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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Bay State Monthly, Volume II. No. 2,
+November, 1884, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume II. No. 2, November, 1884
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: October 14, 2004 [EBook #13741]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci, the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team, and Cornell University
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Engraved by Geo. E. Perine, New York. Grover Cleveland]
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+BAY STATE MONTHLY.
+
+_A Massachusetts Magazine_.
+
+VOL. II.
+
+NOVEMBER, 1884.
+
+No. 2.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GROVER CLEVELAND.
+
+By HENRY H. METCALF.
+
+
+Save only that of Ulysses S. Grant, no name in America has come from
+comparative obscurity into national eminence in so short a time as that
+of GROVER CLEVELAND.
+
+The fame of Grant was wrought out through the exigencies of a great
+civil war, in which the unity of the Republic was the issue involved.
+The distinction which Cleveland has achieved comes of valiant service in
+another field of conflict, wherein the issue involves the perpetuity and
+dominance of the great principles which constitute the framework and
+fibre of republican government itself. Under ordinary circumstances,
+probably, neither Grant nor Cleveland would have risen above the plane
+of every-day life. The same, too, might perhaps justly be said even of
+Washington. In the history of human progress it will be seen that every
+great crisis involving the triumph of the principles and tendencies
+which make for the moral, social, or political advancement of mankind
+has developed a leader endowed with the special qualities demanded by
+the occasion.
+
+The brilliant and self-assertive men who press forward to leadership in
+ordinary times, whether impelled by mere love of notoriety, personal
+ambition, or an honest desire to promote the welfare of their
+fellow-men, seldom become masters of the situation when a supreme
+emergency arises. They may set in motion great contending forces; they
+may precipitate conflicts whose ultimate outcome brings inestimable
+benefit to mankind; but other hands and other minds are required to
+direct the issue and shape the result. The master spirit of the occasion
+is born thereof. Ulysses S. Grant had absolutely no part in bringing
+about that great conflict of ideas and systems which culminated in the
+war of the rebellion; nor had he even figured prominently in the field
+of military achievement until long after hostilities were commenced, and
+the struggle had assumed proportions entirely unforeseen by, and
+actually appalling to, not only the people themselves, but those In
+control of active operations in the field. But the emergency developed
+the man required to meet it, and Grant came to the front.
+
+So, too, in this later and greater conflict, which is to test the virtue
+and determine the durability of popular government--whose outcome is to
+decide whether political parties are to be the mere instruments through
+which the people express their will, and whose relations can be changed
+as the public good may seem to require, or whether the government itself
+shall be subordinated to party, and its functions prostituted for the
+perpetuation of party ascendency and the aggrandizement of corrupt and
+selfish individuals--the leader in whom the hopes of those who contend
+for the supremacy of the popular will, the surbordination of party-power
+to public welfare, and the administration of the government in the
+interests of the whole people, are now thoroughly centred, is one who
+has gained no distinction in shaping partisan contests, and won no
+laurels in the halls of legislation or the forum of public debate. He
+is, simply, the man who, in the last few years, first in one, and then
+in another still more important position of official responsibility, has
+demonstrated more emphatically than any other in recent times (possibly
+because circumstances have more generally drawn attention in his
+direction) his thorough devotion to the doctrine that public office is a
+public trust; and has, therefore, been selected as the best
+representative and exponent of the popular idea in the great political
+conflict about to be brought to an issue.
+
+The purpose and scope of this brief article permit no detailed account
+of the private life or public career of Grover Cleveland. Those who have
+cared to do so have already familiarized themselves with the same
+through the ordinary channels; yet, as a matter of record, a few salient
+facts may be presented.
+
+Grover Cleveland was born in the village of Caldwell, near Newark, New
+Jersey, March 18, 1837. His paternal ancestry was of the substantial
+English stock.
+
+I. Aaron Cleveland, an early settler in the valley of the Connecticut.
+He was liberally educated, and, ardently devoted to the interests of the
+Church, he determined to take holy orders, and returned to England for
+confirmation therein. Coming back to America he settled in the ministry
+at East Haddam, Conn. Some fifteen years later, in August, 1757, he
+died, while on a visit to Philadelphia, at the residence of his friend,
+Benjamin Franklin, then publisher of the _Pennsylvania Gazette_, who
+spoke of him, in an obituary notice in his paper, as "a gentleman of a
+humane and pious disposition, indefatigable in his ministry, easy and
+affable in his conversation, open and sincere in his friendship, and
+above every species of meanness and dissimulation."
+
+II. Aaron Cleveland, born at East Haddam, Conn., February 9, 1744. He
+was a hatter by trade and located in Norwich, which town he represented
+in the Legislature, where he introduced a bill for the abolition of
+slavery, of which institution he was a determined opponent. Subsequently
+he became a Congregational clergyman, and a power in that denomination.
+He died at New Haven in 1815.
+
+III. William Cleveland, second son of the above, a silversmith by
+occupation, also dwelt in Norwich. His wife was Margaret Falley. He was
+prosperous in business, respected in the community, and deacon of the
+church of which his father had been pastor for a quarter of a century
+previous to his decease.
+
+IV. Richard Falley Cleveland, second son of William, born in 1804,
+graduated from Yale in 1824 with high honors. He, too, became a
+clergyman, having adopted the Presbyterian faith, and pursued his
+studies at Princeton Theological Seminary, after serving a year as a
+tutor in Baltimore, where he made the acquaintance of Miss Anne Neale,
+daughter of a prominent law publisher of Irish birth, with whom he
+united in marriage after completing his studies, in 1829. He was located
+in pastorates, successively, at Windham, Conn.; Portsmouth, Va.;
+Caldwell, N.J., and Fayetteville, N.Y. Subsequently, moved by failing
+health, he sought a change, and, as agent of the American Home
+Missionary Society, located at Clinton. Two years later he returned to
+pastoral service, though still In feeble health, establishing himself
+and family at Holland Patent, a few miles north of the city of Utica.
+Here he died suddenly, a few weeks after his removal, leaving to his
+wife and nine children no other fortune than the legacy of an honorable
+name, and the enduring influence of a true and devoted life.
+
+V. Grover Cleveland, third son and fifth child of Richard Falley and
+Anne (Neale) Ceveland, was sixteen years of age when his father died.
+The sad event necessarily marked a turning-point in his career. He was
+forced to look life and duty seriously in the face, and he proved
+himself equal to the emergency. It had been a cherished hope of his
+boyhood that he might secure the benefit of a classical education at
+Hamilton College, from which his eldest brother, William (now a
+Presbyterian clergyman at Forestport, N.Y.), had then recently
+graduated. But this was now out of the question. He had not only to
+provide for himself, but he felt bound to aid his mother in the support
+of the younger members of the family. The idea of the college course,
+for which he had partially fitted himself in the preparatory school at
+Clinton, was relinquished, and the battle of life commenced in earnest.
+He had already learned something of the lesson of self-reliance, having
+served for a year or more as a clerk in a grocery at Fayetteville, and
+he soon secured a situation as an assistant in the Institution for the
+Blind in the city of New York, where his brother William was then
+engaged as a teacher. Here he remained nearly two years, faithfully
+discharging the duties assigned him, and promptly forwarding to his
+mother such portion of his moderate wages as remained after providing
+for his own personal necessities. The situation, however, grew irksome.
+As the young man's capabilities developed his ambition was aroused.
+There was no way of advancement open before him here, and he felt that
+his duty to himself, as well as others, demanded that he make the best
+practicable use of the powers with which he was endowed. Returning home
+for a short visit, and taking counsel with his mother, he soon set out
+for the "West," the field toward which ambitious young men have turned,
+with hearts full of hope, for the last half century.
+
+His proposed destination was Cleveland, Ohio; his cherished ambition the
+study and practice of the law. He was accompanied on his journey by a
+young friend of kindred aspirations. Arriving at Buffalo he called on an
+uncle, Mr. Lewis F. Allen, who had a fine stock farm, just out of the
+city, and who finally induced him to remain there, promising to secure
+him admission to a law office in Buffalo. He remained with his uncle for
+a time, assisting him in the preparation of the manuscript of the
+"American Herd Book," a work upon which he was then engaged; but in the
+course of a few months (in August, 1855) he secured admission as a
+student in one of the best known law offices of the city--that of
+Rogers, Bowen, & Rogers. Blessed with good health and industrious
+habits, with an earnest determination to succeed, he entered upon the
+work before him. For a time he boarded at his uncle's house, taking the
+long walk to and from the office at morning and night; but after a few
+months he was enabled to be of such assistance in the office in clerical
+and other work, that, from the modest compensation allowed, he secured
+lodgings in the city and provided for all his humble wants.
+
+After four years of unremitting study and toil, he was admitted to the
+Erie county bar, having laid the foundation for future professional
+success in a thorough mastery of legal principles and all the details of
+practice, and in those well-established habits of thought and
+application by which his subsequent life has been so fully
+characterized. He had gained, also, the confidence and esteem of his
+preceptors and employers, and after his admission continued with them as
+confidential clerk in charge of the office business, receiving a salary
+which enabled him, then, to contribute materially to the assistance of
+his mother in providing for the wants of the family and maintaining the
+comforts of the humble home in Holland Patent, toward which his fondest
+thoughts have turned in all the years of his busy life, and where such
+periods of recreation as he has felt warranted in indulging have mainly
+been spent.
+
+In 1863 Mr. Cleveland received an appointment as assistant district
+attorney for Erie county, a strong testimonial to the legal abilities of
+so youthful a practitioner, considering the array of professional talent
+in the county and the responsibilities of the position. The war was then
+in progress; two brothers, one the next older, and the other younger
+than himself, had enlisted in the Union army; and when, a few months
+after his appointment, as he had fairly familiarized himself with the
+details of important cases intrusted to his care, he was himself
+drafted, he pursued the only practicable course, and provided a
+substitute for the service. In the fall of 1865, while yet serving as
+deputy, he was unanimously selected by the Democratic Nominating
+Convention as candidate for district attorney. The county was strongly
+Republican, but young Cleveland received a support beyond his party
+strength and was beaten, by a few hundred majority only, by the
+Republican nominee, Lyman K. Bass, then and since his warm personal
+friend.
+
+Upon the expiration of his term of service as deputy district attorney,
+in January, 1866, he entered actively into practice, having formed a
+partnership with the late Isaac K. Vanderpoel, a prominent lawyer and
+ex-State treasurer. The burden of the labor fell to the share of the
+junior partner, and through his close attention to the interests of
+clients the business of the firm soon became extensive and the income
+fairly remunerative. Three years later the partnership was dissolved,
+through the election of Mr. Vanderpoel as police judge, and soon after
+the new firm of Cleveland, Laning, & Folsom was formed. In 1870 Mr.
+Cleveland was urged by leading Democrats of Erie county to accept the
+party nomination for sheriff. The proposition was by no means in
+accordance with his desires or inclinations. The office, although a most
+important one in a large and populous county, and commanding liberal
+compensation in fees, was a most thankless one in many respects: its
+duties, always delicate and exacting, sometimes disagreeable in the
+extreme, and its responsibilities great. It was felt, however, that the
+acceptance of this nomination by one who so thoroughly commanded the
+confidence of the people, and whose professional training and experience
+gave him superior qualification for the office, would insure to the
+county ticket of the party, with due care in the selection of other
+candidates, the strength necessary to success in the election. As a
+loyal member of the party to whose principles he had ever been devotedly
+attached, and in the support of whose cause he had labored in every
+consistent capacity since becoming a voter, he finally yielded, accepted
+the nomination, and, as had been hoped, was duly elected along with the
+entire ticket. He administered the office, upon which he entered in
+January following, upon strict business principles, and to the eminent
+satisfaction of the courts, the bar, and the public at large, during the
+full term of three years. There were no duties, however irksome, from
+which he shrank; no responsibilities which he failed to meet in a
+becoming manner; and when, on the first of January, 1874, his term
+expired and he returned to his legal practice, it was with a larger
+measure of popular esteem than he had ever before enjoyed.
+
+In resuming professional labor he formed a partnership with his friend
+and former antagonist, Lyman K. Bass, Mr. Wilson S. Bissel also becoming
+a member of the firm. Now thirty-seven years of age, with mental powers
+thoroughly developed, and a capacity for labor far greater than that
+with which most men are favored, he was eminently well equipped for
+substantial achievement in his chosen field of effort; and it is not too
+much to say that, in the next seven years, during which he gave
+uninterrupted attention to the work, he accomplished as much in the way
+of honest professional triumph as any lawyer in Western New York. He
+sought no mere personal distinction, but put his heart into his work,
+and practically made his clients' interests his own. His judgment was
+sound, his industry indefatigable, his integrity unquestioned. He was
+eminently well fitted for judicial service, but could never be induced
+to put himself in the way of preferment in that direction. He was
+always the "working member" of the firms with which he was connected. As
+an advocate, he made no pretensions to brilliancy; but in the
+preparation of cases, and in the cogent statement of principles
+involved, as well as in the effective presentation of pertinent facts,
+he found no superiors, and few equals, among his associates at the bar.
+
+Caring nothing for the pecuniary rewards of labor, beyond the provision
+for his own modest wants and the comfort of those, in a measure,
+depending upon his assistance, Mr. Cleveland has accumulated no large
+fortune; although, with the opportunities at hand, had he made wealth
+his object, he might have secured it. On the other hand, he has
+befriended many a poor client to his own cost; and, while failing in
+many cases to collect the fees which were his due, he has contributed to
+public and private charities with a liberal, but unostentatious hand.
+Though he has never posed as a "working-men's candidate" for official
+preferment, the laboring people of his city and section have long known
+him as the true and sympathetic friend of every honest son and daughter
+of toil.
+
+When, in the autumn of 1881, the people of the great city of Buffalo,
+the third in the Empire State in population, and the second in
+commercial importance, tired of the corruption, the robbery, and
+oppression of the ring rule, which had fastened its grip upon them under
+long years of Republican ascendency, turned at last to the Democratic
+party for relief, the Democracy of the city saw in Grover Cleveland the
+one man of all others with whom as their candidate for mayor, they might
+reasonably hope to win, not simply a partisan triumph, but a victory for
+honest government in which all patriotic citizens might well rejoice.
+Much against his own will, after repeated solicitation on the part of
+leading Democrats, and many Republicans, who appreciated his character
+and fitness, he again consented to become the candidate of his party for
+responsible office; and, at the election which followed, so great was
+the desire for a change in municipal matters, and so general the
+confidence in Mr. Cleveland as the man under whose direction the needed
+reform might be effected, that his majority for mayor was about three
+thousand five hundred, or nearly the same figure with which the
+Republican ticket had ordinarily triumphed.
+
+Entering upon the duties of his office as mayor, January 1, 1882, he
+soon gave practical assurance of the fact that the people of Buffalo had
+made no mistake in the selection of their chief municipal servant. In
+his first message to the Common Council, which was replete with sound,
+practical suggestions, he said:--
+
+     It seems to me that a successful and faithful administration of the
+     government of our city may be accomplished by constantly bearing in
+     mind that we are the trustees and agents of our fellow-citizens,
+     holding their funds in sacred trust to be expended for their
+     benefit; that we should at all times be prepared to render an
+     honest account to them touching the matter of its expenditure; and
+     that the affairs of the city should be conducted as far as possible
+     upon the same principles as a good businessman manages his private
+     concerns.
+
+It suffices to say that, so far as the mayor himself was concerned, and
+so far as his power and influence extended, he lived up fully to the
+letter and spirit of this suggestion. Although hampered by an adverse
+political majority in the Common Council, still measurably under the
+influence of the old rings, and more intent upon preventing the mayor
+from winning public favor which might, perchance, inure to the benefit
+of his party (though standing himself entirely beyond party in his
+relations to the public welfare), than upon the faithful discharge of
+their own duties, he succeeded, by the force of his own earnest
+personality, by searching investigation into the workings of all the
+departments of city affairs, by the ruthless exposure and denunciation
+of various corrupt schemes of jobbery and plunder, and by the persistent
+recommendation of measures and methods which commended themselves to his
+judgment, in accomplishing much in the way of the reform for which his
+election had been sought. He used the veto power with a vigor and a
+significance which had characterized the action of no predecessor in the
+office, and often regardless of the fact that its exercise might be
+distorted by designing enemies, personal or political, to insure him at
+least the temporary disapprobation of large classes of citizens; but he
+used it only when fully satisfied, through patient research and careful
+deliberation, that duty and obligation imperatively required it. It is
+conceded that in his brief year's administration he saved a million of
+dollars to the city treasury, stamped out numerous abuses, and
+stimulated the spirit of faithful devotion in various branches of the
+municipal service. Men of all parties unite in saying that the city of
+Buffalo was never favored with the services of a more faithful,
+conscientious, and thoroughly impartial executive head.
+
+But he was not to continue the work of administrative reform in that
+particular field of labor. The people had called him "up higher." His
+reputation as a true Democrat, an honest reformer, and a faithful public
+servant, had spread abroad through the State, and when the Democratic
+State Convention assembled in the early autumn of that year it was
+clearly apparent that the nomination of Grover Cleveland, the reform
+mayor of Buffalo, as the candidate of the party for the supreme
+magistracy of the Empire State, was the one certain guaranty of
+overwhelming Democratic victory at the polls. That nomination was
+promptly made, and the result which followed was without parallel in the
+annals of American political history. He was elected governor by a
+majority of nearly two hundred thousand, and, although internal
+dissensions in the Republican party, then existing, contributed largely
+to the general result, the most significant feature of the election is
+found in the fact that the largest relative Democratic gain was made in
+his own county of Erie, where he received upwards of seven thousand
+majority against more than three thousand majority for Garfield in the
+last presidential election, showing him strongest before the people
+where his personal character and attributes, as well as his
+qualifications for positions of high public trust, are most thoroughly
+known.
+
+As governor of New York, which position he has occupied for the last
+twenty months, first with a Democratic and later with a Republican
+legislature, Mr. Cleveland has followed the same rule of official
+conduct adopted for his guidance in other positions. Mindful of all
+proper obligations to his own political party, he has never permitted
+party demands to stand in the way of his duty to the public and the
+State. Believing, to quote his own language, "in an open and sturdy
+partisanship which secures the legitimate advantages of party
+supremacy," he also believes that parties were made for the people, and
+declares himself "unwilling, knowingly, to give assent to measures
+purely partisan which will sacrifice or endanger the people's
+interests." In the office of governor, as well as in that of mayor, he
+has made vigorous but discriminate use of the veto power, and in the one
+case, as in the other, it has invariably been found, upon candid
+investigation, that his action has been taken under a profound sense of
+the binding authority of the fundamental law, and with an unflinching
+regard for the rights and interests of the whole people,--however
+violent, at times, may have been the denunciation of demagogic
+opponents, or clamorous the protests of those who sought merely
+temporary advantages in particular directions, regardless of ultimate
+results upon the general welfare. In this, as in other positions, his
+general line of action has been such as to command the hearty approval
+of patriotic men of all parties; and if he has incurred the hostility of
+any, it has been through his opposition to the schemes of corrupt rings
+and the purposes of selfish individuals, which he regarded detrimental
+to the public good; or through his support of wholesome measures,
+calculated to protect the body politic, and thwart their illegitimate
+designs in other directions.
+
+And now, Grover Cleveland stands before the people of the whole country
+the duly nominated candidate of the Democratic party for the highest
+office in the gift of the Republic; while his candidacy is indorsed and
+enthusiastically supported by tens of thousands of pure and unselfish
+men of the opposite party, who see, through his election, the only hope
+of a return to constitutional methods and honest practices in the
+administration of the Federal Government, without which ere long the
+complete and irremediable subversion and destruction of the government
+itself will be accomplished. This candidacy comes not through his own
+seeking. Grover Cleveland never sought an office in all his life. He has
+consented to serve his fellow-citizens in public station only at their
+solicitation and command. He has served them faithfully and well so far
+as he has been called, and none need fear that, if called to still
+higher responsibilities and a broader field of duty, he will not prove
+equal to the emergency--equally true to himself and his trust.
+
+Grover Cleveland is a man "cast in nature's noblest mould." Of
+commanding presence, with a physical development commensurate with his
+mental powers, thoroughly democratic in habit and manner, accessible to
+all, meeting the humblest and highest upon equal terms, sympathizing
+heartily with the honest laborer in every field of action, frank and
+outspoken in his opinions, hating hypocrisy and sham with all his soul,
+fighting corruption and dishonesty wherever he finds them, respecting
+the opinions and listening to the suggestions of others, but acting
+invariably in accordance with his own convictions of right, he fills the
+perfect measure of honest manhood; and whether he be President of the
+American Republic, or simple citizen, he will never, it is safe to
+assume, forfeit either his own self-respect, or the confident regard of
+his fellow-men.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOUNDARY LINES OF OLD GROTON.--IV.
+
+BY THE HON. SAMUEL ABBOTT GREEN.
+
+
+About this time it was proposed to form a new township from Groton,
+Lancaster, and Harvard, including a small parcel of land, known as Stow
+Leg, a strip of territory perhaps two hundred rods in width and a mile
+in length, lying west of the Nashua river. This "Leg" had belonged
+originally to Stow, but by the incorporation of Harvard had become
+wholly detached from that town. The proposed township covered nearly the
+same territory as that now occupied by Shirley. The attempt, however,
+does not appear to have been successful. The following covenant, signed
+by certain inhabitants of the towns interested in the movement, is on
+file, and with it a rough plan of the neighborhood; but I find no other
+allusion to the matter either in petitions or records.
+
+     We the Subscribers being Inhabitants of the Extream Parts of
+     Groton Lancaster and Harvard as allso the Proprietors of the Land
+     belonging to the Town of Stow (which Land is Scituate, Lying and
+     being Between the Towns above said Namely Groton Lancaster and
+     Harvard) Do Covenant and Promise to and with Each other And We Do
+     Hereby of our own Free Will and Motion In the Exercise of Love and
+     Charity Towards one another with Mutual Consent in the strongest
+     Manner Binding our Selves the Subscribers each and every of us
+     Conjointly one to another (for the Gosples Sake) Firmly Covenanting
+     and Promising to and with Each other that we will as Speedely as
+     may be with Conveniency Petition the Several Towns to which we
+     Respectively belong and Likewise the Great and General Court That
+     we may be Erected or Incorporated into a Destinct and separate
+     Township of our Selves with those Lands within the Bounds and
+     Limits Here after Described viz Beginning at the River called
+     Lancaster [Nashua] River at the turning of Sd River Below the Brige
+     called John Whits Brige & Runing Northerly to Hell Pond and on
+     Still to the Line Betwixt Harvard and Groton Including John Farwell
+     then to Coyecus Brook Leaveing the Mills and Down Said Brook to the
+     River and down Said River to the Rye ford way then Runing Westerly
+     to the Northerly End of Horse Pond & so on to Luningburg Line,
+     Including Robert Henry & Daniel Page and then Runing Southerly
+     Extendig Beyound Luningburg So far Into Lancaster as that Running
+     Easterly the Place on which Ralph Kindal formerly Lived Shall be
+     Included and so on Running Easterly to the Turn in the River first
+     mentioned
+
+     Moreover we Do Covenant Promise and Engage Truly and Faithfully
+     that will Consent to and Justifie any Petition that Shall be
+     Prefered in our names and behalf to our Respective Towns and to the
+     Great & General Court for the Ends and Purposes above Mentioned
+
+     Furthermore we Do Covenant Promise and Engage as above that we will
+     advance money for and Pay all Such Reasonable and necessary Charges
+     that may arise in the Prosecuting and Obtaining our Said Petitions
+     and that we will Each and Every of us Respectively Endever to
+     Promote and Maintain Peace Unity Concord and Good Agreement
+     amoungst our Selves as Becometh Christians
+
+     And now haveing thus Covenanted as above Said We Do Each and Every
+     one of us who have Hereunto Subscribed Protest and Declare that
+     Every Article and Parigraph and Thing Containd in the above Writen
+     Shall be Absolutely and Unacceptionably Binding in Manner and form
+     as above Declared and Shall So Continue upon and Against Each and
+     Every one of us untill we are Erected or Incorporated Into a
+     Township as above said or that Provedance Shall Remove us by Death
+     or Otherways any thing to the Contrary Notwithstanding
+
+     Witness our Hands the Eight Day of December one Thousand Seven
+     Hundred and Fourty Seven and in the Twentieth Year Of His Majesties
+     Reign Georg the Secund King &c
+
+      Harvard
+
+    Richard hall
+    Jon'n Bigelow
+    Joseph Hutchins
+    Simeon Farnsworth
+    Timothy hall
+    Phenihas Farnsworth
+    Amos Russll
+    Johnathan--Read (His mark)
+    Jonathan Read iu
+    Abijah Willard
+
+      Groton
+    Samuel Hazen
+    Joseph Preist
+    Samell flood
+    John pearce
+    Charles Richards
+    Daniel Page
+    John Longley jn'r
+    Abijah Willard
+    Manasser Divoll
+    John Osgood
+    Abijah Frost
+    John Peirce hous rite
+
+      Lancaster
+    Henry Haskell
+    John Nicholls
+    Thomas Wright
+    William Willard
+    Joshua Johnson
+    Daniel Willard
+    Joseph Priest
+    William Farmer
+    Joseph Bond
+    Henry Willard
+    Benjamin Willard
+    Jacob Houghton
+    Corp Elias Sawyer
+    Amos Am Atherton (his mark)
+
+      Stow
+    John Houghton Ju
+    John Sampson
+    Joseph Brown
+    Hannah Brown
+    Samuel Randal
+    Benjamin Samson
+
+    [Massachusetts Archives, CXV., 220-222.]
+
+Hell Pond, mentioned in this covenant, is situated in the northwest part
+of Harvard, and so called "from its amazing depth," says the Reverend
+Peter Whitney, in the History of Worcester County (page 158).
+
+Two years after this covenant was signed, another attempt was made to
+divide the town, but it did not succeed. The lines of the proposed
+township included nearly the same territory as the present ones of
+Shirley. The following references to the scheme are found, under their
+respective dates, in the printed Journal of the House of
+Representatives:--
+
+     A Petition of sundry Inhabitants of _Groton_ and _Lunenburg_,
+     praying they may be erected into a distinct and seperate Township
+     or Precinct, agreable to the Plan therewith exhibited, for the
+     Reasons mentioned.
+
+     Read and _Ordered_, That the Petitioners serve the Town of
+     Lunenburg, and the first Parish in _Groton_, with Copies of this
+     Petition, that they shew Cause, if any they have, on the 29th of
+     _December_ next, if the Court be then Sitting, if not on the first
+     Friday of the next Sitting of this Court, why the Prayer thereof
+     should not be granted.
+
+     Sent up for Concurrence.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 100), November 30,
+     1749.]
+
+     _Samuel Watts_, Esq; brought down the Petition of sundry
+     Inhabitants of _Lunenburg_ and _Groton_, as entred the 30th of
+     _November_ last, and refer'd. Pass'd in Council, _viz_. In Council
+     _December_ 29th 1749. Read again, with the Answer of the Town of
+     _Lunenburg_, and _Ordered_, That the Consideration of this Petition
+     be refer'd to the second Wednesday of the next Sitting of this
+     Court. Sent down for Concurrence.
+
+     With a Petition from sundry Inhabitants of _Lunenburg_, praying to
+     be set off from said Town of _Leominster_. Pass'd in Council, _viz_
+     In Council _December_ 29th 1749. Read and _Ordered_, That the
+     Petitioners serve the Town of _Lunenburg_, with a Copy of this
+     petition, that they shew Cause, if any they have, on the second
+     Wednesday of the next Sitting of this Court, why the Prayer thereof
+     should not be granted.
+
+     Sent up for Concurrence.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 143), December 29,
+     1749.]
+
+     _John Chandler_, Esq; brought down the Petitions of _John Whitney_,
+     and others of the westerly Part of _Groton_, and the easterly Part
+     of the Town of _Lunenburgh_, and _Edward Hartwell_, Esq; and others
+     of said Town, Pass'd in Council, _-viz._ In Council _April_ 4th
+     1750. _Ordered_, That _Samuel Watts, James Minot_, and _John Otis_,
+     Esqrs; with such as the honourable House shall join, be a Committee
+     to consider the Petitions above-mentioned, and the several Answers
+     thereto, hear the Parties, and report what they judge proper for
+     the Court to do thereon.
+
+     Sent down for Concurrence.
+
+     Read and concur'd, and Mr. _Rice_, Capt. _Livermore_, Col.
+     _Richards_, and Mr. _Daniel Pierce_, are joined in the Affair.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 214), April 5,
+     1750.]
+
+     _Joseph Wilder_, Esq., brought down the Report of a Committee of
+     both Houses, on the Petition of _John Whitney_, and others, as
+     entred the 30th of _November_ last, and refer'd. Signed _James
+     Minott_, per Order.
+
+     Pass'd in Council, _viz._ In Council _June_ 21, 1750. Read and
+     _Voted_, That this Report be not accepted, and that the Petition of
+     _John Whitney_ and others therein refer'd to, be accordingly
+     dismiss'd, and that the Petitioners pay the Charge of the
+     Committee.
+
+     Send down for Concurrence. Read and concur'd.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 41), June 22, 1750.]
+
+     A Petition of sundry Inhabitants of the westerly Part of _Groton_,
+     and the easterly Part of _Lunenburg_, praying that their Memorial
+     and Report thereon, which was dismiss'd the 22'd of _June_ last,
+     may be revived and reconsidered, for the Reasons mentioned.
+
+     Read and _Ordered_, That Mr. _Turner_, Mr. _Tyng_, and Major
+     _Jones_ with such as the honourable Board shall join, be a
+     Committee to take this Petition under Consideration, and report
+     what they judge proper to be done thereon. Sent up for Concurrence.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (pages 76, 77), October 3,
+     1750.]
+
+     _John Greenleafe_, Esq.; brought down the Petition of sundry
+     Inhabitants of _Groton_ and _Lunenburg_, as entred the 3d Currant,
+     and referr'd. Pass'd in Council, _viz_. In Council _October_ 3d
+     1750. Read and nonconcur'd, and _Ordered_, That this Petition be
+     dismiss'd.
+
+     Sent down for Concurrence.
+
+     Read and nonconcur'd, and _Ordered_, That the Petitioner serve the
+     Town of _Lunenburg_ with a Copy of this Petition, that they shew
+     Cause, if any they have, on the second Wednesday of the next
+     Sitting of this Court, why the Prayer thereof should not be
+     granted.
+
+     Sent up for Concurrence.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 93), October 9,
+     1750.]
+
+     A Memorial of _John Whitney_ and others of the Southwesterly Part
+     of _Groton_, praying that their Petition exhibited in _November_
+     1749 may be revived, and the Papers prefer'd at that Time again
+     considered, for the Reasons mentioned.
+
+     Read and _Ordered_, That the Petition lie on the Table.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 64), October 9,
+     1751.]
+
+     _Ordered_, That the Petition of _John Whitney_ and others of the
+     Southwesterly Part of _Groton_, lie upon the Table.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 81), January 3,
+     1752.]
+
+     The Memorial of _John Whitney_ and others, as entred _October_ 9th
+     1751, Inhabitants of the Southwesterly Part of _Groton_ and the
+     Eastwardly Part of _Lunenberg_, setting forth that in _November_
+     1749, they preferred a Petition to this Court, praying to be set
+     off from the Towns to which they belong, and made into a distant
+     [distinct?] and seperate Town and Parish, for the Reasons therein
+     mentioned; praying that the aforesaid Memorial and Petition, with
+     the Report of the said Committee thereon, and all the Papers
+     thereto belonging, may be revived, and again taken into
+     consideration.
+
+     Read again, and the Question was put, _Whether the Prayer of the
+     Petition should be so far granted as that the petition and Papers
+     accompanying it should be revived_?
+
+     It pass'd in the Negative. And _Voted_, That the Memorial be
+     dismiss'd.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 92), January 9,
+     1753.]
+
+The discussion in regard to the division of the town resulted in setting
+off the district of Shirley, on January 5, 1753, three months before the
+district of Pepperell was formed. In the Act of Incorporation the name
+was left blank, as it was in the one incorporating Pepperell, and
+"Shirley" was filled in at the time of its engrossment. It was so named
+after William Shirley, the governor of the province at that period. It
+never was incorporated specifically as a town, but became one by a
+general Act of the Legislature, passed on March 23, 1786. It was
+represented, while a district, in the session of the General Court which
+met at Watertown, on July 19, 1775, as well as in the Provincial
+Congress of Massachusetts, and thus tacitly acquired the powers and
+privileges of a town, which were afterward confirmed by the act just
+mentioned.
+
+The act for establishing the district of Shirley is as follows:--
+
+     Anno Regni Regis Georgii Secundi Vicesimo Sexto.
+
+     An Act for dividing the Town of Groton and making a District by the
+     Name of....
+
+     Whereas the Inhabitants of the Southwesterly part of the Town of
+     Groton by Reason of the Difficulties they labour under being remote
+     from the place of the publick worship of God have addressed this
+     Court to be Sett off a Separate District whereunto the Inhabitants
+     of Said Town have Manifested their Consent Be it therefore enacted
+     by the Lieutenant Governour Council and House of Representatives
+     that the Southwestwardly part of the Town of Groton Comprehended
+     within the following boundaries viz begining at the the [_sic_]
+     mouth of Squanacook River where it runs into Lancaster [Nashua]
+     River from thence up Said Lancaster River till it Comes to Land
+     belonging to the Township of Stow thence Westwardly bounding
+     Southwardly to said Stow Land tilll it comes to the Southwest
+     Corner of the Township of Groton thence Northwardly bounding
+     westwardly to Luningburgh and Townsend to Squanacook River
+     afores'd thence down said River and Joyning thereto to the mouth
+     thereof being the first bound--Be and hereby is Sett off from the
+     said Town of Groton and Erected into a Separate and Distinct
+     District by the name of ... and that the Inhabitants thereof be and
+     hereby are Vested with all the powers priviledges and Immunities
+     which the Inhabitants of any Town within this Province do or by law
+     ought to Enjoy Excepting only the Priviledge of choosing a
+     Representative to represent them in the Great & General Court, in
+     choosing of whom the Inhabitants of Said District Shall Joyn with
+     the Inhabitants of the Town of Groton, as heretofore has been
+     Usual, & also in paying said Representative
+
+     Provided nevertheless the Said District Shall pay their
+     proportionable part of all such Town County Parish and Province
+     Charges as are already Assessed upon the Town of Groton in like
+     manner as though this Act had never been made.
+
+     And Be it further Enacted that M'r Jn'o. Whitney be and hereby is
+     impowred to Issue his Warrant directed to Some principal Inhabitant
+     in s'd District requireing Him to Notifie & warn the Inhabitants of
+     S'd District qualified by law to vote in Town affairs to meet at
+     Such Time & place as shall be therein Set forth to Choose all such
+     officers as Shall be Necessary to manage the affairs of s'd
+     District
+
+     In the House of Rep'ives June 4, 1752
+
+     Read three several times and pass'd to be Engross'd
+
+     T. HUBBARD Spk'r.
+
+     Sent up for concurrence
+
+     In Council Nov'r. 28, 1752 Read a first Time 29 a second Time and
+     pass'd a Concurrence
+
+     THO's. CLARKE Dp'ty Secry.
+
+     [Massachusetts Archives, CXVI., 293, 294.]
+
+This act did not take effect until January 5, 1753, when it was signed
+by the governor.
+
+On June 3, 1771, thirty years after Groton Gore had been lost by the
+running of the provincial line, the proprietors of the town held a
+meeting, and appointed Lieutenant Josiah Sawtell, Colonel John Bulkley,
+and Lieutenant Nathaniel Parker, a committee to petition the General
+Court for a grant of land to make up for this loss. They presented the
+matter to that body on June 7, and the following entry in the records
+gives the result:--
+
+     The Committee on the Petition of _Josiah Sartel_, and others,
+     reported.
+
+     Read and accepted, and _Whereas it appears to this Court, That the
+     Proprietors aforesaid, had a Grant made to them by the General
+     Court in_ April 1735, _of Ten Thousand, Eight Hundred Acres of
+     Land, in Consideration of Land taken from said_ Groton _by_
+     Littleton, _Major_ Willard _and_ Read's _Farms being prior Grants,
+     and for their extraordinary Suffering in the former Indian Wars and
+     in_ June 1736 _said Grant was confirmed to said Proprietors, since
+     which Time, the said Proprietors have been entirely dispossessed of
+     said Land by the running of the Line between this Province and_
+     New-Hampshire: _And whereas it appears there has been no
+     Compensation made to the said Proprietors of_ Groton, _for the
+     Lands lost as aforesaid, excepting Three Thousand Acres granted in_
+     November _last_, to James Prescot, William Prescot, _and_ Oliver
+     Prescot _for their Proportion thereof_. Therefore _Resolved_, That
+     in Lieu thereof, there be granted to the Proprietors of _Groton_,
+     their Heirs and Assigns forever, Seven Thousand and Eight Hundred
+     Acres of the unappropriated Lands belonging to this Province, in
+     the Western Part of the Province, to be layed out adjoining to some
+     former Grant, and that they return a Plan thereof, taken by a
+     Surveyor and Chainmen under Oath into the Secretary's Office,
+     within twelve Months for Confirmation.
+
+     Sent up for Concurrence.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 44), June 13, 1771.]
+
+These conditions, as recommended by the report of the committee, appear
+to have been fulfilled, and a grant was accordingly made. It lay on the
+eastern border of Berkshire county, just south of the central part, and
+was described as follows:--
+
+     The Committee on a Plan of a Tract of Land granted to the
+     Proprietors of _Groton_, reported.
+
+     Read and accepted, and _Resolved_, That the Plan hereunto annexed,
+     containing three Thousand nine Hundred and sixty Acres of Province
+     Land, laid out in Part to satisfy a Grant made by the Great and
+     General Court at their Sessions in _June_ 1771, to the Proprietors
+     of Groton, in Lieu of Land they lost by the late running of the
+     _New-Hampshire_ Line, as mention'd in their Petition, laid out in
+     the County of _Berkshire_, and is bounded as followeth, viz.
+     Beginning at a Burch Tree and Stones laid round it the Southwest
+     Corner of _Tyringham-Equivalent_ Lands standing on the East Branch
+     of _Farmington_ River; then North eighteen Degrees East in the West
+     Line of said _Equivalent_ five Hundred and sixty-one Rods to a
+     small Beach Tree and Stones laid round it, which Tree is the
+     Southeast Corner of a Grant of Land called _Woolcut's_ Grant; then
+     running West eighteen Degrees North in the South Line of said Grant
+     two Hundred and forty Rods to a Beach Tree marked I.W. and Stones
+     laid round it, which is the Southwest Corner of said Grant; then
+     running North eighteen Degrees East in the West Line of said Grant
+     four Hundred Rods to a Heap of Stones which is the Northwest Corner
+     of said Grant; then running East eighteen Degrees South two Hundred
+     and forty Rods in the North Line of said Grant to a large Hemlock
+     Tree and Stones laid round it, which is the Northeast Corner of
+     said Grant; it is also the Northwest Corner of said _Equivalent_,
+     and the Southwest Corner of a Grant called _Taylors_ Grant; then
+     running North eighteen Degrees East one Hundred and sixty Rods in
+     the West Line of said _Taylors_ Grant to the Northwest Corner of
+     the same; then running East nine Degrees South in the Line of said
+     _Taylors_ Grant eight Hundred Rods to a Stake and Stones standing
+     in the West Line of _Blanford_, marked W.T. then running North
+     eighteen Degrees East in said _Blanford_ West Line five Hundred and
+     thirty Rods to a Beach Tree and Stones laid round it which is the
+     Northwest Corner of said _Blanford_; then running East ten Degrees
+     South forty-two Rods in the North Line of said _Blanford_ to a
+     Stake and Stones which is the Southwest Corner of _Merryfield_;
+     then running North ten Degrees East in said _Merryfield_ West Line
+     three Hundred and three Rods to a Heap of Stones the Southeast
+     Corner of _Becket_; then running West two Degrees South in said
+     _Becket_ South Line four Hundred and twenty-six Rods to the
+     Northeast Corner of a Grant of Land called _Belcher's_ Grant; then
+     running South in the East Line of said _Belchers_ Grant two Hundred
+     and sixteen Rods to a small Maple Tree marked T.R. which is the
+     Northwest Corner of a Grant of Land called _Rand's_ Grant; then
+     running East in the North Line of said _Rand's_ Grant two Hundred
+     and fifty Rods to a Hemlock Pole and Stones laid round it, which is
+     the Northeast Corner of said _Rand's_ Grant; then running South in
+     the East Line of said _Rand's_ Grant three Hundred and thirty-one
+     Rods to a Hemlock Tree marked and Stones laid round it, which is
+     the Southeast Corner of said _Rand's_ Grant; then running West in
+     the South Line of said _Rand's_ Grant two Hundred and fifty Rods to
+     a Beach Pole marked T.R. the Southwest Corner of said _Rand's_
+     Grant; then running North in the West Line of said _Rand's_ Grant
+     eighty-three Rods to the Southeast Corner of said _Belcher's_
+     Grant; then running West bounding North three Hundred and
+     forty-eight on said _Belcher's_ Grant and four Hundred and
+     fifty-three Rods on a Grant called _Chandler's_ Grant, then running
+     North on the West Line of said _Chandler's_ Grant four Hundred and
+     sixty to said _Becket's_ South Line; then running West in said
+     _Becket_ South Line twenty Rods to a Stake and Stones the North
+     West Corner of additional Lands belonging to the Four _Housatonick_
+     Townships; then running South two Degrees West one Thousand four
+     Hundred and eighty-eight Rods in the East Line of said additional
+     Lands to the Place where the said East Line crosses said
+     _Farmington_ River; then Southerly or down Stream three Hundred and
+     thirty Rods to the first Bounds, bounding Westerly on said River,
+     be accepted, and is hereby accepted and confirmed unto the
+     Proprietors of _Groton_ aforesaid, their Heirs and Assigns forever.
+     _Provided_ the same doth not exceed the Quantity aforementioned,
+     nor interfere with any former Grant.
+
+     Sent up for Concurrence.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (pages 182, 183). April
+     24, 1772.]
+
+I am unable to say how or when this territory was disposed of by the
+proprietors. Seven or eight years before this time, James, William, and
+Oliver Prescott, acting for themselves, had petitioned the General Court
+for a tract of land to make up their own losses. They were the sons of
+the Honorable Benjamin Prescott, through whose influence and agency the
+original Groton Gore was granted, and they were also the largest
+proprietors of the town. The following extracts from the Journal of the
+House relate to their application:--
+
+     A Petition of _James Prescot_, and others, Children and Heirs of
+     _Benjamin Prescot_, late of _Groton_, Esq; deceased, praying a
+     Grant of the unappropriated Lands of this Province, in
+     consideration of sundry Tracts which they have lost by the late
+     running of the Line between this Government and _New-Hampshire_.
+
+     Read and committed to Col. _Clap_, Col. _Nickols_, Col. _Williams_
+     of _Roxbury_, Col. _Buckminster_, and Mr. _Lancaster_, to consider
+     and Report.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 187), January 12,
+     1764.]
+
+On February 3, 1764, this petition was put over to the May Session, but
+I do not find that it came up for consideration at that time. It does
+not appear again for some years.
+
+     A Petition of _James Prescot_, Esq; and others, praying that a
+     Grant of Land may be made them in Lieu of a former Grant, which
+     falls within the _New-Hampshire_ Line.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 129), November 2,
+     1770.]
+
+This petition was referred to a committee consisting of Dr. Samuel
+Holten, of Danvers, Colonel Joseph Gerrish, of Newbury, and Mr. Joshua
+Bigelow, of Worcester.
+
+     The Committee on the Petition of _James Prescot_, Esq; and others,
+     reported.
+
+     Read and accepted, and _Resolved_, That in Lieu of Lands mentioned
+     in the Petition, there be granted to the Petitioners, their Heirs
+     and Assigns, Four Thousand Four Hundred Acres of the unappropriated
+     Lands belonging to the Province, to be laid out in the Westerly
+     Part thereof, adjoining to some former Grants, provided they can
+     find the same; or Five Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighty Acres of
+     the unappropriated Lands lying on the Easterly side of _Saco_
+     River; it being their Proportion in said Grant: And return a Plan
+     thereof taken by a Surveyor and Chainman under Oath, into the
+     Secretary's Office within Twelve Months.
+
+     Sent up for Concurrence.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 156), November 14,
+     1770.]
+
+The Committee appointed to consider the Plan of two Tracts of Land
+granted to _James Prescot_, Esq; and others, reported.
+
+     Read and accepted. _Resolved_, That both the above Plans, the one
+     containing Four Thousand one Hundred and thirty Acres, the other
+     containing two Hundred and seventy Acres, delineated and described
+     as is set forth by the Surveyor in the Description thereof hereunto
+     annexed, be accepted, and hereby is confirmed to _James Prescot_,
+     Esq; and others named in their Petition, and to their Heirs and
+     Assigns in Lieu of and full Satisfaction for Four Thousand four
+     Hundred Acres of Land lost by the late running of the Line between
+     this Province and _New-Hampshire_, as mention'd in a Grant made by
+     both Houses of the Assembly, A.D. 1765, but not consented to by the
+     Governor. _Provided_ both said Plans together do not exceed the
+     Quantity of Four Thousand four Hundred Acres, nor interfere with
+     any former Grant.
+
+     Sent up for Concurrence.
+
+     [Journal of the House of Representatives (page 73), June 22, 1771.]
+
+It is evident from these reports that the Prescott brothers took the
+forty-four hundred acres in the westerly part of the province, rather
+than the fifty-eight hundred and eighty acres on the easterly side of
+the Saco river, though I have been unable to identify, beyond a doubt,
+the tract of land thus granted. I am inclined to think however, that it
+is the one mentioned in the Memorial of the One Hundredth Anniversary of
+the Incorporation of Middlefield, Massachusetts, August 15, 1883. The
+town is situated on the westerly border of Hampshire County,--forming a
+jog into Berkshire,--and was made up in part of Prescott's Grant. A map
+is given in the "Memorial" volume (page 16) which shows that the Grant
+was originally in Berkshire county, very near to the tract of land given
+to the proprietors of Groton.
+
+Professor Edward P. Smith, of Worcester, delivered an historical address
+on the occasion of the anniversary, and he says:--
+
+     Prescott's Grant, the nucleus of the town, appears as a large
+     quadrilateral, containing more than a thousand acres in the north
+     and west part of the town. Who the Prescott was to whom the grant
+     was made is not known, further than that he must have been some one
+     who had rendered military or other services to the State. That he
+     was the Prescott who commanded at Bunker Hill is, indeed, possible;
+     but, as the grant was probably made before the Revolutionary War,
+     that supposition seems hardly tenable. (Page 15.)
+
+By an act of the General Court, passed February 25, 1793, a large
+section of territory was taken from Groton and annexed to Dunstable.
+This change produced a very irregular boundary between the two towns,
+and made, according to Butler's History of Groton (page 66), more than
+eighty angles in the line, causing much inconvenience. The following
+copy from the "Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts" gives the
+names of the families thus transferred:--
+
+     An Act to set off _Caleb Woods_, and others, from _Groton_, and to
+     annex them to _Dunstable_.
+
+     BE _it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in
+     General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same_, That
+     _Caleb Woods, Silas Blood, Amaziah Swallow, Nathaniel Cummings,
+     Ebenezer Procter, Silas Blood_, jun. _Silas Marshall, Levi Parker,
+     Amos Woods, Isaac Lawrence, Peter Blood, Caleb Blood_, jun. _Henry
+     Blood, Caleb Woods_, jun. and _Silas Marshall_, jun., together with
+     their families and estates, and also the estates of Doctor _Jonas
+     Marshall_, the heirs of Captain _Solomon Woods_, deceased, and
+     _Joseph Parkhurst_, which they now own in said _Groton_, be, and
+     they are hereby set off from the town of _Groton_, in the county of
+     _Middlesex_, and annexed to _Dunstable_, in said county, and shall
+     hereafter be considered a part of the same, there to do duty and
+     receive privileges, as the other inhabitants of said _Dunstable.
+     Provided, nevertheless_, That the persons above-mentioned shall pay
+     all taxes that have been legally assessed on them by said
+     _Groton_, in the same manner as if this Act had never been passed.
+
+     [This act passed _February_ 25, 1793.]
+
+The zigzag line caused by this act was somewhat modified by the two
+following ones, passed at different times a few years later. I think
+that the very irregular boundary between the two towns, with its
+eighty-six angles, as mentioned by Mr. Butler, was produced by the
+subsequent annexations to Dunstable.
+
+     An Act to set of _Nathaniel Lawrence with_ his Estate, from the
+     Town of _Groton_, and annex them to the Town of _Dunstable_.
+
+     BE _it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in
+     General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same_, That
+     _Nathaniel Lawrence_ of _Groton_, in the county of _Middlesex_,
+     together with his estate, which he now owns in that town, be, and
+     hereby is set off from said town of _Groton_, and annexed to the
+     town of _Dunstable_, in the same county; and shall hereafter be
+     considered as part of the same; there to do duty and receive
+     privileges as other inhabitants of said town of _Dunstable:
+     Provided nevertheless_, That the said _Nathaniel Lawrence_ shall be
+     holden to pay all taxes that have been legally assessed on him by
+     said town of _Groton_, in the same manner as if this Act had not
+     been passed.
+
+     [This act passed _January_ 26, 1796.]
+
+     An act to set off Willard Robbins with his estate from the town of
+     _Groton_, in the county of _Middlesex_, and to annex the same to
+     the town of _Dunstable_, in the same county.
+
+     Sec. 1. BE _it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives,
+     in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same_. That
+     Willard Robbins, of _Groton_, in the county of _Middlesex_, with
+     his estate, be, and hereby is set off from said town of _Groton_,
+     and annexed to the town of _Dunstable_, in said county, there to do
+     duty and receive privileges in the same manner as other inhabitants
+     of the said town of _Dunstable_.
+
+     Sec. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That the said Willard Robbins
+     shall be holden to pay and discharge all legal assessments and
+     taxes, that have been assessed upon him by said town of _Groton_
+     prior to the passing this act.
+
+     [This act passed _June_ 18, 1803.]
+
+The boundary between the two towns now remained unchanged until February
+15, 1820, when another act was passed by the Legislature making a
+further surrender of territory. It took a considerable parcel of land
+and gave it to Dunstable, thereby straightening and simplifying the
+jurisdictional line, which at this time formed but five angles.
+
+In the autumn of 1794 a plan of Groton, Pepperell, and Shirley was made
+by Dr. Oliver Prescott, Jr., which gives a few interesting facts. The
+following notes are taken from the copy now in the office of the
+Secretary of State. It will be seen that Dr. Prescott refers to the land
+set off by the Act of February 25, 1793:--
+
+     This Plan contains the Bounds of three Towns, viz. Groton,
+     Pepperrell & Shirley,--all which, together with whatsoever is
+     delineated on said Plan, was taken by an actual Survey, agreeably
+     to a resolve of the General Court, passed June 25, 1794, & under
+     the Inspection of the Selectmen & Committee's from the respective
+     towns, appointed for that purpose in the month of Sept'r. 1794.
+
+     By OLIVER PRESCOTT, Ju'r. Surveyor.
+
+     The reputed distance of Groton from Cambridge [the shire-town] is
+     Thirty two Miles, & from Boston Thirty five miles; The River Nashua
+     is from 8 to 10 rods in width. The River Squannacoock 4 or 5 rods
+     in width. In Groton are twenty natural Ponds, six of which are
+     delineated on the Plan, by actual Survey. Several of the other
+     Ponds are in size, nearly equal to those on the plan, & may in the
+     whole contain about two Thousand Acres. There are no Mines in said
+     Town, except one of Iron Ore, nearly exhausted. Every other Matter
+     directed to be delineated, described or specifyed, may be found on
+     the Plan.
+
+     SAM'll LAWRENCE      }
+     ZACH'h FITCH         } Committee.
+     OLIVER PRESCOTT Ju'r.}
+
+     The reputed distance of Pepperrell from Cambridge is thirty seven
+     miles; from Boston forty Miles.
+
+     The River Nissitisset is about four Rods in width.
+
+     The reputed distance of Shirley from Cambridge is thirty five
+     Miles; & from Boston thirty Eight Miles.
+
+     Catacoonamug & Mulpus Brooks are from one to two Rods in width. The
+     Plan contains every thing relative to the two last mentioned Towns
+     necessary to be described.
+
+     OLIVER PRESCOTT, Ju'r.
+
+     What is enclosed in this Blue line, contains about the quantity of
+     Land set off from Groton to Dunstable, by Act of the General Court,
+     passed February 25, 1793. As by said Act, the petitioners and their
+     Farms were set off, without specifying particular bounds, Accuracy
+     cannot be obtained, with respect to this Line, without very great
+     expence and Trouble.
+
+By an act passed February 6, 1798, a considerable portion of territory
+lying on the easterly side of the Nashua river, in the south-west corner
+of Groton, was annexed to Shirley. This tract continued to form a part
+of Shirley until the incorporation of Ayer, on February 14, 1871, when
+its political condition was again changed, and its government
+transferred to the new town. The act authorizing the annexation is as
+follows,--and I give it entire in order to show the loose way of
+describing boundary lines during the latter part of the last century:--
+
+     An Act to set off certain Lands from the town of _Groton_, and
+     annex the same to the town of _Shirley_.
+
+     BE _it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in
+     General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same_, That a
+     tract of Land at the south western extremity of the town of
+     _Groton_, bounded by a line beginning at a large white oak stump,
+     on the southeast side of _Nashua River_, being the northwest corner
+     of the town of _Harvard_; thence running southeasterly on _Harvard_
+     line, as the town bounds direct, till it comes to the stump of a
+     pine tree lately fallen down, an antient bound mark in said town
+     line; thence northerly to a heap of stones by the road leading to
+     _Harvard_ at SIMON DABY'S southerly corner, thence northeasterly on
+     said SIMON DABY'S line to a pine tree marked, thence northerly to a
+     heap of stones on a ledge of rocks; thence northerly on said SIMON
+     DABY'S line to a heap of stones on a large rock; thence
+     northwesterly still on said SIMON DABY'S line to a stake and stones
+     in the roots of a pine tree, fallen down, in a valley, said SIMON
+     DABY'S northeast corner and SAMUEL CHASE'S southerly corner, thence
+     northerly on said SAMUEL CHASE'S line, to the road leading to ABIL
+     MORSE'S mill, at a heap of stones on the north easterly side of
+     said road, thence northeasterly on said SAMUEL CHASE'S line by said
+     road to a heap of stones, thence northeasterly on said CHASE'S
+     line, to a stake and stones at the end of a ditch at a brook;
+     thence down said brook to _Nashua River_, thence up said river, to
+     the bounds first mentioned, together with the inhabitants thereof,
+     be, and they are hereby set off from the town of _Groton_ and
+     annexed to the town of _Shirley_, there to do duty and receive
+     privileges in the same manner as other lands and inhabitants of the
+     said town of _Shirley_.
+
+     SECT. 2. _Provided nevertheless, and be it further enacted_, That
+     the said tract of land and the inhabitants thereof shall be liable
+     to be taxed by the town of _Groton_, their full proportion in a tax
+     to the amount of the debts now due from said town of _Groton_, in
+     the same manner as if this act had not been passed: _Provided_ such
+     tax be made and assessed within one year from the time of passing
+     this act; and shall also be liable to pay their proportion of all
+     state taxes that may be assessed on the town of _Groton_ until a
+     new valuation be taken.
+
+     [This act passed _February_ 6, 1798.]
+
+All the changes of territorial jurisdiction thus far noted have been in
+one direction,--from Groton to the surrounding towns; but now the tide
+turns, and for a wonder she received, by legislative enactment, on
+February 3, 1803, a small parcel of land just large enough for a
+potato-patch. The annexation came from Pepperell, and the amount
+received was four acres and twenty rods in extent. The following is a
+copy:--
+
+     An act to set off a certain parcel of land from the town of
+     _Pepperell_, in the county of _Middlesex_, and to annex the same to
+     the town of _Groton_, in the same county.
+
+     BE _it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in
+     General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same_, That a
+     certain tract of land, bounded, beginning at the end of a wall by
+     the road leading by Zachariah Fitch's, in said _Groton_; thence
+     running easterly, by land of Jonas Fitch, to the _Nashua River_,
+     (so called;) thence up said river to said road, near the bridge
+     over the same river; thence, bounding by the same road, to the
+     bounds first mentioned, containing four acres and twenty rods, be,
+     and hereby is set off from said town of _Pepperell_ and annexed to
+     said town of _Groton_ forever.
+
+     [This act passed _February_ 3, 1803.]
+
+The Worcester and Nashua Railroad was opened through the township of
+Groton in the month of December, 1848. It ran at that time a distance of
+eight miles through its territory, keeping on the east side of the
+Nashua river, which for a considerable part of the way was the dividing
+line between Groton and Pepperell. The railroad station for the people
+of Pepperell was on the Groton side of the river, and in the course of a
+few years a small village sprang up in the neighborhood. All the
+interests and sympathies of this little settlement were with Pepperell;
+and under these circumstances the Legislature, on May 18, 1857, passed
+an act of annexation, by which it became in reality what it was in
+sentiment,--a part and parcel of that town. The first section of the act
+is as follows:--
+
+     An act to set off a part of the Town of Groton, and annex the same
+     to the Town of Pepperell.
+
+     _Be it enacted, &c., as follows_:
+
+     All that part of the town of Groton, in the county of Middlesex,
+     with the inhabitants thereon, lying north of the following
+     described line is hereby set off from the town of Groton, and
+     annexed to the town of Pepperell, to wit: Beginning at the boundary
+     between said town of Groton and the town of Dunstable, at a stone
+     monument in the wall on land of Elbridge Chapman and land of Joseph
+     Sanderson, and running south, eighty-six degrees west, about six
+     hundred and sixty rods, to a stone monument at the corner of land
+     called the "Job Shattuck Farm," and land of James Hobart, near the
+     Nashua River and Worcester and Nashua Railroad; thence in same line
+     to the centre of Nashua River and the boundary of said town of
+     Pepperell: _provided, however_, that for the purpose of electing a
+     representative to the general court, the said territory shall
+     continue to be a part of the town of Groton, until a new
+     apportionment for representatives is made; and the inhabitants
+     resident therein shall be entitled to vote in the choice of such
+     representatives, and shall be eligible to the office of
+     representative in the town of Groton, in the same manner as if this
+     act had not been passed.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Groton Plantation in 1884]
+
+The latest legislation connected with the dismemberment of the original
+grant--and perhaps the last for many years to come--is the Act of
+February 14, 1871, by which the town of Ayer was incorporated. This
+enactment took from Groton a large section of territory lying near its
+southern borders, and from Shirley all that part of the town on the
+easterly side of the Nashua River which was annexed to it from Groton on
+February 6, 1798.
+
+Thus has the old Groton Plantation, during a period of more than two
+centuries, been hewed and hacked down to less than one-half of its
+original dimensions. It has furnished, substantially, the entire
+territory of Pepperell, Shirley, and Ayer, and has contributed more or
+less largely to form five other towns. An examination of the
+accompanying map will show these changes more clearly than any verbal or
+written description.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SAILS.
+
+
+  The ship's white sails are all unfurl'd
+    To the salt breath of the sea;
+  And never a ship in all the world
+    Sails on with the wind more free.
+
+  For the white sails are white hopes of youth,
+    The breath of the future blows;
+  But whither the vessel flies, in truth,
+    There is no man that knows.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ELIZABETH.[1]
+
+A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS.
+
+BY FRANCES C. SPARHAWK, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work."
+
+[Footnote 1: 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+ON THE TIDE.
+
+
+One August evening of the year 1743 a boat lay as if anchored in the
+beautiful Piscataqua; her sail seemed swung only to show its whiteness
+in the bright moonlight. Every cord upon it hung lifeless, serving only
+the purpose of pictured lines, one silvered in the light, the dark
+shadow of the other traced in clear outlines on the sail. The swash of
+the waves against the side of the boat was too slight to sway it; the
+sheet dipped in the water and swung almost imperceptibly, while now and
+then a few straws floated against it and caught there. The moon, high in
+the heavens, gave pearly tints to the clouds that floated near it; the
+pines on the shore flung dark masses against the oaks and maples, or
+stood as a Rembrandt background for the boughs of the trees on which the
+moonlight fell, or for some ghostly procession of the white birch
+trunks. The water, in the shadows as dark and smooth as a Claude
+Lorraine glass, showed far off in the moonlight faint quivers of its
+surface here and there, as if the breeze so longed for were coming to
+the idle boat. But it was too far off, or too faint, for it spent itself
+before reaching the watchers there, although at the symptoms one of them
+rose with great show of solemnity, and making a trumpet of his hands,
+blew vigorously against the sail. But neither these movements nor the
+concerts of whistling were successful. At last another of the company
+leaning over the side of the boat busied himself with the sheet.
+
+"I'll tell you the reason this boat don't go," he said, gravely, "the
+rope was all twisted. I've straightened it out, and taken off the
+straws."
+
+A burst of laughter greeted him as he turned around his face, still
+grave, but his dark eyes, roving from one to another, their laughing
+expression hidden in the shadow, for the moon was behind him.
+
+"What a useful member of society you are, Stephen," cried Katie
+Archdale. "I don't see how we could get on without you."
+
+"I don't think we're getting on with him _very_ fast," remarked a young
+gentleman sitting opposite Katie, pointing significantly at a curve of
+the shore that they had not drifted out of sight of in the last half
+hour.
+
+"At least he has roused us," returned the girl, "for I half believe I
+was sleepy before."
+
+"I believe it wholly," answered Stephen, taking his seat beside her
+again and looking down into her face teazingly with a cousinly freedom.
+But it was not altogether a cousinly regard from which Katie drew back
+after a moment, tossing her head coquettishly, and with a heightened
+color, glancing past at her friend beyond him, who sat dipping one hand
+in the water and looking dreamily at the shore. Stephen Archdale and his
+cousin Katie lived within a few miles of each other, and there had
+always been constant intercourse between their families. When boy and
+girl, Stephen, four years the elder, the two had played together, and
+they had grown up, as people said, like brother and sister. But of late
+it was rumored that the conduct of young Archdale was more loverlike
+than brotherly, and that, if Katie choose, the tie between them would
+one day be closer than that of cousinhood. The stranger who sat opposite
+Archdale, watching them both in silence, was of the same opinion. He was
+rather portly for his age, which could not have been over thirty, and as
+he sat in the boat he looked a taller man than he proved to be when on
+his feet. His dark-brown beard was full, his eyes, like Archdale's, were
+in shadow, for he had drawn down his hat well over his brows, while
+Stephen and young Waldo sat bareheaded in the August air.
+
+"I wonder"--began Katie.
+
+"A sturgeon!" cried Mrs. Eveleigh, the last member of the party.
+
+But the sound proved the soft dip of the paddle in the water as a canoe
+came toward them going down the stream. Its Indian occupant when he shot
+by turned his gaze stealthily upon the gay party.
+
+"How many more of your red savages are there coming to spy upon us?" And
+the speaker pushed back his hat a trifle, and looked up and down the
+river with an anxiety that he could not quite conceal.
+
+"You've not been out here long enough," laughed Waldo. "There's no
+danger; the red savages are friendly with us just at this moment, and
+will remain so until we forget our rifles some day, or they learn that
+we're short of ammunition. Shoot 'em down without mercy whenever they
+come spying about--it's the only way. They're friendly so long as they
+are afraid, and not a moment longer. For instance, why should that
+fellow stop? He saw three men whom he knew were armed, besides that
+young man who's pretending to sail the boat--why don't you do it, Kit?"
+and Waldo laughed good-humoredly at the lad whose office had become a
+sinecure. "When you get used to them, Mr. Harwin," he added, "they will
+not make you shiver."
+
+"Oh, they don't do that now," returned the other, indifferently, "but,
+the ladies"--
+
+"As to the ladies," laughed Katie, "one of them is quite fond of the
+red-skins; the other," glancing at her friend, "has gone into a brown
+study; I don't believe she's heard or seen anything for the last half
+hour. Elizabeth, when you fish up any pearls there out of the water,
+share them with us, won't you?"
+
+"No, she'll do no such thing," interposed Mistress Eveleigh; "she'll
+give them all to you." The tone was so serious that Elizabeth cried,
+indignantly,--
+
+"Cousin Patience, how can you?"
+
+"I suppose she likes to tease you," retorted Katie, still laughing, "and
+so do I. It's so funny to see you wake out of a revery and find
+yourself."
+
+"And not find myself, you mean," returned Elizabeth, joining in with a
+ripple of merriment.
+
+"Master Waldo knows all about the red-skins," said Archdale to his
+opposite neighbor; "he had the pleasure of shooting one last winter."
+
+"Did you?" exclaimed Mrs. Eveleigh, while Harwin looked at the young
+fellow with a new interest. "How did it happen? Tell us about it."
+
+"Yes, tell us about it," cried Katie, turning toward Waldo. But
+Elizabeth was still looking at Archdale. Suppose the shooting had been
+necessary, how could he speak of killing a human being as he would an
+animal, and then lean back and look at Mr. Waldo with a smile on his
+face?
+
+Kenelm Waldo, on his part, gazed at the speaker in astonishment.
+
+"'Pon honor," he cried, "I never killed a red-skin in my life, or even
+had a shot at one. Oh, I know now what he means; he is talking of a fox
+that I shot two miles from his house, one that you ought to have secured
+yourself, Mr. Archdale. This was the way I did it, the best way."
+
+When he had finished his account, Katie said:--
+
+"I have a plan for amusing ourselves. Let us make every one tell a
+story, and we'll lay forfeits on the person that doesn't give us an
+interesting one. Mistress Eveleigh, please begin."
+
+"That is rather arbitrary, Mistress Katie, with no warning," returned
+that lady, smiling. "But since we've been talking about the Indians, I
+will tell you something that my mother did once before she was married,
+while she was living down on the Cape."
+
+"What a pity, Katie, you did not keep Mistress Eveleigh until the last,"
+cried Archdale; "I know she will have the best story of us all."
+
+"You have too high estimation of my powers," returned Mrs. Eveleigh,
+flattered; "but if I do well," she added, "it must be remembered that
+none of you have had forty-five years in which to find one."
+
+The story, like a thousand others of that time, was of the presence of
+mind and courage of one of the early settlers of America, and was
+listened to with the attention it deserved. All, with one exception,
+were outspoken in admiration of its heroine.
+
+"You say nothing, Mistress Royal," said Waldo; "but it may be you've
+heard it before, since you and Mistress Eveleigh are in the same house."
+
+"Yes," she answered, "I have heard it before." She moved her head
+quickly as she spoke, and as the moonlight struck her face, Archdale
+fancied that he saw a moist brightness in her eyes. But certainly no
+tear fell, and when the next moment Katie declared it Elizabeth's turn
+for a story, she told some trifling anecdote that had in it neither
+sentiment nor heroism. It was laughable though, and was about to receive
+its deserts of praise when at Archdale's first word Elizabeth cried,
+eagerly:--
+
+"Don't, please. It was not worth telling; only I could remember nothing
+else."
+
+At this entreaty Harwin stared at her, and his lip curled disdainfully
+under the hand that partially covered his face. "Have you so much wealth
+of fascination, young lady," his thoughts ran, "that you can afford to
+scatter your coins in this way? I rather think not." His eyes rested
+upon her for a moment as she sat looking at Katie Archdale, and the
+scorn of his mouth deepened. "Admiration of one woman for another," he
+commented. "Pshaw! the girl lavishes everything; she will soon be
+bankrupt. She is drinking in the intoxication of Katie's beauty just
+as--no, not like me, of course. If ever there could be excuse for such a
+thing it would be here, for Katie is bewitching, she is perfect;
+affectionate, too, but with no nonsense about _her_. She reserves her
+admiration for--for whom does she reserve it? For the proud young nabob
+beside her, or for the good-humored little coxcomb over here? It shall
+be for neither; it shall be for me. I, too, can be fascinating when I
+take the trouble. Fair lady, I have plans for you."
+
+"Master Harwin," cried the girl's clear voice, interrupting his
+thoughts, "why don't you begin? We're waiting for you."
+
+"Pardon me," he answered, "I was not aware of it. Well, since you are
+inexorable, I'll try. I will not attempt anything in this New World,
+which you all know so much more about than I do, for then there'd be
+every chance of my being heavily fined. But if you want a story of Old
+England, perhaps on that ground I can barely escape my forfeit."
+
+"We shall be delighted," said Miss Royal, courteously, for Katie, to
+whom she saw that he was speaking, was at the moment claimed by
+Archdale; he was saying something to her in a low voice, and she gave
+him willing attention.
+
+Only a flash in the narrator's eyes as he began showed that he noticed
+this.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+OPPORTUNITY.
+
+
+"Once upon a time, then," he said, "in Scotland, no matter in what part,
+there dwelt two disconsolate people. They ought to have been very happy,
+for they were lovers, but, as you may have noticed, lovers are happy
+only under the condition that love runs smooth, and here it was
+extremely rough. The suitor was of ancient family and poor, the lady was
+charming, and wilful--and an heiress? You are all waiting to hear me say
+that--no, she was poor, too. And so you see that a doubling of
+impecuniosity was quite impossible, for poverty rolls up fast in a
+geometrical progression. But the lovers had no such scruples. It's a
+romantic story enough if I could tell it to you in detail."
+
+"And why not?" cried Katie, whose interest was making him wish that
+were possible.
+
+"I should have to go back for generations, and tell you of family feuds
+as old as the families themselves, a Montague and Capulet state of
+affairs, although each family had so much respect for the golden
+amenities of life that its possession by the other would have softened
+the asperity of feeling. But each was poor,--poor, I mean, for people in
+that station.
+
+"The lady, as I said, was a beauty; the gentleman had extra will enough
+when it was roused to make up for the absence of beauty, although,
+indeed, the lady was not lacking in that quality either, and so,
+opposition made them only more determined to have their own way. It was
+impossible to run away,--she was too well guarded; defiance was the only
+thing, and I must confess that from what I knew of them both, I think
+they enjoyed it. The Capulets, as I will call them, were dissenters, the
+Montagues belonged to the Established Church. Now, the Capulets were
+very zealous, and at this time a famous itinerant preacher came into
+their neighborhood. They, being the greatest people in the place,
+invited him to stay at their house during his visit. He often preached
+in the open air. One day, at the end of one of those eloquent
+discourses, a young man in countryman's dress came up and asked him to
+marry himself and a young woman whom he had been waiting upon a long
+time, but who had refused to be married unless this very preacher could
+perform the ceremony. 'She said it would be a blessed wedlock of your
+joining,' pursued the young fellow. The preacher, although he was a
+great man, was only human,--it is well, I suppose, that we never outgrow
+our humanity,--and felt flattered by the young girl's belief in his
+sanctity. He proposed the next day for the ceremony, and was arranging
+to marry the rustic couple on the lawn before the house of his host when
+the young man interrupted him by stating that it must be gone through
+with immediately, for his lady-love was so shy that it was with
+difficulty she had been persuaded to come to-night, and she would never
+consent if he gave her all that time to think the matter over in, nor
+would she be willing to come up on the lawn with the great people. She
+was at hand with one of her friends; everything was prepared; would he
+marry them then? At that moment? The bewildered minister looked up the
+road before him, where the carriage of the Capulets was disappearing at
+the top of the hill; he had been told that the daughter would remain
+with him, and that the carriage would return as soon as Mamma Capulet
+had made inquiries about a cottager who was ill; for his congregation
+had been crowding about him with questions and tearful confessions of
+sins, and the good Capulets, who had the opportunity to make their
+confessions in private, were in haste to be gone. Where was his fair
+companion? He looked about him; he had lost sight of her in the throng.
+But in a few moments she came forward, accompanying the bride, who the
+groom explained was a protegee of hers. Miss Capulet had drawn down her
+veil, and in answer to this statement nodded to the reverend gentleman
+and murmured an assent. The bride's face, too, was hidden by her bonnet
+and by her shyness, which prevented her from once looking up. The name
+of the groom lingered with surprise on the minister's lips, for it was
+not a clodhopper's name, I assure you; but he had heard nothing of the
+love affair. When he came to the bride's name, however, he did pause,
+for it was that of the Capulet. 'How is this?' he asked. 'How has she
+the same name as you, my child?' Before the veiled lady could answer,
+the groom informed him that the bride's family, being old retainers of
+the other, had the same last name, as it was in Scottish clans, and that
+the bride herself, born on the same day as the young lady at the great
+house, had received also the same Christian name, which explained her
+being under Miss Capulet's protection. The good man was conscious that,
+though his piety was eminent, his knowledge of all genealogy but Bible
+was deficient, and when both women softly assented to this statement,
+his air of perplexity gave place to the manner of a man who understands
+the business of the hour. He was in a hurry, and in an incredibly short
+time the two were one. 'Is it all over?' asked the groom. 'Are we
+securely married?' 'You are joined in the holy bonds of matrimony until
+death do you part,' returned the clergyman, solemnly, beginning to add
+his blessing. But this died half-uttered on his lips, for the bride
+slowly raised her head, threw back her bonnet, and the haughty face and
+laughing eyes of the Capulet were before him. 'Bear witness,' she said,
+her shyness completely gone, 'that I'm this gentleman's wife.' 'You are,
+indeed,' he stammered. 'But how--why--who is this?' and he reached out a
+trembling hand toward the veiled lady. 'My maid,' returned the bride;
+'she came here like one of the cottagers, and we exchanged gowns while
+you were talking to the people.' 'I hope, I sincerely hope, it's all
+right,' returned the poor man; 'but if I had known, I would have spoken
+to your honored parent, first.' 'Yes, I'm sure of that,' she laughed,
+'and then we should not have been so happy.' At the moment a post-chaise
+drove up, into which the bridal pair and the servant made haste to get.
+'Pardon me that I cannot accompany you home,' laughed the lady, leaning
+out to give the minister her hand in farewell. 'You cannot know how
+grateful to you we are. I shall never be able to reward you; I can only
+give you my thanks and prayers--and be sure to tell them at home how
+firmly you have married us.' The chaise drove off, and the good man was
+left alone. He felt inclined to think that he had been dreaming, until
+he looked down and saw in his hand a purse of gold pieces that the groom
+had slipped into it, whispering, 'If you refuse for yourself, be my
+almoner and give it to the poor.' Before the preacher had recovered his
+wits the carriage of the Capulets reappeared. The lovers, however, did
+not re-appear for two years, and by that time Montague had unexpectedly
+fallen heir to a fortune and a title, and was received with open arms by
+the new relatives. In our days it's always the one who was not the
+prodigal who has the fatted calf killed for him."
+
+
+"I'm afraid the poor minister was not very welcome when he had told his
+story," said Elizabeth.
+
+"Clever enough, on my word," cried Archdale.
+
+"Not quite to your liking, I fancy, though," answered Harwin.
+
+"Do you think he would have had the wedding indoors, in the teeth of
+everybody?" laughed Katie.
+
+Harwin assented, adding that he felt convinced that Master Archdale
+would have insisted upon all the accompaniments of a grand wedding at
+any cost.
+
+"Yes, I shall have that when my time comes," returned Stephen, looking
+straight before him a trifle haughtily. But Harwin noticed that directly
+his eyes fell in passing back to their watching of the shore, and that
+one sweeping glance was given to Katie.
+
+"But can people be married in such an instant?" asked Waldo. "I always
+thought it was a work of time--rather a formidable piece of business."
+
+"Oh! when you come to two or three ministers of the Church of England,
+and the benedictions, and all that, so it is," said Harwin; "but the
+real business part is an affair of--I was going to say less than a
+minute." He sat silent after this, with his head bent, then, lifting it
+suddenly, before anybody had spoken, he fixed his glance, with a musing
+expression, upon Waldo. "I was wondering if I could remember the
+formula," he said; "I think I can. Mistress Royal, allow Master Archdale
+to take your hand a moment, if you please."
+
+Elizabeth made no responsive movement, and Archdale, for an instant,
+failed to turn toward her. He had been looking at Katie while Harwin was
+speaking; but Katie drew back, hastily.
+
+"Oh, do, Elizabeth!" she cried. "I want to see what it is like; do try
+with Stephen, and let us hear." As she spoke, Archdale turned toward
+Elizabeth, courteously.
+
+"Come, Mistress Royal," he said, as Harwin was explaining that he had
+asked her because she happened to be on the proper side for a bride,
+"let us make an effective tableau for the amusement of these mariners,
+who, since they are becalmed themselves, persist in wanting something
+going on."
+
+Elizabeth had heard the entreaty in Katie's light words. She knew that
+if she herself had cared for Mr. Archdale she could never have jested at
+marrying him. It made her all the more sure that Katie did care,
+because, otherwise, the girl would have found it great fun to rouse a
+little jealousy in the two admirers opposite, watching every movement.
+She yielded her hand to the light clasp that held it, and listened with
+less interest than the others to Mr. Harwin's distinct and rapid words
+until he came to the sentence, "I pronounce you man and wife." Then she
+shivered, and he had scarcely finished the adjuration that
+follows--"What God hath joined together let not man put asunder," when
+she snatched her hand away.
+
+"It is too solemn," she cried, "it is too much; we ought not to have
+jested so."
+
+Harwin laughed.
+
+"Pardon me if I've made you uncomfortable," he said; "but you will
+forget it in five minutes, and even for that time you must blame Master
+Waldo's curiosity."
+
+"And mine," added Katie, at which young Waldo gave her a grateful
+glance. Then he joined with her in breaking the hush that had fallen on
+the others. "Stephen," she said, "now for your story. Do you think you
+are coming off scot-free?"
+
+"I thought we had performed our parts," he said, turning to Elizabeth
+with a smile.
+
+"Mistress Royal has already told her story," cried Waldo, "There's no
+escape for you."
+
+"Escape would be difficult now, I confess."
+
+"So begin."
+
+He began obediently, but fortune was kinder than he had expected, for he
+had not fairly started when Kit cried out,--
+
+"A breeze! Here it comes. Heads to larboard!" And down went Archdale's
+and those of the two ladies with him as the sail was shifted and the
+boat began to skim the water before the breeze which freshened every
+minute. Soon they had gained the cove where they were to land, and
+Archdale's story was never finished.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN.
+
+BY ERNEST NUSSE.
+
+
+The census of 1880 fixed the juvenile population of the United States at
+20,000,000, of whom 10,158,954 were boys and 9,884,705 were girls. "From
+a political point of view," says the eminent philanthropist, Mr.
+Elbridge T. Gerry, "the future of the nation depends on the physical and
+intellectual education of its children, whose numbers increase every
+year, and who will soon constitute the sovereign people. From the moral
+and social point of view, the welfare of society imperatively demands
+that the atmosphere in which they live, and the treatment that they
+receive from those intrusted with their care or custody, shall be such
+as to establish in them habits of industry, of sobriety, of honesty, and
+good conduct. For injurious treatment of a child, inasmuch as it tends
+to result in the distortion of its physical and moral nature,
+constitutes an offence whose importance seriously effects the public
+order." But what is to be understood by cruel treatment? It consists in
+every act of omission or of commission which causes or procures physical
+injury or death. It is hardly necessary to observe that this definition
+must be limited to its practical meaning, rather than interpreted in its
+broader, philosophical sense. We must leave out of the question the
+results of improper or imperfect educational training and discipline. It
+is doubtless a cause of harm to a delicate and nervous child to force
+the development of its intelligence; a harsh word hastily uttered by
+parents may leave an ineffaceable impression upon a sensitive
+organization; severity degenerates into injustice when it confounds a
+peevish act, the result of physical disorder, with an act of deliberate
+disobedience. The weakness which resigns its authority In order to spare
+itself the care of a child's education engenders for life the spirit of
+insubordination. The humiliating and unjust reproach, the stinging
+sarcasm, wound the child in its tenderest feelings;--but these are not
+the forms of cruelty and wrong which fall within reach of the law. It is
+unable to interpose between the parents and the child, except in case of
+an actual and serious offence, and for the rest it must rely upon the
+affection planted by nature in the hearts of parents. These distinctions
+are more felt than expressed, and opinion will never deceive itself in
+regard to the conduct of unnatural parents.
+
+But if these propositions are absolutely incontestable, how do they
+leave room for the function of a society? If children are beaten,
+abandoned, given over to odious practices, will not the authorities, on
+the complaint of those interested, or compelled by public opinion, be
+able adequately to fulfil the task? This reasoning, altogether French,
+would not properly take into account the American temperament, the
+genius of the Anglo-Saxon race, of its institutions, and of its usages.
+In France, since the fourteenth century, misdemeanors have been
+prosecuted the more generally by the public minister, acting under whose
+orders are numerous officers of judiciary police, who entertain the
+complaints of the public and send them, with the result of their
+examination, to our courts. The magistrates charged with the case
+complete the investigations, if they take place. The elements of the
+evidence are therefore combined when the prosecution is instituted. In
+the United States these intermediate officials exist but imperfectly
+between the injured party and the magistrate who renders judgment. From
+lack of sufficient evidence, the rights of this injured party run the
+risk of being compromised through his inexperience. Moreover, the
+complaint of the child, often directed against its parents or its legal
+guardians, involves the examination of a delicate situation, which must
+be conducted with much discernment. Without comparing the two systems,
+American and French, which correspond each to the particular genius of
+the two nations, it will be seen that the American system leaves much
+more to private initiative, and that it would become ineffectual when
+the victim of the offence, being a child, has neither the energy nor the
+knowledge necessary to demonstrate that its complaint is well founded,
+without the aid of some one in power. This is the aid which is given by
+the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children; and we
+can now understand how the exigency of the case, so powerfully felt by
+the practical intelligence of the Americans, has called into existence
+this potent organization, which we may call the guardian of the rights
+of childhood, for the repression of the offences from which it is liable
+to suffer. The following anecdote shows how the necessity for this
+institution arose, in a manner at once thrilling and dramatic:--
+
+Ten years ago in New York, on the top floor of a tenement-house, in a
+miserable room without furniture, a dying woman lay on a pallet, in the
+last stage of consumption. A charitable lady who visited her asked what
+she could do for her. The dying woman replied: "My hours are numbered,
+but how can I die in peace when night and day I hear the beating by her
+mother-in-law of the unhappy little girl who lives in the room next to
+mine." And, in fact, for a month her heart had been torn by the cries of
+this child, Mary Ellen, kept in confinement by this brute. Much moved by
+this recital, the visitor felt impelled to demand the interference of
+the police. They told her this was impracticable unless she was able to
+furnish proof of her allegation. She knew the facts only upon hearsay,
+and only in case a misdemeanor were actually proved would it be possible
+for the police to interfere as she desired. The charitable feelings of
+the lady would not permit her to stop here. She made inquiries among
+benevolent societies. But here again she experienced a check. The
+societies could not receive the child except upon legal commitment by an
+order of court. And charitable persons with the most benevolent
+tendencies, being consulted on this difficulty, confessed themselves at
+a loss to suggest a remedy in the case, and declared that it was
+dangerous to interfere between parents and children; that in so doing
+one is liable to become involved in inextricable difficulties, since the
+heads of the family are the best guardians of their children. However,
+the sorrowful appeal of the dying woman echoed continually in the ears
+of her whose charitable aid had been implored. She resolved upon a
+supreme effort to rescue this child. She sought Mr. Henry Bergh, a man
+who has never been deaf to a cry of despair, and who has devoted his
+life to the protection of animals. Mr. Bergh considered the life of a
+child to be quite as valuable as that of a beast, and gave it as his
+opinion that the tribunals should be appealed to. A warrant was
+immediately procured and the child was produced in court, its face
+covered with horrible wounds. A pair of scissors with which these wounds
+had been inflicted were produced. The facts in the case caused a
+profound sensation in the court and throughout the city. The
+mother-in-law was arrested, found guilty, and the little girl was taken
+from her hands to receive an education which has rendered her an elegant
+and accomplished young woman.
+
+Humble beginnings, which it will be well for us to bear in remembrance
+for the confusion of our pride! It is from the protection of animals
+that has sprung, in New York, that of the child. And, when we
+contemplate the great number of societies in the United States,--the
+Humane Society of Saratoga, of Bangor, of Keene, of Taunton, of
+Connecticut, the Western Pennsylvania, the Tennessee Society, those of
+Nashville, of Cleveland, of Cincinnati, of Indianapolis, of Chicago, of
+Peoria, of Sangamon, of Quincy, of Minnesota, of Minneapolis, extending,
+simultaneously, their help to children and to the brutes, we shall be no
+longer astonished either at the combination of effort explained by this
+historic origin, or especially at a philosophy which rightly esteems
+that cruelty commences with the animal, only to end fatally with the
+human being. The proceeding instituted at the instance of Mr. Henry
+Bergh was a most valuable precedent. The establishment of a method of
+rescue, encouraged complaints, which, till then, had been silent, of the
+abandonment, misery, or sufferings of children. Mr. Bergh's society
+found itself besieged, and, after deliberation with his counsel, it was
+determined to establish another in New York, whose special mission
+should be the protection of children. An old gentleman of high
+respectability, belonging to the sect of the Quakers, Mr. John D.
+Wright, was elected to the presidency, which office he held until his
+death, which occurred on the 21st of August, 1880. His successor is Mr.
+Elbridge T. Gerry.
+
+However, inasmuch as the authority with which the society sought to be
+invested had reference to public justice, and involved the power to
+appear for the defence of the interests of others, and to require the
+cooeperation of public officials, a law was indispensable, in order to
+confer these powers. Such a law was passed August 21, 1875, whose
+provisions covered not only the case of the New York society, but
+determined the functions of all institutions of a similar nature. On
+condition of complying with the prescribed formalities for acquiring a
+corporate existence, the law granted to these institutions the right to
+make complaints, in any jurisdiction, of violations of the statutes
+regarding children; it set forth, formally, the duty of magistrates or
+officers of police, to cooperate with the societies acting in the limits
+of their several jurisdictions. The boundaries of the ground of
+protection were thus defined, but there was still lacking the requisite
+legislative authority. Experience showed that, besides the misdemeanors
+of common law--attempts upon the morals, murder, assault and battery,
+etc.--a multitude of offences against children remained unpunished. The
+society, therefore, solicited and obtained from the Legislature, powers
+which permitted it to repress acts of cruelty towards children that the
+law failed to reach. The first of these measures was the law of 1876,
+forbidding the employment of minors under sixteen years as dancers,
+beggars, street peddlers, as gymnasts or contortionists, or in indecent
+occupations prejudicial to their health or perilous to their life. Then
+came the law of June 6, 1877, forbidding the admission of minors under
+fourteen years into public places, liquor saloons, balls, concerts,
+theatres, unless accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. With these
+laws, which it caused to be interpreted in the courts in certain test
+cases, the society arrived at the most satisfactory results. There were
+no longer seen in New York those juvenile beggars whose miserable
+appearance is made an instrument of gain by their worthless masters;
+those vagrants who disguise their vagabondage under the pretext of
+imaginary professions, collecting cigar stumps and rag picking; those
+little girls who sell flowers at the doors of houses of bad repute,
+often concealing under this ostensible occupation infamous transactions
+with panders who keep them in their pay. A determined warfare was
+declared against the Italian padroni, who thrive upon the toil of the
+little unfortunates to whom they pretend to teach music, and whom they
+utilize as peddlers and chimney-sweepers. The conviction of the too
+notorious Ancarola was the signal for the suppression of these shameless
+villains; the purchases of children ceased, and the cause of humanity
+triumphed, thanks to the combined efforts of the society and of the
+Italian consul, after long and earnest conferences. It is not only the
+Italians, but the children of all nationalities, who have profited from
+this powerful patronage: Hungarian, German, Chinese, Irish, French. One
+of our compatriots, a girl of fourteen years, came one day to implore
+its aid. Her father was a drunkard, who had reached the lowest round in
+the ladder of degradation; her mother had no means of subsistence except
+concubinage, nor her two sisters except prostitution. She begged that
+they would save her from this life of shame. The society received her,
+procured her a position, a good education. Learning that she was heiress
+to a considerable property left by a grandfather, the society took
+active steps in France to secure to her her rights. Unfortunately, the
+agent who had possession of the estate became insolvent after having
+squandered the property, and it was impossible to recover it. The
+society continued to care for the young girl up to the day of her
+marriage to a young man enjoying a regular salary of $1,200, and worthy
+of her in all respects.
+
+The strict watch kept upon the liquor saloons contributed equally to
+improve the condition of children. Many were in the habit of being sent
+by confirmed drunkards to buy the "liquid poison!" They thus promoted
+this vice whose hardened subjects would prolong It even beyond the grave
+by asking that "a bottle of whiskey may be put in their coffin." The
+obedience of the children was rewarded by invitations to drink, which
+initiated them in debauchery. It was among women abandoned to drink that
+lived Eliza Clark, a child of eleven years, paying for the drinks with
+the gains which she realized from dancing or singing; in return, the
+women gave her brandy to drink and tobacco to smoke, so that when she
+was found she resembled "a beast more than a human creature." They also
+suppressed the playing of pool for drinks by minors, instituted by
+saloon keepers to induce them to drink liquor, which was the reward of
+those whom fortune favored in the game.
+
+The police of the theatres performed their duty conscientiously, and the
+statutes were obeyed. The necessity of being accompanied by an adult was
+felt to be a strange restraint by these gamins eager for the theatre,
+whose attractions led them to abandon school, work, and family, and to
+procure the money for their admission by stealing it from their parents,
+or at a pinch from strangers; and where they would mingle, between the
+acts, with pick-pockets and low characters who encouraged them in the
+ways of vice. And for a stronger reason, the child was more carefully
+protected against the perils of the stage than against those of the
+auditory. Juvenile performances were forbidden, and the youthful
+performers were excluded successively from the Columbia Opera House or
+Theatre des Folies, from the Italian Opera, from the Gem Theatre, from
+Parker's American Theatre, and from the Juvenile Opera. Permissions for
+individual performances were peremptorily refused even to parents who
+were actors. Here the work of the society encountered serious obstacles,
+and it is necessary to quote from Mr. Elbridge T. Gerry in order to
+appreciate the motives by which the society was actuated in combating
+with vigorous purpose the opposition which it met with: "The Press,
+which is influenced to a considerable extent by the representations of
+theatrical managers, often criticises severely any attempt to deprive
+the public of what it is pleased to call its legitimate amusements, by
+the suppression of such entertainments. And many pronounced patrons of
+the dramatic art even maintain that such exhibitions are indispensable
+to the proper development of a dramatic education, and that when the
+necessities of the parents require it, charity should encourage the
+children to procure this means of obtaining a livelihood. But let us
+examine the other side of the question. When the curtain rises in the
+theatre, a draught of warm air rushes from the audience on to the stage,
+and often paralyzes for some moments the vocal chords of the actors.
+When the curtain falls, the cold air comes down from the flies, and the
+children, who have become over heated by their physical exertions,
+shiver to the marrow before they are able to accustom themselves to this
+sudden change of temperature. Every night these things are renewed.
+During the day the children sleep as best they can. Their nervous system
+is rapidly undermined; their digestion becomes impaired. It is rare that
+one can point to instances of children arriving early at positions of
+eminence in the dramatic art. It is true that there are a few who shine
+as stars in the theatrical profession, and who entered upon their
+dramatic career in early childhood; but these are rare exceptions."
+
+It is not only on the stage that the morals of the children have been
+protected; the keepers of low resorts have been prosecuted by the
+society.
+
+It has shut up the den of the too celebrated Owney Geoghegan, who long
+defied the law and the police, encouraging the efforts of prostitutes to
+debauch young girls. Women of notorious reputation, who enticed away the
+children of respectable mechanics to sell them for money, have been
+severely punished. In short, not content with bringing to justice these
+outrageous offenders with a firmness which has made it the terror of
+these oppressors of childhood, the society has been the instrument of
+checking acts even of carelessness or imprudence. It no longer permits
+the drunkard to keep his children in a cellar where the rats bite their
+feet; or the mercenary father to allow his son to engage in a wager,
+dangerous to his health, to make a hundred miles in twenty-four hours;
+or a man to ride a bicycle bearing on his shoulders his five-year-old
+daughter.
+
+So great a work demanded accommodations of corresponding magnitude. In
+1881, and at the price of $43,000, the society purchased a large
+building situated at the corner of 23rd street and 4th avenue, one of
+the most important thoroughfares of New York. Not far from the offices,
+in the main part of the building, is found a collection of all the
+instruments of cruelty seized in the legal proceedings,--rods of iron,
+whips, firebars (_barres de poeles_), pokers, cudgels (_gourdins_), and
+other instruments. These furnish convincing proofs of the sufferings of
+the children,--for example those of Maggie Scully, when she said: "I do
+all the work at my aunt's house, and if you do not believe that I have
+been beaten, look at me, for my aunt has beaten me this morning with a
+poker." Adjoining the offices are the rooms for the officers and the
+archives of the institution, containing the papers in each case setting
+forth the facts and the evidence. On the upper floor is a dormitory,
+where the children are kept until final disposition is made of them,
+that is to say, generally during one night. In fact, the work is going
+on without interruption at all hours of the day and night. If at night a
+call by telephone is received from the police-station, an officer of the
+society responds immediately to this appeal.
+
+As is most frequently the case, he finds a drunken woman in the street,
+with three or four ragged children gathered about her, covered with
+vermin, without fire or lodging, having been abandoned by the father.
+The mother is detained at the station, but the children are taken to the
+society, where they are washed, fed, and for the first time in their
+lives, perhaps, put to sleep in a bed. On the following day, the
+children are taken to court. If the parents or guardians are worthy,
+they are returned to them; if not, the justice commits them to some
+charitable institution. Some of these have a religious character, and
+others a secular one; the American judge, in rendering his decision, is
+influenced by interests of family, of nationality, of race, or of
+religion of the child, as well as by the requirements of the law. Sick
+children and nursing infants are sent to the hospital on Randall's
+Island, the Ladies' Deborah Nursery, and the Child's Hospital. Each of
+the charitable institutions receives a per capita allowance for children
+during the time that they remain in their care.
+
+The society does not abandon them, and if a complaint arises of improper
+treatment, it causes legal proceedings to be instituted against those
+who are responsible therefor.
+
+A recent case of this kind was that of the "Old Gentlemen's Home."
+
+It will be readily seen that the cases which come before the society
+must be very numerous: during the nine years of its existence it has
+investigated 13,077 complaints, involving 52,308 children, prosecuted
+4,035 cases, convicted 3,637 offenders, rescued and placed in homes or
+institutions 7,555 children. In the last three years it has temporarily
+sheltered and clothed 1,092 children and furnished them with 9,309
+meals. These figures acquire a singular force when one reads in the
+annual reports the curious history of these cases setting forth the
+facts in detail. In 1882 the magistrates of the city issued 1,267
+warrants. On the information furnished, 834 children were held in
+custody, 1,040 released. The city of New York is compelled to pay for
+the support of children thus committed to custody. A saving of $108,160
+has therefore been realized to the benefit of the tax-payers of New
+York. In 1883 they received 2,966 complaints; there were 1,176
+prosecutions and 1,128 convictions; 2,008 children were placed in
+institutions of charity. Of 2,341 children arrested 1,078 were held,
+1,263 released.
+
+The resources of the society are derived exclusively from the liberality
+of the public. It receives no aid either from the State or city. On the
+contrary, it pay taxes even on the water used in the care of the
+children in its charge. The account of receipts and expenditures amounts
+to about $17,000. Of the $43,000 which its building cost, $25,000 remain
+on mortgage. The field in which the society employs its activity is
+already large, and is rapidly extending. It endeavors to obtain from the
+legislature laws which will defeat the aims of those too numerous
+enterprises which, under color of charity, utilize young children, for
+example, the baby farms and those establishments (called _hospitaliers_)
+which have neither the means nor the facilities necessary to their
+proper conduct. It requires that children shall not be employed in
+manual labor before the age of fourteen years, and only after their
+physical capability has been certified to by a physician. It insists on
+the prohibition of all dangerous occupations. The former articles in
+this Bulletin on the abuses which exist in the industrial employment of
+children in New York show how justifiable is this action of the society.
+"Thousands of children," says Mr. Gerry, "die of diseases contracted in
+these injurious employments; in this respect our nation is far behind
+Europe in its means of affording protection to children. In France,
+severe laws have been in operation since 1841. England has promptly
+followed this example, and like the English legislation, that of France
+expressly forbids the employment of children in the manufacture of
+dangerous substances, of a nature poisonous or explosive. You have only
+to visit our hospitals to see the little creatures with hand or fingers
+mutilated, from being employed at too early an age in the operation of
+machinery. Our negligence makes manifest the wisdom of the French law,
+whose lesson is so necessary with us." This needed progress will
+without doubt be made, and the society will continue with increased zeal
+its charitable work. It gives to the legislator the benefit of a
+practical experience in the work, to the child its powerful advocacy in
+the courts, to justice the impartiality of prudent investigations, to
+public opinion the assurance of the proper conduct of charitable
+institutions and an impulse in the direction of improvement. It is thus
+that in this land of enterprise, whose customs are adverse to permitting
+affairs even of the gravest importance, like the prosecution of crimes
+or the direction of works of benevolence, to be concentrated in the
+hands of public officials, the consequences of _self-government_ have
+been happily corrected in points where they would otherwise become
+extreme, in regard to children. The New York society is therefore well
+described by its worthy president, Mr. Elbridge T. Gerry, as "the Hand
+of Protection." And this hand is too charitable for us to forbear to
+give it a cordial pressure across the vast expanse of the Atlantic.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE MIDDLESEX CANAL.
+
+BY LORIN L. DAME, A.M.
+
+
+The curious traveller may still trace with little difficulty the line of
+the old Middlesex canal, with here and there a break, from the basin at
+Charlestown to its junction with the Merrimac at Middlesex village. Like
+an accusing ghost, it never strays far from the Boston & Lowell
+Railroad, to which it owes its untimely end.
+
+At Medford, the Woburn sewer runs along one portion of its bed, the Spot
+pond water-pipes another. The tow-path, at one point, marks the course
+of the defunct Mystic Valley Railroad; at others, it has been
+metamorphosed into sections of the highway; at others, it survives as a
+cow-path or woodland lane; at Wilmington, the stone sides of a lock have
+become the lateral walls of a dwelling-house cellar.
+
+Judging the canal by the pecuniary recompense it brought its projectors,
+it must be admitted a dismal failure; yet its inception was none the
+less a comprehensive, far-reaching scheme, which seemed to assure a
+future of ample profits and great public usefulness. Inconsiderable as
+this work may appear compared with the modern achievements of
+engineering, it was, for the times, a gigantic undertaking, beset with
+difficulties scarcely conceivable to-day. Boston was a small town of
+about twenty thousand inhabitants; Medford, Woburn, and Chelmsford were
+insignificant villages; and Lowell was as yet unborn, while the valley
+of the Merrimac, northward into New Hampshire, supported a sparse
+agricultural population. But the outlook was encouraging. It was a
+period of rapid growth and marked improvements. The subject of closer
+communication with the interior early became a vital question.
+Turnpikes, controlled by corporations, were the principal avenues over
+which country produce, lumber, firewood, and building-stone found their
+way to the little metropolis. The cost of entertainment at the various
+country inns, the frequent tolls, and the inevitable wear and tear of
+teaming, enhanced very materially the price of all these articles. The
+Middlesex canal was the first step towards the solution of the problem
+of cheap transportation. The plan originated with the Hon. James
+Sullivan, who was for six years a judge of the Supreme Court of
+Massachusetts, attorney-general from 1790 to 1807, and governor in 1807
+and 1808, dying while holding the latter office.
+
+A brief glance at the map of the New England States will bring out in
+bold relief the full significance of Sullivan's scheme. It will be seen
+that the Merrimac river, after pursuing a southerly course as far as
+Middlesex village, turns abruptly to the north-east. A canal from
+Charlestown mill-pond to this bend of the river, a distance of 27-1/4
+miles, would open a continuous water-route of eighty miles to Concord,
+N.H. From this point, taking advantage of Lake Sunapee, a canal could
+easily be run in a north-westerly direction to the Connecticut at
+Windsor, Vt.; and thence, making use of intermediate streams,
+communication could be opened with the St. Lawrence. The speculative
+mind of Sullivan dwelt upon the pregnant results that must follow the
+connection of Boston with New Hampshire and possibly Vermont and Canada.
+He consulted his friend, Col. Baldwin, sheriff of Middlesex, who had a
+natural taste for engineering, and they came to the conclusion that the
+plan was feasible. Should the undertaking succeed between Concord and
+Boston, the gradual increase in population and traffic would in time
+warrant the completion of the programme. Even should communication never
+be established beyond Concord, the commercial advantages of opening to
+the market the undeveloped resources of upper New Hampshire would be a
+sufficient justification. Accordingly, James Sullivan, Loammi Baldwin,
+Jonathan Porter, Samuel Swan, and five members of the Hall family at
+Medford, petitioned the General Court for an act of incorporation. A
+charter was granted, bearing date of June 22, 1793, "incorporating James
+Sullivan, Esq., and others, by the name of the Proprietors of the
+Middlesex Canal," and on the same day was signed by His Excellency John
+Hancock, Governor of the Commonwealth. By this charter the proprietors
+were authorized to lay such assessments from time to time as might be
+required for the construction of the canal.
+
+At their first meeting the proprietors intrusted the management of the
+corporation to a board of thirteen members, who were to choose a
+president and vice-presidents from their own number, the entire board
+subject to annual election. Boston capitalists subscribed freely, and
+Russell, Gore, Barrell, Craigie, and Brooks appear among the earliest
+directors. This board organized on the 11th of October by the choice of
+James Sullivan as president, and Col. Baldwin and John Brooks
+(afterwards Gov. Brooks) as vice-presidents. The first step was to make
+the necessary surveys between the Charlestown basin and the Merrimac at
+Chelmsford; but the science of engineering was in its infancy, and it
+was difficult to find a competent person to undertake the task. At
+length Samuel Thompson, of Woburn, was engaged to make a preliminary
+survey; but the directors, not wholly satisfied with his report,
+afterwards secured the services of Samuel Weston, an eminent English
+engineer, then employed in Pennsylvania on the Potomac canals. His
+report, made Aug. 2, 1794, was favorable; and it is interesting to
+compare his figures with those of Mr. Thompson. As calculated by
+Thompson, the ascent from Medford bridge to the Concord river, at
+Billerica, was found to be 68-1/2 ft.; the actual difference in level,
+as found by Weston, was 104 ft. By Thompson's survey there was a further
+ascent of 16-1/2 ft. to the Merrimac; when, in fact, the water at
+Billerica bridge is almost 25 ft. above the Merrimac at Chelmsford.
+
+Col. Baldwin, who superintended the construction of the canal, removed
+the first turf, Sept. 10, 1794. The progress was slow and attended with
+many embarrassments. The purchase of land from more than one hundred
+proprietors demanded skilful diplomacy. Most of the lands used for the
+canal were acquired by voluntary sale, and conveyed in fee-simple to the
+corporation. Sixteen lots were taken under authority of the Court of
+Sessions; while for thirteen neither deed nor record could be found when
+the corporation came to an end. Some of the land was never paid for, as
+the owner refused to accept the sum awarded. The compensation ranged
+from about $150 an acre in Medford to $25 in Billerica. The numerous
+conveyances are all in Sullivan's handwriting.
+
+Labor was not easily procured, probably from the scarcity of laborers,
+as the wages paid, $10 a month and board, were presumably as much as
+could be earned in manual labor elsewhere. "An order was sent to England
+for a levelling instrument made by S. & W. Jones, of London, and this
+was the only instrument used for engineering purposes after the first
+survey by Weston." Two routes were considered; the rejected route was
+forty years later selected for the Lowell Railroad. The canal, 30 ft.
+wide, 4 ft. deep, with 20 locks, 7 aqueducts, and crossed by 50 bridges,
+was, in 1802, sufficiently completed for the admission of water, and the
+following year was opened to public navigation from the Merrimac to the
+Charles. Its cost, about $500,000, of which one-third was for land
+damages, was but little more than the estimate. Commencing at
+Charlestown mill-pond, it passed through Medford, crossing the Mystic by
+a wooden aqueduct of 100 ft., to Horn pond in Woburn. Traversing Woburn
+and Wilmington it crossed the Shawshine by an aqueduct of 137 ft., and
+struck the Concord, from which it receives its water, at Billerica
+Mills. Entering the Concord by a stone guard-lock, it crossed, with a
+floating tow-path, and passed out on the northern side through another
+stone guard-lock; thence it descended 27 ft., in a course of 5-1/4
+miles, through Chelmsford to the Merrimac, making its entire length
+27-1/4 m.
+
+The proprietors made Charlestown bridge the eastern terminus for their
+boats, but ultimately communication was opened with the markets and
+wharves upon the harbor, through Mill Creek, over a section of which
+Blackstone street now extends.
+
+As the enterprise had the confidence of the business community, money
+for prosecuting the work had been procured with comparative ease. The
+stock was divided into 800 shares, and among the original stockholders
+appear the names of Ebenezer and Dudley Hall, Oliver Wendall, John Adams
+of Quincy, Peter C. Brooks of Medford, and Andrew Craigie of Cambridge.
+The stock had steadily advanced from $25 a share in the autumn of 1794
+to $473 in 1803, the year the canal was opened, touching $500 in 1804.
+Then a decline set in, a few dollars at a time, till 1816, when its
+market value was $300 with few takers, although the canal was in
+successful operation, and, in 1814, the obstructions in the Merrimac had
+been surmounted, so that canal boats, locking into the river at
+Chelmsford, had been poled up stream as far as Concord.
+
+Firewood and lumber always formed a very considerable item in the
+business of the canal. The navy-yard at Charlestown and the shipyards on
+the Mystic form any years relied upon the canal for the greater part of
+the timber used in shipbuilding; and work was sometimes seriously
+retarded by low water in the Merrimac, which interfered with
+transportation. The supply of oak and pine about Lake Winnipiseogee, and
+along the Merrimac and its tributaries, was thought to be practically
+inexhaustible. In the opinion of Daniel Webster, the value of this
+timber had been increased $5,000,000 by the canal. Granite from
+Tyngsborough, and agricultural products from a great extent of fertile
+country, found their way along this channel to Boston; while the return
+boats supplied taverns and country stores with their annual stock of
+goods. The receipts from tolls, rents, etc. were steadily increasing,
+amounting,
+
+  in 1812 to $12,600,
+  "  1813 "   16,800,
+  "  1814 "   25,700,
+  "  1815 "   29,200,
+  "  1816 "   32,600,
+
+Yet, valuable, useful, and productive as the canal had proved itself, it
+had lost the confidence of the public, and, with a few exceptions, of
+the proprietors themselves. The reason for this state of sentiment can
+easily be shown. The general depression of business on account of the
+embargo and the war of 1812 had its effect upon the canal. In the deaths
+of Gov. Sullivan and Col. Baldwin, in the same year, 1808, the
+enterprise was deprived of the wise and energetic counsellors to whom it
+owed its existence.
+
+The aqueducts and most of the locks, being built of wood, required large
+sums for annual repairs; the expenses arising from imperfections in the
+banks, and from the erection of toll-houses and public houses for the
+accommodation of the boatmen, were considerable; but the heaviest
+expenses were incurred in opening the Merrimac for navigation. From
+Concord, N.H., to the head of the canal the river has a fall of 123 ft.,
+necessitating various locks and canals. The Middlesex Canal Corporation
+contributed to the building of the Wiccasee locks and canals, $12,000;
+Union locks and canals, $49,932; Hookset canal, $6,750; Bow canal and
+locks, $14,115, making a sum total of $82,797 to be paid from the income
+of the Middlesex canal.
+
+The constant demand for money in excess of the incomes had proved
+demoralizing. Funds had been raised from time to time by lotteries. In
+the Columbian "Centinel & Massachusetts Federalist" of Aug. 15, 1804,
+appears an advertisement of the Amoskeag Canal Lottery, 6,000 tickets at
+$5, with an enumeration of prizes. The committee, consisting of Phillips
+Payson, Samuel Swan, Jr., and Loammi Baldwin, Jr., appealed to the
+public for support, assuring the subscribers that all who did not draw
+prizes would get the full value of their money in the reduced price of
+fuel.
+
+In 1816 the Legislature of Massachusetts granted the proprietors of the
+canal, in consideration of its usefulness to the public, two townships
+of land in the district of Maine, near Moosehead lake. This State aid,
+however, proved of no immediate service, as purchasers could not be
+found for several years for property so remote. Appeals to capitalists,
+lotteries, and State aid proved insufficient; the main burden fell upon
+the stockholders. In accordance with the provisions of the charter,
+assessments had been levied, as occasion required, up to 1816, 99 in
+number, amounting to $670 per share; and the corporation was still
+staggering under a debt of $64,000. Of course, during all this time, no
+dividends could be declared.
+
+Under these unpromising conditions a committee, consisting of Josiah
+Quincy, Joseph Hall, and Joseph Coolidge, Jr., was appointed to devise
+the appropriate remedy. "In the opinion of your committee," the report
+reads, "the real value of the property, at this moment, greatly exceeds
+the market value, and many years will not elapse before it will be
+considered among the best of all practicable monied investments. The
+Directors contemplate no further extension of the canal. _The work is
+done_, both the original and subsidiary canals.... Let the actual
+incomes of the canal be as great as they may, so long as they are
+consumed in payment of debts and interest on loans, the aspect of the
+whole is that of embarrassment and mortgage. The present rates of
+income, if continued, and there is every rational prospect, not only of
+its continuance, but of its great and rapid increase, will enable the
+corporation--when relieved of its present liabilities,--at once to
+commence a series of certain, regular, and satisfactory dividends." They
+accordingly recommended a final assessment of $80 per share, completely
+to extinguish all liabilities. This assessment, the 100th since the
+commencement, was levied in 1817, making a sum total of $600,000,
+extorted from the long-suffering stockholders. If to this sum the
+interest of the various assessments be added, computed to Feb. 1, 1819,
+the date of the first dividend, the actual cost of each share is found
+to have been $1,455.25.
+
+The prosperity of the canal property now seemed fully assured. The first
+dividend, though only $15, was the promise of golden showers in the near
+future, and the stock once more took an upward flight. From 1819 to 1836
+were the palmy days of the canal, unvexed with debts, and subject to
+very moderate expenses for annual repairs and management.
+
+It is difficult to ascertain the whole number of boats employed at any
+one time. Many were owned and run by the proprietors of the canal; and
+many were constructed and run by private parties who paid the regular
+tolls for whatever merchandise they transported. Boats belonging to the
+same parties were conspicuously numbered, like railway cars to-day. From
+"Regulations relative to the Navigation of the Middlesex Canal," a
+pamphlet published in 1830, it appears that boats were required to be
+not less than 40 ft. nor more than 75 ft. in length and not less than 9
+ft. nor more than 9-1/2 ft. in width. Two men, a driver and steersman,
+usually made up the working force; the boats, however, that went up the
+Merrimac required three men, one to steer, and two to pole. The Lowell
+boats carried 20 tons of coal; 15 tons were sufficient freight for
+Concord; when the water in the Merrimac was low, not more than 6 or 7
+tons could be taken up the river. About 1830 the boatmen received $15
+per month.
+
+Lumber was transported in rafts of about 75 ft. long and 9 ft. wide; and
+these rafts, not exceeding ten in number, were often united in "bands."
+A band of seven to ten rafts required the services of five men,
+including the driver. Boats were drawn by horses, and lumber by oxen;
+and "luggage boats" were required to make two and a half miles an hour,
+while "passage boats" attained a speed of four miles. Boats of the same
+class, and going the same way, were not allowed to pass each other, thus
+making "racing" impossible on the staid waters of the old canal.
+Whenever a boat approached a lock, the conductor sounded his horn to
+secure the prompt attention of the lock-tender; but due regard was paid
+to the religious sentiment of New England. Travelling in the canal being
+permitted on Sundays, "in consideration of the distance from home at
+which those persons using it generally are, it may be reasonably
+expected that they should not disturb those places of public worship
+near which they pass, nor occasion any noise to interrupt the
+tranquillity of the day. Therefore, it is established that no
+_Signal-Horn_ shall be used or blown on Sundays."
+
+The tariff varied greatly from year to year. In 1827 the rate from
+Lowell to Boston was $2.00 the gross ton; but many articles were carried
+on much lower terms.
+
+On account of liability of damage to the banks of the canal, all
+navigation ceased at dark; hence, at every lock, or series of locks, a
+tavern was established. These were all owned by the corporation, and
+were often let to the lock-tender, who eked out his income by the
+accommodation of boatmen and horses. The Bunker Hill Tavern, in
+Charlestown, situated so as to accommodate both county and canal travel,
+was leased, in 1830, for $350; in 1838, it let for $500. The Horn Pond
+House, at Woburn, in 1838, was leased for $700. In 1825, a two-story
+dwelling-house, 36 X 18, built at a cost of $1,400, for the
+accommodation of boatmen and raftsmen, at Charlestown, rented, with
+stable attached, for $140. In all these cases, the real estate was
+supposed to pay ten per cent.
+
+Some of these canal-taverns established a wide reputation for good
+cheer, and boatmen contrived to be overtaken by night in their
+vicinity. Sometimes fifteen or twenty boats would be detained at one of
+these favorite resorts, and a jolly crowd fraternized in the primitive
+bar-room. The temperance sentiment had not yet taken a firm hold in New
+England. "Flip" was the high-toned beverage of those days; but
+"black-strap," a compound of rum and molasses, sold at three cents a
+glass, was the particular "vanity" of the boatmen. In the smaller
+taverns, a barrel of old Medford, surmounted by a pitcher of molasses,
+scorning the flimsy subterfuges of modern times, boldly invited its
+patrons to draw and mix at their own sweet will. "Plenty of drunkenness,
+Uncle Joe, in those days?" we queried of an ancient boatman who was
+dilating upon the good old times. "Bless your heart, no!" was the
+answer. "Mr. Eddy didn't put up with no drunkards on the canal. They
+could drink all night, sir, and be steady as an eight-day clock in the
+morning."
+
+When the feverish haste born of the locomotive and telegraph had not yet
+infected society, a trip over the canal in the passenger-packet, the
+"Governor Sullivan," must have been an enjoyable experience. Protected
+by iron rules from the dangers of collision; undaunted by squalls of
+wind, realizing, should the craft be capsized, that he had nothing to do
+but walk ashore, the traveller, speeding along at the leisurely pace of
+four miles per hour, had ample time for observation and reflection.
+Seated, in summer, under a capacious awning, he traversed the valley of
+the Mystic skirting the picturesque shores of Mystic pond. Instead of a
+foreground of blurred landscape, vanishing, ghostlike, ere its features
+could be fairly distinguished, soft bits of characteristic New England
+scenery, clear cut as cameos, lingered caressingly on his vision; green
+meadows, fields riotous with blossomed clover, fragrant orchards, and
+quaint old farmhouses, with a background of low hills wooded to their
+summits.
+
+Passing under bridges, over rivers, between high embankments, and
+through deep cuttings, floated up hill by a series of locks, he
+marvelled at this triumph of engineering, and, if he were a director,
+pictured the manufactories that were to spring up along this great
+thoroughfare, swelling its revenues for all time.
+
+The tow-path of the canal was a famous promenade. Upon Sunday
+afternoons, especially, numerous pedestrians from the dusty city
+strolled along the canal for a breath of fresh air and a glimpse of the
+open country, through the Royal estate in Medford, past the substantial
+old-fashioned mansion-house of Peter C. Brooks, as far, perhaps, as the
+Baldwin estate, and the birthplace of Count Rumford, in Woburn. "I love
+that old tow-path," said Uncle Joe. "'Twas there I courted my wife; and
+every time the boat went by she came tripping out to walk a piece with
+me! Bless you, sir the horses knew her step, and it wan't so heavy,
+nuther."
+
+Meanwhile, under the direction of Caleb Eddy, who assumed the agency of
+the corporation in 1825, bringing great business ability and
+unquenchable zeal to his task, the perishable wooden locks were
+gradually replaced with stone, a new stone dam was built at Billerica,
+and the service brought to a high state of efficiency. The new dam was
+the occasion of a lawsuit brought by the proprietors of the Sudbury
+meadows, claiming damages to the extent of $10,000 for flooding their
+meadows. The defendants secured the services of Samuel Hoar, Esq., of
+Concord, assisted by the Hon. Daniel Webster, who accepted a retaining
+fee of $100 to "manage and argue the case in conjunction with Mr. Hoar.
+The cause was to have been tried November, 1833. Mr. Webster was called
+on by me and promised to examine the evidence and hold himself in
+readiness for the trial, but for some time before he was not to be found
+in Boston, at one time at New York, at another in Philadelphia, and so
+on from place to place so that I am satisfied no dependance can be
+placed with certainty upon his assistance, and," plaintively concludes
+the agent, "our $100 has gone to profit and loss account."
+
+On the other side was the Hon. Jeremiah Mason, assisted by Franklin
+Dexter, Esq. This case was decided the following year adversely to the
+plaintiffs.
+
+With the accession of business brought by the corporations at Lowell,
+the prospect for increased dividends in the future was extremely
+encouraging. The golden age of the canal appeared close at hand; but the
+fond hopes of the proprietors were once more destined to disappointment.
+Even the genius of James Sullivan had not foreseen the railway
+locomotive. In 1829 a petition was presented to the Legislature for the
+survey of a railroad from Boston to Lowell. The interests of the canal
+were seriously involved. A committee was promptly chosen to draw up for
+presentation to the General Court "a remonstrance of the Proprietors of
+Middlesex Canal, against the grant of a charter to build a railroad from
+Boston to Lowell." This remonstrance, signed by William Sullivan, Joseph
+Coolidge, and George Hallett, bears date of Boston, Feb. 12, 1830, and
+conclusively shows how little the business men of fifty years ago
+anticipated the enormous development of our resources consequent upon
+the application of steam to transportation:--
+
+     The remonstrants take pleasure in declaring, that they join in the
+     common sentiment of surprise and commendation, that any
+     intelligence and enterprise should have raised so rapidly and so
+     permanently, such establishments as are seen at Lowell. The
+     proprietors of these works have availed themselves of _the canal_,
+     for their transportation for all articles, except in the winter
+     months ... and every effort has been made by this corporation to
+     afford every facility, it was hoped and believed, to the entire
+     satisfaction of the Lowell proprietors. The average annual amount
+     of tolls paid by these proprietors has been only about four
+     thousand dollars. It is believed no safer or cheaper mode of
+     conveyance can ever be established, nor any so well adapted for
+     carrying heavy and bulky articles. To establish therefore a
+     _substitute_ for the canal alongside of it, and in many places
+     within a few rods of it, and to do that which the canal was made to
+     do, seems to be a measure not called for by any exigency, nor one
+     which the Legislature can permit, without implicitly declaring that
+     all investments of money in public enterprises must be subjected to
+     the will of any applicants who think that they may benefit
+     themselves without regard to older enterprises, which have a claim
+     to protection from public authority. With regard, then, to
+     transportation of tonnage goods, the means exist for all but the
+     winter months, as effectually as any that can be provided.
+
+     There is a supposed source of revenue to a railroad, _from
+     carrying passengers_. As to this, the remonstrants venture no
+     opinion, except to say, that passengers are now carried, at all
+     hours, as rapidly and safely as they are anywhere else in the
+     world.... To this, the remonstrants would add, that the use of a
+     railroad, _for passengers only_, has been tested by experience,
+     nowhere, hitherto; and that it remains to be known, whether this is
+     a mode which will command general confidence and approbation, and
+     that, therefore, no facts are now before the public, which furnish
+     the conclusion, that the grant of a railroad is a public exigency
+     even for such a purpose. The Remonstrants would also add, that so
+     far as they know and believe, "_there never can be a sufficient
+     inducement to extend a railroad from Lowell westwardly and
+     northwestwardly, to the Connecticut, so as to make it the great
+     avenue to and from the interior, but that its termination must be
+     at Lowell_" (italics our own), "and, consequently that it is to be
+     a substitute for the modes of transportation now in use between
+     that place and Boston, _and cannot deserve patronage from the
+     supposition that it is to be more extensively useful_...."
+
+     The Remonstrants, therefore, respectfully submit: First, that there
+     be no such exigency as will warrant the granting of the prayer for
+     a railroad to and from Lowell.
+
+     Secondly, that, if that prayer be granted, provision should be made
+     as a condition for granting it, that the Remonstrants shall be
+     indemnified for the losses which will be thereby occasioned to
+     them.
+
+This may seem the wilful blindness of self-interest; but the utterances
+of the press and the legislative debates of the period are similar in
+tone. In relation to another railroad, the "Boston Transcript" of Sept.
+1, 1830, remarks: "It is not astonishing that so much reluctance exists
+against plunging into doubtful speculations.... The public itself is
+divided as to the practicability of the Rail Road. If they expect the
+assistance of capitalists, they must stand ready to guarantee the
+_percentum per annum_; without this, all hopes of Rail Roads are
+visionary and chimerical." In a report of legislative proceedings
+published in the "Boston Courier," of Jan. 25, 1830, Mr. Cogswell, of
+Ipswich, remarked: "Railways, Mr. Speaker, may do well enough in old
+countries, but will never be the thing for so young a country as this.
+When you can make the rivers run back, it will be time enough to make a
+railway." Notwithstanding the pathetic remonstrances and strange
+vaticinations of the canal proprietors, the Legislature incorporated the
+road and refused compensation to the canal. Even while the railroad was
+in process of construction, the canal directors do not seem to have
+realized the full gravity of the situation. They continued the policy of
+replacing wood with stone, and made every effort to perfect the service
+in all its details; as late as 1836 the agent recommended improvements.
+The amount of tonnage continued to increase--the very sleepers used in
+the construction of the railway were boated, it is said, to points
+convenient for the workmen.
+
+In 1832 the canal declared a dividend of $22 per share; from 1834 to
+1837, inclusive, a yearly dividend of $30.
+
+The disastrous competition of the Lowell Railroad was now beginning to
+be felt. In 1835 the Lowell goods conveyed by canal paid tonnage dues of
+$11,975.51; in 1836 the income from this source had dwindled to
+$6,195.77. The canal dividends had been kept up to their highest mark by
+the sale of its townships in Maine and other real estate: but now they
+began to drop. The year the Lowell road went into full operation the
+receipts of the canal were reduced one-third; and when the Nashua &
+Lowell road went into full operation, in 1840, they were reduced another
+third. The board of directors waged a plucky warfare with the railroads,
+reducing the tariff on all articles, and almost abolishing it on some,
+till the expenditures of the canal outran its income; but steam came out
+triumphant. Even sanguine Caleb Eddy became satisfied that longer
+competition was vain, and set himself to the difficult task of saving
+fragments from the inevitable wreck.
+
+At this time (1843) Boston numbered about 100,000 inhabitants, and was
+dependent for water upon cisterns and wells. The supply of water in the
+wells had been steadily diminishing for years, and what remained was
+necessarily subject to contamination from numberless sources. "One
+specimen which I analyzed," said Dr. Jackson, "which gave three per
+cent, of animal and vegetable putrescent matter, was publicly sold as a
+mineral water; it was believed that water having such a remarkable fetid
+odor and nauseous taste, could be no other than that of a sulphur
+spring; but its medicinal powers vanished with the discovery that the
+spring arose from a neighboring drain." Here was a golden opportunity.
+Eddy proposed to abandon the canal as a means of transportation, and
+convert it into an aqueduct for supplying the City of Boston with
+wholesome water. The sections between the Merrimac and Concord at one
+extremity, and Charlestown mill-pond and Woburn at the other, were to be
+wholly discontinued. Flowing along the open channel of the canal from
+the Concord river to Horn-pond locks in Woburn, from thence it was to be
+conducted in iron pipes to a reservoir upon Mount Benedict in
+Charlestown, a hill eighty feet above the sea-level.
+
+The good quality of the Concord-river water was vouched for by the
+"analysis of four able and practical chemists, Dr. Charles T. Jackson,
+of Boston; John W. Webster, of Cambridge University; S.L. Dana, of
+Lowell, and A.A. Hayes, Esq., of the chemical works at Roxbury." The
+various legal questions involved were submitted to the Hon. Jeremiah
+Mason, who gave an opinion, dated Dec. 21, 1842, favorable to the
+project. The form for an act of incorporation was drawn up; and a
+pamphlet was published, in 1843, by Caleb Eddy, entitled an "Historical
+sketch of the Middlesex Canal, with remarks for the consideration of the
+Proprietors," setting forth the new scheme in glowing colors.
+
+But despite the feasibility of the plan proposed, and the energy with
+which it was pushed, the agitation came to naught; and Eddy, despairing
+of the future, resigned his position as agent in 1845. Among the
+directors during these later years were Ebenezer Chadwick, Wm. Appleton,
+Wm. Sturgis, Charles F. Adams, A.A. Lawrence, and Abbott Lawrence; but
+no business ability could long avert the catastrophe. Stock fell to
+$150, and finally the canal was discontinued, according to Amory's Life
+of Sullivan, in 1846. It would seem, however, that a revival of
+business was deemed within the range of possibilities, for in
+conveyances made in 1852 the company reserved the right to use the land
+"for canalling purposes"; and the directors annually went through with
+the form of electing an agent and collector as late as 1853.
+
+"Its vocation gone, and valueless for any other service," says Amory,
+"the canal property was sold for $130,000. After the final dividends,
+little more than the original assessments had been returned to the
+stockholders." Oct. 3, 1859, the Supreme Court issued a decree,
+declaring that the proprietors had "forfeited all their franchises and
+privileges, by reason of non-feasance, non-user, misfeasance and
+neglect." Thus was the corporation forever extinguished.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE TAVERNS OF BOSTON IN YE OLDEN TIME.
+
+BY DAVID M. BALFOUR.
+
+
+The first tavern in Boston was kept by Samuel Coles. It was opened in
+March, 1633, and stood near the south-west corner of Merchants row and
+Corn court, with an area in front on Merchants row and also on Fanueil
+Hall square, which in latter days have been covered with buildings. It
+was destroyed by fire during the early part of the eighteenth century,
+and the older portion of the present edifice was erected in 1737, which
+has been enlarged on the northerly side. It was towards the close of the
+last century known as the "Brazier Inn," and was kept by a widow lady of
+that name. It is now known as the "Hancock House," and is kept by a
+stalwart Scotchman named Alexander Clarkson. Gov. Vane held a council in
+the south-westerly room in the second story with Miantonomoh, the
+Narragansett chief. The same room was subsequently occupied by Lafayette
+in 1773, and afterwards by Talleyrand in 1798.
+
+The State Arms Tavern was built in 1645, and stood on the south-east
+corner of State and Exchange streets. It was occupied as the
+custom-house just before the Revolution.
+
+The Star Inn was built in 1645, and stood on the north-east corner of
+Hanover and Union streets. It was first kept by Thomas Hawkins, and
+afterwards by Andrew Neal, a Scotchman. The Scots' Charitable Society,
+of which the landlord was a member, frequently held its meetings there.
+
+The Roebuck Tavern was built in 1650. It stood on the east side of
+Merchants row, between Clinton and North streets. It was believed to
+have been built by a descendant of Richard Whittington, the Lord Mayor
+of London in 1419, who was famed for his love of cats.
+
+The Ship Tavern was built in 1651, and stood on North street, just
+beyond the corner of Fleet street. John Vyall kept it in 1663, and it
+was at one time called "Noah's Ark." The peace commissioners sent over
+by Charles II. held their sessions there. It was demolished in 1866.
+
+The King's Arms Tavern was built in 1654, and stood on the southeast
+corner of Washington and Brattle streets, opposite the Samuel Adams
+statue.
+
+The Red Lion Tavern stood on the north-west corner of North and Richmond
+streets. It was built in 1654, and kept by Nicholas Upsall, a Quaker,
+who was persecuted, imprisoned, and banished for his faith. Near this
+spot the devastating fire of November 27, 1676, broke out in one
+Wakefield's house.
+
+The Blue Anchor Tavern stood on the site of No. 254 Washington street.
+It was built in 1664, and kept by George Monck.
+
+The Blue Anchor Tavern (the second of that name) was built in 1665, and
+stood on Brattle street, upon the site which was afterwards Doolittle's
+City Tavern. It was first kept by Robert Turner, and was noted for its
+_punch_, and was a favorite resort of public men.
+
+The Blue Bell Tavern was built in 1673, and stood on the north-west
+corner of Batterymarch street and Liberty square; a portion of the Mason
+building now occupies its site. It was kept by Nathaniel Bishop, and
+afterwards by Alleric & Drury. In 1692 it was called the Castle Tavern,
+and ceased to be an inn after 1707.
+
+The Castle Tavern (the second of that name) stood on the south-west
+corner of Dock square and Elm street. It was erected by William Hudson
+in 1674, and kept by John Wing in 1687, who gave his name to the street.
+In 1694 it was called the George Tavern.
+
+The King's Head Tavern was built in 1680, and stood at the northeast
+corner of North and Fleet streets. It was burnt in 1691, and afterwards
+rebuilt. It was kept by James Davenport in 1755.
+
+The Seven Star Inn stood, in 1684, on the south-west corner of Summer
+and Hawley streets. It gave its name to the lane which was afterwards
+called Bishop's alley. Here, in 1736, was erected of wood the first
+edifice of Trinity Church. The land, which originally contained 15,000
+square feet, was bought of John Gibbins and William Speakman for L450.
+This edifice was demolished in 1828 and a stone structure erected in
+1830, which was burnt in the great fire, November 8, 1872. The site,
+after having its proportions curtailed, in order to widen Summer and
+Hawley streets, containing 7,126 square feet, was sold to William D.
+Peckman, in 1874, for $194,402.
+
+The Sun Tavern stood on the southwest corner of Dock and Faneuil Hall
+squares. It was built in 1690, and was kept by Samuel Mears in 1724, and
+by Day in 1753. It was conveyed by Thomas Valentine in 1741 for L2,475
+($8,250); and by Joseph Jackson in 1794 for L1,333-6-8 ($4,444); and by
+E.P. Arnold in 1865 for $20,000. The Scots' Charitable Society
+frequently held its meetings there. It was the head-quarters of the
+British officers during the siege. It is the oldest building in Boston.
+
+The Queen's Head Tavern stood at the north-west corner of North and
+Clark streets. It was built in 1691.
+
+The Green Dragon Inn was built in 1692. It was first kept by Alexander
+Smith, who died in 1696, and was succeeded by Hannah Bishop, who was
+next succeeded by John Cary. In 1734 Joseph Kidder was its landlord. In
+1764 it was conveyed by Catharine Kerr, sister to Dr. William Douglas,
+to St. Andrew's Lodge of Freemasons. It was a hospital during the
+Revolution. It was the head-quarters of Joseph Warren, John Hancock,
+Samuel Adams, James Otis, Paul Revere, and other patriots, during the
+Revolution. It was called the Green Dragon Tavern after the Revolution,
+and at one time the Freemasons' Arms. Daniel Simpson, the veteran
+drummer, was at one time its landlord. The Scots' Charitable Society
+frequently held its meetings there. The Green Dragon building, extending
+through from Union to (new) Washington street, now denotes its site.
+
+The Salutation Inn stood on the north-west corner of Hanover and
+Salutation streets. It was built by John Brooking in 1692, and sold to
+Sir William Phips. John Scollay kept it in 1697, who was succeeded by
+Samuel Green in 1731. It became famous, later, when William Campbell
+kept it in 1773, when it was a rallying-place for the patriots who gave
+rise to the word "_Caucus_." The resolutions for the destruction of the
+tea in Boston Harbor were drawn up there. It was also called the "_Two
+Palaverers_," from the representation upon the sign of two old gentlemen
+in wigs, cocked hats, and knee-breeches, saluting each other with much
+ceremony.
+
+The Golden Bull Tavern was built in 1693, and stood on the south-east
+corner of Merchants row and Chatham street. It was kept in 1752 by
+Marston.
+
+The Black Horse Tavern was built in 1700, and stood on the west side of
+Prince street, which in former days was called Black Horse lane, and
+Salem street. It was noted as a hiding-place for deserters from
+Burgoyne's army when stationed at Cambridge.
+
+The Half Moon Inn was built in 1705, and stood on the north-west corner
+of Fleet and Sun court streets. It was kept in 1752 by Deborah Chick.
+
+The Swan Tavern was built in 1707, and stood at the north-east corner of
+Fleet and North streets.
+
+The Orange Tree Inn was built in 1708, and stood on the north-east
+corner of Court and Hanover streets during the Provincial period. White
+it was kept by Jonathan Wardwell, in 1712, he set up the first
+hackney-coach stand. His widow kept it in 1724. It was demolished in
+1785. It was noted for having a well of water which never froze or dried
+up.
+
+The Bull Tavern was built in 1713, and stood on the south-west corner of
+Summer and Federal streets. It was there that sundry inhabitants at the
+South End met and formed the project to erect a church on Church green,
+which was called the "New South," and presided over for a long series of
+years by Rev. Alexander Young, D.D.
+
+The Light House Tavern was built in 1717, and stood on the south side of
+King (State) street, on the north-west corner of Devonshire street,
+opposite the Town House (Old State House). It is not impossible that it
+may have been standing there in 1742. There was also another tavern of
+the same name at the North End in 1763, from which the "Portsmouth
+Flying Stage" started every Saturday morning. It carried six passengers
+inside; fare 13s. 6d. sterling ($3.25); to Newburyport, 9s. ($2.17).
+Returning, left Portsmouth on Tuesday.
+
+The Marlboro' Hotel was built in 1708, and took its name from the street
+In front, and was the first public house in Boston dignified with the
+name of "Hotel." John C. Calhoun lodged there, while Secretary of War,
+upon his only visit to Boston, in 1818. McNiel Seymour was its landlord
+in 1820. He afterwards became landlord of the Atlantic Hotel, opposite
+the Bowling Green in New York. It had a stable in the rear which
+accommodated the Providence line of stages. The site of the stable was
+afterwards occupied by the Lowell Institute building. Agassiz, Lyell,
+Tyndall, Price, and other scientists, delivered lectures there. Its
+walls have also resounded with the eloquence of John Quincy Adams,
+Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, Rufus Choate, Charles Sumner, Bayard
+Taylor, William Lloyd Garrison, James T. Fields, and other famous men.
+Lafayette was given a banquet at the Marlboro' upon his visit to Boston,
+in 1824. The Scots' Charitable Society frequently held its meetings
+there. About a generation ago it changed its name to the Marlboro'
+House, and it was conducted on temperance principles. Hon. Henry Wilson,
+Vice-President of the United States, made it his stopping-place while in
+the city. The elegant Hemenway building now occupies its site.
+
+The Cross Tavern was erected in 1709, and stood on the north-west corner
+of North and Cross streets.
+
+The Crown Coffee House stood on the south-west corner of State street
+and Chatham row, and was built in 1710 by Gov. Belcher; and Mrs. Anna
+Swords was its first landlord, and she was succeeded in 1751 by Robert
+Shelcock. The Scots' Charitable Society frequently held its meetings
+there.
+
+The Bunch of Grapes Tavern was built in 1713, and stood on the
+north-west corner of State and Kilby streets. Its first landlord was
+Francis Holmes, who was succeeded in 1731 by William Coffin, by Joshua
+Barker in 1749, and by Col. Joseph Ingersoll in 1764. It was noted as
+being the best "_punch-house_" in Boston. Lafayette was a guest there in
+1774. In front of it, on the 4th of August, 1806, Charles Austin was
+killed by Thomas O. Selfridge in self-defence. The Scots' Charitable
+Society frequently held its meetings there.
+
+The George Tavern was built in 1720, and stood on the north-west corner
+of Washington and Northampton streets. It afforded shelter for the
+patriots in annoying the British during the siege. Its extensive orchard
+and gardens comprised seventeen acres, and extended south to Roxbury
+street, and west to Charles river, which, until the modern Back Bay
+improvement, extended to the west side of Tremont street. The General
+Court, as well as some of the law courts, sat there prior to 1730. The
+American post was located there in 1775, which was burnt by the British
+at night in July of that year. It was near that spot, in 1824, when
+Lafayette visited Boston, a triumphal arch was thrown across Washington
+street, bearing the couplet, written by Charles Sprague,--
+
+  We bow not the neck, we bend not the knee.
+  But our hearts, LAFAYETTE! we surrender to thee.
+
+The Royal Exchange Tavern was built in 1726, and stood on the south-west
+corner of State and Exchange streets, the site of the Merchants' Bank
+building. It gave its name to the street on its easterly side. Luke
+Vardy was its first landlord, who was succeeded in 1747 by Robert Stone.
+It was in this building, in 1728, that the altercation began which ended
+in the first duel fought in Boston, when Benjamin Woodbridge was killed
+by Henry Phillips. The Scots' Charitable Society frequently held its
+meetings there.
+
+The Old Mansion House was built in 1732, and stood on the south side of
+Milk street, between Hawley and Arch streets, on the site of the Bowdoin
+building. It stood a little back from the street, with large American
+elms in front, and was a stopping place for old stage lines. Hon. Robert
+C. Winthrop was born there, and Hon. Henry Dearborn occupied it at the
+time of his decease.
+
+The Blue Anchor Tavern (the third of that name) was built in 1735, and
+stood on the north-east corner of Water and Batterymarch streets. It was
+kept by Joseph Wilson.
+
+The British Coffee House was built in 1741, and stood on the site of No.
+66 State street, afterwards occupied by the Massachusetts Bank. It was
+kept, in 1762, by Ballard, and was largely patronized by British
+officers. The repeal of the Stamp Act was celebrated there in 1767. The
+eloquent James Otis was assaulted in it by a British gang, and an injury
+was inflicted upon his head, which rendered him insane for a long time.
+The Scots' Charitable Society frequently held its meetings there. Its
+name was changed to American Coffee House in 1776.
+
+The Cromwell's Head Tavern was built it 1751, and is still standing on
+the north side of School street, upon the site of No. 13, where Mrs.
+Harrington deals out coffee and mince pie to her customers. Lieut.-Col.
+GEORGE WASHINGTON lodged there in 1756, while upon a visit to Gov.
+Shirley, to consult with him upon business connected with the French
+war. It was first kept by Anthony Brackett.
+
+The Admiral Vernon Tavern was built in 1743, and stood on the south-east
+corner of State street and Merchants row, and was first kept by Richard
+Smith. The Scots' Charitable Society frequently held its meetings there.
+
+The Sun Tavern (the second of that name) was built in 1757, and stood on
+the east side of Washington street, nearly opposite Cornhill, and was
+first kept by James Day, and was a popular resort of the Sons of
+Liberty.
+
+The Julien House was built in 1759, and stood on the north-west corner
+of Milk and Congress streets, formerly the site of an old tannery. It
+was first kept by Jean Baptiste Julien, a French refugee. It was the
+resort of the _bon vivants_ of the town in former days. It is narrated
+of him that, upon the occasion of a _recherche_ dinner, one of the
+guests complained that the viands were not sufficiently high-seasoned.
+"_Eh bien_" said Julien, "_put a leetle more de peppaire_." He died in
+1805, and he was succeeded by his widow, and afterwards by Rouillard,
+until 1823, when it was demolished, and supplanted by Julien, afterwards
+Congress Hall. Miss Frances Ann Wright delivered lectures there in 1829.
+
+The White Horse Tavern stood on the north-west corner of Washington and
+Boylston streets. It was first kept by Joseph Morton.
+
+The Bull's Head Tavern was built in 1774, and stood on the north-east
+corner of Congress and Water streets, the site, for several years prior
+to 1830, of the post-office, Merchants' Hall, and Topliff's
+Reading-room, and now occupied by the Massachusetts and Shawmut banks,
+and called the Howe building.
+
+Concert Hall stood at the south-east corner of Hanover and Court
+streets. It was built in 1750, and was at one time occupied by the
+Deblois family. It was first occupied as a public house in 1791. It was
+famous for political meetings, fashionable dancing parties, and public
+exhibitions. Madrel exhibited his chess-player, conflagration of Moscow,
+and other wonderful pieces of mechanism there. The famous Belgian giant,
+Bihin, exhibited himself there. He was a well-proportioned man, and such
+was his height that the historian Motley stood under his armpits.
+Amherst Eaton was its landlord in the early days of the century. It was
+kept of late years by Peter B. Brigham, and was demolished in 1868, in
+order to widen Hanover street. The Scots' Charitable Society frequently
+held its meetings there.
+
+The Lamb Tavern was built in 1745, and stood on the west side of
+Washington street, just beyond the corner of West street. Colonel Doty
+kept it in 1760, who was succeeded by Edward Kingman in 1826, and by
+Laban Adams, in whose honor the Adams House was named and opened in
+1846. It was a popular resort of the country members of the Legislature.
+
+The Lion Tavern was built in 1793, and stood just north of the Lamb
+Tavern, and occupied the site of the building for several years known as
+the Melodeon. In 1835 the tavern was converted into the Lion Theatre,
+which had a short-lived existence. It was then purchased by the Handel
+and Haydn Society, and occupied for musical purposes, lectures, and
+other entertainments. Rev. Theodore Parker began lecturing there soon
+after the famous South Boston sermon upon the transient and permanent in
+Christianity.
+
+The North End Coffee House was built in 1782, and stood on the
+north-west corner of North and Fleet streets. It was kept by the
+grandfather of the Illustrious David D. Porter.
+
+The Bite Tavern was built in 1795, and stood in Faneuil Hall square, a
+little west of Change avenue. James M. Stevens was its last landlord. It
+was a favorite resort of market-men, and ceased to be a public house
+about a quarter of a century ago.
+
+Holland's Coffee House was built in 1800, in Howard street, near Court
+street. It was afterwards called the Howard Street House, and kept by
+William Gallagher, whose tomb "erected by those connected with him by no
+tie of kindred, who knew, loved, and honored him," stands on Primrose
+Path in Mt. Auburn. It was afterwards called the Pemberton House. It was
+a favorite resort of literary, dramatic, and musical people. The Scots'
+Charitable Society frequently held its meetings there. It was destroyed
+by fire in 1854, and the site was occupied for a short time by a wooden
+circular structure called Father Miller's Tabernacle, which, in turn,
+was burnt, when the Howard Athenaeum rose upon its site.
+
+The Eastern Stage House was built in 1806, and upon the site of No. 90
+North street. It was from that spot that the first stage-coach in
+America started, in 1660, for Portsmouth (N.H.). It was first kept by
+Col. Ephraim Wildes, and afterwards by his son, Moses. It was built of
+brick, three stories high, and entered by a flight of steps, and
+contained sixty rooms. It was the most extensive stage rendezvous in
+Boston, accommodating the stages to Portsmouth, Portland, Bangor, and
+Maine, generally. The stages entered its spacious court-yard under an
+arch leading from North street. After an existence of forty years, it
+was demolished to make room for commercial improvements.
+
+Earl's Coffee House was built in 1807, and was located at No. 24 Hanover
+street, upon the site, in part, of the present American House. It was
+kept by Hezekiah Earl, and was the head-quarters of the New York,
+Albany, and other stage lines.
+
+Wilde's Tavern was built in the same year, and was located on the
+north-east corner of (new) Washington and Elm streets. It was demolished
+in 1874 to make room for the Washington-street extension.
+
+Doolittle's City Tavern was also built in 1807, and stood on the
+north-west corner of (new) Washington and Brattle streets. It was the
+head-quarters of the Providence line of stages. It was demolished in
+1874 to make room for the improvement before alluded to.
+
+The Exchange Coffee House was built in 1808, and stood on Congress
+street, upon the site of the present Howard Bank building, and at the
+time of its erection was the largest house of public entertainment in
+the United States. It extended through to Devonshire street, with an
+entrance on State street. It bounded 132 feet on Congress street, with a
+depth of 94 feet and upwards. It covered an area of 12,753 square feet,
+was seven stories in height, surmounted with a dome 101 feet in
+diameter. It had 210 apartments. Its erection was begun in 1805, and
+occupied two and a half years in construction. Commodore Hull, after
+capturing the _Guerriere_ in 1812, had a public dinner given him there.
+The Grand Lodge of Freemasons, and some subordinate lodges, had their
+head-quarters there. The Scots' Charitable Society frequently held its
+meetings there. It was destroyed by fire in 1818, rebuilt in 1822, with
+contracted dimensions, and in 1853 was demolished to give place to the
+City Exchange on Congress square and Devonshire street. James Wilson,
+the last of the town-criers, had his office in the Bell-in-Hand Tavern
+in the basement. At the time of the fire Hon. Henry Clay was a guest in
+the house, and worked bravely at the engine brakes. Hon. David Crockett,
+a famous member of Congress from Tennessee, lodged there during his
+visit to Boston in 1834. He addressed an audience from the eastern
+portico of the Old State House, and in expatiating upon the prospects of
+the country, predicted that it would extend within a score of years from
+the _At_lantic to the "_Spe_cific." Among his witty sayings will be
+remembered,--"Be sure you're right then go ahead." He died in 1841,
+fighting for Texan independence. It was kept in former days by Col.
+James Hamilton, afterwards by William Gallagher, Hart Davenport, and
+lastly by McGill & Fearing.
+
+Washington Hotel was built in 1809, and stood in Bromfield street. It
+subsequently took the name of Indian Queen, and latterly Bromfield
+House. Selden Crockett was its last landlord. It ceased to be a public
+house about a dozen years since.
+
+The Elm Street Hotel was built in 1812, and stood on the north-west
+corner of (new) Washington and (No. 9) Elm streets. It was kept by Hart
+Davenport. Its yard was obliterated in 1874 to make room for the
+Washington-street extension, and the building in 1882 for a site for
+commercial purposes.
+
+The Massachusetts House was built in 1816, and still stands on the
+south-west corner of Endicott and Cross streets. It is a favorite resort
+of horse-jockeys and horse-fanciers.
+
+Forster's Coffee House was built in 1817, and stood on the corner of
+Court and Howard streets. The Scots' Charitable Society frequently held
+its meetings there.
+
+The Commercial Coffee House stood on the north-east corner of Milk and
+Batterymarch streets. It was built in 1817, and stood on the site of
+Hallowell's shipyard. It was kept by William Merriam in 1829, John Low
+in 1837, Col. Whitney in 1844, and lastly, in 1848, by James Longley,
+when it ceased to be a public house, and gave place to the Thorndike
+building. The preliminary meeting of the Mercantile Library Association
+was held there in 1820. It was a favorite resort of Eastern people.
+
+Washington Hotel (the second of that name) was erected in 1819, and
+stood on the north-west corner of Washington street and Worcester place.
+It was kept in 1836, and for a few years succeeding, by Amherst Eaton.
+The Washington House was built in 1820, and stood on the site of the
+present Washington market, on the south-west corner of Washington and
+Lenox streets. The Messrs. Cooley kept it, and it was a favorite resort
+for sleighing parties.
+
+In 1821 William Fenno opened a tavern in Cornhill square, and afterwards
+on the east side of Theatre alley (Devonshire street), near the corner
+of Franklin, adjoining what was the site of the (old) Boston Theatre,
+and latterly in Province street, near the south-easterly corner of
+Bromfield street.
+
+The Stackpole House was built in 1732, and was the mansion of William
+Stackpole, a noted Boston merchant. It stood on the north-east corner of
+Milk and Devonshire streets, and was first kept as a public house in
+1823 by Rouillard, formerly of the Julien House, and was a favorite
+resort of the choice spirits of former days. It was afterwards kept by
+James W. Ryan. Among its last landlords was Alexander McGregor, a
+stalwart Scotchman, and descendant of Rev James McGregor who led the
+colony which made the first settlement in Deny (N.H.) in 1824. The
+Scots' Charitable Society, of which the landlord was a member,
+frequently held its meetings there. It was demolished in 1868, to make
+room for the post-office edifice.
+
+The Sun Tavern (the third of that name) was built in 1801, and stood on
+the north-west corner of Battery march and Hamilton streets, and was the
+mansion of Benjamin Hallowell, who owned a shipyard opposite to his
+residence. It was first kept as a public house in 1824 by Goodwich, and
+in 1841 by Capewell, when it ceased to be a public house, and was
+demolished when Fort Hill was leveled in 1865. It was a popular resort
+of Eastern people.
+
+The Lafayette Hotel was built in 1825, and stood on the east side of
+Washington street, opposite Boylston market. It was largely patronized
+by people from the country. Haskell was its landlord in 1836. The Scots'
+Charitable Society frequently held its meetings there.
+
+The Tremont House was built in 1828, and opened October 1, 1829. It was
+owned by William H. Eliot, brother of the mayor of Boston 1837-1840. It
+was the prototype of the large caravanseries which dot the continent
+from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Its first landlord was Dwight Boyden,
+who retired from its management in 1836 to assume that of the Astor
+House, which was opened May 1 in that year. It was the stopping-place of
+Webster on his way from Marshfield to Washington. It sheltered President
+Jackson upon his visit to Boston in 1833, a decade later President
+Tyler, and President Johnson in 1867. It was the temporary abode of
+Charles Dickens upon his first visit to America in 1842. Under its roof
+the Ashburton treaty, defining the north-eastern boundary between the
+United States and Great Britain, was negotiated by Lord Ashburton on
+behalf of the mother country, Abbott Lawrence on the part of
+Massachusetts, and Edward Kent on the part of Maine. Some of the most
+renowned men in the world have fed at its tables and slept under its
+roof. It still lives in its pristine vigor, and will not yield the palm
+to any hostelry in the world.
+
+The Franklin House was built in 1830, and stood on the west side of
+Merchants row, between North Market and North streets, opposite the head
+of Clinton street. It was a favorite resort of Eastern people. Joshua
+Sears, an eminent merchant on Long wharf, made it his home for several
+years.
+
+The Shawmut House was built in 1831, and stood on the north side of
+Hanover street, and its site is now absorbed in the American House. The
+Scots' Charitable Society frequently held its meetings there.
+
+Liberty Tree Tavern was built in 1833, and stood on the south-east
+corner of Washington and Essex streets, upon the identical spot where
+formerly stood the famous Liberty Tree, which was planted in 1646, and
+become famous in Stamp Act times, and was cut down by the British in
+1775.
+
+The Mount Washington House was built in 1834 by a company of which Hon.
+John K. Simpson was president, who occupied the "Old Feather Store" on
+the corner of Faneuil Hall square and North street, built in 1680. The
+company became bankrupt, and it was sold in 1839 to the Perkins
+Institute and New England Asylum for the Blind. Its location on
+Washington Heights admirably adapts it for the benevolent purpose for
+which it is now used.
+
+The Maverick House was opened on Noddies or Williams Island on the 27th
+of May, 1835. At the date of its erection the island contained but a
+score of dwellings, two or three factories, and a half-dozen of
+mechanics' shops. Major Jabez W. Barton was its first landlord. It was
+built of wood, 94 feet long and 85 feet wide, six stories high, and
+contained more than eighty rooms. In 1838 its width was increased to 160
+feet. C.M. Taft became its landlord in 1841. The house, stables, and
+furniture were sold in 1842 to John W. Fenno for $62,500. The house was
+taken down in 1845 and a block of buildings erected by Noah Sturtevant.
+Different parts of the block were respectively occupied as a hotel,
+dwelling-houses, stores, and offices, until it was burnt January 25,
+1857. A new building was erected upon its site, by Mr. Sturtevant, of
+iron and brick covered with mastic, 130 feet long on Maverick square,
+with an average width of no feet, and containing 180 rooms. It was
+opened February 23, 1858, and was called for a decade or more the
+Sturtevant House, when it resumed its former name of Maverick House. In
+its rear, on the 25th of September, 1819, a duel was fought by
+Lieutenants Finch and White between two elm-trees standing between
+Meridian and Border streets, nearly opposite the Church of the Holy
+Redeemer. White fell and died upon the spot.
+
+The Pearl Street House stood on the north-west corner of Milk and Pearl
+streets, and was built in 1816, and was the mansion of William Pratt. It
+was first occupied as a hotel in 1836. Colonel Shepherd was its first
+landlord. The Scots' Charitable Society frequently held its meetings
+there. It was obliterated in the great fire of November 8, 1872.
+
+The Perkins House was built in 1815, and was the mansion of Hon. Thomas
+H. Perkins, who donated it in 1833 to the Asylum for the Blind. It stood
+on the west side of Pearl street, about midway between Milk and High
+streets. It remained there under the management of Samuel G. Howe until
+the encroachments of business demanded its removal. In 1839 the
+institution was transferred to the Mount Washington House. The Perkins
+House was opened in that year under the management of a Scotchman named
+Thomas Gordon. It was a favorite resort of those who dined down-town.
+The Scots' Charitable Society, of which the landlord was a member,
+frequently held its meetings there. It ceased to be a public house In
+1848, when it succumbed to the advancing waves of commerce.
+
+The Congress House, built in the same year, was the mansion of Daniel
+Hammond, and stood on the north-east corner of Pearl and High streets.
+It was opened as a public house in 1840, and was kept by Hastings, until
+it was swept away in the great fire before alluded to.
+
+The Greyhound Tavern stood on Washington street, opposite Vernon street,
+upon the site of Graham block. It was built in 1645, and was famous for
+the excellence of its punch, and was much resorted to by the convivial
+spirits of Boston and vicinity. Its last landlord was John Greaton. In
+1752, and for many years subsequently, the Masonic fraternity celebrated
+St. John's day there, and the courts sat there during the prevalence of
+small-pox in Boston. A catamount, caught in the woods about eighty miles
+from Boston, was exhibited there. It was a recruiting station for
+enlistments during the French war. Gen. Washington resided there during
+the winter of 1776. It ceased to be a tavern just after the Revolution.
+Such was its size that it contained forty fireplaces. On its site was
+erected the first fire-engine house in Roxbury. A portion of the
+building still stands in the rear of Graham block.
+
+The Flower de Luce Tavern was built in 1687, and stood on the north-east
+corner of Bartlett and Blanchard streets. It was there, in 1698, that a
+meeting was held "to settle about the Muddy river people worshipping In
+their house." Its last landlord was Samuel Ruggles.
+
+The Punch Bowl Tavern was built in 1729 by John Ellis, and stood in
+Brookline, about two hundred feet west from the boundary line between
+Roxbury and Brookline, upon the present site of Brookline gas-works, on
+the south-west corner of Washington street and Brookline avenue. It was
+a two-story hipped-roof house, and its enlargement from time to time, by
+the purchase and removal of old houses thither from Boston and vicinity,
+resulted in an aggregation of rooms of all sorts and sizes, and produced
+a new order of architecture, appropriately called "_conglomerate_" With
+its out-buildings it occupied a large space, and was of a yellowish
+color, with a seat running along the front under an overhanging
+projection of the second story. In front and near each end were large
+elm-trees. Under the west end stood a pump, which still remains. Its
+sign, suspended by a high, red post, exhibited a huge bowl and ladle,
+overhung by a lemon-tree. It had a large dancing-hall, and was a
+favorite resort for gay parties from Boston and vicinity. It was
+patronized by British officers before the Revolution. The mill-dam and
+the bridges destroyed its usefulness, and it was bought by Isaac Thayer,
+and demolished in 1833, with the exception of one of its adjuncts, which
+now stands on the easterly side of Brookline avenue, nearly opposite
+Emerald street.
+
+Kent's Tavern was built in 1747, and stood on the site of Grove Hall,
+built by, and for many years the mansion of, Thomas Kilby Jones, a
+famous auctioneer of Boston, and now known as the "Consumptives' Home,"
+on the south-east corner of Washington street and Blue Hill avenue. It
+was originally the home-stead of Samuel Payson, and was owned by John
+Goddard in the early part of the last century. It ceased to be a public
+house in 1796.
+
+Hazlitt's Tavern stood on the corner of Washington and Palmer streets.
+It was built in 1764, and had a deer's head for a sign. Afterwards it
+was known as the "Roebuck Tavern," John Brooks being its last landlord.
+It was first occupied as a public house in 1820, and it was the place of
+refuge of Edmund Kean when driven by a mob from the (old) Boston
+Theatre, December 21, 1825.
+
+The Peacock Tavern was built in 1765, and stood at the south-westerly
+corner of Centre and Allandale streets, near the famous mineral springs.
+It was kept by Capt. Samuel Childs, who led the minutemen company of
+the third parish in the Lexington battle. It was purchased in 1794, with
+forty acres adjoining, by the patriot Samuel Adams, and he occupied it
+during his gubernatorial term as a summer residence, and afterward until
+the close of his honorable life.
+
+On the north-west corner of Washington and Vernon streets, where Diamond
+block now stands, there formerly stood an old house, which was occupied
+in 1805 as the Old Red Tavern, kept by Martin Pierce.
+
+The City Hotel was built of brick in 1804, and stood near the north-west
+corner of Washington and Zeigler streets, and was the mansion of George
+Zeigler. It ceased to be a public house about a third of a century ago.
+
+Taft's Tavern stood at the north-west corner of Washington and South
+streets, near the Roslindale station, on the Dedham Branch railway. It
+was built in 1805, and first kept by Sharp & Dunster, and was long
+famous for good dinners. The widow of Samuel Burrill kept it during the
+War of 1813-1815. It is now the Roslindale Hotel.
+
+The Norfolk House was built in 1781, and was the mansion of Joseph
+Ruggles, a well-known lawyer of that day. His uncle Joseph kept an inn
+in Roxbury in 1765. After the decease of Capt. Nathaniel Ruggles the
+mansion was the residence of Hon. David A. Simmons, who sold it to the
+Norfolk House Company in 1825, and it was opened in the following year
+as a public house, a large brick addition having been built containing a
+hall for public assemblies, known at first as Highland Hall,
+subsequently as Norfolk Hall, which, in 1853, was moved to the rear. The
+old mansion now stands on the north side of Norfolk street, and is
+occupied as a tenement-house. It was the starting-point of the Roxbury
+hourly coaches, which began running to the Old South Church on the first
+of March, 1826; fare, twelve and a half cents. It ceased to be a public
+house a generation ago, and became the pioneer of that large class of
+domestic and social comforts designated as "family hotels," no less than
+sixty of which now stand where, half a century ago, the tide ebbed and
+flowed.
+
+In 1635 Robert Long with his wife and ten children arrived from
+Dunstable (Eng.) at Charlestown, and in 1638 purchased the so-called
+"Great House," originally erected by Thomas Graves for the governor's
+residence, for court-meetings, and public religious worship, which stood
+in what is now City square, opposite the Waverley House, and the base of
+the Town Hill. In a few years it was abandoned. Long paid L30 for the
+premises, to be used as a tavern, or ordinary. No use of tobacco, no
+card-playing, and no throwing of dice was allowed. He was allowed the
+use of a pasture, provided he would fence it, for the use of the horses
+of the guests. He was liable to a fine of ten shillings for every
+offence of selling at a price exceeding sixpence for a meal, or taking
+more than a "penny for an ale-quart of beer out of meal-times," or for
+selling cake or buns except for marriages, burials, or like special
+occasions. The tavern was well known afterwards as "The Three Cranes."
+Mr. Long and his sons following him carried on the house for
+three-quarters of a century, Robert, the first landlord, died January 9,
+1664, and his widow May 27, 1687. In 1683 John, son of Robert, willed
+the house to his widow Mary, daughter of Increase Nowell. The estate had
+a brew-house attached to it. In 1711 the property was deeded by Mrs.
+Long to her son Samuel, and named in the deed as the "Great Tavern."
+Samuel, in 1712, sold it to Ebenezer Breed, when the house was called
+"The Old Tavern." The building was probably burnt in the destruction of
+Charlestown, on the day of the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775.
+Finally, the land was bought by the town, and is now part of City
+square.
+
+The Cape Breton Tavern was built in 1731, and stood on the corner of
+Main street and Hancock square. It was burnt in the general
+conflagration of June 17, 1775.
+
+The Ship Tavern was built in 1748, and stood on the south-east corner of
+Charles River avenue and Water street. It was kept by Benjamin Gerrish.
+
+The Warren Tavern was built in 1775, and still stands on the south-west
+corner of Main and Pleasant streets. It was first kept by Eliphalet
+Newell. It was from that edifice that the procession connected with
+funeral ceremonies in honor of GEORGE WASHINGTON started on the 31st of
+December, 1799, when the nation mourned as one man the departed patriot,
+statesman, and chieftain, "upon whose like they should not look again."
+
+Trumbull's Tavern stood on the north-east corner of Charles River avenue
+and Water street. It was built in 1771.
+
+The Indian Chief Tavern was built in 1779, and was the mansion of David
+Wood, an influential citizen of Charlestown. It occupied the site of
+Harvard Church. It was there that David Starrett, cashier of the
+Hillsboro', N.H., bank, was said to have been robbed and murdered on the
+evening of March 26, 1812. Suspicion attached to Samuel Gordon, the
+landlord. A reward of $200 was offered for the recovery of his dead
+body, but without success. In 1814 Hon. Nathan Appleton received a
+letter from Starrett, in South America, whither he had fled owing to the
+insolvency of the bank. It contained a hall, in the second story, known
+as "Massachusetts Hall." It was removed in 1818 to the north-west corner
+of Main and Miller streets, and its name changed to Eagle Tavern. It
+still stands, although it ceased to be a public house a quarter of a
+century since.
+
+The Mansion House stood on the south side of City square and north-west
+corner of Warren avenue. It was erected in 1780 by Hon. Thomas Russell
+as a family mansion, and occupied by him until his decease in 1796. It
+was afterwards occupied by Commodore John Shaw, John Soley, Grand Master
+of the Grand Lodge of Freemasons of Massachusetts, and Andrew Dunlap,
+U.S. District Attorney, who conducted the trial of the twelve pirates of
+the schooner "Pindu," in 1834. It was first occupied as a hotel in 1835,
+and kept by Gorham Bigelow, and afterwards by James Ramsay. It was
+demolished in 1866 to make room for the Waverley House.
+
+Page's Tavern stood at the corner of Main and Gardner streets, and was
+afterwards known as "Richards'", and more latterly, "Babcock's." It was
+the starting-point of the Charlestown hourly coaches, which commenced
+running April 1, 1828, to Brattle street; fare, twelve and a half cents.
+Passengers were accommodated by being called for, or left at their
+residences on cross streets. It ceased to be a public house about a
+generation ago.
+
+Piper's Tavern stood on the south-west corner of Main and Alford
+streets.
+
+Pierce's Hotel stood on the north-west corner of Charles River avenue
+and Water street. It was built in 1795 by Hon. Thomas Russell for a
+family mansion; but he died just before its completion. In one of its
+rooms was a remarkable clock with a blue dial and moving figures of men,
+which appeared when the clock struck the hours, and then disappeared.
+The ordaining council of the first pastor of Harvard Church convened
+there. It was at one time occupied by Silas Whitney, Jr., who was buried
+from there with Masonic honors in 1824. Potter, the celebrated
+ventriloquist, held his exhibitions there, to the delight of the
+youngsters of that day. It was last kept by James Walker, and its name
+changed to the Middlesex House. It was destroyed by the great fire of
+August 28, 1835.
+
+Robbin's Tavern stood on the west side of City square and south-east
+corner of Harvard street. It was built in 1796, and stood directly in
+the rear of the site of the Three Cranes Tavern, before alluded to. It
+was demolished in 1816, and the Charlestown Town Hall erected upon its
+site, which, in turn, was demolished in 1868 to make room for the City
+Hall.
+
+Ireland's Tavern was built in 1797, and stood on the north side of
+Cambridge street, near the Lowell Railroad bridge.
+
+Yoelin's Tavern was built in 1798, and stood on the east side of City
+square and north-west corner of Chamber street. It was first occupied as
+a tavern in 1821, and was destroyed by the great fire before alluded to.
+The first meeting of the proprietors of Warren bridge was held there in
+1828.
+
+Copp's Tavern was built in 1799, and stood on the south side of City
+square, near the corner of Bow street. The building, which had ceased
+for some years to be occupied as a tavern, was demolished in 1866 to
+make room for the Waverley House.
+
+"_Sic transit gloria mundi_." Thus have disappeared from time to time,
+with but few exceptions, the taverns, inns, and coffee-houses of the
+Town of Boston, while the bodily forms of those who took their ease in
+them have long since crumbled into dust. We will now resign to the pen
+of the local historian of a century hence to describe the mammoth
+hostelries of the City of Boston, which have arisen since the era of
+railways, steamships, electric telegraphs, ocean cables, telephones,
+electric lights, and other modern developments of science and art.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+A correspondent asks in connection with an article in the May number on
+"Town and City Histories," in which was incidentally mentioned the
+government of Western towns by trustees, the following question: "Can
+you tell me where I can find that government treated of; also, that of
+towns in the Middle and Southern States?" The question is a hard one to
+answer. Of the town meeting, that peculiarly New England institution,
+much has been written; but about the local forms of government prevalent
+in the States between the Hudson and the Pacific Ocean very little has
+found its way into print. The local historians seem to take it for
+granted that all these things are understood everywhere, and so shed
+little light on the question. The pages of this magazine will be open to
+any one who can give the desired information.
+
+The season of agricultural fairs, "cattle-shows" and the like, is about
+over. There is scarcely a county in New England, scarcely a State in the
+Union, but has had a fair of some sort or other. Most of them report
+better exhibits and larger attendance than ever before. Some few report
+a falling off in attendance. That all these fairs have done exhibitors
+much good is doubtful; that they have benefited the thinking portion of
+their attendants is unquestionable. Unfortunately, the thinking portion
+of a farming community is lamentably small. Most people go to a
+"cattle-show" to be amused; a few go to learn. The few that derive
+benefit from seeing the wonders of the earth collected in pens and on
+tables are helped just as a teacher gets benefit from a teacher's
+institute--both get food for thought. At the cattle-show the farmer
+_may_ learn of new methods and see their results. The trouble is that
+the ordinary farmer goes to the fair for the same reason that the
+average citizen buys a ticket to the menagerie--to see the circus. There
+are more clowns at a cattle-show than the sawdust ever saw. The horses
+may not be so pretty or gaudy, but they go faster. One man defended
+himself very frankly at the dinner of a county fair in this State when
+he said: "The Lord made horses to go, and I like to see them do it."
+This question of trotting or no trotting at the fair is not a new one;
+but with age it seems to acquire toughness,--like chickens, for
+instance.
+
+But passing by the horse question, we come to the question of clowns,
+which is really a very serious one. It may be irreverent to compare
+"cattle-show" orators to circus clowns, but really the temptation is
+irresistible; and then they are the only features of the respective
+exhibitions that have speaking parts. Joking aside, there are important
+lessons which the speaking and the speakers at the recent fairs may
+teach us. We find that the candidate for office has become a great
+attraction, one which the fair-managers bid high for. They draw well,
+too.
+
+This calls to mind this year's Salisbury Beach Festival, a time-honored
+institution which has degenerated into a money-making affair in these
+later days. This year there was, to be sure, a large crowd present, but
+yet the attendance was smaller than in any year for a long time. The
+number of people present was between 3,500 and 5,000. Prominent
+gentlemen in Essex County were advertised to address the crowd. The
+newspaper comment on the event is short and to the point: "There was no
+speaking, as the crowd was more interested in seeing the Lawrence Base
+Ball Club beat the Newbury porters, by a score of 9 to 7." Again: "The
+principal attractions were Professors Parker and Martin at the skating
+rink, and the 4,000-pound ox."
+
+_O Tempora! O Mores!_
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Bay State Monthly, Volume II. No.
+2, November, 1884, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY, ***
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