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diff --git a/13582-h/13582-h.htm b/13582-h/13582-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3564871 --- /dev/null +++ b/13582-h/13582-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2181 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Excavations of Roman Baths at Bath, by Charles E. Davis</title> + <style type="text/css"> + + /*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + + .note, .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; + text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 6em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 8em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 10em;} + .poem .caesura {vertical-align: -200%;} + + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; + font-size: 8pt;} + + .figure, .figcenter, .figright, .figleft + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .figure img, .figcenter img, .figright img, .figleft img + {border: none;} + .figure p, .figcenter p, .figright p, .figleft p + {margin: 0; text-indent: 1em;} + .figcenter {margin: auto;} + .figright {float: right;} + .figleft {float: left;} + + .inline {border: none; vertical-align: middle;} + + p.author {text-align: right;} + + div.trans-note {border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; + margin: 3em 15%; padding: 1em; text-align: center;} + + .toc {margin: 0 10%; text-align: left; font-size: 0.9em;} + .toc p {margin: 0.5em 0;} + .toc p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + + a:link {color: blue; text-decoration: none;} + link {color: blue; text-decoration: none;} + a:visited {color: blue; text-decoration: none;} + a:hover {color: red;} + + .side { float:right; + font-size: 75%; + width: 25%; + padding-left:10px; + border-left: dashed thin; + margin-left: 10px; + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic;} + + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13582 ***</div> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Excavations of Roman Baths at Bath, by +Charles E. Davis</h1> +<hr class="full" /> + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:50%;"> + <a id="platev" + name="platev" + href="images/platev.jpg"><img width="100%" + src="images/thumbv.jpg" + alt="Plate V. City of Bath. Plan of Roman Baths." /> + </a>(Plate V.) + </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" + id="page3"></a>{3}</span> + + <h1>ON THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE ROMAN BATHS AT BATH.</h1> + + <hr class="short" /> + + <h4><i>Re-printed from the Transactions of the Bristol and + Gloucestershire Archæological Society. Vol. VIII., part + I.</i></h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <p>Leland, on his visit to Bath in the year 1530, with + tolerable fulness describes the baths, and after completing his + description of the King's Bath goes on to say "Ther goith a + sluse out of this Bath and servid in Tymes past with Water + derivid out of it 2 places in Bath Priorie usid for Bathes: els + voide; for in them be no springes;" and further on he says "The + water that goith from the Kinges Bath turnith a Mylle and after + goith into Avon above Bath-bridge."</p> + + <p>These two sentences have hitherto been difficult of + explanation, but the excavations, which it has been my + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" + id="page4"></a>{4}</span> good fortune to superintend, and + the discoveries I have made, have fully explained Leland's + meaning, at the same time that I have brought to light the + great Roman Bath, which I purpose describing in detail in + this paper, writing only of previous excavations and those I + have conducted in connection with this work, so far as their + description may the more fully render my account perfect of + the Great Bath itself. I desire to confine my paper within + such limits as the space afforded me in this Journal + necessarily imposes.</p> + + <p>Some time during the last century the ruins of a mill wheel + were found to the south of the King's Bath. I have in my + excavation discovered the <i>mediæval</i> sluice that led to + this wheel. Leland speaks of "two places in Bath Priorie used + for Bathes els voide."</p> + + <p>In a map of Bath preserved in the Sloane Collection of the + British Museum, drawn by William Smith (<i>Rouge Dragon + Pursuivant at Arms</i>) a few years previous to + 1568,<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> + is an open bath immediately to the south of the Transept of + the Abbey called "the mild Bathe."<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> + This, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" + id="page5"></a>{5}</span> or at any rate what I may consider + was the "mild bath," I found in my explorations beneath the + soil at a situation in York Street, connected with the + Hot-water drains, the bath being still provided with a + wooden hatch, and of the dimensions of a good sized + room.<a id="footnotetag3" + name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> + The other place mentioned by Leland was discovered in 1755, + and this discovery led the way to the excavations of a great + bath (afterwards called Lucas's Bath), when the eastern wall + of the great Hall of the recently found bath was first laid + open, although from its position not having been properly + noted previous to its being covered up, its situation + remained unknown for nearly 130 years.</p> + + <p>In Dr. Sutherland's "<i>Attempts to revive Ancient Medical + Doctrines</i>," (page 16), <i>et infra</i>, he says: "In the + year of our Lord 1755<a id="footnotetag4" + name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> + the old Priory or Abbey house + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" + id="page6"></a>{6}</span> was pulled down. In clearing away + the foundations, stone coffins, bones of various animals, + and other things were found. This moved curiosity to search + still deeper. Hot mineral waters gushed forth and + interrupted the work. The old Roman sewer was at last found; + the water was drained off. Foundations of regular buildings + were fairly traced." An illustration of these discoveries is + given in Gough's "Camden," and a plan of them was published + by Dr. Lucas and again by Dr. Sutherland + (<a href="#platev"><i>Pl. V.</i></a>) copied in 1822 by Dr. + Spry with discoveries to that date + (<a href="#platevi"><i>Pl. VI.</i></a>), and by Mr. Phelps, + the latter re-published by the Rev. Preb. Scarth in his + <i>Aquæ Solis</i>, 1864. I have, in part, myself and also + when assisted by Mr. T. Irvine (the architect, under Sir + Gilbert Scott, of the restoration of the Bath Abbey), + examined the small portion of these discoveries that are + still left <i>in situ</i>. I quote Dr. Sutherland, 1763, p. + 17, for an account. "Assisted by Mr. Wood, architect," Dr. + Lucas examined the ruins as they then appeared. He gives the + following description: "Under the foundations of the Abbey + house, full 10ft. deep, appear traces of a bath, whose + dimensions are 43ft. by 34ft. Within and adjoining to the + walls are the remains of twelve pilasters, each measuring + 3ft. 6in. on the front of the plinth by a projection of 2ft. + 3in. These pilasters seem to have supported a + roof.<a id="footnotetag5" + name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> + This bath stood north and south. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" + id="page7"></a>{7}</span> To the northward of this room, + parted only by a slender wall with an opening of about 10in. + in the middle, adjoined a semi-circular bath, measuring from + east to west 14ft. 4in., and from the crown of the + semi-circle to the partition wall that divides it from the + square bath 18ft. 10in. The roof of this seems to have been + sustained by four pilasters, one in each angle and two at + the springing of the circle. This bath seems to have + undergone some alterations, the base of the semi-circle is + filled up to about the height of 5ft., upon which two small + pilasters were set on either side from the area, between two + separate flights of steps into the semi-circular part which + seems to be all that was reserved for a bath. In this was + placed a stone chair 18in. high and 16in. broad. The two + flights of steps were of different dimensions, those to the + west were 3ft. 9in. broad, those to the east 4ft. 2in. Each + flight consists of steps 6in. thick, and seem to have been + worn by use 3½in. out of the square. These flights are + divided by a stone partition on a level with the floor. + Along this division and along the west side of the area, a + rude channel of about 3in. in depth was cut in the stone. + The floor of this bath seems to be on a level with that of + the square bath. Eastward and westward from the area and + stairs of this semi-circular bath stood an elegant room on + each side, sustained by four pilasters. Separated by a wall + stood the <i>Hypocausta Laconica</i>, or <i>Stoves</i>, to + the eastward. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" + id="page8"></a>{8}</span> These consisted of two large + rooms, each measuring 39ft. by 22ft. Each had a double + floor, one of which lay 1ft. 9in. lower than the area round + the square bath. On this lower floor stand rows of pillars + composed of square bricks of about 1¾in. thick and 9in. + square. These pillars sustain a second floor composed of + tiles 2ft. square and 2in. thick, over which are laid two + layers of firm cement mortar, each about 2in. thick, which + compose the upper floor.</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:35%;"> + <a id="platevi" + name="platevi" + href="images/platevi.jpg"><img width="100%" + src="images/thumbvi.jpg" + alt="Plate VI. Facsimile of Dr. Sprys' plan published 1822 shewing discoveries to that date." /> + </a>(Plate VI.) + </div> + + <p>"To the northward, separated by a wall of 3ft. 11in., stood + the other <i>Hypocaustum</i>, with a door of communication. The + floor of this is about 18in. higher than the other. These two + rooms are set round with square-brick tubes of different + lengths, from 16in. to 20in. in length and 6¾in. wide. These + flues have two lateral openings of about 2in. square, 5in. + asunder. These open into the vacuum between the two floors and + rise through the walls. The north wall of the last stove was + filled with tubes of a lesser size, placed horizontally and + perpendicularly. The stones and bricks between the pillars bear + evident marks of fire, while the flues are strongly charged + with soot, which plainly points out their uses.</p> + + <p>"Heat was communicated to these flues by means of + <i>Praefurnia</i>. In the middle of the northern wall of the + second stove, the ruins of one of these furnaces appear. It + consists of strong walls of about 16ft. square, with an opening + in the centre of about 3ft. wide, which terminates + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" + id="page9"></a>{9}</span> conically in the north wall of the + stove 2 ft. wide where part of the broken arch bears evident + marks of fire. About the mouth of the furnace there were + scattered pieces of burnt wood, charcoal, &c., evident + proofs of their use.</p> + + <p>"On each side of the furnace, adjoining to the wall of the + northernmost stove, is a semi-circular chamber of about 10ft. + 4in. by 9ft. 6in. Their floors are nearly 2ft. 6in. lower than + that of the next stove into which they both open. The pavements + are tesselated with variegated rows of pebbles and red bricks. + To the northward of these there appear ruins of two other + square chambers of more ordinary work." Thus far Lucas.</p> + + <p>Dr. Sutherland goes on to say, "Since the time of his + (Lucas's) publication the ground has been further cleared away. + There now appears another semi-circular bath to the southward, + of the same dimensions exactly with the first. What he calls + the Great Bath, with its semi-circular <i>Hypocausta + Laconica</i>, &c., forms only one wing of a spacious + regular building. From a survey of these, our ruins, we may, + with some certainty, determine the nature of these <i>Balnea + pensilia</i>.... The Eastern Vapour Baths are now demolishing + in order to make way for more modern improvements. Whenever the + rubbish that covers the eastern wing of the Roman ruins comes + to be removed similar <i>Balnea pensilia</i> will doubtless be + found.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" + id="page10"></a>{10}</span> + + <p>"From each corner of the westernmost side of Lucas's Bath, a + base of 68ft., there issues a wall of stone and mortar. These + walls I have traced 6ft. or 8ft. westward under that causeway + that leads from the Churchyard to the Abbey Green. When, as we + may suppose, they have run a length proportionable to the + width, they compose a bath which may indeed be called + <i>Great</i>, 96ft. by 68ft.</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:35%;"> + <a id="platevii" + name="platevii" + href="images/platevii.jpg"><img width="100%" + src="images/thumbvii.jpg" + alt="Plate VII. A Ground Plan of the Antient Roman Bath lately discovered in the City of Bath, Somersetshire, with a Section of the Eastern Wing." /> + </a>(Plate VII.) + </div> + + <p>"Adjoining to the inside walls of this central bath, there + are bases of pilasters, as in Lucas's. Between the wall and the + bath there is a corridor paved with hard blue stone 8in. + thick.<a id="footnotetag6" + name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> + From the westernmost side of Lucas's bath a subterranean + passage has been traced 24ft., at the end of which was found + a leaden cistern, raised about 3ft. above the pavement, + constantly overflowing with hot water. From this a channel + is visible in the pavement, in a line of direction eastward, + conveying the water to Lucas's Bath.... Assisted by Mr. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" + id="page11"></a>{11}</span> Palmer, an ingenious builder, I + have ventured to exhibit a complete ground plot of the Roman + Baths,<a id="footnotetag7" + name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> + a discovery of no less curiosity than instruction.... This + ground plot is exhibited in the plate annexed + (<a href="#platev"><i>Pl. V.</i></a>) as far as the earth is + cleared away. The remainder is supposed and drawen out in + dotted lines. The plate exhibits also an elevation of the + section of the wing discovered, with + references."<a id="footnotetag8" + name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a></p> + + <p>Dr. Sutherland published the plan of the bath with this + description having "<i>drawen</i> out in dotted lines" the + supposed arrangement of the baths. To make the account of these + discoveries of 1755 complete, I must explain that the + <i>Hypocausta Laconica</i>, or stoves, to the eastward, which + he described as each measuring 39ft. by 22ft., were, I believe, + the <i>tepidarium</i> and the <i>caldarium</i>. The two + semi-circular recesses, or small rooms, to the north, I should + consider were each a <i>sudatorium</i> if the floors had not + been 2ft. 6in. lower than the adjoining apartment. In the + centre was the stove by which the system was heated (the + <i>praefurnium</i>). To the north of these, Dr. Sutherland + figures, in dotted lines, three chambers omitted in my plan. + Although I believe he had some authority for giving them, I am + somewhat at a loss to assign a use to these rooms. They might + be <span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" + id="page12"></a>{12}</span> stoves, as, if the Romans + desired to have a bath artificially heated, this would be + the correct position for the brazen vessels, described + somewhat unintelligibly by Vitruvius, as three in number. If + this was the case, each semi-circular recess just described + was a <i>calda lavatio, balneum or labrum</i>. [A similar + <i>labrum</i>, but of smaller scale, was discovered at Box, + near Bath, last year, and I have discovered on the property + of Mr. Charles I. Elton, F.S.A., M.P. (author of "Origins of + History") a similar one.] The floor being 2ft. 6in. lower + than the adjoining apartment points to this belief. These, I + have little doubt, were those artificially heated baths, and + were cased either with lead, stone, marble, or small white + tesseræ, as at Box. To the south of the <i>tepidarium</i>, + Dr. Sutherland gives a precisely similar suggested plan as + that to the north, but here again I have not copied him, + believing he had not sufficient data. In all probability + here was an <i>apodyterium</i> (which might or might not be + heated with a <i>hypocaust</i>) where the bathers deposited + their clothes. Dr. Sutherland thought that to the east of + the discoveries which he described there would be found + probably at some future day "similar <i>Balnea + pensilia</i>."<a id="footnotetag9" + name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a> + In opening the Roman drains I found a branch one at this + place, which induces me to think that a large cold or + swimming bath occupied the eastern wing, the + <i>baptisterium</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" + id="page13"></a>{13}</span> or <i>frigida lavatio</i>. Still + farther eastward are fragments of Roman buildings which I + have seen only in a very fragmentary way, as no excavations + of any extent have been made. I believe the apartments + necessary to complete the system of the modern Turkish bath, + or rather the ancient bath, with the requisite waiting rooms + and corridors, stood there.</p> + + <p>After these discoveries of the middle of the last century + but very partial excavations were made in proximity to the + baths, and those that were made were never sunk to a depth + sufficient to reach the ruins. The flood of hot water had no + drain to carry it off, and was maintained at such a height in + the soil that whenever a sinking was made, it was impossible + without pumping machinery to sufficiently overcome it. To my + discovery of the Roman drain, or rather to Mr. Irvine's, and + the excavating, opening, and reconstructing it which followed + (under my superintendence, at the charges of the Corporation), + enabling me to drain off the hot water from the soil, I owe the + ability to reveal what had been hidden since the destruction of + the city of Bath in the year A.D. 577.<a id="footnotetag10" + name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a> + The stopping up and destruction of the drain prevented the + water from flowing away, so that the buildings + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" + id="page14"></a>{14}</span> of the baths were filled with + water of a height until it reached the level of the + adjoining land, covering, as a guardian, the lead and other + valuables. Soil then gravitated into the ruins and thus + further assisted in preserving the antiquities, so that they + were altogether hidden from the people who re-built the + ruined city of Bath, and from those who in successive + generations succeeded them. The subterranean "passage traced + 24ft." from the western side of Lucas's bath, "at the end of + which was found a leaden cistern," was not in any way Roman + work, but mediæval, and was formed some time after the + construction of the Abbey house, as an aqueduct for the hot + water with which the soil was saturated. This construction + is the only evidence of an early discovery of this eastward + wing of the bath, indeed the only evidence of mediæval work + of any kind in connection with the baths, except the + enclosure of the various springs or wells. The King's Bath, + the Cross, and the Lepers' Bath were simply the wells or + cisterns of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" + id="page15"></a>{15}</span> the springs which were bathed in + to the damage of the purity of the water, without + dressing-rooms of any kind.</p> + + <p>This concludes the particulars of the important discoveries + which we possess of the last century, which were then correctly + believed to be only portions of still greater + baths.<a id="footnotetag11" + name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a> + In 1799 (or, as I believe, in 1809, the more + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" + id="page16"></a>{16}</span> correct date) a portion of what + has proved to be the north-west semi-circular <i>exedra</i> + of the Great Bath was found, and six to nine years later a + part of the south-west rectangular <i>exedra</i> of the same + bath. The discovery <span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" + id="page17"></a>{17}</span> of 1799 (or rather 1809) is + shown on the Rev. Prebendary Scarth's map as being the + northern apse of a bath on the western end of the great + bath, as suggested by Dr. Sutherland's plan and was to + correspond with Lucas's + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" + id="page18"></a>{18}</span> Bath. The semi-circular + <i>exedra</i> discovered subsequently to a deed dated Sept. + 1808 (therefore in that year or subsequently) is also + figured by the Rev. Prebendary Scarth, as on the south end + of the same western bath + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" + id="page19"></a>{19}</span> and a piece of a rectangular + <i>exedra</i> as the eastern wall of this western bath and + the boundary between it and the Great + Bath.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page20" + id="page20"></a>{20}</span> + + <p>All these fragments I have lately proved to be portions of + the great Roman Bath (<i>Plates</i> + <a href="#platevii"><i>VII.</i></a> <i>and</i> + <a href="#plateviii"><i>VIII.</i></a>), and being within + instead of without that building. The Rev. Prebendary Scarth + omits altogether to figure the southern rectangular + <i>exedra</i>, found at the same time as the last named + discovery. He also omits the discoveries made in 1809 (?) + beneath the houses at the north-western end of York Street. In + 1790 very valuable discoveries were made in digging the + foundation of the present Pump Room. Many writers have treated + of them and expressed opinions as to the character of the work + and the meaning of the design, and Mr. Scharf, in + <i>Archæologia</i>, Vol. XXXVI., has done ample justice to + these most interesting vestiges: They have been described by + Pownall, Lysons, Warner, Collins, Scharf, Tite, and Scarth, as + being portions of a Temple of the usual type, dedicated to Sul + Minerva. Whitaker, in a review of Warner's History of Bath, + printed in the <i>Anti-Jacobin</i>, Vol. X., 1801, differs from + all these writers, although believing the remains to be a + portion of a temple, and thought they were a part of a building + of the form of "<i>a rotunda</i>," as the Pantheon. "The + <i>Pantheon</i> of Minerva <i>Medica</i>, an agnomen very + similar in allusiveness to our prænomen <i>of Sulinis</i>, for + Minerva is noticed expressly by Ruius and Victor in their short + notes concerning the structures of Rome, as then standing in + the Esquiline quarter. The form of a Pantheon is made + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" + id="page21"></a>{21}</span> out by the multiplicity of + niches,... and such, we believe, was our own Temple of + Minerva at Bath." It would occupy too much space were I to + attempt to add to this paper my views of this discovery, but + I may briefly say, that I am satisfied that they were not + the remains of a Temple, but a portion of the central + Portico and grand Vestibule of the Baths. I have not gone + fully into the reasons that induced Whitaker to believe that + the discoveries showed that the building was a Rotunda, but + it is curious that he should have thought they had a + similarity to the Pantheon at Rome, which antiquaries since + his time have proved was not 'built for a temple, but that + it was an entrance hall or vestibule of the Baths of + Agrippa, although it is doubtful if the Rotunda was built at + the same time as the Portico, which was, without doubt, + erected B.C. 27.</p> + + <p>The grand Roman enclosure of the Hot well + (<a href="#platevii"><i>Pl. VII.</i></a><a id="footnotetag12" + name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a>) + (which I have lately discovered and excavated, beneath the + King's Bath, on the south of this principal Portico) is + again utilised, and forms a tank for the mineral water, from + which are fed the baths and fountains with water, pure as it + rises from "depths unknown," and secured from any + possibility of contamination in its passage, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" + id="page22"></a>{22}</span> through the newly discovered + water ducts and drains of the Romans.</p> + + <p>In 1871, whilst making some necessary excavation to remedy a + leak from the King's Bath that apparently ran beneath Abbey + Passage, I found that the hot water, that was reached through + layers of mud, Roman tiles, building materials, and mixed soil, + was one and the same with the hot water of the Kingston Bath + that then occupied the site of the Bath called Lucas's Bath, + discovered in 1755; and the levels were the same. I pumped out + this water with powerful pumps, emptying by so doing the + Kingston Baths. This enabled me to sink to a depth of 20ft., + passing in so doing a flight of four steps at the point (A) on + the plan (<a href="#plateviii"><i>Pl. VIII.</i></a>), to the + bottom of a bath which was coated with + lead.<a id="footnotetag13" + name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a> + Being compelled by the then owner of the Kingston Baths to + discontinue pumping, I was obliged to abandon my work; and + having little hope that I should ever be allowed to + recommence it, I removed a portion of the lead, which proved + to be a thickness of about 30lbs. to the foot, placed on a + layer of brick concrete 2in. to 2¼in. thick, and this again + on a layer of freestone 12in., or rather a Roman foot + 11-5/8in. in thickness, which was again bedded on rough + stonework, the depth of which I could not ascertain. + Fortunately I did not again fill in the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" + id="page23"></a>{23}</span> soil, but arched it in, building + walls of masonry to keep it in position. The Corporation + having obtained possession of the hot water supplying the + Kingston Baths, I should rather say, the right to the water + that leaked from the King's Springs, I again drained off the + water, maintaining it at a low level by a laborious + excavation and re-construction of the Roman drain which was + conducted at great expense for two or three years. This + drain I followed several hundred feet until it reached the + great well previously mentioned, making various and + important discoveries; but, as I have already read a paper + on this subject before the Society of Antiquaries of London, + which will shortly be in the press, I will not repeat it + here, but avail myself of the space allotted me in the + Transactions of this Society for an account of the Great + Bath, which I have, in great part, laid bare, soliciting a + pardon if the account is somewhat tedious.</p> + + <p>The bath, placed in a great hall 110ft. 4½in. long by 68ft. + 5in. wide, is about 6ft. 8in. deep. The bottom, 73ft. 2in. by + 29ft. 6in.<a id="footnotetag14" + name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a> + is formed as described in the last + page.<a id="footnotetag15" + name="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15"><sup>15</sup></a></p> + + <p>The lead in sheets (of about 10ft. by 5ft. square) was + turned up at the edges and <i>burnt</i>, not soldered together, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" + id="page24"></a>{24}</span> but these joints are in many + cases now imperfect. This well secured bottom, or floor, + appears to have been placed in position, rather to keep the + hot water from ascending into the bath from the springs + beneath than to make the bath water-tight. Enclosing the + bath all round the four sides are six steps, the sixth + landing the bather on the <i>Schola</i>, or platform. The + riser of the bottom steps varies in depth from 15in. to + 11in., with a tread of 14in., the next riser is 14in. with a + tread of 11in., as also is the next step and the one + following. The step above has a rise of 12in., and a tread + of 14in. This step was scarcely covered with water, but it + is evident the water flowed over it when bathers agitated + it. The riser or the step above, 10in. to 12in., completes + the flight and helped to keep the water within proper + bounds, giving a total depth of 6ft. 8in. to the bath, and + from 5ft. 9in. to 5ft. 11in. for the water. These steps are + quite devoid of lead (except, in places, the riser of the + lower step and at the north-west corner), and it is not + clear whether they had at any time such a covering, although + I am inclined to think so, as it evidently went beneath the + piers and under the central pedestal. At the bottom step, in + the north-east corner, was a bronze sluice. The frame of + this sluice, with an opening of 13in. by 12in., I found in + position when I excavated my way up the drain, but I was + obliged to remove it in order to force my way into the bath. + It has not been replaced, but is preserved + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" + id="page25"></a>{25}</span> in the Pump Room, and weighs + more than 1 cwt. 2 qrs. An overflow was provided, + immediately above the hatchway, by a grating 15in. wide that + was doubtless of bronze also, but it had been removed, the + stud-holes in the stones alone + remaining.<a id="footnotetag16" + name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16"><sup>16</sup></a> + The extreme surface of the water measured 82ft. 10in. by + 40ft. 11in. and was a parallelogram, except that the + north-western angle was cut off by the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" + id="page26"></a>{26}</span> steps being carried obliquely in + three tiers from the bottom a length of 7ft. at an angle of + 39° with the western end. Resting on the platform, formed by + these three steps, is a quarter circle + pedestal,<a id="footnotetag17" + name="footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17"><sup>17</sup></a> + on which stands a large stone 6ft. 8in. long and 9in. thick, + over-hanging its base, and presenting a concave line towards + the bath with an <i>ovolo</i> section in its thickness. This + stone spans a large channel 2ft. 3in. wide, within which is + fitted a very thick lead pipe, gradually narrowed + <i>horizontally</i> and turned up under the <i>ovolo</i> + concave stone. Through this aperture the mineral water was + thrown into the bath in a sort of spray, so that it might be + cooled in its passage. A deposit from the water is incrusted + over the stone and pipe several inches in thickness, until + the petrification entirely stopped the flow of water, which + was then compelled to flow <i>over</i> instead of under the + stone.<a id="footnotetag18" + name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18"><sup>18</sup></a> + The water was conducted a distance of 38ft. in the thickness + of the lower pavement (which I shall presently describe) of + the <i>Schola</i>, the stone being removed a width of 2ft., + the bed being concreted. On this was laid a lead pipe which + filled the whole orifice, but, unfortunately, a length of + 25ft. of it has been removed. This conduit takes a + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" + id="page27"></a>{27}</span> diagonal direction, and leads + direct to the north-west angle of the hall, turning beneath + a large doorway in the western wall, when it again resumes + its original direction (the pipe, where perfect, is 1ft. + 9in. by 7in. deep), as far as the outer surface of the wall + of the octagon well. At this point the wall of the well is + not original work, and the pipe is cut off. I have no doubt + that it was at one time carried up vertically until it + reached the level of the surface of the water of the well, + which was about 2ft. 6in. higher at the least, thus giving a + sufficient elevation to the "spray" into the bath. Another + bronze hatchway, which must have been here, has been stolen + in mediaeval times, its having been less than 2ft. below the + bottom of the King's Bath making it accessible, whilst the + 25ft. length of the lead pipe beneath the <i>schola</i> must + have been stolen much earlier, and in all probability on the + destruction of the baths in the sixth century. In addition + to the arrangement for the supply of mineral water to the + baths, which must have been capable of affording a flow of + water, very nearly, if not exceeding, the yield of the + spring, there was also another, which I have every reason to + think was for the delivery of cold water, and conveyed in a + lead tubular pipe of 2¼in. in diameter. A length of 25ft. + 6in. of this pipe, in its original position, has been found + and laid bare. It is made with a roll along the top, and + burnt, as was usual before the invention of "drawn pipes." + This pipe is particularly interesting as + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" + id="page28"></a>{28}</span> there are also in it two + soldered joints at intervals of 9ft. in the method of making + which we have clearly not improved on the work of our Roman + predecessors. This pipe starts from the same point in the + north-west angle of the hall as the other supply, and is + sunk in the lower pavement of the <i>schola</i>, which + (wanting the pipe) is continued to the centre of the north + side of the bath, where stands a stone pedestal 3ft. 3in. + long, 1ft. 6in. wide, and 2ft. 6in. high. This pedestal has + small vertical rails, or balusters, at the angles and on the + shorter sides, and that towards the bath has some appearance + of having once had a tablet of either bronze or marble + inserted in it. At the top is a circular hole 3½in. in + diameter, through which the pipe previously mentioned must + have passed. The upper portion of this pedestal is + sculptured, and much mutilated, and appears to me to be the + drapery covering the feet of a figure that has perished. It + is true that the work bears some resemblance to a small + recumbent figure; but if so it is not worthy of the name of + sculpture, as it is in the worst taste, and altogether out + of keeping with the architecture or the other sculpture we + have found.<a id="footnotetag19" + name="footnotetag19"></a><a href="#footnote19"><sup>19</sup></a> + There are several grooves in the <i>schola</i> for branches + of this pipe: 1st. The continuation of it to the northern + semi-circular bath of 1755. 2nd. From the first soldered + joint to baths on the north of the Great + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" + id="page29"></a>{29}</span> Bath. 3rd. Along the western end + of the latter to baths on the south, and along the + <i>schola</i> to the south circular bath of Lucas's. Beneath + the mutilated sculpture is a second pedestal, or plinth, + perfectly plain, with the upper surface sunk to a level + corresponding with a similar indentation on the third step. + Within this must have stood a marble on bronze sarcophagus, + the base of which was 6ft. 9in. long by 2ft. 5in. wide. The + water flowing through the aperture previously described + would run into the sarcophagus (I use the word in its modern + sense) and from it into the bath. This water was not poured + in sufficient volume to perceptibly cool the bath, but was + provided for the thirst of the bathers. In the modern baths + of Bath there is no such provision.</p> + + <p>The hall enclosing the bath I have already spoken of as + 110ft. 4½in. long by 68ft. 5in. wide. It has been completely + thrown open since this paper was read at the British and + Gloucestershire Archæological Society, in 1884. These + excavations are open to the sky, excepting on the east end + (over which Abbey Street, at a height of 23ft. is carried on a + viaduct, which I have erected).<a id="footnotetag20" + name="footnotetag20"></a><a href="#footnote20"><sup>20</sup></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" + id="page30"></a>{30}</span> The platform, or <i>schola</i>, + surrounding the bath (measuring the original surface of the + upper floor) is 13ft. 9in. wide on the four sides. This + platform was formed by a layer of large freestone 9in. to + 10in. thick, laid on the level of the top step but one, on a + solid bed of concrete. Above this was another layer of + concrete, and possibly on this, when the baths were first + erected, a mosaic of tesseræ; but that, if it ever was + there, has all disappeared, and its place has been supplied + with paving, mostly of freestone also, of inferior thickness + to the lower paving. Very little of this remains, and what + there is is much fractured and worn; indeed not only is this + paving much worn, but the lower paving also where the + traffic was the greatest. I have given in the plan + (<a href="#plateviii"><i>Pl. VIII.</i></a>) almost every + detail of these floors, and shall speak of them again + further on. The general appearance of the place is + symmetrical, but there are remarkable variations and + inaccuracies that point to the fact that the juxta-position + of this bath with other buildings, of which we have at + present no knowledge, must have rendered these variations + necessary, ultimately interfering with the completion, + architecturally, of the building.</p> + + <p>On either side, north and south, are three recesses, or + <i>exedrae</i>, two of which are circular and one (the centre) + rectangular. The south rectangular one is 17ft. wide by 7ft. + deep; the north one is nearly a foot wider, and one foot less + in depth. Greater variations exist in the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page31" + id="page31"></a>{31}</span> circular recesses; for, + commencing in the western one, on the south side, the width + is 17ft. 3in., and the depth 7ft. 6in.; the eastern one is + 14ft. 3in. wide, and 6ft. 9in. deep; the <i>exedrae + vis-a-vis</i> on the north is 17ft. 3in. wide, and 8ft. 4in. + deep; the remaining one, to the west, is 17ft. wide, and + 7ft. deep. I give these dimensions irrespective entirely of + the pilasters which are attached to the walls on either side + the reveil of the recesses, and in the rectangular recesses + in the enclosing angles also. Piers are now standing on the + margin of the bath, dividing the north and south sides each + into seven bays. These piers are built with solid block + freestone, but as there are continuous vertical joints on + either side of the central division of each pier, it is + clear that an alteration was made in the design either + previous to its entire completion or subsequently.</p> + + <p>I will endeavour to describe the bath as originally + designed. Along the margin of the bath, north and south, stood + six piers, equally divided (about 14ft. apart), as far as the + length of the bath, but allowing a lesser distance from the + attached pilaster at either end. These piers are cut out of a + block (in plan, 2ft. 10½in. from east to west by 2ft. 8in. from + north to south), so as to form a pilaster of three inches + projection on either face. As the original pilasters on the + north and south walls do not correspond with these piers, I am + led to conclude that the <i>schola</i> and <i>exedrae</i>, + north and south, were not vaulted + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" + id="page32"></a>{32}</span> at first, and were the only + portion of the hall that was roofed, and that the roof was + only of timber, supported by an arcade, the arches not + exceeding 17ft. in height, and that the eaves of the roof of + about 22ft. in height dipped towards the bath. This was a + very usual arrangement in the <i>Atrium</i> of a Roman house + with the <i>impluvium</i> in the centre. A <i>crypto + porticus</i> would thus be formed on the two longer sides of + the bath, but the <i>schola</i> on the east and west ends + was open to the sky. Practical experience, either on the + completion of this plan, or previously to its entire + execution, led to its abandonment. At any rate a roof over + the whole was found essential to the comforts of the + bathers. The piers were accordingly strengthened. Pilasters + were erected, projecting 2ft. 9m. into the bath, with + smaller pilasters on the other side projecting on the + <i>schola</i>, 1ft. 4in. by 1ft. 11in. wide; and + <i>vis-a-vis</i> to these pilasters corresponding ones were + affixed to the side walls. Unfortunately this brought into + prominence the irregularity of the size and position of the + <i>exedrae</i>, and the pilasters were affixed correctly + with reference to the arcade, as was absolutely necessary, + but more or less trespassing on the width of the opening of + these recesses, and notched into the original pilasters.</p> + + <p>None of the piers, or pilasters, at present exist to a + height exceeding 6ft. to 7ft. The base is a rude form of the + Attic base; and we have found several fragments of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" + id="page33"></a>{33}</span> the capital, or impost, of the + smaller pilasters, from, which the arches sprang, but I have + not been so fortunate as to recognise any of the larger + capitals, and but few fragments of the cornices, and but one + piece that I can identify as the frieze 1ft. 6in. deep by + 2ft. 4in. long, on which are 5 incised letters 6¼in. long S + SIL. The <i>schola</i> was then arched in north and south, + and the bath spanned by an arch. The vaulting that spanned + the side arcades, and the centre (where the abutment was not + sufficient for arches formed in the ordinary way of tiles or + stone), were built of brick boxes, open at the sides, and + wedge-shaped, 1ft. long, 4¾in. thick, and 7¾in. wide at the + wider end, set in the usual mortar, a greater or less number + of rings of these boxes being used according to the span. + These arches were made out by an extra quantity of concrete + on the under side for decoration, and on the upper in the + case of the great arch, so as to form a roof, the well-known + roll and flat Italian tiles being embedded in the mortar. + Many and large fragments of this roof were found lying on + the deposit that had partially filled the ruins previous to + the fall of the roof, and are still carefully preserved. A + large fragment, 18ft. long by about 3ft. wide, and 1ft. 9in. + thick, that has slipped down, as it were, from the western + end, in the position in which it was discovered, was formed + of solid tiles, with an arch of tiles 1ft. 8in. + long,<a id="footnotetag21" + name="footnotetag21"></a><a href="#footnote21"><sup>21</sup></a> + the roof having sufficient + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" + id="page34"></a>{34}</span> abutment on this side for a + solid construction.<a id="footnotetag22" + name="footnotetag22"></a><a href="#footnote22"><sup>22</sup></a> + This arch gives the form of the window that lighted the bath + on the western end.</p> + + <p>The vaulting of the side aisles, or rather that over the + <i>schola</i>, was arched from pier to pier longitudinally and + transversely, the quadrangular spaces being in all probability + simply groined; but a fragment of box tiles found almost leads + one to think that these spaces were vaulted by a domical vault, + springing either from pendentives in the angles of the vaults, + more common in later work, or from a slight cornice on a level + with the apex of the arches. The vault, if there was one, over + the semi-circular <i>exedrae</i> must have been hemispherical. + From the number of roofing tiles of local stone, shaped into + hexagons, found, I think these arcades were roofed in with + them, placed overlapping each other, giving a very good effect. + Similar tiles were dug up at Wroxeter, and I have found slates + of the same shape in the Roman villa I have been excavating for + Mr. Chas. I. Elton, F.S.A., M.P., at Whitestaunton Manor. The + form of these slates deserves copying; a roof covered by them + is far lighter than that of rectangular slabs and more + picturesque. The walls <span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" + id="page35"></a>{35}</span> on the sides towards the hall, + and externally, so far as I have been able to ascertain, are + covered with the usual red plaster, shewing that they were + internal walls; but from a piece of dentilled, or rather + blocked, cornice, which fits the curve of one of the + <i>exedrae</i>, I believe the walls were carried up on the + north and south above the roofs of the adjoining rooms and + corridors of the baths, so that they formed a feature in the + elevation and afforded a broken skyline to the composition. + The vault over the centre rose considerably above these + walls, a portion of the centre of which may have been + partially open for the emission of steam and the admission + of light. Some square blocks of lead, that were the yotting + of bars of metal, rather favour this idea, and suggest that + these metal bars were a portion of the machinery by which a + brazen shield (<i>clipeus</i>) was suspended, or secured, so + that by raising or lowering it the temperature of the hall + might be regulated as described by Vitruvius. In the + excavations we found an <i>ante-fixa</i> that must have + fallen from some portion of the roof. It appears to be + intended for a lion, but it is much broken.</p> + + <p>I have prepared a sketch section of the bath (which I hope + to communicate on a future occasion), transversely and a part + longitudinally, in order that a description may the more + readily be understood, adopting, in my restoration, the + established rules of proportion of Classical architecture, + which may, more or less, have been strictly + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page36" + id="page36"></a>{36}</span> adhered to when the baths were + built; indeed, in the best specimens of Roman work a licence + was given to the architect as to detail and proportion, that + was refused him on the Classical revival. The pilasters of + these baths spring, as I have said before, from an Attic + base, of somewhat coarse proportions, 14in. + high.<a id="footnotetag23" + name="footnotetag23"></a><a href="#footnote23"><sup>23</sup></a> + The attached pilasters that supported the arcade that was + carried longitudinally along the bath are without a base; + they must have been, within a few inches, more or less, not + lower than 10ft. in height, including the impost moulding, + of which there are fragments. The arches springing from them + would be about 14ft. wide. I have not been able to find any + fragments of the archivolt. The pilasters that supported the + arches which crossed the <i>schola</i> have bases similar to + the larger pilasters. I can hardly speak positively of their + elevation or that of the arches, but I am inclined to think + the height of the impost moulding was raised, so that the + arch, although a smaller span, was the same in height as the + longitudinal arches.</p> + + <p>The great pilasters, fronting the bath, stand on plain + pedestals, breaking forward into the water, on which + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" + id="page37"></a>{37}</span> rested the Attic base, the shaft + with Doric (?) capital rising 18ft. above. A complete + cornice, the architrave (which we have) and frieze, gave an + additional height of nearly 5ft. This cornice ran over the + arcade horizontally, but breaking forward the projection of + the pilasters about 2ft. 7in. Over this cornice, I conclude, + were semi-circular openings, of the same span as the arch + beneath, with an architrave of 5 in. to 6 in. A circular + vault crossed the bath from pilaster to pilaster, groined + with the semi-circular arches just mentioned. Light may have + been admitted divisionally in the centre of this great + vault, as I previously mentioned, as well, as by the + semi-circular arches in the "<i>clear storey</i>." The + extreme height from the floor of the <i>schola</i> to the + under side of the vaulting may have been as much as 23ft., + whilst the height of the central vault above the floor of + the bath could not, I estimate, have been less than 48ft. + 2in., exceeding by 5ft. the height of the famous Ball Rooms + of the Bath Assembly Rooms, and by 14ft. that of the Grand + Pump Room.</p> + + <p>Many architectural fragments have been found during the + excavations of the Great Bath, several portions of columns 2ft. + 6in. diameter at base, and several sections of Corinthian + foliage with the volute of a capital, of unusually artistic and + powerful work; some smaller columns, a fluted shaft, and a + Composite capital of debased character; but the four most + remarkable fragments <span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" + id="page38"></a>{38}</span> are pieces carved on both sides + out of blocks about 1ft. 9in. thick, by 1ft. 6in. high. They + are each from 2ft. 6in. to 2ft. 9in. long, and are curved, + the chord being about 1-9/16in., in a length of 2ft. 6in. + The first fragment is a cornice, or impost, carved on both + sides, in three tiers: the upper, a <i>cima</i> with a leaf; + the middle division, a Greek fret, not quite similar on each + side the stone, and below is a running ornament. The cornice + does not project sufficiently to be the cornice of a + building, and, as it is decorated on either side, it could + not have been intended for a string-course, as none of the + walls are so thin as these stones, although I at first + thought it might belong to one of the semi-circular + <i>exedrae</i>. The curve is struck with a shorter radius + than even the smallest recess. I think it is the capping of + the back of one of the semi-circular stone seats, called by + the later Romans a <i>stibadium</i>. If this formed the seat + in the north-western recess, there would be ample room + behind it (3ft. 9in.) to pass by. The next fragment must + have been fixed beneath this or a similar capping, and is + also carved on each side; the convex side having an + adaptation of the well-known honeysuckle fairly drawn, + whilst the convex side of it, with the exception of a + floriated panelled pilaster in the centre, is the work of an + accomplished sculptor. On the right of this pilaster, + slightly recessed to admit of relief, is the naked right + thigh and leg of a figure that must have stood 1ft. 6in. + high. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" + id="page39"></a>{39}</span> Although only a fragment, this + is a most charming piece of work, the action and anatomy of + the limb being perfect. On the left side is a similar panel, + a headless draped figure, with feet bare, holding a circular + shield which rests on the thigh, whilst the limb is bent as + if ascending a rock that is slightly indicated. On the third + fragment the honeysuckle pattern is on the concave side, + whilst the sculpture is on the convex, the arc of which + corresponds with the last described. On this there are two + niches only, and the figures are much more mutilated. The + left figure has a flowing mantle, the only leg remaining + being bare from the thigh downwards; the foot and the head + are gone. The figure on the right is fully draped, the head + is lost, and the right hand much mutilated; a musical + instrument, like a guitar,<a id="footnotetag24" + name="footnotetag24"></a><a href="#footnote24"><sup>24</sup></a> + or rather a mandolin, rests against the left breast, held in + position by the left hand. The fourth fragment has the + honeysuckle on both sides, with the flower well carved on + one of them. It is a great pity that so little of this + superb work is left, and that what there is should be so + mutilated.<a id="footnotetag25" + name="footnotetag25"></a><a href="#footnote25"><sup>25</sup></a></p> + + <p>This account of the Great Bath will, I hope, be sufficiently + complete if I describe the entrances and + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" + id="page40"></a>{40}</span> conclude with a few particulars + of the pavement (although many discoveries of considerable + interest might be made, I have no doubt, in the latter), + omitting a detailed examination as being tedious.</p> + + <p>I believe there were five entrances to this bath, two of + which remain. In the western wall, on the south, is one leading + from other apartments (a hypocaust, hall and bath), which I + shall on a future occasion describe. It is 4ft. 3in. wide. + Double doors and hinges have been inserted in this doorway, and + the base and a portion of a pilaster cut away most barbarously + to receive them. On the north, on the same wall, and fronting + the northern <i>schola</i>, is a doorway similar to the last, + which has been walled up in Roman times, the wall which closed + it being covered with the red plaster that covers all the work + not being faced freestone. A third doorway, similar in every + respect, was at the eastern end of the northern <i>schola</i>, + as I infer from the lower paving being much worn in that + direction. A fourth doorway was in the eastern wall to the + south, but not south enough to face the southern <i>schola</i>, + and a fifth was between these two. Of these three doorways, the + first of them is still hidden by soil, and the second and third + are obliterated with modern walling; a portion of the + architrave of one was found near, but their position is well + marked by the footmarks in the stone.</p> + + <div class="figright" + style="width:35%;"> + <a id="plateviii" + name="plateviii" + href="images/plateviii.jpg"><img width="100%" + src="images/thumbviii.jpg" + alt="Plate VIII. Plan of Great Roman Bath, Bath. Discovered 1880-81 and measured 1884, by Charles E. Davis, F.S.A." /> + </a>(Plate VIII.) + </div> + + <p>I should not omit mentioning the mark of a wooden + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page41" + id="page41"></a>{41}</span> seat in the northern rectangular + recess, and the place of a wooden rail for clothes, that was + let into the pilaster at one end with the <i>slot</i> in a + pilaster at the other.</p> + + <p>In my plan (<a href="#plateviii"><i>Pl. VIII.</i></a>) I + have endeavoured to show the massive lower paving and the + fragmentary upper pavement. Both are much worn; and, where the + upper pavement has disappeared against the upper step of the + bath, especially the step on the western <i>schola</i>, it has + been worn down on the inside to the depth of several inches. + The lower pavement through the south-western door is worn in + holes, and across by the angular fountain are similar wearings, + marking "a short cut" into the northern <i>schola</i>; and this + is continued in a less degree to the other doors,—save + the north-western one, where the upper paving in part exists, + showing that this doorway was closed before the baths were + allowed to get so shamefully out of repair. This sadly + dilapidated pavement must have caused considerable + inconvenience to the bathers, and could only have been put up + with by those too poor to incur the expenses of repair; the + baths therefore were continued to be used by less prosperous + citizens than those who provided them. Is not this a strong + argument that the Romans left behind them, when they abandoned + Britain (A.D. 420), a people almost as great lovers of the + baths as themselves, with, however, less ability to maintain + them; and that the residents of Aquæ Sulis daily frequented + them during the 150 years + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" + id="page42"></a>{42}</span> that succeeded until the city + was overthrown by our more immediate ancestors, who + destroyed before abandoning it to desolation?</p> + + <p>The springs flooded the courts and corridors of the Thermæ + until the washings of the land filled them. Rushes, withies, + and trees grew beneath the shadow of its ruins. Bathancastra + (Akemancastra) was founded;<a id="footnotetag26" + name="footnotetag26"></a><a href="#footnote26"><sup>26</sup></a> + the memory of the baths was lost; its architectural + magnificence was the quarry of the builders, who little + dreamt that beneath the soil was buried the rich treasure + which we in this century, and those who have preceded us in + the last, have had the privilege of laying bare.</p> + + <p>The Romans left behind them in Bath a Palace of Health and + Luxury unequalled except in Italy.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <p>In making some excavations (1885) beneath the Cross Bath, + the walls of the Roman well were found, and at a considerable + depth two altars, which are placed for + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" + id="page43"></a>{43}</span> exhibition in the Great Bath. + One of these is a plain rectangular altar; the other is + carved on three sides, having on the front face two figures + (Æsculapius offering a lamb to Hegiea), on another side a + serpent coiled round the trunk of a tree, and on the third + sculptured side a dog with a curly tail (see Professor Sayce + and Rev. Preb. Scarth).</p> + <hr /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" + name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote + 1:</b><a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>Mr. Peach, in the preface to "the Historic Houses in + Bath," page 5, quotes 1572; but this is the date of the + completion of Mr. Smith's book, the drawings of which + occupied many years.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" + name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote + 2:</b><a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>Mr. Smith gives a list of "Wonders in England": 1st. + "The Baths at ye Citty of Bath are accompted one although + yet they are not so wonderfull seeing that ye Sulphur and + Brimston in the earth is the cause thereof but this may + pass well enough for one."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" + name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote + 3:</b><a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p>Evidently the ruin of a portion of the Roman Thermæ, + repaired in the 12th or 13th century.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" + name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote + 4:</b><a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p>Monday, August 18, 1755, Bath. A most valuable Work of + Antiquity has been lately discovered here. Under the + foundation of the Abbey House now taking down, in order to + be rebuilt by the Duke of Kingston, the workmen discovered + the foundations of more ancient buildings, and fell upon + some cavities, which gradually led to further discoveries. + There are now fairly laid open, the foundations and remains + of very august Roman baths and sudatories, constructed upon + their elegant plans, with floors suspended upon + square-brick pillars, and surrounded with tubulated bricks, + for the equal conveyance of heat and vapour. Their + dimensions are very large, but not yet fully laid open, and + some curious parts of their structure are not yet + explained.—(<i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>.)</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" + name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote + 5:</b><a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p>In the library of the Society of Antiquaries is a + drawing of this bath with an imaginary restoration.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote6" + name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote + 6:</b><a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + + <p>A correspondent in the <i>Bath Chronicle, purporting to + be Richard Mann</i>, the builder employed under me to + excavate the greater portion of the discoveries, but whose + services were dispensed with, quotes the above as follows: + "Adjoining to the inner walls of the central bath there are + bases of Pilasters, as in Lucas's between the walls and the + bath. There is a corridor paved with hard blue stone eight + inches thick." The full-stop being placed at the word + "bath," instead of before the word "between," gives to the + quotation a totally different meaning from that conveyed by + Dr. Sutherland.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote7" + name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote + 7:</b><a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Fac-simile</i> <a href="#platev"><i>Pl. + V.</i></a></p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote8" + name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote + 8:</b><a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a> + + <p>In the plate the reference describes the bath to be + 90ft., but in the text of Sutherland the dimensions are + given as 96ft. which agrees with the scale on the plan.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote9" + name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote + 9:</b><a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a> + + <p>These baths and adjoining rooms occupied the block + between Church Street and York Street, including Kingston + Buildings.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote10" + name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote + 10:</b><a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a> + + <p>"But the old municipal independence seems to have been + passing away. The record of the battle in the chronicle of + the conquerors connects the three cities (Bath, Gloucester, + and Cirencester) with three Kings; and from the Celtic + names of these Kings, Conmael, Condidan, or Kyndylan, and + Farinmael, we may infer that the Roman town party, which + had once been strong enough to raise Aurelius to the throne + of Britain, was now driven to bow to the supremacy of + native chieftains. It was the forces of these Kings that + met Ceawlin at Deorham, a village which lies northward of + Bath, on a chain of hill overlooking the Severn valley, and + whose defeat threw open the country of the three towns to + the West Saxon army."—<i>Green's "Making of + England,"</i> p. 128.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote11" + name="footnote11"></a><b>Footnote + 11:</b><a href="#footnotetag11">(return)</a> + + <p>As there have appeared in local papers considerable + discussions as to these baths, I quote from one of the + letters the following as being remarkably clear and + explanatory:—</p> + + <p>"In 1755, Dr. Lucas discovered a Roman bath, east of, + and immediately adjoining, the Great Bath, which is now + attracting so much attention. Lucas's Bath stood north and + south—an important fact to bear in mind, as the great + Roman Bath stands east and west—and measured 43ft. by + 34ft. But this was not all. 'To the north of this room,' he + says, 'parted only by a slender wall, adjoined a + semi-circular bath, measuring from east to west, 14ft. + 4in.' After the publication of Lucas's 'Essay on Waters,' + the ground was further cleared away, and there appeared + another semi-circular bath to the south, of the same + dimensions as that to the north. The extreme length of + Lucas's bath—including the N. and S. Baths, exclusive + of the central semi-circular recesses—would be, + roughly speaking 69ft.; and this fact should be carefully + borne in mind, as we shall see presently to what use it was + turned. Dr. Lucas's discoveries were pushed one stage + further by Dr. Sutherland, who in his work entitled + 'Attempts to revive Ancient Medical Doctrines' (1763) + clearly indicates (<a href="#platev"><i>Pl. V.</i></a>) + that he was on the track of another bath, the Great Roman + Bath, in fact, with which we are now so familiar. His words + are as follows: 'From each, corner of the westernmost side + of Lucas's Bath, a base of 68ft., there issues a wall of + stone and mortar. These walls I have traced six or eight + feet westward under that causeway, which leads from the + Churchyard to the Abbey Green. When, as we may suppose, + they have run a length proportionable to their width, they + compose a bath which may indeed be called great, 96ft. by + 68ft.... From the westernmost side of Lucas's Bath a + subterraneous passage has been traced 24ft., at the end of + which was found a leaden cistern, raised about 3ft. above + the pavement, constantly overflowing with hot water. From + this a channel is visible in the pavement, in a line of + direction eastward, conveying the water to Lucas's Bath' + (pp. 20-21). Thus then in 1763 (1) the north and south + walls of the great Roman Bath had been traced 6ft. or 8ft. + west of Lucas's Bath. (2) Furthermore, starting from the + centre of the west side of Lucas's Bath, a line had been + traced to the east steps of the great Roman Bath. These are + plain historical facts, open to everyone who will look into + the plans of our baths, as given by Sutherland in 1763, and + by Prebendary Scarth in his 'Aquæ Solis' in 1864. But our + City Architect has been charged with suppressing these + facts for his own glorification. Now, Sir, I think no + unprejudiced man, who has heard Major Davis's addresses + and read his books, can justly bring this charge. If I + mistake not, he fairly stated the case in 1880, both in his + address before the Society of Antiquaries, and in his + lecture at the Bath Literary Institution. He has most + certainly concealed nothing in his published works 'The + Bathes of Bathe's Ayde' and 'Guide to the Roman Baths.' In + the former work he says (p. 81), 'Dr. Sutherland indicates + a large bath westward of that which had been discovered in + his time, in fact there can be little doubt that the steps + at the eastward end of a great bath had then been found;' + in the latter, whilst alluding to the published plans of + Sutherland, he says (p. 10), 'These plans indicate a large + bath westward of that discovered in 1754 (? 1755), in fact + the eastward steps of a bath had then been found.' Here + then is a full and candid admission of all the facts known + about the great Roman Bath in the middle of the last + century; and this anyone can see by reference to the map in + Prebendary Scarth's 'Aquæ Solis'—the diagram (copied + from Spry) there being almost similar to Sutherland's + conjectural plan of the baths, except that the section of + Lucas's Bath, correctly represented in Sutherland's map is + figured upside-down by Spry and Scarth. It is quite clear + what Sutherland knew of the great Roman Bath; it is equally + clear that when he proceeded, on the strength of his very + limited observations, to draw a conjectural plan of the + whole bath, he fell into absolute errors, such as, commonly + enough, spring out of hasty generalisations based on scanty + data. Thus, he gives the dimensions of the enclosure of the + great bath as 96ft. by 68ft.; whereas, as a matter of fact, + they are 111ft. by 68ft. How is this discrepancy to be + explained? 'A Citizen' in your last weekly issue, says 'The + alleged discrepancies in the measurements, which Mr. Davis + has used to prove his case, are but the differentiations of + the external measurements with the sinuous subterranean + windings.' These are indeed brave words, indulged in rather + to diminish Major Davis credit than to rescue Sutherland; + but a truer explanation of the real discrepancies stares + any man in the face who will open Dr. Sutherland's work. + There is no occasion to be wise beyond what is written: + 'When, as we may suppose, they have run a length + proportionable to their width, they compose a bath, which + may indeed be called great, 96ft. by 68ft.' The fact is, + Sutherland supposed that the dimensions of the great Roman + Bath would observe the same relative proportions as Lucas's + Bath. The room of Lucas's Bath, let it be remembered, was + 43ft. by 34ft., or rather 30ft. 6in. from the face of the + pilasters. In other words, the length was equal to the + diagonal of the square of the base. Then, having observed + that the base of the room of the great Roman + Bath—formed by the length of Lucas's Bath—was + 68ft., Sutherland assumed that its length also would be + equal to the diagonal of the square of base, namely 96ft. + This patent error, assuming that the unknown would have a + relative correspondence with the known quantities, was the + fruitful source of many more. (1) The dimensions of the + outer rectangular area formed by the room of the great + Roman Bath being false, the dimensions of the inner + rectangular area formed by the water surface of the bath + were necessarily false also. (2) Steps were observed at one + end only of the water surface of Lucas's Bath; therefore it + was inferred that steps would be found at one end only of + the water surface of the great bath, the eastern end as + figured in the maps of 1763 and 1864, whereas we now know + that steps run all round. (3) The <i>exedrae</i> at the + back of the <i>schola</i> having no existence in Lucas's + Bath, were omitted from the conjectural plan of the great + Roman Bath. (4) Lucas's Bath being a plain hall without + piers, Sutherland assumed the same form for the hall of the + great Roman Bath, and altogether omitted the arcades that + divide it into three aisles. (5) Not to dwell on other + errors built on the baseless fabric of conjecture, it is + evident that Sutherland imagined a system of baths existed + west of the great Roman Bath similar in all respects to + that known to exist east of the great Roman Bath. But here, + again, theory has been upset by facts. And now is a fitting + opportunity to draw attention to what has been actually + discovered west of the great Roman Bath, namely, the + octagon Roman Well, which I should be disposed to consider + Major Davis's greatest discovery, though I observe that + hostile critics take no notice of this, possibly because it + is beyond the region of dispute. If any one, able to point + what he reads, still believes that the great Roman Bath was + ever practically opened up in the last century I would + refer him to Mr. Moore's able and suggestive paper, + entitled 'Organisms from the recently discovered Roman + Baths in Bath,' read to the members of the Bath + Microscopical Society, in May, 1883. Once more I insist + that we must clearly separate what Sutherland knew from + what he conjectured. Indeed, Sutherland himself fairly + draws the distinctions. On page 21 he says, 'This ground + plot is exhibited in the plate annexed, as far as the earth + is cleared away. The remainder is supposed, and drawn out + in dotted lines.' These dotted lines represent a vast + <i>terra incognita</i> covering, practically, the whole of + the ground recently opened up. That the existence of the + great Roman Bath has been transferred from the region of + conjecture to the region of fact we owe entirely to the + enthusiasm and unwearied zeal of Major Davis, and no fair + mind can deny him the credit of being the practical + discoverer of the great Roman Bath. More credit than this + he has never claimed; less than this only the churlish and + envious will grudge him."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote12" + name="footnote12"></a><b>Footnote + 12:</b><a href="#footnotetag12">(return)</a> + + <p><a href="#platevii">Pl. VII.</a> gives a correct plan of + former discoveries as far as I have been able to ascertain, + and these I have made up to April 19th, 1884.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote13" + name="footnote13"></a><b>Footnote + 13:</b><a href="#footnotetag13">(return)</a> + + <p>The water, on ceasing pumping, rose to a height above + the lead of 7ft. 6in.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote14" + name="footnote14"></a><b>Footnote + 14:</b><a href="#footnotetag14">(return)</a> + + <p>The dimensions must not be taken to be quite correct in + all cases, as there are discrepancies and inaccuracies in + the building that prevent measurements being always + reliable.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote15" + name="footnote15"></a><b>Footnote + 15:</b><a href="#footnotetag15">(return)</a> + + <p>This bath is drawn to a large scale in + <a href="#plateviii">Pl. VIII.</a></p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote16" + name="footnote16"></a><b>Footnote + 16:</b><a href="#footnotetag16">(return)</a> + + <p>The construction of the steps to the baths deserves + remark (some of the stones being 10ft. long). The depth of + the riser to the steps that were beneath the water is + unusually deep, and the treads narrow. This is compensated + by the increased buoyancy of a human body when immersed, or + partially immersed, in water. The steps have, on the + contrary, a shallower rise and a wider tread when they + approach the top. The next notable point is the formation + of the tread of the upper flooded step. This is grooved by + a somewhat circular sinking, from 4 to 5in. wide, + immediately against the riser of the topmost step. Everyone + frequenting a public bath must have noticed the dashing of + the water against the wall or upper step, and the nuisance + created from the breaking of the water against it. The + grooving would remedy, I believe, this annoyance, as the + little waves of water would be made to take a curved form + before reaching the step; consequently the water would fall + back into the bath instead of dashing over the surrounding + platform. And in the ends of every upper step but one, and + on the steps lower down, have been square sockets, cut in + the stone and filled up again with pieces of stone. These + mark the position of balusters to a hand-rail for the use + of bathers that were removed some time previous to the + abandonment of the baths, and the stones were inserted. + These hand-rails were doubtless of bronze, and therefore of + value.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote17" + name="footnote17"></a><b>Footnote + 17:</b><a href="#footnotetag17">(return)</a> + + <p>A statue of some size doubtless stood on this + pedestal.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote18" + name="footnote18"></a><b>Footnote + 18:</b><a href="#footnotetag18">(return)</a> + + <p>This deposit must, from the thickness, have taken + several years to form, and the fact of its being of + precisely the same character as the present deposit from + the mineral spring is an evidence of the unchanging nature + of the water.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote19" + name="footnote19"></a><b>Footnote + 19:</b><a href="#footnotetag19">(return)</a> + + <p>With reference to the sculpture, one piece, of debased + character, has been found—a Minerva with a + breast-plate, helmet, and shield in <i>alto relievo</i> + within a niche.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote20" + name="footnote20"></a><b>Footnote + 20:</b><a href="#footnotetag20">(return)</a> + + <p>The house over the bath having been purchased by the + Corporation, the Antiquities Committee (of which Mr. Murch + was chairman) with a liberal subscription from the Society + of Antiquaries, the Duke of Cleveland, and many noblemen + and gentlemen of Bath and the neighbourhood, bore the + expense of the removal of the soil from the bath and the + general opening out of the rains, the arches beneath the + Poor Law Office and the Viaduct supporting Abbey + Street.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote21" + name="footnote21"></a><b>Footnote + 21:</b><a href="#footnotetag21">(return)</a> + + <p>The arches in the adjoining apartment west of this were + built of a sort of a tufa.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote22" + name="footnote22"></a><b>Footnote + 22:</b><a href="#footnotetag22">(return)</a> + + <p>On the falling of the roof one of the piers was thrust + out of the perpendicular, the upper half toppling over, and + the lower would have again returned to its original + position had a stone not fallen into the vertical joint, + catching the pilaster as a wedge. The pier is still fixed + out of the perpendicular by the stone in the joint.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote23" + name="footnote23"></a><b>Footnote + 23:</b><a href="#footnotetag23">(return)</a> + + <p>The bases of the columns found, on the contrary, are + most carefully designed and of most delicate proportions, + which appear to justify the belief that the bases of the + pilasters were never completely <i>worked</i>, or that they + were coated with plaster and decorated as in the western + bath, now being excavated.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote24" + name="footnote24"></a><b>Footnote + 24:</b><a href="#footnotetag24">(return)</a> + + <p>Professor Middleton considers this a cornucopia.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote25" + name="footnote25"></a><b>Footnote + 25:</b><a href="#footnotetag25">(return)</a> + + <p>A small drawing of these pieces I shall also on a future + occasion communicate.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote26" + name="footnote26"></a><b>Footnote + 26:</b><a href="#footnotetag26">(return)</a> + + <p>"The foundation of a monastery by an under-King of the + Hwiccas [Osric, Nov. 6, A.D. 676,] within its walls, + reveals to us the springing up of a new life in another of + the cities which had been wrecked by Ceawlin's inroad, the + city of Bath."—<i>Green's "Making of England</i>," p. + 356.</p> + + <p>Professor Earle throws some doubt on the authenticity of + the record.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <center> + Printed at the Herald Office, North Gate, Bath. + </center> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" + id="page45"></a>{45}</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/49.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/49.png" + alt="" /></a> + </div> + + <h2>Hot Mineral Springs</h2> + + <h3>OF BATH,</h3> + + <h4>Vested in the Corporation of the City.</h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <center> + FOUNDED by the Romans in the First Century. + </center> + + <h4>Bathers during 1889, 104,597.</h4> + + <center> + <i>Daily yield 507,600 gallons at 120° Fah.</i> + </center> + <hr class="short" /> + + <p>These Waters are beneficial in all forms of Gout, Sub-acute, + Chronic and Muscular Rheumatism—Neuralgias, Sciatica, + Lumbago, certain forms of Paralysis, Nervous Debility, Diseases + of Women, Disorders of the Digestive System, Tropical Anoemia, + Metallic Poisoning, Eczema, Lepra, Psoriasis, and all the Scaly + Diseases of the Skin. Some Surgical Diseases of the Joints, + general Weakness of Limbs after injury, and Diseases of the + Throat and Air Passages.</p> + + <p>Upwards of £40,000 have been lately expended by the + Corporation of the City to enlarge and perfect the various + appliances, rendering them, in the words of one of the greatest + Hygienic Physicians of the day, THE MOST PERFECT IN EUROPE. + Thermal Vapour, Douche with Massage by doucheurs and doucheuses + from Continental Spas, Pulverised and Vapour Douche, Spray, Dry + and Moist Heat, and Shower, with luxurious Cooling Rooms.</p> + + <center> + BAND DAILY IN THE PUMP ROOM. + </center> + + <center> + <b>Last Return of the Medical Officer of Health for Bath + 17'9 per 1000.</b> + </center> + <hr /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" + id="page46"></a>{46}</span> + + <h3>CHARGES FOR BATHS.</h3> + + <h4>New Royal Baths, <i>Adjoining the Grand Hotel</i>.</h4> + + <table summary="" + align="center"> + <tr> + <td></td> + + <td>Prices.</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>First Class Deep Bath..</td> + + <td align="center">2</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Ditto with Douche or Shower..</td> + + <td align="center">3</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>First Class Reclining Bath..</td> + + <td align="center">2</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Ditto with Douche or Shower..</td> + + <td align="center">2</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Dry Douche..</td> + + <td align="center">2</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Attendant's Fee..</td> + + <td align="center">0</td> + + <td>3</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <center> + First Class Reclining Bath with Massage (1 Doucher) + 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, Attendant's Fee, 6<i>d.</i> + </center> + + <p>Attached to these Baths is a</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h4><i>SWIMMING BATH, Temp. 82 to 84 Fahrt.,</i></h4> + + <center> + Daily supplied with Fresh Mineral Water. + </center> + + <center> + For Ladies' use on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. + </center> + + <center> + With use of Private Room for 1 Person, 1<i>s.</i>; 2 + Persons, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; 3 Persons, 2<i>s.</i> + </center> + + <center> + Public Room, 6<i>d.</i> Bathing Dresses, 2<i>d.</i> + Attendant's Fee, 1<i>d.</i> + </center> + + <center> + This Bath is available for Gentlemen on Tuesdays, till 1 + p.m., Thursdays, Saturdays, and on Sunday Mornings up to + 9.30 a.m., at 1<i>s.</i> each Person. + </center> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h4>The Royal Baths, Bath Street.</h4> + + <table summary="" + align="center"> + <tr> + <td>First Class Deep Bath.</td> + + <td>2</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>ditto ditto with Douche.</td> + + <td>2</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Second Class Deep Bath.</td> + + <td>1</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>ditto ditto with Douche.</td> + + <td>2</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Reclining Bath.</td> + + <td>1</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>ditto with Douche.</td> + + <td>2</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Shower Bath</td> + + <td>1</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <center> + Attendant's Fees. 2<i>d.</i> & 3<i>d.</i> + </center> + <hr /> + + <h4><i>TEPID SWIMMING BATH, for Gentlemen only.</i></h4> + + <table summary="" + align="center"> + <tr> + <td>With use of Private Room ..</td> + + <td>0</td> + + <td>9</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>With use of Public Room ..</td> + + <td>0</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <center> + No Attendant's Fees. This Bath is closed on Thursdays at 1 + p.m. + </center> + <hr /> + + <h4><b>Cross Bath</b>, Open Daily (Fridays excepted), Sunday + till 9 a.m.</h4> + + <table summary="" + align="center"> + <tr> + <td>Open Public Bath</td> + + <td>0</td> + + <td>1</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Open Public Bath, with Towel</td> + + <td>0</td> + + <td>2</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>This Bath is available for Females on Thursdays, under the + charge of a female attendant. Fee, including bathing dress, + 2<i>d.</i></p> + <hr class="short" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" + id="page47"></a>{47}</span> + + <h4>King's and Queen's Baths, Stall Street.</h4> + + <table summary="" + align="center"> + <tr> + <td></td> + + <td align="center">Prices.</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>First Class Deep Bath</td> + + <td align="center">2</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Ditto with Douche or Shower</td> + + <td align="center">3</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>First Class Reclining Bath</td> + + <td align="center">2</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Ditto with Douche, or Shower, or Lumbar Douche, or + Douche Ascendante</td> + + <td align="center">2</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Ditto with Special Douche</td> + + <td align="center">3</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Needle Douche (or Douche en Cercle)</td> + + <td align="center">2</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Ditto with Deep Bath</td> + + <td align="center">3</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Vertebral Douche 1<i>s.</i> extra Moist and Dry + Heat per hour</td> + + <td align="center">2</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Ditto with Deep Bath</td> + + <td align="center">3</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Attendant's Fee</td> + + <td align="center">0</td> + + <td>3</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <center> + First Class Reclining Bath with Massage (1 Doucher) + 3<i>s.</i> Attendant's Fee, 6<i>d.</i> + </center> + + <center> + <i>GROUND FLOOR.</i> + </center> + + <table summary="" + align="center"> + <tr> + <td>First Class Reclining Bath</td> + + <td align="center">1</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Ditto with Scottish Douche</td> + + <td align="center">2</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Reclining Bath with Massage</td> + + <td align="center">1</td> + + <td>9</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Attendant's Fee</td> + + <td align="center">0</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Massage Bath</td> + + <td align="center">1</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Scottish Douche alone</td> + + <td align="center">1</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Attendant's Fee</td> + + <td align="center">0</td> + + <td>3</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Second Class Reclining Baths</td> + + <td>6<i>d.</i> & 1<i>s.</i></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>King's Public Baths</td> + + <td>6<i>d.</i> & 1<i>s.</i></td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Attendant's Fee</td> + + <td align="center">0</td> + + <td>1</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <h4>Massage & Vapour Baths, Bouillon & Pulverising + Room.</h4> + + <table summary="" + align="center"> + <tr> + <td>Special Medicated Baths</td> + + <td>3</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Massage Douche Bath, Aix-les-Bains system (2 + doucheurs)</td> + + <td>3</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Berthollet with Massage (1 doucheur)</td> + + <td>3</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Massage, in Reclining Bath and Douche (1 + doucheur)</td> + + <td>2</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Attendant's Fee</td> + + <td>0</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Massage Douche Bath (Aix-les-Bains system) 1 + doucheur</td> + + <td>2</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Berthollet-Natural Vapour Bath</td> + + <td>2</td> + + <td>6</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Bouillon Room, if taken alone</td> + + <td>1</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Pulverization for the Nose, Ears, Eyes, Face, or + Throat</td> + + <td>1</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Sitz Bath (special)</td> + + <td>2</td> + + <td>0</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td>Attendant's Fee</td> + + <td>0</td> + + <td>3</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>Portable Baths, at a temperature not exceeding 106°, Fahrt., + can be supplied at private residences, by arrangement. Also + Mineral Water in Bottles.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h4>Arrangements for Drinking the Waters.</h4> + + <center> + The Grand Pump Room is open each Week-day from 8.30 a.m. + till 6 p.m., and on Sundays after the Morning service till + 2 p.m. + </center> + + <p>CHARGES—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Single Glass 2<i>d.</i></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Per Book of 20 Coupons 1 6</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>One Coupon must be given up each time of Drinking the Water, + at either the Grand Pump Room or the Hetling Pump Room.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ticket for Drinking the Water for 12 Months, for One + Person £1.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>For a Family £2.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Tickets for Bathing must in all cases be obtained at the + Ticket Office adjoining the Grand Hotel, and all baths are + booked by the clerk in charge; and such baths must be paid for + at the time of booking.</p> + + <p>All Fees to Attendants are included in the charge paid for + Tickets.</p> + + <p>Any irregularities or incivility on the part of any of the + Attendants should at once be reported to the General + Manager.</p> +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13582 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/13582-h/images/49.png b/13582-h/images/49.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ffd2f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/13582-h/images/49.png diff --git a/13582-h/images/platev.jpg b/13582-h/images/platev.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b94d21 --- /dev/null +++ b/13582-h/images/platev.jpg diff --git a/13582-h/images/platevi.jpg b/13582-h/images/platevi.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..65b743c --- /dev/null +++ b/13582-h/images/platevi.jpg diff --git a/13582-h/images/platevii.jpg b/13582-h/images/platevii.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a1ceed --- /dev/null +++ b/13582-h/images/platevii.jpg diff --git a/13582-h/images/plateviii.jpg b/13582-h/images/plateviii.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..858fa1b --- /dev/null +++ b/13582-h/images/plateviii.jpg diff --git a/13582-h/images/thumbv.jpg b/13582-h/images/thumbv.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..aaf457d --- /dev/null +++ b/13582-h/images/thumbv.jpg diff --git a/13582-h/images/thumbvi.jpg b/13582-h/images/thumbvi.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7848a61 --- /dev/null +++ b/13582-h/images/thumbvi.jpg diff --git a/13582-h/images/thumbvii.jpg b/13582-h/images/thumbvii.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7bcfeff --- /dev/null +++ b/13582-h/images/thumbvii.jpg diff --git a/13582-h/images/thumbviii.jpg b/13582-h/images/thumbviii.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec723a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/13582-h/images/thumbviii.jpg |
