of the +foundries, and engaged in casting cannon in Massachusetts. Colonel +Ansart understood the art to great perfection; and it is said that some +of his cannon and mortars are still serviceable and valuable. Foundries +were then in operation in Bridgewater and Titicut, of which he had +charge until the close of the Revolutionary War. + +Colonel Ansart was an educated man--a graduate of a college in +France--and of a good family. It is said that he conversed well in seven +different languages. + +His father purchased him a commission of lieutenant at the age of +fourteen years; and he was employed in military service by his native +country and the United States, and held a commission until the close of +the Revolutionary War, when he purchased a farm in Dracut and resided +there until his death. He returned to France three times after he first +came to this country, and was there at the time Louis XVI was arrested, +in 1789. + +Colonel Ansart married Catherine Wimble, an American lady, of Boston, +and reared a large family in Dracut--in that portion of the town which +was annexed to Lowell in 1874. Atis Ansart, who still resides there, in +the eighty-seventh year of his age, is a son of Colonel Ansart; also +Felix Ansart, late of New London, Connecticut, and for twenty-four years +an officer of the regular army, at one time stationed at Fort Moultrie, +South Carolina, and afterwards at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where he +remained eight years, and died in January, 1874. + +There were five boys and seven girls. The boys were those above named, +and Robert, Abel, and Louis. The girls were Julia Ann, who married +Bradley Varnum; Fanny, who died in childhood; Betsey, who married +Jonathan Hildreth, moved to Ohio, and died in Dayton, in that State; +Sophia, who married Peter Hazelton, who died some twenty years ago, +after which she married a Mr. Spaulding; Harriet, who married Samuel N. +Wood, late of Lowell; Catherine, who married Mr. Layton; and Aline, who +died at the age of eighteen years. + +Colonel Ansart was trained in that profession and in those times which +had a tendency to develop the sterner qualities, and was what would be +termed in these times a man of stern, rigid, and imperious nature. It is +said he never retired at night without first loading his pistols and +swinging them over the headboard of his bed. + +After settling in Dracut,--and in his best days he lived in excellent +style for the times, kept a span of fine horses, rode in a sulky, and +"lived like a nabob,"--he always received a pension from the government; +but his habits were such that he never acquired a fortune, but spent his +money freely and enjoyed it as he went along. + +Before he came to America he had traveled in different countries. On one +occasion, in Italy, he was waylaid and robbed of all he had, and +narrowly escaped with his life. He had been playing and had been very +successful, winning money, gold watches, and diamonds. As he was riding +back to his hotel his postilion was shot. He immediately seized his +pistols to defend himself, when he was struck on the back of the head +with a bludgeon and rendered insensible. He did not return to +consciousness until the next morning, when he found himself by the side +of the road, bleeding from a terrible wound in his side from a +dirk-knife. He had strength to attract the attention of a man passing +with a team, and was taken to his hotel. A surgeon was called, who +pronounced the wound mortal. Mr. Ansart objected to that view of the +case, and sent for another, and with skilful treatment he finally +recovered. + +It is said that he was a splendid swordsman. On a certain occasion he +was insulted, and challenged his foe to step out and defend himself with +his sword. His opponent declined, saying he never fought with girls, +meaning that Mr. Ansart was delicate, with soft, white hands and fair +complexion, and no match for him, whereupon the young Frenchman drew his +sword to give him a taste of his quality. He flourished it around his +opponent's head, occasionally stratching his face and hands, until he +was covered with wounds and blood, but he could not provoke him to draw +his weapon and defend himself. After complimenting him with the name of +"coward," he told him to go about his business, advising him in future +to be more careful of his conduct and less boastful of his courage. + +During the inquisition in France, Colonel Ansart said that prisoners +were sometimes executed in the presence of large audiences, in a sort of +amphitheatre. People of means had boxes, as in our theatres of the +present day. Colonel Ansart occupied one of these boxes on one occasion +with his lady. Before the performance began, another gentleman with his +lady presented himself in Colonel Ansart's box, and requested him to +vacate. He was told that he was rather presuming in his conduct and had +better go where he belonged. The man insisted upon crowding himself in, +and was very insolent, when Colonel Ansart seized him and threw him over +the front, when, of course, he went tumbling down among the audience +below. Colonel Ansart was for this act afterward arrested and imprisoned +for a short time, but was finally liberated without trial. + +History informs us that a combined attack by D'Estaing and General +Sullivan was planned, in 1778, for the expulsion of the British from +Rhode Island, where, under General Pigot, they had established a +military depot. Colonel Ansart was _aide-de-camp_ to General Sullivan in +this expedition, and was wounded in the engagement of August 29. + +On a certain occasion he was taking a sleigh-ride with his family, and +in one of the adjacent towns met a gentleman with his turn-out in a +narrow and drifted part of the road, where some difficulty occurred in +passing each other. Colonel Ansart suggested to him that he should not +have driven into such a place when he saw him coming. The man denied +that he saw the colonel, and told him he lied. Colonel Ansart seized his +pistol to punish him for his insolence, when his wife interfered, an +explanation followed, and it was ascertained that both gentlemen were +from Dracut. One was deacon of the church, and the other +"inspector-general of artillery." Of course the pistols were put up, as +the deacon didn't wish to be shot, and the colonel _wouldn't tell a +lie_. + +In his prime, our hero stood six feet high in his boots, and weighed two +hundred pounds. He died in Dracut, May 28, 1804, at the age of sixty-two +years. + +Mrs. Ansart was born in Boston, and witnessed the battle of Bunker Hill, +and often described the appearance of the British soldiers as they +marched along past her residence, both in going to the battle and in +returning. She was thirteen years of age, and recollected it perfectly. +She said they were grand as they passed along the streets of Boston +toward Charlestown. The officers were elegantly dressed and were in +great spirits, thinking it was only a pleasant little enterprise to go +over to Charlestown and drive those Yankees out of their fort; but when +they returned it was a sad sight. The dead and dying were carried +through the streets pale and ghastly and covered with blood. She said +the people witnessed the battle from the houses in Boston, and as +regiment after regiment was swept down by the terrible fire of the +Americans, they said that the British were feigning to be frightened and +falling down for sport; but when they saw that they did not get up +again, and when the dead and wounded were brought back to Boston, the +reality began to be made known, and that little frolic of taking the +fort was really an ugly job, and hard to accomplish. + +Mrs. Ansart died in Dracut at the age of eighty-six years, January 27, +1849. She retained her mental and physical faculties to a great degree +till within a short time before her death. She was accustomed to walk to +church, a distance of one mile, when she was eighty years of age. +Colonel and Mrs. Ansart were both buried in Woodbine Cemetery, in the +part of Lowell which belonged to Dracut at the time of their interment. + + * * * * * + +BEACON HILL BEFORE THE HOUSES. + +BY DAVID M. BALFOUR. + + +The visitor to the dome of the Capitol of the State, as he looks out +from its lantern and beholds spread immediately beneath his feet a +semi-circular space, whose radius does not exceed a quarter of a mile, +covered with upward of two thousand dwelling-houses, churches, hotels, +and other public edifices, does not in all probability ask himself the +question: "_What did this place look like before there was any house +here?_" When Lieutenant-Colonel George Washington visited Boston in +1756, on business connected with the French war, and lodged at the +Cromwell's Head Tavern, a building which is still standing on the north +side of School Street, upon the site of No. 13, where Mrs. Harrington +now deals out coffee and "mince"-pie to her customers, Beacon Hill was a +collection of pastures, owned by thirteen proprietors, in lots +containing from a half to twenty acres each. The southwesterly slope of +the prominence is designated upon the old maps as "Copley Hill." + +We will now endeavor to describe the appearance of the hill, at the +commencement of the American Revolution, with the beacon on its top, +from which it took its name, consisting of a tall mast sixty feet in +height, erected in 1635, with an iron crane projecting from its side, +supporting an iron pot. The mast was placed on cross-timbers, with a +stone foundation, supported by braces, and provided with cross-sticks +serving as a ladder for ascending to the crane. It remained until 1776, +when it was destroyed by the British; but was replaced in 1790 by a +monument, inclosed in a space six rods square, where it remained until +1811. It was surmounted by an eagle, which now surmounts the speaker's +desk in the hall of the House of Representatives, and had tablets upon +its four sides with inscriptions commemorative of Revolutionary events. +It stood nearly opposite the southeast corner of the reservoir lot, upon +the site of No. 82 Temple Street, and its foundation was sixty feet +higher up in the air than the present level of that street. The lot was +sold, in 1811, for the miserable pittance of _eighty cents_ per square +foot! + +Starting upon our pedestrian tour from the corner of Tremont and Beacon +Streets, where now stands the Albion, was an acre lot owned by the heirs +of James Penn, a selectman of the town, and a ruling elder in the First +Church, which stood in State Street upon the site of Brazer's Building. +The parsonage stood opposite, upon the site of the Merchants Bank +Building, and extended with its garden to Dock Square, the water flowing +up nearly to the base of the Samuel Adams statue. Next comes a half-acre +lot owned by Samuel Eliot, grandfather of President Eliot of Harvard +University. Then follows a second half-acre lot owned by the heirs of +the Reverend James Allen, fifth minister of the First Church, who, in +his day, as will be shown in the sequel, owned a larger portion of the +surface of Boston than any other man, being owner of thirty-seven of the +seven hundred acres which inclosed the territory of the town. His name +is perpetuated in the street of that name bounding the Massachusetts +General Hospital grounds. Somerset Street was laid out through it. The +Congregational House, Jacob Sleeper Hall, and Boston University +Building, which occupies the former site of the First Baptist Church, +under the pastorship of the Reverend Rollin H. Neale, stand upon it. +Next comes Governor James Bowdoin's two-acre pasture, extending from the +last-named street to Mount Vernon Street, and northerly to Allston +Street; the upper part of Bowdoin Street and Ashburton Place were laid +out through it; the Church of Notre Dame des Victoires, formerly +Freeman-place Chapel, built by the Second Church, under the pastoral +care of the Reverend Chandler Robbins, and afterwards occupied by the +First Presbyterian Church, the Church of the Disciples, the +Brattle-square Church, the Old South Church, and the First Reformed +Episcopal Church; so that the entire theological gamut has resounded +from its walls; the Swedenborgian Church, over which the Reverend Thomas +Worcester presided for a long series of years, also stands upon it. +Having reached the summit of the hill, we come abreast of the +five-and-a-half-acre pasture of Governor John Hancock, the first signer +of the immortal Declaration of American Independence, extending from +Mount Vernon Street to Joy Street, and northerly to Derne Street, +embracing the Capitol lot, and also the reservoir lot, for which last +two he paid, in 1752, the modest sum of eleven hundred dollars! It is +now worth a thousand times as much. For the remainder of his possessions +in that vicinity he paid nine hundred dollars more. The upper part of +Mount Vernon Street, the upper part of Hancock Street, and Derne Street, +were laid out through it. Then, descending the hill, comes Benjamin +Joy's two-acre pasture, extending from Joy Street to Walnut Street, and +extending northerly to Pinckney Street; forty-seven dwelling-houses now +standing upon it. Mr. Joy paid two thousand dollars for it. At the time +of its purchase he was desirous of getting a house in the country, as +being more healthy than a town-residence, and he selected this localty +as "being country enough for him." The upper part of Joy Street was laid +out through it. Now follows the valuable twenty-acre pasture of John +Singleton Copley, the eminent historical painter, one of whose +productions (Charles the First demanding in the House of Commons the +arrest of the five impeached members) is now in the art-room of the +Public Library. It extended for a third of a mile on Beacon Street, from +Walnut Street to Beaver Street, and northerly to Pinckney Street, which +he purchased in lots at prices ranging from fifty to seventy dollars per +acre. Walnut, Spruce, a part of Charles, River, Brimmer, Branch Avenue, +Byron Avenue, Lime, and Chestnut Streets, Louisburg Square, the lower +parts of Mount Vernon and Pinckney Streets, and the southerly part of +West Cedar Street, have been laid out through it. Copley left Boston, in +1774, for England, and never returned to his native land. He wrote to +his agent in Boston, Gardner Greene (whose mansion subsequently stood +upon the enclosure in Pemberton Square, surrounded by a garden of two +and a quarter acres, for which he paid thirty-three thousand dollars), +to sell the twenty-acre pasture for the best price which could be +obtained. After a delay of some time he sold it, in 1796, for eighteen +thousand four hundred and fifty dollars; equivalent to nine hundred +dollars per acre, or _two cents_ per square foot. It is a singular fact +that a record title to only two and a half of the twenty acres could be +found. It was purchased by the Mount Vernon Proprietors, consisting of +Jonathan Mason, three tenths; Harrison Gray Otis, three tenths; Benjamin +Joy, two tenths; and Henry Jackson, two tenths. The barberry bushes +speedily disappeared after the Copley sale. The southerly part of +Charles Street was laid out through it. And the first railroad in the +United States was here employed. It was gravitation in principle. An +inclined plane was laid from the top of the hill, and the dirt-cars slid +down, emptying their loads into the water at the foot and drawing the +empty cars upward. The apex of the hill was in the rear of the Capitol +near the junction of Mount Vernon and Temple Streets, and was about +sixty feet above the present level of that locality, and about even with +the roof of the Capitol. The level at the corner of Bowdoin Street and +Ashburton Place has been reduced about thirty feet, and at the northeast +corner of the reservoir lot about twenty feet, and Louisburg Square +about fifteen feet. The contents of the excavations were used to fill up +Charles Street as far north as Cambridge Street, the parade-ground on +the Common, and the Leverett-street jail lands. The territory thus +conveyed now embraces some of the finest residences in the city. The +Somerset Club-house, the Church of the Advent, and the First African +Church, built in 1807 by the congregation worshiping with the Reverend +Daniel Sharp, stand upon it. + +[Illustration: MAP OF BEACON HILL AND WEST END IN BOSTON] + +Bounded southerly on Copley's pasture, westerly on Charles River, and +northerly on Cambridge Street, was Zachariah Phillips's nine-acre +pasture, which extended easterly to Grove Street; for which he paid one +hundred pounds sterling, equivalent to fifty dollars per acre. The +northerly parts of Charles and West Cedar Streets, and the westerly +parts of May and Phillips Streets have been laid out through it. The +Twelfth Baptist Church, formerly under the pastorship of the Reverend +Samuel Snowdon, stands upon it. Proceeding easterly was the +sixteen-and-a-half-acre pasture of the Reverend James Allen, before +alluded to as the greatest landowner in the town of Boston, for which he +paid one hundred and fifty pounds, New-England currency, equivalent to +twenty-two dollars per acre. It bounded southerly on Copley's, Joy's and +Hancock's pastures, and extended easterly to Temple Street. Anderson, +Irving, Garden, South Russell, Revere, and the easterly parts of +Phillips and Myrtle Streets, were laid out through it. Next comes +Richard Middlecott's four-acre pasture, extending from Temple Street to +Bowdoin Street, and from Cambridge Street to Allston Street. Ridgeway +Lane, the lower parts of Hancock, Temple, and Bowdoin Streets, were +laid out through it. The Independent Baptist Church, formerly under the +pastorship of the Reverend Thomas Paul; the First Methodist Episcopal +Church, built in 1835 by the parish of Grace Church, under the +rectorship of the Reverend Thomas M. Clark, now bishop of the diocese of +Rhode Island; the Mission Chapel of St. John the Evangelist, which was +erected in 1830 by the congregation of the Reverend Lyman Beecher, just +after the destruction of their edifice by fire, which stood at the +southeast corner of Hanover and (new) Washington Streets, stand upon it. +Next comes the four-acre pasture of Charles Bulfinch, the architect of +the Capitol at Washington, also of the Massachusetts Capitol, Faneuil +Hall, and other public buildings, and for fourteen years chairman of the +board of selectmen of the town of Boston, extending from Bowdoin Street +to Bulfinch Street, and from Bowdoin Square to Ashburton Place, for +which he paid two hundred pounds, New-England currency, equivalent to +six hundred and sixty-seven dollars. Bulfinch Street and Bulfinch Place +were laid out through it. The Revere House, formerly the mansion of Kirk +Boott, one of the founders of the city of Lowell; Bulfinch-place Church, +which occupies the site of the Central Universalist Church, erected in +1822 by the congregation of the Reverend Paul Dean; and also Mount +Vernon Church, erected in 1842 by the congregation over which the +Reverend Edward N. Kirk presided, stand upon it. Then follows the +two-acre pasture of Cyprian Southack, extending to Tremont Row easterly, +and westerly to Somerset Street, Stoddard Street and Howard Street were +laid out through it. The Howard Athenaeum, formerly the site of Father +Miller's Tabernacle, stands upon it. Then follows the +one-and-a-half-acre pasture of the heirs of the Reverend John Cotton, +second minister of the First Church, extending from Howard Street to +Pemberton Square, which constitutes a large portion of that enclosure. +And lastly, proceeding southerly, comes the four-acre pasture of William +Phillips, extending from the southeasterly corner of Pemberton Square to +the point of beginning, and enclosing the largest portion of that +enclosure. The Hotel Pavilion, the Suffolk Savings Bank, and Houghton +and Dutton's stores, stand upon it. + +Less than a century ago Charles River flowed at high tide from the +southeast corner of Cambridge Street and Anderson Street across +intervening streets to Beacon Street, up which it flowed one hundred and +forty-three feet easterly across Charles Street to No. 61. When Mr. John +Bryant dug the cellar for that building he came to the natural beach, +with its rounded pebbles, at the depth of three or four feet below the +surface. It also flowed over the Public Garden, across the southern +portion of the parade-ground, to the foot of the hill, upon which stands +the Soldiers' Monument. A son of H.G. Otis was drowned, about seventy +years ago, in a quagmire which existed at that spot. It also flowed +across the westerly portion of Boylston Street and Tremont Street, and +Shawmut Avenue, to the corner of Washington Street and Groton Street, +where stood the fortifications during the American Revolution, across +the Neck, which was only two hundred and fifty feet in width at that +point, and thence to the boundary of Roxbury. A beach existed where now +is Charles Street, and the lower part of Cambridge Street, on both +sides, was a marsh. + +Less than a century ago, land on Beacon Hill was as cheap as public +documents. Ministers are enjoined not to be worldly minded, and not to +be given to filthy lucre. But the Reverend James Allen would furnish an +excellent pattern for a modern real-estate speculator. In addition to +his pasture on the south side of Cambridge Street, he had also a +twenty-acre pasture on the north side of that street, between Chambers +Street and Charles River, extending to Poplar Street, for which he paid +one hundred and forty pounds, New-England currency, equivalent to four +hundred and sixty-seven dollars, equal to twenty-three dollars per acre. +He was thus the proprietor of all the territory from Pinckney Street to +Poplar Street, between Joy Street and Chambers Street on the east, and +Grove Street and Charles River on the west; for which he paid the +magnificent sum of nine hundred and sixty-seven dollars! It was called +"Allen's Farm." The Capitol lot, containing ninety-five thousand square +feet, was bought by the town of Boston of John Hancock (who, though a +devoted patriot to the American cause, yet in all his business +transactions had an eye to profit), for the sum of thirteen thousand +three hundred and thirty-three dollars; only _twenty_ times as much as +he gave for it! The town afterward conveyed it to the Commonwealth for +five shillings, upon condition that it should be used for a Capitol. In +1846, the city of Boston paid one hundred and forty-five thousand one +hundred and seven dollars for the reservoir lot containing thirty-seven +thousand four hundred and eighty-eight square feet. In 1633, the town +granted to William Blackstone fifty acres of land wherever he might +select. He accordingly selected upon the south-westerly slope of Beacon +Hill, which included the Common. Being afterward compelled by the town +to fence in his vacant land, he conveyed back to the town, for thirty +pounds, all but the six-acre lot at the corner of Beacon and Spruce +Streets, and extending westerly to Charles River, and northerly to +Pinckney Street, where he lived until 1635, when he removed to Rhode +Island, and founded the town which bears his name. + +It will thus be perceived that the portion of Beacon Hill, included +between Beacon Street, Beaver Street, Cambridge Street, Bowdoin Square, +Court Street, Tremont Row, and Tremont Street, containing about +seventy-three acres, was sold, less than a century ago, at prices +ranging from twenty-two to nine hundred dollars per acre, aggregating +less than thirty thousand dollars. It now comprises the ninth ward of +the city of Boston, and contains within its limits a real estate +valuation of sixteen millions of dollars. Its name and fame are +associated with important events and men prominent in American annals. +Upon its slopes have dwelt Josiah Quincy, of ante-Revolutionary fame, +and his son and namesake of civic fame; and also his grandson and +namesake, and Edmund, equally distinguished; Lemuel Shaw, Robert G. +Shaw, Daniel Webster, Abbott Lawrence, Samuel, Nathan, and William +Appleton, Samuel T. Armstrong, Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis, J. Lothrop +Motley, William H. Prescott, Charles Sumner, John A. Andrew, John C. +Warren, Mrs. Sarah J. Hale, Lyman Beecher, William E. Channing, and +Hosea Ballou. Lafayette made it his temporary home in 1824, and Kossuth +in 1852. During the present century, the laws of Massachusetts have been +enacted upon and promulgated from its summit, and will probably continue +so to be for ages to come. + + * * * * * + +BRITISH FORCE AND THE LEADING LOSSES IN THE REVOLUTION. + +[From Original Returns in the British Record Office.] + +COMPILED BY HENRY B. CARRINGTON, U.S.A. + + +At Boston, in 1775, 9,147. + +At New York, in 1776, 31,626. + +In America: June, 1777, 30,957; August, 1778, 33,756; February, 1779, +30,283; May, 1779, 33,458; December, 1779, 38,569; May, 1780, 38,002; +August, 1780, 33,020; December, 1780, 33,766; May, 1781, 33,374; +September, 1781, 42,075. + +CASUALTIES. + +Bunker Hill, 1,054; Long Island, 400; Fort Washington, 454; Trenton, +1,049 (including prisoners); Hubbardton, 360; Bennington, 207 (besides +prisoners); Freeman's Farm, 550; Bemis Heights, 500; Burgoyne's +Surrender, 5,763; Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 190; Brandywine, 600; +Germantown, 535; Monmouth, 2,400 (including deserters); Siege of +Charlestown, 265; Camden, 324; Cowpens, 729; Guilford Court House, 554; +Hobkirk's Hill, 258; Eutaw Springs, 693; New London, 163; Yorktown, 552; +Cornwallis's Surrender, 7,963. + + * * * * * + +HISTORICAL NOTES. + + +BIRD AND SQUIRREL LEGISLATION IN 1776. + +"_Whereas_, much mischief happens from Crows, Black Birds, and +Squirrels, by pulling up corn at this season of the year, therefore, be +it enacted by this Town meeting, that ninepence as a bounty per head be +given for every full-grown crow, and twopence half-penny per head for +every young crow, and twopence half-penny per head for every crow +blackbird, and one penny half-penny per head for every red-winged +blackbird, and one penny half-penny per head for every thrush or jay +bird and streaked squirrel that shall be killed, and presented to the +Town Treasurer by the twentyeth day of June next, and that the same be +paid out of the town treasury." + + +BARRINGTON, RHODE ISLAND. + +At the meeting of the town held on the fourteenth of March, 1774, James +Brown, the fourth, was the first on the committee to draw up resolves to +be laid before the meeting respecting the infringements made upon the +Americans by certain "ministerial decrees." These were laid before a +meeting held March 21, 1774, and received by the town's votes, as +follows:-- + +"The inhabitants of this Town being justly Alarmed at the several acts +of Parliament made and passed for having a revenue in America, and, more +especially the acts for the East India Company, exporting their tea into +America subject to a duty payable here, on purpose to raise a revenue in +America, with many more unconstitutional acts, which are taken into +consideration by a number of our sister towns in the Colony, therefore +we think it needless to enlarge upon them; but being sensible of the +dangerous condition the Colonies are in, Occasioned by the Influence of +wicked and designing men, we enter into the following Resolves; + +"_First_, That we, the Inhabitants of the Town ever have been & now are +Loyal & dutiful subjects to the king of G. Britain. + +"_Second_, That we highly approve of the resolutions of our sister +Colonies and the noble stand they have made in the defense of the +liberties & priviledges of the Colonys, and we thank the worthy Author +of 'the rights of the Colonies examined.' + +"_Third_, That the act for the East India Company to export their Tea to +America payable here, and the sending of said tea by the Company, is +with an intent to enforce the Revenue Acts and Design'd for a precedent +for Establishing Taxes, Duties & Monopolies in America, that they might +take our property from us and dispose of it as they please and reduce us +to a state of abject slavery. + +"_Fourth_, That we will not buy or sell, or receive as a gift, any +dutied Tea, nor have any dealings with any person or persons that shall +buy or sell or give or receive or trade in s'd Tea, directly or +indirectly, knowing it or suspecting it to be such, but will consider +all persons concern'd in introducing dutied Teas ... into any Town in +America, as enemies to this country and unworthy the society of free +men. + +"_Fifth_, That it is the duty of every man in America to oppose by all +proper measures to the uttermost of his Power and Abilities every +attempt upon the liberties of his Country and especially those mentioned +in the foregoing Resolves, & to exert himself to the uttermost of his +power to obtain a redress of the grievances the Colonies now groan +under. + +"We do therefore solemnly resolve that we will heartily unite with the +Town of Newport and all the other Towns in this and the sister Colonies, +and exert our whole force in support of the just rights and priviledges +of the American Colonies. + +"_Sixth_, That James Brown, Isaiah Humphrey, Edw'd Bosworth, Sam'l +Allen, Nathaniel Martin, Moses Tyler, & Thomas Allen, Esq., or a major +part of them, be a committee for this town to Correspond with all the +other Committees appointed by any Town in this or the neighboring +Colonies, and the committee is desir'd to give their attention to every +thing that concerns the liberties of America; and if any of that +obnoxious Tea should be brought into this Town, or any attempt made on +the liberties of the inhabitants thereof, the committee is directed and +empowered to call a town meeting forthwith that such measures may be +taken as the publick safty may require. + +"_Seventh_, That we do heartily unite in and resolve to support the +foregoing resolves with our lives & fortunes." + + +JOHN ROGERS, ESQUIRE. + +A descendant of John Rogers, of Smithfield farm, came to America in the +early emigration. Can any one give any information as to the life and +death of a son, John Rogers, Jr., of Roxbury? + +_Answer_.--John Rogers, Jr., or second, was born at Duxbury, about +February 28, 1641. He married Elisabeth Peabody, and, after King +Philip's War, removed to Mount Hope Neck, Bristol, Rhode Island, about +1680. He again removed to Boston in 1697; to Taunton in 1707; and to +Swansea in 1710. He became blind in 1723, and died after nine days' +sickness, June 28, 1732, in the ninety-second year of his age, leaving +at the time of his death ninety-one descendants, children, +grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. He was buried at Prince's Hill +Cemetery, in Barrington, Rhode Island, where his grave is marked by a +fine slate headstone in excellent preservation. + +M.H.W. + + * * * * * + +PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. + + +We propose to make THE BAY STATE MONTHLY an interesting and valuable +addition to every library--prized in every home--read at every fireside. +We want all who sympathize with our work to express their goodwill by +ordering the publication regularly at their book-seller's, or at the +nearest news stand, or, better yet, remit a year's subscription to the +publishers. After all, financial sympathy is what is needed to encourage +any enterprise. Next in importance is the contribution of articles +calculated to interest, primarily, the good citizens of this +Commonwealth. + +And one feature will be to develop the Romance in Massachusetts Colonial +and State History. Articles of this character are specially desired. In +the meanwhile, the publishers invite contributions of works upon local +history, with view to a fair equivalent in exchange. New England town +histories and historical pamphlets will be very readily accepted at a +fair valuation. + +The encouragement given to THE BAY STATE MONTHLY warrants the publishers +in assuring the public that the magazine is firmly established. Many of +the leading writers of the State have promised articles for future +numbers. + +IF you have a son settled in California, farming or cattle-raising, or +among the Rocky Mountains, or in some wild mining camp exposed to every +temptation, or, perhaps, on some lonely prairie farm, away from +neighbors, send him THE BAY STATE MONTHLY for one year. It will come to +him like a gentle breeze from his native hillside, full of suggestive +thoughts of home. + +In the announcement of THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, and the issue of the first +number, it was perfectly understood that the enterprise was a bold piece +of magazine work. + +The purpose was to begin the year with the first number, and that was +carried out. No apology is made for neglect of notices, whether of +review, or otherwise. In fact, it was not supposed that the readers +would care for editors, if, only, they had fresh matter for their +perusal. + +It is also perfectly understood by the editors of THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, +that every author, and publisher, will look at the numbers, with keen +outlook, for immediate recognition. That is quite right; but recognition +is not less valuable, when it comes in due turn; and no patron will be +overlooked. + +It may have been an error, that the editors did not more fully elaborate +their plan, in their Prospectus. The intent was right. The real plan is +this: + +(1) "THE BAY STATE," in its memorial biography, illustrated by portraits +and historical notes, takes a new field. + +(2) "THE BAY STATE," in its revolutionary and historical record; +illustrated by maps, mansions, and local objects of memorial and +monumental interest, invites support. + +(3) Historical articles, of national value, which illustrate the +outgrowth of the struggle for national independence, which had its start +at Concord and Lexington, was developed in the siege of Boston, and +culminated at Yorktown. In this line we obtained from General +Carrington, the historian, an article and maps to start this series. + +(4) The best historical, educational, and general literature, with no +exclusive limitation of authorship or subject; but with the aim at a +high standard of contributions, so that the magazine should be prized, +as a specialty. + +Perchance a dearly-loved daughter is carrying New-England ideas to some +dark corner of the South or West, leading the young idea, or surrounded +by ideas of her own,--what more appropriate present to the absent one +than THE BAY STATE MONTHLY? + +In the old-fashioned farm-house where your youth was passed so happily, +there may be the dim, spectacled eyes of the good father and +mother--perhaps one without the other--awaiting the approach of spring +and summer, to welcome home their child. Herald your coming by sending +to them THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, to relieve the monotony and awaken +reminiscences of their youth. + +There are indications that the unjust postal law, which provides that +THE BAY STATE MONTHLY can be delivered in San Francisco, New Orleans, or +Savannah, for less than half the money required to deliver it in Boston +and its suburbs, will be repealed by the present Congress, and a more +equitable law established. + +SUBSCRIBE FOR THE BAY STATE MONTHLY. + +THE BAY STATE MONTHLY has found a home at 31 Milk Street, room 46, +(elevator). + +A reliable boy from thirteen to sixteen years old can find employment at +our office. Write, stating qualifications, references, and wages +expected. + +JOHN N. MCCLINTOCK, of THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, has written and has in +press, a History of the town of Pembroke, New Hampshire. Modesty +prevents our dwelling at too great a length upon the merits of the book. +The historical student will find within its covers a wealth of dramatic +incidents, thrilling narrative, touching pathos, etc. + +Apropos of town histories, the publishers of THE BAY STATE MONTHLY would +be willing to confer with authors upon the subject of publishing their +manuscripts. + +We copy, by permission, from the Boston Daily Advertiser, the following + + RECORD OF EVENTS IN JANUARY. + + 1. President Clark of the New York and New England Railroad + appointed its receiver. + + Successful opening of the improved system of sewerage in Boston. + + 2. James Russell Lowell declines the rectorship of St. Andrew's + University, to which he was elected. + + 3. Inauguration of the Hon. George D. Robinson as governor. + + 7. Inauguration of the Boston city government, and of the new + governments in the cities of the Commonwealth. + + 8. Appointment by the governor of Mrs. Ellen C. Johnson, of Boston, + as superintendent of the Sherborn reformatory prison for women. + + 12. Close of the foreign exhibition in Boston. + + 15. Minister Lowell accepts the presidency of the Birmingham and + Midland Institute for 1884. + + 17. Francis W. Rockwell elected to Congress from the twelfth + Massachusetts district to succeed Governor Robinson. + + Mr. Robert Harris elected president of the Northern Pacific + Railroad, in place of Mr. Henry Villard, resigned. + + 18. Steamer City of Columbus of the Boston and Savannah line + wrecked off Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, with the loss of one + hundred lives. + + 28. The State Senate votes to abolish the annual Election Sermon. + + + DEATHS IN JANUARY. + + 3. The Rev. Lawrence Walsh, of Rhode Island, treasurer of the + American National Land League. + + 9. Brigadier-General James F. Hall, of Massachusetts. + + 10. The Rev. George W. Quimby, D.D., of Maine. + + 12. John William Wallace, president of the Pennsylvania Historical + Society. + + 13. The Hon. Francis T. Blackmen, district attorney of Worcester + County, Mass. + + 16. Amos D. Lockwood, of Providence, R.I. Dr. John Taylor Gilman, + of Portland, Me. + + 19. General William C. Plunkett, of Adams, Mass. + + 21. Commodore Timothy A. Hunt, U.S.N., of Connecticut. + +The History of Georgia, by Charles C. Jones, Jr., LL.D. (Boston: +Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 2 vols.) This is one of the most important +recent contributions to American history. Mr. Jones has done for Georgia +what Palfrey did for New England. The first volume deals with the +settlement of the State, while the second covers its history during the +war of the Revolution. With the single exception of omitting to give a +picture of the manners and customs of the people, which is always +essential to a comprehensive history of any community or nation, the +work merits the high praise it has already received. + +The first volume of Suffolk County Deeds was published more than two +years ago, by permission of the city authorities of Boston. The second +one, upon petition of the Suffolk bar, was also printed and distributed +at the close of 1883. These volumes contain valuable original historical +information of the county, and of the city itself. Among other +historically-famous names appear those of Simon Bradstreet, John +Endicott, John Winthrop, and Samuel Maverick. The Indian element of the +colony, also, is shown here several times. The local topography of +Boston and its suburbs, as they existed more than two centuries ago, are +all preserved in this second volume. Other volumes will no doubt follow +in time, thus preserving records that are indeed precious. + +The advanced state of our civilization, and the general prevalence of +intelligence, naturally leads to the desire to contrast the past with +the present; and to trace to their origin, the laws, customs, and +manners of the leading civilized nations of the world. Much research and +strength have been expended in this direction, with gratifying results. +Two such accomplishments have been recently published, which discuss the +early history of property. The first is entitled The English Village +Community, by Frederic Seebohm, (London: Longmans, Green, & Co. 1 vol.) +The other, by Denman W. Ross, PH.D., treats of The Early History of +Landholding among the Germans. (Boston: Soule & Bugbee. 1 vol.) It is +generally admitted that the earliest organization of society was by +family group, and that the earliest occupation of land was by these same +family groups, and it is with the discussion of the theories growing out +of these two that both books are occupied. + +An Old Philadelphian contains sketches of the life of Colonel William +Bradford, the patriot printer of 1776, by John William Wallace. +(Philadelphia. Privately printed, 1 vol.) "He was the third of the +earliest American family of printers, and his memoir serves as an +admirable account of the interesting period in which he was one of the +prominent figures in Philadelphia, and when that city was, in every +sense, the capital of the country." It should be printed for public +sale. + +The initial volume of American Commonwealths, edited by Horace E. +Scudder, and published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, was Virginia: +A History of the People, by John Esten Cooke. This is followed by +Oregon: The Struggle for Possession, written by William Barrows. The +books are intended to give a rapid but forcible sketch of each of those +States in the Union whose lives have had "marked influence upon the +structure of the nation, or have embodied in their formation and growth, +principles of American polity." + +A History of the American People, by Arthur Gilman, published by D. +Lothrop & Co., Boston, I vol. Illustrated. This is a compact account of +the discovery of the continent, settlement of the country, and national +growth of this people. It is treated in a popular way, with strict +reference to accuracy, and is profusely illustrated. + +History of Prussia to the accession of Frederick the Great, 1134-1740, +by Herbert Tuttle. Published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, I vol. +The author, who is Professor of History in Cornell University, "spent +several years in Berlin, studying with the greatest care the Germany of +the past and present. The results are contained in this volume, with the +purpose to describe the political development of Prussia from the +earliest time down to the death of the second king." + +The Magazine of American History, No. 30 Lafayette Place, New York. +Terms, $5 per annum, single numbers 50 cents. Mrs. Martha J. Lamb, +editor. + +This is the only periodical exclusively devoted to the history and +antiquities of America; containing original historical and biographical +articles by writers of recognized ability, besides reprints of rare +documents, translations of valuable manuscripts, careful and +discriminating literary reviews, and a special department of notes and +queries, which is open to all historical inquirers. + +This publication is now in its seventh year and firmly established, with +the support of the cultivated element of the country. It is invaluable +to the reading public, covering a field not occupied by ordinary +periodical literature, and is in every way an admirable table companion +for the scholar, and for all persons of literary and antiquarian tastes. +It forms a storehouse of valuable and interesting material not +accessible in any other form. + +Mrs. Lamb is the author of the elaborate History of the City of New +York, in two volumes, royal octavo, which is the standard authority in +that specialty of local American history. + +We welcome The Magazine of American History, and thank the accomplished +editor for her appreciation of our own more especially New England +enterprise. + +The Magazine of American History, has one element which insures its +merit and its permanence, and that is its list of contributors. Its +previous editors have included John Austin Stevens, the Rev. Dr. B.F. +DeCosta, and others. Its contributors include such names as Bancroft, +Carrington, DePeyster, George E. Ellis, Gardner, Greene, Hamilton, +Stone, Horatio Seymour, Trumbull, Walworth, Rodenbough, Amory, Cooper, +Delafield, Brevoort, Anthon, Bacheller, Arnold, Dexter, Windsor, etc. + +Historical students will find that the facile pen, the painstaking +research, and the scholarly taste of Mrs. Lamb, assure her a place with +the first of American female writers; and that she deserves most +considerate and enthusiastic support. Steel engravings, historical maps, +and many illustrations, add beauty, character, and dignity to the work. + +ERRATUM. In the January number, on pages 39 and 41 the word "Gates" +should read "Gage." + + * * * * * + +AN + +ORATION, + +PRONOUNCED AT + +HANOVER, NEW-HAMPSHIRE, + +THE 4th DAY of JULY, + +1800; + +BEING THE TWENTY-FOURTH + +ANNIVERSARY + +OF + +AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. + + * * * * * + +BY DANIEL WEBSTER, + +_Member of the Junior Class_, DARTMOUTH UNIVERSITY. + + * * * * * + + "Do thou, great LIBERTY, inspire our souls, + And make our lives in thy possession happy, + Or our deaths glorious in thy just defence!" + + ADDISON. + +(PUBLISHED BY REQUEST OF THE SUBSCRIBERS.) + + * * * * * + +PRINTED AT HANOVER, + +BY MOSES DAVIS. + +1800. + + + + +AN _ORATION_. + + +COUNTRYMEN, BRETHREN, AND FATHERS, + +We are now assembled to celebrate an anniversary, ever to be held in +dear remembrance by the sons of freedom. Nothing less than the birth of +a nation, nothing less than the emancipation of three millions of +people, from the degrading chains of foreign dominion, is the event we +commemorate. + +Twenty four years have this day elapsed, since United Columbia first +raised the standard of Liberty, and echoed the shouts of Independence! + +Those of you, who were then reaping the iron harvest of the martial +field, whose bosoms then palpitated for the honor of America, will, at +this time, experience a renewal of all that fervent patriotism, of all +those indescribable emotions, which then agitated your breasts. As for +us, who were either then unborn, or not far enough advanced beyond the +threshold of existence, to engage in the grand conflict for Liberty, we +now most cordially unite with you, to greet the return of this joyous +anniversary, to hail the day that gave us Freedom, and hail the rising +glories of our country! + +On occasions like this, you have heretofore been addressed, from this +stage, on the nature, the origin, the expediency of civil +government.--The field of political speculation has here been explored, +by persons, possessing talents, to which the speaker of the day can have +no pretensions. Declining therefore a dissertation on the principles of +civil polity, you will indulge me in slightly sketching on those events, +which have originated, nurtured, and raised to its present grandeur the +empire of Columbia. + +As no nation on the globe can rival us in the rapidity of our growth, +since the conclusion of the revolutionary war--so none, perhaps, ever +endured greater hardships, and distresses, than the people of this +country, previous to that period. + +We behold a feeble band of colonists, engaged in the arduous undertaking +of a new settlement, in the wilds of North America. Their civil liberty +being mutilated, and the enjoyment of their religious sentiments denied +them, in the land that gave them birth, they fled their country, they +braved the dangers of the then almost unnavigated ocean, and fought, on +the other side the globe, an asylum from the iron grasp of tyranny, and +the more intolerable scourge of ecclesiastical persecution. But gloomy, +indeed, was their prospect, when arrived on this side the Atlantic. +Scattered, in detachments, along a coast immensely extensive, at a +remove of more than three thousand miles from their friends on the +eastern continent, they were exposed to all those evils, and endured all +those difficulties, to which human nature seems liable. Destitute of +convenient habitations, the inclemencies of the seasons attacked them, +the midnight beasts of prey prowled terribly around them, and the more +portentous yell of savage fury incessantly assailed them! But the fame +undiminished confidence in Almighty GOD, which prompted the first +settlers of this country to forsake the unfriendly climes of Europe, +still supported them, under all their calamities, and inspired them +with fortitude almost divine. Having a glorious issue to their labors +now in prospect, they cheerfully endured the rigors of the climate, +pursued the savage beast to his remotest haunt, and stood, undismayed, +in the dismal hour of Indian battle! + +Scarcely were the infant settlements freed from those dangers, which at +first evironed them, ere the clashing interests of France and Britain +involved them anew in war. The colonists were now destined to combat +with well appointed, well disciplined troops from Europe; and the +horrors of the tomahawk and the scalping knife were again renewed. But +these frowns of fortune, distressing as they were, had been met without +a sigh, and endured without a groan, had not imperious Britain +presumptuously arrogated to herself the glory of victories, achieved by +the bravery of American militia. Louisburgh must be taken, Canada +attacked, and a frontier of more than one thousand miles defended by +untutored yeomanry; while the honor of every conquest must be ascribed +to an English army. + +But while Great-Britain was thus ignominiously stripping her colonies of +their well earned laurel, and triumphantly weaving it into the +stupendous wreath of her own martial glories, she was unwittingly +teaching them to value themselves, and effectually to resist, in a +future day, her unjust encroachments. + +The pitiful tale of taxation now commences--the unhappy quarrel, which +issued in the dismemberment of the British empire, has here its origin. + +England, now triumphant over the united powers of France and Spain, is +determined to reduce, to the condition of slaves, her American +subjects. + +We might now display the Legislatures of the several States, together +with the general Congress, petitioning, praying, remonstrating; and, +like dutiful subjects, humbly laying their grievances before the throne. +On the other hand, we could exhibit a British Parliament, assiduously +devising means to subjugate America--disdaining our petitions, trampling +on our rights, and menacingly telling us, in language not to be +misunderstood, "Ye shall be slaves!"--We could mention the haughty, +tyrannical, perfidious GAGE, at the head of a standing army; we could +show our brethren attacked and slaughtered at Lexington! our property +plundered and destroyed at Concord! Recollection can still pain us, with +the spiral flames of burning Charleston, the agonizing groans of aged +parents, the shrieks of widows, orphans and infants!--Indelibly +impressed on our memories, still live the dismal scenes of Bunker's +awful mount, the grand theatre of New-England bravery; where _slaughter_ +stalked, grimly triumphant! where relentless Britain saw her soldiers, +the unhappy instruments of despotism, fallen, in heaps, beneath the +nervous arm of injured freemen!--There the great WARREN fought, and +there, alas, he fell! Valuing life only as it enabled him to serve his +country, he freely resigned himself, a willing martyr in the cause of +Liberty, and now lies encircled in the arms of glory! + + Peace to the patriot's shades--let no rude blast + Disturb the willow, that nods o'er his tomb. + Let orphan tears bedew his sacred urn, + And fame's loud trump proclaim the heroe's name, + Far as the circuit of the spheres extends. + +But, haughty Albion, thy reign shall soon be over,--thou shalt triumph +no longer! thine empire already reels and totters! thy laurels even now +begin to wither, and thy fame decays! Thou hast, at length, roused the +indignation of an insulted people--thine oppressions they deem no longer +tolerable! + +The 4th day of July, 1776, is now arrived; and America, manfully +springing from the torturing fangs of the British Lion, now rises +majestic in the pride of her sovereignty, and bids her Eagle elevate his +wings!--The solemn declaration of Independence is now pronounced, amidst +crowds of admiring citizens, by the supreme council of our nation; and +received with the unbounded plaudits of a grateful people!! + +That was the hour, when heroism was proved, when the souls of men were +tried. It was then, ye venerable patriots, it was then you stretched the +indignant arm, and unitedly swore to be free! Despising such toys as +subjugated empires, you then knew no middle fortune between liberty and +death. Firmly relying on the patronage of heaven, unwarped in the +resolution you had taken, you, then undaunted, met, engaged, defeated +the gigantic power of Britain, and rose triumphant over the ruins of +your enemies!--Trenton, Princeton, Bennington and Saratoga were the +successive theatres of your victories, and the utmost bounds of creation +are the limits to your fame!--The sacred fire of freedom, then enkindled +in your breasts, shall be perpetuated through the long descent of future +ages, and burn, with undiminished fervor, in the bosoms of millions yet +unborn. + +Finally, to close the sanguinary conflict, to grant America the +blessings of an honorable peace, and clothe her heroes with laurels, +CORNWALLIS, at whose feet the kings and princes of Asia have since +thrown their diadems, was compelled to submit to the sword of our father +WASHINGTON.--The great drama is now completed--our Independence is now +acknowledged; and the hopes of our enemies are blasted +forever!--Columbia is now seated in the forum of nations and the empires +of the world are loft in the bright effulgence of her glory! + +Thus, friends and citizens, did the kind hand of over-ruling Providence +conduct us, through toils, fatigues and dangers, to Independence and +Peace. If piety be the rational exercise of the human soul, if religion +be not a chimera, and if the vestiges of heavenly assistance are clearly +traced in those events, which mark the annals of our nation, it becomes +us, on this day, in consideration of the great things, which the LORD +has done for us, to render the tribute of unfeigned thanks, to that GOD, +who superintends the Universe, and holds aloft the scale, that weighs +the destinies of nations. + +The conclusion of the revolutionary war did not conclude the great +achievements of our countrymen. Their military character was then, +indeed, sufficiently established; but the time was coming, which should +prove their political sagacity. + +No sooner was peace restored with England, the first grand article of +which was the acknowledgment of our Independence, than the old system of +confederation, dictated, at first, by necessity, and adopted for the +purposes of the moment, was found inadequate to the government of an +extensive empire. Under a full conviction of this, we then saw the +people of these States, engaged in a transaction, which is, undoubtedly, +the greatest approximation towards human perfection the political world +ever yet experienced; and which, perhaps, will forever stand on the +history of mankind, without a parallel. A great Republic, composed of +different States, whose interest in all respects could not be perfectly +compatible, then came deliberately forward, discarded one system of +government and adopted another, without the loss of one man's blood. + +There is not a single government now existing in Europe, which is not +based in usurpation, and established, if established at all, by the +sacrifice of thousands. But in the adoption of our present system of +jurisprudence, we see the powers necessary for government, voluntarily +springing from the people, their only proper origin, and directed to the +public good, their only proper object. + +With peculiar propriety, we may now felicitate ourselves, on that happy +form of mixed government under which we live. The advantages, resulting +to the citizens of the Union, from the operation of the Federal +Constitution, are utterly incalculable; and the day, when it was +received by a majority of the States, shall stand on the catalogue of +American anniversaries, second to none but the birth day of +Independence. + +In consequence of the adoption of our present system of government, and +the virtuous manner in which it has been administered, by a WASHINGTON +and an ADAMS, we are this day in the enjoyment of peace, while war +devastates Europe! We can now sit down beneath the shadow of the olive, +while her cities blaze, her streams run purple with blood, and her +fields glitter, a forest of bayonets!--The citizens of America can this +day throng the temples of freedom, and renew their oaths of fealty to +Independence; while Holland, our once sister republic, is erased from +the catalogue of nations; while Venice is destroyed, Italy ravaged, and +Switzerland, the once happy, the once united, the once flourishing +Switzerland lies bleeding at every pore! + +No ambitious foe dares now invade our country. No standing army now +endangers our liberty.--Our commerce, though subject in some degree to +the depredations of the belligerent powers, is extended from pole to +pole; and our navy, though just emerging from nonexistence, shall soon +vouch for the safety of our merchantmen, and bear the thunder of freedom +around the ball! + +Fair Science too, holds her gentle empire amongst us, and almost +innumerable altars are raised to her divinity, from Brunswick to +Florida. Yale, Providence and Harvard now grace our land; and DARTMOUTH, +towering majestic above the groves, which encircle her, now inscribes +her glory on the registers of fame!--Oxford and Cambridge, those +oriental stars of literature, shall now be lost, while the bright sun of +American science displays his broad circumference in uneclipsed +radiance. + +Pleasing, indeed, were it here to dilate on the future grandeur of +America; but we forbear; and pause, for a moment, to drop the tear of +affection over the graves of our departed warriors. Their names should +be mentioned on every anniversary of Independence, that the youth, of +each successive generation, may learn not to value life, when held in +competition with their country's safety. + +WOOSTER, MONTGOMERY, and MERCER, fell bravely in battle, and their ashes +are now entombed on the fields that witnessed their valor. Let their +exertions in our country's cause be remembered, while Liberty has an +advocate, or gratitude has place in the human heart. + +GREENE, the immortal hero of the Carolinas, has since gone down to the +grave, loaded with honors, and high in the estimation of his countrymen. +The corageous PUTNAM has long slept with his fathers; and SULLIVAN and +CILLEY, New-Hampshire's veteran sons, are no more numbered with the +living! + +With hearts penetrated by unutterable grief, we are at length +constrained to ask, where is our WASHINGTON? where the hero, who led us +to victory--where the man, who gave us freedom? Where is he, who headed +our feeble army, when destruction threatened us, who came upon our +enemies like the storms of winter; and scattered them like leaves before +the Borean blast? Where, O my country! is thy political saviour? where, +O humanity! thy favorite son? + +The solemnity of this assembly, the lamentations of the American people +will answer, "alas, he is now no more--the Mighty is fallen!" + +Yes, Americans, your WASHINGTON is gone! he is now consigned to dust, +and "sleeps in dull, cold marble." The man, who never felt a wound, but +when it pierced his country, who never groaned, but when fair freedom +bled, is now forever silent!--Wrapped in the shroud of death, the dark +dominions of the grave long since received him, and he rests in +undisturbed repose! Vain were the attempt to express our loss--vain the +attempt to describe the feelings of our souls! Though months have rolled +away, since he left this terrestrial orb, and fought the shining worlds +on high, yet the sad event is still remembered with increased sorrow. +The hoary headed patriot of '76 still tells the mournful story to the +listening infant, till the loss of his country touches his heart, and +patriotism fires his breath. The aged matron still laments the loss of +the man, beneath whose banners her husband has fought, or her son has +fallen.--At the name of WASHINGTON, the sympathetic tear still glistens +in the eye of every youthful hero, nor does the tender sigh yet cease to +heave, in the fair bosom of Columbia's daughters. + + Farewel, O WASHINGTON, a long farewel! + Thy country's tears embalm thy memory: + Thy virtues challenge immortality; + Impressed on grateful hearts, thy name shall live, + Till dissolution's deluge drown the world! + +Although we must feel the keenest sorrow, at the demise of our +WASHINGTON, yet we console ourselves with the reflection, that his +virtuous compatriot, his worthy successor, the firm, the wise, the +inflexible ADAMS still survives.--Elevated, by the voice of his country, +to the supreme executive magistracy, he constantly adheres to her +essential interests; and, with steady hand, draws the disguising veil +from the intrigues of foreign enemies, and the plots of domestic foes. +Having the honor of America always in view, never fearing, when wisdom +dictates, to stem the impetuous torrent of popular resentment, he stands +amidst the fluctuations of party, and the explosions of faction, unmoved +as Atlas, + + While storms and tempests thunder on its brow, + And oceans break their billows at its feet. + +Yet, all the vigilance of our Executive, and all the wisdom of our +Congress have not been sufficient to prevent this country from being in +some degree agitated by the convulsions of Europe. But why shall every +quarrel on the other side the Atlantic interest us in its issue? Why +shall the rife, or depression of every party there, produce here a +corresponding vibration? Was this continent designed as a mere satellite +to the other?--Has not nature here wrought all her operations on her +broadest scale? Where are the Missisippis and the Amazons, the +Alleganies and the Andes of Europe, Asia or Africa? The natural +superiority of America clearly indicates, that it was designed to be +inhabited by a nobler race of men, possessing a superior form of +government, superior patriotism, superior talents, and superior virtues. +Let then the nations of the East vainly waste their strength in +destroying each other. Let them aspire at conquest, and contend for +dominion, till their continent is deluged in blood. But let none, +however elated by victory, however proud of triumphs, ever presume to +intrude on the neutral station assumed by our country. + +Britain, twice humbled for her aggressions, has at length been taught to +respect us. But France, once our ally, has dared to insult us! she has +violated her obligations; she has depredated our commerce--she has +abused our government, and riveted the chains of bondage on our unhappy +fellow citizens! Not content with ravaging and depopulating the fairest +countries of Europe, not yet satiated with the contortions of expiring +republics, the convulsive agonies of subjugated nations, and the groans +of her own slaughtered citizens, she has spouted her fury across the +Atlantic; and the stars and stripes of Independence have almost been +attacked in our harbours! When we have demanded reparation, she has told +us, "give us your money, and we will give you peace."--Mighty Nation! +Magnanimous Republic!--Let her fill her coffers from those towns and +cities, which she has plundered; and grant peace, if she can, to the +shades of those millions, whose death she has caused. + +But Columbia stoops not to tyrants; her sons will never cringe to +France; neither a supercilious, five-headed Directory, nor the +gasconading pilgrim of Egypt will ever dictate terms to sovereign +America. The thunder of our cannon shall insure the performance of our +treaties, and fulminate destruction on Frenchmen, till old ocean is +crimsoned with blood, and gorged with pirates! + +It becomes us, on whom the defence of our country will ere long devolve, +this day, most seriously to reflect on the duties incumbent upon us. Our +ancestors bravely snached expiring liberty from the grasp of Britain, +whose touch is _poison_; shall we now consign it to France, whose +embrace is _death_? We have seen our fathers, in the days of Columbia's +trouble, assume the rough habiliments of war, and seek the hostile +field. Too full of sorrow to speak, we have seen them wave a last +farewel to a disconsolate, a woe-stung family! We have seen them return, +worn down with fatigue, and scarred with wounds; or we have seen them, +perhaps, no more!--For us they fought! for us they bled! for us they +conquered! Shall we, their descendants, now basely disgrace our lineage, +and pusilanimously disclaim the legacy bequeathed us? Shall we pronounce +the sad valediction to freedom, and immolate liberty on the altars our +fathers have raised to her? NO! _The response of a nation is, "NO!" Let +it be registered in the archives of Heaven!_--Ere the religion we +profess, and the privileges we enjoy are sacrificed at the shrines of +despots and demagogues, let the pillars of creation tremble! let world +be wrecked on world, and systems rush to ruin!--Let the sons of Europe +be vassals; let her hosts of nations be a vast congregation of slaves; +but let us, who are this day FREE, whose hearts are yet unappalled, and +whose right arms are yet nerved for war, assemble before the hallowed +temple of Columbian Freedom, AND SWEAR, TO THE GOD OF OUR FATHERS, TO +PRESERVE IT SECURE, OR DIE AT ITS PORTALS! + + * * * * * + +FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL, + +_MADISON SQUARE, NEW YORK_. + + +THE LARGEST, BEST APPOINTED, AND MOST LIBERALLY MANAGED HOTEL IN THE +CITY, WITH THE MOST CENTRAL AND DELIGHTFUL LOCATION. + +HITCHCOCK, DARLING & CO., PROPRIETORS. + + * * * * * + +STANLEY & USHER, + +BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS + +171 DEVONSHIRE STREET, + +TELEPHONE NO. 1211. 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A splendid volume, the +result of careful research, with the advantage of military +experience.--_Geo. Bancroft_. + +It is an absolute necessity in our literature. No one can understand the +philosophy of the old War for Independence, until he has made a careful +and thoughtful perusal of this work.--_Benson J. Lessing_. + +The maps are just splendid.--_Adj. Gen W.L. Stryker, N.J._ + +This book is invaluable and should be in every library.--_Wm. L. Stone, +N.Y._ + +Of permanent standard authority.--_Gen. De Peister, N.Y._ + +Indicates such profound erudition and ability in the discussion as +leaves nothing to be desired.--_Sen. Oscar de La Fayette, Paris_. + +I have read the volume with pleasure and profit.--_Z. Chandler_. + +The volume is superb and will give the author enduring fame.--_B. 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Morrill, Cash'r, + + * * * * * + +THOS. W. LANE, + +MANCHESTER, NEW HAMPSHIRE. + +DEALER IN + +Rare New Hampshire Books and Town Histories. + + * * * * * + +MERCHANTS NATIONAL BANK, MANCHESTER, N.H. + +Capital $150,000.00 +Surplus and Undivided Profits 44,612.93 + +JAMES A. WESTON, Pres't. DANIEL W. LANE, Cash'r. + + * * * * * + +Twenty-Eighth Progressive Semi-Annual Statement of the + +NEW HAMPSHIRE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY OF MANCHESTER. + +Ex-Gov. J.A. WESTON, Pres't. +Hon. S.N. BELL, Vice-Pres't. +GEO. B. CHANDLER, Treas. +JOHN C, FRENCH, Secretary. +S.B. STEARNS, Ass't Secretary. + + * * * * * + +CONDITION OF THE COMPANY, JANUARY 1, 1884. + +Cash Capital $500,000.00 +Reserve for Reinsurance 227,985.28 +Reserve for Unpaid. Losses 31,000.00 +Net Surplus 206,162.65 + +Total Assets $965,147.93 + +COMPARATIVE STATEMENT EACH YEAR SINCE ORGANIZATION. + +YEAR. ASSETS. NET SURPLUS. NET PREMIUMS CAPITAL. + RECEIVED. + +1870 134,586.24 8,020.82 40,123.00 1870 +1871 151,174.60 10,338.82 51,360.96 $100,000.00 +1872 316,435.52 15,530.52 58,230.20 1872 +1873 346,338.25 32,038.44 114,548.34 $200,000.00 +1874 393,337.12 50,141.87 143,741.50 1874 +1875 429,362.00 77,123.09 156,979.68 $350,000.00 +1876 453,194.87 94,924.83 162,970.47 1882 +1877 482,971.65 113,478.14 171,091.22 $500,000.00 +1878 507,616.90 127,679.39 171,492.06 +1879 537,823.59 147,133.04 206,515.73 Dividends paid +1880 585,334.20 171,249.88 248,220.00 +1881 618,193.98 185,108.52 265,660.31 from +1882 915,132.37 204,407.96 346,951.90 +1883 965,147.93 206,162.65 437,792.07 interest receipts. + +SPECIAL ATTENTION IS CALLED TO THE ABOVE COMPARATIVE STATEMENT. + + * * * * * + +THE CLAREMONT MANUFACTURING CO, + +CLAREMONT, N.H. + +offer the following books, not to be obtained elsewhere, at the annexed +prices, by mail. + + Pages. Price, + +Cora O'Kane, or the Doom of the Rebel Guard 84 $0.10 +Gathered Sketches of New Hampshire and Vermont 215 .50 +The Illinois Cook-Book, just published 166 .75 +Grondalla, a in Verse. by Idamore 310 .50 +The Old Root and Herb Doctor, or Indian Method 104 .50 +New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion 608 2.50 +What the Grocers Sell Us 212 1.00 +William's New System of Handling and Educating +the Horse. Illustrated 332 1.00 + + * * * * * + +THE POETS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. + +Complied by Bela Chapin. + +Being Specimen Poems of nearly three hundred Poets of the Granite State, +with biographical notes. + +A rigid criticism has been exercised in the selection of Poems, and no +poet has been admitted to the pages of the book who has not a good +right, by merit, to be there. + +The biographical sketches will be found of great value. Much care has +been taken in obtaining the Poems of deceased poets and material for +their biographical sketches. + +The Sons and Daughters of New Hampshire are found in almost every land. +Her Poets are scattered far and wide, and from many parts of the world +have they responded to the invitation to be represented in our book + +LARGE OCTAVO, 800 PAGES. + +It is printed on tinted paper in clear and beautiful type, and bound +elegantly and durably. Price, in cloth, full gilt, gilt edges, $3.50. +Sold by subscription. Where we have no agent, it will be sent by mail or +express, prepaid, on receipt of price by the publisher. Address, + +CHAS. H. ADAMS, Publisher, Claremont, N.H. + + * * * * * + +BOSTON + +BRIDGE WORKS, + +D.H. ANDREWS, Engineer. 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