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diff --git a/13436-0.txt b/13436-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc8f8b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/13436-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1104 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13436 *** + +AUTHORISED GUIDE TO THE TOWER OF LONDON. + + +BY W.J. LOFTIE, B.A., F.S.A. + +REVISED EDITION. + +WITH TWELVE VIEWS AND TWO PLANS, AND A DESCRIPTION OF THE ARMOURY, +BY THE VISCOUNT DILLON, P.S.A. + +(_Curator of the Tower Armouries._) + + +[Illustration] + + +LONDON: + +PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, +BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE, +PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY. +_AND SOLD AT THE TOWER_. + +1904 + +_Reprinted_ 1907. + + * * * * * + +PRICE ONE PENNY. + + + + +[Illustration: PLAN OF THE TOWER.] + + + + +THE TOWER OF LONDON. + + * * * * * + +GENERAL SKETCH. + +The Tower of London was founded in 1078, by William the Conqueror, for +the purpose of protecting and controlling the city. To make room for his +chief buildings he removed two bastions of the old wall of London, and +encroached slightly upon the civic boundaries. Part therefore of the +Tower is in London, and part in Middlesex, but it forms, with its +surrounding fortifications, a precinct in itself which belongs neither +to the city nor the county. It covers an area of 18 acres within the +Garden rails. + +The present buildings are partly of the Norman period; but architecture +of almost all the styles which have flourished in England may be found +within the walls. It is well to remember that though the Tower is no +longer a place of great military strength it has in time past been a +fortress, a palace, and a prison, and to view it rightly we must regard +it in this threefold aspect. + +It was first built as a fortress, and has a central Keep, called the +"White Tower." The Inner Ward is defended by a wall, flanked by thirteen +towers, the entrance to it being on the south side under the Bloody +Tower. The Outer Ward is defended by a second wall, flanked by six +towers on the river face (_see_ Pl. IX, X and XI), and by three +semicircular bastions on the north face. A Ditch or "Moat," now dry, +encircles the whole, crossed at the south-western angle by a stone +bridge, leading to the "Byward Tower" from the "Middle Tower," a gateway +which had formerly an outwork, called the "Lion Tower." + +The Tower was occupied as a palace by all our Kings and Queens down to +Charles II. It was the custom for each monarch to lodge in the Tower +before his coronation, and to ride in procession to Westminster through +the city. The Palace buildings stood eastward of the "Bloody Tower." + +The security of the walls made it convenient as a State prison, the +first known prisoner being Ralf Flambard, Bishop of Durham, who had been +active under William Rufus in pushing on the buildings. From that time +the Tower was seldom without some captive, English or foreign, of rank +and importance. + +In the Tudor period the "Green" within the Tower was used on very rare +occasions for executions.[1] Condemned prisoners were usually beheaded +on + +[Footnote 1: See page 32.] + +_Tower Hill_. + +Emerging from the Mark Lane railway station, the visitor obtains an +excellent view of the great fortress. Within the railed space of Trinity +Square, the first permanent scaffold on Tower Hill was set up in the +reign of Edward III, but the first execution recorded here was that of +Sir Simon Burley in 1388. Here also were beheaded, among others, Dudley, +the minister of Henry VII (1510), his son the Duke of Northumberland +(1553), his grandson, Lord Guildford Dudley (1554), Cromwell, Earl of +Essex (1540), More and Fisher (1535), Surrey (1547), and his son, +Norfolk (1572), Strafford (1641), and Archbishop Laud (1645), and the +Scotch lords in 1716, 1746, and 1747, the last being Simon, Lord Lovat. + +The Tower moat is immediately before us. It is drained and used as a +parade ground. Beyond it, as we approach the entrance, we have a good +view of the fortifications. On the extreme left are the Brass Mount and +North Bastions. In the middle is Legge's Mount. To the right is the +entrance gateway. The highest building behind is the White Tower, easily +distinguished by its four turrets. In front of it are the Devereux, +Beauchamp, and Bell Towers, the residences of the Lieutenant of the +Tower and of the Yeoman Gaoler being in the gabled and red tiled houses +between the last two. From one of these windows Lady Jane Grey saw her +husband's headless body brought in from Tower Hill, by the route we now +traverse; and the leads are still called Queen Elizabeth's Walk, as she +used them during her captivity in 1554. + + +_The Lion Tower_ + +stood where the Ticket Office and Refreshment Room are now. Here the +visitor obtains a pass which admits him to see the Regalia, or Crown +Jewels, and another for the Armoury. In the Middle Ages and down to 1834 +the Royal Menagerie was lodged in a number of small buildings near the +Lion Tower, whence its name was derived and the saying arose, "seeing +the lions," for a visit to the Tower. Where the wooden gate now stands, +there was a small work called the Conning Gate. It marked the boundaries +of Middlesex and the Tower Precinct. Here prisoners were handed over to +the Sheriff. + + +_The Middle Tower_ (Pl. I) + +was originally built by Henry III, but has been entirely refaced. +Through its archway we reach the stone bridge, which had formerly in the +centre a drawbridge of wood. We next reach + + +_The Byward Tower_ (Pl. II), + +the great Gatehouse of the Outer Ward. It is in part the work of Henry +III, and in part that of Richard II. Observe the vaulting and the dark +recesses on the southern side. We pass on the left + + +_The Bell Tower_ (Pl. IX), + +which may safely be attributed to the reign of King John. Here Fisher, +Bishop of Rochester, was imprisoned by Henry VIII, and the Princess +Elizabeth by her sister, Queen Mary. The "Curtain Wall," of great +antiquity, is pierced by the windows of the Lieutenant's Lodgings, now +called "The King's House," and one of these windows lights the Council +Chamber, where Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators were tried and +condemned, 1605. + + +_The Traitors' Gate_ (Pl. IV), + +with St. Thomas's Tower, is now on our right. Observe the masonry which +supports the wide span of the arch. This gate, when the Thames was more +of a highway than it is at present, was often used as an entrance to the +Tower. St. Thomas' Tower was built by Henry III, and contains a small +chapel or oratory dedicated to St. Thomas of Canterbury. In later times +it was found convenient as a landing place for prisoners who had been +tried at Westminster; and here successively Edward Duke of Buckingham +(1521), Sir Thomas More, Queen Anne Boleyn, Cromwell Earl of Essex, +Queen Katharine Howard (1542) Seymour Duke of Somerset (1551), Lady Jane +Grey, the Princess (afterwards Queen) Elizabeth, Devereux Earl of Essex +(1601), and James Duke of Monmouth, passed under the arch on their way +to a prison or the scaffold. Opposite is + + +_The Bloody Tower_ (Pl. VIII), + +which is believed to derive its name from the suicide in it of Henry +Percy, eighth Earl of Northumberland, in 1585. Under this Tower we enter +the Inner Ward. It dates from the reigns of Edward III and Richard II, +and was called by its present name as early as 1597, being popularly +believed to be the scene of the murder of Edward V and his brother the +Duke of York, as well as of Henry VI. It was originally known as the +Garden Tower, as its upper storey opens on that part of the parade +ground which was formerly the Constable's Garden. Here Sir Walter +Raleigh was allowed to walk during his long imprisonment, and could +sometimes converse over the wall with the passers-by. Observe the +grooves for working the massive portcullis, which was raised by chains +and a windlass. These still exist on the upper floor. Immediately +adjoining the gateway on the east is the + + +_Wakefield Tower_ (Pl. III). + +Its lower storey is the oldest building next to the Keep; it was, with +the Lanthorn (rebuilt on the old foundation in 1884-5) and Cold Harbour +Towers, part of the original Norman plan. The upper storey was rebuilt +by Henry III, who made it the entrance to his palace on the east. The +Great Hall, memorable as the scene of Anne Boleyn's trial, adjoined it, +but was pulled down during the Commonwealth. In 1360 the records of the +kingdom, which had previously been kept in the White Tower, were removed +here, and this is called in ancient surveys sometimes the Record, and +sometimes the Hall Tower. The present name is said to be derived from +the imprisonment of Yorkists after the Lancastrian victory at Wakefield +in 1460. It is used now for the safe keeping and exhibition of + + +_The Crown Jewels_. + +The visitor who has obtained a ticket passes up a short stair and finds +himself in a well-lighted circular apartment in the Wakefield Tower. +The deep window recess opposite the door was fitted up as a small chapel, +with Aumbry, Piscina, and Sedilia. Tradition says that Henry VI used it +for his devotions when a prisoner in the Tower, and was here murdered. +In the centre, in a large double case, are arranged the splendid objects +which form the English Regalia. The following are the most remarkable:-- + +The King's Crown. It occupies the highest place in the case. It was +constructed in 1838 for her late Majesty's coronation, the principal +jewels being taken from older crowns and the royal collection. Among +them, observe the large ruby given to the Black Prince in Spain in 1367. +Henry V wore it in his helmet at Agincourt. With seventy-five large +brilliants it forms a Maltese cross on the front of the diadem. +Immediately below it is a splendid sapphire, purchased by George IV. +Seven other sapphires and eight emeralds, all of large size, with many +hundred diamonds, decorate the band and arches, and the cross on the +summit is formed of a rose cut sapphire and four very fine brilliants. +The whole contains 2818 diamonds, 297 pearls, and many other jewels, and +weighs thirty-nine ounces and five pennyweights. The Crown was enlarged +for His Majesty Edward VII. + +The Crown made for the coronation of Mary of Modena, the second wife of +James II. This is probably one of the oldest of the crowns, and contains +some fine jewels. + +The Crown made for Queen Mary II, for her coronation with William III. + +St. Edward's Crown, which appears to be the model by which all the later +crowns have been fashioned. It was made for the coronation of Charles +II. + +The Prince of Wales's coronet, with a single arch. + +The Orb, of gold, with a cross and bands of jewels. + +St. Edward's Staff, a sceptre of gold, 4 feet 7 inches in length, +surmounted by an orb which is supposed to contain a fragment of the true +cross. + +The Royal Sceptre. + +The Sceptre of Equity, surmounted by a dove. + +Small sceptres, one of ivory. + +Besides these magnificent regal emblems, which chiefly date from the +Restoration, when the places of the ancient objects, destroyed during +the Commonwealth, were supplied as nearly as possible, observe, also-- + +The Anointing Spoon, the sole relic of the ancient regalia, of silver +gilt. + +The Eagle, for the anointing oil. + +The Golden Salt-cellar, a model of the White Tower. + +The Baptismal Font, used at the christening of the Sovereign's children, +of silver, double gilt. + +The Sacramental Plate used at the coronation. + +A large silver-gilt wine-fountain, of good workmanship, presented to +Charles II by the Corporation of Plymouth. + +In a case in the large recess, _Curtana_, the Sword of Mercy, +pointless, the blade 40 inches long. + +Two Swords of Justice, Ecclesiastical and Civil. + +Also the State Sword offered at the coronation of His Majesty Edward +VII, with richly jewelled hilt and scabbard. + +In the central case is a model of the Koh-i-noor in its original +setting. + +In the cases in the recesses are also exhibited the insignia of the +British and Indian orders of Knighthood, their collars, stars, and +badges, and the Victoria Cross. + +Leaving the Wakefield Tower, we descend the slope and turn to the left +near the site of what was the Cold Harbour Tower, a name the exact +meaning of which is unknown. The original Jewel House was behind it to +the east, forming with the south side of the White Tower, and portions +of the palace, a small courtyard, in which some remains of the ancient +buildings may still be traced. On a raised platform is the gun-carriage +and limber on which the body of Her Majesty the late Queen Victoria +was conveyed on the occasion of her funeral, 2nd February, 1901, from +Windsor Railway Station to St. George's Chapel. This was placed here by +order of the Houses of Parliament. We now reach a doorway made in the +south wall of the + + +_White Tower_ (Pl. VII), + +or Keep, the oldest part of the whole fortress. + +[Illustration: WHITE TOWER. Plan of Middle Floor.] + +The Conqueror, before he entered London, formed a camp, eastward of +the city, and probably on part of the ground now occupied by the Tower. +Immediately after his coronation he commenced the works here. At first, +no doubt, they consisted of a ditch and palisade, and were formed partly +on the lower bastions of the old City Wall, first built by the Romans, +and rebuilt in 885 by King Alfred. The work of building the Keep was +entrusted to Gundulf, a monk of Bec, in Normandy, who was shortly +afterwards made Bishop of Rochester, and who probably commenced +operations in 1078. In 1097, under William Rufus, the works were still +going on and the inner ward was enclosed. A great storm in 1091 damaged +the outworks. Ralf Flambard, Bishop of Durham, being imprisoned in the +Tower by Henry I, contrived to escape, 1101. During the wars between +Stephen and Matilda, the Earl of Essex was Constable of the Tower, and +obtained a grant even of the City of London from the Empress. When he +fell into Stephen's hands the Tower formed his ransom, and the citizens +regained their ancient liberty. When Richard I was absent on the +Crusade, his regent, Longchamp, resided in the Tower, of which he +greatly enlarged the precincts by trespasses on the land of the city and +of St. Katharine's Hospital. He surrendered the Tower to the citizens, +led by John, in 1191. The church of St. Peter was in existence before +1210, and the whole Tower was held in pledge for the completion of Magna +Charta in 1215 and 1216. In 1240 Henry III had the chapel of St. John +decorated with painting and stained glass, and the royal apartments in +the Keep were whitewashed, as well as the whole exterior. In the reign +of Edward III it begins to assume its modern name, as "La Blanche Tour." +During the wars with France many illustrious prisoners were lodged here, +as David, King of Scots; John, King of France; Charles of Blois, and +John de Vienne, governor of Calais, and his twelve brave burgesses. In +the Tower Richard II signed his abdication, 1399. The Duke of Orleans, +taken at Agincourt, was lodged by Henry V in the White Tower. From that +time the Beauchamp Tower was more used as a prison, but it is probable +that some of the Kentish rebels, taken with Wyatt in 1554, slept in the +recesses of the crypt of the Chapel, long known as Queen Elizabeth's +Armoury. In 1663, and later years down to 1709, structural repairs +were carried out under the superintendence of Sir Christopher Wren, +who replaced the Norman window openings with others of a classical +character. Remains of four old windows are visible on the river side. +A few years ago some disfiguring annexes and sheds were removed, as +well as an external staircase of wood, which led up from the old Horse +Armoury and entered the crypt by a window. + +The White Tower is somewhat irregular in plan, for though it looks so +square from the river its four sides are all of different lengths, and +three of its corners are not right angles. The side towards which we +approach is 107 feet from north to south. The south side measures +118 feet. It has four turrets at the corners, three of them square, +the fourth, that on the north-east, being circular. From floor to +battlements it is 90 feet in height. The original entrance was probably +on the south side, and high above the ground, being reached as usual in +Norman castles by an external stair which could be easily removed in +time of danger. Another or the same entrance led from an upper storey +of the palace. The interior is of the plainest and sternest character. +Every consideration is postponed to that of obtaining the greatest +strength and security. The outer walls vary in thickness from 15 feet +in the lower to 11 in the upper storey. The whole building is crossed +by one wall, which rises from base to summit and divides it into a +large western and a smaller eastern portion. The eastern part is further +subdivided by a wall which cuts off St. John's Chapel, its crypt, and +its subcrypt, each roof of which is massively vaulted. There is no +vaulting but a wooden floor between the storeys of the other part. +There are several comparatively modern entrances. + +A short external stair leads to a staircase in the thickness of the wall +on the south side, by which we approach the Chapel. A brass plate on the +right refers to some children's bones found in the reign of Charles II. +They were identified, somewhat conjecturally, with the remains of Edward +V and his brother who disappeared so mysteriously at the accession of +Richard III, and were removed to Westminster Abbey in 1678. Ascending +the stair we come to the passage which led from the palace to + + +_The Chapel of St. John_ (Pl. VIII). + +The chapel is the largest and most complete now remaining in any Norman +castle, and must have seen the devotions of William the Conqueror and +his family. It is 55 feet 6 inches long by 31 feet wide, and 32 feet +high, and is vaulted with a plain arch. There are four massive columns +on either side and four in the apse. The south aisle, as we have seen, +communicated with the palace, and an upper aisle, or gallery, similarly +opened into the + +_State Apartments_ + +of the White Tower, which we reach by a circuitous route through a +passage round the walls, only wide enough for one person at a time, and +a circular, or newel, stair in the north-east turret, gaining at every +turn glimpses of the extensive stores of small arms. The second floor +is divided into two large apartments, not reckoning the chapel; in the +eastern wall of the smaller or Banqueting Chamber, is a fire-place, the +only one till recently discovered in any Norman Keep. A second and third +have of late years been found in the floor below, but the whole building +was designed for security, not for comfort and in spite of the use of +wooden partitions and tapestry must have been miserable as a place of +residence. On leaving St. John's Chapel we enter + + +_The Armoury_. + +In connection with the Armouries, it should be noted that the present +collection of arms and armour had its origin in that formed at Greenwich +by King Henry VIII, who received many presents of this nature from the +Emperor Maximilian and others. He also obtained from the Emperor several +skilled armourers, who worked in his pay and wore his livery. English +iron in former days was so inferior, or the art of working it was so +little known, that even as far back as the days of Richard II German +and Italian armourers were the chief workmen in Europe. It should be +remembered that the earlier kind of armour chiefly consisted of quilted +garments, further fortified by small pieces of leather, horn, or metal. +So far from the invention of gunpowder having driven out armour, if we +may credit the story of the earliest employment of that explosive, it +was at a date when plate armour was hardly in use, certainly not in +large pieces. What actually did cause the disuse of armour was the +change in ideas as to the movement of troops and the large quantity of +armour which was made in the sixteenth century, and consequently the +inferior make. In England the disuse of armour seems to have begun +earlier than on the Continent, but at no time were the ordinary soldiers +covered with metal as seen in Armouries and other places. The weight, +and what was more important, the cost, prevented such a thing. It was +only the rich who could afford to pay for and had horses to carry +armour, who wore much of what we see now. Again, armour for war was +much lighter and less complete than that used for the tilt yard, where +protection to the wearer was more considered than his ability to hurt +his opponent. The greater substance of such armour and its frequent +enrichment with engraving and gilding no doubt led to the preservation +of this class of defence. Chain mail suffered extremely by rust and +neglect, and even plate armour was subject to the same deterioration. +It is consequently not to be wondered at that little or no armour of a +date previous to the fifteenth century is to be seen in this collection. +On Henry VIII's death the first inventory of the Royal collection was +made, and this includes the armour and arms at Greenwich, and arms and +artillery at the Tower of London which, from the time of Henry VIII, was +one of the sights for foreigners of distinction. In the troubles of the +Civil War the arms were drawn out, and there is no doubt much, both of +arms and armour, was used and lost. The Protector took one suit, and it +was not till 1660 that the armour, which had meanwhile been brought to +London, was collected, and, with the weapons still in the store, were +formed into a kind of museum. It is to that period that may be traced +most of the grotesque stories associated with the collection. At various +subsequent periods additions were made to the collection, and it was +arranged in such manner as suited the knowledge of the day. Series of +figures of kings of England and famous persons were made and added to or +changed on the death of the sovereign. In later times the whole has been +arranged by Sir Samuel Meyrick. Mr. Hewitt, and Mr. Planché, and in 1859 +Mr. Hewitt drew up the first catalogue of the contents. + +The mounted figures from 1826 till 1883 stood in a long gallery +adjoining the south side of the Tower, but at the latter date this was +pulled down, and the figures removed to the top floor. Within the last +few years the floor below has been used for the later arms, but the +lighting of the rooms and their shape, with various other causes, +prevent any strictly chronological arrangements of the collection, +many objects of which also belong to long periods of time. + +The arms and armour are now placed on the two upper floors of the White +Tower, the earlier weapons and all the armour, being on the top floor, +while the later weapons and the Indian arms and armour, with various +personal relics, are placed on what is the third stage or second floor. +To this the visitor ascends by a circular staircase in the south front +of the Tower. At the foot observe a brass plate recording the finding in +1674 of the supposed remains of the "Princes in the Tower," Edward V and +his brother Richard Duke of York. The visitor then enters the Chapel of +St. John, and on leaving passes into the smaller of the two rooms on +this floor. + +At the end of the room is a Persian horse armour of brass scales +connected by chain mail. Near this is the quilted armour of the Burmese +General Maha Bundoola, killed in 1824. At the other end of the room is a +large bell from Burmah, presented by the late General Sir William Gomme, +G.C.B., and near it are two figures with Japanese armour, one of them +presented to Charles II when prince by the Mogul. It is interesting as +being one of the earliest examples of Eastern armour which has an +authentic record of its presence in this country, and it also exhibits +the persistence in early forms so common in the East. The cases on +either hand contain weapons, helmets, and armour from most parts of our +Indian Empire, as well as weapons from Cabul, Persia, Africa, America, +and the South Seas. Some of these were presented by the Honourable East +India Company, some were acquired by purchase after the Great Exhibition +of 1851, and others have been added at various times. In the centre of +the room are models showing the Tower buildings in the years 1842 and +1866. + +The Large Room is now entered, and on the left is a case containing +firearms, hand grenades, and a series of the _rifled_ arms in use +in the British Army since 1801. These include the two Baker rifles of +1801 and 1807; the Brunswick rifle, 1836; the Minie rifle, 1851; the +Enfield rifle musket, 1855; the Snider, 1865; the Martini-Henry, 1871; +and the Lee-Metford magazine rifle. On the right, between two grotesque +figures, called Gin and Beer, from the entrance to the Buttery of the +old Palace of Greenwich, is a case containing executioners' swords +(foreign), thumb-screws, the Scavenger's Daughter for confining the +neck, hands, and feet, bilboes for ship use, and thumb-screws. Observe +also the so-called "Collar taken from the Spanish Armada," which however +was here in 1547, and has been in later times filled with lead to make +it more terrible. It was only a collar for detention of ordinary +prisoners. A conjectural model of the rack is also shown, but the only +pictorial authority for this instrument (at no time a legal punishment) +is a woodcut in Foxe's Martyrs, the illustrations for which were drawn +from German sources. + +On the left hand are cases of European firearms of the first half of +the present century, and two cannon made for the Duke of Gloucester, +the son of Queen Anne. In the S.E. corner, on a platform, are several +early cannon, including one, and part of another, from the wreck of +the _Mary Rose_, sunk in action with the French off Spithead in 1545. +These display the early mode of construction of such weapons, namely; +bars of iron longitudinally welded together and encircled by hoops of +the same metal. On the window side in the recesses are wall pieces, +which belonged to the Honourable East India Company. The figure of Queen +Elizabeth is supposed to represent her as on her way to St. Paul's +Cathedral after the destruction of the Spanish Armada. Near the lift are +partizans carried by the Yeomen of the Guard, and round the pillars are +the sergeants' halberds used in the Army till about 1830. Observe the +kettledrums captured at the battle of Blenheim, 1704. + +On the left hand observe the beheading axe, which has been here since +1687, also the block on which Lord Lovat, in 1747, lost his head at one +stroke for the share he took in the attempt of the Pretender in 1745. + +Beyond this, against the wall, is a model by John Bell of a monument for +the Great Duke of Wellington. It was presented by the late Sir Daniel +Lysons, Constable of the Tower, 1890-1898. Still on the left hand, in a +glass case, is the soldier's cloak on which General Wolfe expired in the +moment of victory, at Quebec, 1759. + +Beyond, in another case, is the uniform worn as Constable of the Tower +by the Great Duke of Wellington from 1826 until his death, in 1852. + +Near this is a portion of the wooden pump of the _Mary Rose_, sunk +in action off the Isle of Wight in 1545. + +In a case at the end of the room is a mass of fused gun flints, a relic +of the fire which in 1841 destroyed the Great Store in the Tower and +many thousand stand of arms, cannon, &c. + +The staircase in the S.W. corner is now ascended leading to the great +upper chamber, generally known as the Council Chamber, 95 feet by 40 +feet, and, like the smaller room, 21 feet high. Round this top floor +runs a passage cut in the thickness of the walls, with numerous openings +inwards opposite the windows, and widening somewhat when forming as +it does the triforium of St. John's Chapel. At the entrance are cases +containing velvet-covered brigandines and canvas-covered jacks, garments +which were much used in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as giving +protection by means of numerous small plates of metal disposed between +the thicknesses of the material covering and lining them, and also great +flexibility. In the cases on the right hand are specimens of chain mail +in form of hoods, coats, sleeves, &c, mostly, if not all, of Eastern +origin. Observe also some bronze swords and other very early weapons. + +Round the walls of the two rooms are arranged the various staff weapons +used in England and the continent. In the first enclosure on the left +are cases in which are ancient bronze tools, weapons, and ornaments from +various localities, stone implements and weapons, and a suit of bronze +armour from Cumæ, an ancient Greek settlement near Naples. In the centre +of the enclosure are grouped many varieties of staff weapons of the +fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. Among them are boar +spears for the chase and for war, halberds, partizans, bills, glaives, +holy water sprinkles (a staff with a ball with spikes at its extremity), +and the 18 foot pikes of the Civil War period. + +The first case on the left contains a fine archer's salade with its +original lining, from the de Cosson collection. A Venetian salade, with +the stamp of the maker of the Missaglia family, a heavy salade for +jousting, a combed morion and the tilting helmet of Sir Henry Lee, K.G., +Master of the Armouries to Queen Elizabeth and James I. In the lower +case are finely engraved and parcel gilt chamfrons for horses' heads, a +gilt vamplate for the tilting lance belonging to Lord Chancellor Hatton, +an officer's gorget of the time of Queen Anne, and various pieces of +rich armour. + +In the window recess behind are shields and horns. In the next enclosure +are three foot figures of the end of the fifteenth century and +commencement of the sixteenth century; the first holds a long-handled +axe as used for encounters on foot in _champ clos_. The second +holds a two-handled sword. The third suit is enriched with engraving, +and was formerly parcel gilt, but the helmet does not belong to the +suit. + +In the centre of the room is an equestrian figure (III), the man wearing +a fine early sixteenth-century suit of armour, bearing the Nuremberg +stamp, and the horse protected by a barb richly repoussé, engraved, and +formerly silvered. The designs on this display the Burgundian cross +ragulé and the flint and steel. The steel or briquet is to be seen also +in the hinges and in the metal coverings for the reins. It will be +remembered that this design forms the _motif_ of the collar of the +Golden Fleece. + +The next equestrian figure (IV) shows the fluted, or as it was called +crested, armour, of about 1500. The horse armour is also fluted. On the +right, in the centre of the room, are two armours which belonged to +Henry VIII. Of these the first (XXVIII) is that formerly described as +"rough from the hammer," though it has been milled or _glazed_ and +no hammer marks are visible. It is a complete suit for fighting on +foot in the lists, and comfort and ability to move about, have been +sacrificed to perfect protection. The suit weighs about 93 lbs., and +is composed of no less than 235 separate pieces of metal. Some details +of construction point to a Spanish influence in the style. The second +figure (XXIX), which wants the leg armour, is of the kind known as a +tonlet, and has a skirt of horizontal lames engraved. The helmet bears +the well-known stamp of the Missaglia family of armourers, and is very +curious and massive. This armour is also for fighting on foot in +_champ clos_ or the lists. + +The next suit (VI) on the left is one of Henry VIII, and has been parcel +gilt; the weight of the man's armour is 81 lbs. The two foot figures are +those of a horseman and an officer of foot, both of Henry's time. The +first bears on it Nuremberg marks; the second has an engraving of the +Crucifixion on the left breast. The next equestrian figure (VII), also +of Henry VIII, much resembles the last, and has at its feet extra pieces +for the tilt yard. Other extra pieces which might be worn with these two +suits are in the Royal Armoury at Windsor Castle. + +The suit (V) on the equestrian figure in the middle of the room is +one of the finest in existence. It was made by Conrad Seusenhofer, +one of a family of Augsburg armourers, and given in 1514 to Henry VIII +by the Emperor Maximilian. The man's armour is engraved with roses, +pomegranates, portcullises, and other badges of Henry VIII and his +first queen Katharine of Arragon, and has on the metal skirt which +imitates the cloth _bases_ of the time the letters H and K. The horse +armour, probably made afterwards in England by one of Henry's German +armourers, is also covered with engraving, and has panels on which are +depicted scenes from the life and death of St. George and St. Barbara, +both military saints. The whole armour was formerly washed with silver, +of which some traces still remain. + +In the enclosure on the left is a mounted figure (XI) of about 1550, +and in front are a pistol shield, one of 80 made for Henry VIII, and +a helmet with grotesque mask formerly attributed to Will Somers, the +king's jester, but since identified as a present from the Emperor +Maximilian. In the next cases are portions of armour of Henry VIII; also +of a puffed and engraved suit of the same time, and of a richly worked +russet and gilt suit of George Earl of Cumberland, who in Elizabeth's +time fitted out at his own cost eleven expeditions against Spain. In the +archway are some combined weapons having gun barrels in the staff and +pole-axe heads; also the three-barrelled weapon formerly called Henry +VIII's walking staff. In the corner of the room are an old German +tilting saddle, which protected the legs of the rider, who stood up in +his stirrups, a large tilting lance shown as far back as the days of +Elizabeth as that of Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk. At the end of the +room are five suits of the second third of the sixteenth century. The +centre one, which is damascened, has in front of it an extra gorget, and +a placcate to strengthen the breast. The next figure (XXX) is a large +suit of armour 6 feet 10-1/2 inches in height of the time of Henry VIII, +though formerly incorrectly called that of John of Gaunt, of whom, of +course, no armour exists. This suit weighs about 66 lbs. + +Descending the room in the first enclosure is the armour (IX) of the +Earl of Worcester, who died 1589. This suit is very massive, the breast +and back plates together weighing 40 lbs. 3 oz. In the same enclosure +are two figures made up of Maximilian armour, and a bowman and a +musketeer of the Earl of Worcester's time. In the archways will be seen +early forms of guns and pistols of various types and swords and other +weapons. + +The next mounted figure (VIII) (formerly called Sir Henry Lee) is of the +middle of the sixteenth century, and the two foot figures are made up of +early sixteenth-century armour. + +At the side is a cuir bouilli crupper as worn by the English heavy +cavalry in the sixteenth century. + +The next enclosure contains an equestrian figure (X) of Robert Dudley +Earl of Leicester, the favourite of Elizabeth. This fine suit bears all +over it the badge of the Ragged Staff, and is engraved with the badges +and collars of the Garter and of the Order of St. Michael of France. The +suit was made between 1566 and 1588, and is of very great interest as +one of the very few known which also possesses the extra pieces for the +tilt yard, viz.: the Grandguard and the Passguard, ornamented like the +suit, which with them weighs about 83-1/2 lbs. It will be seen that the +extra pieces are for the left side, and the helmet has no air holes on +that side, as the tilters passed left arm to left arm on either side of +the tilt or barrier. The two foot figures are of about the same date. + +The next mounted figure (XII) is one still showing the gilt enrichment +so many of these suits for the tilt yard originally had. It was +attributed to Robert Earl of Essex, another favourite of his Queen, but +has now been identified as the armour made by Jacobe Topf, for Sir John +Smith, cousin german to Edward VI, and a great military writer of the +sixteenth century. Many other pieces of this suit are in the Royal +collection in Windsor Castle. The two foot figures came from the Great +Armoury at Malta. Beyond the passage are a mounted figure showing how +the lance was held when jousting at the tilt or barrier in the sixteenth +century and later, and inferior suits for horsemen, and some other suits +from Malta. + +On leaving the large room, in the case in the archway will be seen axes, +horsemen's hammers and maces, all designed for breaking and rending +armour. Observe also various forms of the bayonet, from the early plug +bayonet to the later socketed type of that weapon. + +The first case on the right contains crossbows of various types. +This weapon, at no time our national arm, was used for the defence of +fortresses, and later on for sport. The heavy kind were bent by means of +arrangements of pulleys, the windlass, or a kind of lifting jack called +the Cranequin or Cric. The lighter forms were bent by an attached lever +called the Goat's Foot. Specimens of these are in the case, as also two +bowstaves from the wreck of the _Mary Rose_, 1545, and some leaden +sling bullets from the battle field of Marathon. In the next case are +firearms of early types. Among these observe two guns which belonged to +Henry VIII, both of them breechloaders on a system resembling the modern +Snider rifle. Note also the German Reiter wheel-lock pistols, with ball +pommel; the William III match-lock, with plug bayonet stuck in the +muzzle; the bandoliers, each containing twelve charges of powder and a +bullet bag; the Vauban lock, combining the flint and match; also a still +earlier form of this lock of English make. Montecucuh says he had +similar locks made, having seen them used still earlier by the Turks. + +The next case contains rapiers and swords and bucklers. Observe the +raised bars on the latter, to entangle and break the sword-point. The +mounted figure in brown armour shows the equipment of the cavalry in the +early part of the seventeenth century, the armour being browned or +blacked to prevent rust and to avoid detection at a distance. + +The figure (XXIV) in the first enclosure is that of James II. It will be +seen that it only consists of a headpiece, breast and back plates, and a +long gauntlet to protect the bridle arm. All the pieces bear the King's +initials, and the face guard is pierced with the design of the Royal +Arms. The next equestrian figure is a gilt suit of Charles I (XIX), +said to have been given to him by the City of London. It is the latest +complete suit in the collection, and was probably never worn by him. In +the centre of the room is a case containing gun locks, powder flasks, +and other pieces for the furnishing of a soldier's equipment. The cannon +were made for the instruction of Charles II when a prince. In the wall +case observe with other objects two swine feathers, or feather staffs, +having one long and two short blades which can be concealed in the +shaft, also a German Calendar sword with the saints' days marked in +gold, and other swords. Below are two _waistcoat_ cuirasses opening +down the front. + +In the next enclosure on the right is a mounted figure (XVIII) of +Charles I when young. The armour is apparently of French make, and +is very interesting as being a double suit--that is, it represents +the equipment of the cuirassier or cavalryman of about 1610, and +then by removing the helmet and the armour for the arms and legs, and +substituting the pott and the short thigh defences (in the small glass +case) we have the equipment of the foot soldier as seen in the figures +of pikemen on the other side of the room. The small silvered cap and +breast and back in another glass case was made for Charles II when +prince. + +In a table case are a gun and pistol dated respectively 1614 and 1619, +made for Charles I when Prince of Wales. The gun is not quite perfect, +but the two weapons are the earliest examples of _flint locks_ in +the collection. Note also a fine wheel lock of about 1600. The gunner's +axe was used for laying cannon, and has on its shaft scales showing the +size of cannon balls of stone, iron, lead, and slag. It belonged to the +Duke of Brunswick Luneburg. The last enclosure contains a suit (XVII) of +richly decorated armour given to Henry Prince of Wales by the Prince de +Joinville. This suit, though rich, is of late and inelegant form, as may +be seen by observing the breast and the treatment of the feet. In the +suit of his brother Prince Charles also will be seen an instance of the +decay of the armourer's art, namely, the thigh-pieces, which are marked +as though of several pieces of metal whilst being of one rigid piece. + +In a small case are unfinished portions of a helmet and gorget, and a +gilt and engraved vamplate belonging to a suit of Henry Prince of Wales. + +The figures on the opposite side of the room are horsemen and pikemen +of the seventeenth century, after which time armour may be said to have +ceased to be worn, till at the coronation of George IV in 1820, when the +Household Cavalry appeared in cuirasses. In the table cases in this room +are odd portions of armour: gorgets, gauntlets, cuisshes, &c., daggers, +knives, and swords, including good examples of the Cinquedea, or short +broad-bladed sword peculiar to Northern Italy. + +In the series of wall cases at the end of both rooms will be found +several varieties of helmets, including salades, close helmets, tilting +helmets; also morions and cabassets and breasts and backs. Among these +observe the fine painted archers' salade, with vizor; two fine Venetian +salades, like the ancient Greek helmets, and bearing armourers' stamps; +sixteenth-century tilting helmets, with side doors for air; spider +helmets, &c. Those on the upper shelves are either false or imitations +of real examples. In the case by the door is a helmet made for and worn +by the late Emperor Napoleon III (when prince) at the Eglinton +Tournament, in 1839. + +On the walls are portions of horse armour, bucklers for foot soldiers, +and several shields simulating the embossed ornamentation of the +sixteenth century. + + +_The Parade_. + +The Waterloo Barracks are opposite, built in 1845 on the site of +storehouses burnt in 1841. The building of similar character to the +right is the Officers' Quarters: between the two a glimpse is obtained +of the Martin or Brick Tower, whence Blood stole the crown in 1671. +Observe, on the left, the extensive collection of cannons of all ages +and countries, including triple guns taken from the French, of the time +of Louis XIV, and some curious and grotesque mortars from India. + +Observe, on the right, almost adjoining the Barrack, the Chapel of St. +Peter "ad Vincula," so called from having been consecrated on that +well-known festival of the Latin Church, the 1st of August, probably in +the reign of Henry I (1100-1135). The old chapel was burnt in 1512, and +the present building erected only in time to receive the bodies of the +first victims of the tyranny of Henry VIII. It was considered a Royal +Chapel before 1550; the interior is not shown to the public. Here it is, +in the memorable words of Stow, writing in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, +that there lie before the high altar, "two dukes between two queens, to +wit, the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland, between Queen +Anne and Queen Katharine, all four beheaded." Here also are buried Lady +Jane (Grey) and Lord Guildford Dudley, the Duke of Monmouth, and the +Scotch lords, Kilmarnock, Balmerino, and Lovat, beheaded for their share +in the rebellion of 1745. The last burial in the chapel was that of Sir +John Fox Burgoyne, Constable of the Tower, in 1871. + +The space in front of the chapel is called Tower Green, and was used as +a burial ground; in the middle is a small square plot, paved with +granite, showing the site on which stood at rare intervals the scaffold +on which private executions took place. It has been specially paved by +the orders of Her late Majesty. The following persons are known to have +been executed on this spot:-- + +1. Queen Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VIII, 19th May, 1536. + +2. Margaret Countess of Salisbury, the last of the old Angevin or +Plantagenet family, 27th May, 1541. + +3. Queen Katharine Howard, fifth wife of Henry VIII, 13th February, +1542. + +4. Jane Viscountess Rochford, 13th February, 1542. + +5. Lady Jane (Grey), wife of Lord Guildford Dudley, 12th February, 1554. + +6. Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, 25th February, 1601. + +They were all beheaded with an axe except Queen Anne Boleyn, whose head +was cut off with a sword by the executioner of St. Omer, brought over +for the purpose. The executioner of the Earl of Essex was not able to do +his work with less than three strokes, and was mobbed and beaten by the +populace on his way home. The bodies of all six were buried in the +Chapel of St. Peter. + +Lord Hastings was also beheaded on Tower Green by order of the Duke of +Gloucester in 1483. + + +_The Beauchamp Tower_ + +is on the west side of Tower Green, facing the White Tower, and is on +the inner wall between the Bell Tower on the south and the Devereux +Tower on the north, being connected with both by a walk along the +parapet. Its present name probably refers to the residence in it as a +prisoner of Thomas, third Earl of Warwick, of the Beauchamp family, who +was attainted under Richard II in 1397, but restored to his honours and +liberty two years later under Henry IV. It is curious that the most +interesting associations of the place should be connected with his +successors in the earldom. Although built entirely for defensive +purposes, we find it thus early used as a prison, and during the two +following centuries it seems to have been regarded as one of the +most convenient places in which to lodge prisoners of rank, and in +consequence many of the most interesting mural inscriptions are to +be found in its chambers. + +In plan the Beauchamp Tower is semicircular, and it projects eighteen +feet beyond the face of the wall. It consists of three storeys, of which +the middle one is on a level with the rampart, on which it formerly +opened. The whole building dates from the reign of Edward III. We enter +at the south-east corner and ascend by a circular staircase to the +middle chamber, which is spacious and has a large window, with a +fire-place. Here are to be found most of the inscriptions, some having +been brought from other chambers. A few are in the entrance passage and +on the stair. All are numbered and catalogued. The following--to which +the numbers are appended--will be found the most interesting:-- + +2. On the ground-floor, near the entrance, ROBART DVDLEY. This was the +fifth son of John, Duke of Northumberland, and next brother to Guildford +Dudley, the husband of Lady Jane Grey. When his father was brought to +the block in 1553 he and his brothers remained in prison here, Robert +being condemned to death in 1554. In the following year he was liberated +with his elder brother Ambrose, afterwards created Earl of Warwick, and +his younger brother Henry. In the first year of Queen Elizabeth he was +made Master of the House and elected a Knight of the Garter. In 1563 he +was created Earl of Leicester. He died at Cornbury, in Oxfordshire, in +1588. + +8. On the left, at the entrance of the great chamber, is a carved cross, +with other religious emblems, with the name and arms of PEVEREL, and the +date 1570. It is supposed to have been cut by a Roman Catholic prisoner +confined during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. + +13. Over the fire-place this inscription in Latin:--"The more suffering +for Christ in this world the more glory with Christ in the next," &c. +This is signed "Arundel, June 22, 1587." This was Philip Howard, son of +Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, beheaded in 1573. Philip inherited from his +maternal grandfather the earldom of Arundel in 1580. He was a staunch +Roman Catholic and was constantly under suspicion of the Government, by +which in 1584 he was confined in his own house for a short time. On his +liberation he determined to quit the country, but was committed to the +Tower in 1585, and died in custody ten years later, having refused +release on condition of forsaking his religion. His body was buried in +his father's grave in the Chapel of St. Peter, but was eventually +removed to Arundel. He left other inscriptions, one in the window (79), +and one on the staircase (91), dated 1587. + +14. On the right of the fire-place is an elaborate piece of sculpture +(Pl. XII), which will be examined with peculiar interest as a memorial +of the four brothers Dudley: Ambrose (created Earl of Warwick 1561), +Guildford (beheaded 1554), Robert (created Earl of Leicester 1563), and +Henry (killed at the siege of St. Quintin, 1558), carved by the eldest, +John (called Earl of Warwick), who died in 1554. Under a bear and a lion +supporting a ragged staff is the name "JOHN DVDLE," and surrounding +them is a wreath of roses (for Ambrose), oak leaves (for Robert, +_robur_, an oak), gillyflowers (for Guildford), and honeysuckle +(for Henry). Below are four lines, one of them incomplete, alluding +to the device and its meaning. It is on record that the Lieutenant +of the Tower was allowed 6_s._ 8_d._ a day each for the diet of these +captive brothers. + +33. This is one of several inscriptions relating to the Poole or Pole +family (see also Nos. 45, 47, 52, 56, 57). They were the sons of the +Countess of Salisbury, by Sir Richard Pole, K.G. No. 45 contains the +name of "GEFFRYE POOLE 1562." He was the second son and gave evidence +against his elder brother, Lord Montagu, who was beheaded in 1539. + +48. "IANE." This interesting inscription, repeated also in the window +(85), has always been supposed to refer to the Lady Jane Grey, daughter +of the Duke of Suffolk, and wife of Guildford Dudley, fourth son of the +Duke of Northumberland. A second repetition in another part of the room +was unfortunately obliterated in the last century when a new window +was made to fit this chamber for a mess-room. It is sometimes, but +erroneously, supposed that the name was carved by this Queen of ten +days herself, but it is improbable that she was ever imprisoned in the +Beauchamp Tower. She is known to have lived in the house of Partridge, +the Gaoler. It is much more probable that the two inscriptions were +placed on the wall either by Lord Guildford Dudley, her husband, or +by his brother, whose large device has been described above. + +66. In the window is the rebus, or monogram, of Thomas Abel: upon +a bell is the letter A. This was Dr. Abel, a faithful servant to Queen +Katharine of Arragon, first wife of King Henry VIII. He acted as her +chaplain during the progress of the divorce, and by his determined +advocacy offended the King. For denying the supremacy he was condemned +and executed in 1540. + +The visitor who has time to spare will find many other records of this +kind in the Beauchamp Tower, the oldest of all being the name of "Thomas +Talbot 1462" (89), supposed to have been concerned in the Wars of the +Roses. Emerging again upon Tower Green we see on the right the + + +_Lieutenant's Lodgings_ (Pl. VI), + +now called the King's House. The Hall door, where a sentry stands, is +the same through which Lord Nithisdale escaped in female dress, the +night before he was to have been beheaded, 1716. Some parts of the house +are of great antiquity, among them the rooms in the Bell Tower, those on +the upper storey which open on the leads and the rampart known as The +Prisoners' Walk, and the Council Room, a handsome apartment containing a +curious monument of the Gunpowder Plot. In this room Guy Fawkes and his +associates were examined, 1605. The interior of the King's House is not +shown to the public. Next to it is the house of the Gentleman Gaoler, +or Chief Warder. It was in this house that Lady Jane Grey lived when +a prisoner, and from its windows saw her husband go forth from the +adjoining Beauchamp Tower to his execution on Tower Hill, and his +headless body brought to the chapel "in a carre," while the scaffold was +being prepared for her own death on the Green in front, which took place +on the same day, Monday, 12th February, 1554. + + * * * * * + +NOTE.--Visitors who wish to know more about the Tower are referred to +the works of Bayley, of Brayley and Britton, of Doyne C. Bell, of G.T. +Clark, and of Hepworth Dixon. + + +THE END. + + + + +DRILL AND TRAINING (Number of days in each year). + +---------------+----------------------------------------+----------- + | | In + | In first year. | subsequent + | | years. + ARM OF THE +---------+----------+----------+--------+----------- + SERVICE | | Musketry | | Total | + | Recruit | or | Usual | during | Usual + | Drill. | Gunnery | Annual | the | Annual + | | Drill. | Training | year. | Training +---------------+---------+----------+----------+--------+----------- +Artillery } | | | | | +Infantry } | 49 | 14 | 27 | 90 | 27 +Medical } | | | | | + | | | | | +Engineers | | | | | + { Fortress | 63 | 14 | 41 | 118 | 41 + { Submarine | | | | | + { Miners | 63 | 14 | 55 | 132 | 55 +---------------+---------+----------+----------+--------+----------- + + +BOUNTY, PAY, EXTRA DUTY PAY, AND ENGINEER PAY, &c. + +During the first year of service the rate of Bounty of a Militiaman +varies from 10s. to £2. + +A Training Bounty of £1 10s. is issued on the completion of each Annual +Training. Ex-Army N.C.O.'s, who are appointed Sergeants, receive a +training bounty of £3. Non-training bounty of £3 is issued in sums of +£1 on each of the following dates--1st October, 1st December, and 1st +February, to men who have completed two trainings or the equivalent +thereof. A Special bounty of £1 is also given on the completion of +an authorised course of instruction other than during the 28 days +immediately preceding the training of the unit. + +During Drill and training, N.C.O.'s and men receive Army rates of pay of +their rank, also rations; and provided they are 19 years of age and have +attended one training, or the equivalent thereof, messing allowance at +3d. a day. + +In addition to the ordinary pay, extra-duty pay varying from 2_d._ +to 6_d._ per day will be issued during the annual training to non +commissioned officers and men of the Militia for the performance of +certain specified duties. + +Engineer Pay varying from 4d. to 2s. a day, will also be +allowed to non commissioned officers and men of the Militia Engineers +according to their qualifications. + +Corps pay, varying from 4d. to 1s. a day, is granted to +N.C.O.'s and men of the Royal Army Medical Corps, who are reported as +duly qualified. + + +GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF THE MILITIA. + +A Pamphlet containing detailed information as to the Conditions of +Service in the Militia and in the Reserve Division of the Militia can be +obtained free of charge at any Post Office in the United Kingdom, from +any Sergeant Instructor of Volunteers, or other Recruiter. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration: PLATE I. MIDDLE TOWER.] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE II. Legge's Mount. Devereux Tower. Beauchamp Tower. +Yeoman Gaoler's House. Site of Drawbridge. Gateway of Byward Tower.] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE III. Bloody Tower and Gateway. Wakefield Tower.] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE IV. ST. THOMAS'S TOWER AND TRAITORS' GATE.] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE V. Cradle Tower and Wall of Outer Ward. Lanthorn +Tower restored. Curtain Wall of Inner Ward.] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE VI. Tower Green. Queen's House. Yeoman Gaoler's +Lodgings.] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE VII. WHITE TOWER FROM THE NORTH-WEST.] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE VIII. ST. JOHN'S CHAPEL--INTERIOR.] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE IX. Middle Tower and Gate. Byward Tower. Bell +Tower. Queen's House.] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE X. Lieutenant's Lodging or Queen's House. Bloody +Tower. Constable's Garden. St. Thomas's Tower and Traitors' Gate.] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE XI. New Lanthorn Tower. Old Armoury. Salt Tower. +Cradle Tower. Well Tower. Irongate Tower.] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE XII.] + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Authorised Guide to the Tower of London +by W. J. Loftie + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13436 *** |