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diff --git a/13680-h/13680-h.htm b/13680-h/13680-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8281814 --- /dev/null +++ b/13680-h/13680-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3236 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> + <title>Bay State Monthly - April, 1884.</title> + <style title="Standard Format" type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.9em;} + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.thoughtbreak {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.thoughtbreak {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + .footnote {font-size: 0.9em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + /* To hide page numbers */ + .newpage { display: none; } + /* To display right-aligned line numbers */ + .poem { + margin: 0em 10% 0em 10%; + text-align: left; + } + .poem .stanza { + margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; + } + .poem .author { + text-align: right; + } + .poem .line:after { + display: block; + content: attr(title); + text-align: right; + } + /* To indent wrapped lines */ + .poem .line { + height: auto; + margin-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; + } + .figure, .figcenter, .figright, .figleft + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .figure img, .figcenter img, .figright img, .figleft img + {border: none;} + .figure p, .figcenter p, .figright p, .figleft p + {margin: 0; text-align: center;} + .figcenter {margin: auto;} + .figright {float: right;} + .figleft {float: left;} +span.rightnote { +position: absolute; +left: 88%; +right: 1%; +font-size: 0.7em; +border-bottom: solid 1px; +text-align: left; +} +/* Use this if there are inline transliterations. */ +/* [lang][title]:after {content: " [Trans: " attr(title) "]";} +*/ + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> + <style title="Original Page Numbers" type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.9em;} + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.thoughtbreak {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.thoughtbreak {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + .footnote {font-size: 0.9em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + /* To show page numbers */ + .newpage {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + /* To display right-aligned line numbers */ + .poem { + margin: 0em 10% 0em 10%; + text-align: left; + } + .poem .stanza { + margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; + } + .poem .author { + text-align: right; + } + .poem .line:after { + display: block; + content: attr(title); + text-align: right; + } + /* To indent wrapped lines */ + .poem .line { + height: auto; + margin-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; + } + .figure, .figcenter, .figright, .figleft + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .figure img, .figcenter img, .figright img, .figleft img + {border: none;} + .figure p, .figcenter p, .figright p, .figleft p + {margin: 0; text-align: center;} + .figcenter {margin: auto;} + .figright {float: right;} + .figleft {float: left;} +span.rightnote { +position: absolute; +left: 88%; +right: 1%; +font-size: 0.7em; +border-bottom: solid 1px; +text-align: left; +} +/* Use this if there are inline transliterations. */ +/* [lang][title]:after {content: " [Trans: " attr(title) "]";} +*/ + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> + </head> + <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13680 ***</div> + + <a name="page201" id="page201"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 201]</span> + <h1>THE BAY STATE MONTHLY</h1> + <center> + A MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE. + </center> + <center> + VOL. I.<br /> + APRIL, 1884.<br /> + NO. IV. + </center> + <blockquote> + Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1884, by John N. McClintock and + Company, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. + </blockquote> + <hr /> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image12_full.png"><img src="images/image12_thumbnail.png" + alt="G.H. Perkins" /></a> + <p>G.H. Perkins</p> + </div> + <hr /> + <h2>CAPTAIN GEORGE HAMILTON PERKINS, U.S.N.</h2> + <center> + By CAPTAIN GEORGE E. BELKNAP, U.S.N. + </center> + <p>In passing up the Concord and Claremont Railroad from Concord, the observant + traveler has doubtless noticed the substantial and comfortable-looking homestead with + large and trim front yard, shaded by thickly planted and generous topped maples, on + the right-hand side of the road after crossing the bridge that spans</p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="line"> + "Contoocook's bright and brimming river," + </div> + </div> + <p>at the pleasant-looking village of Contoocookville in the northern part of + Hopkinton.</p> + <p>There, under that inviting roof, the subject of this sketch, GEORGE HAMILTON + PERKINS, the eldest son in a family of eight children, was born, October 20, + 1836.</p> + <p>His father, the Honorable Hamilton Eliot Perkins, inherited all the land in that + part of the town, and, in early life, in addition to professional work as a + counsellor-at-law and member of the Merrimack County bar, built the mills at + Contoocookville, and was, in fact, the founder of the thriving settlement at that + point.</p> + <p>His paternal grandfather, Roger Eliot Perkins, came to Hopkinton from the vicinity + of Salem, Massachusetts, when a young man, and by his energy, enterprise, and public + spirit, soon impressed his individuality upon the community, and became one of the + leading citizens of the town.</p> + <p>His mother was Miss Clara Bartlett George, daughter of the late John George, + Esquire, of Concord, whose ancestors were among the early settlers of Watertown, + Massachusetts. He is said to have been a man of active temperament, prompt in + business, stout in heart, bluff of speech, honest in purpose, and never failing in + any way those who had dealings with him.</p> + <p>As "the child is father of the man," so the boyhood and youth of Captain Perkins + gave earnest of those qualities which in his young manhood the rude tests of the sea + and the grim crises of war developed to the full. "No matter" was his first plainly + spoken phrase, a hint of childish obstinacy that foreshadowed the persistence of + maturer years. Among other feats of his boyish daring, it is told that when a mere + child, hardly into his first trousers, he went one day to catch a colt in one of his + father's fields bordering on the Contoocook. The colt declined to be caught and after + a sharp scamper took to the river and swam across. Nothing daunted, the plucky little + urchin threw off his jacket, plunged into the swift current, and safely breasting it, + was soon in hot pursuit on the other side; and after a long chase and hard tussle + made out to catch the spirited animal and bring him home in triumph. Always + passionately fond of animals and prematurely expert in all out- door sports, he thus + early began to master that noblest of beasts, the horse.</p> + <a name="page202" id="page202"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 202]</span> + <p>When eight years old, his father removed with his family to Boston, and, investing + his means in shipping, engaged for a time in trade with the west coast of Africa. The + son was apt to run about the wharves with his father, and the sight of the ships and + contact with "Jack" doubtless awoke the taste for the sea, that was to be gratified + later on.</p> + <p>Returning to the old homestead on the Contoocook after the lapse of two years or + more, the old, quiet, yet for young boyhood, frolicsome out-door life was resumed, + and the lad grew apace amid the rural scenes and ample belongings of that generous + home; not over studious, perhaps, and chafing, as boys will, at the restraint imposed + by the study of daily lessons and their recital to his mother.</p> + <p>At twelve years of age, he was sent to the Hopkinton Academy, and afterwards to + the academy at Gilmanton. While at Gilmanton, General Charles H. Peaslee, then member + of Congress from the Concord congressional district, offered him the appointment of + acting midshipman to fill a vacancy at the Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, which, + after some hesitation, his parents permitted him to accept, and he was withdrawn from + Gilmanton and sent to Concord to prepare for entrance at Annapolis, under a private + tutor. He remained under such pupilage until the age of fifteen, when the beginning + of the academic year, October, 1851, saw him installed in "Middy's" uniform at that + institution, and the business of life for him had begun in earnest.</p> + <p>To a young and restless lad, used to being afield at all times and hours with + horse, dog, and gun, and fresh from a country home where the "pomp and circumstance" + of military life had had no other illustration than occasional glimpses of the old + "training and muster days" so dear to New Hampshire boys forty years ago, the change + to the restraint and discipline; the inflexible routine and stern command; the bright + uniforms and novel ways; the sight of the ships and the use of a vocabulary that ever + smacks of the sea; the call by drum and trumpet to every act of the day, from + bed-rising, prayers, and breakfast, through study, recitation, drill, and recreation + hours, to tattoo and taps, when every student is expected to be in bed,--was a + transformation wonderful indeed; but the flow of discipline and routine are so + regular and imperative that their currents are imperceptibly impressed upon the + youthful mind and soon become a part of his nature, as it were, unawares. So we may + conclude that our young aspirant for naval honors proved no exception to the rule, + and soon settled into these new grooves of life as quietly as his ardent temperament + would permit.</p> + <a name="page203" id="page203"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 203]</span> + <p>The discipline at the Academy, in those days, was harsher and more exacting, and + the officers of the institution of a sterner and more experienced sea-school, than + now; and the three months' practice cruises across the Atlantic, which the different + classes made on alternate summers, when the "young gentlemen" were trained to do all + the work of seamen, both alow and aloft, and lived on the old navy ration of salt + junk, pork and beans, and hardtack, with no extras, were anything but a joke. The + Academy, too, was in a transition state from the system in vogue, up to 1850 + inclusive, prior to which period the midshipmen went to sea immediately after + appointment, pretty much after the fashion of Peter Simple and Jack Easy, and after a + lapse of five years came to the school for a year's cramming and coaching before + graduating as passed midshipmen. The last of such appointees was graduated in 1856, + and the sometime hinted contaminating influence of the "oldsters" upon the + "youngsters" was a thing to be known no more forever, albeit the hint of + contamination always seemed, to the writer, questionable, as, in his experience, the + habit and propensity of the youngsters for mischief appeared to require neither + promotion nor encouragement. Indeed, their methods and ingenuity in evading rules and + regulations and defying discipline were as original as they were persevering, and + could the third-story room of the building occupied by the subject of this sketch be + given tongue, it would tell a tale of frolic and drollery that would only find + parallel in the inimitable pages of Marryatt. Convenient apparatus for the stewing or + roasting of oysters, poaching of eggs, or the mixing of refreshing drinks, could be + readily stowed away from the inspecting officer, or a roast goose or turkey be + smuggled by a trusty darkey from some restaurant outside; and it was but the work of + a moment after taps to tack a blanket over the window, light the gas, and bring out a + dilapidated pack of cards for a game of California Jack or draw-poker; or to convert + the prim pine table into a billiard- table, with marbles for balls, with which the + ownership of many a collar, neckerchief, shirt, and other articles of none too + plentiful wardrobes, were decided in a twinkling, while the air of the crowded room + grew thick and stifling from the smoke of the forbidden tobacco. One of the company + would keep a sharp lookout for the possible advent of the sometimes rubber-shod + passed midshipman doing police duty, and, if necessary, danger signals would be made + from the basement story, by tapping on the steam-pipes, which signal would be + repeated from room to room, and from floor to floor, generally in ample time for the + young bacchanalians to disperse in safety. If, perchance, the revelers got caught, + they would stand up at the next evening's parade and hear the offence and demerits + accorded, read out in presence of the battalion, with an easy <i>sang-froid</i> that + piqued the sea-worn experience of the oldsters while they marveled. Let no one judge + these lads too harshly, for the day came, all too soon, when they were to stand up in + face of the enemy, and, with equally nonchalant but sterner courage, go into battle + in defence of the flag they were being trained to defend, many winning undying honor + and fame, some meeting untimely but heroic graves, in "the war that kept the Union + whole."</p> + <a name="page204" id="page204"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 204]</span> + <p>Our midshipmite soon became a favorite with all, from the gruff old superintendent + down to the littlest new-comer at the school. His bright, cheery, and genial + disposition, and frank, hearty ways, were very winning, and if, in his studies, he + did not take leading rank, nor become enraptured over analytics, calculus, and + binomials, he was esteemed a spirited, heartsome lad of good stock and promise, bred + to honorable purpose and aspiration, with seemingly marked aptitude for the noble + profession, which, more than any other, calls for a heroism that never hesitates, a + courage that never falters; for, aside from its special work of upholding and + defending the flag, and all it symbolizes, on the high seas to the uttermost parts of + the globe, "they that go down to sea in ships" come closer to the manifestations of + the unspeakable might and majesty of Almighty Power than any other. The seaman, with + but a plank separating him from eternity, never knows at what moment he may be called + upon to put forth all the skill and resource, the unflinching effort and sacrifice, + that his calling ever, in emergency, unstintedly requires.</p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="line"> + "Where'er the surge may sweep, the tempest's breath prevail, + </div> + <div class="line"> + He searches all its stormy deep, its dangers all unveil." + </div> + </div> + <p>Of medium height, slight and trim of figure, clear complexion and piercing gray + eyes of peculiar brilliancy, softened by a merry twinkle betokening latent mischief, + young Perkins was a youth fair and interesting to look upon. He walked with quick, + elastic step, carried his head a little on one side, and had a habit, when anything + struck his fancy pleasantly, of shrugging his shoulders and rubbing his hands + together in a vigorous way, that seemed to declare in unmistakable terms that he was + glad all over!</p> + <p>During one of the wonted summer cruises, he made himself somewhat famous at + great-gun practice, the details of which are given in one of his home letters, as + follows:--</p> + <blockquote> + "We had target practice one day, and it came my turn to shoot. There was quite a + swell on, which made it very difficult to get any kind of a shot, but when I fired + I hit the target, which was a barrel with a small flag on it, set up about three + quarters of a mile distant. Such a thing as hitting a small target at sea, with the + ship in motion, and a swell on, is considered almost out of the question, so they + all said it was 'luck.' But another target was put out, and I fired again and stove + it all to pieces. Then the crew all cheered, and made quite a hero of me. Still + some said it must be luck, and another target was put out in exactly the same + manner. This one I did not quite hit, but the shot fell so near, that all gave it + up it was <i>not</i> luck, and that I was a first-rate shot with broadside guns." + </blockquote> + <p>After such demonstration, it is not strange that he was looked upon as having a + very correct eye for distances, and was ever afterward called upon to fire whenever + experiments were wanted. Naval gunnery, be it remarked in passing, is quite a + different matter from army practice: in the former, with its platform never at rest, + it is like shooting a bird on the wing, when distance and motion must be accurately + gauged and allowed for; in the latter, from its gun on a fixed platform, it is but a + question of measurement from the object, by means of instruments if need be, and of + good pointing. The seaman stands immediately in rear of the gun, with eye along the + sight directing its train, now right, now left, now well, and with taut lock-string + in hand in readiness to pull the moment the object is on, and on the alert to jump + clear of the recoil. The soldier handles his piece with greater deliberation, sights + it leisurely on its immovable platform, and, if mounted <i>en barbette</i>, retires + behind a traverse before firing.</p> + <a name="page205" id="page205"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 205]</span> + <p>Graduating in June, 1856, the now full-fledged Midshipman Perkins could look back + upon his five years' probationary experience with many pleasant recollections, though + doubtless thanking his stars that his pupilage was over.</p> + <p>During his time there had been two superintendents at the academy. The first was + Captain C.K. Stribling, a fine seaman of the old school, of rigid Presbyterian stock, + stern, grim, and precise, with curt manners, sharp and incisive voice that seemed to + know no softening, and whose methods of duty and conception of discipline smacked of + the "true blue" ideal of the Covenanters of old in their enforcement of obedience and + conservation of morals. The second was Captain L.M. Goldsborough, a man of stalwart + height and proportions and a presence that ennobled command; learned and + accomplished, yet gruff and overwhelming in speech and brusque and impatient in + manner, but possessing, withal, a kindly nature, and a keen sense of humor that took + in a joke enjoyably, however practical; and a sympathetic discrimination that often + led him to condone moral offences at which some of the straight-laced professors + stood aghast. His responses at church-service resounded like the growl of a bear, and + when reprimanding the assembled midshipmen, drawn up in battalion, for some grave + breach of discipline, he would stride up and down the line with the tread of an + elephant, and expound the Articles of War in stentorian tones that equaled the roar + of a bull! But if, perchance, in the awesome precincts of his office, he afterwards + got hold of a piece of doggerel some witty midshipman had written descriptive of such + a scene, none would enjoy it more than he!</p> + <p>After an enjoyment of a three months' leave of absence at home. Midshipman Perkins + was ordered to join the sloop-of-war Cyane, Captain Robb. That ship was one of the + home squadron, and in November, 1856, sailed for Aspinwall, to give protection to our + citizens, mails, and freight, in the transit across the Isthmus of Panama to + California, back and forth. At that period safe and rapid transit in that region of + riots and revolution was much more important than now,--the Pacific Railroad existing + only in the brains of a few sagacious men,--and the maintenance of the thoroughfare + across the pestilential isthmus was a national necessity. For years our naval force + on either side had had frequent occasion to land expeditions to protect the life and + property of our citizens, and a frightful massacre of passengers had but lately + occurred at the hands of a mongrel mob at Panama. The situation was critical, and for + a time it looked as though the United States would be obliged to seize and hold that + part of Colombian territory. But time wore on without outbreak on the part of the + fiery freemen of that so- called republic, the continued presence of ships, both at + Panama and Aspinwall, doubtless convincing them of the folly of further attempts to + molest the hated Yankees.</p> + <a name="page206" id="page206"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 206]</span> + <p>Meanwhile the notorious Walker had been making a filibustering raid in Central + America, which ended in failure, and the Cyane went over to Greytown to bring the + sick and wounded of his deluded followers to Aspinwall for passage to New York. Some + hundred and twenty officers and men found in the hands of the Costa Ricans were taken + on board, most of them in a deplorable condition. Some died before weighing anchor + for Aspinwall, and as midshipmen have no definable duties except to obey orders, + whatever they may be, Midshipman Perkins was sent in a boat one day to take a + chaplain's part in the burial of one of the victims. "When we got out to sea," he + wrote, "I read some prayers over him, and then he was thrown over the side, the + sailors saying 'God bless you!' as the body sunk." This sad duty made him feel solemn + and reflective, but more than likely as not he was called upon immediately on arrival + on board, as "master's mate of the spirit-room," to attend the serving out of grog to + the ship's company! Extremes meet on board a man-of-war, and the times for moralizing + are short and scant.</p> + <p>So time sped, Midshipman Perkins performing his multifarious duties with alacrity + and approval, and having some perilous adventures by flood and field in pursuit of + wild game, until July, 1857, when the monotony of the cruise was broken by a trip to + the banks of Newfoundland for the protection of our fishing interests, and including + visits at Boston, St. John's, and Halifax.</p> + <p>The people of the Provinces were very hospitable, and the contrast between the + dusky damsels of the isthmus and the ruddy-cheeked belles of St. John's and Halifax + was brightening in the extreme; and young Perkins, ever gallant in his intercourse + with the sex, and a good dancer, found much favor with the Provincial beauties, and + doubtless made up for past deprivations, in the alluring contact with their + charms.</p> + <p>Returning southward in the fall, the ship cruised among the West Indies, visiting, + among other ports, Cape Haytien, the old capital of the island of Hayti, to inquire + into the imprisonment of an American merchant captain. This place, before the French + Revolution, had been a city of great magnificence and beauty--the Paris of the Isles; + and the old French nobility, possessing enormous landed estates and large numbers of + slaves, lived in a state of almost fabled grandeur and luxury; but negro rule, the + removal of the seat of government to Port-au-Prince, and the great earthquake of + 1842, have destroyed all but a semblance of its former glory and importance.</p> + <p>Among other sights visited by the officers was the old home of Count Cristoff, a + castle of great size and strength, built on one of the highest hills, some twelve + miles back of the town. It was told of the old Count that he used every year to bury + large sums of money from his revenues, and then shoot the slave who did the work, + that the secret of the spot might be known only to himself.</p> + <p>In January, 1858, Midshipman Perkins was detached from the Cyane, and he bade + adieu forever to her dark, cramped-up, tallow-candle lighted steerage, baggy hammock, + and hard fare, where the occasional dessert to a salt dinner had been dried apples, + mixed with bread and flavored with whiskey! There were no eleven-o'clock breakfasts + for midshipmen in those days, and canned meats, condensed milk, preserved fruits, and + other luxuries now common on shipboard, were almost unknown.</p> + <a name="page207" id="page207"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 207]</span> + <p>A few brief days at home and orders came to join the storeship Release, which + vessel after a three months' cruise in the Mediterranean returned to New York to fill + up with stores and provisions for the Paraguay expedition. That expedition had for + its object the chastisement of the Dictator Lopez for certain dastardly acts + committed against our flag on the River Parana.</p> + <p>Owing to the paucity of officers, so many being absent on other foreign service, + Midshipman Perkins was appointed acting sailing-master, a very responsible position + for so young an officer, which, with the added comforts of a stateroom and + well-ordered table in the wardroom, was almost royal in its contrast with the duty, + the darksome steerage, and hard fare on board the Cyane. It would be difficult to + make a landsman take in the scope of the change implied, but let him in imagination + start across the continent in an old-fashioned, cramped-up stage- coach, full of + passengers, with such coarse fare as could be picked up from day to day, and return + in a Pullman car with well-stocked larder and restaurant attached, and he will get a + glimmering as to the difference between steerage and wardroom life on board a + man-of-war.</p> + <p>The Release was somewhat of a tub, and what with light and contrary winds and + calms took sixty-two days to reach the rendezvous, Montevideo, arriving there in + January, 1858. She found the whole fleet at anchor there, and officers and men soon + forgot the weariness of the long passage in the receipt of letters from home, and in + the joyous meetings with old friends. All admired the fine climate, and, as that part + of South America is the greatest country in the world for horses, the young + sailing-master rejoiced in the opportunity offered to indulge in his favorite pastime + of riding. He also showed his prowess as a devotee of the chase in the fine sport + afforded on the pampas that enabled him to run down and shoot a South American + tiger.</p> + <p>Meanwhile Commodore Shubrick, in command of the expedition, had completed his + preparations for ascending the Parana, and the fleet soon moved up to a convenient + point, the Commodore himself continuing on up the river in a small vessel to + Corrientes to meet Lopez and convey to him the ultimatum of the United States. After + some "backing and filling," as an old salt would characterize diplomacy, Lopez + concluded "discretion to be the better part of valor," and making a satisfactory + <i>amende</i>, the Paraguayan war came to a bloodless end, and the hopes of expectant + heroes with visions of promotion dissolved like summer clouds.</p> + <p>Young Perkins was now, August, 1858, transferred to the frigate Sabine for passage + home to his examination for the grade of passed midshipman. Passing that ordeal + satisfactorily, aided by handsome commendatory letters from his commanding officers, + he spent three happy months at home, and then received orders for duty on board the + steamer Sumter, as acting master, the destination of that vessel being the west coast + of Africa, where, in accordance with the provisions of Article 8 of the + Webster-Ashburton treaty (1842), the United States maintained a squadron, carrying + not less than eighty guns, in co-operation with the British government, for the + suppression of the slave trade. That article continued in active observance nineteen + years, when the United States, having a little question of slavery to settle at home, + gave the stipulated preliminary notice and recalled the ships.</p> + <a name="page208" id="page208"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 208]</span> + <p>The Sumter arrived on the coast in October, 1859, making her first anchorage in + the lovely harbor on the west side of Prince's Island. That island, in about 1° + 30' north latitude, covered with all the luxuriance of tropical growth and verdure, + and broken into every conceivable shape of pinnacle, castellated rock and chasm, and + frowning precipice, streaked with silvery threads of leaping streams in their dash to + the sea, is indeed one of the most enchanting spots the eye ever rested on. The chief + inhabitant of the lovely isle was Madame Ferrara, a woman of French extraction, who + lived alone in a big, rambling house, surrounded by slaves, who cultivated her + plantations and prepared the cocoa, palm oil, yams, and cocoanuts, for the trade that + sought her doors.</p> + <p>Filling up with water, the Sumter proceeded to the island of Fernando Po, a + Spanish possession close in to the mainland, in the Bight of Biafra, where she met + several English and French men-of-war, and received orders for her future + movements.</p> + <p>The first thing to do, in accordance with the custom of the squadron, was the + enlisting of fifteen or twenty negroes, known as Kroomen, whose home is in the Kroo + country in upper Guinea, just south of Liberia. They did all the heavy boat-work of + the ship, thus lightening the work of the crew, and saving them as much as possible + from exposure to the effects of the deadly climate. Great, strapping, muscular + fellows, many of them, with forms that an Apollo might envy, they were trained from + infancy to be as much at home in the water as upon the land, and could swim a dozen + leagues at sea or pull at the oar all day long without seeming fatigue. Wonderfully + expert in their handling of boats, especially in the heavy surf that rolls in upon + the coast with ceaseless volume and resistless power, its perilous line almost + unbroken by a good harbor, from the Cape of Good Hope to the Straits of Gibraltar, + their services in communicating with the shore were simply invaluable. The head + Kroomen exercised despotic power over their respective gangs, and the men were given + fanciful names, and so entered on the purser's books. Bottle-o'-Beer, Jack + Frying-Pan, Tom Bobstay, Upside Down, and the like, were favorite names; and our + fun-loving young sailing-master hints, in his letters of the time, that the archives + of the fourth auditor's office at Washington may possibly embalm the names of certain + Annapolis belles that had been borne by some of these sable folk!</p> + <a name="page209" id="page209"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 209]</span> + <p>The cruising ground embraced the coasts of Upper and Lower Guinea, and the coast + of Biafra, with occasional visits of recruit and recreation to Cape Town and St. + Helena. The work was arduous, monotonous, and exhausting, especially during the rainy + season, when the decks were continually deluged with water, and dry clothing was the + exception, not the rule. The weather was always hot, often damp and sultry, and the + atmosphere on shore so pestilential, that no one was permitted to remain there after + sundown. But that rule was no deprivation, as the dangers of the passage through the + relentless breakers, alive with sharks, were so great, that few cared to visit the + shore except when absolutely necessary. The vessels cruised mostly in sight of the + coast to watch the movements of the merchantmen, all more or less under suspicion as + slavers, watching their chances to get off with a cargo. On one hand was the rounded + horizon dipping into the broad Atlantic; on the other, the angry line of rollers with + their thunderous roar, backed by white beach and dense forest, with occasional + glimpses of blue hills in the distant interior. This and nothing more, from day to + day, save when a small village of thatched huts came into view, adding a scant + feature to the landscape; or a solitary canoe outside the line of breakers; or + strange sail to seaward; or school of porpoises, leaping and blowing, windward bound; + or hungry shark prowling round the ship, lent momentary interest to the watery + solitude. It was a privilege to fall in with another cruiser, whether of our own or + of the English flag. On such occasions, down would go the boats for the exchange of + visits, the comparison of notes, and sometimes the discussion of a dinner. The + English officers had numerous captures and handsome sums of prize- money to tell of, + while our people, as a rule, could only talk of hopes and possibilities. Our laws + regulating captures were as inflexible as the Westminster Catechism, and a captain + could not detain a vessel without great risk of civil damages, unless slaves were + actually on board. Suspected ships might have all the fittings and infamous equipage + for the slave traffic on board, but if their masters produced correct papers the + vessels could not be touched; and our officers not infrequently had the mortification + of learning that ships they had overhauled, and believed to be slavers, but could not + seize under their instructions, got off the coast eventually with large cargoes of + ebon humanity on board.</p> + <p>Not so with the English commanders, whose instructions enabled them to take and + send to their prize-courts all vessels, except those under the American flag, under + the slightest showing of nefarious character; and their hauls of prize-money were + rich and frequent.</p> + <p>The intercourse with the English officers, notes Master Perkins, at first cordial + and agreeable, became, after a few months, cold and indifferent. Her Majesty's + officers no longer cared to show politeness or friendly feeling. The first + premonitions of the Rebellion in the John Brown raid, the break-up of the democracy + at Charleston, and the violence of the Southern press concerning the probable results + of the pending presidential election, convincing them that the long- predicted and + wished-for day--the breaking up of the Republic--was nigh at hand, and their real + feelings as Englishmen cropped out but too plainly; but of this, more anon.</p> + <p>Despite the perils of the surf, the dangers of the inhospitable climate, and the + unfriendly character of some of the savage tribes to be met with, the adventurous + spirit and dauntless courage of Master Perkins was not to be balked. Volunteering for + every duty, no matter how dangerous, hardly a boat ever left the ship that he was not + in it. The life of the mess through his unfailing good humor and exuberant flow of + spirits, he was the soul of every expedition, whether of service or pleasure; and + before the cruise of some twenty-two months was up, he came to know almost every + prominent tribe, chief, and king on the coast. Now dining with a king off the + strangest of viands; now holding "palaver" with another; now spending a day with a + chief and his numerous wives; now visiting a French barracoon, where, under a fiction + of law, the victims were collected to be shipped as unwilling apprentices, not + slaves, to be returned to their native wilds, <i>if they lived long enough</i>; now + ascending a river dangerous for boats, where, if the boat had capsized, himself and + crew would but have served a morning's meal to the hungry sharks held as fetich by + the natives along the stream, who yearly sacrifice young girls reared for the purpose + to their propitiation; now scouring the bush in pursuit of the gorilla or shooting + hippopotami by the half-dozen, and other adventures and exploits wherein duty, + excitement, and gratified curiosity were intermingled with danger and hairbreadth + escape that few would care to tempt.</p> + <a name="page210" id="page210"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 210]</span> + <p>On one occasion, he volunteered to go with a boat's crew and find the mouth of the + Settee River, not dreaming of landing through the unusually heavy surf. "But," said + he, "in pulling along about half a mile from shore, a roller struck the boat and + capsized it. Of course we were obliged to swim for shore; in fact, we had little to + do with it, for the moment the boat was upset we were driven into the surf, and not + one of us thought we should ever reach the shore, for if we were not lost in the + surf, the sharks would eat us up. As I rose on the top of a wave I could look ahead + and see the stretch of wild, tossing surf, which it seemed impossible for any one to + live in; but when I looked back I could count all my men striking out, which was very + encouraging, as I feared one or two might be under the boat. I thought for a moment + of you all at home, and wondered if mother would not feel a little frightened if she + knew how strong the chances were against her son's receiving any more letters from + home. Just then a roller struck me and carried me down so deep I was caught by the + undertow and carried toward the sea, instead of the land. When I came to the surface + I tried to look out for the next roller, but it was no use; the first one + half-drowned me, and the next kept me down so long that when I rose I was in the + wildest of the surf, which tumbled and rolled me about in a way I did not like at + all. My eyes, nose, and mouth were full of sand, and, in fact, I thought my time had + come. Just then I looked on shore, and saw two of my men dragging some one from the + water, and at that sight I struck out with one despairing kick, and managed to get + near enough for two of the men to reach me; but that was all I knew of the affair + until a little after sunset, when I became conscious of the fact that I was being + well shaken, and I heard one of the men say, 'Cheer up, Mr. Perkins! Your boat and + all the men are on shore.' This was such good news that I did not much mind the + uncomfortable position in which I found myself. I was covered with sand and stretched + across a log about two feet high, my head on one side and my feet on the other. The + men had worked a long while to bring me to. Three of the men were half-drowned and + one injured. We managed to get the boat in the river, but suffered awfully from + thirst. The next morning we lost our way, and, after pulling around till + mid-afternoon, we stumbled on some natives fishing. We followed them home, but found + them such a miserable, bad-looking lot of negroes that we expected trouble. Knowing + that the native villages in the daytime are left in charge of the old men and women, + and not knowing what might happen when the men came back, we killed some chickens, + and, with some sweet potatoes, made quite a meal. The strongest of us, myself and + three others, got ready for a fight, while the rest manned the boat ready for our + retreat. Shortly after this the chief came back, and about a hundred men with him. I + told the chief I had come to pay him a visit, and we had a great palaver; but he + would not give us anything to eat, and we made up our minds that it was a dangerous + neighborhood; so we moved down on a sand-spit in sight of the ship, and there we + stayed three days and nights. We built a tent and fortification, traded off most of + our clothes for something to eat, and slept unpleasantly near several hundred yelling + savages. All this while the ship could render no assistance; but on the third day the + Kroomen came on shore with some oars, and, after trying all one day, we managed, just + at night, to get through the surf and back to the ship. It was a happy time for us, + and I may say for all on board, as they had been very anxious about us. Not far north + of this, if you happen to get cast ashore, they kill and eat you at once, for + cannibalism is by no means extinct among the negroes."</p> + <a name="page211" id="page211"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 211]</span> + <p>The sequel of this perilous experience was that all of them were stricken down + with the dread African fever which, if it does not at all times kill, but too often + shatters the constitution beyond remedy; and the fact that five officers, including + one commanding officer, and a proportionate number of men, had been invalided home, + and another commanding officer had died, all due to climatic causes, attests the + general unhealthfulness of the coast. Other interesting incidents and narrow escapes, + in which Master Perkins had part, might be told, did not lack of space forbid; but + enough has been shown to impress the fact that African cruising, even in a well-found + man-of-war, is not altogether the work and pleasure of a holiday; yet, in looking + over young Perkins's letters, we cannot forbear this description of the expertness of + the Kroomen in landing through the surf.</p> + <p>"When the boat shoves off from the ship, the Kroomen, entirely naked with + exception of breech-clout, strike up a song, and pulling grandly to its rhythmic + time, soon reach the edge of the surf, and lie on their oars. All eyes are now cast + seaward, looking for a big roller, on the top of which we shall be carried on shore, + and there is a general feeling of excitement. In a short time, the looked-for roller + comes; the Kroomen spring to their oars with a shout, the natives on shore yell with + all their might, the boat shoots forward on top of the wave at incredible speed, the + surf thunders like the roar of a battery, and altogether it seems as if the world had + come to an end and all those fellows in the infernal regions were let loose. Now we + must trust to luck wholly; there is no retreat and no help, for the boat is beyond + the power of any human management, and go on shore you must, either in the boat or + under it. The moment the boat strikes the beach, the Kroomen jump overboard, and you + spring on the back of one of them, and he runs with you up on the beach out of the + way of the next roller, which immediately follows, breaking over the boat, often + upsetting it and always wetting everything inside. If you have escaped without a good + soaking, you may consider yourself a lucky fellow."</p> + <a name="page212" id="page212"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 212]</span> + <p>In the midst of this work came the startling news of the portentous events at + home. The infrequent mails began to bring the angry mutterings, the fateful tidings, + that preluded the Rebellion. Every fresh arrival but added to the excitement and + increased the bewilderment that had so unexpectedly come upon the squadron; for, far + removed from the scene, and not daily witnesses of the overt acts of the maddened + South, they had mostly believed that the threatened conflict would be tided over, and + the government be enabled to continue on in its wonted peaceful course. Now a wall, + as of fire, rose up between the officers; every mess in every ship was divided + against itself; brothers-in- arms of yesterday were enemies of to-day; and no one + spoke of the outlook at home except in bated breath and measured speech, from fear + that the bitter cup would overflow then and there, and water turn to blood. Many + Southern officers sent in their resignations at once, and all, both from North and + South, were anxious to get home to do their part on one side or the other.</p> + <p>"For some time past," wrote Master Perkins, "the foreigners here have shown us but + little respect, and seem to regard us as a broken power; and this has been very + provoking, for in my opinion it will be a long time before any power can afford to + despise the United States." And he notes the fact that no more money could be + had,--that the credit of the government was gone! Ah! how happy the day to loyal but + wearied hearts on that inhospitable shore, when the news came of the President's call + for seventy-five thousand men, giving assurance that we still had a government, and + meant to preserve it through the valor, the blood, the treasure of the nation, if + need be!</p> + <p>After unaccountable and vexatious delay, the Sumter received orders, July, 1861, + to proceed to New York; meanwhile she had captured the slave brig Falmouth, a welcome + finale to the cruise, and what with the officers transferred to her and the + resignations that had taken place, Mr. Perkins now became executive officer, a fine + position at that day for one of his years.</p> + <p>Making the homeward run in thirty-six days, the officers and men dispersed to + their homes for a brief respite before entering upon the stern duties that awaited + them, and Mr. Perkins had the satisfaction of receiving his commission as master.</p> + <p>Recruiting his shattered health for a short time at his welcoming home, he was + ordered as executive officer of the Cayuga, one of the so- called ninety-day + gunboats, carrying a battery of one eleven-inch Dahlgren gun, a twenty pounder + Parrott rifle, and two twenty-four pounder howitzers, and commanded by + Lieutenant-Commanding N.B. Harrison, a loyal Virginian, who had wavered never a + moment as to his duty when his State threw down the gauntlet of rebellion.</p> + <p>The exigencies of the war had soon exhausted the lists of regular officers and the + few thousand seamen that had been trained in the service, and large drafts of + officers and men were made upon the merchant marine as well as big hauls of green + landsmen who had never dreamt of salt water; and First Lieutenant Perkins, as the + only regular officer on board except the captain, soon found himself an exceeding + busy man in organizing, disciplining, drilling, and shaping into place and routine, + some ninety officers and men, all equally new to man- of-war life and methods, and + requiring the necessary time and instruction to fit them for their new duties. A fair + soldier may be made in three months--a good seaman not in three years.</p> + <a name="page213" id="page213"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 213]</span> + <p>The vessel was ordered to join Farragut's fleet in the Gulf, but, with the usual + delays incident to new ships, did not get off from New York until the first week in + March, arriving at Ship Island on the thirty-first, by way of Key West, and having + made a prize on the way. As the young executive had been promoted to a lieutenancy on + the eve of departure from New York his visions of prize-money were doubtless + proportionately enhanced by the capture!</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image1_full.png"><img src="images/image1_thumbnail.png" + alt="The Cayuga." /></a> + <p>The Cayuga.</p> + </div> + <p>The next day she sailed for the mouth of the Mississippi, where, and at the head + of the passes, the rest of the fleet was assembled, and Flag-Officer Farragut busily + engaged in completing the preparations for the attack on New Orleans.</p> + <p>The fleet consisted of four heavy sloops-of-war of the Hartford class; three + corvettes of the Iroquois class; nine gunboats of the Cayuga class, and the large + side-wheel steamer Mississippi, carrying in the aggregate one hundred and fifty-four + guns, principally of nine- inch and eleven-inch calibre; but as the large ships + carried their batteries mostly in broadside, the actual number that could be brought + to bear, under the most favorable conditions, on every given point, would be cut down + to the neighborhood of ninety guns.</p> + <p>Supporting this force as auxiliary to it, for the bombardment of Forts Jackson and + St. Philip, was Porter's mortar fleet of twenty schooners, each mounting a + thirteen-inch mortar, and a flotilla of five side- wheel steamers, and the gunboat + Owasco, carrying, in all, thirty guns.</p> + <a name="page214" id="page214"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 214]</span> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image2_full.png"><img src="images/image2_thumbnail.png" + alt="Map of the Mississippi River Showing Forts Jackson and St. Philip." /></a> + <p>Map of the Mississippi River Showing Forts Jackson and St. Philip.<br /> + From the U.S. Coast Survey. Surveyed in 1870 by John N. McClintock.</p> + </div> + <p>The forts in question, forming the principal defences of New Orleans, were heavy + casemated works with traverses on top for barbette guns, some ninety miles below the + city at a point where the river makes a sharp bend to the southeast. Fort St. Philip, + on the left bank, mounted forty-two guns, and Fort Jackson, including its water + battery, had sixty-seven guns in position, all of calibre from the long twenty- four + pounder to the heavy ten-inch Columbiad, and including several six- inch and + seven-inch rifles.</p> + <a name="page215" id="page215"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 215]</span> + <p>Stretching across the river from bank to bank to bar the channel, nearly opposite + Fort Jackson and exposed to the perpendicular fire of St. Philip, were heavy ship's + chains, supported and buoyed by hulks, rafts, and logs, and half a dozen large + schooners. The rebels had also established some works on the banks of the river about + four miles from town, known as the McGehee and Chalmette batteries, the latter being + located at the point ever memorable in American history as the scene of General + Jackson's overwhelming defeat of the British in 1815.</p> + <p>Their reliance afloat was in the Louisiana, an ironclad, carrying nine rifles and + seven smooth bores of heavy calibre; the ram Manassas, one gun; the McRae, seven + guns; the Moore and Quitman with two guns each; six river steamers with their stems + shod with iron to act as rams, and several iron-protected tugs.</p> + <p>Assembling the fleet at the head of the passes, after much difficulty in getting + the heavy ships over the bar, Farragut ordered the ships to strip like athletes for + battle. Down came mast and spar till nothing was left standing but lower masts,--and + even those were taken out of some of the gunboats,--and soon everything best out of + reach of shot was landed, leaving clear decks, and no top hamper to be cut away by + the enemy's projectiles, and come tumbling down about the heads of guns' crews.</p> + <p>About this time the English and French men-of-war that had lain before New + Orleans, giving aid and comfort to the enemy and making merry in singing rebel songs + on board, especially on board the English vessels, left the river, their officers + declaring it an impossibility for the fleet to pass the forts and obstructions.</p> + <p>In this connection, it may be mentioned that the cruisers of John Bull prowled + along the coast during the entire war, with sometimes permission to enter the + blockaded ports, conveying information and lending encouragement to the enemy, and + rejoicing at every disaster that befell the Union arms, which, together with the + tacit connivance of the British government in letting out the Alabama, and other + hostile acts, ought to be treasured against Great Britain so long as the Republic + endures.</p> + <p>On the sixteenth of April, Farragut moved up to a point just below the forts, and + on the eighteenth, having established the vessels of the mortar fleet at distances + ranging from twenty-nine hundred and fifty yards to four thousand yards, from + Jackson, and partially hidden by trees on one side the river, and disguised with + bushes on the other, opened the bombardment, which was kept up with little + interruption for six days and nights; the corvettes and gunboats taking part by turns + in running up, delivering their fire, and dropping down with the current out of range + again. The forts replied vigorously, and every night the enemy sent down fire-rafts, + but to little purpose.</p> + <a name="page216" id="page216"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 216]</span> + <p>Meanwhile, under cover of the night and the fire of the fleet, Fleet-Captain Bell, + and Lieutenants-Commanding Crosby and Caldwell of the gunboats Pinola and Itasca, had + succeeded in forcing a channel through the obstructions, a piece of duty that had + required the most robust and dauntless courage, and in which Caldwell--a son of + Massachusetts--shone pre-eminent by the coolness of his methods and thoroughness of + his work. And now, on the night of the twenty- third, after a last examination by + Caldwell in a twelve-oared boat, all was pronounced clear, and the fleet was to weigh + at two o'clock in the morning.</p> + <p>The fleet was formed in three divisions, the first comprising the Hartford, + flagship, the Brooklyn, and Richmond; the second composed of eight vessels with the + divisional flag of Captain Bailey on board the Cayuga; and the third of six vessels, + with Fleet-Captain Bell's flag flying from the Sciota; but was ordered to pass + through the obstructions in one column or single line ahead, the Cayuga leading. + Farragut had intended to lead himself, but at Bailey's urgent request yielded that + honor to him.</p> + <p>The letters of Lieutenant Perkins, ever glowing with ardor for the good cause, + were, at this time, full of patriotic fervor and aspiration, and when he said: "I + hope the Cayuga will go down before she ever gives up, and 'I guess' she will," he + certainly meant it! And the supreme moment had now come for him to inform this hope + by valorous deeds, and all unfalteringly did he walk in the blazing light of heroism + that none but the brave may dare to tread.</p> + <p>The signal to weigh was promptly made at two o'clock, A.M., but work at night is + always behind, and it was half-past three o'clock before the little Cayuga, leading + the line, pressed gallantly through the obstructions at full speed, eager for the + fray, closely followed by the heavy Pensacola, and ship after ship in the order + assigned; but lack of space forbids a general description of the battle, and we + propose to do hardly more than to follow the fortunes of the Cayuga.</p> + <p>Lieutenant-Commanding Harrison had paid his executive the high compliment of + allowing him to pilot the vessel, and Perkins took position in the eyes of her, on + the topgallant forecastle, while Lieutenant-Commanding Harrison and Captain Bailey + stood aft, near the wheel, and all the men except the helmsmen were made to lie flat + on the deck until the time came for them to serve the battery. Prone on the deck at + Perkins's feet, and with his head close down over the bow, was the captain of the + forecastle, to watch the channel and give timely warning of anything barring the way + that might escape the wider- ranging eye of the intrepid young pilot; and as the + Cayuga pressed on, receiving the first shock of the outburst from the forts, what + finer subject for the painter, than that lithe young figure standing up in bold and + unflinching relief, at the extreme bow of the ship, peering ahead in the morning + starlight to pilot her safely on her way, amid the blinding flame and screaming + bolts, the hurtle of shot and crash of shell, the explosion and deafening roar of a + hundred shotted guns, as the vessel steamed into the jaws of death, leading the fleet + into one of the most momentous and memorable conflicts in naval annals. Nor should + cool and phlegmatic Harrison nor grand old Bailey be overlooked, as the constant + flashes of the thick exploding shells revealed them standing, calm and grim, at their + posts, in readiness to direct the movements of vessel and column, and engage the foe, + ashore and afloat; nor the impatient officers and crew, who eagerly waited the order + to spring to their guns and make reply to the withering fire pouring in upon them as + yet unavenged.</p> + <a name="page217" id="page217"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 217]</span> + <p>"Noticing," said Perkins, "that the enemy's guns were all aimed for midstream, I + steered right close under the walls of St. Philip, and although our masts and rigging + were badly shot through, the hull was hardly damaged. After passing the last battery, + I looked back for some of our vessels, and my heart jumped into my mouth, when I + found I could not see a single one. I thought they must all have been sunk by the + forts. Looking ahead, I saw eleven of the enemy's gunboats coming down, upon us, and + I supposed we were <i>gone</i>. Three made a dash to board us, but a charge from our + eleven-inch settled one, the Governor Moore. The ram Manassas just missed us astern, + and we soon disposed of the other. Just then, some of our gunboats came to the + assistance of the Cayuga, and all sorts of things happened; it was the wildest + excitement all round. The Varuna fired a broadside into us instead of the enemy. + Another attacked one of our prizes; three had struck to us before any of our ships + came up, but when they did come up we all pitched in and sunk eleven vessels in about + twenty minutes."</p> + <p>The brief encounter with the Moore had been very exciting. The vessels were + alongside each other, and both were reloading,--the guns muzzle to muzzle, and but a + few feet apart. The gun that could fire first would decide the fate of one or the + other. Perkins sprang down, and, taking personal charge of the smoking eleven-inch, + put fresh vigor into its loading, and firing the instant the rammer was withdrawn, + swept the Moore's gun from its carriage, and killed or disabled thirteen of its + crew.</p> + <p>The Cayuga still leading the way up the river came upon a regiment at daylight + encamped close to the bank, and Perkins, as the mouthpiece of the captain, hailed + them and ordered them to come on board and deliver up their arms or he would "blow + them to pieces."</p> + <p>It proved to be the Chalmette regiment, and, surrendering, the officers and men + were paroled and the former allowed to retain their side- arms, "except," said + Perkins, "one captain, whom I discovered was from New Hampshire. I took his sword + away from him and have kept it!"</p> + <p>Now Farragut came up in the Hartford and signalled the fleet to anchor. This was + near Quarantine, some five miles above the forts. All the vessels had succeeded in + running the gauntlet of their fire except three gunboats, and New Orleans was now + practically at the mercy of the fleet; but the Varuna had been rammed and sunk in the + hot fight with the enemy's flotilla just above St. Philip.</p> + <p>The Cayuga had received forty-two hits in mast and hull, and six men had been + wounded.</p> + <p>The hurricane of projectiles had passed mostly too high to do mortal harm to her + crew, due in part to the skilful manner in which Perkins had sheered in toward the + bank from midstream so early in the fight.</p> + <a name="page218" id="page218"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 218]</span> + <p>Resting until the next morning to care for the dead and wounded, and the repair of + damages, the fleet again weighed, the Cayuga still in advance; and when the spires of + the city hove in sight from her deck, "three rousing cheers and a tiger" went up from + her gallant crew. But the plucky little gunboat was getting ahead too fast, for + arriving close abreast the Chalmette battery, which seemed to be deserted, she + suddenly received a fire that compelled a halt. Over-matched five to one, and having + been struck fourteen times, with shot and shells dropping thick and fast about her, + she slowed and dropped back a little with the current, until the Hartford and + Brooklyn coming up quickly silenced the enemy with their heavy broadsides, while the + Pensacola cared for the hostile works on the opposite bank in like manner. The fleet + then kept on without further obstruction, and arrived and anchored off the city about + noon; finding the levee along its entire length aflame with burning cotton, coal, + ships, steamboats, and other property the infuriated enemy had devoted to + destruction.</p> + <p>The loss to the fleet in this daring and brilliant feat had been thirty-seven + killed and one hundred and thirty-seven wounded.</p> + <p>It is needless to say that Lieutenant Perkins not only received high commendation + from Captain Bailey and Lieutenant-Commanding Harrison, but won the praise and + admiration of all on board and in the fleet, by the coolness and intrepidity shown by + him in every emergency of the fight and passage up the river.</p> + <p>The first tidings received in Washington foreshadowing the success of the attack + was through rebel telegrams announcing, "one of the enemy's gunboats"--the + Cayuga--"above the forts." Some question subsequently arose between Bailey and + Farragut as to the Cayuga's position in the passage, which in the diagrams + accompanying the official reports contradicted the text, putting the Cayuga third + instead of first in the van. Farragut cheerfully made the correction.</p> + <p>Soon after anchoring, Bailey was ordered to go on shore and demand the + unconditional surrender of the city, and he asked Lieutenant Perkins to accompany + him. This duty was almost as dangerous and conspicuous as the passage of the forts + had been, for an infuriated and insolent mob followed them from the landing to the + mayor's office, and while there with the mayor and General Lovell, besieged the + doors, demanding the "Yankee officers" to be given up to them to be hung. The + demonstration at last became so threatening, that the mayor drew off the attention of + the mob by a speech to them in front of the building, while the Union officers took a + close carriage in its rear and driving rapidly down to their boat, reached the ship + in safety.</p> + <p>Bailey had managed to hoist the flag over the mint, which a party of rebels tore + down the next day, but the authorities refused to surrender the city or to haul down + the insignia of rebellion. Then ensued a correspondence which, to read at this day, + makes the blood boil at rebel insolence, and the wonder grow at Farragut's + forbearance; but on the twenty-ninth of April, he sent Fleet-Captain Bell on shore + with two howitzers manned by sailors and a battalion of two hundred and fifty marines + and took possession of the city. Meanwhile the forts had surrendered to Porter of the + mortar fleet, and General Butler, arriving on the first of May, relieved Farragut of + further responsibility as to the city.</p> + <a name="page219" id="page219"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 219]</span> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image3_full.png"><img src="images/image3_thumbnail.png" + alt="GOING ASHORE TO DEMAND THE SURRENDER OF NEW ORLEANS." /></a> + <p>GOING ASHORE TO DEMAND THE SURRENDER OF NEW ORLEANS.</p> + </div> + <p>The Cayuga had been so badly cut up by shot and shell that she was selected to + take Captain Bailey north as bearer of dispatches, and landing him at Fortress + Monroe, proceeded on to New York to be refitted. This enabled Lieutenant Perkins to + make a short visit to Concord, where his father, now become judge of probate of + Merrimack County, had removed, and both himself and the family received many + congratulations, personal and written, at the brilliant record he had made in the + recent memorable operations on the Mississippi.</p> + <p>Modest and unassuming, with a genial frankness of manner that told pleasantly + alike on quarter-deck or street, in family-circle or drawing-room, he wore his honors + in the quietest way possible, never speaking of his own part in the brave deeds of + the time, except when pressed to do so, and then with a reticence all too provoking, + from the well-grounded suspicion that he kept back the pith of the real story of + personal participation he might tell without tinge of exaggeration or + boastfulness.</p> + <p>Returning to the Cayuga he found a new commanding officer, Lieutenant-Commanding + D. McN. Fairfax, another loyal Virginian, who not only stood faithful to the flag + under all circumstances, but had, as the officer from the San Jacinto, boarded the + Trent and taken from her the arch-conspirators, Mason and Slidell, suffering the + contumely of rebel womanhood in the reception accorded him by Mr. Commissioner + Slidell's daughter.</p> + <p>Fairfax and Perkins had known each other on the coast of Africa, and it was the + meeting of old friends made doubly pleasant by the senior's hearty appreciation of + the laurels so gallantly won by the junior, and self-congratulation in the promised + comfort of retaining an executive of so much energy, ability, and reputation.</p> + <p>Rejoining Farragut's squadron, Perkins saw other gallant and varied service in the + Cayuga until November, 1862, when he was transferred to the Pensacola, and the + following month commissioned lieutenant-commander, a new grade created by Congress to + correspond with that of major in the army.</p> + <p>In June, 1863, General Banks, then besieging Port Hudson, sent word to the now + Rear-Admiral Farragut, that he must have more powder or give up the siege, wherefore + the Admiral ordered the gunboat New London on the important service of powder + transportation and convoy, and assigning Perkins to the command until the officer + ordered from the North by the department should arrive. The enemy had possession at + that time of some three hundred miles of the river below Port Hudson, with batteries + established at various points and sharpshooters distributed along the banks.</p> + <p>Five times Perkins ran the fiery gauntlet successfully, but on the sixth his + vessel was disabled in a sharp fight at Whitehall's Point. One shot from the enemy + exploded the New London's boiler, and another disabled her steam chest. In that + critical condition, directly under the guns of the hostile battery, and exposed to + the fire of sharpshooters on the bank, and deserted by his consort, the Winona, his + position seemed desperate almost beyond remedy; but fertile in expedients and daring + to rashness in their execution, he finally succeeded, after almost incredible + exertion and perilous personal adventure, in communicating with the fleet below, and + the vessel was saved.</p> + <a name="page220" id="page220"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 220]</span> + <p>Now the commanding officer from the North having arrived, Perkins was transferred + to the command of the ninety-day gunboat Sciota, the best command at that time, in + the squadron, for an officer of his years, and assigned to duty on the blockade off + the coast of Texas. To one of his social disposition and active temperament, the + blockade, ever harassing and monotonous, was, as he wrote, a "living death," adding + that "we are all talked out, and sometimes a week passes and I hardly speak more than + a necessary word." Venturing ashore several times on hunting excursions, he at last + came near being captured by the enemy, and held after that, that "cabin'd confinement + was preferable to a rebel prison," and so kept on board. Once during that weary nine + months, the tedium was broken by the capture of a fat prize--a schooner loaded with + cotton. Let us hope that the prize-court and its attendant officials did not absorb + too big a share of the proceeds!</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image4_full.png"><img src="images/image4_thumbnail.png" + alt="THE CHICKASAW." /></a> + <p>THE CHICKASAW.</p> + </div> + <p>Relieved from that command late in May, 1864, with leave to proceed home, he + arrived at New Orleans in June, to find active preparations for the Mobile fight + going on, and though he had not been at home for two years, he could not stand it to + let slip so glorious an opportunity for stirring service, and so volunteered to + remain. Farragut, delighted at such determination, quite different from the + experience he had had with some officers, assigned to Perkins a command above his + rank--the Chickasaw,--a double-turretted monitor, carrying four eleven-inch guns and + a crew of one hundred and forty-five men and twenty-five officers. She had been + built, together with the Winnebago, a sister vessel, at St. Louis, by Mr. Joseph B. + Eads, the eminent engineer, on plans of his own. Of light draught and frame, and + peculiar construction, some officers distrusted her strength and sea-going qualities. + The Chickasaw, too, was not yet completed, the mechanics being still at work on her + machinery and fittings, and her crew, with exception of a half- dozen + men-of-war's-men, were river-men and landsmen, knowing nothing of salt-water sailing + or of naval discipline. But time pressed: every moment was of priceless value; and + Perkins, declining all social invitations, set about with characteristic energy to + prepare his ship for the coming conflict. Nor did his work of preparation and drill + cease, either in the river or outside, until well into the night preceding the + eventful day in Mobile Bay that was to add another brilliant page to the annals of + the navy.</p> + <a name="page221" id="page221"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 221]</span> + <p>On the twenty-eighth of July, he left New Orleans to join the fleet off Mobile, + and on the way down the river an episode occurred that came nigh settling the fate of + the Chickasaw without risk or chance of battle; for on nearing the bar, Perkins left + the pilot-house a moment to look after some matters requiring attention outside. He + had hardly reached the spot he sought, when, turning round, he saw that the pilot had + changed the ship's course and was heading directly for a wreck close aboard, which to + strike would end the career of the Chickasaw then and there. Springing back into the + pilot-house, he seized the wheel and brought the ship back on her course, then + snatching a pistol from his belt, said to the traitorous fellow: "You are here to + take this ship over the bar, and if she touches ground or anything else, I'll blow + your d----d brains out!" Pale with suppressed rage, and trembling with fear, the + pilot expostulated that "the bottom was lumpy, and the best pilot in the river could + not help touching at times."</p> + <p>"No matter," rejoined Perkins, "if you love the Confederacy better than your life, + take your choice; but if you touch a single lump, I'll shoot you!" Needless to say, + no lumps were found, nor that the pilot made haste to get out of such company the + moment he was permitted to do so; neither may we doubt that the recording angel + traced, with lightest hand, the strong language used by the nearly betrayed + captain!</p> + <p>The Chickasaw arrived off Mobile bar August 1, where all was expectancy and + preparation for the coming fight, a fight which perhaps had more in it of dramatic + interest than any other naval battle of the war. The wooden ships pushing into the + bay through the torpedo-strewn channel and under the fierce storm of shot and shell + from Fort Morgan, lashed together in pairs for mutual support in case of disaster; + the sudden and tragic sinking of the Tecumseh by torpedo stroke, with the loss of the + heroic Craven and most of his brave officers and men; the halt of the Brooklyn in + mid-channel in face of that dire disaster, which, with the threatened huddling of the + ships together by the inward sweep of the tide, portended swift discomfiture and + possible defeat; the intuitive perception and quick decision that literally enabled + Farragut to take the flood that led to fortune, in the instant ordering of the + Hartford to push ahead with his flag and assume the lead he had relinquished only at + the urgent request of the Brooklyn's commander; the restored order and prompt + following of the fleet, regardless of torpedoes, on the new course blazed out by the + eagle eye and emphatic tongue of the fearless old admiral as he grappled with the + emergency from the futtock- shrouds of the flagship; the little boat putting off from + the Metacomet, suddenly lighted up by its saucy ensign, in the midst of the fiery + chaos and thunderous roar of battle, to save the few souls struggling in the water + from the ill-fated Tecumseh, calling forth admiration, alike from friend and foe, at + the intrepidity of its mission; the dash of the enemy's powerful ram Tennessee, clad + in heaviest armor, down the Union line, endeavoring to strike each vessel in turn; + the separation of the coupled ships when beyond the reach of Morgan's guns, and the + dash of the gunboats led by Jouett, of the Metacomet, like hounds released from the + leash, at the enemy's flotilla; the reappearance of leviathan Tennessee and the + fierce tournament that ensued, with turtle- backed Chickasaw following close under + her stern with bulldog grip that knew no release; the intrepid skill and desperate + valor never surpassed, with which the ram manoeuvred and withstood the hammering and + ramming of the wooden ships, the pounding and shattering of the ironclads, before she + yielded to the inevitable fate that awaited her,--all conspired to form a scene of + grand and dramatic circumstance almost without parallel in naval warfare.</p> + <a name="page222" id="page222"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 222]</span> + <p>The youngest officer in command on that day,--the fifth of August,--so fateful to + the fading fortunes of the Confederacy, so glorious to the reascendant star of Union, + no one contributed more to its glories and success than Perkins of the Chickasaw; and + in any other service under the sun he would have received immediate promotion for + what he did on that day. Had he been an Englishman, the honors of knighthood would + have been conferred on him, as well as promotion, but as an American he still waits + adequate recognition for deeds as brave as they were conspicuous and telling.</p> + <p>Said Mr. Eads, the builder, when he heard the results of the battle and the + surpassing part of the Chickasaw in it: "I would walk fifty miles to shake hands with + the young man who commanded her!" And remembering the disparagement that had been put + on the vessel and her sister ship, the Winnebago, his enthusiasm knew no bounds, and + he took pains to gather all the details of the Chickasaw's brilliant work.</p> + <p>With the loss of the Tecumseh, the ironclad portion of the fleet was reduced to + the Manhattan, armed with two fifteen-inch guns, and the Chickasaw and Winnebago of + two eleven-inch guns each; but one of the Manhattan's guns became disabled early in + the action, by a bit of iron lodging in the vent, and the Winnebago's turrets would + not turn, so that her guns could be pointed only by manoeuvring the vessel. But the + Chickasaw, owing to Perkins's foresight and hard work, was in perfect condition, as + illustrated in all her service on that eventful day, as well as on all subsequent + occasions, until the capitulation of Mobile ended the drama of rebellion on the + Southern seaboard.</p> + <p>The wooden ships, stripped as at New Orleans for the stern work in hand, numbered + fourteen, and the number of guns carried by the fleet was one hundred and fifty-five, + throwing, by added facility of pivot and turret, ninety-two hundred and eight pounds + of metal in broadside, from which thirteen hundred and twenty must be deducted + through the early loss of the Tecumseh and the disabled gun of the Manhattan.</p> + <a name="page223" id="page223"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 223]</span> + <p>The enemy's defences consisted of Fort Morgan, commanding the channel at Mobile + Point, mounting seventy guns; Fort Gaines, on the eastern point of Dauphin Island, + some three miles northwest of Fort Morgan, armed with thirty guns, and Fort Powell, + about four miles from Gaines northwest, at Grant's Pass, with four guns.</p> + <p>Across the channel, which runs close to Morgan, several lines of torpedoes were + planted, and just beyond them to the northward of the fort, in line abreast waiting + their opportunity, was the rebel squadron, comprising the Tennessee, flagship of + Admiral Buchanan, and the gunboats Morgan, Gaines, and Selma, carrying in the + aggregate twenty-two guns--eight rifles and fourteen smooth-bores. The Tennessee, the + most powerful ship that ever flew the Confederate flag, was two hundred and nine feet + in length, and forty-eight feet in width, with a heavy iron spur projecting from the + bow some two feet under water. Her sides "tumbled home" at an angle of forty-five + degrees and were clad in armor of five and six inches thickness, over a structure of + oak and pine of twenty-five inches. Her guns, six heavy Brooke's rifles, were + arranged, by port and pivot, for an effective all-round fire, and her speed was six + knots.</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image5_full.png"><img src="images/image5_thumbnail.png" + alt="THE TENNESSEE." /></a> + <p>THE TENNESSEE.</p> + </div> + <p>All was ready for the attack on the evening of the fourth of August, and at + half-past five the next morning the signal was thrown out to weigh, and fall into the + order prescribed; the wooden ships in couples, and the ironclads in line by + themselves; the Tecumseh in the van and the Chickasaw in rear, according to the rank + of their commanding officers.</p> + <a name="page224" id="page224"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 224]</span> + <p>At half-past six the fleet was across the bar and in order of battle. No starlight + or favoring clouds now, to partially mask its movements as at the passage of Forts + Jackson and St. Philip, but the joyous sunshine, flooding land and sea with its + brightness, and mirroring its revealing gleams upon fort and ship and pennon, serving + friend and foe alike impartially. Alas! for the brave souls to whom that gracious + morning light was the last of earth, but we may hope they awoke in a light of still + more radiance and glory, and amid paeans of a joyous host, choiring "Well done, thou + good and faithful servants, that didst give thy lives to God and country!"</p> + <p>The soft south wind of that fair morn came like a benediction to the fleet now + sweeping on with the flood tide, and stillness like a sentient presence, only + disturbed by the sound of screw or paddle-wheel as they turned ahead, hung over the + ships till broken by the belching roar of the Tecumseh's monster guns, as she threw + two fifteen-inch shells into Morgan--her first and last! And now, at seven, "by the + chime," the action became general, and the Tecumseh, having loaded with heaviest + charge and solid steel shot, steamed on ahead of the Brooklyn to attack the + Tennessee; but Craven, thinking he saw a movement on the part of the ram to get out + of the way, together with the seemingly too narrow space between the fatal buoy and + the shore for manoeuvre in case of need, gave the order to starboard the helm, and + head directly for the watchful Tennessee, waiting with lock-strings in hand to salute + the monitor as she closed--gallant foeman worthy of her steel! So near and yet so + far, for hardly had the Tecumseh gone a length to the westward of the sentinel buoy, + than the fate, already outlined, overwhelmed her, and her iron walls became coffin, + shroud, and winding-sheet to Craven and most of the brave souls with him, and all so + suddenly that those who had seen the disaster could hardly realize what had taken + place.</p> + <p>Ours is not the purpose to follow further the details of the fight, but to go with + Perkins in the Chickasaw and see things as he saw them on that stirring day, as + gathered from his letters and as fortified from other sources. Of tireless energy and + restless activity, and sternly intent upon making the Chickasaw second to none in the + grand work demanded of the fleet, he imparted nerve and enthusiasm throughout the + vessel; now in the pilot-house, looking after the helmsman; then in the forward + turret, personally sighting the guns; anon on top of the turret, taking in the + surroundings.</p> + <p>His fine spirit and high moral courage had characteristic illustration when, the + night before the fight, calling his officers into the cabin, he thus addressed them: + "Gentlemen, by this time to-morrow, the fate of this fleet and of Mobile will be + sealed. We have all a duty to perform and a victory to win. I have sent for you to + say, that not a drop of wine, liquor, or beer, is to be drunk on board of this vessel + from this hour until the battle is over, and the victory won, or death has come to + us. It is my wish that every officer and man shall go into battle with a clear head + and strong nerves. I rely upon you to comply with this requirement, confident that + the Chickasaw and her crew can thus best perform their whole duty."</p> + <a name="page225" id="page225"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 225]</span> + <p>An officer, who held high position on board the flagship, writes: "Perkins went + into the fight in his shirt-sleeves and a straw hat, and as he passed the Hartford, + he was on top of the turret waving his hat and dancing around with delight and + excitement."--"The ironclads," said Perkins, "were ordered to follow inside the + fleet, between fleet and fort. I had orders to be reserve force and remain with + wooden vessels after passing obstructions. Our course was between a certain buoy and + the shore. This passage was known to be free from torpedoes, and was left for the + blockade runners. All the vessels had orders to keep between that buoy and the shore, + but in other respects the ironclads had separate orders from the wooden vessels. In + the confusion resulting from the destruction of the Tecumseh and the movements of the + Brooklyn, the monitors received <i>no</i> orders and followed in the line of the + other vessels." Be it said in passing, that Perkins had no pilot, and at sight of the + Tecumseh's doom, one of the men in the pilot-house fainted, leaving only Perkins and + one man to steer the vessel until the vigorous methods applied brought the man to, + and freshened his pluck! The pilot-house was abaft the forward turret, not on top, as + in the case of the Tecumseh class, and was entered through a trap-door which was kept + open during the fight, for the vessel being unfinished, there was no way of opening + it from inside when closed.</p> + <p>"I pushed forward as rapidly as possible, but my ship anyway was stationed last of + the ironclads, as I was youngest in command. We fired at the fort to keep down its + fire till the wooden ships had passed. When the Tennessee passed, it was on my port + side; she then steamed toward Fort Morgan. Some of our vessels anchored, others kept + under weigh, and when the Tennessee approached the fleet again, she was at once + attacked by the wooden vessels, but they made no impression upon her. An order was + now brought to the ironclads by Fleet-Surgeon Palmer for them to attack the ram, but + as they stood for her, she seemed again to move as if retiring toward the fort, but + the Chickasaw overtook her, and after a short engagement, succeeded in forcing her to + surrender, having shot away her smoke-stack, destroyed her steering gear, and jammed + her afterparts so that her stern guns were rendered useless. As she could not steer + she drifted down the bay, head on, and I followed her close, firing as fast as I + could, my guns and turrets, in spite of the strain upon them, continuing in perfect + order. When Johnston came on the roof of the Tennessee and showed the white flag as + signal of surrender, no vessel of the fleet was as near as a quarter of a mile, but + the Ossipee was approaching, and her captain was much older than myself. I was wet + with perspiration, begrimed with powder, and exhausted by long- continued exertion. I + drew back and allowed Captain Le Roy to receive the surrender, though my first + lieutenant, Hamilton, said to me at the time: 'Captain, you are making a + mistake.'"</p> + <p>Knowing full well that the Chickasaw's eleven-inch shot would not penetrate the + stout side-armor of the Tennessee, Perkins made for the weakest part of the + vessel--her stern, and hung there close aboard, pouring solid shot of iron and steel + into that vital part with the accuracy of pistol-shooting, until the ram surrendered; + then taking her in tow, carried her near the flagship. He had fired fifty-two shots, + and, says the officer of the Hartford already quoted: "The guns of the Chickasaw + jammed the steering gear of the ram, also the port stopper of the after port + disabling the after gun, and a shot from the Chickasaw broke Admiral Buchanan's + leg."</p> + <a name="page226" id="page226"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 226]</span> + <p>But said Commander Nicholson of the Manhattan, in his official report: "Of the six + fifteen-inch projectiles fired from this vessel at the rebel ironclad Tennessee, I + claim four as having struck, doing most of the real injuries that she has sustained"; + then enumerating the injuries inflicted, which included most of those claimed for the + Chickasaw. Upon which claim put forth by the Manhattan, the writer ventures the + opinion: First, that four hits out of six shots was poor shooting for a monitor at a + target like the Tennessee, and suggestive of considerable distance between the + vessels; second, that eye-witnesses have affirmed that only one of the Manhattan's + shot took effect, a solid shot that struck the ram on the port beam, crushing her + armor and splintering the backing, but not entering the casemate, though leaving a + clean hole through; third, that the effect of that one shot showed what the Manhattan + might have accomplished had she taken as favorable a position as that chosen by the + Chickasaw; fourth, that it is believed the report of a board of survey confirmed the + opinion as to that one shot; fifth, that, as between the great difference of sound in + the firing of the fifteen- inch gun and an eleven-inch, and the greater destructive + effect of the larger projectiles which could not but be felt by those receiving it, + the enemy would best be likely to know from what source they sustained the most vital + damage; sixth, that the concurrent opinions of the day, as given by press + correspondents, eye-witnesses to the conflict, magazine summaries, official reports, + the praise of Perkins on every lip, the talk of his promotion by distinguished + officers, and the testimony of the enemy themselves, including Admiral Buchanan and + Captain Johnston, all go to show that the surrender of the Tennessee was due more to + the dogged and unrelenting effort and skilful management of Perkins of the Chickasaw + than from any other cause.</p> + <p>Asked the Tennessee's pilot of "Metacomet" Jouett: "Who commanded the monitor that + got under our stern?" adding, "D----n him! he stuck to us like a leech; we could not + get away from him. It was he who cut away the steering gear, jammed the stern port + shutters, and wounded Admiral Buchanan."</p> + <p>Said Captain Johnston, in the same vein: "If it had not been for that d----d black + hulk hanging on our stern we would have got along well enough; she did us more damage + than all the rest of the Federal fleet."</p> + <p>"The praise of Commander Perkins," wrote a son of Concord, himself an active + participant in the fight, "on the superb management of his command, and the most + admirable and efficient working of his ship, was upon the lips of all."</p> + <p>Pages of similar commendation might be quoted, but what need multiply testimony so + direct and conclusive as to Perkins's gallantry and achievement, questioned only in + quarters where the discretion of silence and suggestion of modesty had best been + observed!</p> + <p>It only remains to add, in this connection, that so long as the Tennessee + continued to flaunt her flag in face of the fleet, so long the work of that glorious + day was of naught; that her capture, due in greatest part to the efforts of the + Chickasaw, completed the work and ensured, without embarrassment, the continued + operations against Fort Morgan and other defences in the bay.</p> + <a name="page227" id="page227"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 227]</span> + <p>Perkins, not content with laurels already won, got under weigh after dinner, and + steamed up to Fort Powell, taking that work in rear. The shots from the Chickasaw + destroyed the water-tanks, and Captain Anderson reported that, believing it to be + impossible to drive the ironclad from its position, and fearing that a shell from the + Chickasaw would explode the magazine, he decided to save his command and blow up the + fort, which was done that night at 10.30. In the afternoon, the Chickasaw had seized + a barge loaded with stores, from under the guns of Fort Powell, and towed it to the + fleet.</p> + <p>The next afternoon, the ever-ready and alert Chickasaw, under her indefatigable + commander, went down to Fort Gaines and shelled that work until dusk with such + telling effect, that, coupled with the fact that the landforce under General Granger, + investing its rear, was now ready to open fire in conjunction with the fleet, the + rebel commander capitulated the next morning.</p> + <p>Morgan was now the only remaining work of the outer line of Mobile's defences to + be "possessed and occupied," and General Granger, after throwing a sufficient + garrison into Gaines, transferred his army and siege-train to the other side of the + bay, and landing at Navy Cove, some four miles from Morgan, began its investment.</p> + <p>While this was going on, the Chickasaw was not idle, but continually using her + guns at one point and another, with occasional exchanges of shotted compliments with + the rams and batteries across the obstructions in Dog River, forming the inner line + of defence of the city, some four miles distant.</p> + <p>On the twenty-second of August, the approaches having been completed, the land and + naval forces opened a terrific fire on devoted Morgan, and continued it throughout + the day with such effect that General Page, commanding the garrison, struck his + colors and surrendered the next day.</p> + <p>The Chickasaw was as conspicuous in the bombardment as she had been in all her + work since entering the bay. It was not in Perkins's temperament to be otherwise, and + said an eye-witness at the time: "It was a glorious sight to see the gallant Perkins + in the Chickasaw, nearly all the morning almost touching the wharf, and pouring in + his terrible missiles, two at a time, making bricks and mortar fly in all directions, + then moving ahead or astern a little to get a fresh place. He stayed there till + nearly noon, when he hauled off to cool his guns and give his men some refreshment. + In the afternoon, he took his ship in again, and turret after turret was emptied at + the poor fort."</p> + <p>Perkins sent home the flag that had flown over the fort during the bombardment he + obtained it in this wise: "The sailors from this ship," said he, "hauled down the + flag, and one of them seized it and hid it in his bosom; there was not much left of + it; it was riddled and torn. He brought it to me, declaring that no one had a right + to it but the captain of the Chickasaw. I hardly knew what to do about it, but the + man seemed so earnest I could not refuse to take it from him."</p> + <a name="page228" id="page228"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 228]</span> + <p>The bay was now sealed to blockade runners, and Mobile, measured as to its + commercial importance to the Confederacy, might as well have been located among the + mountains of northern Alabama as on the Gulf; and owing to strategic reasons, + operations for its immediate reduction came to a halt. But on the twenty-seventh of + March, 1865, the land and naval forces began a joint movement against the defences + surrounding the city, and on the twelfth of April the Union forces were in full + possession. In these last operations, which cost the loss of two light draught + ironclads, a gunboat, and several other smaller vessels by torpedoes, we may know + that the Chickasaw was never in the background.</p> + <p>In July, Perkins was relieved from the command and ordered home. He had + volunteered for the Mobile fight but had been detained on board the Chickasaw nearly + thirteen months.</p> + <p>On his arrival home, he was overwhelmed with congratulations upon his gallantry + and achievements in Mobile Bay; but his friends felt indignant that no promotion had + followed them, believing that at least the thirty numbers authorized by statute, "for + eminent and conspicuous conduct in battle," could not be reasonably denied him. But + he would not work personally toward that end, nor pull political wires to attain it. + With him, the promotion must come unasked or not at all. It never came, and others + disputed, with unblushing effrontery, the laurels he had won. Not only that, but he + has seen, as well as others, those who did the least service during the war, given + recognition and place over those who "bore the heat and burden of the day," during + those four years so momentous in the annals of the Republic.</p> + <p>The following winter he was stationed at New Orleans, in charge of ironclads, and + in May, 1866, was ordered as executive officer of the Lackawanna, for a cruise of + three years in the North Pacific. The "piping times of peace" had come, and officers + who had had important commands, now had to take a step back to the regular duties of + their grade. Returning from the Pacific in the early spring of 1869, he was ordered + to the Boston Navy Yard on ordnance duty, and in March, 1871, received his commission + as commander. Two months later, he was selected to command the storeship Relief, to + carry provisions to the suffering French of the Franco-German war. On his return, + after a lapse of six months, he resumed his duties at the Boston yard, until + appointed lighthouse inspector of the Boston district, which position he held until + January, 1876.</p> + <p>Meanwhile he had taken to himself a wife, having, in 1870, married Miss Anna Minot + Weld, daughter of Mr. William F. Weld, of Boston. The issue of the marriage has been + one child, a daughter, born in 1877.</p> + <p>From March, 1877, until May, 1879, he was in command of the United States steamer + Ashuelot on the Asiatic station, making a most interesting cruise, and having, for a + time, the pleasure of General Grant's company on board, as a guest.</p> + <p>Since his return from that cruise he has been on "waiting orders," varied by + occasional duty as member of courts-martial, boards of examination, and the like.</p> + <p>In March, 1882, he was promoted to a post-captaincy, as the grade of captain in + the navy was styled in the olden time, which grade corresponds with that of colonel + in the army.</p> + <a name="page229" id="page229"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 229]</span> + <p>Captain Perkins has a house in Boston, where he makes his home in winter, but + nothing has ever weakened his affection for the old Granite State, and nothing + delights him more, when possible to do so, than to put behind him the whirl and + distraction of the city for the quiet enjoyment of the fresh, exhilarating air, + unpretentious, wholesome life, and substantial ways that await him among his dear + native hills.</p> + <p>In glancing over the "Portraits for Posterity," the writer notes the conspicuous + absence of naval representation among the "counterfeit presentments" that adorn the + walls of the Capitol at Concord and the halls of Dartmouth, and ventures to suggest + to Governor Prescott, the distinguished and indefatigable collector of most of the + pictures, that portraits of Thornton of the Kearsarge, and Perkins of the Cayuga and + Chickasaw, might fittingly be given place among those who, in the varied walks of + life, have lent distinction and added lustre to the Province and State of New + Hampshire from Colonial times to this. Let not the men of the sea be forgotten!</p> + <hr /> + <h2>FROM THE WHITE HORSE TO LITTLE RHODY.</h2> + <center> + BY CHARLES M. BARROWS. + </center> + <p>Were other means lacking, the progress of the human race might be pretty + accurately gauged by its modes of locomotion. On such a basis of classification there + might be a pedestrian period, a pilgrim period, a saddle period, a road-wain period, + a stage-coach period, and a railway period.</p> + <p>Relatively considered, each mode of travel thus indicated would be an index of the + necessities and activity of the times. The nomadic peoples dwelt in a leisurely + world, and were content to go a-foot; their wants were simple, their aspirations + temperate; subsistence for themselves and their flocks was their great care, and only + when the grass withered and the stream dried up did they set forth in quest of fresh + pasturage. At length, however, the dull-thoughted tribular chieftain became curious + to know what lay beyond the narrow horizon of his wilderness, and men bound on the + sandal, girded up their loins, grasped staff, and beat paths up and down the valleys, + trudging behind an ass or a pack-horse that carried their impedimenta. Another + advance, and the man who drove his beast before him found that the creature was able + to carry both his pack and himself; and training soon enabled the animal to mend his + pace and transport his master rapidly across long stretches of waste country. Another + period elapsed, and ambitious man discovered that, by clearing a passage for wheels, + the load could be shifted from the back of the beast to a wagon drawn behind him; + thus carriages came into use, and the race went bowling along the great highway of + progress at a wonderful rate. Then vehicles began to be improved, and the restless + brain of the inventor contrived a stage-coach for the convenience of those who had no + private carriages or did not care to use them; though rude at first, it soon came to + be luxurious, with thorough braces, upholstery, and glass windows. But even this + noisy vehicle, that abridged distance and brought far cities near together, outgrew + its usefulness and gave way to its rival, the steam-car, which could hurry men + through the land as on the wings of a tornado. And now the same race, which in the + morning of the world was content to wander four or five miles between sun and sun, + and had no wish to go faster, can scarcely abide the slowness of a palace-car sliding + over a mile of steel rail each minute, and General Meigs is importuning the + Legislature for leave to construct a railway on which trains shall run at three times + that speed.</p> + <a name="page230" id="page230"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 230]</span> + <p>It would be too much to ask this hurrying, restless, nineteenth- century world to + retrace its way by rail and turnpike, saddle and sandal, back to the slow patriarch, + who kept his youth a hundred years, and in all that time might not have traveled as + far as a suburban gentleman of to-day does in going once from his home to his place + of business in Boston. It might halt long enough, however, to enjoy a view of the + stage-coach in which its grandfathers got on so rapidly, rumbling before a cloud of + dust over the straight pike that used to connect the metropolis with some lesser + city.</p> + <p>Such a highway was the Norfolk and Bristol Turnpike, the grand avenue of public + travel between Boston and Providence, and one link of the continuous thoroughfare + connecting New England with New York and Washington. It was opened during the years + of intense activity that marked the infancy of the nation, and it had a distinct + corporate existence and history, like the railroad that ruined it, and was owned and + operated by a stock company. Though the entire road was not fifty miles in length, + the original enterprise contemplated only a section thereof, which, in accordance + with an act of incorporation passed by the State Legislature in 1802, was built from + the court-house in Dedham, the shire town of Norfolk County, to the north precinct + meeting-house in Attleborough, then a small border town of Bristol County.</p> + <p>The members of the original corporation that held the franchise of the road were + Fisher Ames, James Richardson, and Timothy Gay, Jr., of Dedham; Timothy Whitney and + John Whiting, of Roxbury; Eliphalet Slack, Samuel S. Blackinton, William Blackinton, + Israel Hatch, Elijah Daggett, and Joseph Holmes, of Attleborough; Ephraim + Starkweather, Oliver Wilkinson, and Ozias Wilkinson, of Pawtucket, Rhode Island. They + were all enterprising business men in their day, well known throughout Eastern + Massachusetts, and the undertaking for which they combined seemed as vast to the + rural denizens of the towns through which it passed as did the Pacific Railroad + enterprise to capitalists twenty years ago. To the surprise of the honest farmers, + who considered the crooked county roads good enough for them, it made almost a + straight line from one terminus to the other, and was laid out four rods in width--a + reckless waste of land--as a preventive against snow blockades in winter Instead of + following the windings of valley and stream as other roads did, this pike mounted + directly over all interposing hills, in accordance with the most approved theories of + civil engineers of that day; and where sections of those old thoroughfares still + remain intact, it is amusing to observe at what steep, straight grades they were made + to climb the most abrupt ascent, curving neither to the right nor to the left in + merciful consideration for the horses.</p> + <a name="page231" id="page231"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 231]</span> + <p>But it must not be supposed that public stage-coach travel on the route here + indicated began with the opening of the Norfolk and Bristol Turnpike. The first + conveyance of the kind started on its devious way over the poor county roads from + Boston to Providence in 1767; and the quaint Jedediah Morse records that twelve years + later the "intercourse of the country barely required two stages and twelve horses on + this line"; but the same authority states that in 1797 twenty stages and one hundred + horses were employed, and that the number of different stages leaving Boston during + the week was twenty.</p> + <p>The first stage-coach that passed over this new turnpike was driven by William + Hodges, familiarly called "Bill," a famous Jehu, whose exploits with rein and whip, + being really of a high order of merit, were graphically set forth to any passenger + who shared the box with him, after Bill's spirits had been raised and his tongue + limbered with the requisite number of "nippers"; and the increased comfort and + rapidity of the journey were so clearly apparent, that the line was soon after + extended to connect the capitals of the Bay State and Little Rhody.</p> + <p>In those days there was but one way to drive out of Boston, and that a narrow one + known as the "Neck," beyond which was Roxbury. Across this isthmus all northward, + westward, and southward-bound vehicles must pass, in leaving or entering the city. + The narrowest place was at the present intersection of Dover Street with Washington, + or, as it was then called, Orange, Street. In <i>ante-bellum</i> times this was the + southern limit of the city, and here a gate stood, which opened on to a causeway that + crossed the "salt marish," which at high tide was covered by the water. To this + gateway, then, the turnpike was extended from Dedham court-house; and when the work + was finished a coach, starting from the White Horse Tavern in Boston, which stood + near the site of the Adams House, just opened by Messrs. Hall and Whipple, bowled + along "a smooth and easy highway" to the bank of the Providence River, making the + long journey within the incredibly short space of six consecutive hours, when the + wheeling was good.</p> + <p>This great work, which was talked about years before it was undertaken, and then + required years to finish, was a triumph of road-building, in which both owners and + contractors took a pardonable pride; and to those familiar with the region through + which it passed, the course will be sufficiently indicated by noting here and there a + way-mark. On leaving Boston Neck it followed the already well-graded road through the + Highlands, to a point near the present station of the Boston and Providence Railroad + corporation in Roxbury, thence through West Roxbury to Dedham, and on through Norwood + to East Walpole; it left the central village of Walpole a mile or so to the west, + keeping near the Sharon line, struck into the westerly edge of Foxborough to a point + called the Four Corners, then through Shepardville in Wrentham to North Attleborough, + Attleborough "City," Pawtucket, and Providence. A large portion of the road is still + kept in repair, so that one might take a carriage and trace the route through its + entire length.</p> + <p>To support such an expensive turnpike it was necessary to levy a tax on those who + made use of it, and to that end several toll-gates were established, at which + passengers were compelled to halt and pay their lawful reckoning. These gates were + located at Roxbury, Dedham, East Walpole, Foxborough Four Corners, North + Attleborough, and Pawtucket; and so great was the patronage of the road, that the + annual income derived from these sources afforded the stockholders a handsome net + dividend.</p> + <a name="page232" id="page232"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 232]</span> + <p>With the disuse of stage-coaches has perished that public convenience, the country + tavern, an institution with which the modern hotel has little in common. It was + suited to the needs and tastes of a former generation, and to a time, it may be,</p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="line"> + "When men lived in a grander way, + </div> + <div class="line"> + With ampler hospitality." + </div> + </div> + <p>But no hotel of the present day, with its showy furnishings and glitter, its gongs + and bell-calls, its multitude of obsequious waiters, gauging their attention by your + clothes, will bear comparison with the old- time tavern for homelike comfort and + hearty good service. The guest, on his arrival, tired and hungry, was not put off + with the cold recognition of a clerk who simply wrote after his name the number of + his room, and then with averted face said: "Waiter, show this gentleman to number + ninety-seven." On climbing out of the stage-coach, he was sure to see mine host, a + fat, jolly man, who greeted him, whether friend or stranger, with a bow of genuine + welcome, relieved him of his hand-luggage, ushered him in before the open fire of the + bar-room, and actually asked what he would have for supper. Nor did this personal + interest cease as soon as the guest had been comfortably bestowed; for the landlord + was sure to have some pleasant words with him in the course of the evening, and to + make him feel, ere he went to rest, that, by coming at that particular time, he had + conferred on the host or some other guest a special favor, so that he retired in the + best of humor with himself.</p> + <p>Such inns of entertainment were to be found in every considerable New England town + a hundred years ago, and each bore some special reputation for general hospitality, + the cordiality of its landlord, or the excellence of its table or liquors. Each one + of these ancient hostelries might also be aptly described as</p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="line"> + "A kind of old Hobgoblin Hall, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Now somewhat fallen to decay, + </div> + <div class="line"> + With weather-stains upon the wall, + </div> + <div class="line"> + And creaking and uneven floors, + </div> + <div class="line"> + And chimneys huge, and tiled and tall." + </div> + </div> + <p>Wherever a stage line was established, a good country tavern, every few miles + along the route, became a necessity. It nourished on the patronage that the coach + brought to its door; its kitchen and barns afforded a ready market for the produce of + the farmers, and it was a grand centre for news and the idlers of the village.</p> + <p>The Norfolk and Bristol Turnpike was fortunate in its taverns, which were + accounted among the best in the State, from the White Horse, whence every stage-coach + took its departure, to the last one met with on the very borders of the land of Roger + Williams. There was the Billings Tavern in Roxbury, where it was considered quite the + proper thing for outward-bound passengers to alight and get something to fortify them + against the fatigues of the journey, especially if the weather were extremely cold or + extremely warm.</p> + <a name="page233" id="page233"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 233]</span> + <p>The next tavern on the line was widely known as Bride's, and later as Gay's, in + Dedham, a place where all who took the early coach out of the city delighted to stop + and breakfast. Here was to be found one of the best tables on the line, and tradition + has it that Bill Hodges, who, by the way, must have been a competent judge, + pronounced Bride's old Medford rum the finest he had ever tasted. In the palmy days + of stage-coach travel, it was no uncommon thing for a hundred persons to breakfast at + this inn before resuming their journey to Providence. It was here that President John + Adams usually took the coach when he set out for Washington, being first driven to + that point from Quincy in his own private carriage.</p> + <p>There was a small public house at South Dedham, now Norwood, which was but little + patronized, and the next tavern of note was Polley's, at East Walpole, which had the + name of furnishing the best board to be found between Boston and New York, and there + all the travel on the road stopped to dinner. It was also a convenient point for + taking up passengers from many adjacent towns, whence mail-carriages converged toward + the common centre, and scores of private teams were driven with small parcels or + other commissions for the stage; for it must be borne in mind that the driver + exercised the functions of an expressman, or common carrier, and was entrusted with a + variety of messages and valuables to deliver along the route, the fees for such + service being usually regarded as his rightful perquisites.</p> + <p>Shepard's Tavern in Foxborough was a customary stopping-place; but the next grand + halt, after leaving Polley's, was made at Hatch's, in North Attleborough. Here the + approach of each stage was announced by the winding of a horn, and the driver was + wont to swing his long lash with a flourish around the sweaty flanks of his leaders + in a way to assure them that he meant business, then give his wheel horses an + encouraging cut, and dash up before the famous hostelry at a breakneck speed that + said to the small boys, Get out of the way! and caused the stock loafers, who always + assembled on the piazza at the first blast of the horn, to envy the skill that could + thus handle a whip, and guide, with apparent ease, the most mettlesome + four-in-hand.</p> + <p>Historically considered, no other tavern on the line possessed so much of + antiquarian interest as Hatch's. It occupied the site of an old garrison built and + occupied by John Woodcock, the famous Indian fighter, as a stronghold against the + attacks of his red foes. He went thither from the Providence Plantation about the + middle of the seventeenth century, when the town was an unbroken wilderness in the + northern part of the Rehoboth North Purchase, so called, took up his abode and reared + his family in lonely solitude within the close stockades he planted around his home. + The first house that went by the name of Hatch's Tavern was built upon this old + garrison, which, indeed, formed a part of its very walls, and not until the + proprietor found it necessary to erect a new and larger house, when the turnpike was + opened, did the last vestiges of the Woodcock stronghold disappear.</p> + <a name="page234" id="page234"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 234]</span> + <p>The landlord of this inn, Colonel Israel Hatch, was also a man of importance in + his time, who enjoyed an enviable reputation for military achievements, and was very + prominent in public affairs. At no point on the line was the traveler surer of a + larger hospitality or a heartier welcome than was extended by Colonel Hatch, though + its best room, which was reserved for visitors of note, might not have contained the + veritable inscription ascribed to Major Molineaux:--</p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="line"> + "What do you think? + </div> + <div class="line"> + Here is good drink. + </div> + <div class="line"> + Perhaps you may not know it; + </div> + <div class="line"> + If not in haste, do stop and taste; + </div> + <div class="line"> + You merry folks will show it." + </div> + </div> + <p>On leaving North Attlebourogh, the remaining twelve miles to Providence were + conveniently relieved by short halts at Bishop's and at Barrow's Taverns in + Attleborough "City" and West Attleborough, and at one or two places in Pawtucket, so + that no passenger was compelled to go hungry or dry for many miles.</p> + <p>By far the most noted passenger ever conveyed over the Norfolk and Bristol road, + and there were many worthy of mention, is reputed to have been President James + Monroe, who shortly after his inauguration in March, 1817, made a tour through the + New England States, similar to that made by President Hayes in 1877. The occasion was + a great one, for Monroe and his party left Providence in the morning, halted at + Hatch's for lunch, dined at Polley's, and were met on their arrival at Dedham by a + delegation from Boston who escorted them to the "Hub of the Universe." Great was the + curiosity of the country-folk to behold a president, and the streets through which + his barouche was to pass were thronged with an eager, expectant multitude, who + greeted him with cheers, and were rewarded with a gracious bow. And one little boy, + now a venerable and honored member of the Bristol County bar, was standing with his + father in an open farm wagon, when the President alighted at North Attleborough, and + exclaimed with evident disappointment: "Why, father, he's no bigger than any other + man!"</p> + <hr /> + <h2>DUNGEON ROCK, LYNN.</h2> + <center> + BY FRANK P. HARRIMAN. + </center> + <p>All over the land there are localities to which, in some way or other, have become + attached names that indicate something of the supernatural, or such as are intended + to excite apprehension. What stout heart does not stand dismayed before a real + dungeon? A prison under ground is something awful to contemplate. Whose hair does not + stand on end at the thought of possible confinement in a dark, damp, cold stone + prison-house, with rusty-hinged or even sealed doors, where no window opens to the + light of day; where no friendly voice is ever heard; where liberation is impossible, + and where, cursed with the remainder of life, one is doomed to a miserable existence + till the mortal and the immortal separate? Deliver us from such terrors as these!</p> + <p>In visiting Dungeon Rock, however, like most places of a similar character, we + find there is no especial reason for fear, notwithstanding the indicative name, and + the many blood-curdling traditions connected therewith.</p> + <p>It was a fine autumn day, when, together with some friends, we mustered courage to + pay our respects to this now famous spot. We found our way thither from the city of + Lynn by horse-cars, a part of the way by a barge and on foot. The driver of the + barge, like most drivers of such vehicles, displayed no small amount of scientific + driving. Why it is that almost all scientific driving generally results in some + mishap, we are unable to determine. But we conclude that the particular science to + which we refer is usually engendered by the driver having his elbow crooked at some + bar before the journey commences. On all such occasions stops are quite common; + branches of trees are not avoided, and they threaten to destroy our best suits, or + brush us altogether from our seats; the brakes do not work; the traces get unhitched; + an immense whip is flourished and cracked; the horses become unmanageable; frightened + women in a high key scream "Mercy!" and the ride becomes not only dangerous but + unendurable.</p> + <a name="page235" id="page235"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 235]</span> + <p>After a ride up hill and down over a winding road skirted by forest trees on + either hand, we were left in the woods at the foot of a steep hill. The remainder of + our way was by a path of the most primitive nature, something, we should judge, like + that of the native Pawtuckets, with the exception of the rapid ascent, for the + natives were wiser than we in laying out their highways, for they avoided both hills + and swamps. Shortly we found ourselves in the immediate vicinity of Dungeon Rock, + which is situated on the summit of a granite-capped eminence overlooking the + surrounding country. Quite a concourse of people had assembled on this occasion, + apparently to spend the day and have a "good time" generally. We should have said + before that this is considered a kind of Mecca for those who hold to the Spiritual + faith. There are several buildings which seem to have been dropped down without much + order, and a large platform furnished with plank seats. An entertainment had been + furnished, though for what purpose or by whom we knew not. There was some fine + singing, in solos, duets, and quartettes, and a slender little girl showed a good + lip, large lungs, and nimble fingers on a silver cornet, out of which she fired + repeated volleys of sputtering jigs at the overelated spectators.</p> + <p>Lynn's first historian, who dealt somewhat in tradition, among other things, says, + in substance, "early in 1658, on a pleasant evening, a little after sunset, a small + vessel was seen to anchor near the mouth of the Saugus River. A boat was presently + lowered from her side, into which four men descended and moved up the river a + considerable distance, when they landed and proceeded directly into the woods. They + had been noticed by only a few individuals; but in those early times, when the people + were surrounded by danger and easily susceptible of alarm, such an incident was well + calculated to awaken suspicion, and in the course of the evening the intelligence was + conveyed to many houses. In the morning the vessel was gone, and no trace of her or + her crew could be found." He further states that on going into the foundry connected + with the then existing iron-works, a quantity of shackles, handcuffs, hatchets, and + other articles of iron, were ordered to be made and left at a certain place, for + which a return in silver would be found. "This was done" (so says the historian), and + the mysterious contractors fulfilled their part of the obligation, but were + undiscovered. Some months afterward the four men returned and made their abode in + what has, to this day, been called Pirates' Glen, where they built a hut and dug a + well. It is supposed that they buried money in this vicinity, but our opinion is that + most of the money then, as now, was kept above ground. Their retreat being + discovered, one of the king's cruisers appeared on the coast, and three of them were + arrested and carried to England and probably executed. The other, whose name was + Thomas Veal, escaped to a rock in the woods, in which was a spacious cavern, where + the pirates had previously deposited some of their plunder. There the fugitive + practised the trade of shoemaking. He continued his residence here till the great + earthquake of 1658, when the top of the rock was unloosed and crashed down into the + mouth of the cavern, enclosing the unfortunate man in what has been called to this + day Pirates' Dungeon or Dungeon Rock. We cannot vouch for the complete truthfulness + of this historian's statements.</p> + <a name="page236" id="page236"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 236]</span> + <p>In 1852, one Hiram Marble purchased from the city of Lynn a lot of woodland in + which Dungeon Rock is situated. He came, as was claimed, influenced by Spiritualistic + revelations.</p> + <p>Directed by the spirit of the departed pirate Tom Veal, Mr. Marble commenced to + excavate from this very hard porphyry rock in search of a subterranean vault, into + which had been poured, as was supposed, the ill-gotten gain of all the pirates, from + Captain Kidd down to the last outlaw of the ocean. Twenty-seven years the sound of + the hammer and the drill and the thud of blasting-powder echoed through the leafy + forests, and then all was hushed.</p> + <p>Hiram Marble died in his lonely residence at Dungeon Rock, November 10, 1868, aged + sixty-five. He was widely known for his perseverence in the work in which he was + engaged. Sixteen years he labored without a realization of his ardent hopes. He + remained a Spiritualist to the last, and those of a like faith were invited to the + funeral services which took place on the day following his death.</p> + <p>"His faith has not been without works, nor his courage barren of results, and + centuries hence, if his name and identity should be lost, the strange labor may be + referred to some recluse Cyclops who had strayed hither from mystic lands."</p> + <p>"Edwin Marble, who succeeded his father in the strange search for treasure, died + January 16, 1880, aged forty-eight years. He was buried near the foot of the rock on + the southwestern slope, it having been his express desire to be interred near the + scene of his hopeful, though fruitless, labors."</p> + <p>The broken rock, which they removed solely with their own hands, makes quite a + mountain of itself.</p> + <p>We decided to enter the place where so many years of fruitless toil had been + spent. A wooden gate on rusty hinges opened and we passed in, and the gate closed + behind us.</p> + <p>The excavation is high enough and broad enough for two tall men to walk abreast, + and on its winding way, screw fashion, doubling upon itself, it leads down one + hundred and fifty feet into the bowels of the earth, all the way through solid rock + that had remained undisturbed for centuries on centuries, until the work of this + ill-directed Marble commenced. Down, down we went, out of the warm sunlight into this + cold, damp subterranean passage, winding hither and thither, till we reached an + ice-cold pool of water which is constantly being supplied from some hidden fountain, + and, were it not removed by pumps, would fill the place to the brim.</p> + <a name="page237" id="page237"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 237]</span> + <p>This rock-hewn passage is lighted with lanterns hung at the various turns, so that + the descent and ascent, notwithstanding the way is rough, can be made with safety. + Though the day was warm outside, we were in a very short time chilled through and + glad to make our escape. How these men could have endured many long years of labor in + this vast refrigerator, and retain any degree of health, is a problem. Faith and zeal + doubtless kept the blood moving through their veins. It is said that a knife, or + dirk, and a pair of scissors of very ancient origin, which we were shown, were found + by Mr. Marble in a fissure of this solid rock. That they were left there by pirates, + years on years ago, no sane man can for a moment believe. The probabilities are that + some one deceived Mr. Marble.</p> + <p>When this misguided adventurer commenced this work, he was possessed of about + fifteen hundred dollars, which he expended long before his death, after which, he + depended upon the charities of those who sympathized with him in his undertaking.</p> + <p>In one of the buildings named above, there are several portraits of pirates and + their wives, drawn, it is said, by some one under the influence of the spirits, in a + marvelously short space of time. Several wives of Captain Kidd are among them.</p> + <p>Captain Kidd must have been a remarkable man, to want more than one such character + for a companion, provided the likenesses are true to nature; at any rate we are not + at all surprised that he was a pirate, under the circumstances.</p> + <p>To illustrate how Mr. Marble professed to have been directed, we give the + following correspondence with the spirits:--</p> + <p>Mr. Marble wrote: "I wish Veal or Harris would tell what move to make next."</p> + <p>This query was covered by fifteen thicknesses of paper and then the medium was + called in, and, merely feeling of the exterior of the paper, wrote what the spirit of + Veal revealed through him. Captain Harris, named in the communication, is supposed to + have been the leader of the piratical band.</p> + <p>Response of Veal: "<i>My Dear Charge</i>,--You solicit me or Captain Harris to + advise you as to what to next do. Well, as Harris says he has always had the heft of + the load on his shoulders, I will try and respond myself and let Harris rest. Ha! ha! + Well, Marble, we must joke a bit; did we not, we should have the blues, as do you + some of those rainy days when you see no living person at the rock, save your own + dear ones. Not a sound do you hear, save the woodpecker and that little gray bird + [Mr. Marble's pet canary], that sings all day long, more especially wet days, tittry, + tittry, tittry. But, Marble, as Long [a deceased friend of Marble] says, 'Don't be + discouraged.' We are doing as fast as we can. As to the course, you are in the right + direction at present. You have one more curve to make before you take the course that + leads to the cave. We have a reason for keeping you from entering the cave at once. + Moses was by the Lord kept forty years in his circuitous route, ere he had sight of + that land that flowed with milk and honey. God had his purpose in so doing, + notwithstanding he might have led Moses into the promise, in a very few days from the + start. But no; God wanted to develop a truth, and no faster than the minds of the + people were prepared to receive it. Cheer up, Marble, we are with you and doing all + we can.</p> + <a name="page238" id="page238"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 238]</span> + <p>"Your guide,</p> + <p>"TOM VEAL."</p> + <p>Another communication, from C.B. Long, contains the following: "The names of Hiram + and Edwin Marble will live when millions of years shall, from this time, have passed, + and when even kings and statesmen shall have been forgotten."</p> + <p>And so the man and, after him, his son worked on till, so far as they were + concerned, death closed the scene. Whether any person in the years to come will + follow these misguided laborers, and take up the work where they left it, is a + question.</p> + <p>The legendary lore of Dungeon Rock is eclipsed by the dominant impulse of lives + absorbed in an idea, based upon supernatural agency. While it is an evidence of a + misguided zeal, unequaled by anything the whole world has heretofore probably known, + in and of itself it is no mystery.</p> + <p>The mystery is that there ever lived human beings to undertake such an unpromising + work, where such hardship and perseverance were required, and where the folly of any + hope of success must have been apparent to an intelligent person every day, from the + commencement to the close of the twenty-seven years of servile toil.</p> + <hr /> + <h2>LANCASTER IN ACADIE AND THE ACADIENS IN LANCASTER.</h2> + <center> + BY HENRY S. NOURSE. + </center> + <p>It is almost one hundred and thirty years</p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="line"> + " ... since the burning of Grand-Pre, + </div> + <div class="line"> + When on the falling tide the freighted vessels departed, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Bearing a nation, with all its household gods, into exile; + </div> + <div class="line"> + Exile without an end, and without an example in story." + </div> + </div> + <p>Of the numerous readers of Evangeline in Lancaster, few now suspect how nearly the + sad tale of wantonly-ravaged Acadie touched their own town history. From the archives + of Nova Scotia all details of that deed of merciless treachery were left out, for + very shame; but upon the crown officials then in authority over the Province, history + and poetry have indelibly branded the stigma of an unnecessary edict of expulsion, + which devastated one of the fairest regions of America, and tore seven thousand + guileless and peaceful people from a scene of rural felicity rarely equaled on earth, + to scatter them in the misery of abject poverty, among strangers speaking a strange + tongue and hating their religion. The agents who faithfully executed the cruel decree + were Massachusetts men, reluctantly obedient to "his Majesty's orders," given them + specifically in writing by Charles Lawrence, Governor of Nova Scotia.</p> + <p>On the twentieth of May, 1755, Lieutenant-Colonel John Winslow embarked at Boston + with a force of about two thousand men, organized in two battalions. They were + enlisted for the term of one year, unless sooner discharged, for the special service + of dislodging the French from their newly fortified positions along the north side of + the Bay of Fundy, and on the isthmus connecting New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Among + the vessels of the fleet was the sloop Victory, and to this was assigned a company + belonging to the second, or Lieutenant-Colonel Scott's, battalion, largely composed + of, and officered by, Lancaster men, a list of whose names is subjoined:--</p> + <a name="page239" id="page239"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 239]</span> +<pre> + Captain Abijah Willard. + First Lieutenant "Haskal." [Henry Haskell ?] + Second Lieutenant Willard. [Levi ?] + Ensign Willard. [Aaron ?] + SERGEANTS. + Thomas Beman, husbandman, aged 25 + James Houghton, " " 25 + CORPORALS. + Jacob Willard, husbandman aged 31 + Thomas Willard, " " 23 + DRUMMERS. + Joseph Farnsworth, husbandman aged 20 + Joseph Phelps, " " 21 + PRIVATES, + Benjamin Atherton, laborer aged 20 + Phineas Atherton, " " 16 + Daniel Atherton, " " 21 + Jonathan Brown, " " 17 + Joseph Bailey, " " 30 + Phineas Divoll, " " 22 + Abel Farnsworth, husbandman " 22 + John Farnsworth, laborer " 30 + Jeremiah Field, " " 18 + Ephraim Goss, " " 22 + Thomas Henderson, " " 40 + Daniel Harper, " " 21 + Elias Haskell, cooper " 19 + William Hutson, cordwainer " 22 + John Johnson, laborer " 22 + Samuel Kilham " " 20 + Matthias Larkin," " 30 + Joseph Metcalf, cooper " 21 + Joseph Pratt, laborer " 30 + Joseph Priest, " " 45 + Daniel Sanders, " " 19 + Isaac Sollendine, laborer " 21 + Jacob Stiles, housewright " 19 + Lemuel Turner, laborer " 18 + Nathaniel Turner, " " 18 + William Turner, " " 18 + Aaron Wilder, " " 30 + William Warner, " " 20 + David Wilson, " " 18 + Levi Woods, laborer aged 20 + Silas Willard, " " 19 + Uziah Wyman, apothecary " 21 + John Warner, laborer " 20 + James Willard, " " 18 + John Wilson, " " 20 +</pre> + <p>Besides the above forty-five, there were, in other companies, three natives of + Lancaster:--</p> +<pre> + Nathaniel Johnson, yeoman aged 25 + Jonas Moor, " " 32 + John Rugg, husbandman " 31 +</pre> + <p>What special part these men took in the investment and capture of the formidable + fort of Beau Sejour, or in the assaults upon the minor forts, neither record nor + tradition tell, and we are equally uninformed respecting their participation in the + pitiable scenes enacted along the shores of Minas and Chignecto Bays. The + Massachusetts Archives contain no pay-rolls of this expedition, and no papers of + Captain Abijah Willard are known to exist throwing any light upon its history. That + the service was not only inglorious in part, and ungrateful to the truly brave, but + attended with much hardship, is attested by the following documents copied from + Massachusetts Archives, lv, 62 and 63. They are there in the handwriting of Secretary + Josiah Willard:--</p> + <blockquote> + <p>"<i>Sir</i>: I have received your Letter giving me an acct. of the Hardships + your poor Soldiers are exposed to. I sincerely Compassionate their unhappy case + & I pray God to find out some Way for their Relief. The Governor is not + expected here till the month of December. When he arrives I shall endeavour to + mention the affair to him. In the mean time, I have written a Letter to Major + General Winslow which I have left open, Leaving it with you to deliver it or not as + you shall judge best, First sealing it before you deliver it The Council being + informed that I had a Letter from you upon the subject of these Hardships of the + Soldiers desired me to communicate it to them, which I did. What they will do upon + it I know not.</p> + <p>"Octob'r 31, 1755.</p> + <p>To ABIJAH WILLARD."</p> + </blockquote> + <a name="page240" id="page240"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 240]</span> + <hr class="thoughtbreak" /> + <blockquote> + <p>"BOSTON, Oct. 31, 1755</p> + <p>"<i>Sir</i>: I have lately received a Letter from my Kinsman Cpt. Abijah Willard + expressing his tender concern for his soldiers who are exposed to ly in Tents in + this cold season now coming on and their cloath now worn out. I would fain use any + Interest I could make that may contribute to the Relief of these and other the + Provincial soldiers in Nova Scotia in the like circumstances, but I am a perfect + stranger both to Governor Lawrence & Coll. Monkton. But the acquaintance I have + of you & my knowledge of your compassionate spirit, especially towards the + soldiers under your command in like circumstances, urges me to write to you on this + occasion (not from any Distrust I have of your care in these matters, but possibly + as your Distance from the Place where this Company is quartered may keep you in + some Ignorance of the Difficulties these poor men labour under) to desire you would + interpose your best offices for their Relief. It seems that these men can be of + little service in act of Duty required of them while they are so destitute of the + necessary. Comforts & Refreshments of Life. You will excuse this Freedom. With + my earnest desires of the gracious Presence of God with you & particularly to + prosper your enterprises for the Good of your nation & Countrey I am, Sir, Your + very humble serv't,</p> + <p>"JOSIAH WILLARD."</p> + </blockquote> + <p>This was not Captain Willard's first experience of Nova Scotia, nor was it to be + his last. Ten years before he enlisted in the expedition against Louisburg, being + first lieutenant of Captain Joshua Pierce's company, in the Fourth Massachusetts + Regiment, of which his father, Samuel Willard, was colonel. He was there promoted to + a captaincy, July 31, 1745, three days after his twenty-first birthday. Little more + than twenty years had passed from the time when he had assisted in forcing the + broken-hearted Acadien farmers into exile, and again he sailed for Nova Scotia, + himself a fugitive, proscribed as a Tory, his ample estate confiscated, and his name + a reproach among his life-long neighbors. As thousands of French Neutrals from + Georgia to Massachusetts Bay sighed away their lives with grieving for their lost + Acadie, so we know Abijah Willard, so long as he lived, looked westward with yearning + heart toward that elm-shaded home so familiar to all Lancastrians. On the coast of + the Bay of Fundy, not far west of St. John, is a locality yet called + <i>Lancaster</i>. Colonel Abijah Willard gave it the name. It was his retreat in + exile, and there he died in 1789.</p> + <p>Of the thousand Acadiens apportioned to the Province of Massachusetts, the + committee appointed by General Court for the duty of distributing them among the + several towns, sent three families, consisting of twenty persons, to Lancaster. These + were Benoni Melanson, his wife Mary, and children, Mary, Joseph, Simeon, John, + Bezaleel, "Carre," and another daughter not named; Geoffroy Benway, Abigail, his + wife, and children, John, Peter, Joseph, and Mary; Theal Forre, his wife Abigail, and + children, Mary, Abigail, Margaret. The Forre family were soon transferred to Harvard. + They arrived in February, 1756, and the accounts of the town's selectmen for their + support were regularly rendered until February, 1761. They were destitute, sickly, + and apparently utterly unable to support themselves, and were billeted now here, now + there, among the farmers, at a fixed price of two shillings and eight-pence each per + week for their board. Sometimes a house was hired for them, and, in addition to rent + paid, we find in the selectmen's charges such items as these:--</p> + <a name="page241" id="page241"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 241]</span> +<pre> + £ s d gr + To cash pd for an Interpreter and + paper, 3 4 + To what Nessecareys we found them, 1 0 8 0 + To 472 weight of Befe cost, 3 3 2 1 + To Corn that they have had & + yoused, with Sauss, 10 8 + To one Bushel of Salt & Salting the + Befe, 5 6 + to one washing tub, 2 earthen pots + & pail, 4 0 + to wood for the winter season for the + year 1757, 1 6 8 +</pre> + <p>Direct evidence to the helpless condition of the two families of French Neutrals + in Lancaster is given in a letter from the selectmen, dated January 24, 1757, found + in Massachusetts Archives, xxiii, 330:--</p> + <blockquote> + <p>"and here Foloweth an account of the curcumstances, age and sexes of those + people, thare Is two famles Consisting of fifteen In Number, the whole to witt. + Benoni Melanso with his wife of about fourty four or five years of age, and they + have seven children thre Boyes and four Girlls, the Eldest Girl about 17 years old, + the boye Next about 15 years old, Sickly. Can Do Nothing. ye Next Boy 12 years old. + ye Next boy 10 years old, and ye four Girles all under them Down to two years old, + and the woman almost a Criple....</p> + <p>The Name of the others Is Jefray--& his wife, he almost an Idot and aboute + 46 years old, ... they have four children 3 Boyes & one Girll. ye Eldest Boye + 10 yeares old & ye Rest Down to two years old.</p> + <p>"WM. RICHARDSON }<br /> + "JOHN CARTER } Selectmen of Lancaster."<br /> + "JOSHUA FAIRBANK}</p> + </blockquote> + <p>Shortly after the date of the above, these unhappy people suddenly disappeared + from their habitation. Reckless with homesickness, they had stolen away, and made a + bold push for the sea, in the vain hope that on it they might float back to the Basin + of Minas. This was in the depth of winter, February, 1757. They came to the coast at + Weymouth. There they soon encountered the questioning of local authority, and to + excuse their intrusion Melanson made complaint against his Lancaster guardians, the + history of which is in Massachusetts Archives, xxiii, 356.</p> + <blockquote> + <p>"The Committee to whom was referred the Petition of Benoni Melanzan in behalf of + himself and sundrie other French People, Having met and heard the Petition and one + of the Selectmen of Lancaster, relating to the several matters therein Complained + of and also have heard the Representative of Weymouth where the French People + mentioned in s d Petition at present reside: Beg leave to report as follows. Viz: + That it doth not appear that ye Petitioner had any Grounds to complain of the + selectmen of Lancaster or either of them relating the matter complained of, and + therefore Beg leave further Report that the Committee are of oppinion that the said + French People be ordered forthwith to Return to Lancaster from whence they in a + disorderly manner withdrew themselves, all which is Humbly submited.</p> + <a name="page242" id="page242"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 242]</span> + <p>"pr order of the Comitte</p> + <p>"SILVANUS BOURN."</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="thoughtbreak" /> + <blockquote> + <p>"In Council, February 24, 1757.</p> + <p>"Read and ordered that this Report be so far accepted as relates to the + Petitioners Complaint of his Treatment at Lancaster being without Grounds, but + inasmuch as the Petitioner offers to undertake for the support of himself and the + other French removed from Lancaster except in the article of Firing and House Room, + and is likewise willing that two of his sons be placed out in Families and inasmuch + as the Petitioner is by employment a Fisherman, which cannot be exercised at + Lancaster, therefore, Ordered that he have liberty to reside in the Town of + Weymouth until this Court shall otherwise order, and the Selectmen of said Town are + impowered to place two of his sons in English families for a reasonable term and to + provide House Room for the Rest, & the liberty of cutting as much Firewood as + is necessary in as convenient a Lot as can be procured. The account of the Charge + of House Rent and Firewood to be allowed out of the Province Treasury.</p> + <p>"Sent down for concurrence.</p> + <p>"THOS. CLARKE, Dpty. Secy.</p> + <p>"Feb. 25, 1757."</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="thoughtbreak" /> + <blockquote> + <p>"In the House of Representatives.</p> + <p>"Read and unanimously non concurred, and ordered that Report of the Com'tee be + accepted & ye the said French Neutrals so called be directed to return + forthwith to ye Town of Lancaster accordingly.</p> + <p>"Sent up for Concurrence.</p> + <p>"T. HUBBARD, Spk'r."</p> + <p>"In Council, Feb. 25, 1757.</p> + <p>"Read & Concurred. A. OLIVER, Secy.</p> + <p>"Consented to S. PHIPS."</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="thoughtbreak" /> + <p>They were soon again in the quarters whence they fled. In June, 1760, the Melanson + family were divided between Lunenburg, Leominister, and Hardwick, while the Benways + remained. Among the petitioners for leave to go to "Old France," a little later, + appear "Benoni Melanson and Marie, with family of seven," and from that date the + waifs from Acadie appear no more in the annals of Lancaster.</p> + <hr /> + <h2>GIFTS TO COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.</h2> + <center> + BY CHARLES F. THWING. + </center> + <p>The generosity of the American people, in the making of gifts to their + institutions of learning, is munificent. The generosity is keeping pace with the + increase of wealth. In 1847, Abbott Lawrence gave fifty thousand dollars to Harvard + University, to found the school of science which now bears his name. This gift is + declared to be "the largest amount ever given at one time, during the lifetime of the + donor, to any public institution in this country." But since the year 1847, it is + probable that not less than fifty millions of dollars have been donated by + individuals to educational institutions. In several instances, gifts, each + approaching, or even exceeding, a million of dollars, have been bestowed. The + Baltimore merchant, Johns Hopkins, gave not less than three millions of dollars to a + great university, which, like Harvard, bears the name of its founder. Henry W. Sage + and Ezra Cornell contributed more than a million to the endowment of Cornell + University. The gifts of Amasa Stone to the Adelbert University at Cleveland + aggregate more than half a million. Since 1864, Ario Pardee has given to Lafayette + College more than five hundred thousand dollars; and the donations of John C. Green + to Princeton aggregate toward a million of dollars. Alexander Agassiz, worthy son of + a worthy father, has donated more than a quarter of a million of dollars to the + equipment of the Museum of Comparative Zoology and Anatomy which his father founded. + Joseph E. Sheffield endowed the scientific school at New Haven which bears his name. + The late Nathaniel Thayer, of Boston, contributed about two hundred and fifty + thousand dollars to Harvard. Among various institutions in the West, South, and + North, Mrs. Valeria G. Stone, of Maiden, Massachusetts, has, within the last five + years, distributed more than a million of dollars. George Peabody's benevolences + amount to eight millions of dollars, about one fourth of which forms the Southern + Educational Fund, and about one eighth endowed the Peabody Institute at Baltimore. + John F. Slater gave a million of dollars to the cause of Southern education. The + amounts contributed to college and university education in the last ten years may be + thus summarized:<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1" + href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p> + <a name="page243" id="page243"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 243]</span> +<pre> + 1872 $6,282,461 + 1873 8,238,141 + 1874 1,845,354 + 1875 2,703,650 + 1876 2,743,348 + 1877 1,273,991 + 1878 1,389,633 + 1879 3,878,648 + 1880 2,666,571 + 1881 4,601,069 +</pre> + <p>In the nineteen years since the close of the war, many institutions have been + founded with munificent endowments, as Johns Hopkins, Smith at Northampton, + Wellesley; and many more institutions have vastly increased their resources. + Harvard's property has perhaps tripled in amount; Princeton's income, under the + presidency of Dr. McCosh, has greatly enlarged; Yale's revenue has also received + large additions. Colleges in every State have been the recipients of munificent + gifts. Notwithstanding, however, these benevolences, most colleges are in a constant + state of poverty. Indeed, it may be said that every college ought to be poor; that + is, it ought to have needs far outrunning its immediate means of supplying them. + Harvard is frequently making applications for funds, which appear to be needed quite + as much in Cambridge, as in the new college of a new town of a new State. At the + present time, colleges stand in peculiar need of gifts for general purposes of + administration. Funds are frequently given for a special object, as the foundation of + a professorship. But the amount may be inadequate. It is not expedient to decline the + gift. Properly to endow the new chair, therefore, revenue must be drawn from the + general funds, which thus suffer diminution. Donations are of the greatest advantage + to a college, which are free from conditions relative to their use.</p> + <a name="page244" id="page244"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 244]</span> + <p>The demand of institutions of learning for endowment receives special emphasis at + the present by the decreasing rate of interest. It is difficult, every college + treasurer knows well, so to invest funds with safety as to cause them to return more + than five per cent, interest. Ten years ago in the East it was as easy to secure + seven, as it is now to secure five, per cent. In one year one college saw its income + decrease many thousand dollars by reason of this decrease in the rate of interest. + Bowdoin College is distinguished for the success with which its funds are + administered. At the present these funds are said to pay about six per cent, + interest, but it is a rate higher than many colleges are able to gain. By this + decrease the salaries of professors, the income of scholarships, and the entire + revenue, suffer.</p> + <p>Many reasons might be urged in behalf of benevolence to institutions of learning. + Funds thus given are as a rule administered with extraordinary financial skill. Their + permanence is greater than the permanence of funds in trust companies and savings + banks. Harvard, the oldest college, Yale, the next to the oldest (with the exception + of William and Mary), have funds still unimpaired, still applied to the designs of + those who gave them in the first years of their incorporation.</p> + <p>Gifts to a college are, moreover, an application of the right principle of + benevolence of helping those who help themselves. The trustees, the professors, are, + in proportion to their income, the most generous. Not seldom do they pledge a year's + salary for the benefit of the institutions which they officially serve. The first + nineteen donors to Tabor College, Iowa, several of whom were its officers, gave no + less than <i>sixty per cent.</i> of the assessed value of their property. The + efficient president of Colorado College has been engaged in making money for his + college in legitimate business, in preference to making his own fortune. The + students, as well as the officers, of colleges endeavor to help themselves to an + education in all fitting ways. The keeping of school, the doing of chores, the + running of errands, the tutoring of fellow-students, suggest the various ways in + which they endeavor to work their way through college.</p> + <p>Those who thus donate their money, in amounts either large or small, foster the + highest interests of the nation. From institutions of learning flow the best forces + of the national life. Literature, the fine arts, patriotism, philanthrophy, and + religion, thus receive their strongest motives. The higher education in the United + States is most intimately related to the master-minds of American literature. + Longfellow, Hawthorne, Lowell, Holmes, were in part created by Bowdoin and Harvard. + Among the most efficient officers of the late war were the graduates of the colleges. + Without the college the ministry would become a "sounding brass and a tinkling + cymbal" indeed, and without a learned ministry the church would languish. In the + early years of the century, Mr. John Norris, of Salem, proposed to give a large sum + of money to the cause of foreign missions. He was persuaded, however, to transfer the + gift to the foundation of the Andover Theological Seminary, assured that thus he was + really giving it to the missionary cause. So the event proved. For the first American + missionaries were trained at Andover. Thus, he who gives his money to the college, + gives it to the fostering of the highest and best forces in American thought and + character.</p> + <hr /> + <a name="page245" id="page245"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 245]</span> + <h2>SONG OF THE WINDS.</h2> + <center> + BY HENRY B. CARRINGTON. + </center> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <center> + I. + </center> + <div class="line"> + Thin as the viewless air, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Swifter than dreams can be, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Above, around, and everywhere, + </div> + <div class="line"> + We speed with pinions free. + </div> + <div class="line"> + No barrier bounds our path, + </div> + <div class="line"> + But, ever, to and fro, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Angels of mercy and of wrath. + </div> + <div class="line"> + Onward, in haste we go. + </div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <center> + II. + </center> + <div class="line"> + Our birth, mid Chaos rude, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Ere Earth had formed its shell; + </div> + <div class="line"> + And nursed we were, in solitude, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Where hoary night did dwell. + </div> + <div class="line"> + We tossed her raven hair, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Ere sun began to glow, + </div> + <div class="line"> + And whirled the atoms through the air, + </div> + <div class="line"> + To form the moon, I trow. + </div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <center> + III. + </center> + <div class="line"> + We heard the Eternal Voice + </div> + <div class="line"> + Pronounce, "Let there be Light!" + </div> + <div class="line"> + And, shrieking, fled, beneath the wings + </div> + <div class="line"> + Of the escaping Night. + </div> + <div class="line"> + We saw the earth arise, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Childlike, from Nature's womb, + </div> + <div class="line"> + And flew to it, with joyous cries,-- + </div> + <div class="line"> + We knew it was our home. + </div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <center> + IV. + </center> + <div class="line"> + How brilliant, then, its dyes, + </div> + <div class="line"> + O'er past we could not grieve;-- + </div> + <div class="line"> + We rocked the trees of Paradise, + </div> + <div class="line"> + And whisked the locks of Eve. + </div> + <div class="line"> + Mid things so gay and calm, + </div> + <div class="line"> + With wings, as those of doves, + </div> + <div class="line"> + We floated o'er those fields of balm, + </div> + <div class="line"> + As lightest zephyr roves. + </div> + </div> + <a name="page246" id="page246"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 246]</span> + <div class="stanza"> + <center> + V. + </center> + <div class="line"> + All changed from peace to wrath + </div> + <div class="line"> + When stern Archangel came + </div> + <div class="line"> + And drove that pair from garden path, + </div> + <div class="line"> + With sword of lambent flame. + </div> + <div class="line"> + Our wings grew strong and broad, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Our anger burst on high, + </div> + <div class="line"> + We tore huge trees,--we dashed along, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Our shadows gloomed the sky. + </div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <center> + VI. + </center> + <div class="line"> + Our home, the boundless air + </div> + <div class="line"> + Or Ocean's surging breast,-- + </div> + <div class="line"> + We meet the lightnings' lurid glare, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Or hang on rainbow's crest; + </div> + <div class="line"> + At touch, the forests bow, + </div> + <div class="line"> + The lake uplifts its voice, + </div> + <div class="line"> + The long grass hums its anthem low, + </div> + <div class="line"> + And ocean waves rejoice. + </div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <center> + VII. + </center> + <div class="line"> + Our flocks, the drifting clouds + </div> + <div class="line"> + That sweep across the plain, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Like vessels seen, with netted shrouds, + </div> + <div class="line"> + At rest upon the main. + </div> + <div class="line"> + We laugh to see them spread + </div> + <div class="line"> + With darkened fleece, afar,-- + </div> + <div class="line"> + While thunders mutter, overhead, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Like trumpet notes of war. + </div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <center> + VIII. + </center> + <div class="line"> + We scorn the pride of man, + </div> + <div class="line"> + With us he dare not cope, + </div> + <div class="line"> + Build vessel strong as e'er he can, + </div> + <div class="line"> + We shiver mast and rope. + </div> + <div class="line"> + Too long we tarry now-- + </div> + <div class="line"> + Away,--with speed, away, + </div> + <div class="line"> + More than a thousand miles we go, + </div> + <div class="line"> + To sink a ship to-day. + </div> + </div> + </div> + <hr /> + <a name="page247" id="page247"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 247]</span> + <h2>BRITISH LOSSES IN THE REVOLUTION.</h2> + <center> + FROM APRIL 19, 1775, TO THE SURRENDER OF GENERAL BURGOYNE, OCTOBER 17, 1777 + </center> + <blockquote> + [The following account of the losses of the British in the Revolution, for the + first thirty months of the war, is taken from The London Magazine of February, + 1778, and is interesting in that it differs from all the statements that appear in + our United States Histories of that portion of the war.--ED.] + </blockquote> + <p>In March, 1776, the Parliament of Great Britain Voted 42,390 Men for the Service + of America; These troops Landed Accordingly, And have Lost agreeable to their Returns + as Followeth:--</p> + <table width="75%" summary="Table of Killed/Wounded/Prisoners in Various Battles."> + <tr> + <th>Places Where</th> + <th>Killed.</th> + <th>Wounded.</th> + <th>Prisoners.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>At Lexington and Concord</td> + <td>43</td> + <td>70</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Bunker Hill</td> + <td>746</td> + <td>1,150</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ticonderoga and Quebec</td> + <td>81</td> + <td>110</td> + <td>350</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>On the Lake, by General Arnold</td> + <td>93</td> + <td>64</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Sullivan's Island</td> + <td>191</td> + <td>264</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ceder</td> + <td>40</td> + <td>70</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Norfolk, in Virginia</td> + <td>129</td> + <td>175</td> + <td>40</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Different Actions on Long Island</td> + <td>840</td> + <td>660</td> + <td>60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Harlem and Hell's Gate</td> + <td>236</td> + <td>773</td> + <td>43</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>New York, in time of landing</td> + <td>57</td> + <td>100</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>White Plains, General McDougal</td> + <td>450</td> + <td>490</td> + <td>270</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fort Washington</td> + <td>900</td> + <td>1,500</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fort Lee</td> + <td>20</td> + <td>30</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Trenton Hessians</td> + <td>35</td> + <td>60</td> + <td>948</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Princetown</td> + <td>74</td> + <td>100</td> + <td>210</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Boston Road, by Admiral Hardy</td> + <td>52</td> + <td>90</td> + <td>750</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Transports taken</td> + <td> + </td> + <td> + </td> + <td>390</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Danbury</td> + <td>260</td> + <td>350</td> + <td>40</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Iron Hill, near Elk</td> + <td>59</td> + <td>80</td> + <td>20</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Brandy Wine</td> + <td>800</td> + <td>1,170</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Reden Road, by General Maxwell</td> + <td>40</td> + <td>60</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Staten Island, by General Sullivan</td> + <td>94</td> + <td>150</td> + <td>278</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Bennington</td> + <td>200</td> + <td>1,100</td> + <td>1,100</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fort Montgomery</td> + <td>580</td> + <td>700</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fort Mifflin and Red Bank</td> + <td>328</td> + <td>53</td> + <td>84</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>General Burgoyne's Army</td> + <td>2,100</td> + <td>1,126</td> + <td>5,572</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Deserted</td> + <td>1,100</td> + <td> + </td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + </td> + <td>8,448</td> + <td>10,495</td> + <td>10,155</td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr /> + <a name="page248" id="page248"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 248]</span> + <h2>THE BOSTON YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.</h2> + <center> + BY RUSSELL STURGIS, JR. + </center> + <p>In the year of our Lord 1844, a young clerk, named George Williams, consulted with + a few others and determined that something should be done to save the young men, who + came by thousands to London, from the terrible temptations and snares to which they + were exposed. The old times had passed when the young man came to the city + recommended to some friend who would feel a personal interest in him, either take him + into his own house or find some good home for him; who felt responsible for him and + bound to know where he went and with whom he associated; who often had him at his own + board, if not regularly there, and who expected to see him in his family pew on + Sunday.</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/image6_full.png" alt="Old Building." /> + <p>Old Building.<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2" + href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a></p> + </div> + <p>Perhaps this state of things had, from necessity, ceased to be; perhaps the + introduction of machinery and the employment of large numbers of young men in the + cities made this personal relation no longer possible. Whether possible or no, the + fact remains that this close relation between employer and employed ceased. There + are, even now, some noble exceptions to this, as in the case of Mr. Williams himself, + and the firm of Samuel Morlay and Company.</p> + <p>The young man to-day comes fresh from the pure air and clear lavish sunshine of + his country home, where summer's flower-decked green is a continuous feast, and + winter's glories a delight no less. Whether upon the snow in sleigh, or hillside + coasting, or the swift skate on the frozen river, or at evening's cozy fireside + before the blazing logs, all rejoice in simple pleasures, and prayer closes the day. + Dear country home, where every sound is ministry; the morning cock and cackling hen, + the birds' hopeful morning song, the twittering swallow, noon's rest and healthy + appetite, the lowing cattle, the birds' thankful evening note, the village bell--old + curfew's echo, the pattering on the pane, the wind in the treetops, the watchdog's + distant bark for lullaby, and quiet restful sleep; his greatest sports--those of the + evening village-green--the apple bee, the husking, and the weekly singing-school.</p> + <p>He stands at evening gazing at the splendors of the blacksmith's glowing forge, + and in the morning says "good-by" to all, and starts upon his journey to the + city.</p> + <a name="page249" id="page249"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 249]</span> + <p>Arrived, and having found employment, he works from a fixed hour in the morning + till evening, then he goes <i>home</i>--where? 'T is all the home he has--all he can + afford: a room, or perhaps a part of a room, on the upper floor of a tall house, in a + narrow street--houses all about- -the view all brick and slate,--the sunshine never + penetrates to him-- the air is close and heavy; not one attraction is there for him + here. But on his way from work he must perforce pass many a front, where the electric + light casts its brilliant beams quite across the street. Yes, this proprietor can + well afford the costly allurement--it pays--a very wrecker's light to lure to + destruction. Its baneful brightness makes day of that dark narrow street. Within is + warmth, companionship, music, wine, play,--all that appeals to a young man's nature. + What wonder that he turns in here rather than go on to his cold, dreary room.</p> + <p>Once in, he is welcomed; hearty good fellows they seem. True, they are very + different from his <i>old</i> friends in appearance, manner, and language, and he at + first shrinks from them, but the wine-cup soon obliterates distinctions, and he feels + that he has never met such choice spirits before. Laughing at their jokes and coarse + stories, he forgets all in the wild excitement of the moment. His voice is now the + loudest. He sings, shouts, and, at length, losing consciousness, only wakes sick and + utterly miserable. He determines it shall be the last. Never will he be seen there + again. But he has entered upon a path of easy descent, and lower and lower he falls. + He is hurrying to death.</p> + <p>His employer cares only that he is at his place in the morning and remains there + at work till the evening. He cannot follow him, and should the young man's habits + become such that it "no longer pays" to employ him, he is dismissed and another is + quickly found to take his place. Vast numbers of young men were going down to death + in the cities, when George Williams and his friend determined to do something to keep + them from destruction, and thus they formed the first Young Men's Christian + Association in the world, on the sixth day of June, 1844.</p> + <p>In the autumn of 1851, a correspondent of the Watchman and Reflector, a religious + paper published in Boston, wrote an account of his visit to the London rooms. Captain + Sullivan saw the article, and having himself visited the London Association, he spoke + to others, and the result was a meeting in the vestry of the Central Church, on + December 15, 1851, of thirty-two men, representing twenty congregations of the + different denominations.</p> + <p>This meeting was adjourned to December 22, at the Old South Chapel, in Spring + Lane. A constitution was adopted on December 29. Officers were chosen January 5 and + 10, and the work began in earnest.</p> + <p>Mr. Francis O. Watts, of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, was the first president of + this, the <i>first</i> Young Men's Christian Association of the United States. It is + a strange coincidence, easily understood by the Christian, that on the twenty-fifth + of November, one month previous, without any knowledge on the part of Boston, the + first Young Men's Christian Association of America had been organized at Montreal, in + Canada.</p> + <a name="page250" id="page250"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 250]</span> + <p>The constitution adopted was based upon that of the parent Association, and + provided that, while any young man could be a member and enjoy all other privileges + of the Association, only members of evangelical churches could hold office or vote. + The reason for this was clear and right. Those who originated the parent Association, + and those who formed this, believed in the doctrines of the Universal Church of + Christ--in the loss of the soul and its redemption only by the blood of the Lord + Jesus Christ; nor could they be satisfied with any work for young men which did not + at least aim at conversion.</p> + <p>The chairman of the international committee thus speaks, in February last: "When + any Association sinks the religious element and the religious object which it + professes to hold high beneath secular agencies and powers, it ceases to deserve the + name of Young Men's Christian Association. It belongs then to a class of societies of + which we have many, and in which, as Christian young men looking to the conversion of + our fellows as the supreme object, we have no special or peculiar interest." The + tenth annual report thus speaks upon this point: "The tie which binds us together is + a common faith. We hold this faith most dearly, and believe it to be essential, and + therefore worthy to be protected by every means. We cannot be expected, surely, to do + so suicidal a thing as to admit to the right of equal voice in the government of our + society those who are directly opposed to the very essence of our being."</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image7_full.png"><img src="images/image7_thumbnail.png" + alt="NEW BUILDING." /></a> + <p>NEW BUILDING.</p> + </div> + <p>The <i>benefits</i> of the Association are for all--its <i>management</i> alone is + restricted.</p> + <a name="page251" id="page251"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 251]</span> + <p>There are now nearly twenty-five hundred Associations in the world, all upon what + is called the evangelical basis, and in the United States and British Provinces only + Associations upon this basis have membership or representation in the International + Organization, formulated in Paris, in 1855, thus:--</p> + <blockquote> + "The Young Men's Christian Associations seek to unite those young men who, + regarding Jesus Christ as their God and Saviour according to the Holy Scriptures, + desire to be his disciples in their doctrine and in their life, and to associate + their efforts for the extension of his kingdom among young men." + </blockquote> + <p>It is a fact that whenever the attempt has been made, and it often has, in any + Association, to give an equal right in the management to those who are not of our + faith, that Association has either soon adopted our basis or ceased to exist.</p> + <p>The spiritual benefit of its members having thus always been its ultimate end, the + London Association, during its early years, did no other work; and no sooner was the + Boston Association formed than it, too, took it up. For a while, it carried on a + Bible-class and a weekly prayer-meeting; but in May, 1857, a daily prayer-meeting was + established, and has been continued almost without intermission to the present time. + The visitation of sick members, the distribution of tracts, and the conduct of + general religious meetings, have been the regular work of special committees. These + last have been held when and where they seemed to be called for: on the Common, at + the wharves, on board the ships in the harbor, and, especially during our Civil War, + on board the receiving-ship Ohio; in the theatres, at Tremont Temple, and at the + Meionaon, where, at various times, for weeks, a noon meeting has been held for + business men.</p> + <p>The Association has also been the rallying-point and chief instrumentality in + great revival movements, under the direction of the churches, and especially in that + under Mr. Moody in the great Tabernacle. The Boston Association has never forgotten + the chief object of its existence, nor, though not without some fluctuation, has it + intermitted its religious work.</p> + <p>We have said that in London the work was at first wholly religious. In this + country, however, the social and intellectual element in young men was immediately + recognized and measures taken to satisfy them. Therefore pleasant rooms were at once + secured, carpeted, furnished, hung with pictures, and supplied with papers, + magazines, and books; and, as the work enlarged and additional and more commodious + rooms were obtained, the literary class and the occasional lecture in the room at the + Tremont Temple building, expanded, in its first own building at the corner of Tremont + and Elliot Streets, into evening classes, social gatherings, readings, and concerts; + and here first we were able to give to our members who wished them the advantages of + the gymnasium and bathrooms. And when, through the munificence of the business men, + the Association was enabled to take possession of its present building, certainly + excelled by no other in the world, either in beauty of exterior or accommodation, + every appliance for physical, social, intellectual and spiritual work has been made + possible.</p> + <a name="page252" id="page252"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 252]</span> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image8_full.png"><img src="images/image8_thumbnail.png" + alt="YMCA." /></a> + </div> + <p>Visit the building with us. There it stands, at the corner of two broad streets, + and in the midst of the finest public and private buildings in the city. Unique in + architecture, simple in design, warm in color, and beautiful in its proportions, it + is a building of which Boston may well be proud, while every Christian man must + rejoice in the thought that it is built for His glory whose blessed emblem crowns its + top-most gable. By its broad stone staircase, under the motto of Associations, "Teneo + et teneor," and through its vestibule, we enter the great reception- room. + Immediately on the left, a white marble fountain supplies ice-cold water to all who + wish it; beyond, richly carpeted and well furnished, the walls hung with good + paintings, are the two parlors. Here the members have withdrawing-rooms equal to + those even in this favored neighborhood. The few whom we find here certainly + appreciate their comfort. The pleasant room adjoining is that of the general + secretary, where he is usually to be found, and where each member is cordially + welcomed for converse or advice. Beyond, again, is the office, where three men find + it no sinecure to attend to the continuous stream of comers for welcome, membership, + or information. The library is a large, handsome, sunnyroom, well furnished with + shelves, <i>but not these so well with books</i>; and yet, from twenty to fifty men + are here quietly reading. The next room is for general reading. Around the walls on + every side are papers from almost everywhere, and on the tables all the periodicals + of this country, and many from abroad. All about the room sit or stand the readers, + many, for the time, at home again as they gather the local news of their own town or + village. The room beyond is called the "game- room." At each little table sit the + chess or draught-players, while many interested are looking on.</p> + <a name="page253" id="page253"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 253]</span> + <p>Here is the lavatory, complete in all its appointments, except, perhaps, that the + long towel on the roller has been already this evening used by too many hands. The + smell of blacking, too, indicates the wearer's pleasure in his cleaned and polished + boots. In that little hall, which seats about three hundred, a lecture is being given + to young men, on the care of the body, by Dr.----. This is one of six which are given + gratuitously by Boston physicians.</p> + <p>We mount the stairs to the next story. These two rooms are rented to a commercial + college. This door opposite admits you to the hall, which has seats for nine hundred + persons. It is extremely simple, but the tints of the walls and ceiling are + delightful, and you have only to listen to those members of the ---- Club, who have + leased it for their concerts, to realize that its acoustic properties are + perfect.</p> + <p>Still higher, we find the room of the board, where, once at least in each month, + the directors sup at their own expense, and manage the affairs of the Association. + Here, too, its various committees meet. In the room adjoining, a French lesson is + going on; in that, German; in this, penmanship. Still higher up we find the "Tech" + Glee Club practising, and this large room adjoining is filled with those who are + learning vocal music. The building seems a very hive--something going on + everywhere.</p> + <p>Let us now descend to the basement. The gymnasium is here in full blast. Men in + every kind of costume and in every possible and, to many persons, impossible + position, while the superintendent is intently watching each to see that he is + properly <i>developing</i>; every kind of bath and many of them are right at hand, + and dressing-rooms with boxes for eight hundred persons.</p> + <p>And this great building and all these appliances are the gift of the citizens of + Boston to the young men from the country. Many of the donors remember the time when + they came lonely to the city, and determined, if they could prevent it, that no young + man, to-day, in the same position, should be without a place where all of which they + so greatly felt the need is supplied.</p> + <p>These needs are thus supplied. Early in the history of the Association, a circular + was sent to every evangelical pastor in New England, asking him to give information + of each young man coming to the city, that he might be met at the station or received + at the rooms.</p> + <a name="page254" id="page254"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 254]</span> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image9_full.png"><img src="images/image9_thumbnail.png" + alt="YMCA." /></a> + </div> + <p>Let us sketch a case: We have received word that John ---- is to arrive from G---- + by such a train. During the journey, thoughts of the dear ones he has left crowd upon + him. He is already sick for home, as he looks about him and sees no familiar face. He + has left harbor for the first time. All before him is uncertain: all about him + strange. He reaches the city; friends are there at the station to welcome this and + that one of his fellow-travelers. He knows no one. No one cares for his coming. No + one? Yes, there is a young man scanning closely the faces which pass. Suddenly his + eye encounters our traveler, and at once the question: "Are you John ----? 'Tis well. + I am from the Association. We are expecting you." Together they go to the building, + and, even before reaching it, our stranger is not quite a stranger. One man at least + is interested in him. "This is the building." "What, this fine place ready to welcome + me? Why, this is grand!" Here, too, is the electric light, but not baneful this, no + wrecker's false gleam, but like the light upon the pier, showing safe entrance and + anchorage. "This is our secretary. Mr. D., this is John ----." "Glad to see you. Had + you a pleasant journey? What can we do for you? You want a boarding-place! Well, here + is the book. What can you pay? Very well, Mrs. B. has a vacancy and it is just the + place you want. I will send some one with you there. Your recommendation was such + that we have found a situation for you, and they will be ready to see you to-morrow. + We have an entertainment this evening, and I shall be glad to introduce you to + several young men." Imagine, if you can, what such an introduction to city life is to + a young man, and what is his coming to the city without it. He is no stranger now. He + has found comfort, companionship, sympathy, occupation. His heart goes home indeed, + but it is in thankfulness that he writes and describes his surroundings, and glad is + he at the close of the evening to join with others in, prayer and thanksgiving to his + mother's God, for the blessings of the Association; and later, in the quiet of his + own room, he renews his thanks, sleeps peacefully, and, full of hope, takes hold of + work in the morning. He is directed to the church of his choice and is introduced to + the pastor. Thus, at the very first, he is surrounded by good influences in a city + where thousands are on the watch with every allurement to tempt just such strangers + to destruction of both soul and body. Should John ---- be ready, in his turn, to help + others, work enough can be found for him in one of the several departments of social + or spiritual life.</p> + <a name="page255" id="page255"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 255]</span> + <p>Should he fall sick, a committee of the Association visit and care for him, and, + if necessary, watch with him. There have been many cases where young men have been + carefully tended during a long illness, and a few where even the funeral expenses + have been borne by the Association, and even burial given to the body in the + Association lot at Forest Hills Cemetery. This is no fancy sketch. Many, many actual + Johns are here pictured, and many souls will, by-and-by, be found thanking God that + he put it into the hearts of his servants to establish the Young Men's Christian + Association.</p> + <p>But whence this well-appointed building? Within the first year of its life, a + building fund was projected, and, as far as we know, this was absolutely the first + step in this direction taken by any Association, either in this country or elsewhere. + A library fund was also started at the same time.</p> +<pre> + A few subscriptions towards + a building were obtained, + which, in 1858, amounted to $1,200 + In 1859-60 were added 1,644 + In 1873 (for altering and + furnishing), 5,700 + In 1873-74, 4,400 + In 1874-75, 7,800 + In 1882, the estate of Daniel + P. Stone gave 25,000 + Inspired by this, a meeting + of citizens was held at the + Brunswick, where committees + on finance were appointed, + and the result was a subscription + of 175,000 $220,744 + By will have been bequeathed: + By Charles H. Cook, 300 + " Miss Nabby Joy, 5,000 + " J. Sullivan Warren, 13,059 + " Dr. George E. Hatton, 5,000 23,359 + And by subscriptions in connection with, Fairs: + 1859--Chinese Fair, 4,787 + 1873--Bazaar of Nations, 12,246 17,033 + -------- + $261,136 +</pre> + <p>We have mentioned "Fairs." These have been three in number; each being held in the + Music Hall, and owed their success, not only to the energy of the young men, but to + the hearty sympathy and untiring exertions of the ladies of the Boston churches.</p> +<pre> + The first was held in 1858, and netted $9,650 + The second was called the Chinese + Fair, all the decorations being Chinese,--a + pagoda reaching fifty-six + feet to the very height of the hall, + which netted 33,000 + The third was the most elaborate--the + Bazaar of the Nations; the Music + Hall being made to represent a street + of foreign houses, where, by persons + in costume, the goods of the different + nations were sold. It came in + the spring and immediately after the + fire, but netted 28,673 + -------- + $71,323 +</pre> + <a name="page256" id="page256"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 256]</span> + <p>It is certainly to the credit of the Association that up to 1882, when the large + subscription of $200,000 was secured, the amount raised through the exertions of the + young men and the ladies exceeded by more than $10,000 all moneys subscribed.</p> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image10_full.png"><img src="images/image10_thumbnail.png" + alt="YMCA." /></a> + </div> + <p>The influence of the Boston Association has not been merely local. Through Mr. + L.P. Rowland, long its general secretary, and now the veteran secretary of the United + States, in his capacity of corresponding secretary of the international committee, + the first State work was done and Associations formed in all parts of Massachusetts. + The present Boston building is now the headquarters of the Massachusetts committee, + where the State secretary may always be reached. The secretary of the Association is + a member of the State committee, a present member of the board, and an ex-president + is now chairman of the same. In national matters, also, the Boston Association has + responded to every call. In the early days of the war a drill-club was organized by + one of its board, and he, as well as a large number of his men, went into service. + And at the call of Mr. Stuart, of Philadelphia, the committee of the Christian + Commission was represented by an ex-president and an army committee formed in the + Association, which sent the large sum in money of $333,237.49, and immense stores of + all kinds to the field.</p> + <p>The same committee acted as almoners at the time of Chicago's great fire, and also + when the Western woods fires caused such suffering.</p> + <a name="page257" id="page257"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 257]</span> + <p>Without boasting, for much more might have been done, the Boston Association has + no cause to be ashamed of its history. Beginning with all ready to criticize, and + many disapproving, the Association has worked itself into the confidence of the + community; and the Reverend Joseph Cook, who was introduced as a lecturer to Boston + under its auspices, thus speaks of the Association at the close of its + quarter-century. He says:--</p> + <p>"First, That there is a vast amount of work which should be done for young men in + cities, and that, as the proportion of the American population living in cities had + increased since the opening of this century from one twenty-fifth to one fifth, the + importance is great and growing.</p> + <p>"Second, That neither individual churches taken separately, nor individual + denominations taken separately, can do this work easily or adequately.</p> + <p>"Third, That all the evangelical denominations united in a city can do this work + easily by the organization of a Young Men's Christian Association as their + representative."</p> + <p>A short time ago a committee of conference, made up of eight leading city + clergymen and as many laymen, two of each denomination, unanimously passed the + following resolutions:--</p> + <p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the great and peculiar dangers to which young men are + exposed in this, as in other cities, clearly calls, for the work of the Young Men's + Christian Association.</p> + <p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the Association represents the Church working through its + young men for the redemption of young men, and, therefore, it is entitled to the + continued confidence, support, and co-operation of the churches."</p> + <p>After long years of patient and steady work, the Boston Young Men's Christian + Association has secured the confidence of the Christian community to the extent of + more than $300,000, in the palpable form of stone and brick, which beautifies one of + the finest sites in our city. It stands also as a monument of the liberality of + Christian Boston and her appreciation of this great work for young men in the + Master's name.</p> + <hr /> + <h2>THE OHIO FLOODS.</h2> + <center> + BY THE HON. GEORGE E. JENKS. + </center> + <p>Several causes are assigned for the excessive rise of water in the Ohio valley. + This water-shed is accredited with an area of two hundred thousand square miles, and + it lies upon the border-line of hot and cold temperatures. It is subject to heavy + storms, and sometimes, in winter, to large accumulations of snow. It is presumable + also, the rainfall is greater than the average of the country. When, following great + deposits of snow, warm, heavy, and prolonged rains occur, excessive floods must be + the result. Add to these coincidents the fact that forests, once existing, are now so + nearly annihilated that little protection is offered against a rapid dissolution of + the snow, and the sudden freezing of the earth in an interval of the late storm + preventing absorption of rain falling thereafter. The waters thus produced fall into + the main streams without hindrance, like rain from roofs of buildings. An aggregation + of waters in this valley, rising from fifty to seventy- one feet, is of annual + occurrence, intensified according to excesses and completeness of coincidents.</p> + <a name="page258" id="page258"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 258]</span> + <p>The damage arising from the Ohio flood of 1882 has been estimated at twelve + millions of dollars; that of 1883 at thirty-five to forty millions of dollars. If + these estimates are approximately correct, what must have been the damage from the + flood of 1884!</p> + <p>There are other causes for the floods in the Ohio valley, and in all Southern + streams, that have been but little considered, which exercise undoubted and immense + influence in solving the peculiarities of the question under consideration, and + afford striking contrasts in different sections of this country.</p> + <p>There are two water systems presented in North America. North of about the + forty-first degree of latitude probably the southern limit of the once glacial + region--a <i>reservoir system</i> prevails toward the headwaters of all the streams. + It includes New England, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Dakota, and to the + Rocky Mountains divide, and all of the British Provinces to the Arctic Circle. It + also somewhat occurs on the western slope of the Rockies. This region is notable for + the great lake system, and the immense number of smaller lakes and ponds--natural + inland reservoirs, supposed to be largely of glacial formation to hold back + considerable portions of the cumulative waters upon any given water-shed, and serving + to restrain the outflow, even after they are filled. These basins exercise a happy + and protective influence in many ways.</p> + <p>South of the forty-first parallel, the rivers have no <i>reservoirs</i> to hold + any part of the flow from their water-shed. Within this vast area few lakes or ponds + exist. The superabundance of water has no restraint, but at once takes to the bottom + lands. To this southern system the Ohio River notably belongs, with all its + tributaries. Within its two hundred thousand square miles of area, scarcely a natural + reservoir is to be found. No other part of the country is so devoid of basins. Its + feeders drain the western slopes of the Alleghany and Cumberland Mountains--Western + Pennsylvania and West Virginia, representing sixty thousand square miles, the + southern portions of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and most of Kentucky and Tennessee. + These States are without lakes or ponds. Nothing intervenes to hold back any portion + of the vast flow from these coincidents of nature before spoken of, and therefore the + excessive floods of last year and this. Such results must continue to follow.</p> + <p>During the summer droughts the other extreme prevails. For lack of a reservoir + system to withhold and control the flow of water, the river falls from + flood-tide--seventy-one feet--to points so low as to seriously impede or prevent + navigation. Sometimes even the smallest steamers and barges fail to pass between + Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, and coal famines have not been unfrequent, resulting from + difficult navigation. An equable flow of this stream is impossible. It will always be + subject to these extremes. Nothing but an extensive method of filling or diking is + likely to prevent the inundation of cities and villages that are not seventy feet + above low-water mark, with attending suffering and destruction of life and property. + All Southern rivers are liable to like extremes.</p> + <a name="page259" id="page259"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 259]</span> + <p>In contrast, it may be noted that the St. Lawrence River but slightly varies its + flow, above Montreal, because of the restraining power of the Great Lakes, its + feeders. The upper Mississippi rises not to excess because of the thousands of lakes + and lakelets in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Dakota, its sources. The floods occur in + its southern portion, chiefly below St. Louis. But for this reservoir system its + navigation in the upper portion would be seriously impeded in summer seasons.</p> + <p>Disastrous floods can scarcely occur on the St. John's, St. Croix, Penobscot, + Kennebec, Androscoggin, Saco, Piscataqua, Merrimack, Connecticut, or Hudson Rivers, + except from damming of the ice in winter or springtime (and that cause is of rare + occurrence), such is the elaborate system of reservoirs about the headwaters of these + streams. This northern country is greatly benefited by these excavations occurring + from geological causes.</p> + <p>The Merrimack River has a water-shed of about four thousand square miles + miles--one fiftieth part of that of the Ohio. It has the Winnipiseogee, Squam, and + Newfound Lakes, and hundreds of ponds to fill, that store a large amount of water, + before any considerable rise can take place in the river, and then they restrain the + flow. No excess of water comes through the Winnipiseogee River, though it is the + outlet of a water-shed nearly as great as of the Pemigewasset. The freshets of the + Merrimack come chiefly from the last-named stream and minor tributaries. Without + these reservoirs, the manufacturing establishments at Lawrence, Lowell, and + Manchester, would cease to be operated by water-power during the summer droughts. The + highest flow of water in the Merrimack known in forty-six years, as measured at the + Lowell dam, was thirteen and seven-twelfths feet. This occurred in 1852. Only a few + times have freshets exceeded ten feet rise over that dam.</p> + <p>The greatest fall of water and rise of the freshet, in this valley, known at + Concord, New Hampshire, occurred in August, 1826. This storm notably caused the + land-slide in the Saco valley, which buried the Willey family. The next was in early + October, 1869, which caused the slide of seventy-five acres of land on the western + side of Tri- Pyramid Mountain into Mad River, in Waterville.</p> + <p>Messrs. Rand, McNally, and Company, of Chicago, in their Atlas of the World, give + data to illustrate the two river systems of the country spoken of. Names of + sixty-seven lakes are given in Maine, and beside these are ponds almost innumerable. + By census statistics given, her reservoir and land areas are as 1 to 13. New + Hampshire is accredited with three hundred and sixty-two lakes and ponds, being as 1 + acre to 41 of land. Vermont has forty-one lakes and ponds, including Lake Champlain, + being as 1 acre to 24 of land. Massachusetts, forty- seven lakes and ponds; Rhode + Island, forty-seven; Connecticut, eighteen; New York, two hundred and sixty, beside + her great lakes; New Jersey, ten; Pennsylvania (chiefly northeastern portion), + fifty-eight; Michigan, ninety-eight lakes, and ponds in great number; Wisconsin, + seventy- two lakes, and a large number of ponds; Minnesota, one hundred and forty-two + lakes, and ponds innumerable; Dakota, fifteen lakes, and a great number of ponds; and + Iowa, forty-eight lakes.</p> + <a name="page260" id="page260"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 260]</span> + <p>In contrast, Virginia has only Lake Drummond--really a part of the Dismal Swamp; + West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, none; Indiana, eleven lakes, and + Illinois, eight,--all on northern water- shed. The Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama + have no reservoirs. Lagoons exist in the States bordering the Mississippi River and + the Gulf, which are filled by the overflow of the rivers.</p> + <p>A consultation of any good atlas of our country will confirm these statements.</p> + <p>The two sections are thus contrasted. The Northern States have reason to be very + thankful for their more equable system, for the motive power its reservoirs furnish, + and for exemption from disastrous floods, as well as from cyclones and tornadoes.</p> + <hr /> + <a name="page261" id="page261"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 261]</span> + <h2>THE BOSTON TEA-PARTY.</h2> + <blockquote> + [This account of the Boston Tea-Party is taken, <i>verbatim</i>, from "The Boston + Evening Post, Monday, December 20, 1773. Thomas and John Fleet, at the Heart and + Crown, in Cornhill, Messi'rs Printers." It adds another link in the chain of + evidence to prove that the patriots were disguised as Indians.--ED.] + </blockquote> + <p>Having accidentally arrived at Boston upon a visit to a Friend the evening before + the meeting of the Body of the People on the 29th of November, curiosity, and the + pressing invitations of my most kind host, induced me to attend the Meeting. I must + confess that I was most agreeably, and I hope that I shall be forgiven by the People + if I say so unexpectedly, entertained and instructed by the regular, reasonable and + sensible conduct and expression of the People there collected, that I should rather + have entertained an idea of being transported to the British senate than to an + adventurous and promiscuous assembly of People of a remote Colony, were I not + convinced by the genuine and uncorrupted integrity and manly hardihood of the + Rhetoricians of that assembly that they were not yet corrupted by venality or + debauched by luxury.</p> + <p>The conduct of that wise and considerate body, in their several transactions, + evidently tended to preserve the property of the East India Company. I must confess I + was very disagreeably affected with the conduct of Mr. Hutchinson, their pensioned + Governor, on the succeeding day, who very unseasonably, and, as I am informed, very + arbitrarily (not having the sanction of law), framed and executed a mandate to + disperse the People, which, in my oppinion, with a people less prudent and temperate + would have cost him his head. The Force of that body was directed to effect the + return of the Teas to Great Briton; much argument was expended. Much entreaty was + made use of to effect this desirable purpose. Mr. Rotch behaved, in my estimation, + very unexceptionably; his disposition was seemingly to comport with the desires of + the People to convey the Teas to the original proprietors. The Consignees have + behaved like Scoundrels in refusing to take the consignment, or indemnify the owner + of the ship which conveyed this detestable commodity to this port. Every possible + step was taken to preserve this property. The People being exasperated with the + conduct of the administration in this affair, great pains were taken and much policy + exerted to procure a stated watch for this purpose.<a id="footnotetag3" + name="footnotetag3" href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p> + <a name="page262" id="page262"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 262]</span> + <p>The body of the People determined the Tea should not be landed; the determination + was deliberate, was judicious; the sacrifice of their Rights, of the Union of all the + Colonies, would have been the effect had they conducted with less resolution: On the + Committee of Correspondence they devolved the care of seeing their resolutions + seasonably executed; that body, as I have been informed by one of their members, had + taken every step prudence and patriotism could suggest, to effect the desirable + purpose, but were defeated. The Body once more assembled, I was again present; such a + collection of the people was to me a novelty; near seven thousand persons from + several towns, Gentlemen, Merchants, Yeomen, and others, respectable for their rank + and abilities, and venerable for their age and character, constituted the assembly; + they decently, unanimously and firmly adhered to their former resolution, that the + baleful commodity which was to rivet and establish the duty should never be landed; + to prevent the mischief they repeated the desires of the Committee of the Towns, that + the owner of the ship should apply for a clearance; it appeared that Mr. Rotch had + been managed and was still under the influence of the opposite party; he resisted the + request of the people to apply for a clearance for his ship with an obstinacy which, + in my opinion, bordered on stubbornness--subdued at length by the peremptory demand + of the Body, he consented to apply, a committee of ten respectable gentlemen were + appointed to attend him to the collector; the Body meeting the same morning by + adjournment, Mr. Rotch was directed to protest in form, and then apply to the + Governor for a Pass by the Castle; Mr. Rotch executed his commission with fidelity, + but a pass could not be obtained, his Excellency excusing himself in his refusal that + he should not make the precedent of granting a pass till a clearance was obtained, + which was indeed a fallacy, as it had been usual with him in ordinary cases,--Mr. + Rotch returning in the evening reported as above; the Body then voted his conduct to + be satisfactory, and recommending order and regularity to the People, dissolved. + Previous to the dissolution, a number of Persons, supposed to be the Aboriginal + Natives from their complection, approaching near the door of the assembly, gave the + War Whoop, which was answered by a few in the galleries of the house where the + assembly was convened; silence was commanded, and prudent and peaceable deportment + again enjoined. The Savages repaired to the ships which entertained the pestilential + Teas, and had began their ravage previous to the dissolution of the meeting--they + apply themselves to the destruction of the commodity in earnest, and in the space of + about two hours broke up 342 chests and discharged their contents into the sea. A + watch, as I am informed, was stationed to prevent embezzlement and not a single ounce + of Teas was suffered to be purloined by the populace. One or two persons being + detected in endeavouring to pocket a small quantity were stripped of their + acquisitions and very roughly handled. It is worthy remark that, although a + considerable quantity of goods of different kinds were still remaining on board the + vessels, no injury was sustained; such attention to private property was observed + that a small padlock belonging to the Captain of one of the ships being broke another + was procured and sent to <a name="page263" id="page263"></a><span class="newpage">[pg + 263]</span> him. I cannot but express my admiration of the conduct of this People. + Uninfluenced by party or any other attachment, I presume I shall not be suspected of + misrepresentation. The East India Company must console themselves with this + reflection, that if they have suffered, the prejudice they sustaine does not arise + from enmity to them. A fatal necessity has rendered this catstrophe inevitable--the + landing the tea would have been fatal, as it would have saddled the colonies with a + duty imposed without their consent, and which no power on earth can effect. Their + strength and numbers, spirit and illumination, render the experiment dangerous, the + defeat certain: The Consignees must attribute to themselves the loss of the property + of the East India Company: had they seasonably quieted the minds of the people by a + resignation, all had been well; the customhouse, and the man who disgraces Majesty by + representing him, acting in confederacy with the inveterate enemies of America, + stupidly opposed every measure concerted to return the Teas.--That Americans may + defeat every attempt to enslave them, is the warmest wish of my heart. I shall return + home doubly fortified in my resolution to prevent that deprecrated calamity, the + landing the teas in Rhode Island, and console myself with the happiest assurance that + my brethren have not less virtue, less resolution, than their neighbours.</p> + <p>AN IMPARTIAL OBSERVER.</p> + <hr /> + <h2>PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT.</h2> + <p>We give with this number of the Bay State a fac-simile reproduction, from a rare + copy in our possession, of "An Oration, pronounced at Hanover, New Hampshire, the + Fourth Day of July, 1800," by Daniel Webster. This oration was delivered when the + future statesman was in his eighteenth year. It cannot fail to interest every reader + of the Magazine, and will be a treat to every collector of Americana.</p> + <p>Our Lowell article in the March number of The Bay State Monthly has been severely + criticized--especially the cuts. To the older residents of that city each picture was + of interest from association. We should have given credit to the excellent History of + Lowell, written by Charles Cowley, LL.D., and to the Year Book, published by the + Mail.</p> + <p>A System of Rhetoric is the title of a book by C.W. Bardeen, published in 1884 by + A.S. Barnes and Company, of New York.</p> + <p>The subject is divided into sentence-making, conversation, letter-writing, the + essay, oratory, and poetry. The book under consideration is an able and exhaustive + treatise and must become highly prized as a textbook.</p> + <p>A Brief History of Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern Peoples, with some account of + their monuments, institutions, arts; manners, and customs, is the title of a book of + six hundred pages, with two hundred and forty illustrations, issued by the same + publishers.</p> + <p>There is a large amount of information crowded within its covers, made available + by a thorough index.</p> + <a name="page264" id="page264"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 264]</span> + <div class="figcenter"> + <a href="images/image11_full.png"><img src="images/image11_thumbnail.png" + alt="ORNAMENTAL FIREPLACE. (Magee Fine-Art Castings.)" /></a> + <p>ORNAMENTAL FIREPLACE. (Magee Fine-Art Castings.)<a id="footnotetag4" + name="footnotetag4" href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p> + </div> + <p>The unique designs, massive beauty, and artistic grace of Magee's fine-art + castings place them in competition with the finest work in brass and bronze. From the + antique suit of armor, platinum plated, to the light and graceful leaf, for holding + the quill and pencil, their designs include a great variety of ornamental articles: + tiles, shields, panels, sconces, brackets, plaques, arms, trays, fireplaces, and + jewelry-boxes.</p> + <p>Their reproduction of the strange and fantastic hand-made studies of Chinese and + Japanese artists would puzzle the Celestials, especially in the coloring and finish. + Professional critics are often deceived as to the materials employed, so fine a + finish will iron receive.</p> + <p>This class of work is in its infancy--its possibilities are very numerous.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <div class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>: (<a + href="#footnotetag1">return</a>) + <p>Compiled from various Reports of the United States Commissioner of + Education.</p> + </div> + <div class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>: (<a + href="#footnotetag2">return</a>) + <p>NOTE.--The illustrations are furnished by the architects of the new building, + Messrs. Sturgis and Brigham.</p> + </div> + <div class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>: (<a + href="#footnotetag3">return</a>) + <p>This watch consisted of 24 to 34 Men, who served as volunteers 19 Days and 23 + Hours.</p> + </div> + <div class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>: (<a + href="#footnotetag4">return</a>) + <p>Note.--By the delay of the artist, this page, designed for the Chelsea article + in the February number of The Bay State Monthly, was not ready in season.--Ed.</p> + </div> + + <div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13680 ***</div> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/13680-h/images/image10_full.png b/13680-h/images/image10_full.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..19e72e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/13680-h/images/image10_full.png diff --git a/13680-h/images/image10_thumbnail.png b/13680-h/images/image10_thumbnail.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b41b84 --- 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