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diff --git a/13638-0.txt b/13638-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..45c3fb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/13638-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2851 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13638 *** + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +No. 19.] SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 1850 [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * * {289} + + +CONTENTS + +Our Progress. 289 + +NOTES:-- + Captivity of the Queen of Bruce, by W.B. Rye. 290 + A Note on Robert Herrick, by J. Milner Barry. 291 + The Meaning of Lærig, by S.W. Singer. 292 + Folk-Lore--St. Valentine in Norwich--Cook-eels--Old + Charms--Superstitions in North of England--Decking + Churches with Yew--Strewing Chaff before Houses. 293 + Folk-lore of Wales--Cron Annwn--Cyoerath or + Gwrach-y-rhybin. 294 + William Basse and his Poems, by Rev. T. Corser. 295 + John Stowe. 297 + Transposition of Letters--Pet Names--Jack--Pisan--Mary and Polly. 298 + Parallel Passages. 299 + Inedited Poem by Burns, by Rev. J.R. Wreford. 300 + Lacedæmonian Black Broth. 300 + +QUERIES:-- + Ten Queries on Poets and Poetry, by E.F. Rimhault, LL.D. 303 + Bishop Cosin's Consecration of Churches. 303 + Portraits of Luther, Erasmus, and Ulric von Hutten. 303 + Queries concerning Chaucer. 303 + Letter attributed to Sir Robert Walpole. 304 + Queries concerning Bishops of Ossory, by Rev. I. Graves. 305 + Burton's Anatomy of (Religious) Melancholy. 305 + Minor Queries:--Master of Methuen--Female Captive--Parliamentary + Writs--Portraits in British Museum. 305 + +REPLIES:-- + College Salting, by C.H. Cooper, &c. 306 + Queries answered. No. 5., by Bolton Corney. 307 + Replies to Minor Queries:--Old Auster Tenement--Tureen. 307 + +MISCELLANIES:-- + M. de Gournay--The Mirror, from the Latin of Owen--Journeyman--Balloons. + 308 + +MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Books and Odd Volumes wanted. 309 + Notices to Correspondents. 309 + Advertisements. 309 + + * * * * * + + +OUR PROGRESS + +Although very unwilling to encroach upon the enlarged space which we +have this week afforded to our numerous and increasing contributors, we +may be permitted to refer to the fact of our having felt it due to them +to find such additional space by giving an extra half-sheet, as a proof +at once of the growing interest in our Journal, and of its extended +utility. + +We trust too that the step which we have thus taken will be received as +a pledge of our intention to meet all the requirements which may arise +from our Journal becoming more generally known, and consequently, as we +are justified by our past experience in saying, being made greater use +of, as a medium of intercommunication between all classes of students +and men of letters. + +Our last and present Number furnish proofs of its utility in a way which +when it was originally projected could scarcely have been contemplated. +We allude to its being made the channel through which intending editors +may announce the works on which they are engaged, and invite the +co-operation of their literary brethren. Nor is the readiness with which +such co-operation is likely to be afforded, the only good result to be +obtained by such an announcement. For such an intimation is calculated +not only to prevent the unpleasantness likely to arise from a collision +of interests--but also to prevent a literary man either setting to +himself an unprofitable task or wasting his time and research upon +ground which is already occupied. + +One word more. When we commenced our labours we were warned by more than +one friendly voice, that, although we should probably find no lack of +Queries, we should oftentimes be "straited for a Reply." This, however, +as our readers will admit, has not been the case; for though, as +Shakspeare says, with that truth and wisdom for which he is proverbial-- + + "The ample proposition that Hope makes, + In all designs begun on earth below, + Fails in its promis'd largeness," + +the observation in our Introduction, that "those who are best informed +are generally most ready to communicate knowledge, and to confess +ignorance, to feel the value of such a work as we are attempting, and to +understand that if it is to be well done {290} they must help to do it," +has, thanks to the kind assistance of our friends, grown, from a mere +statement of opinion, to the dignity of a prediction. We undertook our +task in faith and hope, determined to do our best to realize the +intentions we had proposed to ourselves, and encouraged by the feeling +that if we did so labour, our exertions would not be in vain, for-- + + "What poor duty cannot do, + Noble respect takes it in might not merit." + +And the success with which our efforts have been crowned shows we were +justified in so doing. And so, gentle reader, to the banquet of dainty +delights which is here spread before you! + + * * * * * + +CAPTIVITY OF THE QUEEN OF BRUCE IN ENGLAND. + +I perceive, in one of the recent interesting communications made to the +"NOTES AND QUERIES," by the Rev. Lambert B. Larking, that he has given, +from a wardrobe roll in the Surrenden collection, a couple of extracts, +which show that Bruce's Queen was in 1314 in the custody of the Abbess +of Barking. To that gentleman our thanks are due for the selection of +documents which had escaped the careful researches of Lysons, and which +at once throw light on the personal history of a royal captive, and +illustrate the annals of a venerable Abbey. I am glad to be able to +answer the concluding query as to the exact date when the unfortunate +lady, (Bruce's second wife,) left that Abbey, and to furnish a few +additional particulars relative to her eight years' imprisonment in +England. History relates that in less than three months after the crown +had been placed upon the head of Bruce by the heroic Countess of Buchan, +sister of the Earl of Fife (29th March, 1306), he was attacked and +defeated at Methven, near Perth, by the English, under Aymer de Valence, +Earl of Pembroke. After this signal discomfiture, the king fled into the +mountains, accompanied by a few faithful followers: his Queen, daughter, +and several other ladies, for awhile shared his misfortunes and dangers; +but they at length took refuge at the Castle of Kildrummie, from whence +they retreated, in the hope of greater security, to the sanctuary of St. +Duthae, at Tain, in Ross-shire. The Earl of Ross, it is said, violated +the sanctuary, and delivered the party up to the English, who (as sings +Chaucer's contemporary, Barbour, in his not very _barbarous_ Scottish +dialect) straightway proceeded to + + --"put the laydis in presoune, + Sum in till castell, sum in dongeoun." + +Among the captives were three ecclesiastics, who had taken a prominent +part at the king's coronation--the Bishops of Glasgow and St. Andrews +and the Abbot of Scone, arrayed in most uncanonical costume.[1] Peter +Langtoft pathetically bewails their misfortune:-- + + "The Bisshop of Saynt Andrew, and the Abbot of + Scone, + The Bisshop of Glascow, thise were taken sone; + Fettred on hackneis, to Inlond ere thei sent, + On sere stedis it seis, to prison mad present." + +An instrument in Norman French, printed in Rymer's great collection +(_Foedera_, vol. i. part ii. p. 994, new ed.), directs the manner in +which the prisoners were to be treated. As this document is curious, I +will give that portion which refers particularly to Bruce's wife, the +"Countess of Carrick:"-- + + "A.D. 1306. (34 Edw. 1.) Fait a remembrer, qi, quant la Femme le + Conte de Carrik sera venue au Roi, ele soit envee a _Brustewik_ + [on Humber], & qe ele eit tieu mesnee, & sa sustenance ordenee + en la manere desouz escrite: cest asavoir, + + "Qe ele eit deux femmes du pays oversqe li; cest asaver, une + damoisele & une femme por sa chambre, qi soient bien d'age & + nyent gayes, & qi eles soient de bon & meur port; les queles + soient entendantz, a li por li servir: + + "Et deux vadletz, qi soient ausint bien d'age, & avisez, de + queux l'un soit un des vadletz le Conte de Ulvestier [the Earl + of Ulster, her father], cest asaver Johan de Benteley, ou autre + qil mettra en lieu de li, & l'autre acun du pays, qi soit por + trencher devant li: + + "Et ausant eit ele un garzon a pee, por demorer en sa chambre, + tiel qi soit sobre, & ne mie riotous, por son lit faire, & por + autres choses qe covendront por sa chambre: + + "Et, estre ce, ordenez est qeele eit un Vadlet de mestier, qe + soit de bon port, & avisez, por port ses cleifs, por panetrie, & + botellerie, & un cu: + + "Et ele deit ausint aver trois leveriers, por aver son deduyt en + la garrene illueques, & en les pares, quant ele voudra: + + "Et qe ele eit de la veneison, & du peisson es pescheries, + selene ce qe master li sera: + + "Et qe ele gisse en la plus bele maison du manoir a sa volunte: + Et, qe ele voit guyer es pares, r'aillois entor le manoir, a se + volunte." + +These orders are apparently not more severe than was necessary for the +safe custody of the Queen; and, considering the date of their issue, +they seem to be lenient, considerate, and indulgent. Not so, however, +with the unfortunate Countess of Buchan, who was condemned to be encaged +in a turret of Berwick Castle ("en une _kage_ de fort latiz, de fuist & +barrez, & bien efforcez de ferrement;" i.e. of strong lattice-work of +wood, barred, and well strengthened with iron[2]), where she remained +immured seven years. Bruce's {291} daughter, Marjory, and his sister +Mary, were likewise to be encaged, the former in the Tower of London, +the latter in Roxburghe Castle. The young Earl of Mar, "L'enfant qi est +heir de Mar," Bruce's nephew, was to be sent to Bristol Castle, to be +carefully guarded, "qil ne puisse eshcaper en nule manere," but not to +be _fettered_--"mais q'il soit hors de fers, _tant come il est de si +tendre age_." + +In 1308 (1 Edw. 2.), the Bailiff of Brustwick is commanded to deliver up +his prisoner, to be removed elsewhere, but to what place it does not +appear. A writ of the 6th Feb. 1312, directs her to be conveyed to +Windsor Castle, "cum familia sua." In October of the same year, she was +removed to "Shaston" (Shaftesbury), and subsequently to the Abbey of +Barking, where she remained till March, 1314, when she was sent to +Rochester Castle, as appears by the following writ (Rymer, vol. ii. part +i. p. 244.):-- + + "(7 Edw. 2.) _De ducendo Elizabetham uxorem Roberti de Brus, + usque ad Castrum Rossense._ + + "Mandatum est Vicecomitibus London quod Elizabetham. Uxorem + Roberti de Brus, quæ cum Abbatissà de Berkyngg' stetit per + aliquot tempus, de mandato Regis, ab cadem Abbatissà sine + dilatione recipiant, eam usque Ross' duci sub salvâ custodia + faciant, Henrico de Cobeham, Constabulario Castri Regis ibidem + per Indenturam, indè faciendam inter ipsos, liberandam; et hoc + nullatenus omittant. + + "Teste Rege, apud Westm. xii. die Martii, + "Per ipsum Regem. + + "Et mandatum est præfatæ Abbatissæ, quod præfatam Elizabetham, + quam nuper, de mandato Regis, admisit in domo suâ de Berkyng' + quousque Rex aliud inde ordinâsset, moraturam, sine dilatione + deliberet præfatis Vicecomitibus, ducendam pront eis per Regem + plenius est injunctum, et hoc nullatenus omittat. + + "Teste Rege ut supra, + "Per ipsum Regem. + + "Et mandatum est dicto Henrico, Constabulario Castri Regis + prædicti, quod ipsam Elizabetham de prædictis Vicecomitibus, per + Indenturam hujus modi, recipiat, et ci cameram, infra dictum + Castrum competentem pro mora suâ assignari: + + "Et viginti solidos, de exitibus Ballivæ suæ, ei per singulas + septimanas, quamdiu ibidem moram fecerit, pro expensis suis, + liberari faciat: + + "Eamque, infra Castrum prædictum, et infra Prioratum Sancti + Andreæ ibidem, opportunis temporibus spatiari sub salva custodia + (ita quod securus sit de corpore suo), permittat: + + "Et Rex ei de prædictis viginti solidis, præfatæ Elizabethæ + singulis septimanis liberandis, debitam allocationem, in compoto + suo ad Scaccarium Regis, fieri faciet. + + "Teste ut supra, + "Per ipsum Regem." + +But the day of deliverance was close at hand: the battle of Bannockburn, +so fatal to the English, was fought on the 24th June; and on the 2nd of +October the Constable of Rochester Castle is commanded to conduct the +wife, sister, and daughter of Robert Bruce to Carlisle (_usque +Karliolum_), where an exchange of prisoners was made. Old Hector Boece, +who, if Erasmus can be trusted, "knew not to lie," informs us, that +"King Robertis wife, quhilk was hald in viii. yeris afore in Ingland, +was interchangeit with ane duk of Ingland"[3] [Humphrey de Bohun, Earl +of Hereford]. And the aforesaid Barbour celebrates their restoration in +the following lines:-- + + "Quhill at the last they tretyt sua, + That he[4] till Inglond hame suld ga, + For owtyn paying of ransoune, fre; + And that for him suld changyt be + Byschap Robert[5] that blynd was mad; + And the Queyne, that thai takyn had + In presoune, as befor said I; + And hyr douchtre dame Marjory. + The Erle was changyt for thir thre." + +W.B. RYE. + +[Footnote 1: _Loricati_, (in their coats of mail.)--_Matthew of +Westminster._] + +[Footnote 2: See the order at length in Rymer, _ut sup._] + +[Footnote 3: Bellenden's translation.] + +[Footnote 4: The Earl of Hereford.] + +[Footnote 5: Wishcart, Bishop of Gloucester, before alluded to.] + + * * * * * + +A NOTE ON ROBERT HERICK, AUTHOR OF "HESPERIDES." + +In the summer of 1844, I visited Dean Prior in company with my brother, +in order to ascertain if we could add any new fact to the scanty +accounts of the _Life of Herrick_ recorded by his biographers. The +events of his life have been related by Dr. Drake, (_Literary Hours_, +vol. iii., 1st edit. 1798.--3rd edit. 1804), by Mr. Campbell, by Dr. +Nott (_Select Poems from the Hesperides_, &c. Bristol, 1810,) by a +writer in the _Quarterly Review_, vol. iv. 1810, by Mr. Wilmott in his +elegantly written _Lives of Sacred Poets_, vol. i., 1834, and in the +memoirs prefixed to the recent editions of _Herrick's Poems_ published +by Clarke (1844), and Pickering (1846). On examining any of these +biographies, it will be found that the year and place of Herrick's death +have not been ascertained. This was the point which I therefore +particularly wished to inquire into. + +Dean Prior is a village about six or seven miles from Totnes: the +church, with the exception of the tower, had been recently rebuilt. The +monuments and inscribed stones were carefully removed when the old +fabric was taken down, and restored as nearly as could be to +corresponding situations in the new building. I sought in vain, amongst +these, for the name of Herrick. On making inquiry of the old sexton who +accompanied us, he said at first in a very decided tone, "Oh, he died in +Lunnun," but afterwards corrected himself, and said that Herrick died at +Dean Prior, and that an old tombstone in {292} the churchyard, at the +right hand side of the walk leading to the south side of the church, +which was removed several years ago, was supposed to have covered the +remains of the former vicar of Dean Prior. + +Being baffled in our search after "tombstone information," we called at +the vicarage, which stands close by the church, and the vicar most +courteously accorded us permission to search the registers of the +marriages, births, and burials, which were in his custody. The portion +of the dilapidated volume devoted to the burials is headed thus:-- + + "Dean Prior + + "The names of all those y't have been buried in y'e same parish + from y'e year of our Lord God 1561, and so forwards." + +After some careful search we were gratified by discovering the following +entry:-- + + "Robert Herrick Vicker was buried y'e 15th day October, 1674." + +I fancy I met with a selection from _Herrick's Poems_ edited by _Mr. +Singer_, several years ago, comprised in a small neat volume. Can any of +your readers inform me whether there is such a book? I possess Mr. +Singer's valuable editions of _Cavendish_, _More_, and _Hall's Satires_, +and would wish to place this volume on the same shelf. + +J. MILNER BARRY. + +Totnes, Feb. 21. 1850. + + * * * * * + +WHAT IS THE MEANING OF "LÆRIG?" + +This _query_, evidently addressed to our Anglo-Saxon scholars by the +distinguished philologist to whom we are all so much indebted, not +having been hitherto replied to, perhaps the journal of "NOTES AND +QUERIES" is the most fitting vehicle for this suggestive note:-- + +TO DR. JACOB GRIMM. + +Allow me, though an entire stranger to you, to thank you for the +pleasure I have derived, in common with all ethnological students, from +your very valuable labours, and especially from the _Geschichte der +Deutschen Sprache_. At the same time I venture, with much diffidence, to +offer a reply to your question which occur in that work at p. +663.:--"Was heisst _lærig_?" + +Lye says, "Hæc vox occurrit apid Cædm. At interpretatio ejus minime +liquet." In the Supplement to his Dictionary it is explained "docilis, +tyro!" Mr. Thorpe, in his _Analecta A.-S._ (1st edit. Gloss), says, "The +meaning of this word is uncertain: it occurs again in _Cædmon_;" and in +his translation of _Cædmon_ he thus renders the passage:--"Ofer linde +lærig=over the linden shields." Here then _lærig_, evidently an +adjective, is rendered by the substantive _shields_; and _linde_, +evidently a substantive, is rendered by the adjective _linden_. In two +other passages, Mr. Thorpe more correctly translates _lindum_=bucklers. + +_Lind_, which Lye explained by the Latin _labarium_, _vexillum_, that +excellent scholar, the late lamented Mr. Price, was the first, I +believe, to show frequently signified _a shield_; which was, probably +for lightness, made of the wood of the _lime tree_, and covered with +skin, or leather of various colours. Thus we have "sealwe linde" and +"hwite linde" in _Cædm._, "geolwe linde" in _Beowulf_. + +All this is superfluous to you, sir, I know--"_Retournons à nos +moutons_," as Maistre Pierre Pathelin says. + +The sense required in the passage in _Brythnoth_ seems to me to be:-- + + "bærst bordes lærig=the empty (hollow concave) shields + + "and seo byrne sang=and the armour (_lorica_) resounded." + +And in _Cædmon_:-- + + "ofer linde lærig=over the empty (hollow concave) shield." + +In Judith, _Th. Anal._ 137, 53. we have a similar epithet:-- + + "hwealfum lindum=vaulted (arched concave) shields." + +We should remember that Somner has _ge-lær_, void, empty, _vacuus_; and +Lye, with a reference to the Herbarium, _lær-nesse_, vacuitas. In the +_Teuthonista_ we have _lær_, vacuus, _concavus_. In _Heiland_, 3, 4. +"_larea_ stodun thar stenuatu sehsi=_empty_ stood there stone-vats six." +I need not call to your mind the O.H.G. _lári_. + +I think, therefore, we cannot doubt that what is intended to be +expressed by the A.-S. _lærig_ is _empty_, _hollow_, _concave_. But if +we wanted further confirmation, _leer_, _leery_, _leary_ are still in +use in Devonshire, Dorsetshire, and perhaps elsewhere, for _empty_, +_hollow_, as the provincial Glossaries will show. Skinner has the word +_leer_, vacuus, and says, "foeliciter alludit Gr. [Greek: lagaros], +laxus, vacuus." In _Layamon_ we have (244, 16.), "the put wæs _i-lær_." +I have found but one instance in Middle English, and that is in the +curious old _Phrase-Book_ compiled by William Horman, Head Master of +Eton School in the reign of Henry VIII:-- + + "'At a soden shyfte _leere_ barellis, tyed together, with + boardis above, make passage over a streme.' Tumultuario opere, + _inanes_ cuppæ colligatæ et tabulatis instratæ fluminis transitu + perhibent."--_Hormanni Vulgaria_, Lond. 1519, f. 272 b. + +Instances of the word are not frequent, possibly because we had another +word for empty (_toom_) in common with the Danes; but perhaps there was +no necessity for dwelling upon it in the sense of _empty_; it was only +its application as an epithet to a _concave_ or _hollow shield_ that +your question could have had in view. {293} + +Once more thanking you most heartily for the pleasure and profit I have +derived from the _Deutsche Grammatik_, and all your other important +labours, I am, sir, your grateful and obliged servant, + +S.W. SINGER. + +Mickleham, Nov. 23. 1849. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +ST. VALENTINE IN NORWICH--COOK-EELS, &c. &c. + +The day appropriated to St. Valentine is kept with some peculiarity in +the city of Norwich. Although "Valentines," as generally understood, +that is to say billets sent by means of the post, are as numerously +employed here as in other places, yet the _custom_ consists not in the +transmission of a missive overflowing with hearts and darts, or poetical +posies, but in something far more substantial, elegant and costly--to +wit, a goodly present of value unrestricted in use or expense. Though +this custom is openly adopted among relatives and others whose +friendship is reciprocated, yet the secret mode of placing a friend in +possession of an offering is followed largely,--and this it is curious +to remark, not on the _day_ of the saint, when it might be supposed that +the appropriateness of the gift would be duly ratified, the virtue of +the season being in full vigour, but on the _eve_ of St. Valentine, when +it is fair to presume his charms are not properly matured. The mode +adopted among all classes is that of placing the presents on the +door-sill of the house of the favoured person, and intimating what is +done by a run-a-way knock or ring as the giver pleases. + +So universal is this custom in this ancient city, that it may be stated +with truth some thousands of pounds are annually expended in the +purchase of Valentine presents. At the time of writing (February 2.) the +shops almost generally exhibit displays of articles calculated for the +approaching period, unexampled in brilliancy, taste and costliness, and +including nearly every item suitable to the drawing room, the parlour, +or the boudoir. The local papers contain numerous advertising +announcements of "Valentines;" the walls are occupied with printed +placards of a similar character, and the city crier, by means of a loud +bell and an equally sonorous voice, proclaims the particular advantages +in the Valentine department of rival emporiums. All these preparations +increase as the avator of St. Valentine approaches. At length the saint +and his eve arrives--passes--and the custom, apparently expanding with +age, is placed in abeyance until the next year. I am inclined to believe +that this mode of keeping St. Valentine is confined to this city and the +county of Norfolk. + +As regards priority of occurrence this year, I should have first +mentioned, that on Shrove Tuesday a custom commences of eating a small +bun called cocque'els--cook-eels--coquilles--(the name being spelt +indifferently) which is continued through the season of Lent. Forby, in +his _Vocabulary of East Anglia_, calls this production "a sort of cross +bun," but no cross is placed upon it, though its composition is not +dissimilar. My inquiries, and, I may add, my reading, have not led me to +the origin of either of the customs now detailed (with the exception of +a few unsatisfactory words given by Forby on cook-eels), and I should be +glad to find these brief notices leading by your means to more extended +information on both subjects, not only as regards this part of the +country, but others also. + +JOHN WODDERSPOON. + +Norwich. + +_Old Charms._--I think that, if you are anxious to accumulate as much as +you can of the Folk Lore of England, no set of men are more likely to +help you than the clergy, particularly the younger part, viz., curates, +to whom the stories they hear among their flock have the gloss of +novelty. I send you a specimen of old charms, &c. that have come under +my notice in the south-eastern counties. + +No. 1. is a dialogue between the Parson and the old Dame:-- + + "_P._ Well, Dame Grey, I hear you have a charm to cure the + toothache. Come, just let me hear it; I should be so much + pleased to know it. + + "_Dame_. Oh, your reverence, it's not worth telling." + +(Here a long talk--Parson coaxing the Dame to tell him--old lady very +shy, partly suspecting he is quizzing her, partly that no charms are +proper things, partly willing to know what he thinks about it.) At last +it ends by her saying-- + + "Well, your reverence, you have been very kind to me, and I'll + tell you: it's just a verse from Scripture as I says over those + as have the toothache:-- + + "'And Jesus said unto Peter, What aileth thee? and Peter + answered, Lord, I have toothache. And the Lord healed him.'" + + "_P._ Well, but Dame Grey, I think I know my Bible, and I don't + find any such verse in it." + + "_Dame_. Yes, your reverence, that is just the charm. _It's in + the Bible_, but _you can't find it_!" + +No. 2. To avert sickness from a family, hang up a sickle, or iron +implement, at the bed head. + +No. 3. Should a death happen in a house at night, and there be a hive or +hives of bees in the garden, go out and wake them up at once, otherwise +the whole hive or swarm will die. + +I hope your Folk Lore is not confined to the fading memorials of a past +age. The present superstitions are really much more interesting and +valuable to be gathered together; and I am sure your pages would be very +well employed in recording these for a future generation. I would {294} +suggest, in all humility, that it would be really useful, for the rulers +of our Church and State, to know how far such a superstition as the +following prevails among the peasantry: + +That, if a dying person sees "glory," or a bright light, at or near the +time of their dissolution, such a vision is a sure sign of their +salvation, whatever may have been their former life, or their +repentance. + +D. Sholbus. + +_Superstitions in North of England._--I find some curious popular +superstitions prevalent in the north of England some three centuries ago +recorded in the _Proceedings before the Special Commissioners for +Ecclesiastical Causes appointed by Queen Elizabeth_. Thus: + + "Anthony Haggen presented for medicioning children with miniting + a hammer as a smythe of kynde." + +Again + + "John Watson presented for burying a quick dogg and a quick + cowe." + +And + + "Agnes, the wyf of John Wyse, als Winkam John Wyse, presented to + be a medicioner for the waffc of an yll wynde, and for the + fayryes." + +Some of your readers may perhaps explain what these were. It is clear +that they were superstitious practices of sufficient prevalence and +influence on the popular mind to call for the interference of the +queen's commissioners. + +A.B. + +_Decking Churches with Yew on Easter Day._--In the village of Berkely +near Frome, Somerset, and on the borders of Wiltshire, the church is +decorated on Easter Sunday with yew, evidently as an emblem of the +Resurrection. Flowers in churches on that day are common, but I believe +the use of yew to be unusual. + +W. Durrant Cooper. + +_Strewing Straw or Chaff._--The custom mentioned by your correspondent +"B." (p. 245.) as prevailing in Gloucestershire, is not peculiar to that +county. In Kent, it is commonly practised by the rustics. The publican, +all the world over, decorates his sign-board with a foaming can and +pipes, to proclaim the entertainment to be found within. On the same +principle, these rustics hang up _their_ sign-board,--as one of them, +with whom I was once remonstrating, most graphically explained to me. +When they knew of a house where the master deems a little wholesome +discipline necessary to ensure the obedience of love, considering it a +pity that the world should be ignorant of his manly virtues, they strew +"well threshed" chaff or straw before his door, as an emblematical +sign-board, to proclaim that the sweet fare and "good entertainment" of +a "well threshed" article may be found within. The custom, at all +events, has one good tendency, it shames the tyrant into restraint, when +he knows that his cowardly practices are patent to the world. + +Lambert B. Larking. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE OF WALES. + +No. 1. _Cron Annwn_.--When a storm sounds over the mountains, the Welsh +peasant will tell you that his ear discerns the howl of the _Cron Annwn_ +mingling with that of the wind, yet as clearly distinct from it as is +the atmosphere in a diving-bell from that of the surrounding waters. +These dogs of Annwn, or "couriers of the air," are spirit hounds, who +hunt the souls of the dead; or, as occasionally said, they foretell, by +their expectant cries, the approaching death of some man of evil deeds. +Few have ever pretended to see them; for few, we presume, would linger +until they dawned on the sight; but they are described by Taliesin, and +in the _Mabinogion_, as being of a clear shining white, with red ears; +colouring which confirms the author of the _Mythology of the Ancient +Druids_ in the idea that these dogs were "a mystical transformation of +the Druids with their white robes and red tiaras." Popular superstition, +however, which must always attribute ugliness to an object of fear, +deems that they are either jet black, with eyes and teeth of fire, or of +a deep red, and dripping all over with gore. "The nearer," says the Rev. +Edmund Jones, "they are to a man, the _less_ their voice is, and the +farther the louder, sometimes swelling like the voice of a great hound, +or a blood-hound." + +They are _sometimes_ accompanied by a female fiend, called _Malt y +nos_--Mathilda or Malen of the night, a somewhat ubiquitous character, +with whom we meet under a complication of names and forms. + +Jones of Brecon, who tells us that the cry of the Cron Annwn is as +familiar to the inhabitants of Ystrad Fellte and Pont Neath-vaughan [in +Glamorganshire] as the watchman's rattle in the purlieus of Covent +Garden--for he lived in the days when watchmen and their rattles were +yet among the things of this world--considers that to these dogs, and +not to a Greek myth, may be referred the hounds, _Fury_, _Silver_, +_Tyrant_, &c., with which Prospero hunts his enemies "soundly," in the +_Tempest_. And they must recall to the minds of our readers the _wisk_, +_wisked_, or _Yesk_ hounds of Devon, which are described in the +_Athenæum_ for March 27. 1847, as well as the _Maisne Hellequin_ of +Normandy and Bretagne. + +There has been much discussion respecting the signification of the word +_Annwn_, which has been increased by the very frequent mistake of +writing it _Anwn_, which means, _unknown_, _strange_, and is applied to +the people who dwell in the antipodes of the speaker; while _Annwn_ is +an adaptation of _annwfn_, a _bottomless_ or _immeasurable pit_, +_voidless_ {295} _space_, and also Hell. Thus we find, that when _Pwyl_, +or _Reason_, drives these dogs off their track, the owner comes up, and, +reproving him, declares that he is a crowned king, lord of Annwn and +Pendaran, i.e. chief of thunder. (See _Myth. Ant. Druids_, p. 418.) + +This Prince of Darkness is supposed to be the spouse of Andraste, now +corrupted into Andras, and equivalent with _Malt y nos_, the Diana or +Hecate of the ancient Britons. + +These dogs sometimes appear singly, on which occasions they sit by the +side of a stream, howling in so unearthly a manner, that the hapless man +who finds one in his path usually loses his senses. This seems to have a +connection with the "Manthe Doog" of the Isle of Man; but the tradition +is not, we suspect, genuine. + +Seleucus. + + +No. 2. _Cyoeraeth or Gwrach-y-rhybin._--Another instance of the grand, +though gloomy superstitions of the Cymry, is that of the _Cyoeraeth_, or +hag of the mist, an awful being who is supposed to reside in the +mountain fog, through which her supernatural shriek is frequently heard. +She is believed to be the very personification of ugliness, with torn +and dishevelled hair, long black teeth, lank and withered arms and +claws, and a most cadaverous appearance; to this some add, wings of a +leathery and bat-like substance. + +The name _Cy-oer-aeth_, the last two syllables of which signify +_cold-grief_, is most descriptive of the sad wail which she utters, and +which will, it is said, literally freeze the veins of those who hear it; +she is _rarely_ seen, but is heard at a cross-road, or beside a +stream--in the latter case she splashes the water with her +hands--uttering her lamentation, as if in allusion to the relatives of +those about to die. Thus, if a man hears her cry _fy nqwsaig, fy +nqwsaig_, &c., his wife will surely die, and he will be heard to mourn +in the same strain ere long; and so on with other cases. The cadence of +this cry can never be properly caught by any one who has not heard, if +not a Cyoeraeth, at least a native of Wales, repeat the strain. When +merely an inarticulate scream is heard, it is probable that the hearer +himself is the one whose death is fore-mourned. + +Sometimes she is supposed to come like the Irish _banshee_, in a dark +mist, to the windows of those who have been long ill; when flapping her +wings against the pane, she repeats their names with the same prolonged +emphasis; and then it is thought that they must die. + +It is this hag who forms the torrent beds which seam the mountain side; +for she gathers great stones in her cloak to make her ballast, when she +flies upon the storm; and when about to retire to her mountain cave, she +lets them drop progressively as she moves onwards, when they fall with +such an unearthly weight that they lay open the rocky sides of the +mountain. + +In some parts of South Wales this hag of the mists either loses her +sway, or divides it with a more dignified personage, who, in the form of +an old man, and under the name of _Brenhin Llwyd_, the _grey king_, sits +ever silent in the mist. + +Any one who has witnessed the gathering and downward rolling of a +genuine mountain fog must fully appreciate the spirit in which men first +peopled the cloud with such supernatural beings a those above described; +or with those which dimly, yet constantly, pervade the much-admired +_Legend of Montrose_. + +Seleucus. + + * * * * * + +WILLIAM BASSE AND HIS POEMS. + +I regret that I am unable to offer any information in answer to "Mr. P. +Collier's" inquiry (No. 13. p. 200.) respecting the existence of a +perfect or imperfect copy of a poem by William Basse on the Death of +Prince Henry, printed at Oxford by Joseph Barnes, 1613, and am only +aware of such a poem from the slight mention of it by Sir Harris Nicolas +in his beautiful edition of Walton's _Complete Angler_, p. 422. But as +the possessor of the 4to. MS. volume of poems by Basse, called +_Polyhymnia_, formerly belonging to Mr. Heber, I feel greatly interested +in endeavouring to obtain some further biographical particulars of +Basse,--of whom, although personally known to Isaac Walton, the author +of one or two printed volumes of poems, and of the excellent old songs +of "the Hunter in his Career" and "Tom of Bedlam," and worthy of having +his verses on Shakspeare inserted among his collected poems, yet the +notices we at present possess are exceedingly slight. We learn from +Anth. Wood, in his _Ath. Oxon._, vol. iv. p. 222., that Basse was a +native of Moreton, near Thame in Oxfordshire, and was for some time a +retainer of Sir Richard Wenman, Knt., afterwards Viscount Wenman, in the +peerage of Ireland. He seems also to have been attached to the noble +family of Norreys of Ricot in Oxfordshire, which is not far from Thame; +and addressed some verses to Francis Lord Norreys, Earl of Berkshire, +from which I quote one or two stanzas, and in the last of which there is +an allusion to the [plainness of the] author's personal appearance: + + "O true nobilitie, and rightly grac'd + With all the jewels that on thee depend, + Where goodnesse doth with greatnesse live embrac'd, + And outward stiles, on inward worth attend. + Where ample lands, in ample hands are plac'd + And ancient deeds, with ancient coats descend: + Where noble bloud combin'd with noble spirit + Forefathers fames, doth with their formes inherit. + + "Where ancestors examples are perus'd + Not in large tomes, or costly tombs alone, + But in their heires: and being dayly us'd + Are (like their robes) more honourable growne, {296} + Where Loyalty with Piety is infus'd, + And publique rights are cherish'd w'th their owne; + Where worth still finds respect, good friend, good word, + Desart, reward. And such is _Ricot's_ Lord. + + "But what make I (vaine voyce) in midst of all + The Quires that have already sung the fame + Of this great House, and those that henceforth shall + (As that will last) for ever sing the same. + But, if on me, my garland instly fall, + I justly owe my musique to this name. + For he unlawfully usurps the Bayes + That has not sung in noble _Norrey's_ prayse. + + "In playne (my honour'd Lord) I was not borne, + Audacious vowes, or forraigne legs to use, + Nature denyed my outside to adorne, + And I, of art to learne outsides refuse. + Yet haveing of them both, enough to scorne + Silence, & vulgar prayse, this humble muse + And her meane favourite; at yo'r comand + Chose in this kinde, to kisse your noble hand." + +His Polyhymnia is dedicated to the sister of this person, the Lady +Bridget, Countess of Lindsey, and Baroness of Eresbie and of Ricot. +Besides the "Anglers' Song" made at Walton's request, and the +before-mentioned two songs, which are given at length in the Appendix to +the _Complete Angler_, p. 420., Sir H. Nicolas's edit., besides these, +and the verses "on William Shakespeare, who died in April, 1616," +sometimes called "Basse his Elegie on Shakespeare," which appear in the +edition of Shakespeare's Poems of 1640, 8vo., and are reprinted in +Malone's edition of his Plays, vol. i. p. 470.: another poem by William +Basse will be found in the collection entitled _Annalia Dubrensia, upon +the Yearely Celebration of Mr. Robert Dover's Olympick Games upon +Cotswold Hills_, 4to. 1636. This consists of ten stanzas, of eight lines +each, "To the noble and fayre Assemblies, the harmonious concourse of +Muses, and their Ioviall entertainer, my right generous Friend, Master +Robert Dover, upon Cotswold." Basse was also, as Mr. Collier remarks, +the author of a poem, which I have never seen, called _Sword and +Buckler, or Serving Man's Defence_, in six-line stanzas, 4to. Lond., +imprinted in 1602. A copy of this was sold in Steevens's sale, No. 767., +and is now among "Malone's Collection of Early Poetry" in the Bodleian +Library at Oxford. And, according to Ritson, he wrote another work, +published in the same year, viz. _Three Pastorall Elegies of Anander, +Anytor and Muridella_, entered to Joseph Barnes, 28 May, 1692, of which +I am not aware that any copy is now in existence. These, with the +addition of _Great Brittaines Sunnes-set, bewailed with a Shower of +Teares_, at Oxford, printed by Joseph Barnes, 1613, the fragment of +which is in the possession of Mr. Collier, appear, as far as I can yet +ascertain, to be the only known publications of William Basse, with his +name attached to them in full. Other works, however, have been +attributed to him from the similarity of the initials,--but most of them +probably without much foundation; viz. 1. _Scacchia Ludus: Chesse-play_: +a poetical translation of Vida's poem at the end of _Ludus Sacchiæ, +Chesse-Play_, by W.B. 4to. Lond. 1597; by Ritson. 2. _A Helpe to +Discourse; or a Miscelany of Merriment_, by W.B. and E.P. 2nd edit. 8vo. +Lond. 1620; by Mr. Malone. And 3. _That which seemes Best is Worst, +exprest in a Paraphrastical Transcript of Iuuenals tenth Satyre. +Together with the Tragicall Narration of Virginius Death interserted_, +by W.B. small 8vo. Lond.; imprinted by Felix Kyngston, 1617, by Mr. +Octavius Gilchrist, who however rather leans to the opinion of William +Barkstead being the author, from the circumstance of his having, as +early as 1607, paraphrased, much in a similar way, the interesting tale +of Myrrha, the mother of Adonis, from the 10th Book of the +Metamorphoses. (See _Restitutu_, vol. i. p. 41.) + +Cole, in his MS. Collectanea for _Athenæ Cantabrigiensis_, says: + + "Mr. Knight, jun. shewed me a MS. written by William Basse, and + corrected by him, in 4to., called _Polyhymnia_.--Dedication. To + the Right Noble and vertuous Lady, the Lady Bridget, Countess of + Lindsey, and Baroness of Eresbie and Ricot, in verse, with + Verses to the Right Hon. Francis Lord Norreys, Earl of Berkshire + (in his days). To the Right Hon. the Lady Aungier (then wife of + Sir Thos. Wenman) upon her coming out of Ireland and return + thither. To the Right Hon. the lady Viscountess Falkland, upon + her going into Ireland, two Sonnets. The Youth in the Boat. + Acrostics of the truly noble, vertuous, and learned Lady, the + Lady Agnes Wenman; of the Lady Penelope Dynham; of Mrs. Jane + Wenman. Verses on the Chapel of Wadham College consecration, St. + Peter's Day, 1613; on Caversham or Causham House; of Witham + House, Oxfordshire, the house of a noble Knight, and favourer of + my Muse; and Elegy on a Bullfinch, 1648; of the Four Mile Course + of Bayaides Green, six times run over, by two famous Irish + footmen, Patrick Dorning and William O'Farrell.--It contains + about 40 leaves, much corrected, and at the end is 'L'Envoy':-- + + "'Go, sweet Polymnia, thanks for all your cost + And love to me; wherein no love is lost. + As you have taught me various verse to use, + I have to right you to be a Christian Muse.'" + +I have been thus particular in transcribing this passage from Cole, +because this copy, mentioned as being in the possession of Mr. Knight, +jun. (quere, where is it now?), varies from mine, obtained from Mr. +Heber's Collection, and was no doubt the one prepared and corrected for +the press by Basse. The following poems, mentioned by Cole, are not in +my copy:-- + + "To the Right Hon. the Lady Aungier (then wife of Sir Thos. + Wenman) upon her coming out of Ireland, {297} and return + thither. Acrostics of the truly noble, vertuous, and learned + Lady, the Lady Agnes Wenman; of the Lady Penelope Dynham; of + Mrs. Jane Wenman. Verses on the Chapel of Wadham College + consecration, St. Peter's Day, 1613; and on Caversham or Causham + House." + +My copy, however, contains the following poems, not mentioned in the +other:-- + + "Of a Great Floud; of the Raine-bowe; of Pen and Pensill, upon a + fayre and vertuous Ladye's Picture; and the Spirituall Race." + +The MS. contains 52 leaves, beautifully written without any corrections, +and is in the original binding. It was procured by Mr. Heber from +Hanwell, the Bookseller in Oxford, who had probably purchased it on the +taking down of Ricot, the old seat of the Norreys family, and the +dispersion of its contents. It has the autograph of Francis Lord Norreys +on the fly-leaf, and was no doubt a presentation copy to him from Basse. +The poetry of this work does not rise above mediocrity, and is not equal +in thought or vigour to the Epitaph on Shakspeare. The chief portion of +the volume is occupied with the singular tale of "The Youth in the +Boat," which is divided into two parts; the first, containing (with the +introduction) 59 verses of four lines each, and the second 163, +exclusive of the "Morall," which occupies 11 more. + +We know that it was Basse's intention to have published these poems, +from some lines addressed by Dr. Ralph Bathurst "To Mr. W. Basse upon +the intended publication of his poems, January 13. 1651," which are +given in Warton's _Life and Literary Remains of Dean Bathurst_, 8vo. +1761, p. 288. In these lines the Dean compares Basse, who was still +living, "to an aged oak," and says:-- + + "Though thy grey Muse grew up with elder times, + And our deceased Grandsires lisp'd thy rhymes, + Yet we can sing thee too." + +From these lines, therefore, written nearly 50 years after the +publication of his former works in 1602, when we may reasonably suppose +he could not have been under 20, it is certain that Basse was then well +stricken in years; and the probability is, that he died very shortly +afterwards, and that this was the reason of the non-publication of his +poems. It is possible that a search into the registers at Thame or that +neighbourhood, or in the court at Oxford, might settle this point, and +also furnish some further information concerning his family and +connections. Cole mentions that a person of both his names was admitted +a sizar in Emanuel College, Cambridge, in 1629, of Suffolk, and took his +degree of B.A. in 1632 and M.A. in 1636. But this was too modern a date +for our poet, and might possibly be his son. + +I have been informed that in Winchester College library, in a 4to. +volume, there are some poems by Mr. William Basse; but the title of the +volume I have not been able to obtain. + +Mr. Collier concludes his remarks, with a supposition that Basse "was a +musical composer, as well as writer of verses." I believe Mr. C. to be +right in this notion, from a passage which I find in the commencement of +the 2nd Part of "The Youth in the Boat," where, alluding to "sweete +Calliope," he remarks:-- + + "A Muse to whom in former dayes + I was extremely bound, + When I did sing in _Musiques_ prayse, + And _Voyces_ heau'nly sound." + +And from the circumstance also of one of the Ballads in the Roxburghe +Collection, "Wit's never good till 'tis bought," being sung to the tune +of "Basse's Carreere." Mr. Collier has reprinted this in his elegant +_Book of Roxburghe Ballads_, 4to. 1847, p. 264., and says:-- + + "The tune to which is sung, 'Basse's Carreere,' means of course, + the tune mentioned in Walton's _Angler_, 'The Hunter in his + Career,' composed, as he states by William Basse." + +I have a distant recollection of having seen other pieces in some of our +early musical works, composed by Basse. Sir Harris Nicolas, also, in the +"Life of Walton," prefixed to his edition of _The Complete Angler_, p. +cxx., says:-- + + "He (Walton) appears to have been fond of poetry and music.... + and was intimate with _Basse, an eminent composer_, in whose + science he took great interest." + +I fear that these notices of William Basse, thus collected together from +scattered sources, will not afford much information to Mr. Collier, +beyond what he is already possessed of; but they may possibly interest +others, who may not be quite so conversant with our early writers as +that gentleman is known to be. I shall feel much gratified and obliged +if he or any other of your correspondents will add any further notices +or communications respecting one who may possibly have been personally +known to Shakspeare, but whose name, at all events, will be handed down +to posterity in connection with that of our immortal bard. + +THOMAS CORSER, + +Stand Rectory, Feb. 22. 1850. + + * * * * * + +JOHN STOWE. + +In the _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. vii., new series, p. 48., is a +clever notice of the life and works of the venerable John Stowe. It +says:-- + + "The biographers have affirmed that he quitted his trade; but + there is nothing to authorize that assertion in what he says + himself upon the subject." + +In the preface to an edition of the _Summarie for the Year_ {298} 1575, +now in my possession, Stowe says:-- + + "It is nowe x yeres, since I (seeing the confuse order of our + late englishe Chronicles, and the ignorant handling of aunciet + affaires) leaning myne own peculiar gains, coscerated my selfe + to the searche of our famous antiquities." + +Stowe was born in 1525; he was then 40 years of age when he gave up his +"peculiar gains," and devoted himself entirely to antiquarian labours. +There had already appeared his edition of _Chaucer_ in 1561, also the +commencement of the _Summaries_; but his greater works, the _Annals, +Survey of London_, &c., were not published till several years after. + +In his old age he was reduced to poverty, or rather to actual beggary; +for shortly before his death, when fourscore years old, he was +permitted, by royal letters patent, to become a mendicant. This curious +document is printed in Mr. Bolton Corney's _Curiosities of Literature +Illustrated_, and sets forth, that + + "Whereas our louing Subject, John Stowe, this fine & forty yeers + hath to his great charge, & with neglect of his ordinary meanes + of maintenance (for the generall good as well of posteritie, as + of the present age) compiled and published diuerse necessary + bookes & Chronicles; and therefore we, in recompense of these + his painfull laboures, & for the encouragement to the like, haue + in our royall inclination ben pleased to graunt our Letters + Patents &c. &c.; thereby authorizing him and his deputies to + collect amongst our louing subjects, theyr voluntary + contributions & kinde gratuities." + +The whole preface to this edition of the _Summarie_ is curious, and is +followed by a List of "Authors out of whom this Summary is collected." + +In Hearne's _Robert of Gloster_, preface, p. lxi., allusion is made to +these _Summaries_. He says:-- + + "I have not yet met with a copy of this _Summary_ in which we + have an account of his authors." + +After a panegyric on Stowe's incredible industry he says:-- + + "Sir Roger Lestrange, talking some years before his death with a + very ingenious and learned Gentleman about our Historians, was + pleased to say, _that it was always a wonder to him, that the + very best that had penn'd our History in English should be a + poor Taylour, honest John Stowe_. Sir Roger said a _Taylour_, + because Stowe, as is reported, was bred a cap-maker. The trade + of Cap-making was then much in fashion, Hats being not at that + time much in request." + +J.E.N. + + * * * * * + +TRANSPOSITION OF LETTERS. + +The only reason, I imagine, which can be given for the transposition of +letters spoken of by Mr. Williams (No. 12. p. 184.), is that it was done +on "phonetic" principles--for the sake of euphony:--the new way was felt +or fancied to be easier to the organs of speech, or (which is nearly the +same) pleasanter to those of hearing. Such alterations have at all times +been made,--as is well known to those versed in the earlier stages of +the language,--and often most arbitrarily. It is needless to say that +"provincial and vulgar" usage throws much light on the changes in the +forms of words; and perhaps a little attention to the manner in which +words are altered by the peasantry would illustrate the point in +question more than a learned comment. + +No form of verbal corruption is more frequent throughout the rural +districts of England than that produced by the transposition of letters, +especially of consonants: such words as _world_, _wasp_, _great_, are, +as every one knows, still ordinarily (though less frequently than a +dozen years ago) pronounced _wordle_, _waps_, _gurt_. So with names of +places: thus Cholsey (Berks.) is called Chosley. + +The dropping of a letter is to be accounted for in a like manner. +Probably the word was first _pronounced_ short, and when the ear became +accustomed to the shortened sound, the superfluous (or rather +unpronounced) letter would be dropped in writing. In proper names, to +which your correspondent particularly refers, we observe this going on +extensively in the present day. Thus, in Caermarthen and Caernarvon, +though the _e_ is etymologically of importance, it is now very generally +omitted--and that by "those in authority:" in the Ordnance Maps, +Parliamentary "Blue Books," and Poor-law documents, those towns are +always spelled Carnarvon, Carmarthen. A still more striking instance is +that of a well-known village on the Thames, opposite Runnimede. Awhile +back it was commonly spelled Wyrardisbury; now it appears on the +time-tables of the South-Western Railway (and perhaps elsewhere) +Wraysbury, which very nearly represents the local pronunciation. + +It is, perhaps, worth while to remark that letters are sometimes added +as well as dropped by the peasantry. Thus the Cockley, a little +tributary of Wordsworth's _Duddon_, is by the natives of Donnerdale +invariably called Cocklety beck; whether for the sake of euphony, your +readers may decide. + +And now, Sir, you will perhaps permit me to put a query. Tom Brown, in +his _Dialogues_, p. 44. ed. 1704., has a well-known line:-- + + "Why was not he a rascal + Who refused to suffer the Children of Israel to go + into the Wilderness with their wives and families + to eat the Paschal?" + +which he says he found on some "very ancient hangings in a country +ale-house." I have never doubted that he was himself the author; but +having heard it positively ascribed to a very different person, I should +be glad to know whether {299} any of your readers have met with it in an +earlier writer; and if so, to whom is it to be ascribed? + +J.T. + + +_Pet-Names--"Jack."_--Perhaps one of your many readers, erudite in +etymologies, will kindly explain how "Jack" came to be used as the +_diminutive_ for John. Dr. Kennedy, in his recent interesting +disquisition on pet-names (No. 16. p. 242.), supposes that Jaques was +(by confusion) transmuted into "Jack;" a "metamorphosis," almost as +violent as the celebrated one effected, some two centuries ago, by Sir +John Harrington. "Poor John," from being so long "Jack among his +familiars," has been most scurvily treated, being employed to form +sundry very derogatory compounds, such as, Jackass, Jackpudding, +Jack-a-dandy, Jackanapes, Jack-a-lent, Jack o' oaks (knave of clubs), +Jack-o' th' Lantern, &c. &c. Might not "Jack" have been derived from +John, somewhat after the following fashion:--Johan--Joan--Jan--Janchen +or Jankin. + + "Ho! jolly Jenkin, + I spy a knave in drinkin." + +Jankin = little John. Jank--Jak. This etymology has, I confess, a very +great resemblance to the Millerian mode of educing Cucumber from +Jeremiah King; but it is the most plausible which occurs at present to + +L. Kennaquhair. + + +_John--Pisan._--I will thank you to inform your correspondent "C." (No. +15 p. 234.), that we must look to the East for the "original word" of +John. In the Waldensian MSS. of the Gospels of the 12th Century, we find +Ioanes, showing its derivation from the Greek _Iohannaes_. The word +Pisan occurs in the 33rd vol. of the _Archæologia_, p. 131. + +I have considered it was a contraction for _pavoisine_, a small shield; +and I believe this was the late Dr. Meyrick's opinion. + +B.W. +Feb. 25. + + +Sir,--If the signature to the article in No. 16., "on Pet Names," had +not been Scottish, I should have been less surprised at the author's +passing over the name of _Jock_, universally used in Scotland for +_John_. The termination _ick_ or _ck_ is often employed, as marking a +diminutive object, or object of endearment. May not the English term +_Jack_, if not directly borrowed from the Scottish _Jock_, have been +formed _through_ the primary _Jock_--John--Jock--Jack? + +EMDEE. + + +_Origin of the Change of "Mary" into "Polly"_ (No. 14. p. 215.).--This +change, like many others in diminutives, is progressive. By a natural +affinity between the liquids _r_ and _l_, _Mary_ becomes _Molly_, as +_Sarah_, _Sally_, _Dorothea_, _Dora_, _Dolly_, &c. It is not so easy to +trace the affinity between the _initials_ M. and P., though the case is +not singular; thus, _Margaret_, Madge, Meggy, Meg, _Peggy_, +_Peg_--_Martha_, Matty, _Patty_--and _Mary_, Molly, _Polly_ and _Poll_; +in which last abbreviation not one single letter of the original word +remains: the natural affinity between the two letters, as _medials_, is +evident, as in the following examples, all of which, with one exception, +are Latin derivatives: _empty_, _peremptory_, _sumptuous_, +_presumptuous_, _exemption_, _redemption_, and _sempstress_ and again, +in the words _tempt_, _attempt_, _contempt_, _exempt_, _prompt_, +_accompt_, _comptroller_ (vid. Walker's _Prin. of Eng. Pron._ pp. 42, +43.); in all which instances however, the _p_ is mute, so that "Mary" is +avenged for its being the accomplice in the desecration of her gentle +name into "Polly." Many names of the other sex lose their initials in +the diminutive; as, + +_R_ichard _D_ick +_R_obert _B_ob +_W_illiam _B_ill +_E_dward _N_ed +_C_hristopher _K_it +_R_oger _H_odge, + +and probably many others; but I have no list before me, and these are +all that occur. + +Philologos. +Deanery of Gloucester, Shrove Tuesday, 1850. + + * * * * * + +PARALLEL PASSAGES OR PLAGIARISMS IN CHILDE HAROLD. + +Permit me to add two further plagiarisms or parallel passages on the +subject of _Childe Harold_ to those already contributed by your valuable +correspondent "Melanion." + +Mrs. Radcliffe (who I am informed was never out of England) is +describing in her _Mysteries of Udolpho_, Chap. xvi. the appearance of +Venice. "Its terraces, crowded with airy, yet majestic fabrics touched +as they now were with the splendour of the setting sun, appeared as if +they had been _called up from the Ocean by the wand of an enchanter_." + +In the 1st stanza of the 4th canto of _Childe Harold_ we have the well +known lines-- + + "I stood in Venice on the bridge of sighs, + A palace and a prison on each hand: + I saw from out the wave her structures rise + As from the stroke of the enchanter's wand." + +In one of his letters Lord Byron tells us of his fondness for the above +novel. + +Again in Kirke White's _Christiad_-- + + "The lyre which I in early days have strung, + And now my spirits faint, and I have hung + The shell that solaced me in saddest hour + On the dark cypress--" + +May be compared with the last stanza but one of the 4th canto. + +T.R.M. + + * * * * * {300} + +INEDITED LINES BY ROBERT BURNS. + +The following lines by Robert Burns have never appeared in any +collection of his works. They were given to me some time ago at Chatham +Barracks by Lieut. Colonel Fergusson, R.M., formerly of Dumfriesshire, +by whom they were copied from the _tumbler_ upon which they were +originally written. + +Shortly before the death of Alan Cunningham I sent these verses to him, +as well as two Epigrams of Burns, "On Howlet Face," and "On the Mayor of +Carlisle's impounding his Horse," which were not included in his edition +of Burns' works. In a letter which I received from Alan Cunningham, and +which now lies before me, he says:-- + + "The pieces you were so good as to send me are by Burns, and the + Epigrams are old acquaintances of mine. I know not how I came to + omit them. I shall print them in the next edition, and say it + was you who reminded me of them." + +I believe that one or both of the Epigrams were printed in the 8vo. +edition of the works in one volume, but my name is not mentioned as the +contributor, which I regret; for, as an enthusiastic admirer of Burns, +and a collector for many years of his fugitive pieces, it would have +been gratifying to me to have been thus noticed. Perhaps Cunningham did +not superintend that edition. + +The verses I now send you, and which may, perhaps, be worth preserving +in your valuable miscellany, originated thus:--On occasion of a social +meeting at Brownhill inn, in the parish of Closeburn, near Dumfries, +which was, according to Alan Cunningham, "a favourite resting-place of +Burns," the poet, who was one of the party, was not a little delighted +by the unexpected appearance of his friend William Stewart. He seized a +tumbler, and in the fulness of his heart, wrote the following lines on +it with a diamond. The tumbler is carefully preserved, and was shown +some years since by a relative of Mr. Stewart, at his cottage at +Closeburn, to Colonel Fergusson, who transcribed the lines, and gave +them to me with the assurance that they had never been printed. + +The first verse is an adaptation of a well known Jacobite lyric. + + "You're welcome Willie Stewart! + You're welcome Willie Stewart! + There's no a flower that blooms in May + That's half so welcome as thou art! + + Come bumper high, express your joy! + The bowl--ye maun renew it-- + The _tappit-hen_--gae fetch her ben, + To welcome Willie Stewart! + + May faes be strong--may friends be slack-- + May he ilk action rue it-- + May woman on him turn her back + Wad wrang thee Willie Stewart!" + +J. Reynell Wreford. + + * * * * * + +LACEDÆMONIAN BLACK BROTH. + +Your correspondent "R.O." having inquired after the author of the +conjecture that the Lacedæmonian Black Broth was composed wholly, or in +part, of coffee, such an idea appearing to me to have arisen principally +from a presumed identity of colour between the two, and to have no +foundation in fact, I have endeavoured to combat it, in the first +instance by raising the question, whether it was black or not? + +This has brought us to the main point, what the [Greek: zomos melas] +really was. And here "R.O." appears to rest content upon the probablity +of coffee having been an ingredient. Permit me to assign some additional +reasons for entertaining a different opinion. + +We read nothing in native writers of anything like coffee in Greece, +indigenous or imported; and how in the world was it to get into Laconia, +inhabited, as it is well known to have been, by a race of men the least +prone of any to change their customs, and the least accessible to +strangers. Lycurgus, we are told, forbade his people to be sailors, or +to contend at sea[6], so that they had no means of importing it +themselves; and what foreign merchant would sell it to them, who had +only iron money to pay withal, and dealt, moreover, as much as possible +by way of barter?[7] + +But it may be said they cultivated the plant themselves; that is, in +other words, that the Helots raised it for them. If so, how happens it +that all mention of the berry is omitted in the catalogue of their +monthly contributions to the Phiditia, which are said to have consisted +of meal, wine, cheese, figs, and a very little money?[8] and when the +king of Pontus[9] indulged in the expensive fancy of buying to himself +(not hiring, let it be recollected) a cook, to make that famous broth +which Dionysius found so detestable, how came he not at the same time to +think of buying a pound of coffee also? Moreover, if we consider its +universal popularity at present, it is hardly to be supposed that, in +ancient times, coffee would have suited no palate except that of a +Lacedæmonian. + +With respect to the colour of the broth, I am reminded of my own +reference to _Pollux_, lib. vi. who is represented by your correspondent +to say that the [Greek: melas zomos] was also called [Greek: aimatia], a +word which Messrs. Scott and Liddell interpret to {301} denote "blood +broth," and go on to state, upon the authority of Manso, that blood was +a principal ingredient in this celebrated Lacedæmonian dish. Certainly, +if the case were really so, the German writer would have succeeded in +preparing for us a most disagreeable and warlike kind of food; but my +astonishment has not been small, upon turning to the passage, to find +that "R.O.'s" authorities had misled him, and that _Pollux_ really says +nothing of the kind. His words (I quote from the edition 2 vols. folio, +Amst. 1706) are these, + +[Greek: "O de melas kaloumenos zomos Lakonikon men hos epi to poly to +edesma. esti de hae kaloumenae haimatia. to de thrion hode eskeuazon, +k.t.l."] + +The general subject of the section is the different kinds of flesh used +by man for food, and incidentally the good things which may be made from +these; which leads the writer to mention by name many kinds of broth, +amongst which he says towards the end, is that called [Greek: melas +zomos] which might be considered almost as a Lacedæmonian dish; adding +further, that there was a something called hæmatia (and this might have +been a black pudding or sausage for anything that appears to the +contrary); also the thrium, which was prepared in a manner he proceeds +to describe. Now the three parts of the sentence which has been given +above in the original do, to the best of my judgment, clearly refer to +three different species of food; and I would appeal to the candid +opinion of any competent Greek scholar, whether, according to the idiom +of that language, the second part of it is so expressed, as to connect +it with, and make it explanatory of, the first. We want, for this +purpose, a relative, either with or without [Greek: esti]; and the +change of gender in hæmatia seems perfectly unaccountable if it is +intended to have any reference to [Greek: zomos]. + +It may not be unimportant to add that the significant silence of +Meursius, (an author surely not to be lightly thought of) who in his +_Miscellanea Laconica_ says nothing of blood broth at the Phiditia, +implies that he understood the passage of Pollux as intended to convey +the meaning expressed above. + +Another lexicographer, Hesychius, informs us that [Greek: Bapha] was the +Lacedæmonian term for [Greek: zomos]; and this, perhaps, was the genuine +appellation for that which other Greeks expressed by a periphrasis, +either in contempt or dislike, or because its colour was really dark, +the juices of the meat being thoroughly extracted into it. That it was +nutritive and powerful may be inferred from what Plutarch mentions, that +the older men were content to give up the meat to the younger ones, and +live upon the broth only[10], which, had it been very poor, they would +not have done. + +When these remarks were commenced, it was for the purpose of showing, by +means of a passage not generally referred to, what the ancients +conceived the "black broth" to be, and that consequently, all idea of +coffee entering into its composition was untenable. How far this has +been accomplished the reader must decide: but I cannot quit the subject +without expressing my sincere persuasion, founded upon a view of the +authorities referred to, that the account given by Athenæus is +substantially correct. Pig meat would be much in use with a people not +disposed to take the trouble of preparing any other: the animal was fit +for nothing but food; and the refuse of their little farms would be +sufficient for his keep. Athenæus also, in another passage, supplies us +with a confirmation of the notion that _the stock_ was made from _pig_, +and this is stronger because it occurs incidentally. It is found in a +quotation from Matron, the maker of parodies, who, alluding to some +person or other who had not got on very well at a Lacedæmonian feast, +explains the cause of his failure to have been, that the black broth, +and boiled odds and ends of pig meat, had beaten him; + +"[Greek: Damna min zomos te melas akrokolia t' hephtha.]"[11] + +That their cookery was not of a very recondite nature, is evident from +what is mentioned by Plutarch, that the public meals were instituted at +first in order to prevent their being in the hands of artistes and +cooks[12], while to these every one sent a stated portion of provisions, +so that there would neither be change nor variety in them. Cooks again +were sent out of Sparta, if they could do more than dress meat[13]; +while the only seasoning allowed to them was salt and vinegar[14]; for +which reason, perhaps, Meursius considers the composition of the [Greek: +zomos melas] to have been pork gravy seasoned with vinegar and salt[15], +since there seemed to have been nothing else of which it could possibly +have been made. + +For MR. TREVELYAN's suggestion of the cuttlefish, I am greatly obliged +to him; but this was an Athenian dish, and too good for the severity of +Spartan manners. It is impossible not to smile at the idea of the +distress which Cineparius must have felt, had he happened to witness the +performances of any persons thus swallowing ink bottles by wholesale. + +The passages which have been already quoted, {302} either by R.O. or +myself, will probably give Mr. T. sufficient information of the +principal ones in which the "black broth" is mentioned. + +W. + +[Footnote 6: _Xen. de Rep. Lac._] + +[Footnote 7: "Emi singula non pecuniâ sed compensatione mercium, jussit +(Lycurgus)."--_Justin_. iii. 2.] + +[Footnote 8: _Plut. in Lyc._] + +[Footnote 9: _Plut. in Lyc._ The word is [Greek: priasthai], the cook +probably a slave and Helot. There seems some confusion between this +story, and that of Dionysius tyrant of Syracuse, noticed in the +beginning of the _Inst. Lacon._, and by Cicero in the _Tusculan +Questions_, v. 34. The Syracusan table was celebrated.] + +[Footnote 10: _Plut. in Lyc._] + +[Footnote 11: _Ath. Deip._ iv. 13. l. 93.] + +[Footnote 12: _Plut. in Lyc._ "[Greek: En chersi daemiourgon kai +mageiron.]"] + +[Footnote 13: "[Greek: Edei de opsopoious en Lakedaimoni einai kreos +monou ho de para touto epizamenos exelauneto taes Spartaes]."--_Æl. Var. +Hist._ xiv. 7.] + +[Footnote 14: "[Greek: Hoi Lakones hoxos men kai halas dontes to +mageiro, ta loipa keleuoysin en to hiereio xaetein]."--_Plut. de tuenda +Sanitate._] + +[Footnote 15: _Meursii Misc. Lacon_. lib. i. cap. 8.] + + * * * * * + + +QUERIES. + +TEN QUERIES CONCERNING POETS AND POETRY. + +1. In a curious poetical tract, entitled _A Whip for an Ape, or Martin +displaied_; no date, but printed in the reign of Elizabeth, occurs the +following stanza:-- + + "And ye grave men that answere Martin's mowes, + He mockes the more, and you in vain loose times. + Leave Apes to Dogges to baite, their skins to Crowes, + And let old LANAM lashe him with his rimes." + +Was this _old Lanam_, the same person as Robert Laneham, who wrote "a +Narrative of Queen Elizabeth's Visit to Kenilworth Castle in 1575"? I do +not find his name in Ritson's _Bibliographica Poetica_. + +2. In Spence's _Anecdotes of Books and Men_ (Singer's edit. p. 22.), a +poet named Bagnall is mentioned as the author of the once famous poem +_The Counter Scuffle_. Edmund Gayton, the author of _Pleasant Notes upon +Don Quixote_, wrote a tract, in verse, entitled _Will Bagnall's Ghost_. +Who was Will Bagnall? He appears to have been a well-known person, and +one of the wits of the days of Charles the First, but I cannot learn +anything of his biography. + +3. In the _Common-place Book_ of Justinian Paget, a lawyer of James the +First's time preserved among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum, is +the following sonnet:-- + + "My love and I for kisses play'd; + Shee would keepe stakes, I was content; + But when I wonn she would be pay'd, + This made me aske her what she ment; + Nay, since I see (quoth she), you wrangle in vaine, + Take your owne kisses, give me mine againe." + +The initials at the end, "W.S.", probably stand for William Stroud or +Strode, whose name is given at length to some other rhymes in the same +MS. I should be glad to know if this quaint little conceit has been +printed before, and if so, in what collection. + +4. What is the earliest printed copy of the beautiful old song "My Mind +to me a Kingdom is?" It is to be found in a rare tract by Nicholas +Breton, entitled _The Court and Country, or A Briefe Discourse betweene +the Courtier and Country-man_, 4to. 1618. Query, is Breton its author? + +5. Mr. Edward Farr, in his _Select Poetry, chiefly Devotional, of the +Reign of Queen Elizabeth_ (vol. i, p. xix.), calls Nicholas Breton, _Sir +Nicholas_. Is there any authority for Breton's knighthood? + +6. Can John Davies, the author of _Sir Martin Mar-people_, 1590, be +identified with John Davies of Hereford, or Sir John Davies, the author +of _Nosce Teipsum_, 1599? + +7. In whose possession is the copy of Marlow and Chapman's _Hero and +Leander_, 1629, sold in Heber's sale (Part iv., No. 1415)? Has the Rev. +Alex. Dyce made use of the MS. notes, and the Latin Epitaph on Sir Roger +Manwood, by Marlow, contained in this copy? + +8. Has any recent evidence been discovered as to the authorship of _The +Complaynt of Scotland_? Is Sir David Lindsay, or Wedderburn, the author +of this very interesting work? + +9. In the Rev. J.E. Tyler's _Henry of Monmouth_ (vol. ii Appendix, p. +417.), is a ballad on _The Battle of Agincourt_, beginning as follows:-- + + "Fair stood the wind for France, + When we our sails advance; + Nor now to prove our chance, + Longer will tarry; + But, putting to the main, + At Kaux, the mouth of Seine, + With all his martial train, + Landed King Harry." + +The author of this old ballad, the learned editor says, was _Michael +Drayton_; but I have not been able to find it in any edition of his +works which I have consulted. Can Mr. Tyler have confounded it with +Drayton's _Poem_ on the same subject? Any information on this point will +be very acceptable. + +10. On the fly-leaf of an Old Music Book which I lately purchased is the +following little poem. I do not remember to have seen it in print, but +some of your correspondents may correct me. + + "TO THE LORD BACON WHEN FALLING FROM FAVOUR. + + "Dazel'd thus with height of place, + Whilst our hopes our wits beguile; + No man marks the narrow space + 'Twixt a prison and a smile. + + "Then since fortune's favours fade, + You that in her arms do sleep, + Learn to swim and not to wade, + For the hearts of kings are deep. + + "But if greatness be so blind, + As to burst in towers of air; + Let it be with goodness lin'd, + That at least the fall be fair. + + "Then, though dark'ned you shall say, + When friends fail and princes frown; + Virtue is the roughest way, + But proves at night a bed of down." + +It is in the hand-writing of "Johs. Rasbrick vic. de Kirkton," but +whether he was the author, or only the transcriber, is uncertain. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + + * * * * * {303} + +BISHOP COSIN'S FORM OF CONSECRATION OF CHURCHES. + +We learn from Wilkins (_Concilia_, tom. iv. p. 566, ed. Lond. 1737), +also from Cardwell (_Synodal_. pp. 668. 677. 820. ed. Oxon. 1842), and +from some other writers, that the care of drawing up a Form of +Consecration of Churches, Chapels, and Burial-places, was committed to +Bishop Cosin by the Convocation of 1661; which form, when complete, is +stated to have been put into the hands of Robert, Bishop of Oxon, +Humphrey, Bishop of Sarum, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, and John, Bishop +of Coventry and Lichfield, for revision. + +I should feel much obliged if (when you can find space) you would kindly +put the query to your correspondents--"What has become of this Form?" + +There is at Durham a Form of Consecration of Churches, said to be in the +hand-writing of Basire; at the end of which the following notes are +written: + + "This forme was used at the consecration of Christ's Church, + neare Tinmouth, by the Right Rev. Father in God, John, Lord + Bishop of Duresme, on Sunday, the 5th of July, 1668. + + "Hæc forma Consecrationis consonant cum formâ Reverendi in + Christo Patris Lanceloti Andewes, edit. anno 1659. + + "Deest Anathema, Signaculum in antiquis dedicationibus. + + "Deest mentio (Nuptiarum. + (Purificationis Mulierum." + +As this, however, can hardly be the missing Form of Consecration of +Churches, &c., which Cosin himself seems to have drawn up for the +Convocation of 1661, but which appears to have been no more heard of +from the time when it was referred to the four bishops for revision, the +question still remains to be answered--What has become of that Form? Can +the MS. by any chance have found its way into the Library of Peterhouse, +Cambridge, or into the Chapter Library at Peterborough--or is any other +unpublished MS. of Bishop Cosin's known to exist in either of these, or +in any other library? + +J. Sansom. + +8. Park Place, Oxford, Feb. 18, 1850. + + * * * * * + +PORTRAITS OF LUTHER, ERASMUS, AND ULRIC VON HUTTEN. + +I am very much indebted to "S.W.S." for the information which he has +supplied (No. 15. p. 232.) relative to ancient wood-cut representations +of Luther and Erasmus. As he has mentioned Ulric von Hutten also (for +whom I have an especial veneration, on account of his having published +Valla's famous _Declamatio_ so early as 1517), perhaps he would have the +kindness to state which is supposed to be the best wood-cut likeness of +this resolute ("Jacta est alea") man. "S.W.S." speaks of a portrait of +him which belongs to the year 1523. I have before me another, which +forms the title-page of the _Huttenica_, issued "ex Ebernburgo," in +1521. This was, I believe, his place of refuge from the consequences +which resulted from his annexation of marginal notes to Pope Leo's Bull +of the preceding year. In the remarkable wood-cut with which "[Greek: +OYTIS, NEMO]" commences, the object of which is not immediately +apparent, it would seem that "VL." implied a play upon the initial +letters of _U_lysses and _U_lricus. This syllable is put over the head +of a person whose neck looks as if it were already the worse from +unfortunate proximity to the terrible rock wielded by Polyphemus. I +should be glad that "S.W.S." could see some manuscript verses in German, +whcih are at the end of my copy of De Hutten's _Conquestio ad Germanos_. +They appear to have been written by the author in 1520; and at the +conclusion, he has added, "Vale ingrata patria." + +R.G. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS CONCERNING CHAUCER. + +_Lollius._--Who was the Lollius spoken of by Chaucer in the following +passages? + + "As write mine authour _Lolius_." + _Troilus and Cresseide_, b. i. + + "The Whichecote as telleth _Lollius_." + Ib. b. v. + + "And eke he Lollius."--_House of Fame_, b. iii. + +_Trophee._--Who or what was "Trophee?" "Saith Trophee" occurs in the +_Monkes Tale_. I believe some MSS. read "for Trophee;" but "saith +Trophee" would appear to be the correct rendering; for Lydgate, in the +Prologue to his Translation of Boccaccio's _Fall of Princes_, when +enumerating the writings of his "maister Chaucer," tells us, that + + "In youth he made a translacion + Of a boke which is called _Trophe_ + In Lumbarde tonge, as men may rede and se, + And in our vulgar, long or that he deyde, + Gave it the name of Troylous and Cressyde." + +_Corinna._--Chaucer says somewhere, "I follow Statius first, and then +Corinna." Was Corinna in mistake put for _Colonna_? The + + "Guido eke the Colempnis," + +whom Chaucer numbers with "great Omer" and others as bearing up the fame +of Troy (_House of Fame_, b. iii.). + +_Friday Weather._--The following meteorological proverb is frequently +repeated in Devonshire, to denote the variability of the weather on +Friday: + + "Fridays in the week + are never _aleek_." + +"Aleek" for "alike," a common Devonianism. {304} Thus Peter Pindar +describes a turbulent crowd of people as being + + "_Leek_ bullocks sting'd by apple-drones." + +Is this bit of weather-wisdom current in other parts of the kingdom? I +am induced to ask the question, because Chaucer seems to have embodied +the proverb in some well-known lines, viz.:-- + + "Right as the Friday, sothly for to tell, + Now shineth it, and now it raineth fast, + Right so can gery Venus overcast + The hertes of hire folk, right as hire day + Is gerfull, right so changeth she aray. + _Selde is the Friday all the weke ylike_." + + _The Knighte's Tale_, line 1536. + +_Tyndale._--Can any of your readers inform me whether the translation of +the "_Enchiridion Militis Christiani Erasmi_," which Tyndale completed +in 1522, was ever printed? + +J.M.B. + +Totnes, Feb. 21. 1850. + + * * * * * + +LETTER ATTRIBUTED TO SIR ROBERT WALPOLE. + +In Banks's _Dormant Peerage_, vol. iii. p. 61., under the account of +_Pulteney, Earl of Bath_, is the following extraordinary letter, said to +be from Sir Robert Walpole to King George II., which is introduced as +serving to show the discernment of Walpole, as well as the disposition +of the persons by whom he was opposed, but evidently to expose the +vanity and weakness of Mr. Pulteney, by exhibiting the scheme which was +to entrap him into the acceptance of a peerage, and so destroy his +popularity. It is dated Jan. 24. 1741, but from _no place_, and has but +little appearance of authenticity. + + "Most sacred, + + "The violence of the fit of the stone, which has tormented me + for some days, is now so far abated, that, although it will not + permit me to have the honour to wait on your majesty, yet is + kind enough to enable me so far to obey your orders, as to write + my sentiments concerning that troublesome man, Mr. Pulteney; and + to point out (what I conceive to be) the most effectual method + to make him perfectly quiet. Your majesty well knows how by the + dint of his eloquence he has so captivated the mob, and attained + an unbounded popularity, that the most manifest wrong appears to + be right, when adopted and urged by him. Hence it is, that he + has become not only troublesome but dangerous. The inconsiderate + multitude think that he has not one object but public good in + view; although, if they would reflect a little, they would soon + perceive that spleen against those your majesty has honoured + with your confidence has greater weight with him than + patriotism. Since, let any measure be proposed, however + salutary, if he thinks it comes from me, it is sufficient for + him to oppose it. Thus, sir, you see the affairs of the most + momentous concern are subject to the caprice of that popular + man; and he has nothing to do but call it a ministerial project, + and bellow out the word _favourite_, to have an hundred pens + drawn against it, and a thousand mouths open to contradict it. + Under these circumstances, he bears up against the ministry + (and, let me add, against your majesty itself); and every useful + scheme must be either abandoned, or if it is carried in either + house, the public are made to believe it is done by a corrupted + majority. Since these things are thus circumstanced, it is + become necessary for the public tranquility that he should be + made quiet; and the only method to do that effectually is to + destroy his popularity, and ruin the good belief the people have + in him. + + "In order to do this, he must be invited to court; your majesty + must condescend to speak to him in the most favourable and + distinguished manner; you must make him believe that he is the + only person upon whose opinion you can rely, and to whom your + people look up for useful measures. As he has already several + times refused to take the lead in the administration, unless it + was totally modelled to his fancy, your majesty should close in + with his advice, and give him leave to arrange the + administration as he pleases, and put whom he chooses into + office (there can be no danger in that as you can dismiss him + when you think fit); and when he has got thus far (to which his + extreme self-love and the high opinion he entertains of his own + importance, will easily conduce), it will be necessary that your + majesty should seem to have a great regard for his health; + signifying to him that your affairs will be ruined if he should + die; that you want to have him constantly near you, to have his + sage advice; and that therefore, as he is much disordered in + body, and something infirm, it will be necessary for his + preservation for him to quit the House of Commons, where + malevolent tempers will be continually fretting him, and where, + indeed, his presence will be needless, as no step will be taken + but according to his advice; and that he will let you give him a + distinguishing mark of your approbation, by creating him a peer. + This he may be brought to, for, if I know anything of mankind, + he has a love of honour and money; and, notwithstanding his + great haughtiness and seeming contempt for honour, he may be won + if it be done with dexterity. For, as the poet Fenton says, + 'Flattery is an oil that softens the thoughtless fool.' + + "If your majesty can once bring him to accept of a coronet, all + will be over with him; the changing multitude will cease to have + any confidence in him; and when you see that, your majesty may + turn your back to him, dismiss him from his post, turn out his + meddling partizans, and restore things to quiet; the bee will + have lost his sting, and become an idle drone whose buzzing + nobody heeds. + + "Your majesty will pardon me for the freedom with which I have + given my sentiments and advice; which I should not have done, + had not your majesty commanded it, and had I not been certain + that your peace is much disturbed by the contrivance of that + turbulent man. I shall only add that I will dispose several whom + I know to wish him well to solicit for his establishment in + power, that you may seem to yield to their entreaties, and the + finesse be less liable to be discovered. + + "I hope to have the honour to attend your majesty {305} in a few + days; which I will do privately, that my public presence may + give him no umbrage. + + (Signed) ROBERT WALPOLE + + "(Dated) 24. January, 1741." + +As it seems incredible that Walpole could have written such a letter; +and the editor does not say where it is taken from, or where the +original is, I beg to ask any of your readers whether they have ever +seen the letter elsewhere, or attributed by any other writer to Walpole? +The editor adds, "accordingly, the scheme took place very soon after, +and Mr. Pulteney was in 1742 dignified with the titles before mentioned, +i.e. Earl of Bath, &c." + +G. + + * * * * * + +BISHOPS OF OSSORY. + +Acting on "R.R.'s" excellent suggestion (No. 16. p. 243. _antè_), I beg +to solicit from all collectors, who may chance to see these lines, +information relative to the _Bishops of Ossory_. I am at present engaged +on a work which will comprise that portion of Harris's edition of Sir +James Ware's _Bishops of Ireland_ bearing on the see of Ossory. The +following names are those concerning whom, especially, information, +either original or by reference to rare printed books, will be most +thankfully acknowledged:-- + +John Parry Succ. 1672 Ob. 1677. +Benjamin Parry Succ. 1677 Ob. 1678. +Michael Ward Succ. 1678 Trans. 1679. +Thomas Otway Succ. 1679 Ob. 1692. +John Hartstong Succ. 1693 Trans. 1713. +Sir Thos. Vesey, Bart. Succ. 1714 Ob. 1730. +Edw. Tennison Succ. 1731 Ob. 1735. +Charles Este Succ. 1736 Trans. 1740. +Anthony Dopping Succ. 1740 Ob. 1743. +Michael Cox Succ. 1743 Trans. 1755. +Edward Maurice Succ. 1755 Ob. 1756. +Richard Pococke Succ. 1756 Trans. 1765. +Charles Dodgson Succ. 1765 Trans. 1775. +William Newcome Succ. 1775 Trans. 1779. +Sir John Hotham, Bt. Succ. 1779 Trans. 1782. +Hon. W. Beresford Succ. 1782 Trans. 1795. +Thos. L. O'Beirne Succ. 1795 Trans. 1798. +Hugh Hamilton Succ. 1799 Ob. 1805. +John Kearney Succ. 1806 Ob. 1813. + +I may state, that I have access to that most excellent work _Fasti +Ecclesiæ Hiberniæ_, by Archdeacon Cotton, who has collected many +particulars respecting the above-named prelates. + +JAMES GRAVES. + +Kilkenny, Feb. 21. 1850. + + * * * * * + +_Burton's Anatomy of (Religious) Melancholy._--In compliance with the +very useful suggestion of "R.R." (No. 16. p. 243.), I venture to express +my intention of reprinting the latter part of Burton's "Anatomy of +Melancholy," (viz. that relating to _Religious Melancholy_), and at the +same time to intimate my hope that any of your readers who may have it +in their power to render me any assistance, will kindly aid me in the +work. + +M.D. + +Oxford, Feb. 23. + + * * * * * + +MINOR QUERIES. + +_Master of Methuen--Ruthven and Gowrie Families._--Colonel Stepney +Cowell is desirous of inquiring who was the Master of Methuen, who fell +at the Battle of Pinkey, and whose name appears in the battle roll as +killed? + +Was he married, and did he leave a daughter? He is presumed to have been +the son of Lord Methuen by Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII. + +Who was the wife of Patrick Ruthven, youngest son of William, first Earl +of Gowrie, and where was he married? Any notices of the Gowrie and +Ruthven family will be acceptable. + +Brooke's Club, St. James's Street, Feb. 18. 1850. + +"_The Female Captive: a Narrative of Facts which happened in Barbary in +the Year 1756. Written by herself."_ 2 vols. 12 mo. Lond. 1769.--Sir +William Musgrave has written this note in the copy which is now in the +library of the British Museum:-- + + "This is a true story. The lady's maiden name was Marsh. She + married Mr. Crisp, as related in the narrative; but he, having + failed in business, went to India, when she remained with her + father, then Agent Victualler, at Chatham, during which she + wrote and published these little volumes. On her husband's + success in India, she went thither to him. + + "The book, having, as it is said, been bought up by the lady's + friends, is become very scarce." + +Can any of your readers furnish a further account of this lady? + +_Parliamentary Writs._--It is stated in Duncumb's _History of +Herefordshire_, 1. 154. that "the writs, indentures, and returns, from +17 Edw. IV. to 1 Edw. VI., are all lost throughout England, except one +imperfect bundle, 33rd Hen. VIII." This book was published in 1803. Have +the researches since that time in the Record Offices supplied this +hiatus; and if so, in which department of it are these documents to be +found? + +W.H.C. +Temple. + + +_Portraits in the British Museum._--I have often wished to inquire, but +knew not where till your publication met my notice, as to the portraits +in the British Museum, which are at present hung so high above beasts +and birds, and everything else, that it requires better eyes than most +people possess to discern their features. I should suppose {306} that if +they were not originals and of value, they would not have been lodged in +the Museum, and if they are, why not appropriate a room to them, where +they might be seen to advantage, by those who take pleasure in such +representations of the celebrated persons of former days? Any +information on this subject will be gratefully received. + +L.O. + + * * * * * + + +REPLIES. + +COLLEGE SALTING. + +In reply to the query of the Rev. Dr. Maitland (No. 17. p. 261.), I +would remark, that _Salting_ was the ceremony of initiating a freshman +into the company of senior students or sophisters. This appears very +clearly from a passage in the _Life of Anthony a Wood_ (ed. 1771, pp. +45-50.). Anthony a Wood was matriculated in the University of Oxford, +26th May, 1647, and on the 18th of October "he was entered into the +Buttery-Book of Merton College." At various periods, from All Saints +till Candlemas, "there were Fires of Charcole made in the Common hall." + + "At all these Fires every Night, which began to be made a little + after five of the clock, the Senior Under-Graduats would bring + into the hall the Juniors or Freshmen between that time and six + of the clock, and there make them sit down on a Forme in the + middle of the Hall, joyning to the Declaiming Desk: which done, + every one in Order was to speake some pretty Apothegme, or make + a Jest or Bull, or speake some eloquent Nonsense, to make the + Company laugh: But if any of the Freshmen came off dull or not + cleverly, some of the forward or pragmatical Seniors would + _Tuck_ them, that is, set the nail of their Thumb to their chin, + just under the Lipp, and by the help of their other Fingers + under the Chin, they would give him a chuck, which sometimes + would produce Blood. On Candlemas day, or before (according as + Shrove Tuesday fell out), every Freshman had warning given him + to provide his Speech, to be spoken in the publick Hall before + the Under-Graduats and Servants on Shrove-Tuesday night that + followed, being alwaies the time for the observation of that + Ceremony. According to the said Summons A. Wood provided a + Speech as the other Freshmen did. + + "Shrove Tuesday Feb. 15, the Fire being made in the Common hall + before 5 of the Clock at night, the Fellowes would go to Supper + before six, and making an end sooner than at other times, they + left the Hall to the Libertie of the Undergraduats, but with an + Admonition from one of the Fellowes (who was the Principall of + the Undergraduats and Postmasters) that all things should be + carried in good Order. While they were at Supper in the Hall, + the Cook (Will. Noble) was making the lesser of the brass pots + full of Cawdle at the Freshmens Charge; which, after the Hall + was free from the Fellows, was brought up and set before the + Fire in the said Hall. Afterwards every Freshman, according to + seniority, was to pluck off his Gowne and Band, and if possible + to make himself look like a Scoundrell. This done, they were + conducted each after the other to the high Table, and there made + to stand on a Forme placed thereon; from whence they were to + speak their Speech with an audible voice to the Company: which, + if well done, the person that spoke it was to have a Cup of + Cawdle and no _salted Drinke_; if indifferently, some Cawdle and + some _salted Drinke_; but if dull, nothing was given to him but + _salted Drinke_ or _salt_ put in College Bere, with Tucks to + book. Afterwards when they were to be admitted into the + Fraternity, the Senior Cook was to administer to them an Oath + over an old Shoe, part of which runs thus: _Item tu jurabis, + quot penniless bench non visitabis, &c._: the rest is forgotten, + and none there are that now remembers it. After which spoken + with gravity, the Freshman kist the Shoe, put on his Gowne and + Band, and took his place among the Seniors." + +Mr. Wood gives part of his speech, which is ridiculous enough. It +appears that it was so satisfactory that he had cawdle and sack without +and salted drink. He concludes thus:-- + + "This was the way and custome that had been used in the College, + time out of mind, to initiate the Freshmen; but between that + time and the restoration of K. Ch. 2. it was disused, and now + such a thing is absolutely forgotten." + +The editors in a note intimate that it was probable the custom was not +peculiar to Merton College, and that it was perhaps once general, as +striking traces of it might be found in many societies in Oxford, and in +some a very near resemblance of it had been kept up until within a few +years of that time (1772). + +C.H. COOPER. + +Cambridge, Feb. 23. 1850. + + +"E.V.," after quoting the passage given by Mr. Cooper from Anthony Wood, +proceeds:-- + +It is clear from Owen's epigram that there was some kind of _salting_ at +Oxford as well as at Cambridge; is it not at least probable that they +were both identical with the custom described by old Anthony, and that +the charge made in the college book was for _the cawdle_ mentioned +above, as provided at the freshman's expense; the whole ceremony going +under the name of "salting," from the salt and water potion, which was +the most important constituent of it? If this be so, it agrees with Dr. +Maitland's idea, that "this 'salting' was some entertainment given by +the newcomer, from and after which he ceases to be fresh;" or, as Wood +expresses it, "he took his place among the seniors." + +The "tucks" he speaks of could have been no very agreeable addition to +the salted beer; for, as he himself explains it, a few lines above, "to +tuck" consisted in "setting the nail of the thumb to their chin, just +under the lip, and by the help of their other fingers under the chin, +they would give him a mark, which sometimes would produce blood." + +Before I leave Anthony Wood, let me mention {307} that I find him making +use of the word "bull" in the sense of a laughable speech ("to make a +jest, or _bull_, or speake some eloquent nonsense," p. 34.), and of the +now vulgar expression "to go to pot." When recounting the particulars of +the parliamentary visitation of the University in 1648, he tells us, +that had it not been for the intercession of his mother to Sir Nathan +Brent, "he had infallible _gone to the pot_." If Dr. Maitland or any of +your readers can give the history of these expressions, and can produce +earlier instances of their use, they would greatly oblige me. + +P.S. I ought to mention, that "Penniless Bench" was a seat for loungers, +under a wooden canopy, at the east end of old Carfax Church: it seems to +have been notorious as "the idle corner" of Oxford. + +E.V. + + * * * * * + +QUERIES ANSWERED, NO. 5. + +A comparative statement of the number of those who ask questions, and +those who furnish replies, would be a novel contribution to the +statistics of literature. I do note mean to undertake it, but shall so +far assume an excess on the side of the former class, as to attempt a +triad of replies to recent queries without fear of the censures which +attach to monopoly. + +To facilitate reference to the queries, I take them in the order of +publication:-- + +1. "What is the earliest known instance of the use of a _beaver hat_ in +England?"--T. Hudson Turner, p. 100. + +The following instance from Chaucer (_Canterbury tales_, 1775, 8°. v. +272.), if not the earliest, is precise and instructive: + + "A marchant was ther with a forked berd, + In mottelee, and highe on hors he sat, + And on his hed a Flaundrish _bever hat_." + +2. "Has _Cosmopoli_ been ever appropriated to any known locality?"--John +Jebb, p. 213. + +Cosmopolis has been used for London, and for Paris (G. Peignot, +_Répertoire de bibliographies spéciales_, Paris, 1810. 8°. pp. 116, +132.) It may also, in accordance with its etymology, be used for +Amsterdam, or Berlin, or Calcutta, etc. As an imprint, it takes the +dative case. The _Interpretationes paradoxæ quatuor evangeliorum_ of +Sandius, were printed at Amsterdam. (M. Weiss, _Biographie universelle_, +Paris, 1811 28. 8°. xl. 312.) + +3. References to "any works or treatises supplying information on the +history of the Arabic numerals" are requested by "E.N." p. 230. + +To the well chosen works enumberated by the querist, I shall add the +titles of two valuable publications in my own collection: + +DICTIONNAIRE RAISONNÉ DE DIPLOMATIQUE--par dom de Vaines. _Paris_, 1774. +8°. 2 vol. + +ELÉMENTS DE PALÉOGRAPHIE, par M. Natalis de Wailly. _Paris_, Imprimerie +royale, 1838. 4°. 2 vol. + +The former work is a convenient epitome of the _Nouveau traité de +diplomatique_. The latter is a new compilation, undertaken with the +sanction of M. Guizot. Its appearance was thus hailed by the learned +Daunou: "Cet ouvrage nous semble recommandable par l'exactitude des +recherches, par la distribution méthodique des matières et par +l'élégante précision du style." (_Journal des savants_, Paris, 1838. 4°. +p. 328.) + +A query should always be worded with care, and put in a _quotable_ +shape. The observance of this plain rule would economise space, save the +time which might otherwise be occupied in useless research, and tend to +produce more pertinency of reply. The first and second of the above +queries may serve as models. + +Bolton Corney. + + * * * * * + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES. + +_Old Auster Tenement_ (No. 14. p. 217.).--I think that I am in a +condition to throw some light on the meaning of this expression, noticed +in a former Number by "W.P.P." The tenements held in villenage of the +lord of a manor, at least where they consisted of a messuage or +dwelling-house, are often called _astra_ in our older books and +court-rolls. If the tenement was an ancient one, it was _vetus_ or +_antiquum astrum_; if a tenure of recent creation (or a new-take, as it +is called in some manors), it was _novum astrum_. The villenage tenant +of it was an _astrarius_. "W.P.P." may satisfy himself of these facts by +referring to the printed _Plautorum Abbrevietis_, fo. 282.; to Fleta, +_Comment. Juris. Anglicani_, ed. 1685, p. 217.; and to Ducange, Spelman, +and Cowel, under the words "Astrum," "Astrarius," and "Astre." In the +very locality to which "W.P.P." refers, he will find that the word +"Auster" is "Astrum" in the oldest court-rolls, and that the term is not +confined to North Curry, but is very prevalent in the eastern half of +Somerset. At the present day, an _auster_ tenement is a species of +copyhold, with all the incidents to that tenure. It is noticed in the +Journal of the Archæological Institute, in a recent critique on Dr. +Evans's Leicestershire words, and is very familar to legal practitioners +of any experience in the district alluded to. + +E. Smirke. + + +_Tureen_ (No. 16. p. 246.).--There is properly no such word. It is a +corruption of the French _terrine_, an earthen vessel in which soup is +served. It is in Bailey's Dictionary. I take this opportunity of +suggesting whether that the word "_swinging_," applied by Goldsmith to +his tureen, should be rather spelt _swingeing_; though the former is the +more usual way: a _swinging_ dish and a _swingeing_ are different +things, and Goldsmith meant the latter. + +C. {308} + + +_Burning the Dead._--"T." will find some information on this subject in +Sir Thomas Browne's _Hydriotaphia_, chap. i., which appears to favour +his view except in the following extract: + + "The same practice extended also far west, and besides + Heruleans, Getes and Thracians, was in use with most of the + Celtæ, Sarmatians, Germans, Gauls, Danes, Swedes, Norwegians; + not to omit some use thereof among _Carthaginians_, and + _Americans_." + +The Carthaginians most probably received the custom from their ancestors +the Phoenicians, but where did the Americans get it? + +Henry St. Chad. + +Corpus Christi Hall, Maidstone, Feb. 8. 1850. + + +_Burning the Dead._--Your correspondent "T." (No. 14. p. 216.) can +hardly have overlooked the case of Dido, in his inquiry "whether the +practice of burning the dead has ever been in vogue amongst any people, +excepting the inhabitants of Europe and Asia?" According to all +classical authorities, Dido was founder and queen of Carthage in +_Africa_, and was burned at Carthage on a funeral pile. + +If it be said that Dido's corpse underwent burning in conformity with +the custom of her native country Tyre, and not because it obtained in +the land of her adoption, then the question arises, whether burning the +dead was not one of the customs which the Tyrian colony of Dido imported +into Africa, and became permanently established at Carthage. It is very +certain that the Carthaginians had human sacrifices by fire, and that +they burned their children in the furnace to Saturn. + +A.G. + +Ecclesfield, Feb. 8. 1850. + + * * * * * + + +MISCELLANIES. + +_M. de Gournay._--The author of the axioms _Laissez faire, laissez +passer_, which are the sum and substance of the free trade principles of +political economy, and perhaps the pithiest and completest exposition of +the doctrine of a particular school ever made, was Jean Claude Marie +Vincent de Gournay, who was born at St. Malo in 1712, and died at Paris +in 1759. In early life he was engaged in trade, and subsequently became +Honorary Councillor of the Grand Council, and Honorary Intendant of +Commerce. He translated, in 1742, Josiah Child's _Considerations on +Commerce and on the Interest on Money_, and Culpepper's treatise +_Against Usury_. He also wrote a good deal on questions of political +economy. He was, in fact, with Dr. Quesnay, the chief of the French +economists of the last century; but he was more liberal than Quesnay in +his doctrines; indeed he is (far more than Adam Smith) the virtual +founder of the modern school of political economy; and yet, perhaps, of +all the economists he is the least known! + +The great Turgot was a friend and ardent admirer of M. de Gournay; and +on his death wrote a pompous _Eloge_ on him. + +A Man in a Garret. + + +_Cupid Crying._--"Our readers will remember that some time since +(_antè_, p. 108.) we copied into our columns, from the 'Notes and +Queries,' an epigram of great elegance on the subject of 'Cupid Crying;' +the contributor of which was desirous of finding through that medium, +especially established for such discoveries, the original text and the +name of its author. Subsequently, a correspondent of our own [_antè_, p. +132.] volunteered a translation by himself, in default of the original. +The correspondent of the 'Notes and Queries' has now stumbled on what he +sought, and is desirous that we should transmit it to the author of the +volunteer version, with his thanks. This we take the present means of +doing. Under the signature of 'Rufus,' he writes as follows:--'In a MS. +book, long missing, I find the following copy, with a reference to _Car. +Illust. Poet. Ital._ vol. i. 229, wherein it is ascribed to Antonio +Tebaldeo-- + + "_De Cupidine._ + + Cur natum cædit Venus? Arcum perdidit. Arcum + Nunc quis habet? Tusco Flavia nata solo. + Qui factum? Petit hæc, dedit hic; nam lumine formæ + Deceptus, matri se dare crediderat." + +"Since printing this communication from 'Rufus' we have received the +same original (with the variation of a single word--_quid_ for _cur_ in +the opening of the epigram) from a German correspondent at Augsburgh. +'You will find it,' he says, 'in the _Anthologia Latina Burmanniana_, +iii. 236, or in the new edition of this _Latin Anthology_, by Henry +Meyer, Lipsiæ, 1835, tom. ii. page 139, No. 1566. The author of the +epigram is doubtful, but the diction appears rather too quaint for a +good ancient writer. Maffei ascribes it to Brenzoni, who lived in the +sixteenth century; others give it to Ant. Tebaldeo, of Ferrara.' Our +readers will perceive that the translator has taken some liberties with +his text. 'Lumine formæ deceptus,' for instance, is not translated by +'she smiled.' But it may be questioned if the suggestion is not even +more delicate and graceful in the translator's version than in the +original."--_The Athenæum_. + + * * * * * + +THE MIRROR. + + (_From the Latin of Owen._) + + Bella, your image just returns your smile-- + You weep, and tears its lovely cheek bedew-- + You sleep, and its bright eyes are closed the while-- + You rise, the faithful mimic rises too.-- + Bella, what art such likeness could increase + If glass could talk, or woman hold her peace? + +Rufus. + + * * * * * {309} + +_Journeyman._--Three or four years since, a paragraph went the round of +the press, deriving the English word "journeyman" from the custom of +travelling among work-men in Germany. This derivation is very doubtful. +Is it not a relic of Norman rule, from the French _journée_, signifying +a day-man? In support of this it may be observed, that the German name +for the word in question if _Tagelöhner_, or day-worker. It is also well +known, that down to a comparatively recent period, artisans and free +labourers were paid daily. + +Gomer. + + +_Balloons._--In one of your early numbers you mention the _History of +Ringwood_, &c. Many years since I sent to a periodical (I cannot +recollect which) a circumstance connected with that town, which I never +heard or read of anywhere, and which, as it is rather of importance, I +forward to you in hopes that some of your correspondents may be able to +throw some light upon it. When my father was in the Artillery Ground at +the ascension of Lunardi's balloon, he remarked to several persons +present, "This is no novelty to _me_; I remember well, when I was at +school in Ringwood [about the year 1757], an apothecary in that town +that used to let off _balloons_ (he had no other name, I suppose, to +give them) on a smaller scale, but exactly corresponding with what he +then saw, _many_ a time." + +I had several letters addressed to me, requesting further explanation, +which, as my father was dead, I was unable to give. It is highly +improbable that any persons now living may have it in their power to +corroborate the fact, but some of their relations or descendants may. I +suppose they must have been _fire-balloons_, and these of the rudest +construction; and my father, being a boy at the time, would have given +perhaps little valuable information, except as to the name of the +apothecary, which, however, I never heard him mention. + +B.G. + +Feb. 6. 1850. + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES + +WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +(_In continuation of Lists in former Nos._) + +_Odd Volumes and Plates._ + +Engravings From Cotman's Norfolk Brasses. +Sir John Curson. 1471. Belaugh. +Lady Joan Plays. 1385. Ingham. +Lady Ela Stapleton. 1425. Ingham. +Southey's History of the Peninsular War. 8vo. Vol. III +London Magazine. 1762 and 1769. +Cuvier's Animal Kingdom. By Griffith. 1830. Part XXIV. +Chaucer's Poetical Works. Edinburgh. 1782. 12mo. (BELL'S + POETS.) Vol XIV. +Anti-Jacobin Review. Vols LI. and LII. +Du Cange Glossarium. (Sig. Oij, Oiij, or pages 213-220., + LIG-LIM, in Vl. IV.) + +Letters stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. + +_Although we have enlarged the present Number to 24 pages instead of 16, +and omitted our usual_ "Notes on Books, &c." _we are compelled to omit +as many_ "Notes, Queries, _and_ Replies" _as would occupy at least 24 +pages more. Under these circumstances we have first to ask the +indulgence of our Correspondents for such omissions, and secondly, to +request them to condense their future communications in to as brief a +space as the nature of them will conveniently admit._ + +Notes and Queries _may be procured of any Bookseller or Newsman if +previously ordered. Gentlemen residing in the country who may find a +difficulty in procuring it through any bookseller in the neighbourhood, +may be supplied regularly with the_ stamped _edition, by giving their +orders direct to the publisher_, Mr. George Bell, 186. Fleet Street, +_accompanied by a Post Office order for a quarter (4s. 4d.); a half year +(8s. 8d.), or one year (17s. 4d.)._ + +Notes and Queries _may also be procured in Monthly Parts at the end of +each month. Part I., price 1s.; Part II., price 1s, 3d., have been +reprinted, and may now be had, together with Part III., price 1s., and +Part IV., price 1s._ + + * * * * * + +Nearly Ready, 2 vols. 8vo. + +LIFE OF ROBERT PLUMER WARD, Esq., (Author of "Tremaine.") With +Selections from his Political and Literary Correspondence, Diaries, and +Unpublished Remains. By the Hon. Edmund Phipps. + +John Murray, Albemarle Street. + + * * * * * + +NEW WORK BY WASHINGTON IRVING. Next week will be Published, 8vo. + +LIVES OF THE SUCCESSORS OF MAHOMET. By Washington Irving. + +Also, lately Published by the same Author, + +I. LIFE OF MAHOMET. + +II. OLIVER GOLDSMITH: A BIOGRAPHY. + +III. HISTORY OF COLUMBUS AND HIS COMPANIONS. + +John Murray, Albermarle Street. + + * * * * * + +THE NIBELUNGENLIED TRANSLATED. + +THE FALL OF THE NIBELUNGERS, otherwise the BOOK OF KRIEMHILD. An English +Translation of the NIBELUNGNNOT or NIBELUNGENLIED; with an Introductory +preface and Notes. By William Nansom Lettsom, Esq. Fcp. 8vo., cloth +boards. Price 10s. 6d. + +WILLIAMS AND NORGATE'S GERMAN CATALOGUES:-- + +1. THEOLOGICAL CATALOGUE. +2. GERMAN BOOK CIRCULAR, No. 24. +New Books. +3. GENERAL LITERATURE. +4. CHEAP SECOND-HAND BOOKS. (Shortly.) + +Williams and Norgate, Foreign Booksellers, 14. Henrietta Street, Covent +Garden. + + * * * * * {310} + +Now ready, 8vo. + +GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE: An Enquiry into the Chronological +Succession of the Romanesque and Pointed Styles; with Notices of some of +the principal Buildings; and a General Index. 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Waller, Esq., +and Thomas Wright, Esq.; Articles on the present state of Architectural +Literature, on Christian Iconography and Legendary Art, and on the +intended Exhibition of Ancient and Mediæval Art; Letters of Dr. Johnson +and Alexander Pope, and original Log of the Battle of Trafalgar; Reviews +of Campbell's Lives of the Judges, Hanna's Life of Dr. Chalmers, +Worsaae*'s Primeval Antiquities, Merimée's Pedro the Cruel, Ticknor's +Spanish Literature, Washington Irving's Mahomet, Milman's Tasso, +Craick's Romance of the Peerage, Jones's Life of Chantrey, Boutell's +Christian Monuments (with four plates), &c. &c. With Notes of the Month, +Antiquarian Researches, and Historical Chronicle. The Obituary includes +Memoirs of the Earl of Carnarvon, Bishop Coleridge, Admiral Lord +Colville, Admiral Sir F. Collier, Sir Charles Forbes, Bart., Sir M.I. +Brunel, Edw. Doubleday, Esq., Denis C. Moylan, Esq., Lieutenant Waghorn, +John Barker, Esq., Ebenezer Elliott, John Duncan, Lord Jeffrey, Sir +Felix Booth, Mr. Serjeant Lawes, Thomas Stapleton, Esq., Rev. Dr. Byrth, +Edward Du Bois, Esq., Mrs. Bartley, &c. &c. + +Published by J.B. NICHOLS and SON, Parliament Street; and sold by all +Booksellers. Price 2s. 6d. + +Preparing for immediate publication, in 2 vols. small 8vo. + +THE FOLK-LORE OF ENGLAND. By WILLIAM J. THOMS, F.S.A., Secretary of the +Camden Society, Editor of "Early Prose Romances," "Lays and Legends of +all Nations," &c. One object of the present work is to furnish new +contributions to the History of our National Folk-Lore; and especially +some of the more striking Illustrations of the subject to be found in +the Writings of Jacob Grimm and other Continental Antiquaries. + +Communications of inedited Legends, Notices of remarkable Customs and +Popular Observances, Rhyming Charms, &c. are earnestly solicited, and +will be thankfully acknowledged by the Editor. They may be addressed to +the care of Mr. Bell, Office of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +Vols. I and II. 8vo., price 28s. cloth. + +THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By EDWARD FOSS, +F.S.A. + +"A work in which a subject of great historical importance is treated +with the care, diligence, and learning it deserves; in which Mr. Foss +has brought to light many points previously unknown, corrected many +errors, and shown such ample knowledge of his subject as to conduct it +successfully through all the intricacies of a difficult investigation, +and such taste and judgment as will enable him to quit, when occasion +requires, the dry details of a professional inquiry, and to impart to +his work, as he proceeds, the grace and dignity of a philosophical +history."--_Gent. Mag._ + +LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN AND LONGMANS. + + * * * * * + +Next week, 1 vol. 8vo., with etched Frontispiece, by Wehnert, and Eight +Engravings, price 15s. + +SABRINÆ COROLLA: a Volume of Classical Translations with original +Compositions contributed by Gentlemen educated at Shrewsbury School. + +Among the Contributors are the Head Masters of Shrewsbury, Stamford, +Repton, Uppingham, and Birmingham Schools; Andrew Lawson, Esq., late +M.P.; the Rev. R. Shilleto, Cambridge; the Rev. T.S. Evans, Rugby; J. +Riddell, Esq., Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford; the Rev. E.M. Cope, +H.J. Hodgson, Esq., H.A.J. Munro, Esq., W.G. Clark, Esq., Fellows of +Trinity College, Cambridge, and many other distinguished Scholars from +both Universities. + +The Work is edited by three of the principal Contributors. + +Folio, price 30s. + +THE CHORAL RESPONSES AND LITANIES OF THE UNITED CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND +IRELAND. Collected from Authentic Sources. By the REV. JOHN HEBB, A.M., +Rector of Peterstow. + +The present Work contains a full collection of the harmonized +compositions of ancient date, including nine sets of pieces and +responses, and fifteen litanies, with a few of the more ancient Psalm +Chants. They are given in full score, and in their proper cliffs. In the +upper part, however, the treble is substituted for the "cantus" or +"medius" cliff: and the whole work is so arranged as to suit the library +of the musical student, and to be fit for use in the Choir. + +MEMOIRS OF MUSICK. By the Hon. ROGER NORTH, Attorney-General to James I. +Now first printed from the original MS. and edited with copious Notes, +by EDWARD F. RIMBAULT, LL.D., F.S.A., &c. &c. Quarto; with a Portrait; +handsomely printed in 4to.; half-bound in morocco, 15s. + +This interesting MS., so frequently alluded to by Dr. Burney in the +course of his "History of Music," has been kindly placed at the disposal +of the Council of the Musical Antiquarian Society, by George Townshend +Smith, Esq., Organist of Hereford Cathedral. But the Council, not +feeling authorised to commence a series of literary publications, yet +impressed with the value of the work, have suggested its independent +publication to their Secretary, Dr. Rimbault, under whose editorial care +it accordingly appears. + +It abounds with interesting Musical Anecdotes; the Greek Fables +respecting the origin of Music; the rise and progress of Musical +Instruments; the early Musical Drama; the origin of our present +fashionable Concerts; the first performance of the Beggar's Opera, &c. + +A limited number having been printed, few copies remain for sale: unsold +copies will shortly be raised in price to 1l. 11s. 6d. + +London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * {311} + +No. III., for March 1850, of JOHN MILLER'S CATALOGUE OF BOOKS, OLD AND +NEW, On sale at 43. Chandos Street, Trafalgar Square, to be had gratis, +and sent (if required) postage free to any Book-buyer. The prices are +for ready money only. + + * * * * * + +The following Books may also be had. + +A COLLECTION OF THE CARTOONS OF PUNCH: Woodcuts from the Art Union +Journal, Pictorial Times, and other Illustrated publications; besides +several Thousand Cuttings from Newspapers, Magazines, and Modern +Periodicals, interspersed with a proportionate large number of Wood and +Steel Engravings, Portraits, Maps, and Miscellaneous Prints English and +Foreign, generally mounted on white paper, and prepared for binding by +the late editor of the Globe Newspaper, forming probably from 20 to 30 +vols., 8vo. and 4to., 5l. 10s. + +The rearrangement and more orderly classification of this mass of +Cuttings and Scraps would afford amusement for a long period of leisure, +or relieve the monotony of many winter evenings. + +ASIATIC ANNUAL REGISTER; or, A View of the History of Hindustan, and of +the Politics, Commerce, and Literature of Asia, from the year 1799 to +the year 1811, in 13 vols. 8vo. half-bound russia, very neat, 1l. 1s. +1801-1812. + +BAYLES' HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL DICTIONARY, translated from the French, +4 vols, folio, calf gilt, good Library copy, 2l. 12s. 6d. 1710. + +BELL'S BRITISH THEATRE, REGULATED FROM THE PROMPT BOOKS. 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Croker, 10 vols. fcap. 8vo. +cloth, 50 plates, 1l. 1s. 1835. + +BROOKES' (RALPH, York Herald) CATALOGUE of the Succession of the Kings, +Princes, Dukes, Earls, &c. of this Realm, since the Norman Conquest. +Folio, calf, neat, numerous Engravings of Arms; a good clean copy. 12s. +6d. 1619. + +BROWN (TOM) THE WORKS OF, Serious and Comical, in Prose and Verse, with +his Remains, the Life and Character of Mr. Brown, by Dr. J. Drake and a +Key to the Whole, 4 vols, small 8vo. calf, neat, plates, a good, clean +copy. 12s. 6d. 1720. + +BRUNET, MANUEL DU LIBRAIRE ET DE L'AMATEUR DES LIVRES. 4 vols. 8vo., +half calf, very neat, 10s. 6d. Paris, 1814. + +BUCHANAN'S (WM.) HISTORICAL AND GENEALOGICAL ESSAY UPON THE FAMILY AND +SURNAME OF BUCHANAN, with a Brief Inquiry into the Genealogy and Present +State of Ancient Scottish Surnames, and more particularly of the +Highland Clans. 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Published by the Countess Foy. 2 vols. 8vo., half +calf, extra, marble edges, fine portrait, 10s. 6d. 1827. + +FREEMASONS' (THE) QUARTERLY REVIEW, from its commencement in 1834, to +the Year 1847, inclusive. 14 vols. 8vo. Newly and elegantly half bound, +purple calf, backs emblematically tooled, only 3l. 10s. 1834-47. + +GALLERY OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN PORTRAITS, with Memoirs by various +distinguished Writers. 7 vols. imp. 8vo., cloth, uncut, top edges gilt. +168 fine Portraits. An early copy. 3l. 13s. 6d. Knight, 1833-7. + +GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.--The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, +from its Commencement in 1833 to 1843. 12 vols. 8vo. Half calf, gilt, +maps, charts, and plans. 3l. 3s. 1833-43. + +HALL'S (Mrs. S.C.) 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DE) ROMANTIC AND PICTURESQUE SCENERY OF ENGLAND AND +WALES, with Historical and Descriptive Accounts in French and English of +the several Places of which Views are given. Large folio. 18 Engravings, +beautifully coloured in imitation of Water Colour drawings. 1l. 1s. +1805. + +MACKINTOSH (SIR JAMES) MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE OF. Edited by Robert James +Mackintosh, Esq. 2 vols. 8vo.; fine port., calf, gilt, very neat. 16s. +1836. + +MARKHAM'S (F.) BOOK OF HONOUR, or Five Decades of Epistles of Honour. +Folio; half calf, very neat, and curious. 10s. 6d. 1625. + +MILLE'S (T.) NOBILITAS POLITICA VEL CIVILIS PERSONAS SCILICET +DISTINGUENDI ET AB ORIGINE INTER GENTES EX PRINCIPUM GRATIA NOBILITANDI +FORMA. Folio, half calf, neat, fine plates by Hollar. 12s. 6d. 1608. + +MORGAN'S (SYLVANUS) ARMILOGIA SIVE ARS CHROMOCRITICA--The Language of +Arms by the Colours and Metals. Small 4to. Numerous plates of arms. +Calf, neat. 10s. 6d. 1666. + +NICOLAS' (SIR N. HARRIS) HISTORY OF THE BATTLE OF AGINCOURT, AND OF THE +EXPEDITION OF HENRY THE FIFTH INTO FRANCE, to which is added the Roll of +the Men at Arms in the English Army. 8vo.; first edition, scarce; +coloured Frontispiece of Banners borne at the Battle of Agincourt. 15s. +1827. + +NICOLAS' (SIR N. HARRIS) TESTMENTA VETUSTA, being Illustrations from +Wills of Ancient Manners, Customs, Dresses, &c., from the Reign of Henry +the Second to the Accession of Queen Elizabeth. 2 vols. royal 8vo., +front, &c. 15s. 1826. + +NISBET'S ESSAY ON THE ANCIENT AND MODERN USE OF ARMORIES, showing their +Origin, the Method of Composing them, with an Index explaining Terms of +Blazon. Small 4to., calf, neat, plates. 10s. 6d. 1718. + +NOTTINGHAM:--DICKINSON'S (W.) Antiquities, Historical, Architectural, +Chorographical and Itinerary in Nottinghamshire and the adjacent +Counties, containing the History of Southwell. 4to., half calf, gilt, +map, 23 plates, and tables of pedigrees. 12s. 6d. 1801. + +OCKLEY'S (SIMON) HISTORY OF THE SARACENS, illustrating the Religion, +Rites, Customs, and Manner of Living of that Warlike People. 2 vols. +royal 8vo., large and thick paper, old calf, gilt. 12s. 6d. 1718. + +This copy appears to have belonged to the Author's family; a note states +it to be "Mary Ockley's Book." + +SHAKESPEARE ALBUM; a Series of One Hundred and Seventy Illustrations +from the Plates to Boydell's Edition of Shakespeare, as published to the +Edition edited by Valpy. Fcap. 8vo., cloth, gilt, 12s. 6d.; or elegantly +bound in morocco, gilt edges, richly tooled back and sides. 16s. 1834. + +But a very small number of copies were printed for sale in this form. + +TAYLOR (WM., of Norwich), MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF, +containing his correspondence of many Years with R. Southey, Esq. Edited +by J. W. Roberts, Esq. 2 thick vols. 8vo., fine port. 10s. 6d. 1843. + +Valuable material in aid of the literary history of the nineteenth +century. + +THIERRY'S (A.) HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF ENGLAND BY THE NORMANS, with +its Causes from the Earliest Period, and its Consequences to the Present +Time. 3 vols. 8vo., half calf, very neat. 10s. 6d. 1825. + +WALSH (R.) WHITELAW, &c., HISTORY OF THE CITY OF DUBLIN, from the +Earliest Accounts to the Present Time, its Annals, Antiquities, +Ecclesiastical History, and Charters, with Biographical Notices of its +Eminent Men. 2 vols. 4to. Half-calf, gilt. Map, and numerous fine +Plates. 15s. 1818. + +WELLESLEY (RICHARD, MARQUIS OF), MEMOIRS AND CORRESPONDENCE OF, +comprising numerous Letters and Documents now first published from +Original MSS. By R. R. Pearce, Esq. 3 vols. 8vo., half calf, full gilt, +new, and neat, fine portrait. 16s. 6d. 1845. + +WHITE'S (GILBERT) NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBORNE, with the Naturalist's +Calendar, and Notes by Capt. Brown. 12mo. Very neatly bound, calf, extra +marble edges, numerous Engravings. 4s. 6d. 1845. + +WILBERFORCE (WILLIAM), THE LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF, edited and +arranged by his Sons, the Rev. R. T. Wilberforce and the Rev. Sam. +Wilberforce. 5 vols. crown 8vo. Portraits, &c. Half calf, neat, full +gilt. 1l. 4s. 1838. + +WILLIAM III., LETTERS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE REIGN OF, from 1696 to 1708, +addressed to the Duke of Shrewsbury, by James Vernon, Esq., Secretary of +State, now first published from the Originals, edited by G.P.R. James, +Esq. 3 vols. 8vo. New half calf, full gilt, very handsome copy, fine +portrait. 16s. 1841. + + * * * * * + +John Miller, 43. Chandos Street, Trafalgar Square. + + * * * * * + +Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and +published by George Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, March 9. 1850. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 19, Saturday, +March 9, 1850, by Various + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13638 *** |