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No. VI. +June, 1884, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume I. No. VI. June, 1884 + A Massachusetts Magazine + +Author: Various + +Release Date: October 16, 2004 [EBook #13761] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci, the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team, and Cornell University, + + + + + + +</pre> + + <a name="page333" id="page333"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 333]</span> + <h1>THE BAY STATE MONTHLY.</h1> + <center> + <i>A Massachusetts Magazine</i> + </center> + <center> + VOL. I. + </center> + <center> + JUNE,1884. + </center> + <center> + No. VI. + </center> + <hr /> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image1_full.png"><img src="images/image1_thumbnail.png" + alt="Ben F. Butler" /></a> + <p>Ben F. Butler</p> + </div> + <hr /> + <h2>BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUTLER.</h2> + <p>There is a belt extending irregularly across the State of New Hampshire, and + varying in width, from which have gone forth men who have won a national reputation. + From this section went Daniel Webster, Lewis Cass, Levi Woodbury, Zachariah Chandler, + Horace Greeley, Henry Wilson, William Pitt Fessenden, Salmon P. Chase, John + Wentworth, Nathan Clifford, and Benjamin F. Butler.</p> + <p>BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUTLER was born in the town of Deerfield, New Hampshire, + November 5, 1818.</p> + <p>His father, Captain John Butler, was a commissioned officer in the War of 1812, + and served with General Andrew Jackson at New Orleans. As merchant, supercargo, and + master of the vessel, he was engaged for some years in the West India trade, in which + he was fairly successful, until his death in March, 1819, while on a foreign voyage. + In politics he was an ardent Democrat, an admirer of General Jackson, and a personal + friend of Isaac Hill, of New Hampshire.</p> + <p>Left an orphan when an infant, the child was dependent for his early training upon + his mother; and faithfully did she attend to her duties. Descended from the Scotch + Covenanters and Irish patriots, Mrs. Butler possessed rare qualities: she was + capable, thrifty, diligent, and devoted. In 1828, Mrs. Butler removed with her family + to Lowell, where her two boys could receive better educational advantages, and where + her efforts for their maintenance would be better rewarded, than in their native + village.</p> + <p>As a boy young Butler was small, sickly, and averse to quarrels. He was very fond + of books, and eagerly read all that came in his way. From his earliest youth he + possessed a remarkably retentive memory, and was such a promising scholar that his + mother determined to help him obtain a liberal education, hoping that he would be + called to the Baptist ministry. With this end in view, he was fitted for college at + the public schools of Lowell and at Exeter Academy, and at the early age of sixteen + entered Waterville College. Here for four years, the formative period of his life, + his mind received that bent and discipline which fitted him for his future active + career.</p> + <p>He was a student who appreciated <a name="page334" id="page334"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 334]</span> his advantages, and acquired all the general + information the course permitted outside of regular studies; but his rank was low in + the class, as deportment and attention to college laws were taken into account. + During the latter part of his course he was present at the trial of a suit at law, + and was so impressed with the forensic battle he then witnessed, that he chose law as + his profession. He was graduated from the college in 1838, in poor health, and in + debt, but a fishing cruise to the coast of Labrador restored him, and in the fall he + entered upon the study of the law at Lowell. While a student he practised in the + police court, taught school, and devoted every energy to acquiring a practical + knowledge of his profession.</p> + <h3>MILITIA.</h3> + <p>While yet a minor he joined the City Guards, a company of the fifth regiment of + Massachusetts Militia. His service in the militia was honorable, and continued for + many years; he rose gradually in the regular line of promotion through every grade, + from a private to a brigadier-general.</p> + <h3>LAW.</h3> + <p>In 1840, Mr. Butler was admitted to the bar. He was soon brought into contact with + the mill-owners, and was noted for his audacity and quickness. He won his way rapidly + to a lucrative practice, at once important, leading, and conspicuous. He was bold, + diligent, vehement, and an inexhaustible opponent. His memory was such, that he could + retain the whole of the testimony of the longest trial without taking a note. His + power of labor seemed unlimited. In fertility of expedient, and in the lightning + quickness of his devices to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat, his equal has + seldom lived.</p> + <p>For twenty years Mr. Butler devoted his whole energies to his profession. At the + age of forty he was retained in over five hundred cases, enjoyed the most extensive + and lucrative practice in New England, and could at that age have retired from active + business with an independent fortune.</p> + <h3>POLITICS.</h3> + <p>Despite his enormous and incessant labors at the bar, Mr. Butler, since early + manhood, has been a busy and eager politician, regularly for many years attending the + national conventions of the Democratic party, and entering actively into every + campaign.</p> + <p>Before the Rebellion he was twice elected to the Massachusetts Legislature: once + to the House in 1853, and once to the Senate in 1859; and was a candidate for + governor in 1856, receiving fifty thousand votes, the full support of his party.</p> + <p>In April, 1860, Mr. Butler was a delegate to the Democratic convention held at + Charleston. There he won a national reputation. In June, at an adjourned session of + the convention, at Baltimore, Mr. Butler went out with the delegates who were + resolved to defeat the nomination of Stephen A. Douglas. The retiring body nominated + Mr. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for the Presidency, and Mr. Butler returned home to + help his election. It may be here stated that Mr. Breckinridge was a Southern + pro-slavery unionist. Mr. Butler was the Breckinridge candidate for the governorship + of Massachusetts, and received only six thousand votes.</p> + <p>In December, 1860, after the election of Abraham Lincoln was an established fact, + there was a gathering of politicians at Washington, Mr. Butler among the rest. South + Carolina had passed the <a name="page335" id="page335"></a><span class="newpage">[pg + 335]</span> ordinance of secession, and had sent commissioners or embassadors to + negotiate a treaty with the general government. Mr. Butler told his Southern friends + that they were hastening on a war; that the North would never consent to a disunion + of the States, and that he should be among the first to offer to fight for the Union. + He counselled the administration to receive the South Carolina commissioners, listen + to their communication, arrest them, and try them for high treason. Mr. Butler + foresaw a great war, and on his return to Massachusetts advised Governor Andrew to + prepare the militia for the event. This was quietly done by dropping those who could + not be depended upon to leave the State, and enlisting others in their stead. Arms + and clothing were also prepared. On April 15, 1861, a telegram was received by + Governor Andrew from Senator Henry Wilson asking for troops to defend the capital. A + little before five o'clock, Mr. Butler was, trying, a case before a court in Boston, + when Colonel Edward F. Jones, of the sixth regiment, brought to him for endorsement + an order from Governor Andrew to muster his regiment forthwith on Boston Common, + prepared to go to the defence of Washington. Two days later Mr. Butler received the + order to take command of the troops.</p> + <h3>IN THE WAR.</h3> + <p>General Butler's command consisted of four regiments. The sixth was despatched + immediately to Washington by the way of Baltimore, two regiments were sent in + transports to garrison Fortress Monroe, while General Butler accompanied the eighth + regiment in person. At Philadelphia, on the nineteenth of April, General Butler was + apprised of the attack on the sixth regiment during their passage through Baltimore, + and he resolved to open communication with the capital through Annapolis.</p> + <p>At Annapolis, General Butler's great executive qualities came into prominence. He + was placed in command of the "Department of Annapolis," and systematically attended + to the forwarding of troops and the formation of a great army. On May 13, with his + command, he occupied the city of Baltimore, a strategic movement of great importance. + On May 16, he was commissioned major-general, and on the twenty-second was saluted as + the commander of Fortress Monroe. Two days later, he gave to the country the + expressive phrase "contraband of war," which proved the deathblow of American + slavery.</p> + <p>A skirmish at Great Bethel, June 10, was unimportant in its results except that it + caused the loss of twenty-five Union soldiers, Major Theodore Winthrop among the + number, and was a defeat for the Northern army. This was quickly followed by the + disastrous battle of Bull Run, which fairly aroused the North to action.</p> + <p>On August 18, General Butler resigned the command of the department of Virginia to + General Wool, and accepted a command under him. The first duty entrusted to General + Butler was an expedition sent to reduce the forts at Hatteras Inlet, in which with a + small force he was successful.</p> + <p>Early in September, he was authorized by the war department to raise and equip six + regiments of volunteers from New England for the war. This task was easy for the + energetic general.</p> + <p>Early in the year 1862, the capture of New Orleans was undertaken, and <a + name="page336" id="page336"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 336]</span> General Butler + was placed in command of the department of the Gulf, and fifteen thousand troops + entrusted to him. After innumerable delays, the general with a part of his force + arrived, March 20, 1862, at Ship Island, near the delta of the Mississippi River, at + which rendezvous the rest of the troops had already been assembled. From this post + the reduction of New Orleans was executed.</p> + <p>On the morning of April 24, the fleet under command of Captain Farragut succeeded + in passing the forts, and a week later the transport Mississippi with General Butler + and his troops was alongside the levee at New Orleans.</p> + <p>On December 16, 1862, General Butler formally surrendered the command of the + department of the Gulf to General Banks. What General Butler did at New Orleans + during the months he was in command in that city is a matter of history, and has been + ably chronicled by James Parton. He there displayed those wonderful qualities of + command which made him the most hated, as well as the most respected, Northern man + who ever visited the South. He did more to subject the Southern people to the + inevitable consequence of the war than a division of a hundred thousand soldiers. He + even conquered that dread scourge, yellow fever, and demonstrated that lawlessness + even in New Orleans could be suppressed.</p> + <p>The new channel for the James River, known as the Dutch Gap, planned by General + Butler, and ridiculed by the press, but approved by the officers of the United States + Engineer Corps, remains to this day the thoroughfare used by commerce.</p> + <p>The fame of General Butler's career at New Orleans, and his presence, quieted the + fierce riots in New York City, occasioned by the drafts.</p> + <p>General Butler resigned his commission at the close of the war, and resumed the + practice of his profession. He is now, and has been for many years, the senior + major-general of all living men who have held that rank in the service of the United + States.</p> + <h3>IN CONGRESS.</h3> + <p>In 1867, Mr. Butler was elected to the fortieth Congress from the fifth + congressional district of Massachusetts, and in 1869 from the sixth district. He was + re-elected in 1871, 1873, and in 1877. He was a recognized power in the House of + Representatives, and with the administration. In 1882, he was elected Governor of + Massachusetts, and gracefully retired in December, 1883, to the disappointment of + more than one hundred and fifty thousand Massachusetts voters.</p> + <p>Mr. Butler is a man of vast intellectual ability—in every sense of the word + a great man. He possesses a remarkable memory, great executive abilities, good + judgment, immense energy, and withal a tender heart. He has always been a champion of + fair play and equal rights.</p> + <p>As an orator he has great power to sway his hearers, for his words are wise. Had + the Democratic party listened to Mr. Butler at the Charleston convention, its power + would have continued; had the South listened to him, it would not have seceded. Mr. + Butler is a man who arouses popular enthusiasm, and who has a great personal + following of devoted friends and admirers.</p> + <p>Books have already been written about him—more will follow in the years to + come. He is the personification of the old <i>ante bellum</i> Democratic <a + name="page337" id="page337"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 337]</span> party of the + Northern States—a party that believed in the aggrandizement of the country, at + home and abroad; which placed the rights of an American citizen before the gains of + commerce; which fostered that commerce until it whitened the seas; and which provided + for the reception of millions, who were sure to come to these shores, by acquiring + large areas of territory.</p> + <p>This hastily prepared sketch gives but a meagre outline of this remarkable man, + whose history is yet by no means completed.</p> + <hr /> + <h2>THE BOUNDARY LINES OF OLD GROTON.—II.</h2> + <center> + By THE HON. SAMUEL ABBOTT GREEN, M.D. + </center> + <blockquote> + <p>The report of the Comitty of the Hon<sup>ble</sup> Court vpon the petition of Concord + Chelmsford Lancaster & Stow for a grant of part of Nashobe lands</p> + <p>Persuant to the directions giuen by this Hon<sup>ble</sup> Court bareng Date the 30<sup>th</sup> of + May 1711 The Comity Reports as foloweth that is to say &ce</p> + <p>That on the second day of October 1711 the s<sup>d</sup> comitty went vpon the premises + with an Artis and veved [viewed] and servaied the Land mentioned in the Peticion + and find that the most southerly line of the plantation of Nashobe is bounded + partly on Concord & partly on Stow and this line contains by Estimation vpon + the servey a bought three miles & 50 polle The Westerly line Runs partly on + Stowe & partly on land claimed by Groton and containes four miles and 20 poll + extending to a place called Brown hill. The North line Runs a long curtain lands + claimed by Groton and contains three miles, the Easterle line Runs partly on + Chelmsford, and partly on a farm cald Powersis farm in Concord; this line contains + a bought fouer miles and twenty fiue pole</p> + <p>The lands a boue mentioned wer shewed to vs for Nashobe Plantation and there + were ancient marks in the seuerall lines fairly marked, And s<sup>d</sup> comite find vpon + the servey that Groton hath Run into Nashobe (as it was showed to vs) so as to take + out nere one half s<sup>d</sup> plantation and the bigest part of the medows, it appears to + vs to Agree well with the report of M<sup>r</sup> John Flint & M<sup>r</sup> Joseph Wheeler who + were a Commetty imployed by the County Court in midlesexs to Run the bounds of said + plantation (June y<sup>e</sup> 20<sup>th</sup> 82) The plat will demonstrate how the plantation lyeth + & how Groton coms in vpon it: as aleso the quaintete which is a bought 7840 + acres</p> + <p>And said Comite are of the opinion that ther may [be] a township in that place + it lying so remote from most of the neighboreng Towns, provided this Court shall se + reson to continew the bounds as we do judg thay have been made at the first laieng + out And that ther be sum addition from Concord & Chelmsford which we are redy + to think will be complyed with by s<sup>d</sup> Towns And s<sup>d</sup> Comite do find a bought 15 + famelys setled in s<sup>d</sup> plantation of Nashobe (5) in Groton claimed and ten in the + remainder and 3 famelys which are allredy setled on the powerses farm: were + convenient to joyn w s<sup>d</sup> plantation and are a bought Eaight mille to any + meting-house (Also, ther are a bought Eaight famelys in Chelmsford which are + allredy setled neer Nashobe line & six or seven miles from thir own meeting + house</p> + <p>JONATHAN TYNG<br /> + THOMAS HOW<br /> + JOHN STEARNS</p> + <p>In the Houes of Representatives<br /> + Nov<sup>m</sup> 2: 1711. Read<br /> + Oct<sup>o</sup>. 23, 1713.<br /> + </p> + <p>In Council</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="short" /> + <blockquote> + <p>Read and accepted; And the Indians native Proprietors of the s<sup>d</sup> Planta<sup>con</sup>. + Being removed by death Except two or <a name="page338" id="page338"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 338]</span> Three families only remaining Its Declared and + Directed That the said Lands of Nashoba be preserved for a Township.</p> + <p>And Whereas it appears That Groton Concord and Stow by several of their + Inhabitants have Encroached and Setled upon the said Lands; This Court sees not + reason to remove them to their Damage; but will allow them to be and remain with + other Inhabitants that may be admitted into the Town to be there Setled; And that + they have full Liberty when their Names and Number are determined to purchase of + the few Indians there remaining for the Establishment of a Township + accordingly.</p> + <p>Saving convenient Allotments and portions of Land to the remaining Indian + Inhabitants for their Setling and Planting.</p> + <p>Is<sup>a</sup> ADDINGTON Secry.</p> + <p>In the House of Representatives</p> + <p>Octo<sup>r</sup>: 23th: 1713. Read</p> + <p>[Massachusetts Archives, cxiii, 600.]</p> + </blockquote> + <p>The inhabitants of Groton had now become alarmed at the situation of affairs, + fearing that the new town would take away some of their land. Through neglect the + plan of the original grant, drawn up in the year 1668, had never been returned to the + General Court for confirmation, as was customary in such cases; and this fact also + excited further apprehension. It was not confirmed finally until February 10, 1717, + several years after the incorporation of Nashobah.</p> + <p>In the General Court Records (ix, 263) in the State Library, under the date of + June 18, 1713, it is entered:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>Upon reading a Petition of the Inhabitants of the Town of Groton, Praying that + the Return & Plat of the Surveyor of their Township impowered by the General + Court may be Accepted for the Settlement & Ascertaining the Bounds of their + Township, Apprehending they are likely to be prejudiced by a Survey lately taken of + the Grant of Nashoba;</p> + <p>Voted a Concurrence with the Order pass'd thereon in the House of Represent<sup>ves</sup> + That the Petitioners serve the Proprietors of Nashoba Lands with a copy of this + Petition, That they may Shew Cause, if any they have on the second Fryday of the + Session of this Court in the Fall of the Year, Why the Prayer therof may not be + granted, & the Bounds of Groton settled according to the ancient Plat of said + Town herewith exhibited.</p> + </blockquote> + <p>It is evident from the records that the Nashobah lands gave rise to much + controversy. Many petitions were presented to the General Court, and many claims + made, growing out of this territory. The following entry is found in the General + Court Records (ix, 369) in the State Library, under the date of November 2, + 1714:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>The following Order pass'd by the Represent<sup>ves</sup>. Read & Concur'd; viz,</p> + <p>Upon Consideration of the many Petitions & Claims relating to the Land + called Nashoba Land; Ordered that the said Nashoba Land be made a Township, with + the Addition of such adjoining Lands of the Neighbouring Towns, whose Owners shall + petition for that End, & that this Court should think fit to grant, That the + said Nashoba Lands having been long since purchased of the Indians by M<sup>r</sup> Bulkley + & Henchman one Half, the other Half by Whetcomb & Powers, That the said + purchase be confirmed to the children of the said Bulkley, Whetcomb & Powers, + & Cpt. Robert Meers as Assignee to M<sup>r</sup> Henchman according to their respective + Proportions; Reserving to the Inhabitants, who have settled within these Bounds, + their Settlements with Divisions of Lands, in proportion to the Grantees, & + such as shall be hereafter admitted; the said Occupants or present Inhabitants + paying in Proportion as others shall pay for their Allotments;. Provided the said + Plantation shall be settled with Thirty five Families & an orthodox Minister in + three years time, And that Five hundred Acres of Land be reserved and laid out for + the Benefit of any of the Descendants of the Indian Proprietors <a name="page339" + id="page339"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 339]</span> of the said Plantation, that + may be surviving; A Proportion thereof to be for Sarah Doublet alias Sarah Indian;. + The Rev. M<sup>r</sup>. John Leveret & Spencer Phips Esq<sup>r</sup>. to be Trustees for the said + Indians to take Care of the said Lands for their Use. And it is further Ordered + that Cpt. Hopestill Brown, M<sup>r</sup>. Timothy Wily & M<sup>r</sup>. Joseph Burnap of Reading be + a Committee to lay out the said Five hundred Acres of Land reserved for the + Indians, & to run the Line between Groton & Nashoba, at the Charge of both + Parties & make Report to this Court, And that however the Line may divide the + Land with regard to the Township, yet the Proprietors on either side may be + continued in the Possession of their Improvements, paying as aforesaid; And that no + Persons legal Right or Property in the said Lands shall [be] hereby taken away or + infringed,</p> + <p>Consented to J DUDLEY</p> + </blockquote> + <p>The report of this committee is entered in the same volume of General Court + Records (ix, 395, 396) as the order of their appointment, though the date as given by + them does not agree with the one there mentioned.</p> + <blockquote> + <p>The following Report of the Committee for Running the Line between Groton & + Nashoba Accepted by Represent<sup>ves</sup>. Read & Concur'd; Viz.</p> + <p>We the Subscribers appointed a Committee by the General Court to run the Line + between Groton & Nashoba & to lay out Five hundred Acres of Land in said + Nashoba to the the [<i>sic</i>] Descendants of the Indians; Pursuant to said Order + of Court, bearing Date Octob<sup>r</sup> 20<sup>th</sup> [November 2?] 1714, We the Subscribers return + as follows;</p> + <p>That on the 30<sup>th</sup>. of November last, we met on the Premises, & heard the + Information of the Inhabitants of Groton, Nashoba & others of the Neighbouring + Towns, referring to the Line that has been between Groton & Nashoba & seen + several Records, out of Groton Town Book, & considered other Writings, that + belong to Groton & Nashoba, & We have considered all, & We have run the + Line (Which we account is the old Line between Groton & Nashoba;) We began next + Chelmsford Line, at a Heap of Stones, where, We were informed, that there had been + a great Pine Tree, the Northeast Corner of Nashoba, and run Westerly by many old + mark'd Trees, to a Pine Tree standing on the Southerly End of Brown Hill mark'd N + and those marked Trees had been many times marked or renewed, thô they do not + stand in a direct or strait Line to said Pine Tree on said Brown Hill; And then + from said Brown Hill we turned a little to the East of the South, & run to a + white Oak being an old Mark, & so from said Oak to a Pitch Pine by a Meadow, + being an other old Mark; & the same Line extended to a white Oak near the North + east Corner of Stow: And this is all, as we were informed, that Groton & + Nashoba joins together: Notwithstanding the Committees Opinion is, that Groton Men + be continued in their honest Rights, thô they fall within the Bounds of + Nashoba; And We have laid out to the Descendants of the Indians Five hundred Acres + at the South east Corner of the Plantation of Nashoba; East side, Three hundred + Poles long, West side three hundred Poles, South & North ends, Two hundred + & eighty Poles broad; A large white Oak marked at the North west Corner, & + many Line Trees we marked at the West side & North End, & it takes in Part + of two Ponds.</p> + <p>Dated Decem<sup>r</sup> 14. 1714.</p> + <p>HOPESTILL BROWN<br /> + TIMOTHY WILY<br /> + JOSEPH BURNAP</p> + <p>Consented to<br /> + J Dudley.</p> + </blockquote> + <p>The incorporation of Nashobah on November 2, 1714, settled many of the disputes + connected with the lands; but on December 3 of the next year, the name was changed + from Nashobah to Littleton. As already stated, the plan of the original Groton grant + had never been returned by the proprietors to the General Court for confirmation, and + this neglect had acted to their <a name="page340" id="page340"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 340]</span> prejudice. After Littleton had been set off, the town + of Groton undertook to repair the injury and make up the loss. John Shepley and John + Ames were appointed agents to bring about the necessary confirmation by the General + Court. It is an interesting fact to know that in their petition (General Court + Records, x, 216, February 11, 1717, in the office of the secretary of state) they + speak of having in their possession at that time the original plan of the town, made + by Danforth in the year 1668, though it was somewhat defaced. In the language of the + Records, it was said to be "with the Petitioner," which expression in the singular + number may have been intentional, referring to John Shepley, probably the older one, + as certainly the more influential, of the two agents. This plan was also exhibited + before the General Court on June 18, 1713, according to the Records (ix, 263) of that + date.</p> + <p>The case, as presented by the agents, was as follows:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>A petition of John Sheply & John Ames Agents for the Town of Groton Shewing + that the General Assembly of the Province did in the year 1655, Grant unto M<sup>r</sup> Dean + Winthrop & his Associates a Tract of Land of Eight miles quare for a Plantation + to be called by the name of Groton, that Thom<sup>s</sup> & Jonathan Danforth did in the + year 1668, lay out the said Grant, but the Plat thereof through Neglect was not + returned to the Court for Confirmation that the said Plat thô something + defaced is with the Petitioner, That in the Year 1713 M<sup>r</sup> Samuel Danforth Surveyour + & Son of the abovesaid Jonathan Danforth, at the desire of the said Town of + Groton did run the Lines & make an Implatment of the said Township laid out as + before & found it agreeable to the former. W<sup>h</sup>. last Plat the Petitioners do + herewith exhibit, And pray that this Hon<sup>ble</sup> Court would allow & confirm the + same as the Township of Groton.</p> + <p>In the House of Represent<sup>ves</sup>; Feb. 10. 1717. Read, Read a second time, And + Ordered that the Prayer of the Petition be so far granted that the Plat herewith + exhibited (Althô not exactly conformable to the Original Grant of Eight Miles + quare) be accounted, accepted & Confirmed as the Bounds of the Township of + Groton in all parts, Except where the said Township bounds on the Township of + Littleton, Where the Bounds shall be & remain between the Towns as already + stated & settled by this Court, And that this Order shall not be understood or + interpreted to alter or infringe the Right & Title which any Inhabitant or + Inhabitants of either of the said Towns have or ought to have to Lands in either of + the said Townships</p> + <p>In Council, Read & Concur'd,<br /> + Consented to Sam<sup>ll</sup> Shute</p> + <p>[General Court Records (x, 216), February 11, 1717, in the office of the + secretary of state.]</p> + </blockquote> + <p>The proprietors of Groton felt sore at the loss of their territory along the + Nashobah line in the year 1714, although it would seem without reason. They had + neglected to have the plan of their grant confirmed by the proper authorities at the + proper time; and no one was to blame for this oversight but themselves. In the autumn + of 1734 they represented to the General Court that in the laying out of the original + plantation no allowance had been made for prior grants in the same territory, and + that in settling the line with Littleton they had lost more than four thousand acres + of land; and in consideration of these facts they petitioned for an unappropriated + gore of land lying between Dunstable and Townsend.</p> + <p>The necessary steps for bringing the matter before the General Court at this time + were taken at a town meeting, held on July 25, 1734. It was then <a name="page341" + id="page341"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 341]</span> stated that the town had lost + more than twenty-seven hundred and eighty-eight acres by the encroachment of + Littleton line; and that two farms had been laid out within the plantation before it + was granted to the proprietors. Under these circumstances Benjamin Prescott was + authorized to present the petition to the General Court, setting forth the true state + of the case and all the facts connected with it. The two farms alluded to were Major + Simon Willard's, situated at Nonacoicus or Coicus, now within the limits of Ayer, and + Ralph Reed's, in the neighborhood of the Ridges; so Mr. Butler told me several years + before his death, giving Judge James Prescott as his authority, and I carefully wrote + it down at the time. The statement is confirmed by the report of a committee on the + petition of Josiah Sartell, made to the House of Representatives, on June 13, 1771. + Willard's farm, however, was not laid out before the original plantation was granted, + but in the spring of 1658, three years after the grant. At this time Danforth had not + made his plan of the plantation, which fact may have given rise to the + misapprehension. Ralph Reed was one of the original proprietors of the town, and + owned a fifteen-acre right; but I do not find that any land was granted him by the + General Court.</p> + <p>It has been incorrectly supposed, and more than once so stated in print, that the + gore of land, petitioned for by Benjamin Prescott, lay in the territory now belonging + to Pepperell; but this is a mistake. The only unappropriated land between Dunstable + and Townsend, as asked for in the petition, lay in the angle made by the western + boundary of Dunstable and the northern boundary of Townsend. At that period Dunstable + was a very large township, and included within its territory several modern towns, + lying mostly in New Hampshire. The manuscript records of the General Court define + very clearly the lines of the gore, and leave no doubt in regard to it. It lay within + the present towns of Mason, Brookline, Wilton, Milford, and Greenville, New + Hampshire. Benjamin Prescott was at the time a member of the General Court and the + most influential man in town. His petition was presented to the House of + Representatives on November 28, 1734, and referred to a committee, which made a + report thereon a fortnight later. They are as follows:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>A Petition of <i>Benjamin Prescot</i>, Esq; Representative of the Town of + <i>Groton</i>, and in behalf of the Proprietors of the said Town, shewing that the + General Court in <i>May</i> 1655, in answer to the Petition of Mr. <i>Dean + Winthrop</i> and others, were pleased to grant the Petitioners a tract of Land of + the contents of eight miles square, the Plantation to be called <i>Groton</i>, that + in taking a Plat of the said tract there was no allowance made for prior Grants + &c. by means whereof and in settling the Line with <i>Littleton Anno</i> 1715, + or thereabouts, the said Town of <i>Groton</i> falls short more than four thousand + acres of the Original Grant, praying that the said Proprietors may obtain a Grant + of what remains undisposed of of a Gore of Land lying between <i>Dunstable</i> and + <i>Townshend</i>, or an equivalent elsewhere of the Province Land. Read and + <i>Ordered</i>, That Col. <i>Chandler</i>, Capt. <i>Blanchard</i>, Capt. + <i>Hobson</i>, Major <i>Epes</i>, and Mr. <i>Hale</i>, be a Committee to take this + Petition under consideration, and report what may be proper for the Court to do in + answer thereto.</p> + <p>[Journal of the House of Representatives, November 28, 1734, page 94.]</p> + <p>Col. <i>Chandler</i> from the Committee appointed the <i>28th.</i> ult. to + consider the <a name="page342" id="page342"></a><span class="newpage">[pg + 342]</span> Petition of <i>Benjamin Prescot</i>, Esq; in behalf of the Proprietors + of <i>Groton</i>, made report, which was read and accepted, and in answer to this + Petition, <i>Voted</i>, That a Grant of ten thousand eight hundred acres of the + Lands lying in the <i>Gore</i> between <i>Dunstable</i> and <i>Townshend</i>, be + and hereby is made to the Proprietors of the Town of <i>Groton</i>, as an + equivalent for what was taken from them by <i>Littleton</i> and <i>Coyachus</i> or + <i>Willard's Farm</i> (being about two acres and a half for one) and is in full + satisfaction thereof, and that the said Proprietors be and hereby are allowed and + impowred by a Surveyor and Chain-men on Oath to survey and lay out the said ten + thousand eight hundred acres in the said <i>Gore</i>, and return a Plat thereof to + this Court within twelve months for confirmation to them their heirs and assigns + respectively.</p> + <p>Sent up for Concurrence.</p> + <p>[Journal of the House of Representatives, December 12, 1734, page 119.]</p> + </blockquote> + <p>The proprietors of Groton had a year's time allowed them, in which they could lay + out the grant, but they appear to have taken fifteen months for the purpose. The + record of the grant is as follows:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>A Memorial of Benj<sup>a</sup> Prescott Esq: Represent<sup>a</sup> of the Town of Groton in behalf + of the Proprietors there, praying that the Votes of the House on his Memorial & + a plat of Ten Thousand Eight hundred Acres of Land, lately Granted to the said + Proprietors, as Entred in the House the 25 of March last, may be Revived and + Granted, The bounds of which Tract of Land as Mentioned on the said Plat are as + follows viz<sup>t</sup>.: begining at the North West Corner of Dunstable at Dram Cup hill by + Sohegan River and Runing South in Dunstable line last Perambulated and Run by a + Com<sup>tee</sup> of the General Court, two Thousand one hundred & fifty two poles to + Townshend line, there making an angle, and Runing West 31 1-2 Deg. North on + Townshend line & province Land Two Thousand and Fifty Six poles to a Pillar of + Stones then turning and Ruñing by Province Land 31 1-2 deg North two + Thousand & forty Eight poles to Dunstable Corner first mentioned</p> + <p>In the House of Represent<sup>a</sup>. Read & Ordered that the prayer of the Memorial + be Granted, and further that the within Plat as Reformed and Altered by Jonas + Houghton Survey<sup>r</sup>, be and hereby is accepted and the Lands therein Delineated and + Described (Excepting the said One Thousand Acres belonging to Cambridge School Farm + and therein included) be and hereby are Confirmed to the Proprietors of the Town of + Groton their heirs and Assignes Respectivly forever, According to their Several + Interests; Provided the same do not interfere with any former Grant of this Court + nor Exceeds the Quantity of Eleven thousand and Eight hundred Acres and the + Committee for the Town of Ipswich are Allowed and Impowred to lay out such quantity + of Land on their West line as is Equivalent to what is taken off their East line as + aforesaid, and Return a plat thereof to this Court within twelve Months for + confirmation.</p> + <p>In Council Read & Concurr'd.</p> + <p>Consented to J Belcher</p> + <p>And in Answer to the said Memorial of Benj<sup>a</sup> Prescott Esq<sup>r</sup></p> + <p>In the House of Represent<sup>a</sup>. Ordered that the prayer of the Memorial be Granted + and the Com<sup>tee</sup>. for the new Township Granted to some of the Inhabitants of Ipswich + are hereby Allowed to lay out an Equivalent on the West line of the said New + Township Accordingly.</p> + <p>In Council Read & Concurr'd</p> + <p>Consented to J Belcher</p> + <p>[General Court Records (xvi, 334), June 15, 1736, in the office of the secretary + of state.]</p> + </blockquote> + <p>This grant, now made to the proprietors of Groton, interfered with the territory + previously given on April, 1735, to certain inhabitants of Ipswich, but the mistake + was soon rectified, as appears by the following:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p><i>Voted</i>, That one thousand seven hundred Acres of the unappropriated Lands + of the Province be and hereby is given and <a name="page343" id="page343"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 343]</span> granted to the Proprietors or Grantees of the + Township lately granted to sixty Inhabitants of the Town of <i>Ipswich</i>, as an + Equivalent for about that quantity being taken off their Plat by the Proprietors of + the Common Lands of <i>Groton</i>, and that the <i>Ipswich</i> Grantees be allowed + to lay out the same on the Northern or Westerly Line of the said new Township or on + both sides.</p> + <p>Sent up for Concurrence.</p> + <p>[Journal of the House of Representatives (page 108), January 12, 1736.]</p> + </blockquote> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image2_full.png"><img src="images/image2_thumbnail.png" + alt="Groton Gore in 1884" /></a> + <p>Groton Gore in 1884</p> + </div> + <p>The record of the grant clearly marks the boundaries of Groton Gore, and by it + they can easily be identified. Dram Cup Hill, near Souhegan River, the old northwest + corner of Dunstable, is in the present territory of Milford, New Hampshire. From that + point the line ran south for six or seven miles, following the western boundary of + Dunstable, until it came to the old Townsend line; then it turned and ran + northwesterly six miles or more, when turning again it made for the original + starting-place at Dunstable northwest corner. These lines enclosed a triangular + district which became known as Groton Gore; in fact, the word <i>gore</i> means a lot + of land of triangular shape. This territory is now entirely within the State of New + Hampshire, lying mostly in Mason, but partly in Brookline, Wilton, Milford, and + Greenville. It touches in no place the tract, hitherto erroneously <a name="page344" + id="page344"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 344]</span> supposed to comprise the Gore. + It was destined, however, to remain only a few years in the possession of the + proprietors; but during this short period it was used by them for pasturing cattle. + Mr. John B. Hill, in his History of the Town of Mason, New Hampshire, + says:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>Under this grant, the inhabitants of Groton took possession of, and occupied the + territory. It was their custom to cut the hay upon the meadows, and stack it, and + early in the spring to send up their young cattle to be fed upon the hay, under the + care of Boad, the negro slave. They would cause the woods to be fired, as it was + called, that is, burnt over in the spring; after which fresh and succulent herbage + springing up, furnished good store of the finest feed, upon which the cattle would + thrive and fatten through the season. Boad's camp was upon the east side of the + meadow, near the residence of the late Joel Ames. (Page 26.)</p> + </blockquote> + <p>In connection with the loss of the Gore, a brief statement of the boundary + question between Massachusetts and New Hampshire is here given.</p> + <p>During many years the dividing-line between these two provinces was the subject of + controversy. The cause of dispute dated back to the time when the original grant was + made to the colony of Massachusetts Bay, The charter was drawn up in England at a + period when little was known in regard to the interior of this country; and the + boundary lines, necessarily, were very indefinite. The Merrimack River was an + important factor in fixing the limits of the grant, as the northern boundary of + Massachusetts was to be a line three miles north of any and every part of it. At the + date of the charter, the general direction of the river was not known, but it was + incorrectly assumed to be easterly and westerly. As a matter of fact, the course of + the Merrimack is southerly, for a long distance from where it is formed by the union + of the Winnepeseogee and the Pemigewasset Rivers, and then it turns and runs + twenty-five or thirty miles in a northeasterly direction to its mouth; and this + deflexion in the current caused the dispute. The difference between the actual and + the supposed direction was a matter of little practical importance so long as the + neighboring territory remained unsettled, or so long as the two provinces were + essentially under one government; but as the population increased it became an + exciting and vexatious question. Towns were chartered by Massachusetts in territory + claimed by New Hampshire, and this action led to bitter feeling and provoking + legislation. Massachusetts contended for the land "nominated in the bond," which + would carry the line fifty miles northward into the very heart of New Hampshire; and + on the other hand that province strenuously opposed this view of the case, and + claimed that the line should run, east and west, three miles north of the mouth of + the river. At one time, a royal commission was appointed to consider the subject, but + their labors produced no satisfactory result. At last the matter was carried to + England for a decision, which was rendered by the king on March 5, 1739-40. His + judgment was final, and in favor of New Hampshire. It gave that province not only all + the territory in dispute, but a strip of land fourteen miles in width, lying along + her southern border, mostly west of the Merrimack, which she had never claimed. This + strip was the tract of land between the line running east and west, three miles north + of the southernmost trend of the river, and <a name="page345" id="page345"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 345]</span> a similar line three miles north of its mouth. By the + decision twenty-eight townships were taken from Massachusetts and transferred to New + Hampshire. The settlement of this disputed question was undoubtedly a public benefit, + although it caused, at the time, a great deal of hard feeling. In establishing the + new boundary Pawtucket Falls, situated now in the city of Lowell, and near the most + southern portion of the river's course, was taken as the starting-place; and the line + which now separates the two States was run west, three miles north of this point. It + was surveyed officially in the spring of 1741.</p> + <p>The new boundary passed through the original Groton grant, and cut off a + triangular portion of its territory, now within the limits of Nashua, and went to the + southward of Groton Gore, leaving that tract of land wholly in New Hampshire.</p> + <p>A few years previously to this time the original grant had undergone other + dismemberment, when a slice of its territory was given to Westford. It was a long and + narrow tract of land, triangular in shape, with its base resting on Stony Brook Pond, + now known as Forge Pond, and coming to a point near Millstone Hill, where the + boundary lines of Groton, Westford, and Tyngsborough intersect. The Reverend Edwin R. + Hodgman, in his History of Westford, says:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>Probably there was no computation of the area of this triangle at any time. Only + four men are named as the owners of it, but they, it is supposed, held titles to + only a portion, and the remainder was wild, or "common," land, (Page 25.)</p> + </blockquote> + <p>In the Journal of the House of Representatives (page 9), September 10, 1730, there + is recorded:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>A petition of <i>Jonas Prescot, Ebenezer Prescot, Abner Kent</i>, and + <i>Ebenezer Townsend</i>, Inhabitants of the Town of <i>Groton</i>, praying, That + they and their Estates, contained in the following Boundaries, <i>viz.</i> + beginning at the <i>Northwesterly</i> Corner of <i>Stony Brook</i> Pond, from + thence extending to the <i>Northwesterly</i> Corner of <i>Westford</i>, commonly + called <i>Tyng's</i> Corner, and so bound <i>Southerly</i> by said Pond, may be set + off to the Town of <i>Westford</i>, for Reasons mentioned. Read and <i>Ordered</i>, + That the Petitioners within named, with their Estates, according to the Bounds + before recited, be and hereby are to all Intents and Purposes set off from the Town + of <i>Groton</i>, and annexed to the said Town of <i>Westford</i>.</p> + <p>Sent up for Concurrence.</p> + </blockquote> + <p>This order received the concurrence of the council, and was signed by the + governor, on the same day that it passed the House.</p> + <p>During this period the town of Harvard was incorporated. It was made up from + portions of Groton, Lancaster, and Stow, and the engrossed act signed by the + governor, on June 29, 1732. The petition for the township was presented to the + General Court nearly two years before the date of incorporation. In the Journal of + the House of Representatives (pages 84, 85), October 9, 1730, it is + recorded:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>A Petition of <i>Jonas Houghton, Simon Stone, Jonathan Whitney</i>, and + <i>Thomas Wheeler</i>, on behalf of themselves, and on behalf and at the desire of + sundry of the Inhabitants on the extream parts of the Towns of <i>Lancaster, + Groton</i> and <i>Stow</i>, named in the Schedule thereunto annexed; praying, That + a Tract of Land (with the Inhabitants thereon, particularly described and bounded + in said Petition) belonging to the Towns above-mentioned, may be incorporated and + erected into a distinct Township, agreeable to said Bounds, for Reasons mentioned. + Read, together with <a name="page346" id="page346"></a><span class="newpage">[pg + 346]</span> the Schedule, and <i>Ordered</i>, That the Petitioners serve the Towns + of <i>Lancaster, Groton</i> and <i>Stow</i> with Copies of the Petition, that they + may shew Cause (if any they have) on the first Thursday of the next Session, why + the Prayer thereof may not be granted.</p> + <p>Sent up for Concurrence.</p> + </blockquote> + <p>Further on, in the same Journal (page 136), December 29, 1730, it is also + recorded:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>The Petition of <i>Jonas Houghton, Simon Stone</i>, and others, praying as + entred the 9th. of <i>October</i> last. Read again, together with the Answers of + the Towns of <i>Lancaster, Groton</i> and Stow, and <i>Ordered</i>, That Maj. + <i>Brattle</i> and Mr. <i>Samuel Chandler</i>, with such as the Honourable Board + shall appoint, be a Committee, (at the Charge of the Petitioners) to repair to the + Land Petitioned for to be a Township, that they carefully view and consider the + Situation and Circumstances of the Petitioners, and Report their Opinion what may + be proper for this Court to do in Answer thereto, at their next Session.</p> + <p>Sent up for Concurrence.</p> + <p><i>Ebenezer Burrel</i> Esq; brought from the Honourable Board, the Report of the + Committee appointed by this Court the 30th of <i>December</i> last, to take under + Consideration the Petition of <i>Jonas Houghton</i> and others, in behalf of + themselves and sundry of the Inhabitants of the <i>Eastern</i> part of the Towns of + <i>Lancaster, Groton</i> and <i>Stow</i>, praying that they may be erected into a + separate Township. Likewise a Petition of <i>Jacob Houghton</i> and others, of the + <i>North-easterly</i> part of the Town of <i>Lancaster</i>, praying the like. As + also a Petition of sundry of the Inhabitants of the <i>South-west</i> part of the + <i>North-east</i> Quarter of the Township of <i>Lancaster</i>, praying they may be + continued as they are. Pass'd in Council, <i>viz.</i> In Council, <i>June</i> 21, + 1731. Read, and <i>Ordered</i>, That this Report be accepted.</p> + <p>Sent down for Concurrence. Read and Concurred.</p> + <p>[Journal of the House of Representatives (page 52), June 22, 1731.]</p> + </blockquote> + <p>The original copy of the petition for Harvard is now probably lost; but in the + first volume (page 53) of "Ancient Plans Grants &c." among the Massachusetts + Archives, is a rough plan of the town, with a list of the petitioners, which may be + the "Schedule" referred to in the extract from the printed Journal. It appears from + this document that, in forming the new town, forty-eight hundred and thirty acres of + land were taken from the territory of Groton; and with the tract were nine families, + including six by the name of Farnsworth. This section comprised the district known, + even now, as "the old mill," where Jonas Prescott had, as early as the year 1667, a + gristmill. The heads of these families were Jonathan Farnsworth, Eleazer Robbins, + Simon Stone, Jr., Jonathan Farnsworth, Jr., Jeremiah Farnsworth, Eleazer Davis, + Ephram Farnsworth, Reuben Farnsworth, and [<i>torn</i>] Fransworth, who had + petitioned the General Court to be set off from Groton. On this plan of Harvard the + names of John Burk, John Burk, Jr., and John Davis, appear in opposition to + Houghton's petition.</p> + <p>The town of Harvard took its name from the founder of Harvard College, probably at + the suggestion of Jonathan Belcher, who was governor of the province at the time and + a graduate of the college.</p> + <blockquote> + <p>To his Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esq<sup>r</sup>. Cap<sup>t</sup> General and Governour in Chief + The Hon<sup>ble</sup>. The Council and the Honourable House of Representatives of His + Majestys Province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England in General Court + Assembled by Adjournment Decemb<sup>r</sup> 16 1730</p> + <p>The Memorial of Jonas Houghton Simon Stone Jonathan Whitney and Thomas Wheeler + Humbly Sheweth</p> + <p>That upon their Petition to this Great <a name="page347" id="page347"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 347]</span> and Honourable Court in October last [the 9th] + praying that a Certain Tract of Land belonging to Lancaster Stow and Groton with + the Inhabitants thereon may be Erected into a Distinct and Seperate Township (and + for Reasons therein Assigned) your Excellency and Honours were pleased to Order + that the petitioners Serve The Towns of Lancaster Groton and Stow with a Copy of + their said Petition that they may shew Cause if any they have on the first Thursday + of the next Sessions why the prayers thereof may not be granted.</p> + <p>And for as much as this great and Hon<sup>ble</sup>. Court now Sitts by Adjournment and + the next Session may be very Remote And your Memorialists have attended the Order + of this Hon<sup>ble</sup>: Court in serving the said Several Towns with Copys of the said + Petition And the partys are attending and Desirous the hearing thereon may be + brought forward y<sup>e</sup> former order of this Hon<sup>l</sup> Court notwithstanding.</p> + <p>They therefore most humbly pray your Excellency & Honours would be pleased + to Cause the hearing to be had this present Session and that a Certain day may be + assigned for the same as your Excellency & Honours in your great wisdom & + Justice shall see meet.</p> + <p>And your Memorialists as in Duty bound Shall Ever pray.</p> + <p>JONAS HOUGHTON<br /> + SIMON STOON JUNER<br /> + JONATHAN WHITNEY<br /> + THOMAS WHELER</p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote> + <p>In the House of Rep<sup>tives</sup> Dec<sup>r</sup> 17, 1730 Read and in Answer to this Petition + Ordered That the Pet<sup>rs</sup> give Notice to the Towns of Lancaster Groton and Stow or + their Agents that they give in their Answer on the twenty ninth Inst<sup>t</sup>. why the + Prayer of the Petition within referred to may not be granted.</p> + <p>Sent up for Concurrence</p> + <p>J QUINCY Sp<sup>kr</sup>:</p> + <p>In Council Dec. 18, 1730; Read and Concur'd.</p> + <p>J WILLARD Secry</p> + <p>[Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 6-8.]</p> + </blockquote> + <p>The next dismemberment of the Groton grant took place in the winter of 1738-39, + when a parcel of land was set off to Littleton. I do not find a copy of the petition + for this change, but from Mr. Sartell's communication it seems to have received the + qualified assent of the town.</p> + <blockquote> + <p>To his Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esq<sup>r</sup> Captain General & Governour in + Chief &c the Honorable Council and House of Representatives in General Court + assembled at Boston January 1, 1738.</p> + <p>May it please your Excellency and the Honorable Court.</p> + <p>Whereas there is Petition offered to your Excellency and the Honorable Court by + several of the Inhabitants of the Town of Groton praying to be annexed to the Town + of Littleton &c.</p> + <p>The Subscriber as Representative of said Town of Groton and in Behalf of said + Town doth hereby manifest the Willingness of the Inhabitants of Groton in general + that the Petitioners should be annexed to the said Town of Littleton with the Lands + that belong to them Lying within the Line Petitioned for, but there being a + Considerable Quantity of Proprietors Lands and other particular persons Lying + within the Line that is Petitioned for by the said Petitioners. The Subscriber in + Behalf of said Town of Groton & the Proprietors and others would humbly pray + your Excellency and the Honorable Court that that part of their Petition may be + rejected if in your Wisdom you shall think it proper and that they be sett off with + the lands only that belong to them Lying within the Line Petitioned for as + aforesaid, and the Subscriber in Behalf of the Town of Groton &c will as in + Duty Bound ever pray &c.</p> + <p>NATHANIEL SARTELL</p> + <p>[Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 300.]</p> + <p><i>John Jeffries</i>, Esq; brought down the Petition of <i>Peter Lawrence</i> + and others of <i>Groton</i>, praying to be annexed to <i>Littleton</i>, as entred + the 12th ult. Pass'd in Council, <i>viz.</i> In Council <i>January 4th</i>, 1738. + Read again, together with the Answer of <i>Nathanael Sartell</i>, Esq; + Representative <a name="page348" id="page348"></a><span class="newpage">[pg + 348]</span> for the Town of <i>Groton</i>, which being considered, <i>Ordered</i>, + That the Prayer of the Petition be so far granted as that the Petitioners with + their Families & Estates within the Bounds mentioned in the Petition be and + hereby are set off from the Town of <i>Groton</i>, and are annexed to and accounted + as part of the Town of <i>Littleton</i>, there to do Duty and receive Priviledge + accordingly.</p> + <p>Sent down for Concurrence. Read and concur'd.</p> + <p>[Journal of the House of Representatives (page 86), January 4, 1738.]</p> + </blockquote> + <p>In the autumn of 1738, many of the settlers living in the northerly part of + Groton, now within the limits of Pepperell, and in the westerly part of Dunstable, + now Hollis, New Hampshire, were desirous to be set off in a new township. Their + petition for this object was also signed by a considerable number of non-resident + proprietors, and duly presented to the General Court. The reasons given by them for + the change are found in the following documents:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>To His Excellency Jon<sup>a</sup>. Belcher Esq<sup>r</sup>. Captain General and Governour in Chief + &c The Hon<sup>ble</sup>. the Council and House of Rep<sup>tives</sup> in General Court Assembled + at Boston November the 29th 1738</p> + <p>The Petition of the Subscribers Inhabitants and Proprietors of the Towns of + Dunstable and Groton.</p> + <p>Humbly Sheweth</p> + <p>That your Petitioners are Situated on the Westerly side Dunstable Township and + the Northerly side Groton Township those in the Township of Dunstable in General + their houses are nine or ten miles from Dunstable Meeting house and those in the + Township of Groton none but what lives at least on or near Six miles from Groton + Meeting house by which means your petitioners are deprived of the benefit of + preaching, the greatest part of the year, nor is it possible at any season of the + year for their familys in General to get to Meeting under which Disadvantages your + pet<sup>r</sup>s has this Several years Laboured, excepting the Winter Seasons for this two + winters past, which they have at their Own Cost and Charge hired preaching amongst + themselves which Disadvantages has very much prevented peoples Settling land + there.</p> + <p>That there is a Tract of good land well Situated for a Township of the Contents + of about Six miles and an half Square bounded thus, beginning at Dunstable Line by + Nashaway River So running by the Westerly side said River Southerly One mile in + Groton Land, then running Westerly a Paralel Line with Groton North Line, till it + comes to Townsend Line and then turning and running north to Grotton Northwest + Corner, and from Grotton Northwest Comer by Townsend line and by the Line of Groton + New Grant till it comes to be five miles and an half to the Northward of Groton + North Line from thence due east, Seven miles, from thence South to Nashua River and + So by Nashua River Southwesterly to Grotton line the first mentioned bounds, which + described Lands can by no means be prejudicial either to the Town of Dunstable or + Groton (if not coming within Six miles or thereabouts of either of their Meeting + houses at the nearest place) to be taken off from them and Erected into a Seperate + Township.</p> + <p>That there is already Settled in the bounds of the aforedescribed Tract near + forty familys and many more ready to come on were it not for the difficulties and + hardships afores<sup>d</sup> of getting to meeting. These with many other disadvantages We + find very troublesome to Us, Our living so remote from the Towns We respectively + belong to.</p> + <p>Wherefore your Petitioners most humbly pray Your Excellency and Honours would + take the premises into your Consideration and make an Act for the Erecting the + aforesaid Lands into a Seperate and distinct Township with the powers priviledges + and Immunities of a distinct and Seperate Township under such restrictions and + Limitations, as you in your Great Wisdom shall see meet.</p> + <a name="page349" id="page349"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 349]</span> + <p>And Whereas it will be a great benefit and Advantage to the Non resident + proprietors owning Lands there by Increasing the Value of their Lands or rendering + easy Settleing the same, Your Pet<sup>r</sup>s also pray that they may be at their + proportionable part according to their respective Interest in Lands there, for the + building a Meeting-house and Settling a Minister, and so much towards Constant + preaching as in your wisdom shall be thought proper.</p> + <p>Settlers on the afore<sup>sd</sup> Lands</p> + <p>Obadiah Parker<br /> + Will<sup>m</sup> Colburn<br /> + Josiah Blood<br /> + Stephen Harris<br /> + Jerahmal Cumings<br /> + Tho<sup>s</sup> Dinsmoor<br /> + Eben<sup>r</sup> Pearce<br /> + Peter Pawer<br /> + Abr<sup>m</sup> Taylor Jun<sup>r</sup><br /> + Benj<sup>a</sup> Farley<br /> + Henry Barton<br /> + Peter Wheeler<br /> + Robert Colburn<br /> + David Vering<br /> + Philip Woolerick<br /> + Nath<sup>l</sup> Blood<br /> + William Adams<br /> + Joseph Taylor<br /> + Moses Procter<br /> + Will<sup>m</sup> Shattuck<br /> + Tho<sup>s</sup> Navins</p> + <p>Non Resident Proprietors</p> + <p>Samuel Browne<br /> + W Browne<br /> + Joseph Blanchard<br /> + John Fowle Jun<sup>r</sup><br /> + Nath Saltonstall<br /> + Joseph Eaton<br /> + Joseph Lemmon<br /> + Jeremiah Baldwin<br /> + Sam<sup>l</sup> Baldwin<br /> + Daniel Remant<br /> + John Malven<br /> + Jon<sup>a</sup> Malven<br /> + James Cumings<br /> + Isaac Farwell<br /> + Eben<sup>r</sup> Procter</p> + <p>In the House of Representatives Dec<sup>r</sup> 12th. 1738. Read and Ordered that the + Petitioners Serve the Towns of Grotton and Dunstable with Coppys of the + petition.</p> + <p>In Council January 4<sup>th</sup>. 1738.</p> + <p>Read again and Ordered that the further Consideration of this Petition be + referred to the first tuesday of the next May Session and that James Minot and John + Hobson Esq<sup>r</sup>s with Such as the Honourable Board shall joine be a Committee at the + Charge of the Petitioners to repair to the Lands petitioned for to be Erected into + a Township first giving Seasonable notice as well to the petitioners as to the + Inhabitants and Non Resident Proprietors of Lands within the s<sup>d</sup> Towns of Dunstable + and Groton of the time of their going by Causing the same to be publish'd in the + Boston Gazette, that they carefully View the s<sup>d</sup> Lands as well as the other parts + of the s<sup>d</sup> Towns, so farr as may be desired by the Partys or thought proper, that + the Petitioners and all others Concerned be fully heard in their pleas and + Allegations for, as well as against the prayer of the Petition; and that upon + Mature Consideration on the whole the Committee then report what in their Opinion + may be proper for the Court to do in Answer there to Sent up for Concurrence.</p> + <p>J QUINCY Sp<sup>kr</sup>.</p> + <p>In Council Jan<sup>ry</sup> 9<sup>th</sup>. 1738</p> + <p>Read and Concurred and Thomas Berry Esq<sup>r</sup> is joined in the Affair</p> + <p>SIMON FROST Dep<sup>ty</sup>. Sec<sup>ry</sup>.</p> + <p>Consented to</p> + <p>J. BELCHER</p> + <p>A true Copy Exam<sup>d</sup> per Simon Frost, Dep<sup>y</sup> Sec<sup>ry</sup>.</p> + <p>In the House of Rep<sup>tives</sup> June 7<sup>th</sup>: 1739</p> + <p>Read and Concurred</p> + <p>J QUINCY Sp<sup>kr</sup>;</p> + <p>[Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 268-271.]</p> + <p>The Committee Appointed on the Petition of the Inhabitants and Proprietors + situated on the Westerly side of Dunstable and Northerly side of Groton, Having + after Notifying all parties, Repaired to the Lands, Petitioned to be Erected into a + Township, Carefully Viewed the same, Find a very Good Tract of Land in Dunstable + Westward of Nashuway River between s<sup>d</sup> River and Souhegan River Extending from + Groton New Grant and Townsend Line Six Miles East, lying in a very Commodious Form + for a Township, and on said Lands there now is about Twenty Families, and many more + settling, that none of the Inhabitants live nearer to a Meeting House then Seven + miles and if they go to their own Town have to pass over a ferry the greatest part + of the Year. We also Find in Groton a sufficient Quantity of Land accommodable for + settlement, and a considerable Number of Inhabitants thereon, that in Some Short + Time when they are well Agreed may be Erected into a Distinct Parish; And that it + will be very <a name="page350" id="page350"></a><span class="newpage">[pg + 350]</span> Form prayed for or to Break in upon Either Town. The Committee are of + Opinion that the Petitioners in Dunstable are under such Circumstances as + necessitates them to Ask Relief which will be fully Obtained by their being made + Township, which if this Hon<sup>ble</sup>. Court should Judge necessary to be done; The + Committee are Further of Opinion that it Will be greatly for the Good and Interest + of the Township that the Non Resident Proprietors, have Liberty of Voting with the + Inhabitants as to the Building and Placing a Meeting House and that the Lands be + Equally Taxed, towards said House And that for the Support of the Gosple Ministry + among them the Lands of the Non Resident Proprietors be Taxed at Two pence per Acre + for the Space of Five Years.</p> + <p>All which is Humbly Submitted in the Name & by Order of the Committee</p> + <p>THOMAS BERRY</p> + <p>In Council July 7 1739</p> + <p>Read and ordered that the further Consideration of this Report be referred to + the next Sitting, and that the Petitioners be in the meantime freed from paying any + thing toward the support of the ministry in the Towns to which they respectively + belong</p> + <p>Sent down for Concurrence</p> + <p>J WlLLARD Sec<sup>ry</sup></p> + <p>In the House of Rep<sup>tives</sup> June 7: 1739 Read and Concurred</p> + <p>J QUINCY Sp<sup>kr</sup>:</p> + <p>Consented to</p> + <p>J BELCHER</p> + <p>In Council Decem<sup>r</sup> 27, 1739.</p> + <p>Read again and Ordered that this Report be so far accepted as that the Lands + mentioned and described therein, with the Inhabitants there be erected into a + Separate & distinct precinct, and the Said Inhabitants are hereby vested with + all Such Powers and Priviledges that any other Precinct in this Province have or by + Law ought to enjoy and they are also impowered to assess & levy a Tax of Two + pence per Acre per Annum for the Space of Five years on all the unimproved Lands + belonging to the non residents Proprietors to be applied for the Support of the + Ministry according to the Said Report.</p> + <p>Sent down for Concurrence</p> + <p>SIMON FROST Dep<sup>y</sup> Sec<sup>ry</sup></p> + <p>In the House of Rep<sup>tives</sup> Dec 28. 1739 Read and Concur'd.</p> + <p>J QUINCY Sp<sup>kr</sup>:</p> + <p>Janu<sup>ry</sup>. 1: Consented to,</p> + <p>J BELCHER</p> + <p>[Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 272, 273.]</p> + </blockquote> + <p>While this petition was before the General Court, another one was presented + praying for a new township to be made up from the same towns, but including a larger + portion of Groton than was asked for in the first petition. This application met with + bitter opposition on the part of both places, but it may have hastened the final + action on the first petition. It resulted in setting off a precinct from Dunstable, + under the name of the West Parish, which is now known as Hollis, New Hampshire. The + papers relating to the second petition are as follows:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>To His Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esquire Captain General and Governor in Chief + in and over His Majesty's Province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, the + Honourable the Council and House of Representatives of said Province, in General + Court Assembled Dec. 12<sup>th</sup>, 1739.</p> + <p>The Petition of Richard Warner and Others, Inhabitants of the Towns of Groton + and Dunstable.</p> + <p>Most Humbly Sheweth</p> + <p>That Your Petitioners dwell very far from the place of Public Worship in either + of the said Towns, Many of them Eight Miles distant, some more, and none less than + four miles, Whereby Your Petitioners are put to great difficulties in Travelling on + the Lord's Days, with our Families.</p> + <p>Your Petitioners therefore Humbly Pray Your Excellency and Honours to take their + circumstances into your Wise and Compassionate Consideration, And that a part of + the Town of Groton, Beginning at the line between Groton and Dunstable where + inconvenient to Erect a Township in the <a name="page351" id="page351"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 351]</span> it crosses Lancaster [Nashua] River, and so up the + said River until it comes to a Place called and Known by the name of Joseph Blood's + Ford Way on said River, thence a West Point 'till it comes to Townshend line + &c. With such a part and so much of the Town of Dunstable as this Honourable + Court in their great Wisdom shall think proper, with the Inhabitants Thereon, may + be Erected into a separate and distinct Township, that so they may attend the + Public Worship of God with more ease than at present they can, by reason of the + great distance they live from the Places thereof as aforesaid.</p> + <p>And Your Petitioners, as in Duty bound, shall ever Pray &c.</p> + <p>Richard Warner<br /> + Benjamin Swallow<br /> + William Allin<br /> + Isaac Williams<br /> + Ebenezer Gilson<br /> + Ebenezer Peirce<br /> + Samuel Fisk<br /> + John Green<br /> + Josiah Tucker<br /> + Zachariah Lawrence Jun<sup>r</sup><br /> + William Blood<br /> + Jeremiah Lawrence<br /> + Stephen Eames</p> + <p>"[Inhabitants of Groton]"</p> + <p>Enoch Hunt<br /> + Eleazer Flegg<br /> + Samuel Cumings<br /> + William Blanchard<br /> + Gideon Howe<br /> + Josiah Blood<br /> + Samuel Parke<br /> + Samuel Farle<br /> + William Adams<br /> + Philip Wolrich</p> + <p>"[Inhabitants of Dunstable]"</p> + <p>[Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 274, 273.]</p> + <p>Province of the Massachusetts Bay</p> + <p>To His Excellency The Governour The Hon<sup>ble</sup> Council & House of Rep<sup>tives</sup> in + Generall Court Assembled Dec<sup>r</sup> 1739</p> + <p>The Answer of y<sup>e</sup> Subscribers agents for the Town of Groton to y<sup>e</sup> Petition of + Richard Warner & others praying that part of Said Town with part of Dunstable + may be Erected into a Distinct & Seperate Township.</p> + <p>May it please your Excellency & Hon<sup>r</sup>s</p> + <p>The Town of Groton Duely Assembled and Taking into Consideration y<sup>e</sup> + Reasonableness of said Petition have Voted their Willingness, That the prayer of + y<sup>e</sup> Petition be Granted as per their Vote herewith humbly presented appears, with + this alteration namely That they Include the River (viz<sup>t</sup> Nashua River) over w<sup>ch</sup> + is a Bridge, built Intirely to accommodate said Petitioners heretofore, & your + Respondents therefore apprehend it is but Just & Reasonable the same should for + the future be by them maintain'd if they are Set of from us.</p> + <p>Your Respondents Pursuant to y<sup>e</sup> Vote Aforesaid, humbly move to your Excellency + & Hon<sup>r</sup>s That no more of Dunstable be Laid to Groton Then Groton have voted of, + for one Great Reason that Induced Sundry of y<sup>e</sup> Inhabitants of Groton to come into + Said Vote was This Namely They owning a very Considerable part of the Lands Voted + to be set of as afores<sup>d</sup> were willing to Condesent to y<sup>e</sup> Desires of their + Neighbours apprehending that a meeting House being Erected on or near y<sup>e</sup> Groton + Lands & a minister settled it would Raise their Lands in Vallue but should + considerable part of Dunstable be set of more then of Groton it must of course draw + the Meeting House farther from y<sup>e</sup> Groton Inhabitants which would be very hurtfull + both to the people petitioners & those that will be Non Resident proprietors if + the Township is made.</p> + <p>Wherefore they pray That Said New Township may be Incorporated Agreeable to + Groton Vote viz<sup>t</sup> Made Equally out of both Towns & as in Duty bound Shall Ever + pray</p> + </blockquote> + <p>Nat<sup>ell</sup> Sartell<br /> + William Lawrence</p> + <p>[Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 378, 279.]</p> + <blockquote> + <p>At A Legall town Meeting of the Inhabitants & free holders of the town of + Groton assembled December y<sup>e</sup> 24th: 1739 Voted <a name="page352" + id="page352"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 352]</span> & Chose Cap<sup>t</sup> William + Lawrance Madderator for said meeting &c:</p> + <p>In Answer to the Petion of Richard Warnor & others Voted that the land with + the Inhabitance mentioned in said Petion Including the Riuer from Dunstable Line to + o<sup>r</sup>. ford way Called and Known by y<sup>e</sup>. Name of Joseph Bloods ford way: be Set of + from the town of Groton to Joyn with sum of the westerdly Part of the town of + Dunstable to make a Distinct and Sepprate town Ship Prouided that their be no: More + taken from Dunstable then from Groton in making of Said new town. Also Voted that + Nathaniel Sawtell Esq<sup>r</sup>. and Cap<sup>t</sup>. William Lawrance be Agiants In the affair or + Either of them to wait upon the Great and Generial. Cort: to Vse their Best in + Deauer to set off the Land as a fores<sup>d</sup> so that the one half of y<sup>e</sup> said New town + may be made out of Groton and no: more.</p> + <p>Abstract Examined & Compaird of the town book of Record for Groton per</p> + <p>Iona<sup>t</sup>. Sheple Town Clark</p> + <p>Groton Decem<sup>br</sup>: 24<sup>th</sup>: A:D: 1739</p> + <p>[Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 281.]</p> + <p>Province of y<sup>e</sup> Mass<sup>tts</sup> Bay</p> + <p>To His Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esq<sup>r</sup> Governour &c To The Hon<sup>d</sup>. His + Majesty's Councill & House of Representatives in Gen<sup>ll</sup> Court Assembled + December 1739</p> + <p>Whereas some few of the Inhabitants of Groton & Dunstable have Joyned in + their Petition to this Hon<sup>d</sup>. Court to be erected with Certain Lands into a + Township as per their Petition entered the 12<sup>th</sup>: Curr. which prayer if granted + will very much Effect y<sup>e</sup>. Quiet & Interest of the Inhabitants on the northerly + part of Groton</p> + <p>Wherefore the Subscribers most Humbly begg leave To Remonstrate to y<sup>or</sup> + Excellency & Hon<sup>r</sup>s. the great & Numerous Damages that we and many Others + Shall Sustain if their Petition should be granted and would Humbly Shew</p> + <p>That the Contents of Groton is ab<sup>t</sup>. forty Thousand Acres Good Land Sufficient + & happily Situated for Two Townships, and have on or near Two Hundred & + Sixty Familys Setled there with Large Accomodations for many more</p> + <p>That the land pray'd for Out of Groton Could it be Spared is in a very + Incomodious place, & will render a Division of the remaining part of the town + Impracticable & no ways Shorten the travel of the remotest Inhabit<sup>nts</sup>.</p> + <p>That it will leave the town from the northeast and to the Southwest end at least + fourteen miles and no possibillity for those ends to be Accomodated at any Other + place which will render the Difficulties we have long Laboured under without + Remidy</p> + <p>That part of the lands Petitioned for (will when This Hon<sup>d</sup>. Court shall see + meet to Divide us) be in & near the Middle of one of y<sup>e</sup>. Townships</p> + <p>And Althô the number of thirteen persons is there Sett forth to Petition. + it is wrong and Delusive Severall of them gave no Consent to any Such thing And to + compleat their Guile have entered the names of four persons who has no Interest in + that part of the town viz Swallow Tucker Ames & Green</p> + <p>That there is near Double the number On the Lands Petit<sup>d</sup>. for and Setled + amongst them who Declare Against their Proceedings, & here Signifie the + Same</p> + <p>That many of us now are at Least Seven miles from Our meeting And the Only + Encouragement to Settle there was the undeniable Accomodations to make An Other + town without w<sup>ch</sup>. We Should by no means have undertaken</p> + <p>That if this their Pet<sup>n</sup>. Should Succed—Our hopes must Perish—thay + by no means benifitted—& we put to all the Hardships Immaginable.</p> + <p>That the whole tract of Land thay pray may be Taken Out of groton Contains about + Six or Seven Thousand Acres, (the Quantity and Situation may be Seen on y<sup>e</sup>. plan + herewith And but Ab<sup>t</sup>. four Or five hundred Acres thereof Owned by the Petit<sup>r</sup>s. + and but very Small Improvements On that. Under all w<sup>ch</sup>. Circumstances wee Humbly + conceive it unreasonable for them to desire thus to Harrase and perplex us. Nor is + it by Any means for the Accomodation of Dunstable thus to Joyn who have land of + their Own Sufficient and none to Spare <a name="page353" id="page353"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 353]</span> without prejudicing their begun Settlement + Wherefore we most Humbly pray Y<sup>or</sup>. Excellency & Hon<sup>r</sup>s. to compassionate Our + Circumstances and that thay may not be set off and as in Duly bound &c</p> + <p>Benj<sup>a</sup>. Parker<br /> + John Woods<br /> + Josiah Sartell<br /> + Samuel Shattuck iu<br /> + Joseph Spoaldeng Juner<br /> + James Larwance<br /> + Jonathan Shattuck<br /> + Nath<sup>ll</sup>. Parker<br /> + James Shattuck<br /> + Jacob Lakin<br /> + John Chambrlen<br /> + Thomas Fisk<br /> + John Cumings<br /> + Isaac Lakin<br /> + Henery Jefes<br /> + John Shattuck<br /> + David Shattuck<br /> + John Scott<br /> + Seth Phillips<br /> + Benj<sup>n</sup>. Robines<br /> + Samuel Wright<br /> + Isaac Woods<br /> + John Swallow<br /> + Enoch larwance<br /> + William Spoalding<br /> + John Blood<br /> + Jonathan Woods<br /> + James Green<br /> + Wiliam Cumings<br /> + Joseph Blood<br /> + Nathaniel Lawrence iu</p> + <p>[Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 282-284.]</p> + <p>Wee the Sub<sup>r</sup>s: Inhab<sup>ts</sup>: of y<sup>e</sup> Town of Dunstable & Resident in that part + of it Called Nissitisitt Do hereby authorize and Fully Impower Abraham Taylor + Jun<sup>r</sup>. and Peter Power to Represent to Gen<sup>ll</sup>. Court our unwillingness that any + Part of Dunstable should [be] sett off to Groton to make a Township or Parish and + to Shew forth our Earness Desire that a Township be maide intirely out out + [<i>sic</i>] off Dunstable Land, Extending Six mils North from Groton Line which + will Bring the on the Line on y<sup>e</sup> Brake of Land and Just Include the Present + Setlers: or otherwise As y<sup>e</sup> Ho<sup>ll</sup>. Commitee Reported and Agreeable to the tenour + thereoff as The Hon<sup>r</sup>d Court shall see meet and as Duly bound &c</p> + <p>Tho<sup>s</sup>: Dinmore, and 20 others.</p> + <p>Dunstable Dece<sup>r</sup>; y<sup>e</sup> 21<sup>st</sup>; 1739</p> + <p>These may sertifie to y<sup>e</sup> Hon<sup>r</sup>d. Court that there is Nomber of Eleven more y<sup>t</sup> + has not signed this Nor y<sup>e</sup> Petetion of Richard Worner & others, that is now + setled and About to setle</p> + <p>[Massachusetts Archives, cxiv, 277.]</p> + </blockquote> + <hr /> + <h2>TUBEROSES.</h2> + <center> + By LAURA GARLAND CARR. + </center> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="line"> + In misty greenhouse aisles or garden walks, + </div> + <div class="line"> + In crowded halls or in the lonely room, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Where fair tuberoses, from their slender stalks, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Lade all the air with heavy, rich perfume, + </div> + <div class="line"> + My heart grows sick; my spirits sink like lead,— + </div> + <div class="line"> + The scene before me slips and fades away: + </div> + <div class="line"> + A small, still room uprising in its stead, + </div> + <div class="line"> + With softened light, and grief's dread, dark array. + </div> + <div class="line"> + Shrined in its midst, with folded hands, at rest, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Life's work all over ere 'twas well begun, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Lies a fair girl in snowy garments dressed, + </div> + <div class="line"> + And all the place with bud and bloom o'errun; + </div> + <div class="line"> + Pinks, roses, lilies, blend in odorous death, + </div> + <div class="line"> + But over all the tuberose sends its wealth, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Seeming to hold the lost one by its breath + </div> + <div class="line"> + While creeping o'er our living hearts in stealth. + </div> + <div class="line"> + O subtle blossoms, you are death's own flowers! + </div> + <div class="line"> + You have no part with love or festal hours. + </div> + </div> + <hr /> + <a name="page354" id="page354"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 354]</span> + <h2>YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS.</h2> + <center> + BY RUSSELL STURGIS, JR. + </center> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image3_full.png"><img src="images/image3_thumbnail.png" + alt="GEORGE WILLIAMS.<br /> Founder of Young Men's Christian Associations." /> + </a> + <p>GEORGE WILLIAMS.<br /> + Founder of Young Men's Christian Associations.</p> + </div> + <p>There is an old French proverb which runs: "L'homme propose, et Dieu dispose," + which is but the echo of the Scripture, "A man's heart deviseth his way, but the Lord + directeth his steps." In truth, God alone sees the end from the beginning.</p> + <p>From the beginning men have been constantly building better than they knew. No + unprejudiced man who looks at history can fail to see from how small and apparently + unimportant an event has sprung the greatest results to the individual, the nation, + and the world. The Christian, at least, needs no other explanation of this than that + his God, without whose knowledge no sparrow falleth to the ground, guides all the + affairs of the world. Surely God did not make the world, and purchase the salvation + of its tenants by the sacrifice of his Son, to take no further interest in it, but + leave it subject either to fixed law or blind chance! Indeed the God who provided for + the wants of his people in the wilderness is a God who changeth not. The principles + which once guided him must guide him to-day and forever. There never has been a time + when to the open eye it was not clear that he provides for every want of his + creatures. Did chance or the unassisted powers of man discover coal, when wood was + becoming scarce? and oil and gas from coal, when the whale was failing? Cowper's mind + was clear when he said:—</p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="line"> + "Deep in unfathomable mines + </div> + <div class="line"> + With never-failing skill, + </div> + <div class="line"> + He treasures up his bright designs, + </div> + <div class="line"> + And works his gracious will." + </div> + </div> + <p>If in his temporal affairs God cares for man, much more will he do for his soul. + Great multitudes of young men came to be congregated in the cities, and Satan spread + his nets at every street-corner to entrap them.</p> + <p>In 1837, George Williams, then sixteen years of age, employed in a dry-goods + establishment, in Bridgewater, England, gave himself to the service of the Lord Jesus + Christ. He immediately began to influence the young men with him, and many of them + were converted. In 1841, Williams came to London, and entered the dry-goods house of + Hitchcock and Company. Here he found himself one of more than eighty young men, + almost none of them Christians. He found, however, among them a few professed + Christians, <a name="page355" id="page355"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 355]</span> + and these he gathered in his bedroom, to pray for the rest. The number + increased—a larger room was necessary, which was readily obtained from Mr. + Hitchcock. The work spread from one establishment to another, and on the sixth of + June, 1844, in Mr. Williams's bedroom the first Young Men's Christian Association was + formed.</p> + <p>In 1844, one association in the world: in November, 1851, one association in + America, at Montreal; in December, one month after, with no knowledge on the part of + either of the other's plan, one association in the United States, at Boston. Was it a + mere hap that these two groups formed simultaneously the associations which were + always to unite the young Christian men of the two countries, and to grow together, + till to-day the little one has become a thousand?</p> + <p>Forty years ago, one little association in London: to-day Great Britain dotted all + over with them; one hundred and ninety in England and Wales; one hundred and + seventy-eight in Scotland, and twenty in Ireland. France has eight districts, or + groups, containing sixty-four associations. Germany, divided into five <i>bunds</i>, + has four hundred; Holland, its eleven provinces, with three hundred and thirty-five; + Romansch Switzerland, eighty-seven; German Switzerland, one hundred and thirty-five; + Belgium, eighteen; Spain, fourteen; Italy, ten Turkey in Europe, one, at + Philippopolis; Sweden and Norway, seventy-one; Austria, two, at Vienna and Budapesth; + Russia, eight, among them Moscow and St. Petersburg; Turkey in Asia, nine; Syria, + five, at Beirût, Damascus, Jaffa, Jerusalem, and Nazareth; India, five; Japan, + two; Sandwich Islands, one, at Honolulu; Australia, twenty-seven; South Africa, + seven; Madagascar, two; West Indies, three; British Guiana, one, at Georgetown; South + America (besides), three; Canada and British Provinces, fifty-one. In the United + States, seven hundred and eighty-six.</p> + <p>In all, nearly twenty-seven hundred, scattered over the world, and all the + outgrowth of forty years. It has been said that the sun never rises anywhere that it + is not saluted by the British reveille. Look how quickly the organization of young + men has stretched its cordon round the world, and dotted it all over with the tents + of its conflict for them against the opposing forces of the evil one.</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image4_full.png"><img src="images/image4_thumbnail.png" + alt="CEPHAS BRAINERD, ESQ.<br />Chairman of the International Executive Committee Y.M.C.A." /> + </a> + <p>CEPHAS BRAINERD, ESQ.<br /> + Chairman of the International Executive Committee Y.M.C.A.</p> + </div> + <p>What are its characteristics?</p> + <p>1. It is the universal church of Christ, working through its young men for the + salvation of young men. In the words of a paper, read at the last world's conference, + at London:—</p> + <a name="page356" id="page356"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 356]</span> + <p>"The fundamental idea of the organization, on which all subsequent substantial + development has been based, was simply this: that in the associated effort of young + men connected with the various branches of the church of Christ lies a great power to + promote their own development and help their fellows, thus prosecuting the work of + the church among the most-important, most-tempted, and least-cared-for class in the + community."</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image5_full.png"><img src="images/image5_thumbnail.png" + alt="BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. IN MONTREAL, CANADA." /></a> + <p>BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. IN MONTREAL, CANADA.</p> + </div> + <p>The distinct work for young men was thus emphasized at the Chicago convention in + 1863, in the following resolutions presented by the Reverend Henry G. Potter, then of + Troy, and now assistant bishop of the diocese of New York:—</p> + <p>"Resolved, That the interests and welfare of young men in our cities demand, as + heretofore, the steadfast sympathies and efforts of the Young Men's Christian + Associations of this country.</p> + <p>"Resolved, That the various means by <a name="page357" id="page357"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 357]</span> which Christian associations can gain a hold upon + young men, and preserve them from unhealthy companionship and the deteriorating + influences of our large cities, ought to engage our most earnest and prayerful + consideration."</p> + <p>2. It is a Christian work. It stands upon the basis of the faith of the church of + all ages, which is thus set forth in the formula of this organization.</p> + <p>The convention in 1856 promptly accepted and ratified the Paris basis, adopted by + the first world's conference of the associations, in the following + language:—</p> + <p>"The Young Men's Christian Associations seek to unite those young men who, + regarding Jesus Christ as their God and Saviour, according to the Holy Scriptures, + desire to be his disciples in their doctrine and in their life, and to associate + their efforts for the extension of his kingdom among young men."</p> + <p>This was reaffirmed in the convention of 1866 at Albany. In 1868, at the Detroit + convention, was adopted what is known as the evangelical test, and at the Portland + convention of 1869 the definition of the term evangelical; they are as + follows:—</p> + <p>"As these associations bear the name of Christian, and profess to be engaged + directly in the Saviour's service, so it is clearly their duty to maintain the + control and management of all their affairs in the hands of those who love and + publicly avow their faith in Jesus the Redeemer as divine, and who testify their + faith by becoming and remaining members of churches held to be evangelical: and we + hold those churches to be evangelical which, maintaining the Holy Scriptures to be + the only infallible rule of faith and practice, do believe in the Lord Jesus Christ + (the only begotten of the Father, King of kings and Lord of lords, in whom dwelleth + the fulness of the Godhead, bodily, and who was made sin for us, though knowing no + sin, bearing our sins in his own body on the tree) as the only name under heaven + given among men, whereby we must be saved from everlasting punishment."</p> + <p>But while the management is thus rightly kept in the hands of those who stand + together upon the platform of the church of Christ, the benefits and all other + privileges are for all young men of good morals, whether Greek, Romanist, heretic, + Jew, Moslem, heathen, or infidel. Its field, the world. Wherever there are young men, + there is the association field, and an extended work must be organized. Already in + August, 1855, the importance of the work made conference necessary, and thirty-five + delegates met at Paris, of whom seven were from the United States, and the same + number from Great Britain.</p> + <p>In 1858, a second conference was held at Geneva, with one hundred and fifty-eight + delegates. In 1862, at London, were present ninety-seven delegates; in 1865, at + Elberfeld, one hundred and forty; in 1867, at Paris, ninety-one; in 1872, at + Amsterdam, one hundred and eighteen; in 1875, at Hamburg, one hundred and + twenty-five; in 1878, at Geneva, two hundred and seven,—forty-one from the + United States; in 1881, in London, three hundred and thirty-eight,—seventy-five + from the United States.</p> + <p>At the conference of 1878, in Geneva, a man in the prime of life, and partner in a + leading banking-house of that city, was chosen president. He spoke with almost equal + ease the three languages of the conference—English, French, <a name="page358" + id="page358"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 358]</span> and German. Shortly after that + convention Mr. Fermand gave up his business and became the general secretary of the + world's committee of the Young Men's Christian Associations. He traveled over the + whole continent of Europe, visiting the associations, and then came to America to + make acquaintance with our plans of work. Now stationed at Geneva, with some resident + members of the convention, he keeps up the intercourse of the associations through + nine members representing the principal nations. I have spoken of the three languages + of the conference. It is a wonderful inspiration to find one's self in a gathering of + all nations, brought together by the love of one person, each speaking in his own + tongue, praising the one name, so similar in each,—that name alone in each + address needing no interpretation.</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image6_full.png"><img src="images/image6_thumbnail.png" + alt="BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. IN NEW YORK." /></a> + <p>BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. IN NEW YORK.</p> + </div> + <p>The conference meets this year, in August, at Berlin, when probably as many as one + hundred delegates will be present from the United States.</p> + <p>But inter-association organization has gone much further in this country than + elsewhere, and communication is exceedingly close between the nine hundred + associations of America.</p> + <p>The first conception of uniting associations came to the Reverend William <a + name="page359" id="page359"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 359]</span> Chauncey + Langdon, then a layman, and a member of the Washington Association, now rector of the + Episcopal Church at Bedford, Pennsylvania. Mr. McBurney, in his fine Historical + Sketch of Associations, says: "Many of the associations of America owe their + individual existence to the organization effected through his wise foresight. The + associations of our land, and in all lands, owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Langdon + far greater than has ever been recognized." Oscar Cobb, of Buffalo, and Mr. Langdon + signed the call to the first convention, which assembled on June 7, 1854, at Buffalo. + This was the first conference of associations held in the English-speaking world. + Here was appointed a central committee, located at Washington, and six elsewhere.</p> + <p>In 1860, Philadelphia was made the headquarters. The confederation of associations + and its committee came to an end in Chicago, June 4, 1863, and the present + organization with its international executive committee was born, with members + increasing in number. The committee now numbers thirty-three, two being resident in + New York City.</p> + <p>In the year 1865, a committee was appointed by the convention at Philadelphia. The + president of this convention became the chairman of the international executive + committee, consisting of ten members resident in New York City, and twenty-three + placed at different prominent points in the United States and British Provinces. + There is also a corresponding member of the committee in each State and province, and + means of constant communication between the committee and each association, and + between the several associations, through the Young Men's Christian Association + Watchman, a sixteen-paged paper, published each fortnight in Chicago.</p> + <p>On the sixteenth day of April, 1883, the international committee, which had been + superintending the work since 1865, was incorporated in the State of New York. Cephas + Brainerd, a lawyer of New York City, a direct descendant of the Brainerds of + Connecticut, and present owner of the homestead, has always been chairman of the + committee, and, from a very large practice, has managed to take an immense amount of + time for this work, which has more and more taken hold on his heart,—and here + let me say that I know no work, not even that of foreign missions, which takes such a + grip upon those who enter upon it. Time, means, energy, strength, have been lavishly + poured out by them. Mr. Brainerd and his committee work almost as though it were + their only work, and yet each member of the committee is one seemingly fully occupied + with his business or professional duties. See the members of the Massachusetts + committee, so fired with love for this work that, in the gospel canvasses of the + State, after working all day, many of them give from forty to fifty evenings, + sometimes traveling all night to get back to their work in the morning. It is no + common cause that thus draws men out of themselves for others. Then, too, I greatly + doubt where there are such hard-worked men as the general secretaries,—days and + evenings filled with work that never ends; the work the more engrossing and exacting + because it combines physical and mental with spiritual responsibility. We who know + this are not surprised to find the strength of these men failing. Those who employ + them should carefully <a name="page360" id="page360"></a><span class="newpage">[pg + 360]</span> watch that relief is promptly given from time to time as needed. There + are now more than three hundred and fifty of these paid secretaries. Now, look back + over the whole history of the associations, and can you doubt that he who meets the + wants of his creatures has raised up the organization for the express purpose of + saving young men as a class? And to do this he employs the church itself—not + the church in its separate organizations, but the church universal. A work for all + young men should be by the young men of the whole church. First, because it is young + manhood that furnishes the common ground of sympathy. Second, because the appliances + are too expensive for the individual churches. Large well-situated buildings, with + all possible right attractions, are simply necessary to success in this work. These + things are so expensive that the united church only can procure them. That in + Philadelphia cost $700,000; in New York, $500,000; in Boston, more than $300,000; in + Baltimore, $250,000; in Chicago, $150,000; San Francisco, $76,000; Montreal, $67,000; + Toronto, $48,000; Halifax, $36,000; West New Brighton, New York, $19,000; at the + small town of Rockport, Massachusetts, about $4,000; and at Nahant, $2,000. In all + these are <a name="page361" id="page361"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 361]</span> + eighty buildings, worth more than $3,000,000, while as many more have land or + building-funds. Third, how blessedly this sets forth the vital unity of Christ's + church, "that they may all be one," and also distinguishes them from all other + religious bodies. "Come out from among them and be ye separate."</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image7_full.png"><img src="images/image7_thumbnail.png" + alt="BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. AT JACKSONVILLE, ILL." /></a> + <p>BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. AT JACKSONVILLE, ILL.</p> + </div> + <p>This association work is divided into local (the city or town), state or home + mission, the international and foreign mission.</p> + <p>The local is purely a city or town work. The "state," which I have called the home + mission, is thoroughly to canvass the State, learn where the association is needed, + plant it there, strengthen all existing associations, and keep open communication + between all. This is also the international work, but its field is the United States + and British Provinces, under the efficient management of this committee.</p> + <p>As has been said, the convention of 1866 appointed the international committee, + which was directed to call and arrange for state and provincial conventions. This is + the result: in 1866, no state or provincial committee or conventions. Now, + thirty-three such committees, thirty-one of which hold state or provincial + conventions, together with a large number of district and local conferences.</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image8_full.png"><img src="images/image8_thumbnail.png" + alt="BUILDING OF Y.M.C.A. AT LYNN, MASS." /></a> + <p>BUILDING OF Y.M.C.A. AT LYNN, MASS.</p> + </div> + <p>In 1870, Mr. R.C. Morse, a graduate of Yale College, and a minister of the + Presbyterian Church, became the general secretary of the committee and continues such + to-day. Of the missionary work of the committee the most conspicuous has been that at + the West and South. In 1868, the convention authorized the employment of a secretary + for the West. This man, Robert Weidansall, a graduate of Pennsylvania College, + Gettysburg, was found working in the shops of the Pacific Railroad Company at Omaha. + He had intended entering the ministry, but his health failed him. To-day there is no + question as to his health—he has a superb physique, travels constantly, works + extremely hard, and has been wonderfully successful. When he began there were + thirty-nine associations in the States of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, + Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Kentucky, and Tennessee. There was only + one secretary, and no building. Now there are nearly three hundred associations, + spending more than one hundred and <a name="page362" id="page362"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 362]</span> ten thousand dollars; twenty general secretaries, and + five buildings. Nine States are organized, and five employ state secretaries. The + following words from a recent Kansas report sound strangely, almost like a joke, to + one who remembers the peculiar influence of Missouri upon the infant Kansas: "Kansas + owes much of her standing to-day to the fostering care and efforts of the Missouri + state executive committee." In 1870, two visitors were sent to the Southern States. + There were then three associations only between Virginia and Texas. There are now one + hundred and fifty-seven.</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image9_full.png"><img src="images/image9_thumbnail.png" + alt="BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. AT TORONTO, CANADA." /></a> + <p>BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. AT TORONTO, CANADA.</p> + </div> + <p>Previous to the Civil War the work was well under way, but had been almost + entirely given up. Our visitors were not at once received as brethren, but Christian + love did its work and gradually all differences were forgotten by these Christians in + the wonderful tie which truly united them, and when, in 1877, the convention met at + Richmond, not only harmony prevailed, but it seemed as though each were trying to + prove to the other his intenser brotherly love. The cross truly conquered. No one who + was present can ever forget those scenes, or cease to bless God for what I truly + believe was the greatest step toward the uniting again of North and South. Mr. T.K. + Cree has had charge of this work since the beginning. Not only has sectional + spreading of associations been done by the committee, but, in the language of the + report already quoted: "Special classes of young men, isolated in a measure from + their fellows by virtue of occupation, training, or foreign birth, have from time to + time so strongly appealed to the attention of the American associations as to elicit + specific efforts in their behalf." Thus, in 1868, the first secretary of the + committee was directed to devote his time to railroad employees. For one year he + labored among them. The general call on his time then became <a name="page363" + id="page363"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 363]</span> so imperative that he was + obliged to leave the railroad work. This work had been undertaken at St. Albans, + Vermont, in 1854, and in Canada in 1855. The first really important step in this work + was at Cleveland in 1872, when an employee of a railroad company, who had been a + leader in every kind of dissipation, was converted. He immediately began to use his + influence among his comrades, and such was the power of the Spirit that the Cleveland + Association took up the work and began holding meetings especially for these men. In + 1877, Mr. E.D. Ingersol was appointed by the international committee to superintend + the work. There has been no rest for him in this. A leading railroad official says: + "Ingersol is indeed a busy man. Night and day he travels. To-day a railroad president + wants him here, to-morrow a manager summons him. He is going like a shuttle back and + forth across the country, weaving the web of railroad associations." When he entered + on the work there were but three railroad secretaries; now there are nearly seventy. + There are now over sixty branches in operation; and the work is going on besides at + twenty-five points; almost a hundred different places, therefore, where specific work + is done for railroad men. They own seven buildings, valued at thirty-three thousand + two hundred and fifty dollars. The expense of maintaining these reading-rooms is over + eighty thousand dollars, and more than two thirds of this is paid by the corporations + themselves; most of the secretaries are on the regular pay-rolls of the companies. + How can this be done? Simply because the officers see such a return from this + expenditure in the morals and efficiency of their men that they have no doubt as to + the propriety of the investment.</p> + <p>Mr. William Thaw, vice-president of the Pennsylvania Company, writes: "This work + is wholly good, both for the men and the roads which they serve." Mr. C. Vanderbilt, + first vice-president of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, writes: "Few + things about railroad affairs afford more satisfactory returns than these + reading-rooms." Mr. J.H. Devereux, of Cleveland, president of the Cleveland, + Columbus, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis Railway, writes: "The association work has + from the beginning (now ten years ago) been prosecuted at Cleveland satisfactorily + and with good results. The conviction of the board of superintendents is that the + influence of the room and the work in connection with it has been of great value to + both the employer and the employed, and that the instrumentalities in question should + not only be encouraged but further strengthened." Mr. John W. Garrett, president of + the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, says: "A secretary of the Young Men's + Christian Association, for the service of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, + was appointed in 1879, and I am gratified to be able to say that the officers under + whose observation his efforts have been conducted informed me that this work has been + fruitful of good results." Mr. Thomas Dickson, president of the Delaware and Hudson + Canal Company, writes: "This company takes an active interest in the prosperity of + the association, and will cheerfully co-operate in all proper methods for the + extension of its usefulness." Mr. H.B. Ledyard, general manager of the Michigan + Central Railroad Company, writes: "I have taken a deep interest in the work of <a + name="page364" id="page364"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 364]</span> the Young Men's + Christian Association among railroad men, and believe that, leaving out all other + questions, it is a paying investment for a railroad company."</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image10_full.png"><img src="images/image10_thumbnail.png" + alt="BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. IN CHICAGO." /></a> + <p>BUILDING OF THE Y.M.C.A. IN CHICAGO.</p> + </div> + <p>These are a few out of a great number of assurances from railroad men of the value + of this organization. In Chicago, the president of one of the leading railroads, the + general superintendent of another, and other officials, are serving on the railroad + committee of the Young Men's Christian Association, and it is hoped that at every + railway centre there may soon be an advisory committee of the work. Such a committee + is now forming in Boston. This work should interest every individual, because it + touches every one who ever journeys by train. <a name="page365" + id="page365"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 365]</span> Speak as some men may, + faithlessly, concerning religion, where is the man who would not feel safer should he + know that the engineer and conductor of his train were Christians? men not only + caring for others, but themselves especially cared for.</p> + <p>Frederick von Schluembach, of noble birth, an officer in the Prussian army, was a + leader there in infidelity and dissipation to such a degree as to drive him to this + country at the time of our Civil War. He went into service and attained to the rank + of captain. His conversion was remarkable and he brought to his Saviour's service all + the intense earnestness and zeal that he had been giving to Satan. He joined the + Methodists and became a minister among them. His heart went out to the multitudes of + his countrymen here, and especially to the young; thus he came in contact with the + central committee and was employed by them to visit German centres. This was in 1871, + in Baltimore, where took place the first meeting of the national bund of + German-speaking associations. At their request Mr. Von Schluembach took the field, + which has resulted, after extreme opposition on the part of the German churches, in + eight German Young Men's Christian Associations, besides an equal number of German + committees in associations. When we remember that there are more than two million + Germans in this country, and that New York is the fourth German city in the world, we + can scarcely overestimate the greatness of this work. Mr. Von Schluembach was obliged + on account of ill health to go to Germany for a while, and, recovering, formed + associations there,—the one in Berlin being especially powerful, some of + "Caesar's household" holding official positions in it. He has now returned, and with + Claus Olandt, Jr., is again at work among his countrymen. His first work on returning + was to assist in raising fifty thousand dollars for the German building in New York + City.</p> + <p>Mr. Henry E. Brown has always since the war been intensely interested in the + colored men of the South. Shortly after graduation at Oberlin College, Ohio, he + founded, and was for two years president of, a college for colored men in Alabama. He + is now secretary for the committee among this class at the South, and speaks most + encouragingly of the future of this work.</p> + <p>In 1877, there was graduated a young man named L.D. Wishard, from Princeton + College. To him seems to have been given a great desire for an inter-collegiate + religious work. He, with his companions, issued a call to collegians to meet at the + general convention of Young Men's Christian Associations at Louisville. Twenty-two + colleges responded and sent delegates. Mr. Wishard was appointed international + secretary. One hundred and seventy-five associations have now been formed, with + nearly ten thousand members. These colleges report about ninety Bible-classes during + the past year. Fifteen hundred students have professed conversion through the + association; of these forty have decided to enter the ministry, and two of these are + going to the foreign fields.</p> + <p>The work is among the men most likely to occupy the highest position in the + country, hence its importance is very great. Mr. Wishard is quite overtaxed and help + has been given him at times, but he needs, and so also does the railroad work, an + assistant secretary.</p> + <p>There is a class of men in our <a name="page366" id="page366"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 366]</span> community who are almost constantly traveling. Rarely + at home, they go from city to city. The temptations to these men are peculiar and + very great. In 1879, Mr. E.W. Watkins, himself one of this class of commercial + travelers, was appointed secretary in their behalf. He has since visited all the + principal associations, and has created an interest in these neglected men. Among the + appliances which are productive of the most good is the traveler's ticket, which + entitles him to all the privileges of membership in any place where an association + may be. A second most valuable work is the hotel-visiting done by more than fifty + associations each week. The hotel-registers are consulted on Saturday afternoon, and + a personal note is sent to each young man, giving him the times of service at the + several churches and inviting him to the rooms. Is it necessary to call the attention + of business men to the importance to themselves of this work? Is it not patent? You + cannot follow the young man whose honesty and clear-headedness is of such consequence + to you. God has put it into the heart of this association to try and care for those + men, upon whom your success largely depends. Can you be blind to its value? Every + individual man who employs commercial travelers should aid the work. But how is all + this great work for young men carried on? It requires now thirty thousand dollars a + year to do it. Of this sum New York pays more than one half, Pennsylvania about one + sixth, and Massachusetts less than one fifteenth. But to do this work + properly,—this work of the universal church of Christ for young men,—at + least one third more, or forty thousand dollars a year, is needed. There is another + need, however, much harder to meet—the men to fill the places calling earnestly + for general secretaries. There are nearly three hundred and fifty paid employees in + the field, representing about two hundred associations. Since every association + should have a secretary, and there are nearly, if not quite, nine hundred, the need + will be clearly seen. This need it is proposed to meet by training men in schools + established for the purpose. Something of this has already been done in New York + State and at Peoria, Illinois, and there must soon be a regular training-school + established to accommodate from fifty to one hundred men.</p> + <p>This is a very meagre sketch of a great work. How inadequately it portrays it, + none know so well as those who are immediately connected with it. Could you have been + present at a dinner given a few months ago to the secretaries of the international + committee, and heard each man describe his field and its needs; could you have seen + the intensity with which each endeavored to make us feel what he himself realized, + that his special field was the most important,—you would have come to our + conclusion: that each field was all-important, and that each man was in his proper + place, peculiarly fitted for it and assigned to it by the Master.</p> + <p>A prominent divine has lately said: "I believe the Young Men's Christian + Association to be the greatest religious fact of the nineteenth century."</p> + <p>What has been effected by this fact? Thousands of young men in all parts of the + world have been brought to Jesus Christ. It has been the training-school for Moody, + Whittle, and hosts of laymen who are to-day proclaiming the simple Gospel. It has + organized great evangelistic movements both here and <a name="page367" + id="page367"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 367]</span> abroad. It formed the + Christian Commission, which not only relieved the wants of the body during our war, + but sent hundreds of Christ's missionaries to the hospitals and battle-fields. It has + gloriously manifested the unity of Christ's true church. It stands to-day an organic + body, instinct with one life, spreading its limbs through the world, active, alert, + ready at any moment to respond to the call of the church, and enables it to present + an unbroken front to superstition and infidelity, which already rear their brazen + heads against Christ and his church, and will soon be in open rebellion and actual + warfare, and which Christ at his coming will forever destroy.</p> + <p>[NOTE.—Through the kindness of Messrs. Harper and Brothers, of New York, we + present to our readers the two portraits in this article. For the cuts of the + buildings we are indebted to the Chicago Watchman, mention of which is made + above.—R.S., Jr.]</p> + <hr /> + <h2>GEORGE FULLER.</h2> + <center> + BY SIDNEY DICKINSON. + </center> + <p>The death of George Fuller has removed a strong and original figure from the + activity of American art, and added a weighty name to its history. To speak of him + now, while his work is fresh in the public mind, is a labor of some peril; so easy is + it, when the sense of loss is keen, to make mistakes in judgment, and to allow the + friendly spirit to prevail over the judicial, in an estimation of him as a man and a + painter. Yet he has gone in and out before us long enough to make a study of him + profitable, and to give us, even now, some occasion for an opinion as to the place he + is likely to occupy in the annals of our native art. Mr. Fuller held a peculiar + position in American painting, and one which seems likely to remain hereafter + unfilled. He followed no one, and had no followers; his art was the outgrowth of + personal temperament and experience, rather than the result of teaching, and although + he studied others, he was himself his only master. In other men whose names are + prominent in our art, we seem to see the direction of an outside influence. Stuart + and Copley confessed to the teaching of the English school of their day—a + school brilliant but formal, and holding close guiding-reins over its disciples; + Benjamin West became denationalized, so far as his art was concerned; Allston showed + the impression of England, Italy, and Flanders, all at once, in his refined and + thoughtful style, and Hunt manifested in every stroke of his brilliant brush the + learned and facile methods that are in vogue in the leading ateliers of modern Paris. + In these men, and in the followers whom their preëminent ability drew after + them, we perceive the dominant impulse to be of alien origin; Fuller alone, of all + the great ones in our art, was in thought and action purely and simply American. The + influence that led others into the error of imitation, seems to have been exerted + unavailingly upon his self-reliant mind. We shall search vainly if we look elsewhere + than within himself for the suggestions upon which his art was established. + Superficial resemblances to other painters are sometimes to be noted in his works, + but in governing principle and habit of thought he was serenely and grandly + alone.</p> + <a name="page368" id="page368"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 368]</span> + <p>We must regard him thus if we would study him understandingly, and gain from our + observation a correct estimate of his power. We think of our other painters as in the + crowd, and amid the affairs of men, and detect in their art a certain uneasiness + which the bustle about them necessarily caused. We perceive this most in Hunt, who + was emphatically a man of the world, and in Stuart, who shows in some of his later + work that his position as the court painter of America, while it aided his purse and + reputation, harmed his repose; least in Allston, whose tastes were literary, whose + love was in retirement, and who would have been a poet had not circumstances first + placed a brush and palette in his hands. Allston, however, enjoyed popularity, and + was courted by the best society of his time, and was not permitted, although he + doubtless longed for it, to indulge to its full extent his chaste and dreamy fancy. + It may be said without disrespect to his undoubted powers, that he would have been + less esteemed in his own day if his art had not been largely conventional, and thus + easily understood by those who had studied the accepted masters of painting. He + lacked positive force of idea, as his works clearly show,—that quality which + was among the most characteristic traits of Fuller's method, and made him at once the + greatest genius, and the man most misunderstood, among contemporary American + painters.</p> + <p>Although men who have not had "advantages" in life are naturally prone to regret + their deprivation, they frequently owe their success to this seeming bar against + opportunity. We have often seen illustrated in our art the fact that favorable + circumstances do not necessarily insure success, and now from the life of Fuller we + gain the still more important truth, that power is never so well aroused as in the + face of obstacles. Few men endured more for art than he; none have waited more + uncomplainingly for a recognition that was sure to come by-and-by, or received with + greater serenity the approbation which the dull world came at last to bestow. His + history is most wholesome in its record of steadfast resting upon conviction, and + teaches quite as strongly as his pictures do, the value of absorption in a lofty + idea.</p> + <p>If the saying that those nations are the happiest that have no history is true of + men, Mr. Fuller's life must be regarded as exceptionally fortunate. Considered by + itself, it was quiet and uneventful, and had little to excite general interest; but + when viewed in its relation to the practice of his art, it is found to be full of + eloquent suggestions to all who, like him, have been appointed to win success through + suffering. The narrative of his experience comprises two great periods—the + preparation, which covered thirty-four years, and the achievement, to the enjoyment + of which less than eight years were permitted. The first period is subdivided into + two, of which one embraces eighteen years, from the time when, at the age of twenty, + he entered upon the study of his art, to his retirement from the world to the exile + of his Deerfield farm; the other including sixteen years of seclusion, until, at the + age of fifty-four, he came forth again to proclaim a new revelation. The first part + of his career may be dismissed without any extended consideration. Its record + consists of an almost unrelieved account of struggle, indifferent success, and lack + of appreciation and encouragement, in the cities of Boston <a name="page369" + id="page369"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 369]</span> and New York. In Boston he + appeared as the student, rather than the producer of works, and laid the foundation + of his style in observation of the paintings of Stuart, Copley, Allston, and + Alexander,—all excellent models upon which to base a practice, although + destined to show little of their influence upon the pictures which he painted in the + maturity of his power. It is not to be doubted, however, that all these men, and + particularly Stuart, made an impression upon him which he was never afterward wholly + able to conceal. We may see even in some of his latest works, under his own peculiar + manner, suggestions of Stuart, particularly in portraits of women, which in pose and + expression, and to a considerable degree in color, show much of that dignity and + composure which so distinguish the female heads of our greatest portrait-painter. He + always admired Stuart, and in his later years spoke much of him, with strong + appreciation for his skill in describing character, and the refined taste which is + such a marked feature of his best manner.</p> + <p>His work in Boston made no particular impression upon the public mind, and after + five years' trial of it he removed to New York, where he joined that brilliant circle + of painters and sculptors which, with its followers, has made one of the strongest + impressions, if not the most valuable or permanent, upon the art of America. During + his residence in that city he devoted himself almost exclusively to + portrait-painting, in which he developed a manner more distinguished for conventional + excellence than any particular individuality. It was remarked of him, however, that + he was disposed, even at this time, to seek to present the thought and disposition of + his subjects more strongly than their merely physical features, and among his + principal associates excited no little appreciative comment upon this tendency. In + some of his portraits of women of that period, wherein he evidently attempted to + present the superior fineness and sensibility of the feminine nature, this effort + toward ideality is quite strongly indicated; they are painted with a more hesitating + and lingering touch than his portraits of men, and with a certain seeming lack of + confidence, which throws about them a thin fold of that veil of etherialism and + mystery which so enwraps nearly all his pictures of the last eight years. This + treatment, however, seems to have been at that time more the result of experiment + than conviction; later in life he wrought its suggestions into a system, the + principles of which we may study further on. His earlier work, as has been said, was + chiefly confined to portrait-painting, although it is a significant fact that among + his pictures of that time are two which show that the feeling for poetical and + imaginative effort was working in him. At a comparatively early age he painted an + impression of Coleridge's Genevieve, which showed marked evidence of power, and + later, after seeing a picture of the school of Rubens, which was owned by one of his + artist friends, produced a study which he afterward seems to have developed into his + well-known Boy and Bird; a Cupid-like figure, holding a bird closely against its + breast. These exercises, however, seem to have been, as it were, accidental, and had + little or no effect in leading him to the practice in which he afterward became + absorbed.</p> + <p>His life in New York, which was <a name="page370" id="page370"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 370]</span> interrupted only by three winter trips to the South, + whither he went in the hope of securing some commissions for portraits, was an + uneventful experience of very modest pecuniary success, and brought him as the only + official honor of his life an election as associate of the National Academy of + Design. He then went to Europe, where, for eight months, he carefully studied the old + masters in the principal galleries of England and the Continent. This visit to the + Old World was of incalculable value to him in the method of painting which he + afterward made his own, and, in point of fact, gave him his first decided inclination + toward it. Its best influence, however, was in giving him confidence in himself, and + assurance of the reasonableness of the views which he had already begun to entertain. + He had been led before to regard the old masters as superior to rivalry and incapable + of weakness, superhuman characters, indeed, whose works should discourage effort. + Instead of this, however, he found them to be men like himself, with their share of + defect and error, yet made grand by inspiration and idea, and this knowledge greatly + encouraged him, a man who of all painters was at once the most modest and devoted. + Most painters who resort to Europe to study the old art find there one or two men + whose works make the strongest appeals to their liking, and, devoting their attention + chiefly to these, they show ever after the marks of an influence that is easily + traced to its source; Fuller, however, observed with broader and more penetrating + view, and, as his works show, seems to have studied men less than principles, and to + have been filled with admiration, not so much for particular practices as for the + common and lofty spirit in which the greatest of the world's painters labored. The + colorists and chiaroscurists, such as Titian on the one hand and Rembrandt on the + other, seem to have impressed him particularly, and of all men Titian the most + strongly, as many of his pictures testify, and as such glowing works as the Arethusa + and the Boy and Bird unmistakably show. Yet it was not in matter or in manner, but in + the expression of a great truth, that the old masters most strongly affected him. He + felt at once, and grew to admire greatly, their repose and modesty, calm strength and + undisturbed temper, and drew from them the important principle that true genius may + be known by its confessing neither pride nor self-distrust. The serenity of their + style he sought at once to appropriate, and thereafter worked as much as possible in + imitation of their evident purpose, striving simply to do his best, without any + question of whether the result would please, or another's effort be reckoned as + greater than his own. It became a governing principle with him never to seek to outdo + any one, or to feel anything but pleasure at another's success, for he was not a man + who could fail to recognize the truth that envy is fatal to a fine mood in any labor. + Few artists, we may well believe, study the great art of the world in this spirit, or + derive from it such a lesson.</p> + <p>On his return to America, he betook himself to his native town of Deerfield, to + assume for a time the care of the ancestral farm, which the death of his father had + placed in his hands. He had returned from Europe full of inspired ideas, and was + apparently ready to go on at once in new paths of labor; but the voice of duty seemed + to him to <a name="page371" id="page371"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 371]</span> + call him away from his chosen life, and he obeyed its summons without hesitation. + Moreover, he loved the country and the family homestead, and may have perceived, + also, that the condition of art in Boston and New York was not such as to encourage + an original purpose, and that, if he was ever to gain success, he must develop + himself in quiet, and aloof from the distracting influences of other methods and men. + It is easy to perceive, with the complete record of his life before us, that this + experience of labor and thought upon the Deerfield farm, although at first sight + forming an hiatus in his career, was really its most pregnant period, and that + without it the Fuller who is now so much admired might have been lost to us, and the + spirit that appears in his later works never have been awakened. It is, indeed, a + spirit that can find no congenial dwelling-place in towns, but makes its home in the + fields and on the hillsides, to which the poet-painter, depressed but not cast down + by his experience of life, repaired to work and dream. For sixteen years, in the + midst of the fairest pastoral valley of New England, he lived in the contemplation of + the ideas that had passed across his mind in the quiet of European galleries, and now + became more definite impressions. The secret of those years, with their deep, slow + current of refined and melancholy thought, is now sealed with him in eternal sleep; + but from the works that remain to us as the matured fruits of his life, we may gain + some hint of his experiences. It is not to be questioned that he drew from the + New-England soil that he tilled, and the air that he breathed, an inspiration which + never failed him. The flavor of the quiet valley fills all his canvases. We see in + them the spaciousness of its meadows, the inviting slope of its low hills, the calm + grandeur of its encircling mountains, the mysterious gloom and wholesome brightness + of its changing skies, the atmosphere of history and romance which is its breath and + life. Song and story have found many incidents for treatment in this locality. Not + far from the farm where Fuller's daily work was done, the tragedy of Bloody Brook was + enacted; the fields which he tilled have their legend of Indian ambuscade and + massacre; the soil is sown, as with dragon's teeth, with the arrow-heads and + battle-axes of many bitter conflicts; even to the ancient house where, in recent + years, the painter's summer easel was set up, a former owner was brought home with + the red man's bullet in his breast. The menace of midnight attack seems even now to + the wanderer in the darkness to burden the air of these mournful meadows, and + tradition shows that here were felt the ripples of that tide of superstitious frenzy + which flowed from Salem through all the early colonies. No place could have furnished + more potent suggestions to the art-idealist than this, and although it did not lead + him to paint its tragic history (for no man had less liking for violence and passion + than he), it impressed him deeply with its concurrent records of endurance and + devotion. Nor did it invite him, as it might have done in the case of a weaker man, + into mere description, but having aroused his thought, it submitted itself wholly to + the treatment of his strong and original genius. He approached his task with a broad + and comprehensive vision, and a loving and inquiring soul. He was not satisfied with + the revelation of his eyes alone, but sought earnestly for the secret of <a + name="page372" id="page372"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 372]</span> nature's life, + and of its influence upon the sensitive mind of man. He perceived the truth that + nature without man is naught, even as there is no color without light, and strove + earnestly to show in his art the relations that they sustain to each other. He saw, + also, that the material in each is nothing without the spirit which they share in + common, and thus he painted not places, but the influence of places, even as he + painted not persons merely, but their natures and minds. It is for this reason that, + although we see in all his pictures where landscape finds a place the meadows, trees, + and skies of Deerfield, we also see much more,—the general and unlocated spirit + of New-England scenery.</p> + <p>This is the true impressionism—a system to which Fuller was always constant + in later life, and which he developed grandly. He was, however, as far removed as + possible from that cheap, shallow, and idealess school of French painters whose + wrongful appropriation of the name "Impressionist" has prejudiced us against the + principle that it involves. The inherent difference between them and Fuller lies in + this—he exercised a choice, and thought the beautiful alone to be worthy of + description, while they selected nothing, but painted indiscriminately all things, + with whatever preference they indicated lying in the direction of the strong and + ugly, as being most imperative in its demands for attention. Fuller's subjects were + always sweet and noble, and it followed as a matter of course that his treatment of + them was refined and strong. His idea was also broad; he sought for the typical in + nature and life, and grew inevitably into a continually widening and more + comprehensive style. He taught himself to lose the sense of detail, and to strike at + once to the centre, presenting the vital idea with decision, and departing from it + with increasing vagueness of treatment, until the whole area of his work was filled + with a harmonious and carefully graduated sense of suggestion. He arrived at his + method by an original way of studying the natural world. He did not, as most artists + do, take his paint-box and easel and devote himself to description, and from his + studies work out the finished picture. Instead, he disencumbered himself of all + materials for making memoranda, and merely stood before the scene that impressed him, + looking upon it for hours at a time. Then he betook himself to his studio, and there + worked from the impression that his mind had formed under the guiding-hand of his + fancy, the result being that nature and human thought appeared together upon the + canvas, giving a double grace and power. The process was subtle, and not to be + described clearly even by the painter himself, who found his work so largely a matter + of inspiration that he was never able to make copies of his pictures. They grew out + of his consciousness in a strange way whose secret he could not grasp; to the end of + his life he was an inquirer, always hesitating, and never confident in anything + except that art was truth, and that he who followed it must walk in modesty and + humbleness of spirit before the greatness of its mystery. A man of ideas and + sentiment, remote from the clamor of schools and the complaints of critics, with + recollections of the grandest art of the world in his mind, and beautiful aspects of + nature continually before his eyes, he could hardly fail to work out a style of + marked originality. The effort, however, was slow; one does not erase on the instant + the impressions that <a name="page373" id="page373"></a><span class="newpage">[pg + 373]</span> eighteen years of study and practice have made, and Fuller found his life + at Deerfield none too long to rid him of his respect for formulas.</p> + <p>His experience there was a continuous round of study. He completed little, + although he painted much, inexorably blotting out, no matter after what expenditure + of labor, the work that failed to respond to his idea, and striving constantly to be + simple, straightforward, and impressive, without being vapid, arrogant, or dogmatic. + He possessed in large measure that rarest of gifts to genius—modesty—and + approached the secrets of nature and life more tremblingly as he passed from their + outer to their inner circles. It was a necessity of his peculiar feeling and manner + of study that he should develop a lingering, hesitating, half-uncertain style of + painting, which, however variously it may be viewed by different minds, is + undoubtedly of the utmost effectiveness in describing the principles, rather than the + facts, of nature and life. This way of presenting his idea, which some call a + "mannerism,"—a term that has wrongly come to have a suggestion of contempt + attached to it,—was with him a principle, and employed by him as the one in + which he could best express truth. Art may justly claim great latitude in this + endeavor, and schools and systems arrogate too much when they seek to define its + limitations. Absolute truth to nature is impossible in art, which is constrained to + lie to the eye in order to satisfy the mind, and continually transposes the harmonies + of earth and sky into the minor key. Fuller offended the senses often, but he touched + that nerve-centre in the heart, without which impressions are not truly recognized. + He won liking, rather than startled men into it, and his art, instead of approaching, + retired and beckoned. His figures never "came out of the frame at you," as is the + common expression of admiration nowadays. He put everything at a distance, made it + reposeful, and drew about figure and landscape an atmosphere which not only made them + beautiful, but established a strange and reciprocal mood of sentiment between them. + He alone of all American painters filled the whole of his canvas with air; others + place a barrier to atmosphere in their middle distance, and it comes no farther, but + he brought it over to the nearest inch of foreground. This treatment, while it aided + the quietness and restful mystery of his pictures, also strengthened his constant + effort to avoid marked contrasts. He sought always a general impression, and + ruthlessly sacrificed everything that called attention to itself at the expense of + the whole. Yet he was not a man of swift insight in comprehensive matters, nor one + who could be called clever. Weighty in thought as in figure, he moved slowly and in + long waves, and although of marked quickness in intuition, he seemed to distrust this + quality in himself until he had proved it by reason. He received his motive as by a + spark quicker than the lightning's, and when he began a work saw its intention + clearly, although its form and details were wholly obscured. Out of a mist of + darkness he saw a face shine dimly with some light of joy or sorrow that was in it, + and at the moment caught its suggestion upon the waiting canvas. Then came inquiry, + explanation, reasoning, the exercise of a manly and poetic sensibility, and endless + experiment with lines and forms, of which the greater part were meaningless, until by + <a name="page374" id="page374"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 374]</span> unwearied + searching, and constant trial and correction, the complete idea was expressed at + last.</p> + <p>When a painter produces works in this strange fashion, an involved and confused + manner of technical treatment becomes inevitable. The schools, which glorify manual + skill and the swift and exhilarating production of effects, cannot appreciate it, for + all their teaching is opposed to the principle that makes technique subordinate to + idea, and they cannot look with favor upon a man who boldly reverses everything. The + perfect art undoubtedly rests upon a combination of sublime thought and entire + command of resources, but while we wait for this we shall not make mistake if we + consider the effective, even if unlicensed, expression of idea superior to a facility + that has become cheap from hundreds mastering it yearly. We cannot close our eyes to + Fuller's technical faults and weaknesses, but his pictures would undeniably be a less + precious heritage to American art than they now are, if he had not been great enough + to perceive that academic skill becomes weak by just so much as it is magnified, and + is strong only when viewed in its just relation, as the means to an end. We perplex + and confuse ourselves in studying his work, and are naturally a little irritated that + he keeps his secret of power so well; yet we cannot help feeling that his style is + wonderfully adapted to the end in view, and perhaps the only appropriate medium for + the expression of a habit of thought that is as peculiar as itself. Schools will + insist, and with reason, upon working by rule; yet in art, as in other discipline of + teaching, genius does not develop itself until it escapes from its instructors.</p> + <p>Mr. Fuller's life was constantly swayed by circumstances, and through it all he + was impelled to steps which he might never have taken of his own accord. He was drawn + by influences that he could not control into his fruitful course of study and + experience at Deerfield, where his farm gave him support, and permitted him to + indulge in an unembarrassed practice of his art; then, when his time was ripe, he was + driven by the sharp lash of financial embarrassment into the world again. Eight years + ago he reappeared in Boston, with about a dozen paintings of landscapes, ideal heads, + and small figures, which were exhibited and promptly sold amid every expression of + interest and favor. Confirmed and strengthened in his belief by this success, he + again established his studio here, and began that series of remarkable works which + have given him a place among the greatest of American painters. The touch of popular + favor quickened him into a lofty and quiet enthusiasm, and stimulated both his + imagination and his descriptive powers. During all his experience at Deerfield a + certain lack of self-confidence seems to have prevented him from making any large + endeavor, but with his convictions endorsed by the public, he attempted at once to + labor on a more ambitious scale. He broadened his canvases, and increased the size of + his figures and landscapes, and where he was before sweet and inviting, became strong + and impressive, yet still holding all his former qualities. The first year of his new + residence in Boston saw the production of The Dandelion Girl, a light-hearted, + careless creature, full of a life that had no touch of responsibility, and + descriptive of a joyous and ephemeral mood. A long step forward was taken in The + Romany Girl, which immediately followed,—a <a name="page375" + id="page375"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 375]</span> work full of fire and freedom, + strongly personal in suggestion, and marked by a wild and impatient individuality + which revealed in the girl the impression of a lawless ancestry, that somehow and + somewhere had felt the action of a finer strain of blood. The next year Fuller + reached the highest point of his inspiration and power in The Quadroon, a work which + is likely to be held for all time as his masterpiece, so far as strength of idea, + importance of motive, and vivid force of description are concerned. Without violence, + even without expression of action, but simply by a pair of haunting eyes, a + beautiful, despairing face, and a form confessing utter weariness and abandonment of + hope, he revealed all the national shame of slavery, and its degradation of body and + soul. Every American cannot but blush to look upon it, so simple and dignified is its + rebuke of the nation's long perversity and guilt. The artist's next important effort + was the famous Winifred Dysart, as far removed in purpose from The Quadroon as it + could well be, yet akin to it by its added testimony to the painter's constant + sympathy with weak and beseeching things, and worthy to stand at an equal height with + the picture of the slave by virtue of its beauty of conception, loveliness of + character, and pathetic appeal to the interest. It was in all respects as typical and + comprehensive as The Quadroon itself, holding within its face and figure all the + sweetness and innocence of New-England girlhood, yet with the shadow of an + uncongenial experience brooding over it, and perhaps of inherited weakness and early + death. And the wonder of it all was that the girl had no sign about herself of + longing or discontent; she was not of a nature to anticipate or dream, and the + spectator's interest was intensified at seeing in her and before her what she herself + did not perceive. That art can give such power of suggestion to its creations is a + marvel and a delight.</p> + <p>Following these two works—and at some distance, although near enough to + confirm and even increase the painter's fame—came the Priscilla, Evening; + Lorette, Nydia, Boy and Bird, Hannah, Psyche, and others, ending this year with the + Arethusa, whose glowing and chastened loveliness makes it his strongest purely + artistic work, and confirms the technical value of his method as completely as The + Quadroon and Winifred Dysart do his habit of thought. He painted innumerable + landscapes, portraits, and ideal heads, and in figure compositions produced, among + others, two works of great and permanent value, the And She Was a Witch, and The + Gatherer of Simples, to whose absorbing interest all who have studied them closely + will confess. The latter, particularly, is of importance as showing how carefully + Fuller studied into the secret of expression, and of nature's sympathy with human + moods. This poor, worn, sad, old face, in which beauty and hope shone once, and where + resignation and memory now dwell; this trembling figure, to whose decrepitude the + bending staff confesses as she totters <i>down</i> the hill; the gathering gloom of + the sky, in which one ray of promise for a bright to-morrow shines from the setting + sun; the mute witnessing of the trees upon the hill, which have seen her pass and + repass from joyful youth to lonely age, and even her eager grasp upon the poor + treasure of herbs that she bears,—all these items of the scene impress <a + name="page376" id="page376"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 376]</span> one with a + sympathy whose keenness is even bitter, and excite a deep respect and love for the + man who could paint with so much simplicity and power. It is not strange that when + the news of his death became known, many who had never seen him, but had studied the + pictures in his latest exhibition, should have come, with tears in their eyes, to the + studios which neighbored his, to learn something of his history.</p> + <p>Such works are not struck out in a heat, but grow and develop like human lives, + and it will not surprise many to know that most of them were labored on for years. + With Fuller, a picture was never completed. His idea was constantly in advance of his + work, and persisted in new suggestions, so that the Winifred Dysart was two years in + the painting, the Arethusa five, and The Gatherer of Simples and the Witch, after an + even longer course of labor, were held by him at his death as not yet satisfactory. + The figures in the two works last mentioned have suffered almost no change since + first put upon the canvas, but they have from time to time appeared in at least a + dozen different landscapes, and would doubtless have been placed in as many more + before he had satisfied his fastidious and exacting taste.</p> + <p>The artist found as much difficulty in naming his pictures when they were done as + he did in painting them. It is a prevalent, but quite erroneous, impression that his + habit was to select a subject from some literary work, and then attempt to paint it + in the light of the author's ideas. His practice exactly reversed this method: he + painted his picture first, and then tried to evolve or find a name that would fit it. + The name Winifred Dysart, which is without literary origin or meaning, and yet in + some strange way seems the only proper title for the work to which it is attached, + came out of the artist's own mind. His Priscilla was started as an Elsie Venner, but + he found it impossible to work upon the lines another had laid down without too much + cramping his own fancy; when half done he thought of calling it Lady Wentworth, and + at last gave it its present name by chance of having taken up The Blithedale Romance, + and noting with pleased surprise how closely Hawthorne's account of his heroine + fitted his own creation. The Nydia was started with the idea of presenting the + helplessness of blindness, with a hint of the exaltation of the other senses that is + consequent upon the loss of sight, and showed at first merely a girl groping along a + wall in search of a door; and the Arethusa was the outgrowth of a general inspiration + caused by a reading of Spenser's Faerie Queen, and did not receive its present very + appropriate name until its exhibition made some designation necessary.</p> + <p>I have devoted this study on of Mr. Fuller to his quality as an artist rather than + to his character as a man, but shall have written in vain if some hint has not been + given of the loveliness of his disposition, the modesty of his spirit, the chaste + force of his mind. A man inevitably paints as he himself is, and shows his nature in + his works: Fuller's pictures are founded upon purity of thought, and painted with + dignity and single-heartedness, and the grace of his life dwells in them.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>[GEORGE FULLER was born in Deerfield, Massachusetts, in 1822. He was descended + from old Puritan stock, and his ancesters were among the early <a name="page377" + id="page377"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 377]</span> settlers of the Connecticut + River valley. He inherited a taste for art, as an uncle and several other relatives + of the previous generation were painters, although none of them attained any + particular reputation. He began painting by himself at the age of about sixteen + years, and at the age of twenty entered the studio of Henry K. Brown, of Albany, New + York, where he received his first and only direct instruction. His work, until the + age of about forty years, was almost entirely devoted to portraits; but he is best + known, and will be longest remembered, for his ideal work in figure and landscape + painting, which he entered upon about 1860, but did not make his distinctive field + until 1876. From the latter date, to the time of his death, he painted many important + works, and was pecuniarily successful. He received probably the largest prices ever + paid to an American artist for single figures: $3,000 for the Winifred Dysart, and + $4,000 each for the Priscilla and Evening; Lorette. He died in Boston on the + twenty-first of March, 1884, leaving a widow, four sons, and a daughter. During May, + a memorial exhibition of his works was held at the Museum of Fine + Arts.—EDITOR.]</p> + <hr /> + <h2>THE LOYALISTS OF LANCASTER.</h2> + <center> + By HENRY S. NOURSE. + </center> + <p>The outburst of patriotic rebellion in 1775 throughout Massachusetts was so + universal, and the controversy so hot with the wrath of a people politically wronged, + as well as embittered by the hereditary rage of puritanism against prelacy, that the + term <i>tory</i> comes down to us in history loaded with a weight of opprobrium not + legitimately its own. After the lapse of a hundred years the word is perhaps no + longer synonymous with everything traitorous and vile, but when it is desirable to + suggest possible respectability and moral rectitude in any member of the conservative + party of Revolutionary days, it must be done under the less historically disgraced + title,—loyalist. In fact, then, as always, two parties stood contending for + principles to which honest convictions made adherents. If among the conservatives + were timid office-holders and corrupt self-seekers, there were also of the + Revolutionary party blatant demagogues and bigoted partisans. The logic of success, + though a success made possible at last only by exterior aid, justified the appeal to + arms begun in Massachusetts before revolt was prepared or thought imminent elsewhere. + Now, to the careful student of the situation, it seems among the most premature and + rash of all the rebellions in history. But for the precipitancy of the uprising, and + the patriotic frenzy that fired the public heart at news of the first bloodshed, many + ripe scholars, many soldiers of experience, might have been saved to aid and honor + the republic, instead of being driven into ignominious exile by fear of mob violence + and imprisonment, and scourged through the century as enemies of their country. In + and about Lancaster, then the largest town in Worcester County, the royalist party + was an eminently respectable minority. At first, indeed, not only those naturally <a + name="page378" id="page378"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 378]</span> conservative by + reason of wealth, or pride of birthright, but nearly all the intellectual leaders, + both ecclesiastic and civilian, deprecated revolt as downright suicide. They + denounced the Stamp Act as earnestly, they loved their country in which their all was + at stake as sincerely, as did their radical neighbors. Some of them, after the bloody + nineteenth of April, acquiesced with such grace as they could in what they now saw to + be inevitable, and tempered with prudent counsel the blind zeal of partisanship: thus + ably serving their country in her need. Others would have awaited the issue of events + as neutrals; but such the committees of safety, or a mob, not unnaturally treated as + enemies.</p> + <p>On the highest rounds of the social ladder stood the great-grandsons of Major + Simon Willard, the Puritan commander in the war of 1675. These three gentlemen had + large possessions in land, were widely known throughout the Province, and were held + in deserved esteem for their probity and ability. They were all royalists at heart, + and all connected by marriage with royalist families. Abijah Willard, the eldest, had + just passed his fiftieth year. He had won a captaincy before Louisburg when but + twenty-one, and was promoted to a colonelcy in active service against the French; was + a thorough soldier, a gentleman of stately presence and dignified manners, and a + skilful manager of affairs. For his first wife, he married Elizabeth, sister of + Colonel William Prescott; for his second, Mrs. Anna Prentice, but had recently + married a third partner, Mrs. Mary McKown, of Boston. He was the wealthiest citizen + of Lancaster, kept six horses in his stables, and dispensed liberal hospitality in + the mansion inherited from his father Colonel Samuel Willard. By accepting the + appointment of councillor in 1774, he became at once obnoxious to the dominant party, + and in August, when visiting Connecticut on business connected with his large landed + interests there, he was arrested by the citizens of the town of Union, and a mob of + five hundred persons accompanied him over the state line intending to convey him to + the nearest jail. Whether their wrath became somewhat cooled by the colonel's + bearing, or by a six-mile march, they released him upon his signing a paper dictated + to him, of which the following is a copy, printed at the time in the Boston + Gazette:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>STURBRIDGE, August 25, 1774.</p> + <p>Whereas I Abijah Willard, of Lancaster, have been appointed by mandamus + Counselor for this province, and have without due Consideration taken the Oath, do + now freely and solemnly and in good faith promise and engage that I will not set or + act in said Council, nor in any other that shall be appointed in such manner and + form, but that I will, as much as in me lies, maintain the Charter Rights and + Liberties of the Province, and do hereby ask forgiveness of all the honest, worthy + Gentlemen that I have offended by taking the abovesaid Oath, and desire this may be + inserted in the public Prints. Witness my Hand</p> + <p>ABIJAH WILLARD.</p> + </blockquote> + <p>From that time forward Colonel Willard lived quietly at home until the nineteenth + of April, 1775; when, setting out in the morning on horseback to visit his farm in + Beverly, where he had planned to spend some days in superintending the planting, he + was turned from his course by the swarming out of minute-men at the summons of the + couriers bringing the alarm from Lexington, and we next find him with the British in + Boston. He never saw Lancaster again. It is related that, on the <a name="page379" + id="page379"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 379]</span> morning of the seventeenth of + June, standing with Governor Gage, in Boston, reconnoitring the busy scene upon + Bunker's Hill, he recognized with the glass his brother-in-law Colonel William + Prescott, and pointed him out to the governor, who asked if he would fight. The + answer was: "Prescott will fight you to the gates of hell!" or, as another historian + more mildly puts it: "Ay, to the last drop of his blood." Colonel Willard knew + whereof he testified, for the two colonels had earned their commissions together in + the expeditions against Canada. An officer of so well-known skill and experience as + Abijah Willard was deemed a valuable acquisition, and he was offered a colonel's + commission in the British army, but refused to serve against his countrymen, and at + the evacuation of Boston went to Halifax, having been joined by his own and his + brother's family. In 1778, he was proscribed and banished. Later in the war he joined + the royal army, at Long Island, and was appointed commissary; in which service it was + afterwards claimed by his friends that his management saved the crown thousands of + pounds. A malicious pamphleteer of the day, however, accused him of being no better + than others, and alleging that whatever saving he effected went to swell his own + coffers. Willard's name stands prominent among the "Fifty-five" who, in 1783, asked + for large grants of land in Nova Scotia as compensation for their losses by the war. + He chose a residence on the coast of New Brunswick, which he named <i>Lancaster</i> + in remembrance of his beloved birthplace, and there died in May, 1789, having been + for several years an influential member of the provincial council. His family + returned to Lancaster, recovered the old homestead, and, aided by a small pension + from the British government, lived in comparative prosperity. The son Samuel died on + January 1, 1856, aged ninety-six years and four months. His widowed sister, Mrs. Anna + Goodhue, died on August 2, 1858, at the age of ninety-five. Memories of their wholly + pleasant and beneficent lives, abounding in social amenities and Christian graces, + still linger about the old mansion.</p> + <p>Levi Willard was three years the junior of Abijah. He had been collector of excise + for the county, held the military rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was justice of the + peace. With his brother-in-law Captain Samuel Ward he conducted the largest + mercantile establishment in Worcester County at that date. He had even made the + voyage to England to purchase goods. Although not so wealthy as his brother, he might + have rivaled him in any field of success but for his broken health; and he was as + widely esteemed for his character and capacity. At the outbreak of hostilities he was + too ill to take active part on either side, but his sympathies were with his loyalist + kindred. He died on July 11, 1775. His partner in business, Captain Samuel Ward, cast + his lot with the patriot party, but his son, Levi Willard, Jr., graduated at Harvard + College in 1775, joined his uncle Abijah, and went to England and there remained + until 1785, when he returned and died five years later.</p> + <p>Abel Willard, though equally graced by nature with the physical gifts that + distinguished his brothers, unlike them chose the arts of peace rather than those of + war. He was born at Lancaster on January 12, 1731-2, and was graduated at Harvard + College in 1752, ranking third in the class. His wife was Elizabeth <a name="page380" + id="page380"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 380]</span> Rogers, daughter of the + loyalist minister of Littleton. His name was affixed to the address to Governor Gage, + June 21, 1774, and he was forced to sign, with the other justices, a recantation of + the aspersions cast upon the people in that address. He has the distinction of being + recorded by the leading statesman of the Revolution—John Adams—as his + personal friend. So popular was Abel Willard and so well known his character as a + peacemaker and well-wisher to his country, that he might have remained unmolested and + respected among his neighbors in spite of his royalist opinions; but, whether led by + family ties or natural timidity, he sought refuge in Boston, and quick-coming events + made it impossible for him to return. At the departure of the British forces for + Halifax, he accompanied them. A letter from Edmund Quincy to his daughter Mrs. + Hancock, dated Lancaster, March 26, 1776, contains a reference to him: ... "Im sorry + for poor Mrs Abel Willard your Sisters near neighbour & Friend. Shes gone we hear + with her husband and Bro and sons to Nova Scotia P'haps in such a situation and under + such circumstances of Offense respecting their Wors<sup>r</sup> Neighbours as never to be in a + political capacity of returning to their Houses unless w<sup>th</sup> power & inimical + views w<sup>ch</sup> God forbid should ever be ye Case."</p> + <p>In 1778, the act of proscription and banishment included Abel Willard's name. His + health gave way under accumulated trouble, and he died in England in 1781.</p> + <p>The estates of Abijah and Abel Willard were confiscated. In the Massachusetts + Archives (cliv, 10) is preserved the anxious inquiry of the town authorities + respecting the proper disposal of the wealth they abandoned.</p> + <blockquote> + <p><i>To the Honourable Provincial Congress now holden at Watertown in the + Proviance of the Massachusetts Bay.</i></p> + <p>We the subscribers do request and desire that you would be pleased to direct or + Inform this proviance in General or the town of Lancaster in Partickeler what is + best to be done with the Estates of those men which are Gone from their Estates to + General Gage and to whose use they shall Improve them whether for the proviance or + the town where s<sup>d</sup> Estate is.</p> + <p>EBENEZER ALLEN,<br /> + CYRUS FAIRBANK,<br /> + SAMLL THURSTON,</p> + <p>The Selectmen of Lancaster.</p> + <p>Lancaster June 7 day 1775.</p> + </blockquote> + <p>The Provincial Congress placed the property in question in the hands of the + selectmen and Committee of Safety to improve, and instructed them to report to future + legislatures. Finally, Cyrus Fairbank is found acting as the local agent for + confiscated estates of royalists in Lancaster, and his annual statements are among + the archives of the State. His accounts embrace the estates of "Abijah Willard, Esq., + Abel Willard, Esq., Solomon Houghton, Yeoman, and Joseph Moore Gent." The final + settlement of Abel Willard's estate, October 26, 1785, netted his creditors but ten + shillings, eleven pence to the pound. The claimants and improvers probably swallowed + even the larger estate of Abijah Willard, leaving nothing to the Commonwealth.</p> + <p>Katherine, the wife of Levi Willard, was the sister, and Dorothy, wife of Captain + Samuel Ward, the daughter, of Judge John Chandler, "the honest Refugee." These + estimable and accomplished ladies lived but a stone's throw apart, and after the + death of Levi Willard there came to reside with them an elder brother of Mrs. Ward, + one of the most notable personages in Lancaster during the Revolution. Clark Chandler + was a dapper little bachelor <a name="page381" id="page381"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 381]</span> about thirty-two years of age, eccentric in person, + habits, and dress. Among other oddities of apparel, he was partial to bright red + small-clothes. His tory principles and singularities called down upon him the jibes + of the patriots among whom his lot was temporarily cast, but his ready tongue and + caustic wit were sufficient weapons of defence. In 1774, as town clerk of Worcester, + he recorded a protest of forty-three royalist citizens against the resolutions of the + patriotic majority. This record he was compelled in open town meeting to deface, and + when he failed to render it sufficiently illegible with the pen, his tormentors + dipped his fingers into the ink and used them to perfect the obliteration. He fled to + Halifax, but after a few months returned, and was thrown into Worcester jail. The + reply to his petition for release is in Massachusetts Archives (clxiv, 205).</p> + <blockquote> + <p>Colony of the Massachusetts Bay. By the Major part of the Council of said + Colony. Whereas Clark Chandler of Worcester has been Confined in the Common Prison + at Worcester for holding Correspondence with the enemies of this Country and the + said Clark having humbly petitioned for an enlargement and it having been made to + appear that his health is greatly impaired & that the Publick will not be + endangered by his having some enlargement, and Samuel Ward, John Sprague, & + Ezekiel Hull having Given Bond to the Colony Treasurer in the penal sum of one + thousand Pounds, for the said Clarks faithful performance of the order of Council + for his said enlargement, the said Clark is hereby permitted to go to Lancaster + when his health will permit, and there to continue and not go out of the Limits of + that Town, he in all Respects Conforming himself to the Condition in said Bond + contained, and the Sheriff of said County of Worcester and all others are hereby + Directed to permit the said Clark to pass unmolested so long as he shall conform + himself to the obligations aforementioned. Given under our Hands at ye Council + Chambers in Watertown the 15 Day of Dec. Anno Domini 1775.</p> + <p>By their Honors Command,</p> + <p>James Prescott<br /> + W<sup>m</sup> Severs<br /> + Cha Channey<br /> + B. Greenleaf<br /> + M. Farley<br /> + W. Spooner<br /> + Moses Gill<br /> + Caleb Cushing<br /> + J. Palmer<br /> + J. Winthrop<br /> + Eldad Taylor<br /> + John Whitcomb<br /> + B. White<br /> + Jed<sup>n</sup> Foster<br /> + B. Lincoln<br /> + Perez Morton<br /> + Dp<sup>t</sup> Sec<sup>r</sup>y.</p> + </blockquote> + <p>The air of Lancaster, which proved so salubrious to the pensioners of the British + government before named, grew oppressive to this tory bachelor, as we find by a + lengthy petition in Massachusetts Archives (clxxiii, 546), wherein he begs for a + wider range, and especially for leave to go to the sea-shore. A medical certificate + accompanies it.</p> + <blockquote> + <p>LANCASTER, OCT. 25. 1777</p> + <p>This is to inform whom it may Concern that Mr. Clark Chandler now residing in + this Town is in such a Peculiar Bodily Indisposition as in my opinion renders it + necessary for him to take a short Trip to the Salt Water in order to assist in + recovering his Health.</p> + <p>JOSIAH WILDER Phn.</p> + </blockquote> + <p>He was allowed to visit Boston, and to wander at will within the bounds of + Worcester County. He returned to Worcester, and there died in 1804.</p> + <p>Joseph Wilder, Jr., colonel, and judge of the court of common pleas of Worcester + County,—as his father had been before him,—was prominent among the + signers of the address to General Gage. He apologized for this indiscretion, and + seems to have received no further attention from the Committee of Safety. In the + extent of his possessions <a name="page382" id="page382"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 382]</span> he rivaled Abijah Willard, having increased a + generous inheritance by the profits of very extensive manufacture and export of + pearlash and potash: an industry which he and his brother Caleb were the first to + introduce into America. He was now nearly seventy years of age, and died in the + second year of the war.</p> + <p>Joseph House, at the evacuation of Boston, went with the army to Halifax. He was a + householder, but possessed no considerable estate in Lancaster. In 1778, his name + appears among the proscribed and banished.</p> + <p>The Lancaster committee of correspondence, July 17, 1775, published Nahum Houghton + as "an unwearied pedlar of that baneful herb tea," and warned all patriots "to + entirely shun his company and have no manner of dealings or connections with him + except acts of common humanity." A special town meeting was called on June 30, 1777, + chiefly "to act on a Resolve of the General Assembly Respecting and Securing this and + the other United States against the Danger to which thay are Exposed by the Internal + Enemies Thereof, and to Elect some proper person to Collect such evidence against + such Persons as shall be demed by athority as Dangerous persons to this and the other + United States of America." At this meeting Colonel Asa Whitcomb was chosen to collect + evidence against suspected loyalists, and Moses Gerrish, Daniel Allen, Ezra Houghton, + Joseph Moor, and Solomon Houghton, were voted "as Dangerous Persons and Internal + Enemies to this State." On September 12 of the same year, apparently upon a report + from Colonel Asa Whitcomb, it was voted that Thomas Grant, James Carter, and the + Reverend Timothy Harrington, "Stand on the Black List." It was also ordered that the + selectmen "Return a List of these Dangerous Persons to the Clerk, and he to the + Justice of the Quorum as soon as may be." This action of the extremists seems to have + aroused the more conservative citizens, and another meeting was called, on September + 23, for the purpose of reconsidering this ill-advised and arbitrary proscription, at + which meeting the clerk was instructed not to return the names of James Carter and + the Reverend Timothy Harrington before the regular town meeting in November.</p> + <p>Thomas Grant was an old soldier, having served in the French and Indian War, and, + if a loyalist, probably condoned the offence by enlisting in the patriot army; his + name is on the muster-roll of the Rhode Island expedition in 1777, and in 1781 he was + mustered into the service for three years. He was about fifty years of age, and a + poor man, for the town paid bills presented "for providing for Tom Grant's + Family."</p> + <p>Moses Gerrish was graduated at Harvard College in 1762, and reputed a man of + considerable ability. Enoch Gerrish, perhaps a brother of Moses, was a farmer in + Lancaster who left his home, was arrested and imprisoned in York County, and thence + removed for trial to Worcester by order of the council, May 29, 1778. The following + letter uncomplimentary to these two loyalists is found in Massachusetts Archives + (cxcix, 278).</p> + <blockquote> + <p>Sir. The two Gerrishes Moses & Enoch, that ware sometime since apprehended + by warrant from the Council are now set at Libberty by reason of that Laws Expiring + on which they were taken up. I would move to your Hon<sup>rs</sup> a new warrant might Isue, + Directed to Doc<sup>r</sup>. Silas Hoges to apprehend & confine them as I look <a + name="page383" id="page383"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 383]</span> upon them to + be Dangerous persons to go at large. I am with respect your Hon<sup>rs</sup>. most obedient + Hum. Ser<sup>t</sup>.</p> + <p>JAMES PRESCOTT.</p> + <p>Groton 12 of July 1778.</p> + <p>To the Hon<sup>e</sup> Jereh. Powel Esq.</p> + </blockquote> + <p>An order for their rearrest was voted by the council. Moses Gerrish finally + received some position in the commissary department of the British army, and, when + peace was declared, obtained a grant of free tenancy of the island of Grand Menan for + seven years. At the expiration of that time, if a settlement of forty families with + schoolmaster and minister should be established, the whole island was to become the + freehold of the colonists. Associated with Gerrish in this project was Thomas Ross, + of Lancaster. They failed in obtaining the requisite number of settlers, but + continued to reside upon the island, and there Moses Gerrish died at an advanced + age.</p> + <p>Solomon Houghton, a Lancaster farmer in comfortable circumstances, fearing the + inquisition of the patriot committee, fled from his home. In 1779, the judge of + probate for Worcester County appointed commissioners to care for his confiscated + estate.</p> + <p>Ezra Houghton, a prosperous farmer, and recently appointed justice of the peace, + affixed his name to the address to General Gage in 1775, and to the recantation. In + May, 1777, he was imprisoned, under charge of counterfeiting the bills of public + credit and aiding the enemy. In November following he petitioned to be admitted to + bail (see Massachusetts Archives, ccxvi, 129) and his request was favorably received, + his bail bond being set at two thousand pounds.</p> + <p>Joseph Moore was one of the six slave-owners of Lancaster in 1771, possessed a + farm and a mill, and was ranked a "gentleman." On September 20, 1777, being confined + in Worcester jail, he petitioned for enlargement, claiming his innocence of the + charges for which his name had been put upon Lancaster's black list. His petition met + no favor, and his estate was duly confiscated. (See Massachusetts Archives, clxxxiii, + 160.)</p> + <p>At the town meeting on the first Monday in November, 1777, the names of James + Carter and Daniel Allen were stricken from the black list, apparently without + opposition. That the Reverend Timothy Harrington, Lancaster's prudent and + much-beloved minister, should be denounced as an enemy of his country, and his name + even placed temporarily among those of "dangerous persons," exhibits the bitterness + of partisanship at that date. This town-meeting prosecution was ostensibly based upon + certain incautious expressions of opinion, but appears really to have been inspired + by the spite of the Whitcombs and others, whose enmity had been aroused by his + conservative action several years before in the church troubles, known as "the Goss + and Walley war," in the neighboring town of Bolton. The Reverend Thomas Goss, of + Bolton, Ebenezer Morse, of Boylston, and Andrew Whitney, of Petersham, were + classmates of Mr. Harrington in the Harvard class of 1737, and all of them were + opposed to the revolution of the colonies. The disaffection, which, ignoring the + action of an ecclesiastical council, pushed Mr. Goss from his pulpit, arose more from + the political ferment of the day than from any advanced views of his opponents + respecting the abuse of alcoholic stimulants. For nearly forty years Mr. Harrington + had perhaps never omitted from his fervent prayers in public assemblies the form of + supplication for <a name="page384" id="page384"></a><span class="newpage">[pg + 384]</span> divine blessing upon the sovereign ruler of Great Britain. It is not + strange, although he had yielded reluctant submission to the new order of things, and + was anxiously striving to perform his clerical duties without offense to any of his + flock, that his lips should sometimes lapse into the wonted formula, "bless our good + King George." It is related that on occasions of such inadvertence, he, without + embarrassing pause, added: "Thou knowest, O Lord! we mean George Washington." In the + records of the town clerk, nothing is told of the nature of the charges against Mr. + Harrington, or of the manner of his defence. Two deacons were sent as messengers "to + inform the Rev<sup>d</sup> Timo<sup>o</sup> Harrington that he has something in agitation Now to be Heard + in this Meeting at which he has Liberty to attend." Joseph Willard, Esq., in 1826, + recording probably the reminiscence of some one present at the dramatic scene, says + that when the venerable clergyman confronted his accusers, baring his breast, he + exclaimed with the language and feeling of outraged virtue: "Strike, strike here with + your daggers! I am a true friend to my country!"</p> + <p>Among the manuscripts left by Mr. Harrington there is one prepared for, if not + read at, this town meeting, containing the charges in detail, and his reply to each. + It is headed: "Harrington's answers to ye Charges &c." It is a shrewd and + eloquent defence, bearing evidence, so far as rhetoric can, that its author was in + advance of his people and his times in respect of Christian charity, if not of + political foresight. The charges were four in number: the first being that of the + Bolton Walleyites alleging that his refusal to receive them as church members in + regular standing brought him "under ye censure of shutting up ye Kingdom of Heaven + against men." To this, calm answer is given by a review of the whole controversy in + the Bolton Church, closing thus: "Mr. Moderator, as I esteemed the Proceedings of + these Brethren at Bolton Disorderly and Schismatical, and as the Apostle hath given + Direction to mark those who cause Divisions and Offences and avoid them, I thought it + my Duty to bear Testimony against ye Conduct of both ye People at Bolton, and those + who were active in settling a Pastor over them in the Manner Specified, and I still + retain ye sentiment, and this not to shut the Kingdom of Heaven against them, but to + recover them from their wanderings to the Order of the Gospel and to the direct way + to the Kingdom of Heaven. And I still approve and think them just."</p> + <p>The second charge, in full, was as follows:—</p> + <blockquote> + <p>"It appears to us that his conduct hath ye greatest Tendency to subvert our + religious Constitution and ye Faith of these churches.—In his saying that the + Quebeck Bill was just—and that he would have done the same had he been one of + ye Parliament—and also saying that he was in charity with a professed Roman + Catholick, whose Principles are so contrary to the Faith of these + churches,—That for a man to be in charity with them we conceive that it is + impossible that he should be in Charity with professed New England Churches. It + therefore appears to us that it would be no better than mockery for him to pretend + to stand as Pastor to one of these churches." To this Mr. Harrington first replies + by the pointed question: "Is not Liberty of Conscience and ye right of judging for + themselves in the matters of Religion, <a name="page385" id="page385"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 385]</span> one grand professed Principle in ye New England + Churches; and one Corner Stone in their Foundation?" He then explicitly states his + abhorrence of "the anti-Christian tenets of Popery," adding: "However on the other + hand they receive all the articles of the Athanasian Creed—and of consequence + in their present Constitution they have some Gold, Silver, and precious stones as + well as much wood, hay, and stubble." He characterizes the accusation in this pithy + paragraph: "Too much Charity is the Charge here brought against me,—would to + God I had still more of it in ye most important sense. Instead of a + Disqualification, it would be a most enviable accomplishment in ye Pastor of a + Protestant New England Church." A sharp <i>argumentum ad hominem</i>, for the + benefit of the ultra-radical accuser closes this division of his defence. "But, Mr. + Moderator, if my charity toward some Roman Catholicks disqualified me for a + Protestant Minister, what, what must we think of ye honorable Congress attending + Mass in a Body in ye Roman Catholic Chappel at Philadelphia? Must it not be equal + mockery in them to pretend to represent and act for the United Protestant States?" + ...</p> + </blockquote> + <p>The third charge was that he had declared himself and one of the brethren to "be a + major part of the Church." This, like the first charge, was a revival of an old + personal grievance within the church, rehabilitated to give cumulative force to the + political complaints. The accusation is summarily disposed of; the accused condemning + the sentiment "as grossly Tyrannical, inconsistent with common sense and repugnant to + good order"; and denying that he ever uttered it.</p> + <p>Lastly came the political charge pure and simple.</p> + <blockquote> + <p>"His despising contemning and setting at naught and speaking Evil of all our + Civil Rulers, Congress, Continental and Provincial, of all our Courts, Legislative + and Executive, are not only subversive of good Order: But we apprehend come under + Predicament of those spoken of in 2 Pet. II. 10, who despise government, + presumptuous, selfwilled, they are not afraid to speak evil of Dignities + &c."</p> + </blockquote> + <p>Mr. Harrington acknowledges that he once uttered to a Mr. North this imprudent + speech. "I disapprove abhor and detest the Results of Congress whether Continental or + Provincial," but adds that he "took the first opportunity to inform Mr. North that I + had respect only to two articles in said Results." He apologizes for the speech, but + at the same time defends his criticism of the two articles as arbitrary measures. He + also confesses saying that "General Court had no Business to direct Committees to + seize on Estates before they had been Confiscated in a course of Law," and "that + their Constituents never elected or sent them for that Purpose," but this sentiment + he claimed that he had subsequently retracted as rash and improper to be spoken. + These objectionable expressions of opinion, he asserts, were made "before ye 19th of + April 1775."</p> + <p>It is needless to say that the Reverend Timothy Harrington's name was speedily + erased from the black list, and, to the credit of his people be it said, he was + treated with increased consideration and honor during the following eighteen years + that he lived to serve them. In the deliberations of the Lancaster town meeting, as + in those of the Continental Congress, broad views of <a name="page386" + id="page386"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 386]</span> National Independence based + upon civil and religions liberty, finally prevailed over sectional prejudice and + intolerance. The loyalist pastor was a far better republican than his radical + inquisitors.</p> + <hr class="small" /> + <p>[Since the paper upon Lancaster and the Acadiens was published in The Bay State + Monthly for April, I have been favored with the perusal of Captain Abijah Willard's + "Orderly Book," through the courtesy of its possessor, Robert Willard, M.D., of + Boston, who found it among the historical collections of his father, Joseph Willard, + Esq. The volume contains, besides other interesting matter, a concise diary of + experiences during the military expedition of 1755 in Nova Scotia; from which it + appears that the Lancaster company was prominently engaged in the capture of Forts + Lawrence and Beau Séjour. Captain Willard, though not at Grand Pré, was + placed in command of a detachment which carried desolation through the villages to + the westward of the Bay of Minas; and the diary affords evidence that this warfare + against the defenceless peasantry was revolting to that gallant officer; and that, + while obedient to his positive orders, he tempered the cruelty of military necessity + with his own humanity.</p> + <p>The full names of his subalterns, not given in the list from General Winslow's + Journal, are found to be</p> + <p>"Joshua Willard, <i>Lieutenant</i>,<br /> + Moses Haskell, <i>Lieutenant</i>,<br /> + Caleb Willard, <i>Ensign.</i>"</p> + <p>Of the Lancaster men, Sergeant James Houghton died, and William Hudson was killed, + in Nova Scotia.</p> + <p>The diary is well worthy of being printed complete.</p> + <p>H.S.M.]</p> + <hr /> + <h2>LOUIS ANSART.</h2> + <center> + BY CLARA CLAYTON. + </center> + <p>One of the notable citizens of Revolutionary times was Colonel Louis Ansart. He + was a native of France, and came to America in 1776, while our country was engaged in + war with England. He brought with him credentials from high officials in his native + country, and was immediately appointed colonel of artillery and inspector-general of + the foundries, and engaged in casting cannon in Massachusetts. Colonel Ansart + understood the art to great perfection; and it is said that some of his cannon and + mortars are still serviceable and valuable. Foundries were then in operation in + Bridgewater and Titicut, of which he had charge until the close of the Revolutionary + War.</p> + <p>Colonel Ansart was an educated man—a graduate of a college in + France—and of a good family. It is said that he conversed well in seven + different languages.</p> + <p>His father purchased him a commission of lieutenant at the age of fourteen years; + and he was employed in military service by his native country and the United States, + and held a commission until the close of the Revolutionary War, when he purchased a + farm in Dracut and resided there until his death. He returned to France three times + after he first came to this country, <a name="page387" id="page387"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 387]</span> and was there at the time Louis XVI was arrested, in + 1789.</p> + <p>Colonel Ansart married Catherine Wimble, an American lady, of Boston, and reared a + large family in Dracut—in that portion of the town which was annexed to Lowell + in 1874. Atis Ansart, who still resides there, in the eighty-seventh year of his age, + is a son of Colonel Ansart; also Felix Ansart, late of New London, Connecticut, and + for twenty-four years an officer of the regular army, at one time stationed at Fort + Moultrie, South Carolina, and afterwards at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where he + remained eight years, and died in January, 1874.</p> + <p>There were five boys and seven girls. The boys were those above named, and Robert, + Abel, and Louis. The girls were Julia Ann, who married Bradley Varnum; Fanny, who + died in childhood; Betsey, who married Jonathan Hildreth, moved to Ohio, and died in + Dayton, in that State; Sophia, who married Peter Hazelton, who died some twenty years + ago, after which she married a Mr. Spaulding; Harriet, who married Samuel N. Wood, + late of Lowell; Catherine, who married Mr. Layton; and Aline, who died at the age of + eighteen years.</p> + <p>Colonel Ansart was trained in that profession and in those times which had a + tendency to develop the sterner qualities, and was what would be termed in these + times a man of stern, rigid, and imperious nature. It is said he never retired at + night without first loading his pistols and swinging them over the headboard of his + bed.</p> + <p>After settling in Dracut,—and in his best days he lived in excellent style + for the times, kept a span of fine horses, rode in a sulky, and "lived like a + nabob,"—he always received a pension from the government; but his habits were + such that he never acquired a fortune, but spent his money freely and enjoyed it as + he went along.</p> + <p>Before he came to America he had traveled in different countries. On one occasion, + in Italy, he was waylaid and robbed of all he had, and narrowly escaped with his + life. He had been playing and had been very successful, winning money, gold watches, + and diamonds. As he was riding back to his hôtel his postilion was shot. He + immediately seized his pistols to defend himself, when he was struck on the back of + the head with a bludgeon and rendered insensible. He did not return to consciousness + until the next morning, when he found himself by the side of the road, bleeding from + a terrible wound in his side from a dirk-knife. He had strength to attract the + attention of a man passing with a team, and was taken to his hôtel. A surgeon + was called, who pronounced the wound mortal. Mr. Ansart objected to that view of the + case, and sent for another, and with skilful treatment he finally recovered.</p> + <p>It is said that he was a splendid swordsman. On a certain occasion he was + insulted, and challenged his foe to step out and defend himself with his sword. His + opponent declined, saying he never fought with girls, meaning that Mr. Ansart was + delicate, with soft, white hands and fair complexion, and no match for him, whereupon + the young Frenchman drew his sword to give him a taste of his quality. He flourished + it around his opponent's head, occasionally stratching his face and hands, until he + was covered with wounds and blood, but he could not provoke him to draw his weapon + and defend himself. After complimenting <a name="page388" id="page388"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 388]</span> him with the name of "coward," he told him to go + about his business, advising him in future to be more careful of his conduct and less + boastful of his courage.</p> + <p>During the inquisition in France, Colonel Ansart said that prisoners were + sometimes executed in the presence of large audiences, in a sort of amphitheatre. + People of means had boxes, as in our theatres of the present day. Colonel Ansart + occupied one of these boxes on one occasion with his lady. Before the performance + began, another gentleman with his lady presented himself in Colonel Ansart's box, and + requested him to vacate. He was told that he was rather presuming in his conduct and + had better go where he belonged. The man insisted upon crowding himself in, and was + very insolent, when Colonel Ansart seized him and threw him over the front, when, of + course, he went tumbling down among the audience below. Colonel Ansart was for this + act afterward arrested and imprisoned for a short time, but was finally liberated + without trial.</p> + <p>History informs us that a combined attack by D'Estaing and General Sullivan was + planned, in 1778, for the expulsion of the British from Rhode Island, where, under + General Pigot, they had established a military dépôt. Colonel Ansart was + <i>aide-de-camp</i> to General Sullivan in this expedition, and was wounded in the + engagement of August 29.</p> + <p>On a certain occasion he was taking a sleigh-ride with his family, and in one of + the adjacent towns met a gentleman with his turn-out in a narrow and drifted part of + the road, where some difficulty occurred in passing each other. Colonel Ansart + suggested to him that he should not have driven into such a place when he saw him + coming. The man denied that he saw the colonel, and told him he lied. Colonel Ansart + seized his pistol to punish him for his insolence, when his wife interfered, an + explanation followed, and it was ascertained that both gentlemen were from Dracut. + One was deacon of the church, and the other "inspector-general of artillery." Of + course the pistols were put up, as the deacon didn't wish to be shot, and the colonel + <i>wouldn't tell a lie</i>.</p> + <p>In his prime, our hero stood six feet high in his boots, and weighed two hundred + pounds. He died in Dracut, May 28, 1804, at the age of sixty-two years.</p> + <p>Mrs. Ansart was born in Boston, and witnessed the battle of Bunker Hill, and often + described the appearance of the British soldiers as they marched along past her + residence, both in going to the battle and in returning. She was thirteen years of + age, and recollected it perfectly. She said they were grand as they passed along the + streets of Boston toward Charlestown. The officers were elegantly dressed and were in + great spirits, thinking it was only a pleasant little enterprise to go over to + Charlestown and drive those Yankees out of their fort; but when they returned it was + a sad sight. The dead and dying were carried through the streets pale and ghastly and + covered with blood. She said the people witnessed the battle from the houses in + Boston, and as regiment after regiment was swept down by the terrible fire of the + Americans, they said that the British were feigning to be frightened and falling down + for sport; but when they saw that they did not get up again, and when the dead and + wounded were <a name="page389" id="page389"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 389]</span> + brought back to Boston, the reality began to be made known, and that little frolic of + taking the fort was really an ugly job, and hard to accomplish.</p> + <p>Mrs. Ansart died in Dracut at the age of eighty-six years, January 27, 1849. She + retained her mental and physical faculties to a great degree till within a short time + before her death. She was accustomed to walk to church, a distance of one mile, when + she was eighty years of age. Colonel and Mrs. Ansart were both buried in Woodbine + Cemetery, in the part of Lowell which belonged to Dracut at the time of their + interment.</p> + <hr /> + <h2>BEACON HILL BEFORE THE HOUSES.</h2> + <center> + BY DAVID M. BALFOUR. + </center> + <p>The visitor to the dome of the Capitol of the State, as he looks out from its + lantern and beholds spread immediately beneath his feet a semi-circular space, whose + radius does not exceed a quarter of a mile, covered with upward of two thousand + dwelling-houses, churches, hotels, and other public edifices, does not in all + probability ask himself the question: "<i>What did this place look like before there + was any house here?</i>" When Lieutenant-Colonel George Washington visited Boston in + 1756, on business connected with the French war, and lodged at the Cromwell's Head + Tavern, a building which is still standing on the north side of School Street, upon + the site of No. 13, where Mrs. Harrington now deals out coffee and "mince"-pie to her + customers, Beacon Hill was a collection of pastures, owned by thirteen proprietors, + in lots containing from a half to twenty acres each. The southwesterly slope of the + prominence is designated upon the old maps as "Copley Hill."</p> + <p>We will now endeavor to describe the appearance of the hill, at the commencement + of the American Revolution, with the beacon on its top, from which it took its name, + consisting of a tall mast sixty feet in height, erected in 1635, with an iron crane + projecting from its side, supporting an iron pot. The mast was placed on + cross-timbers, with a stone foundation, supported by braces, and provided with + cross-sticks serving as a ladder for ascending to the crane. It remained until 1776, + when it was destroyed by the British; but was replaced in 1790 by a monument, + inclosed in a space six rods square, where it remained until 1811. It was surmounted + by an eagle, which now surmounts the speaker's desk in the hall of the House of + Representatives, and had tablets upon its four sides with inscriptions commemorative + of Revolutionary events. It stood nearly opposite the southeast corner of the + reservoir lot, upon the site of No. 82 Temple Street, and its foundation was sixty + feet higher up in the air than the present level of that street. The lot was sold, in + 1811, for the miserable pittance of <i>eighty cents</i> per square foot!</p> + <p>Starting upon our pedestrian tour from the corner of Tremont and Beacon Streets, + where now stands the Albion, was an acre lot owned by the heirs of James Penn, a + selectman of the town, and a ruling elder in the First Church, which stood in State + Street upon the site of Brazer's Building. The parsonage stood opposite, <a + name="page390" id="page390"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 390]</span> upon the site + of the Merchants Bank Building, and extended with its garden to Dock Square, the + water flowing up nearly to the base of the Samuel Adams statue. Next comes a + half-acre lot owned by Samuel Eliot, grandfather of President Eliot of Harvard + University. Then follows a second half-acre lot owned by the heirs of the Reverend + James Allen, fifth minister of the First Church, who, in his day, as will be shown in + the sequel, owned a larger portion of the surface of Boston than any other man, being + owner of thirty-seven of the seven hundred acres which inclosed the territory of the + town. His name is perpetuated in the street of that name bounding the Massachusetts + General Hospital grounds. Somerset Street was laid out through it. The Congregational + House, Jacob Sleeper Hall, and Boston University Building, which occupies the former + site of the First Baptist Church, under the pastorship of the Reverend Rollin H. + Neale, stand upon it. Next comes Governor James Bowdoin's two-acre pasture, extending + from the last-named street to Mount Vernon Street, and northerly to Allston Street; + the upper part of Bowdoin Street and Ashburton Place were laid out through it; the + Church of Notre Dame des Victoires, formerly Freeman-place Chapel, built by the + Second Church, under the pastoral care of the Reverend Chandler Robbins, and + afterwards occupied by the First Presbyterian Church, the Church of the Disciples, + the Brattle-square Church, the Old South Church, and the First Reformed Episcopal + Church; so that the entire theological gamut has resounded from its walls; the + Swedenborgian Church, over which the Reverend Thomas Worcester presided for a long + series of years, also stands upon it. Having reached the summit of the hill, we come + abreast of the five-and-a-half-acre pasture of Governor John Hancock, the first + signer of the immortal Declaration of American Independence, extending from Mount + Vernon Street to Joy Street, and northerly to Derne Street, embracing the Capitol + lot, and also the reservoir lot, for which last two he paid, in 1752, the modest sum + of eleven hundred dollars! It is now worth a thousand times as much. For the + remainder of his possessions in that vicinity he paid nine hundred dollars more. The + upper part of Mount Vernon Street, the upper part of Hancock Street, and Derne + Street, were laid out through it. Then, descending the hill, comes Benjamin Joy's + two-acre pasture, extending from Joy Street to Walnut Street, and extending northerly + to Pinckney Street; forty-seven dwelling-houses now standing upon it. Mr. Joy paid + two thousand dollars for it. At the time of its purchase he was desirous of getting a + house in the country, as being more healthy than a town-residence, and he selected + this localty as "being country enough for him." The upper part of Joy Street was laid + out through it. Now follows the valuable twenty-acre pasture of John Singleton + Copley, the eminent historical painter, one of whose productions (Charles the First + demanding in the House of Commons the arrest of the five impeached members) is now in + the art-room of the Public Library. It extended for a third of a mile on Beacon + Street, from Walnut Street to Beaver Street, and northerly to Pinckney Street, which + he purchased in lots at prices ranging from fifty to seventy dollars per acre. + Walnut, Spruce, a part of Charles, River, Brimmer, Branch Avenue, Byron Avenue, <a + name="page392" id="page392"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 392]</span> Lime, and + Chestnut Streets, Louisburg Square, the lower parts of Mount Vernon and Pinckney + Streets, and the southerly part of West Cedar Street, have been laid out through it. + Copley left Boston, in 1774, for England, and never returned to his native land. He + wrote to his agent in Boston, Gardner Greene (whose mansion subsequently stood upon + the enclosure in Pemberton Square, surrounded by a garden of two and a quarter acres, + for which he paid thirty-three thousand dollars), to sell the twenty-acre pasture for + the best price which could be obtained. After a delay of some time he sold it, in + 1796, for eighteen thousand four hundred and fifty dollars; equivalent to nine + hundred dollars per acre, or <i>two cents</i> per square foot. It is a singular fact + that a record title to only two and a half of the twenty acres could be found. It was + purchased by the Mount Vernon Proprietors, consisting of Jonathan Mason, three + tenths; Harrison Gray Otis, three tenths; Benjamin Joy, two tenths; and Henry + Jackson, two tenths. The barberry bushes speedily disappeared after the Copley sale. + The southerly part of Charles Street was laid out through it. And the first railroad + in the United States was here employed. It was gravitation in principle. An inclined + plane was laid from the top of the hill, and the dirt-cars slid down, emptying their + loads into the water at the foot and drawing the empty cars upward. The apex of the + hill was in the rear of the Capitol near the junction of Mount Vernon and Temple + Streets, and was about sixty feet above the present level of that locality, and about + even with the roof of the Capitol. The level at the corner of Bowdoin Street and + Ashburton Place has been reduced about thirty feet, and at the northeast corner of + the reservoir lot about twenty feet, and Louisburg Square about fifteen feet. The + contents of the excavations were used to fill up Charles Street as far north as + Cambridge Street, the parade-ground on the Common, and the Leverett-street jail + lands. The territory thus conveyed now embraces some of the finest residences in the + city. The Somerset Club-house, the Church of the Advent, and the First African + Church, built in 1807 by the congregation worshiping with the Reverend Daniel Sharp, + stand upon it.</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image11_full.png"><img src="images/image11_thumbnail.png" + alt="MAP OF BEACON HILL AND WEST END IN BOSTON" /></a> + <p>MAP OF BEACON HILL AND WEST END IN BOSTON</p> + </div> + <p>Bounded southerly on Copley's pasture, westerly on Charles River, and northerly on + Cambridge Street, was Zachariah Phillips's nine-acre pasture, which extended easterly + to Grove Street; for which he paid one hundred pounds sterling, equivalent to fifty + dollars per acre. The northerly parts of Charles and West Cedar Streets, and the + westerly parts of May and Phillips Streets have been laid out through it. The Twelfth + Baptist Church, formerly under the pastorship of the Reverend Samuel Snowdon, stands + upon it. Proceeding easterly was the sixteen-and-a-half-acre pasture of the Reverend + James Allen, before alluded to as the greatest landowner in the town of Boston, for + which he paid one hundred and fifty pounds, New-England currency, equivalent to + twenty-two dollars per acre. It bounded southerly on Copley's, Joy's and Hancock's + pastures, and extended easterly to Temple Street. Anderson, Irving, Garden, South + Russell, Revere, and the easterly parts of Phillips and Myrtle Streets, were laid out + through it. Next comes Richard Middlecott's four-acre pasture, extending from Temple + Street to Bowdoin Street, and from Cambridge Street to Allston Street. Ridgeway Lane, + the lower parts of Hancock, Temple, and <a name="page393" id="page393"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 393]</span> Bowdoin Streets, were laid out through it. The + Independent Baptist Church, formerly under the pastorship of the Reverend Thomas + Paul; the First Methodist Episcopal Church, built in 1835 by the parish of Grace + Church, under the rectorship of the Reverend Thomas M. Clark, now bishop of the + diocese of Rhode Island; the Mission Chapel of St. John the Evangelist, which was + erected in 1830 by the congregation of the Reverend Lyman Beecher, just after the + destruction of their edifice by fire, which stood at the southeast corner of Hanover + and (new) Washington Streets, stand upon it. Next comes the four-acre pasture of + Charles Bulfinch, the architect of the Capitol at Washington, also of the + Massachusetts Capitol, Faneuil Hall, and other public buildings, and for fourteen + years chairman of the board of selectmen of the town of Boston, extending from + Bowdoin Street to Bulfinch Street, and from Bowdoin Square to Ashburton Place, for + which he paid two hundred pounds, New-England currency, equivalent to six hundred and + sixty-seven dollars. Bulfinch Street and Bulfinch Place were laid out through it. The + Revere House, formerly the mansion of Kirk Boott, one of the founders of the city of + Lowell; Bulfinch-place Church, which occupies the site of the Central Universalist + Church, erected in 1822 by the congregation of the Reverend Paul Dean; and also Mount + Vernon Church, erected in 1842 by the congregation over which the Reverend Edward N. + Kirk presided, stand upon it. Then follows the two-acre pasture of Cyprian Southack, + extending to Tremont Row easterly, and westerly to Somerset Street, Stoddard Street + and Howard Street were laid out through it. The Howard Athenæum, formerly the + site of Father Miller's Tabernacle, stands upon it. Then follows the + one-and-a-half-acre pasture of the heirs of the Reverend John Cotton, second minister + of the First Church, extending from Howard Street to Pemberton Square, which + constitutes a large portion of that enclosure. And lastly, proceeding southerly, + comes the four-acre pasture of William Phillips, extending from the southeasterly + corner of Pemberton Square to the point of beginning, and enclosing the largest + portion of that enclosure. The Hotel Pavilion, the Suffolk Savings Bank, and Houghton + and Dutton's stores, stand upon it.</p> + <p>Less than a century ago Charles River flowed at high tide from the southeast + corner of Cambridge Street and Anderson Street across intervening streets to Beacon + Street, up which it flowed one hundred and forty-three feet easterly across Charles + Street to No. 61. When Mr. John Bryant dug the cellar for that building he came to + the natural beach, with its rounded pebbles, at the depth of three or four feet below + the surface. It also flowed over the Public Garden, across the southern portion of + the parade-ground, to the foot of the hill, upon which stands the Soldiers' Monument. + A son of H.G. Otis was drowned, about seventy years ago, in a quagmire which existed + at that spot. It also flowed across the westerly portion of Boylston Street and + Tremont Street, and Shawmut Avenue, to the corner of Washington Street and Groton + Street, where stood the fortifications during the American Revolution, across the + Neck, which was only two hundred and fifty feet in width at that point, and thence to + the boundary of Roxbury. A beach existed where now is Charles Street, and the lower + part of Cambridge Street, on both sides, was a marsh.</p> + <p>Less than a century ago, land on <a name="page394" id="page394"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg 394]</span> Beacon Hill was as cheap as public documents. + Ministers are enjoined not to be worldly minded, and not to be given to filthy lucre. + But the Reverend James Allen would furnish an excellent pattern for a modern + real-estate speculator. In addition to his pasture on the south side of Cambridge + Street, he had also a twenty-acre pasture on the north side of that street, between + Chambers Street and Charles River, extending to Poplar Street, for which he paid one + hundred and forty pounds, New-England currency, equivalent to four hundred and + sixty-seven dollars, equal to twenty-three dollars per acre. He was thus the + proprietor of all the territory from Pinckney Street to Poplar Street, between Joy + Street and Chambers Street on the east, and Grove Street and Charles River on the + west; for which he paid the magnificent sum of nine hundred and sixty-seven dollars! + It was called "Allen's Farm." The Capitol lot, containing ninety-five thousand square + feet, was bought by the town of Boston of John Hancock (who, though a devoted patriot + to the American cause, yet in all his business transactions had an eye to profit), + for the sum of thirteen thousand three hundred and thirty-three dollars; only + <i>twenty</i> times as much as he gave for it! The town afterward conveyed it to the + Commonwealth for five shillings, upon condition that it should be used for a Capitol. + In 1846, the city of Boston paid one hundred and forty-five thousand one hundred and + seven dollars for the reservoir lot containing thirty-seven thousand four hundred and + eighty-eight square feet. In 1633, the town granted to William Blackstone fifty acres + of land wherever he might select. He accordingly selected upon the south-westerly + slope of Beacon Hill, which included the Common. Being afterward compelled by the + town to fence in his vacant land, he conveyed back to the town, for thirty pounds, + all but the six-acre lot at the corner of Beacon and Spruce Streets, and extending + westerly to Charles River, and northerly to Pinckney Street, where he lived until + 1635, when he removed to Rhode Island, and founded the town which bears his name.</p> + <p>It will thus be perceived that the portion of Beacon Hill, included between Beacon + Street, Beaver Street, Cambridge Street, Bowdoin Square, Court Street, Tremont Row, + and Tremont Street, containing about seventy-three acres, was sold, less than a + century ago, at prices ranging from twenty-two to nine hundred dollars per acre, + aggregating less than thirty thousand dollars. It now comprises the ninth ward of the + city of Boston, and contains within its limits a real estate valuation of sixteen + millions of dollars. Its name and fame are associated with important events and men + prominent in American annals. Upon its slopes have dwelt Josiah Quincy, of + ante-Revolutionary fame, and his son and namesake of civic fame; and also his + grandson and namesake, and Edmund, equally distinguished; Lemuel Shaw, Robert G. + Shaw, Daniel Webster, Abbott Lawrence, Samuel, Nathan, and William Appleton, Samuel + T. Armstrong, Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis, J. Lothrop Motley, William H. Prescott, + Charles Sumner, John A. Andrew, John C. Warren, Mrs. Sarah J. Hale, Lyman Beecher, + William E. Channing, and Hosea Ballou. Lafayette made it his temporary home in 1824, + and Kossuth in 1852. During the present century, the laws of Massachusetts have been + enacted upon and promulgated from its summit, and will probably continue so to be for + ages to come.</p> + <a name="page395" id="page395"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 395]</span> + <hr /> + <h2>BRITISH FORCE AND THE LEADING LOSSES IN THE REVOLUTION.</h2> + <center> + [From Original Returns in the British Record Office.] + </center> + <center> + COMPILED BY HENRY B. CARRINGTON, U.S.A. + </center> + <p>At Boston, in 1775, 9,147.</p> + <p>At New York, in 1776, 31,626.</p> + <p>In America: June, 1777, 30,957; August, 1778, 33,756; February, 1779, 30,283; May, + 1779, 33,458; December, 1779, 38,569; May, 1780, 38,002; August, 1780, 33,020; + December, 1780, 33,766; May, 1781, 33,374; September, 1781, 42,075.</p> + <p>CASUALTIES.</p> + <p>Bunker Hill, 1,054; Long Island, 400; Fort Washington, 454; Trenton, 1,049 + (including prisoners); Hubbardton, 360; Bennington, 207 (besides prisoners); + Freeman's Farm, 550; Bemis Heights, 500; Burgoyne's Surrender, 5,763; Forts Clinton + and Montgomery, 190; Brandywine, 600; Germantown, 535; Monmouth, 2,400 (including + deserters); Siege of Charlestown, 265; Camden, 324; Cowpens, 729; Guilford Court + House, 554; Hobkirk's Hill, 258; Eutaw Springs, 693; New London, 163; Yorktown, 552; + Cornwallis's Surrender, 7,963.</p> + <hr /> + <h2>HISTORICAL NOTES.</h2> + <h3>BIRD AND SQUIRREL LEGISLATION IN 1776.</h3> + <p>"<i>Whereas</i>, much mischief happens from Crows, Black Birds, and Squirrels, by + pulling up corn at this season of the year, therefore, be it enacted by this Town + meeting, that ninepence as a bounty per head be given for every full-grown crow, and + twopence half-penny per head for every young crow, and twopence half-penny per head + for every crow blackbird, and one penny half-penny per head for every red-winged + blackbird, and one penny half-penny per head for every thrush or jay bird and + streaked squirrel that shall be killed, and presented to the Town Treasurer by the + twentyeth day of June next, and that the same be paid out of the town treasury."</p> + <h3>BARRINGTON, RHODE ISLAND.</h3> + <p>At the meeting of the town held on the fourteenth of March, 1774, James Brown, the + fourth, was the first on the committee to draw up resolves to be laid before the + meeting respecting the infringements made upon the Americans by certain "ministerial + decrees." These were laid before a meeting held March 21, 1774, and received by the + town's votes, as follows:—</p> + <p>"The inhabitants of this Town being justly Alarmed at the several acts of + Parliament made and passed for having a revenue in America, and, more especially the + acts for the East India Company, exporting their tea into America subject to a duty + payable here, on purpose to raise a revenue in America, with many more + unconstitutional acts, which are taken into consideration by a number of our sister + towns in the Colony, therefore we think it needless to enlarge upon them; but being + sensible of the dangerous condition the Colonies are in, Occasioned by the Influence + of wicked and designing men, we enter into the following Resolves;</p> + <a name="page396" id="page396"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 396]</span> + <p>"<i>First</i>, That we, the Inhabitants of the Town ever have been & now are + Loyal & dutiful subjects to the king of G. Britain.</p> + <p>"<i>Second</i>, That we highly approve of the resolutions of our sister Colonies + and the noble stand they have made in the defense of the liberties & priviledges + of the Colonys, and we thank the worthy Author of 'the rights of the Colonies + examined.'</p> + <p>"<i>Third</i>, That the act for the East India Company to export their Tea to + America payable here, and the sending of said tea by the Company, is with an intent + to enforce the Revenue Acts and Design<sup>d</sup> for a precedent for Establishing Taxes, + Duties & Monopolies in America, that they might take our property from us and + dispose of it as they please and reduce us to a state of abject slavery.</p> + <p>"<i>Fourth</i>, That we will not buy or sell, or receive as a gift, any dutied + Tea, nor have any dealings with any person or persons that shall buy or sell or give + or receive or trade in s<sup>d</sup> Tea, directly or indirectly, knowing it or suspecting it + to be such, but will consider all persons concern<sup>d</sup> in introducing dutied Teas ... + into any Town in America, as enemies to this country and unworthy the society of free + men.</p> + <p>"<i>Fifth</i>, That it is the duty of every man in America to oppose by all proper + measures to the uttermost of his Power and Abilities every attempt upon the liberties + of his Country and especially those mentioned in the foregoing Resolves, & to + exert himself to the uttermost of his power to obtain a redress of the grievances the + Colonies now groan under.</p> + <p>"We do therefore solemnly resolve that we will heartily unite with the Town of + Newport and all the other Towns in this and the sister Colonies, and exert our whole + force in support of the just rights and priviledges of the American Colonies.</p> + <p>"<i>Sixth</i>, That James Brown, Isaiah Humphrey, Edw<sup>d</sup> Bosworth, Sam<sup>l</sup> Allen, + Nathaniel Martin, Moses Tyler, & Thomas Allen, Esq., or a major part of them, be + a committee for this town to Correspond with all the other Committees appointed by + any Town in this or the neighboring Colonies, and the committee is desir<sup>d</sup> to give + their attention to every thing that concerns the liberties of America; and if any of + that obnoxious Tea should be brought into this Town, or any attempt made on the + liberties of the inhabitants thereof, the committee is directed and empowered to call + a town meeting forthwith that such measures may be taken as the publick safty may + require.</p> + <p>"<i>Seventh</i>, That we do heartily unite in and resolve to support the foregoing + resolves with our lives & fortunes."</p> + <h3>JOHN ROGERS, ESQUIRE.</h3> + <p>A descendant of John Rogers, of Smithfield farm, came to America in the early + emigration. Can any one give any information as to the life and death of a son, John + Rogers, Jr., of Roxbury?</p> + <p><i>Answer</i>.—John Rogers, Jr., or second, was born at Duxbury, about + February 28, 1641. He married Elisabeth Peabody, and, after King Philip's War, + removed to Mount Hope Neck, Bristol, Rhode Island, about 1680. He again removed to + Boston in 1697; to Taunton in 1707; and to Swansea in 1710. He became blind in 1723, + and died after nine days' sickness, June 28, 1732, in the ninety-second year of his + age, leaving at the time of his death ninety-one descendants, children, + grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. He was buried at Prince's Hill Cemetery, in + Barrington, Rhode Island, where his grave is marked by a fine slate headstone in + excellent preservation.</p> + <p>M.H.W.</p> + <a name="pagei" id="pagei"></a><span class="newpage">[pg i]</span> + <hr /> + <h2>PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT.</h2> + <p>We propose to make THE BAY STATE MONTHLY an interesting and valuable addition to + every library—prized in every home—read at every fireside. We want all + who sympathize with our work to express their goodwill by ordering the publication + regularly at their book-seller's, or at the nearest news stand, or, better yet, remit + a year's subscription to the publishers. After all, financial sympathy is what is + needed to encourage any enterprise. Next in importance is the contribution of + articles calculated to interest, primarily, the good citizens of this + Commonwealth.</p> + <p>And one feature will be to develop the Romance in Massachusetts Colonial and State + History. Articles of this character are specially desired. In the meanwhile, the + publishers invite contributions of works upon local history, with view to a fair + equivalent in exchange. New England town histories and historical pamphlets will be + very readily accepted at a fair valuation.</p> + <p>The encouragement given to THE BAY STATE MONTHLY warrants the publishers in + assuring the public that the magazine is firmly established. Many of the leading + writers of the State have promised articles for future numbers.</p> + <p>IF you have a son settled in California, farming or cattle-raising, or among the + Rocky Mountains, or in some wild mining camp exposed to every temptation, or, + perhaps, on some lonely prairie farm, away from neighbors, send him THE BAY STATE + MONTHLY for one year. It will come to him like a gentle breeze from his native + hillside, full of suggestive thoughts of home.</p> + <p>In the announcement of THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, and the issue of the first number, + it was perfectly understood that the enterprise was a bold piece of magazine + work.</p> + <p>The purpose was to begin the year with the first number, and that was carried out. + No apology is made for neglect of notices, whether of review, or otherwise. In fact, + it was not supposed that the readers would care for editors, if, only, they had fresh + matter for their perusal.</p> + <p>It is also perfectly understood by the editors of THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, that + every author, and publisher, will look at the numbers, with keen outlook, for + immediate recognition. That is quite right; but recognition is not less valuable, + when it comes in due turn; and no patron will be overlooked.</p> + <p>It may have been an error, that the editors did not more fully elaborate their + plan, in their Prospectus. The intent was right. The real plan is this:</p> + <p>(1) "THE BAY STATE," in its memorial biography, illustrated by portraits and + historical notes, takes a new field.</p> + <p>(2) "THE BAY STATE," in its revolutionary and historical record; illustrated by + maps, mansions, and local objects of memorial and monumental interest, invites + support.</p> + <p>(3) Historical articles, of national value, which illustrate the outgrowth of the + struggle for national independence, which had its start at Concord and Lexington, was + developed in the siege of Boston, and culminated at Yorktown. In this line we + obtained from General Carrington, the historian, an article and maps to start this + series.</p> + <a name="pageii" id="pageii"></a><span class="newpage">[pg ii]</span> + <p>(4) The best historical, educational, and general literature, with no exclusive + limitation of authorship or subject; but with the aim at a high standard of + contributions, so that the magazine should be prized, as a specialty.</p> + <p>Perchance a dearly-loved daughter is carrying New-England ideas to some dark + corner of the South or West, leading the young idea, or surrounded by ideas of her + own,—what more appropriate present to the absent one than THE BAY STATE + MONTHLY?</p> + <p>In the old-fashioned farm-house where your youth was passed so happily, there may + be the dim, spectacled eyes of the good father and mother—perhaps one without + the other—awaiting the approach of spring and summer, to welcome home their + child. Herald your coming by sending to them THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, to relieve the + monotony and awaken reminiscences of their youth.</p> + <p>There are indications that the unjust postal law, which provides that THE BAY + STATE MONTHLY can be delivered in San Francisco, New Orleans, or Savannah, for less + than half the money required to deliver it in Boston and its suburbs, will be + repealed by the present Congress, and a more equitable law established.</p> + <p>SUBSCRIBE FOR THE BAY STATE MONTHLY.</p> + <p>THE BAY STATE MONTHLY has found a home at 31 Milk Street, room 46, (elevator).</p> + <p>A reliable boy from thirteen to sixteen years old can find employment at our + office. Write, stating qualifications, references, and wages expected.</p> + <p>JOHN N. MCCLINTOCK, of THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, has written and has in press, a + History of the town of Pembroke, New Hampshire. Modesty prevents our dwelling at too + great a length upon the merits of the book. The historical student will find within + its covers a wealth of dramatic incidents, thrilling narrative, touching pathos, + etc.</p> + <p>Apropos of town histories, the publishers of THE BAY STATE MONTHLY would be + willing to confer with authors upon the subject of publishing their manuscripts.</p> + <p>We copy, by permission, from the Boston Daily Advertiser, the following</p> + <blockquote> + <p>RECORD OF EVENTS IN JANUARY.</p> + <p>1. President Clark of the New York and New England Railroad appointed its + receiver.</p> + <p>Successful opening of the improved system of sewerage in Boston.</p> + <p>2. James Russell Lowell declines the rectorship of St. Andrew's University, to + which he was elected.</p> + <p>3. Inauguration of the Hon. George D. Robinson as governor.</p> + <p>7. Inauguration of the Boston city government, and of the new governments in the + cities of the Commonwealth.</p> + <p>8. Appointment by the governor of Mrs. Ellen C. Johnson, of Boston, as + superintendent of the Sherborn reformatory prison for women.</p> + <p>12. Close of the foreign exhibition in Boston.</p> + <p>15. Minister Lowell accepts the presidency of the Birmingham and Midland + Institute for 1884.</p> + <p>17. Francis W. Rockwell elected to Congress from the twelfth Massachusetts + district to succeed Governor Robinson.</p> + <p>Mr. Robert Harris elected president of the Northern Pacific Railroad, in place + of Mr. Henry Villard, resigned.</p> + <p>18. Steamer City of Columbus of the Boston and Savannah line wrecked off Gay + Head, Martha's Vineyard, with the loss of one hundred lives.</p> + <p>28. The State Senate votes to abolish the annual Election Sermon.</p> + <p>DEATHS IN JANUARY.</p> + <p>3. The Rev. Lawrence Walsh, of Rhode Island, treasurer of the American National + Land League.</p> + <p>9. Brigadier-General James F. Hall, of Massachusetts.</p> + <p>10. The Rev. George W. Quimby, D.D., of Maine.</p> + <p>12. John William Wallace, president of the Pennsylvania Historical Society.</p> + <a name="pageiii" id="pageiii"></a><span class="newpage">[pg iii]</span> + <p>13. The Hon. Francis T. Blackmen, district attorney of Worcester County, + Mass.</p> + <p>16. Amos D. Lockwood, of Providence, R.I. Dr. John Taylor Gilman, of Portland, + Me.</p> + <p>19. General William C. Plunkett, of Adams, Mass.</p> + <p>21. Commodore Timothy A. Hunt, U.S.N., of Connecticut.</p> + </blockquote> + <p>The History of Georgia, by Charles C. Jones, Jr., LL.D. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin + & Co., 2 vols.) This is one of the most important recent contributions to + American history. Mr. Jones has done for Georgia what Palfrey did for New England. + The first volume deals with the settlement of the State, while the second covers its + history during the war of the Revolution. With the single exception of omitting to + give a picture of the manners and customs of the people, which is always essential to + a comprehensive history of any community or nation, the work merits the high praise + it has already received.</p> + <p>The first volume of Suffolk County Deeds was published more than two years ago, by + permission of the city authorities of Boston. The second one, upon petition of the + Suffolk bar, was also printed and distributed at the close of 1883. These volumes + contain valuable original historical information of the county, and of the city + itself. Among other historically-famous names appear those of Simon Bradstreet, John + Endicott, John Winthrop, and Samuel Maverick. The Indian element of the colony, also, + is shown here several times. The local topography of Boston and its suburbs, as they + existed more than two centuries ago, are all preserved in this second volume. Other + volumes will no doubt follow in time, thus preserving records that are indeed + precious.</p> + <p>The advanced state of our civilization, and the general prevalence of + intelligence, naturally leads to the desire to contrast the past with the present; + and to trace to their origin, the laws, customs, and manners of the leading civilized + nations of the world. Much research and strength have been expended in this + direction, with gratifying results. Two such accomplishments have been recently + published, which discuss the early history of property. The first is entitled The + English Village Community, by Frederic Seebohm, (London: Longmans, Green, & Co. 1 + vol.) The other, by Denman W. Ross, PH.D., treats of The Early History of Landholding + among the Germans. (Boston: Soule & Bugbee. 1 vol.) It is generally admitted that + the earliest organization of society was by family group, and that the earliest + occupation of land was by these same family groups, and it is with the discussion of + the theories growing out of these two that both books are occupied.</p> + <p>An Old Philadelphian contains sketches of the life of Colonel William Bradford, + the patriot printer of 1776, by John William Wallace. (Philadelphia. Privately + printed, 1 vol.) "He was the third of the earliest American family of printers, and + his memoir serves as an admirable account of the interesting period in which he was + one of the prominent figures in Philadelphia, and when that city was, in every sense, + the capital of the country." It should be printed for public sale.</p> + <p>The initial volume of American Commonwealths, edited by Horace E. Scudder, and + published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, was Virginia: A History of the + People, by John Esten Cooke. This is followed by Oregon: The Struggle for Possession, + written by William Barrows. The books are intended to give a rapid but forcible + sketch of each of those States in the <a name="pageiv" id="pageiv"></a><span + class="newpage">[pg iv]</span> Union whose lives have had "marked influence upon the + structure of the nation, or have embodied in their formation and growth, principles + of American polity."</p> + <p>A History of the American People, by Arthur Gilman, published by D. Lothrop & + Co., Boston, I vol. Illustrated. This is a compact account of the discovery of the + continent, settlement of the country, and national growth of this people. It is + treated in a popular way, with strict reference to accuracy, and is profusely + illustrated.</p> + <p>History of Prussia to the accession of Frederick the Great, 1134-1740, by Herbert + Tuttle. Published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, I vol. The author, who is + Professor of History in Cornell University, "spent several years in Berlin, studying + with the greatest care the Germany of the past and present. The results are contained + in this volume, with the purpose to describe the political development of Prussia + from the earliest time down to the death of the second king."</p> + <p>The Magazine of American History, No. 30 Lafayette Place, New York. Terms, $5 per + annum, single numbers 50 cents. Mrs. Martha J. Lamb, editor.</p> + <p>This is the only periodical exclusively devoted to the history and antiquities of + America; containing original historical and biographical articles by writers of + recognized ability, besides reprints of rare documents, translations of valuable + manuscripts, careful and discriminating literary reviews, and a special department of + notes and queries, which is open to all historical inquirers.</p> + <p>This publication is now in its seventh year and firmly established, with the + support of the cultivated element of the country. It is invaluable to the reading + public, covering a field not occupied by ordinary periodical literature, and is in + every way an admirable table companion for the scholar, and for all persons of + literary and antiquarian tastes. It forms a storehouse of valuable and interesting + material not accessible in any other form.</p> + <p>Mrs. Lamb is the author of the elaborate History of the City of New York, in two + volumes, royal octavo, which is the standard authority in that specialty of local + American history.</p> + <p>We welcome The Magazine of American History, and thank the accomplished editor for + her appreciation of our own more especially New England enterprise.</p> + <p>The Magazine of American History, has one element which insures its merit and its + permanence, and that is its list of contributors. Its previous editors have included + John Austin Stevens, the Rev. Dr. B.F. DeCosta, and others. Its contributors include + such names as Bancroft, Carrington, DePeyster, George E. Ellis, Gardner, Greene, + Hamilton, Stone, Horatio Seymour, Trumbull, Walworth, Rodenbough, Amory, Cooper, + Delafield, Brevoort, Anthon, Bacheller, Arnold, Dexter, Windsor, etc.</p> + <p>Historical students will find that the facile pen, the painstaking research, and + the scholarly taste of Mrs. Lamb, assure her a place with the first of American + female writers; and that she deserves most considerate and enthusiastic support. + Steel engravings, historical maps, and many illustrations, add beauty, character, and + dignity to the work.</p> + <p>ERRATUM. In the January number, on pages 39 and 41 the word "Gates" should read + "Gage."</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <p>AN</p> + <p>ORATION,</p> + <p>PRONOUNCED AT</p> + <p>HANOVER, NEW-HAMPSHIRE,</p> + <p>THE 4th DAY of JULY,</p> + <p>1800;</p> + <p>BEING THE TWENTY-FOURTH</p> + <p>ANNIVERSARY</p> + <p>OF</p> + <p>AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>BY DANIEL WEBSTER,</p> + <p><i>Member of the Junior Class</i>, DARTMOUTH UNIVERSITY.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="line"> + "Do thou, great LIBERTY, inspire our souls, + </div> + <div class="line"> + And make our lives in thy possession happy, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Or our deaths glorious in thy just defence!" + </div> + </div> + <p>ADDISON.</p> + <p>(PUBLISHED BY REQUEST OF THE SUBSCRIBERS.)</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>PRINTED AT HANOVER,</p> + <p>BY MOSES DAVIS.</p> + <p>1800.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h3>AN <i>ORATION</i>.</h3> + <center> + COUNTRYMEN, BRETHREN, AND FATHERS, + </center> + <p>We are now assembled to celebrate an anniversary, ever to be held in dear + remembrance by the sons of freedom. Nothing less than the birth of a nation, nothing + less than the emancipation of three millions of people, from the degrading chains of + foreign dominion, is the event we commemorate.</p> + <p>Twenty four years have this day elapsed, since United Columbia first raised the + standard of Liberty, and echoed the shouts of Independence!</p> + <p>Those of you, who were then reaping the iron harvest of the martial field, whose + bosoms then palpitated for the honor of America, will, at this time, experience a + renewal of all that fervent patriotism, of all those indescribable emotions, which + then agitated your breasts. As for us, who were either then unborn, or not far enough + advanced beyond the threshold of existence, to engage in the grand conflict for + Liberty, we now most cordially unite with you, to greet the return of this joyous + anniversary, to hail the day that gave us Freedom, and hail the rising glories of our + country!</p> + <p>On occasions like this, you have heretofore been addressed, from this stage, on + the nature, the origin, the expediency of civil government.—The field of + political speculation has here been explored, by persons, possessing talents, to + which the speaker of the day can have no pretensions. Declining therefore a + dissertation on the principles of civil polity, you will indulge me in slightly + sketching on those events, which have originated, nurtured, and raised to its present + grandeur the empire of Columbia.</p> + <p>As no nation on the globe can rival us in the rapidity of our growth, since the + conclusion of the revolutionary war—so none, perhaps, ever endured greater + hardships, and distresses, than the people of this country, previous to that + period.</p> + <p>We behold a feeble band of colonists, engaged in the arduous undertaking of a new + settlement, in the wilds of North America. Their civil liberty being mutilated, and + the enjoyment of their religious sentiments denied them, in the land that gave them + birth, they fled their country, they braved the dangers of the then almost + unnavigated ocean, and fought, on the other side the globe, an asylum from the iron + grasp of tyranny, and the more intolerable scourge of ecclesiastical persecution. But + gloomy, indeed, was their prospect, when arrived on this side the Atlantic. + Scattered, in detachments, along a coast immensely extensive, at a remove of more + than three thousand miles from their friends on the eastern continent, they were + exposed to all those evils, and endured all those difficulties, to which human nature + seems liable. Destitute of convenient habitations, the inclemencies of the seasons + attacked them, the midnight beasts of prey prowled terribly around them, and the more + portentous yell of savage fury incessantly assailed them! But the fame undiminished + confidence in Almighty GOD, which prompted the first settlers of this country to + forsake the unfriendly climes of Europe, still supported them, under all their + calamities, and inspired them with fortitude almost divine. Having a glorious issue + to their labors now in prospect, they cheerfully endured the rigors of the climate, + pursued the savage beast to his remotest haunt, and stood, undismayed, in the dismal + hour of Indian battle!</p> + <p>Scarcely were the infant settlements freed from those dangers, which at first + evironed them, ere the clashing interests of France and Britain involved them anew in + war. The colonists were now destined to combat with well appointed, well disciplined + troops from Europe; and the horrors of the tomahawk and the scalping knife were again + renewed. But these frowns of fortune, distressing as they were, had been met without + a sigh, and endured without a groan, had not imperious Britain presumptuously + arrogated to herself the glory of victories, achieved by the bravery of American + militia. Louisburgh must be taken, Canada attacked, and a frontier of more than one + thousand miles defended by untutored yeomanry; while the honor of every conquest must + be ascribed to an English army.</p> + <p>But while Great-Britain was thus ignominiously stripping her colonies of their + well earned laurel, and triumphantly weaving it into the stupendous wreath of her own + martial glories, she was unwittingly teaching them to value themselves, and + effectually to resist, in a future day, her unjust encroachments.</p> + <p>The pitiful tale of taxation now commences—the unhappy quarrel, which issued + in the dismemberment of the British empire, has here its origin.</p> + <p>England, now triumphant over the united powers of France and Spain, is determined + to reduce, to the condition of slaves, her American subjects.</p> + <p>We might now display the Legislatures of the several States, together with the + general Congress, petitioning, praying, remonstrating; and, like dutiful subjects, + humbly laying their grievances before the throne. On the other hand, we could exhibit + a British Parliament, assiduously devising means to subjugate + America—disdaining our petitions, trampling on our rights, and menacingly + telling us, in language not to be misunderstood, "Ye shall be slaves!"—We could + mention the haughty, tyrannical, perfidious GAGE, at the head of a standing army; we + could show our brethren attacked and slaughtered at Lexington! our property plundered + and destroyed at Concord! Recollection can still pain us, with the spiral flames of + burning Charleston, the agonizing groans of aged parents, the shrieks of widows, + orphans and infants!—Indelibly impressed on our memories, still live the dismal + scenes of Bunker's awful mount, the grand theatre of New-England bravery; where + <i>slaughter</i> stalked, grimly triumphant! where relentless Britain saw her + soldiers, the unhappy instruments of despotism, fallen, in heaps, beneath the nervous + arm of injured freemen!—There the great WARREN fought, and there, alas, he + fell! Valuing life only as it enabled him to serve his country, he freely resigned + himself, a willing martyr in the cause of Liberty, and now lies encircled in the arms + of glory!</p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="line"> + Peace to the patriot's shades—let no rude blast + </div> + <div class="line"> + Disturb the willow, that nods o'er his tomb. + </div> + <div class="line"> + Let orphan tears bedew his sacred urn, + </div> + <div class="line"> + And fame's loud trump proclaim the heroe's name, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Far as the circuit of the spheres extends. + </div> + </div> + <p>But, haughty Albion, thy reign shall soon be over,—thou shalt triumph no + longer! thine empire already reels and totters! thy laurels even now begin to wither, + and thy fame decays! Thou hast, at length, roused the indignation of an insulted + people—thine oppressions they deem no longer tolerable!</p> + <p>The 4th day of July, 1776, is now arrived; and America, manfully springing from + the torturing fangs of the British Lion, now rises majestic in the pride of her + sovereignty, and bids her Eagle elevate his wings!—The solemn declaration of + Independence is now pronounced, amidst crowds of admiring citizens, by the supreme + council of our nation; and received with the unbounded plaudits of a grateful + people!!</p> + <p>That was the hour, when heroism was proved, when the souls of men were tried. It + was then, ye venerable patriots, it was then you stretched the indignant arm, and + unitedly swore to be free! Despising such toys as subjugated empires, you then knew + no middle fortune between liberty and death. Firmly relying on the patronage of + heaven, unwarped in the resolution you had taken, you, then undaunted, met, engaged, + defeated the gigantic power of Britain, and rose triumphant over the ruins of your + enemies!—Trenton, Princeton, Bennington and Saratoga were the successive + theatres of your victories, and the utmost bounds of creation are the limits to your + fame!—The sacred fire of freedom, then enkindled in your breasts, shall be + perpetuated through the long descent of future ages, and burn, with undiminished + fervor, in the bosoms of millions yet unborn.</p> + <p>Finally, to close the sanguinary conflict, to grant America the blessings of an + honorable peace, and clothe her heroes with laurels, CORNWALLIS, at whose feet the + kings and princes of Asia have since thrown their diadems, was compelled to submit to + the sword of our father WASHINGTON.—The great drama is now completed—our + Independence is now acknowledged; and the hopes of our enemies are blasted + forever!—Columbia is now seated in the forum of nations and the empires of the + world are loft in the bright effulgence of her glory!</p> + <p>Thus, friends and citizens, did the kind hand of over-ruling Providence conduct + us, through toils, fatigues and dangers, to Independence and Peace. If piety be the + rational exercise of the human soul, if religion be not a chimera, and if the + vestiges of heavenly assistance are clearly traced in those events, which mark the + annals of our nation, it becomes us, on this day, in consideration of the great + things, which the LORD has done for us, to render the tribute of unfeigned thanks, to + that GOD, who superintends the Universe, and holds aloft the scale, that weighs the + destinies of nations.</p> + <p>The conclusion of the revolutionary war did not conclude the great achievements of + our countrymen. Their military character was then, indeed, sufficiently established; + but the time was coming, which should prove their political sagacity.</p> + <p>No sooner was peace restored with England, the first grand article of which was + the acknowledgment of our Independence, than the old system of confederation, + dictated, at first, by necessity, and adopted for the purposes of the moment, was + found inadequate to the government of an extensive empire. Under a full conviction of + this, we then saw the people of these States, engaged in a transaction, which is, + undoubtedly, the greatest approximation towards human perfection the political world + ever yet experienced; and which, perhaps, will forever stand on the history of + mankind, without a parallel. A great Republic, composed of different States, whose + interest in all respects could not be perfectly compatible, then came deliberately + forward, discarded one system of government and adopted another, without the loss of + one man's blood.</p> + <p>There is not a single government now existing in Europe, which is not based in + usurpation, and established, if established at all, by the sacrifice of thousands. + But in the adoption of our present system of jurisprudence, we see the powers + necessary for government, voluntarily springing from the people, their only proper + origin, and directed to the public good, their only proper object.</p> + <p>With peculiar propriety, we may now felicitate ourselves, on that happy form of + mixed government under which we live. The advantages, resulting to the citizens of + the Union, from the operation of the Federal Constitution, are utterly incalculable; + and the day, when it was received by a majority of the States, shall stand on the + catalogue of American anniversaries, second to none but the birth day of + Independence.</p> + <p>In consequence of the adoption of our present system of government, and the + virtuous manner in which it has been administered, by a WASHINGTON and an ADAMS, we + are this day in the enjoyment of peace, while war devastates Europe! We can now sit + down beneath the shadow of the olive, while her cities blaze, her streams run purple + with blood, and her fields glitter, a forest of bayonets!—The citizens of + America can this day throng the temples of freedom, and renew their oaths of fealty + to Independence; while Holland, our once sister republic, is erased from the + catalogue of nations; while Venice is destroyed, Italy ravaged, and Switzerland, the + once happy, the once united, the once flourishing Switzerland lies bleeding at every + pore!</p> + <p>No ambitious foe dares now invade our country. No standing army now endangers our + liberty.—Our commerce, though subject in some degree to the depredations of the + belligerent powers, is extended from pole to pole; and our navy, though just emerging + from nonexistence, shall soon vouch for the safety of our merchantmen, and bear the + thunder of freedom around the ball!</p> + <p>Fair Science too, holds her gentle empire amongst us, and almost innumerable + altars are raised to her divinity, from Brunswick to Florida. Yale, Providence and + Harvard now grace our land; and DARTMOUTH, towering majestic above the groves, which + encircle her, now inscribes her glory on the registers of fame!—Oxford and + Cambridge, those oriental stars of literature, shall now be lost, while the bright + sun of American science displays his broad circumference in uneclipsed radiance.</p> + <p>Pleasing, indeed, were it here to dilate on the future grandeur of America; but we + forbear; and pause, for a moment, to drop the tear of affection over the graves of + our departed warriors. Their names should be mentioned on every anniversary of + Independence, that the youth, of each successive generation, may learn not to value + life, when held in competition with their country's safety.</p> + <p>WOOSTER, MONTGOMERY, and MERCER, fell bravely in battle, and their ashes are now + entombed on the fields that witnessed their valor. Let their exertions in our + country's cause be remembered, while Liberty has an advocate, or gratitude has place + in the human heart.</p> + <p>GREENE, the immortal hero of the Carolinas, has since gone down to the grave, + loaded with honors, and high in the estimation of his countrymen. The corageous + PUTNAM has long slept with his fathers; and SULLIVAN and CILLEY, New-Hampshire's + veteran sons, are no more numbered with the living!</p> + <p>With hearts penetrated by unutterable grief, we are at length constrained to ask, + where is our WASHINGTON? where the hero, who led us to victory—where the man, + who gave us freedom? Where is he, who headed our feeble army, when destruction + threatened us, who came upon our enemies like the storms of winter; and scattered + them like leaves before the Borean blast? Where, O my country! is thy political + saviour? where, O humanity! thy favorite son?</p> + <p>The solemnity of this assembly, the lamentations of the American people will + answer, "alas, he is now no more—the Mighty is fallen!"</p> + <p>Yes, Americans, your WASHINGTON is gone! he is now consigned to dust, and "sleeps + in dull, cold marble." The man, who never felt a wound, but when it pierced his + country, who never groaned, but when fair freedom bled, is now forever + silent!—Wrapped in the shroud of death, the dark dominions of the grave long + since received him, and he rests in undisturbed repose! Vain were the attempt to + express our loss—vain the attempt to describe the feelings of our souls! Though + months have rolled away, since he left this terrestrial orb, and fought the shining + worlds on high, yet the sad event is still remembered with increased sorrow. The + hoary headed patriot of '76 still tells the mournful story to the listening infant, + till the loss of his country touches his heart, and patriotism fires his breath. The + aged matron still laments the loss of the man, beneath whose banners her husband has + fought, or her son has fallen.—At the name of WASHINGTON, the sympathetic tear + still glistens in the eye of every youthful hero, nor does the tender sigh yet cease + to heave, in the fair bosom of Columbia's daughters.</p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="line"> + Farewel, O WASHINGTON, a long farewel! + </div> + <div class="line"> + Thy country's tears embalm thy memory: + </div> + <div class="line"> + Thy virtues challenge immortality; + </div> + <div class="line"> + Impressed on grateful hearts, thy name shall live, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Till dissolution's deluge drown the world! + </div> + </div> + <p>Although we must feel the keenest sorrow, at the demise of our WASHINGTON, yet we + console ourselves with the reflection, that his virtuous compatriot, his worthy + successor, the firm, the wise, the inflexible ADAMS still survives.—Elevated, + by the voice of his country, to the supreme executive magistracy, he constantly + adheres to her essential interests; and, with steady hand, draws the disguising veil + from the intrigues of foreign enemies, and the plots of domestic foes. Having the + honor of America always in view, never fearing, when wisdom dictates, to stem the + impetuous torrent of popular resentment, he stands amidst the fluctuations of party, + and the explosions of faction, unmoved as Atlas,</p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="line"> + While storms and tempests thunder on its brow, + </div> + <div class="line"> + And oceans break their billows at its feet. + </div> + </div> + <p>Yet, all the vigilance of our Executive, and all the wisdom of our Congress have + not been sufficient to prevent this country from being in some degree agitated by the + convulsions of Europe. But why shall every quarrel on the other side the Atlantic + interest us in its issue? Why shall the rife, or depression of every party there, + produce here a corresponding vibration? Was this continent designed as a mere + satellite to the other?—Has not nature here wrought all her operations on her + broadest scale? Where are the Missisippis and the Amazons, the Alleganies and the + Andes of Europe, Asia or Africa? The natural superiority of America clearly + indicates, that it was designed to be inhabited by a nobler race of men, possessing a + superior form of government, superior patriotism, superior talents, and superior + virtues. Let then the nations of the East vainly waste their strength in destroying + each other. Let them aspire at conquest, and contend for dominion, till their + continent is deluged in blood. But let none, however elated by victory, however proud + of triumphs, ever presume to intrude on the neutral station assumed by our + country.</p> + <p>Britain, twice humbled for her aggressions, has at length been taught to respect + us. But France, once our ally, has dared to insult us! she has violated her + obligations; she has depredated our commerce—she has abused our government, and + riveted the chains of bondage on our unhappy fellow citizens! Not content with + ravaging and depopulating the fairest countries of Europe, not yet satiated with the + contortions of expiring republics, the convulsive agonies of subjugated nations, and + the groans of her own slaughtered citizens, she has spouted her fury across the + Atlantic; and the stars and stripes of Independence have almost been attacked in our + harbours! When we have demanded reparation, she has told us, "give us your money, and + we will give you peace."—Mighty Nation! Magnanimous Republic!—Let her + fill her coffers from those towns and cities, which she has plundered; and grant + peace, if she can, to the shades of those millions, whose death she has caused.</p> + <p>But Columbia stoops not to tyrants; her sons will never cringe to France; neither + a supercilious, five-headed Directory, nor the gasconading pilgrim of Egypt will ever + dictate terms to sovereign America. The thunder of our cannon shall insure the + performance of our treaties, and fulminate destruction on Frenchmen, till old ocean + is crimsoned with blood, and gorged with pirates!</p> + <p>It becomes us, on whom the defence of our country will ere long devolve, this day, + most seriously to reflect on the duties incumbent upon us. Our ancestors bravely + snached expiring liberty from the grasp of Britain, whose touch is <i>poison</i>; + shall we now consign it to France, whose embrace is <i>death</i>? We have seen our + fathers, in the days of Columbia's trouble, assume the rough habiliments of war, and + seek the hostile field. Too full of sorrow to speak, we have seen them wave a last + farewel to a disconsolate, a woe-stung family! We have seen them return, worn down + with fatigue, and scarred with wounds; or we have seen them, perhaps, no + more!—For us they fought! for us they bled! for us they conquered! Shall we, + their descendants, now basely disgrace our lineage, and pusilanimously disclaim the + legacy bequeathed us? Shall we pronounce the sad valediction to freedom, and immolate + liberty on the altars our fathers have raised to her? NO! <i>The response of a nation + is, "NO!" Let it be registered in the archives of Heaven!</i>—Ere the religion + we profess, and the privileges we enjoy are sacrificed at the shrines of despots and + demagogues, let the pillars of creation tremble! let world be wrecked on world, and + systems rush to ruin!—Let the sons of Europe be vassals; let her hosts of + nations be a vast congregation of slaves; but let us, who are this day FREE, whose + hearts are yet unappalled, and whose right arms are yet nerved for war, assemble + before the hallowed temple of Columbian Freedom, AND SWEAR, TO THE GOD OF OUR + FATHERS, TO PRESERVE IT SECURE, OR DIE AT ITS PORTALS!</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <p>FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL,</p> + <p><i>MADISON SQUARE, NEW YORK.</i></p> + <p>THE LARGEST, BEST APPOINTED, AND MOST LIBERALLY MANAGED HOTEL IN THE CITY, WITH + THE MOST CENTRAL AND DELIGHTFUL LOCATION.</p> + <p>HITCHCOCK, DARLING & CO., PROPRIETORS.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <p>STANLEY & USHER,</p> + <p>BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS</p> + <p>171 DEVONSHIRE STREET,</p> + <p>TELEPHONE NO. 1211. 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THAVER, Cash'r.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>NATIONAL STATE CAPITAL BANK, CONCORD, N.H.</p> + <p>Capital, $200,000. Surplus, $75,000. Collections made in legal terms. Investment + Securities bought and sold. L. DOWNING, JR., Pres't.J.E. FERNALD, Cashier.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>CRIPPEN, LAWRENCE & Co.</p> + <p>KANSAS MORTGAGE BONDS AND OTHER INVESTMENT SECURITIES.</p> + <p>National State Capital Bank Building, CONCORD, N.H.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>Loan and Trust Savings Bank,</p> + <p>CONCORD, N.H.</p> + <p>J.E. Sargent, Pres't. Geo. A. Fernald, Treas.</p> + <p>CHARTERED 1872. RESOURCES MARCH 1, 1884, $1,561,173.66.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p><b>PAGE BELTING CO. PAGE'S LEATHER BELTING.</b></p> + <p><b>PAGE'S IMPROVED LACING,</b></p> + <p>THE NEW LACING, "HERCULES,"</p> + <p>CONCORD, N.H.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p><b>E.H. ROLLINS & SON,</b> Dealers of Colorado Warrants and Municipal Bonds, + Kansas 7% and Dakota 8% Mortgage Loans.</p> + <p>These securities are furnished us by our own house at the West and are thoroughly + examined by them. Full information furnished on application.</p> + <p>BAILEY'S BLOCK, CONCORD, N.H.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>EAGLE HOTEL,</p> + <p>OPPOSITE THE CAPITOL,</p> + <p><b>CONCORD, N.H.</b></p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>HEW HAMPSHIRE SAVINGS BANK,</p> + <p>IN CONCORD.</p> + <p>Deposits $2,213,840<br /> + Guaranty Fund 115,000<br /> + Surplus 60,000</p> + <p>SAM'L S. KIMBALL Pres't.</p> + <p>W.P. FISKE, Treas.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>HEAD & DOWST,</p> + <p>CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS.</p> + <p>Manufacturers of and Wholesale Dealers in BRICK AND LUMBER,</p> + <p>Office and Shop, Granite St., cor. Canal, MANCHESTER., N.H.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>FIRST NATIONAL BANK, and U.S. DEPOSITORY.</p> + <p>MANCHESTER, N.H.</p> + <p>Capital,—$150,000.</p> + <p>Frederick Smyth, Pres't. Chas. F. Morrill, Cash'r,</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>THOS. W. LANE,</p> + <p>MANCHESTER, NEW HAMPSHIRE.</p> + <p>DEALER IN</p> + <p>Rare New Hampshire Books and Town Histories.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>MERCHANTS NATIONAL BANK, MANCHESTER, N.H.</p> + <p>Capital $150,000.00<br /> + Surplus and Undivided Profits 44,612.93</p> + <p>JAMES A. WESTON, Pres't. DANIEL W. LANE, Cash'r.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>Twenty-Eighth Progressive Semi-Annual Statement of the</p> + <p>NEW HAMPSHIRE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY OF MANCHESTER.</p> + <p>Ex-Gov. J.A. WESTON, Pres't.<br /> + Hon. S.N. BELL, Vice-Pres't.<br /> + GEO. B. CHANDLER, Treas.<br /> + JOHN C, FRENCH, Secretary.<br /> + S.B. STEARNS, Ass't Secretary.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>CONDITION OF THE COMPANY, JANUARY 1, 1884.</p> + <p>Cash Capital $500,000.00<br /> + Reserve for Reinsurance 227,985.28<br /> + Reserve for Unpaid. Losses 31,000.00<br /> + Net Surplus 206,162.65</p> + <p>Total Assets $965,147.93</p> + <p>COMPARATIVE STATEMENT EACH YEAR SINCE ORGANIZATION.</p> +<pre> +YEAR. ASSETS. NET SURPLUS. NET PREMIUMS CAPITAL. + RECEIVED. +1870 134,586.24 8,020.82 40,123.00 1870 +1871 151,174.60 10,338.82 51,360.96 $100,000.00 +1872 316,435.52 15,530.52 58,230.20 1872 +1873 346,338.25 32,038.44 114,548.34 $200,000.00 +1874 393,337.12 50,141.87 143,741.50 1874 +1875 429,362.00 77,123.09 156,979.68 $350,000.00 +1876 453,194.87 94,924.83 162,970.47 1882 +1877 482,971.65 113,478.14 171,091.22 $500,000.00 +1878 507,616.90 127,679.39 171,492.06 +1879 537,823.59 147,133.04 206,515.73 Dividends paid +1880 585,334.20 171,249.88 248,220.00 +1881 618,193.98 185,108.52 265,660.31 from +1882 915,132.37 204,407.96 346,951.90 +1883 965,147.93 206,162.65 437,792.07 interest receipts. +</pre> + <p>SPECIAL ATTENTION IS CALLED TO THE ABOVE COMPARATIVE STATEMENT.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>THE CLAREMONT MANUFACTURING CO,</p> + <p>CLAREMONT, N.H.</p> + <p>offer the following books, not to be obtained elsewhere, at the annexed prices, by + mail.</p> +<pre> + Pages. Price, +Cora O'Kane, or the Doom of the Rebel Guard 84 $0.10 +Gathered Sketches of New Hampshire and Vermont 215 .50 +The Illinois Cook-Book, just published 166 .75 +Grondalla, a in Verse. by Idamore 310 .50 +The Old Root and Herb Doctor, or Indian Method 104 .50 +New Hampshire in the Great Rebellion 608 2.50 +What the Grocers Sell Us 212 1.00 +William's New System of Handling and Educating +the Horse. Illustrated 332 1.00 +</pre> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>THE POETS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.</p> + <p>Complied by Bela Chapin.</p> + <p>Being Specimen Poems of nearly three hundred Poets of the Granite State, with + biographical notes.</p> + <p>A rigid criticism has been exercised in the selection of Poems, and no poet has + been admitted to the pages of the book who has not a good right, by merit, to be + there.</p> + <p>The biographical sketches will be found of great value. Much care has been taken + in obtaining the Poems of deceased poets and material for their biographical + sketches.</p> + <p>The Sons and Daughters of New Hampshire are found in almost every land. Her Poets + are scattered far and wide, and from many parts of the world have they responded to + the invitation to be represented in our book</p> + <p>LARGE OCTAVO, 800 PAGES.</p> + <p>It is printed on tinted paper in clear and beautiful type, and bound elegantly and + durably. Price, in cloth, full gilt, gilt edges, $3.50. Sold by subscription. Where + we have no agent, it will be sent by mail or express, prepaid, on receipt of price by + the publisher. Address,</p> + <p>CHAS. H. ADAMS, Publisher, Claremont, N.H.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p><b>BOSTON</b></p> + <p><b>BRIDGE WORKS,</b></p> + <p>D.H. ANDREWS, Engineer. Builders of Wrought Iron Bridges and Roofs.</p> + <p>OFFICE:</p> + <p><i>13 PEMBERTON SQUARE, BOSTON.</i></p> + <p>Works: Cambridgeport, Mass.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p><b>STONINGTON LINE.</b></p> + <p>INSIDE ROUTE TO</p> + <p><b>NEW YORK</b>,</p> + <p>Philadelphia, Baltimore, & Washington,</p> + <p><b>SOUTH AND WEST,</b></p> + <p><b>Avoiding Point Judith.</b></p> + <p>Via Providence and Stonington, connecting with the elegant Steamers</p> + <p><b>Stonington and Narraganset.</b></p> + <p>Express trains leave Boston & Providence Railway Station, Columbus Avenue and + Park Square,</p> + <p><b>DAILY AT 6.30 P.M. (Sundays Excepted.)</b></p> + <p>Connect at Stonington with the above-named Steamers in time for an early supper, + and arrive in New York the following morning in time for the <i>early trains South + and West</i>.</p> + <p><b>AHEAD OF ALL OTHER LINES,</b></p> + <p>Tickets, Staterooms, etc., secured at</p> + <p><b>214 Washington Street, corner of State,</b></p> + <p>and at</p> + <p><b>BOSTON & PROVIDENCE RAILROAD STATION.</b></p> + <p>Regular landing in New York, Pier 33, North River. Steamer leaves the Pier at 4.30 + P.M., arriving in Boston the following morning in ample time to connect with all the + early Northern and Eastern trains.</p> + <p>A.A. FOLSOM, Superintendent B. & P.R.R.</p> + <p>F.W. POPPLE, General Passenger Agent.</p> + <p>J.W. RICHARDSON, Agent, Boston.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>INCORPORATED 1832.</p> + <p>The Claremont Manufacturing Company,</p> + <p>WHOLESALE BOOK MANUFACTURERS,</p> + <p>PRINTERS and BOOKBINDERS,</p> + <p>CLAREMONT, N.H.,</p> + <p>offer their services to AUTHORS and PUBLISHERS, who will consult their own + interests by getting estimates from us before making contracts elsewhere for</p> + <p><b>BOOK-MAKING.</b></p> + <p>Address as above.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image12_full.png"><img src="images/image12_thumbnail.png" + alt="Columbia Bicycles and Tricycles." /></a> + <p>Columbia Bicycles and Tricycles.</p> + </div> + <hr class="short" /> + <p><b>STANDARD HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY.</b></p> + <p><b>A.S. BARNES & CO.</b></p> + <p><b>NEW YORK, CHICAGO, BOSTON, NEW ORLEANS, AND SAN FRANCISCO</b></p> +<pre> +Barnes' Popular United States History, + pp. 800, 320 wood and 14 steel cuts, cloth $3.50 +Carrington's Battles of the American Revolution, + pp. 712, 41 maps, cloth 6.00 +Carrington's Battle-Maps of the American Revolution 1.25 +Barnes' Brief United States History, for Schools 1.00 +Barnes' General History 1.60 +Barnes' History of Greece (Chautauqua Course) .60 +Barnes' Mediaeval and Modern History 1.00 +Barnes' History of France 1.00 +Berard's History of England 1.20 +Lancaster's History of England 1.00 +Lord's Points of History 1.00 +Geography. McNally's Complete, with Historical Notes 1.25 +Geography: Monteith's Comprehensive 1.10 +Geography: Monteith's Elementary .55 +</pre> + <p><b>NEW ENGLAND OFFICE, 32 BROMFIELD STREET, BOSTON</b></p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p><b>ALDEN & LASSIG,</b></p> + <p>Designers and Builders of Wrought Iron and Steel Work for Bridges and + Building,</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image13_full.png"><img src="images/image13_thumbnail.png" alt="" /> + </a> + </div> + <p>Office and Works, Rochester, N.Y. (Lessees Leighton Bridge Works.)</p> + <p>Works at Chicago, Ill. Office, 53 Metropolitan Block.</p> + <p>J.F. ALDEN.</p> + <p>MORITZ LASSIG.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>H. McCOBB'S</p> + <p>Breakfast Cocoa,</p> + <p>Put up in Elegantly-Decorated Canisters.</p> + <p><i>A Delicious Beverage</i>.</p> + <p><b>ASK YOUR GROCER FOR IT.</b></p> + <hr /> + <p>Stanley & Usher,</p> + <p>171 Devonshire St.<br /> + Boston, Mass.</p> + <p>STEREOTYPERS AND ELECTROTYPERS,</p> + <p>Book, Job, Illustrated and Catalogue</p> + <p>PRINTERS.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <p>THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO.</p> + <p>MANUFACTURERS OF</p> + <p>The Sun Dial Gas Cooking and Heating Stoves.</p> + <p>The most economical in use. Over fifty different kinds. Suitable for Families, + Hotels, Restaurants, and Public Institutions. Laundry, Hatters', and Tailors' + Heaters. Hot-Plates, Warming-Closets for Pantries, Hot-Water Generators, etc. + etc.</p> + <p>1012-1018 Filbert Street, Philadelphia.<br /> + 142 Chambers Street, New York.<br /> + 126 Dearborn Street, Chicago.</p> + <p><b>Waldo Bros., Agents, 88 Water Street, Boston, Mass.</b></p> + <hr class="full" /> + <p>In every town in the Northern States there should be an Agent for the BAY STATE + MONTHLY. Those desiring exclusive territory should apply at once, accompanying their + application with letter of recommendation from some postmaster or minister. Liberal + terms and prompt pay. Address the</p> + <p>BAY STATE MONTHLY, 31 Milk Street, Boston, Mass.</p> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Bay State Monthly, Volume I. No. +VI. June, 1884, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, *** + +***** This file should be named 13761-h.htm or 13761-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/7/6/13761/ + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci, the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team, and Cornell University, + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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