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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:42:05 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:42:05 -0700 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/13411-0.txt b/13411-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3314f36 --- /dev/null +++ b/13411-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1989 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13411 *** + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +No. 42.] SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1850 [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * * {177} + + +CONTENTS. + +NOTES:-- + Alfred's Orosius, by Dr. Bell. 177 + Remarkable Proposition concerning Ireland, by H. + Kersley. 179 + News: a few "old" Materials for its Elucidation, by + S.W. Singer. 180 + Folk Lore:--Charming for Warts. 181 + Minor Notes:--Capture of Henry VI.--The New + Temple. 181 + +QUERIES:-- + Essays of certain Paradoxes: Poem on Nothing, by + S.W. Singer. 182 + Minor Queries:--Papers of Perjury--Church Rates--St. + Thomas of Lancaster's Accomplices--Prelates of + France--Lord Chancellor's Oath--Mediæval Nomenclature--Sir + Christopher Sibthorp--Alarm. 182 + +REPLIES:-- + Shakspeare's Use of "Delighted," by Samuel Hickson. 183 + English Comedians in Germany. 184 + Achilles and the Tortoise. 185 + Replies to Minor Queries:--"Barum" and "Sarum"--Countess + of Desmond--Michael Servetus, alias Reves--Caxton's + Printing-office--Somagia--Various Modes + of Interment among the Ancients--Guy's Porridge-pot--"Welcome + the coming, speed the parting Guest"--"A Chrysostom to + smoothe his Band in"--William of Wykeham--Dutch + Language--"A Frog he would," &c.--City Sanitary + Laws--Sanitary Laws of other Days--Michael Scott, the + Wizard--Clerical Costume--The Curfew--Welsh Language--Armenian + Language--North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated--"Sir + Hilary charged at Agincourt"--Unicorn--Abbey of St. + Wandrille, Normandy, &c. 186 + +MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 191 + Books and Odd Volumes Wanted. 191 + Notices to Correspondents. 191 + Advertisements. 191 + + * * * * * + + +NOTES + +ALFRED'S OROSIUS. + +The two exceedingly valuable elucidations which the geography of King +Alfred relating to Germany (intercalated in the royal author's +translation of Orosius), has received from your learned contributors MR. +R.T. HAMPSON (Vol. i., p. 257.) and MR. S.W. SINGER (Vol. i., p. 313.) +induce me to offer some new views on the same subject. From my having +passed a long series of years in the countries described, and read and +examined all that continental authors, as well as Englishmen, have +written or conjectured on the subject, I trust that my opinions, though +differing from all hitherto received, may not be unworthy the attention +of these gentlemen, and of your other numerous subscribers. I shall, +however, at present, not to exceed the necessary limitation of your +articles, restrict myself to a consideration of the very disputed +_Cwenas_ and the _Cwen-sae_, which both the gentlemen have not alluded +to. + +The universal agreement amongst the commentators (with the two solitary +exceptions I shall hereafter mention), by which this sea is taken for +the White Sea, is diverting, and has been the primary source of many of +their errors, and of that most monster one, by which Othere's narrative +has been made the relation of a voyage round the North Cape to +Archangel. It is difficult to say who may have first broached the +brilliant idea. Spelmann's annotators, his alumni Oxonienses of +University College, seem to have left the matter without much +consideration, in which they were pretty servilely followed by Bussæus, +though not so much so as to justify Professor Ingram's remark, "that his +notes were chiefly extracted thence." (Pref. viii.) Professor Murray of +Göttingen (1765), and Langebeck, in his _Scriptores Rerum Danicarum_ +(1773), make no mention of these arctic discoveries; and the latter is +satisfied that the Cwenas are the Amazons of Adam of Bremen:-- + + "De Quenorum priscis Sedibus et Quenlandiæ situ, vide Torfæus, + _Hist. Norweg._ i. 140. Adamus Bremens, pp. 58, 59. 61., per + Amazones et terram Foeminarum voluit Queuones et Quenladiam + intelligi." + +and it remains, therefore, to the next commentator, John Reinhold +Forster (the companion navigator with Sir Joseph Banks), to have been +the first to whom we owe the important error. He was praised by Daines +Barrington, for whose edition he gave the notes afterwards reproduced in +his _Northern Voyages of Discovery_; but still with certain +reservations. The honourable translator found some negative evidences +which seemed to militate against the idea that the voyage could have +extended into the arctic circle; for, in such a case, Othere would +hardly have refrained from mentioning the perpetual day of those +regions; the northern lights, which he must have experienced; to which +{178} we add, the perpetual snows, and many other very striking +peculiarities, so new and seemingly inexplicable to a southern traveller +or listener. + +Succeeding writers seem to have had fewer scruples, and to have admitted +the idea without consideration. Thorkelin, the Dane, (when in England to +copy out the poem of _Beowulf_ for publication at Copenhagen), gave a +very flattering testimony to Forster's notes, in _Bibliotheca +Topographica_, vol. ix. p. 891. _et seq._, though I believe he +subsequently much modified it. Our own writers who had to remark upon +the subject, Sharon Turner, and Wheaton, in his _History of the +Northmen_, may be excused from concurring in an opinion in which they +had only a verbal interest. Professor Ingram, in his translation of +_Othere's Voyage_ (Oxford, 1807, 4to. p. 96. note), gives the following +rather singular deduction for the appellation: Quenland was the land of +the Amazons; the Amazons were fair and white-faced, therefore _Cwen-Sae_ +the White Sea, as Forster had deduced it: and so, having satisfied +himself with this kind of Sorites, follows pretty closely in Forster's +wake. But that continental writers, who took up the investigation +avowedly as indispensable to the earliest history of their native +countries, should have given their concurrence and approval so easily, I +must confess, astonishes me. + +Dahlman, whilst Professor of History at Kiel, felt himself called upon +by his situation to edit and explain this work to his countrymen more +detailedly than previously, and at vol. ii. p. 405. of the work cited by +Mr. Singer gives all Alfred's original notices. I shall at present only +mention his interpretation of _Quen Sae_, which he translates +_Weltmeer_; making it equivalent to the previous _Garseeg_ or _Oceanus_. +He mentions the reasonings of Rask and Porthan, of Abo, the two +exceptions to the general opinion (which I shall subsequently notice), +without following, on this point, what they had previously so much more +clearly explained. The best account of what had previously been done on +the subject is contained in Beckmann's _Litteratur der alten Raisen_ (s. +450.); and incidental notices of such passages as fall within the scope +of their works, are found in Schlözer's _Allgemeine nordische +Geschichte_, Thummann's _Untersuchungen_, Walch's _Allgemeine +Bibliothek_, Schöning's _Gamle nordishe Geographie_, Nyerup's +_Historisk-statistik Skildering i aeldre og nyere Tider_, in Sprengel's +_Geschichte_, and by Wörbs, in Kruse's _Deutsche Alterthümer_. Professor +Ludw. Giesebrecht published in 1843, at Berlin, a most excellent +_Wendische Geschichte_, in 3 vols. 8vo., but his inquiries concerning +this Periplus (vol. iii. p 290) are the weakest part of his work, having +mostly followed blindly the opinions to which the great fame and +political importance of Dahlman had given full credence and authority. +He was not aware of the importance of Alfred's notices for the countries +he describes, and particularly for the elucidation of the vexed question +of Adam of Bremen's _Julin_ and Helmold's _Veneta_, by an investigation +of Othere's _Schiringsheal_, and which I endeavoured to point out in a +pamphlet I published in the German language, and a copy of which I had +the pleasure of presenting, amongst others, to Professor Dahlman himself +at the Germanisten Versammlung at Lübeck in 1847. To return, however, to +the _Cwena land_ and _sae_, it is evident that the commentators, who are +principally induced by their bearings to Sweon land to look upon the +latter as the White Sea, have overlooked the circumstance that the same +name is found earlier as an arm of the Wendel or Mediterranean Sea; and +it is evident that one denomination cannot be taken in a double meaning; +and therefore, when we find Alfred following the boundaries of Europe +from Greece, "Crecalande ut on þone Wendelsae Þnord on þone Garsaege pe +man Cwen sae haet", it is certain that we have here an arm of the Wendel +Sea (here mistaken for the ocean) that runs from Greece to the north, +and it cannot also afterwards be the White Sea. It will be necessary to +bring this, in conformity with the subsequent mention of _Cwen-Sae_, +more to the northward, which, as I have just said, has been hitherto +principally attended to. + +In Welsh topography no designation scarcely recurs oftener than _Gwent_ +(or, according to Welsh pronunciation, and as it may be written, +_Cwent_) in various modifications, as Gwyndyd, Gwenedd, Gynneth, Gwynne, +&c. &c.; and on the authority of Gardnor's _History of Monmouthshire_ +(Appendix 14.), under which I willingly cloak my ignorance of the Welsh +language, I learn that _Gwent_ or _Went_ is "spelt with or without a +_G_, according to the word that precedes it, according to certain rules +of grammar in the ancient British language, and that _Venedotia_ for +North Wales is from the same root." The author might certainly have +said, "the same word Latinized." But exactly the same affinity or +identity of names is found in a locality that suits the place we are in +search of: in an arm of the Mediterranean stretching from Greece +northwards; viz. in the Adriatic, which had for its earliest name _Sirus +Venedicus_, translated in modern Italian into _Golfo di Venezia_. + +Of the multitudes of authorities for this assumption I need only mention +Strabo, who calls the first settlers on its northern end (whence the +whole gulph was denominated) [Greek: Everoi]; or Livy, who merely +Latinizes the term as _Heneti_, lib. i. cap. i., "Antenorem cum +multitudine Henetum." With the fable of Antenor and his Trojan colony we +have at present no further relation. The name alone, and its +universality at this locality, is all that we require. I shall now show +that we can follow these Veneti (which, that it is a generic name of +situation, I must now omit to prove, from the compression {179} +necessary for your miscellany) without a break, in an uninterrupted +chain, to the north, and to a position that suits Alfred's other +locality much more fitting, than the White Sea. The province of +_Vindelicia_ would carry us to the Boden See (Lake of Constance), which +Pomponius Mela, lib. iii. cap. i. ad finem, calls _Lacus Venedicus_. +This omitting the modern evidences of this name and province in +Windisch-Grätz, Windisch-Feistriz, &c. &c., brings us sufficiently in +contact with the Slavonic and Wendic people of Bohemia to track the line +through them to the two Lausitz, where we are in immediate proximity to +the Spree Wald. There the Wends (pronounce _Vends_) still maintain a +distinct and almost independent community, with peculiar manners, and, +it is believed, like the gypsies, an elected or hereditary king; and +where, and round Lüchow, in Hanover, the few remnants of this once +potent nation are awaiting their final and gradual absorption into the +surrounding German nations. Whenever, in the north of Germany, a +traveller meets with a place or district ending in _wits_, _itz_, +_pitz_, &c., wherever situate, or whatever language the inhabitants +speak, he may put it down as originally Wendish; and the multitude of +such terminations will show him how extensively this people was spread +over those countries. Itzenplitz, the name of a family once of great +consequence in the Mark of Brandenburg is ultra-Wendish. It will, +therefore, excite no wonder that we find, even in Tacitus, Veneti along +their coasts and Ptolemy, who wrote about a century and a half later +than Strabo or Livy, seems to have improved the terminology of the +ancients in the interval; for, speaking of the Sarmatian tribes, he +calls these Veneti [Greek: Ouenedai par holon ton Ouenedikon kolpon]. +Here we find the truest guide for the pronunciation, or, rather, for the +undigammaising of the Latin _V_ and the Welsh _W_, as _Ouenetoi_, which +is proved in many distant and varying localities. St. Ouen, the Welsh +Owen and Evan, and the patron saint of Rouen, no doubt had his name (if +he ever existed at all) coined from the French Veneti of Armorica, +amongst which he lived; and when foreigners wish to render the English +name _Edward_ as spoken, they write _Edouard_ and Robert the Wizzard, +the Norman conqueror of Sicily and Apulia, has his name transformed, to +suit Italian ears, into _Guiscard_, and as William into _Gulielmi_. +Thus, therefore, the whole coast of Prussia, from Pomerania, as far, +perhaps, as known, and certainly all the present Prussia Proper, was the +_Sinus Venedicus_, Ptolemy's [Greek: kolpon]; and this was also Alfred's +Cwen-Sae, for the north. I admit that when Alfred follows Orosius, he +uses _Adriatic_ for the _Golfo de Venezia_, but when he gives us his +independent researches, he uses an indigenous name. Professor Porthan, +of Abo in Finland, published a Swedish translation, with notes, of the +_Voyages of Othere and Wulfstan_ in the _Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och +Antiquitet Academiens Handlingar, sjette Delen_. Stockholm, 1800, p. +37-106., in which he expressly couples Finland with Cwenland; and, in +fact, considering the identity of _Cwen_ and _Ven_, and the +convertibility of the _F_ and _V_ in all languages, _Ven_ and _Fen_ and +_Cwen_ will all be identical: but I believe he might have taken a hint +from Bussæus, who, in addition to his note at p. 13., gives at p. 22. an +extract from the _Olaf Tryvassons Saga_, where "Finnland edr Quenland" +(Finland or Quenland) are found conjoined as synonyms. Professor Rask, +who gives the original text, and a Danish translation in the +_Transactions of the Shandinavish Litteratur Selkskab_ for 1815, as +"Otter og Wulfstans Korte Reideberetninger," &c., though laudatory in +the extreme of Porthan, and differing from him on some minor points, yet +fully agrees in finding the Cwen-Sea within the Baltic: and he seems to +divide this inland sea into two parts by a line drawn north and south +through Bornholm, of which the eastern part is called the Cwen or +Serminde, or Samatian Sea. + +Be that as it may, the above is one of a series of deductions by which I +am prepared to prove, that as the land geography of Germany by Alfred is +restricted to the valleys of the Weichsel (Wisle), the Oder, the Elbe, +and the Weser, so the sea voyages are confined to the debouchures of +such of these rivers as flow into the Baltic. This would give a combined +action of purpose to both well suited to the genius of the monarch and +the necessities of an infant trade, requiring to be made acquainted with +coasts and countries accessible to their rude navigation and limited +commercial enterprise. So prudent a monarch would never have thought of +noting down, for the instruction and guidance of his subjects and +posterity, the account of a voyage which even now, after an interval of +ten centuries of continued nautical improvements, and since the +discovery of the compass, is not unattended with danger, nor +accomplished in less than a year's time wasted. + +WILLIAM BELL, Phil. Dr. + +British Archeological Association. + + * * * * * + +REMARKABLE PROPOSITION CONCERNING IRELAND. + +The following passage, which contains a curious proposition relating to +Ireland, will probably be new and interesting to many readers of "NOTES +AND QUERIES," since the book from which I extract it is a scarce one, +and not often read. Among the many various schemes that have of late +been propounded for the improvement of our sister country, this is +perhaps not the least remarkable, and shows that the _questio vexata_, +"What is to be done with Ireland?" is one of two centuries' standing. +James Harrington, in his _Oceana, the Introduction_, {180} (pp. 35, 36., +Toland's Edition, 1700), speaking of Ireland under the name of Panopea, +says,-- + + "Panopea, the soft Mother of a slothful and pusillanimous + people, is a neighbor Iland, antiently subjected by the Arms of + _Oceana_; since almost depopulated for shaking the Yoke, and at + length replanted with a new Race. But (through what virtues of + the Soil, or vice of the Air, soever it be), they com still to + degenerat. Wherfore seeing it is neither likely to yield men fit + for Arms, nor necessary it should; it had bin the Interest of + _Oceana_ so to have dispos'd of this Province, being both rich + in the nature of the Soil, and full of commodious Ports for + Trade, that it might have bin order'd for the best in relation + to her Purse, which, in my opinion (if it had been thought upon + in time), might have bin best don by planting it with _Jews_, + allowing them their own Rights and Laws; for that would have + brought then suddenly from all parts of the World, and in + sufficient numbers. And though the _Jews_ be now altogether for + merchandize, yet in the Land of _Canaan_ (except since their + exile, from whence they have not bin Landlords), they were + altogether for Agriculture, and there is no cause why a man + should doubt, but having a fruitful Country and excellent Ports + too, they would be good at both. _Panopea_ well peopled, would + be worth a matter of four millions of dry rents; that is besides + the advantage of the Agriculture and Trade, which, with a Nation + of that Industry, coms at least to as much more. Wherfore + _Panopea_ being farm'd out to the Jews and their Heirs for ever, + for the pay of a provincial Army to protect them during the term + of seven years, and for two millions annual Revenue from that + time forward, besides the customs which would pay the provincial + Army, would have bin a bargain of such advantage both to them + and this Commonwealth, as is not to be found otherwise by + either. To receive the _Jews_ after any other manner into a + Commonwealth, were to maim it; for they of all Nations never + incorporat, but taking up the room of a Limb, are no use or + office to the body, while they suck the nourishment which would + sustain a natural and useful member." + +HENRY KERSLEY + +Corpus Christi Hall, Maidstone. + + * * * * * + +NEWS. + +A FEW _OLD_ MATERIALS FOR ITS ELUCIDATION. + + "_Novaum_, vulgo _Nouvelle_. Ugutio: '_Rumor, murmur, quod vulgo + dicitur Novum._' Occurit non semel in Epistolis Marini Sanuti. + 'Novis de Obitu Papæ auditis,' in Regesta Universitatis Paris, + an. 1394, _Spicileg. Acher._, tom vi. p. 60." + +So far Ducange, who also refers to the following: + + "Supervenerunt nobis _Nova_ certa de morte, videlicet quorundam + Nobilium, nobis adhærentium, captorum per partem dieti Philippi + in Britannia, et de speciali Præcepto suo Parisiis ignominiosæ + morti traditorum; nec non de Strage, &c. &c."--_Charta an_. + 1346, apud Rymer, t. v. p. 497. + +The derivation of this word has been so strenuously and ably discussed +by the contending parties in your pages, that I have no intention of +interfering (non nostrum tantas componere lites) further than to furnish +a few materials bearing on the subject, which may not have come under +their notice. + +It seems uncertain whether _Newes_ was considered by our ancestors +_plural_ or _singular_. Resolute John Florio is sadly inconsistent in +his use of it: in his _World of Wordes_, ed. 1598, we have: + + "_Nova_, newe, fresh, a noueltie, a _newe report_. + + "_Novella_, a tale, a nouell, a noueltie, a discourse, _a newes_ + a message." + +In Queen Anna's _World of Wordes_, 1611: + + "_Nova_, a noueltie, _a new report_. + + "_Novella, a tiding, or newes_. + + "_Novellante_, a teller of _newes_ or _tidings_." + +Here we have _newes_ treated both as _singular_ and _plural_! while we +have _tiding_ as the singular of _tidings_, a form which, from long +disuse, would now appear strange to us. In the following extract from +Florio's very amusing book of Dialogues, _Second Frutes_, 1591, he makes +_newes_ decidedly plural:-- + + "_C_. What doo they say abroade? what _newes_ have you, Master + Tiberio? _T_. Nothing that I know; can you tell whether the post + be come? _C_. No, Sir; they saye in the Exchange that the great + Turke makes great preparation to warre with the Persian. _T_. + 'Tis but a deuice; _these be newes_ cast abroade to feede the + common sorte, I doo not beleeue them.... _C_. Yea, but _they_ + are written to verie worshipful merchants. _T_. By so much the + lesse doo I beleeue them; doo not you know that euerie yeare + _such newes are_ spreade abroade? _C_. I am almost of your + minde, for I seldome see these written reports prove true. _T_. + Prognostications, _newes_, deuices, and letters from forraine + countries (good Master Cæsar), are but used as confections to + feed the common people withal. _C_. A man must give no more + credite to Exchange and Powles' _newes_ than to fugitiues + promises and plaiers fables." + +In Thomas's _Principal Rules of the Italian Grammer, with a +Dictionarie_, printed by Thomas Powell in 1562, but written in 1548, we +have-- + + "_Novella_, a tale, a parable, or a _neweltee._ + + "_Novelluzza_, an _ynkelyng_. + + "_Novellare_, to tell tales or _newes_." + +In the title page of a rare little volume printed in 1616, we have the +adjective _new_ in apposition with the substantive _newes_, thus: + + "Sir Thomas Overburie his Wife, with new Elegies upon his (now + knowne) untimely death. Whereunto are annexed _New Newes_ and + Characters written by himselfe and other learned Gentlemen. + Editio septima. London: printed by Edward Griffin for Lawrence + Lisle, 1616, 12mo." + +The head of one section is-- {181} + + "_Newes_ from any-whence, or, _Old Truth_ under a supposal of + _Noueltie_." + +Chaucer uses for _the newe_ and of _the newe_ (sc. fashion) +elliptically. _Tiding_ or _Tidings_, from the A.-S. Tid-an, evidently +preceded _newes_ in the sense of inteligence, and may not _newes_ +therefore be an elliptic form of _new-tidinges_? Or, as our ancestors +had _newelté_ and _neweltés_, can it have been a contraction of the +latter? If we are to suppose with Mr. Hickson that _news_ was "adopted +bodily into the language," we must not go to the High-German, from which +our early language has derived scarcely anything, but to the +Neder-Duytsch, from the frequent and constant communication with the Low +Countries in the sixteenth century. The following passages from Kilian's +_Thesaurus_, printed by Plantin, at Antwerp, in 1573, are to the +purpose, and may serve to show how the word was formed:-- + + "_Nieuwtijdinge_, oft _wat nieuws_, Nouvelles, Nuntius vel + Nuntium." + + "_Seght ons wat nieuws_, Dicte nous quelquechose de nouveau, + Recita nobis aliquid novi." + + "_Nieuwsgierich, nygierich_, Convoiteux de nouveautez, Cupidus + novitatis." + +I trust these materials may be acceptable to your able correspondents, +and tend to the resolution of the question at issue. + +S.W. SINGER. + +Mickleham, August 6. 1850. + +"_News_," _Origin of the Word_ (Vol. i., pp. 270. 369. 487.; vol. ii., +pp. 23. 81. 106.).--Your correspondents who have written upon this +subject may now have seen the following note in Zimperley's +_Encyclopædia_, p. 472.:-- + + "The original orthography was _newes_, and in the singular. + Johnson has, however, decided that the word _newes_ is a + substantive without a singular, unless it be considered as + singular. The word _new_, according to Wachter, is of very + ancient use, and is common to many nations. The Britons, and the + Anglo-Saxons, had the word, though not the thing. It was first + printed by Caxton in the modern sense, in the _Siege of Rhodes_, + which was translated by John Kay, the Poet Laureate, and printed + by Caxton about the year 1490. In the _Assembly of Foulis_, + which was printed by William Copland in 1530, there is the + following exclamation:-- + + "'Newes! newes! newes! have ye ony newes?' + + "In the translation of the _Utopia_, by Raphe Robinson, citizien + and goldsmythe, which was imprinted by Abraham Nele in 1551, we + are told, 'As for monsters, because they be no _newes_, of them + we were nothynge inquysitive.' Such is the rise, and such the + progress of the word _news_, which, even in 1551, was still + printed _newes_!" + +W.J. + +Havre. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Charming for Warts_ (Vol. i., p. 19.; vol. ii. p. 150.).--In Lord +Bacon's _Sylva Sylvarum, or a Natural History in Ten Centuries_ (No. +997.), the great philosopher gives a minute account of the practice, +from personal experience, in the following words:-- + + "The taking away of warts, by rubbing them with somewhat that + afterwards is put to waste and consume, is a common experiment; + and I do apprehend it the rather, because of mine own + experience. I had from my childhood a wart upon one of my + fingers; afterwards, when I was about sixteen years old, being + then at Paris, there grew upon both my hands a number of warts + (at least an hundred), in a month's space; the English + Ambassador's lady, who was a woman far from superstition, told + me one day she would help me away with my warts; whereupon she + got a piece of lard with the skin on, and rubbed the warts all + over with the fat side, and amongst the rest, that wart which I + had from my childhood; then she nailed the piece of lard with + the fat towards the sun, upon a post of her chamber window, + which was to the south. The success was, that within five weeks' + space all the warts went quite away, and that wart which I had + so long endured for company; but at the rest I did little + marvel, because they came in a short time and might go away in a + short time again, but the going of that which had stayed so long + doth yet stick with me. They say the like is done by rubbing of + warts with a green elder stick, and then burying the stick to + rot in muck." + +J.M.B. + + * * * * * + +MINOR NOTES. + +_Capture of Henry the Sixth._--At Waddington in Mytton stands a pile of +building known as the "Old Hall," once antique, but now much indeed +despoiled of its beauty, where for some time the unfortunate king, Henry +the Sixth, was concealed after the fatal battle of Hexham, in +Northumberland. Quietly seated one day at dinner, "in company with Dr. +Manting, Dean of Windsor, Dr. Bedle, and one Ellarton," his enemies came +upon him by surprise, but he privately escaped by a back door, and fled +to Brungerley stepping-stones (still partially visible in a wooden +frame), where he was taken prisoner, "his legs tied together under the +horse's belly," and thus disgracefully conveyed to the Tower in London. +He was betrayed by one of the Talbots of Bashall Hall, who was then +high-sheriff for the West Riding. This ancient house or hall is still in +existence, but now entirely converted into a building for farming +purposes: "Sic transit gloria mundi." Near the village of Waddington, +there is still to be seen a meadow known by the name of "King Henry's +Meadow." + +In Baker's _Chronicle_, the capture of the king is described as having +taken place "in _Lincolnshire_," {182} but this is evidently incorrect; +it is Waddington, in Mytton, West Yorkshire. + +CLERICUS CRAVENSIS. + + +_The New Temple_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--As your correspondent is +interested in a question connected with the occupants of the New Temple +at the beginning of the fourteenth century, I venture to state, at the +hazard of its being of any use to him, that I have before me the +transcript of a deed, dated at Canterbury, the 16th of July, 1293, by +which two prebendaries of the church of York engage to pay to the Abbot +of Newenham, in the county of Devon, the sum of 200 marks sterling, at +the New Temple in London, in accordance with a bond entered into by them +before G. de Thornton and others, the king's justices. + +S.S.S. + + * * * * * + + +QUERIES. + +ESSAYES OF CERTAIN PARADOXES: POEM ON NOTHING. + +Who was the author of a thin 4to. volume with the above title, printed +for Tho. Thorpe, 1616? The contents are, "The Praise of K. Richard the +Third--The French Poetes--Nothing--That it is good to be in Debt." + +The late Mr. Yarnold has a MS. copy of the "Praise of K. Richard," to +which was prefixed the following dedication:-- + + "TO THE HONOURABLE SIR HENRY NEVILL, KNIGHTE." + + "I am bolde to adventure to your honors viewe this small portion + of my privatt labors, as an earnest peny of my love, beinge a + mere Paradoxe in prayse of a most blame-worthie and condemned + Prince, Kinge Richard the Third; who albeit I shold guilde with + farre better termes of eloquence then I have don, and freate + myself to deathe in pursuite of his commendations, yet his + disgrace beinge so publicke, and the worlde so opinionate of his + misdoings, as I shold not be able so farre to justifie him as + they to condemne him. Yet that they may see what may be saide, + and to shew how farre they haue mispraysed his vertues, this + following Treatise shall make manyfest. Your honour may peruse + and censure yt at your best leisure, and though yt be not trickt + up wth elegance of phrase, yet may it satisfye a right curious + judgmente, yf the reasons be considered as they ought. But, + howsoever, yf you please to accepte it, I shall thinke my labors + well bestowed; who, both in this and what ells may, devote + myself to your honour, and rest, + + "Your honours most affectionat servant, + + "HEN. W." + +The praise of Nothing is very well versified from the Latin of Passerat, +whose verses Dr. Johnson thought worthy of a place in his _Life of Lord +Rochester_. Besides Rochester's seventeen stanzas "Upon Nothing," there +appears to have been another copy of verses on this fertile subject; for +Flecknoe, in his _Epigrams of All Sorts_, 1671, has "Somewhat to Mr. +J.A. on his excellent poem of Nothing." Is _anything_ known of this +_Nothing_? + +S.W. SINGER. + +Mickleham, July 29. 1850. + + * * * * * + +MINOR QUERIES. + +_Papers of Perjury._--In Leicester's _Commonwealth_ occurs the following +passage:-- + + "The gentlemen were all taken and cast into prison, and + afterwards were sent down to Ludlow, there to wear _papers of + perjury_." + +Can any of your readers refer me to a _graphic_ account of the custom of +perjurers wearing papers denoting their crime, to which I suppose this +passage alludes? + +S.R. + + +_Church Rates._--CH. would be obliged to any of your readers who could +refer him to the volume of either the _Gentleman's_ or the _British +Magazine_ which contains some remarks on the article on Church Rates in +Knight's _Political Dictionary_, and on Cyric-sceat. + + +_St. Thomas of Lancaster's Accomplices._--In No. 15. I find an extract +from Rymer, by MR. MONCKTON MILNES, relative to some accomplices of St. +Thomas of Lancaster, supposed to have worked miracles.--Query, Was "The +Parson of Wigan" one of these accomplices, and what was his name? Was he +ever brought to trial for aiding the Earl, preaching sedition in the +parish church of Wigan, and offering absolution to all who would join +the standard of the barons? and what was the result of that trial--death +or pardon? + +CLERICUS CRAVENSIS. + + +_Prelates of France._--P.C.S.S. is desirous to know where he can meet +with an accurate list of the Archbishops and Bishops of France (or more +properly of their Sees) under the old _régime_. + + +_Lord Chancellor's Oath._--The gazette of the 16th July notified that +the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Wilde, in council, took the oath of Lord +Chancellor of Great Britain _and Ireland_ on the 15th inst.; and the +same gazette announced the direction of the Queen that letters patent be +passed granting the dignity of baron to the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Wilde, +Knt., Lord Chancellor of that part of the United Kingdom of Great +Britain and Ireland called _Great Britain_. + +Why, when he is only Chancellor of Great Britain, should he take the +oath of Chancellor of Great Britain _and Ireland_? + +J. + + +_Mediæval Nomenclature._--In what work is to be obtained the best +information explanatory of the nomenclature of the useful arts in +mediæval times? + +[Greek: delta]. {183} + +_Sir Christopher Sibthorp._--Can any of your readers furnish me with +information as to the ancestry of Sir Christopher Sibthorp, whose name +appears in the title-page of the following tract: _A friendly +Advertisement to the pretended Catholics of Ireland, by Christopher +Sibthorp, Knt., one of H.M. Justices of his Court of Chief Place in +Ireland_, 1622, Dublin and also as to the crest, arms, and motto borne +by him. + +DE BALDOC. + + +_Alarm_ (Vol. ii., p. 151.).--The derivation of _alarm_, and the French +_alarme_, from _à l'arme_, which your correspondent M. has reproduced, +has always struck me as unsatisfactory, and as of the class of +etymologies suspiciously ingenious. I do not venture to pronounce that +the derivation is wrong: I merely wish to ventilate a doubt through +"NOTES AND QUERIES," and invite some of your more learned readers to +lily to decide the question. + +Of the identity of the words _alarm_ and _alarum_ there is no doubt. The +verb _alarm_ is spelt _alarum_ in old writers, and I have seen it so +spelt in manuscripts of Charles II.'s reign, but unfortunately have not +taken a "Note." Dr. Johnson says _alarum_ is a corruption of _alarm_. +Corruption, however, usually shortens words. I cannot help having a +notion that _alarum_ is the original word; and, though I may probably be +showing great ignorance in doing so, I venture to propound the following +Queries:-- + +1. How far back can the word _alarum_ be traced in our language, and how +far back _alarm_? + +2. Can it be ascertained whether the French took _alarme_ from our +_alarm_, or we _alarm_ from them? + +3. Can any explanation be given of _alarum_, supposing it to be the +original word? Is it a word imitative of sound? + +_A l'arme_, instead of _aux armes_, adds to the suspiciousness of this +derivation. + +CH. + + * * * * * + + +REPLIES. + +SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF "DELIGHTED." + +Although Dr. Kennedy does not think I have discovered the source from +whence Shakspeare's word _delighted_ is derived, I am gratified to find +that he concurs with me in drawing a distinction between this and the +more common word. His failure to convince me is a source almost of +regret, so happy do I regard the derivation he proposes in the last +passage cited. But in the passage from _Measure for Measure_, it does +not appear to me to express the sense which I deduce from the context; +and as I look upon the word in question as the same in each of the three +passages, I feel more inclined to adhere to my view, that it is a word +of English manufacture, according to the analogy referred to. I express +my opinion with hesitation and there can be no doubt the question is +deserving of full and attentive consideration. + +Strengthened, however, in my main purpose, which was to show that +Shakspeare did not use _delighted_ in the ordinary sense of _highly +gratified_, I am better prepared to meet MR. HALLIWELL. This gentleman +does me no more than justice in the remark, not expressed, though, I +hope, implied, that I would not knowingly make use of an offensive +expression towards him or any living man; and I appreciate the courtesy +with which he has sweetened the uncomplimentary things he has felt +constrained to say of me. I trust it will be found that I can repay his +courtesy and imitate his forbearance. As a preliminary remark, however, +I must say that MR. HALLIWELL, in his haste, has confounded the "cool +impertinence" for which I censured one editor, with the "cool +correction" which was made by another; and, moreover, has referred the +remark to _Measure for Measure_, which I applied to the notes to the +passage in _Othello_. As I have not yet learned to regard the term +"delightful" as an _active participle_, it is evident that, however +"cool" I may consider the correction, I have not called it an +"impertinence." But he has no mind that I should escape so easily; and +therefore, like a true knight-errant, he adopts the cause without +hesitation, as though to be first satisfied of its goodness would be +quite inconsistent in its champion. + +When I am charged with an "entire want of acquaintance with the +grammatical system" employed by Shakspeare, I might take exception to +the omission of the words "as understood by Mr. Halliwell," this +gentleman assuming the very point in question between us. I believe he +has paid particular attention to this subject; but he must not conclude +that all who presume to differ from him "judge Shakspeare's grammar by +Cobbett or Murray." And if I were disposed to indulge in as sweeping an +expression, I should say that the remark excites a suspicion of the +writer's want of acquaintance with the spirit of Shakspeare's works. I +do not think so, though I think MR. HALLIWELL has formed his opinion +hastily; and I think, moreover, that before I have ended, I shall +convince him that it would not have been amiss had he exercised a little +more reflection ere he began. In the passage in _Othello_, I object to +the substitution of _delighting_ or _delightful_ for _delighted_, as +_weak_ epithets, and such as I do not believe that Shakespeare would +have used. It was not as a schoolmaster or grammarian, but in reference +to the peculiar fitness and force of his expressions, and his perfect +acquaintance with the powers of the English language, and his _mastery_ +over it, that I called Shakespeare its greatest master. + +But to return to the first passage I cited--that from _Measure for +Measure_,--MR. HALLIWELL will be surprised to find that in the _only_ +remark I made {184} upon it as it stands he actually agrees with me. I +said that the passage "in our sense of the term" is unintelligible. I +still say so; and he who attempts to mend it, or modernise the form, +says so too. The question next arises, Does he not mean _no system_, +when he says _system_? Otherwise, why does he say that Shakspeare uses +the passive for the active participle, when he explains the word not by +the active participle, but by an adjective of totally different meaning? +Is it not more likely that MR. HALLIWELL may have misunderstood +Shakspeare's system, than that the latter should have used intelligible +words, and precise forms of words, so at random? And, moreover, does not +the critic confound two meanings of the word _delightful_; the one +obsolete, _full of delight_, the other the common one, _giving delight_, +or _gratifying_? + +Now by a violent figure which Shakspeare sometimes uses, _delighted may_ +mean _delightful_ in the _former_ sense; perhaps, rather, _filled with +delight_. The word then would be formed directly from the noun, and must +not be regarded as a participle at all, but rather an ellipsis, from +which the verb (which may be represented by _give_, _fill_, _endow_, +&c.) is omitted. Take, as an instance, this passage in _Measure for +Measure_:-- + + "_Clau._ Death is a fearful thing! + + "_Isa._ And _shamed_ life a hateful." + +The meaning here is not _life ashamed_, but _life covered with shame_. +In this sense MR. HALLIWELL, apparently without knowing why, has adopted +the term _delightful_; but then the two succeeding words of his +explanation, "sweet, pleasant", he would appear to have taken at random +from a dictionary, forgetting that he was not using the word in its +ordinary sense; for it is not possible that he can suppose Shakspeare to +have used the word in the sense of the active participle. Now, though I +do not think this at all the expression that Shakspeare would use, it is +undoubtedly allowable as a general characteristic; but the word actually +used would appear to imply the result of a particular action, which +would have been productive of anything but delight. In short, as we are +agreed that the word _delighted_ in the passage in question in its +present sense is unintelligible, so also are we, I think, agreed that +the substitute, if any, must be used in a passive sense. + +Now, with regard to the first instance furnished by MR. HALLIWELL of the +use of the passive for the active participle, if I were sure that the +delinquent were well out of hearing, and not likely "to rise again and +push us from our stools," I should be disposed to repeat the charge of +impertinence against the editor who altered "professed" to "professing". +The word _professed_ is one of common use, and in the present instance +perfectly intelligible. "To your bosom, _professed_ to entertain so much +love and care for our father, I commit him," seems to express the sense +of the passage: a doubt is implied by the expression, but there is a +directness of insult in the term _professing_ quite inconsistent with +the character of Cordelia. + +"Becomed love" is love suited or fitted to the occasion. The use of the +passive participle is every way more appropriate than that of the +active, though the latter is more common now. + +In the next instance, I have to observe that there is no such verb as +_to guile_. _Guile_ is a noun; and "guiled shore" is _guile-covered_, or +_charactered shore_. According to this rule, the modern word _talented_, +that is, _talent-endowed_, has been formed, it not having been +considered that licences are allowed in poetry that are unsuited to +ordinary language. + +The passage next referred to is conditional, and I regard the use of the +passive participle here, too, as correct. + +I have thus reduced MR. HALLIWELL'S list to that number which usually +forms the exception rather than the rule; and if accident, misprint, +error in copying, or other special circumstance be not held sufficient +to account for the single remaining instance, I have then only to say +that I prefer _deformed_ to _deforming_, as an epithet applied +disparagingly to Time's hand as more in accordance with Shakspeare's +practice, who was not in the habit of repeating the same idea, which, in +the latter case, would occur again in the word "defeatures" in the +following line. + +MR. HALLIWELL may, doubtless find other instances, perhaps more +felicitous than these; at present, all I can say is that he has failed +to show that the use of the passive for the active participle was common +with Shakspeare. As to other variations between the grammatical usage of +Shakspeare's day and that of our own, I call assure him that I am not +quite so ignorant of the fact as he imagines. + +SAMUEL HICKSON + +August 1. 1850. + + * * * * * + +ENGLISH COMEDIANS IN GERMANY. + +I am glad to be enabled to reply to MR. BOLTON CORNEY'S Query (Vol. i., +p. 439.) respecting a German book of plays. + +The learned illustrator of the _Curiosities of Literature_ would find +the information he desires in the _Vorrath zur Geschichte der deutschen +dramatischen Dichtkunst_ of the formerly celebrated J. Christoph +Gottsched (Leipzig, 1767-69, 2 vols. 8vo.). But as this book, now +somewhat neglected, would perhaps be difficult to be found even in the +British Museum, I will transcribe the contents of the _Schau-Bühne +englischer und franzõsischer Comõdianten auff welcher werden vorgestellt +die schõnsten und neuesten Comõdien, so vor wenig Jahren in Frankreich, +Teutschland und andern Orten ... seynd agirt und präsentirt +worden_.--_Frankfurt_, {185} 1670, 3 vols. 8vo. + +Vol. I.-- + +1. Amor der Arzt. +2. Die Comödia ohne Comödia. +3. Die köstliche Lächerlichkeit. +4. Der Hahnrey in der Einbildung. +5. Die Hahnreyinn nach der Einbildung. +6. Die Eyfreude mit ihr Selbst. +7. Antiochus, ein Tragicomödia. +8. Die buhlhaffte Mutter. +9. Damons Triumph-Spiel. + +Vol. II.-- + +10. Von Sidonia und Theugene. +11. Der Verliebtell Kllnstgriffe. +12. Lustiges Pickelharings-Spiel, darum er mit +einem Stein gar artige Possen macht. +13. Von Fortunato seinem Wünschhütlein und +Seckel. +14. Der unbesonnene Liebhaber. +15. Die grossmüthige Thaliklea. + +Vol. III.-- + +16. Vom Könige Ahasvero und Esther und dem +hoffartigen Hamon. +17. Vom verlohrnen Sohn, in welchem die Verzweifflung +und Hoffnung gar artig introducirt werden. +18. Von Königs Mantalors unrechtmässiger Liebe +und derselben Straffe. +19. Der Geitzige. +20. Von der Aminta und Sylvia. +21. Macht den kleinen Knaben Cupidinis. +22. George Damlin, oder der verwirrte Ehmann. + +Some years before, another similar collection had been published. The +first vol. printed in 1620, and reprinted in 1624, has this title: + + "Englische Comedien und Tragedien, d. i. Sehr schöne, herrliche + und ausserlosene, geist- und weltliche Comedi- und Tragedi-Spiel + (sic), sampt dem Pickelhering, welche wegen ihrer artigen + Inventionen kurtzweiligen auch theils wahrhafftigen Geschichte + halbet, _von den Engelländern in Deutschland_ (I beg to notice + these words) an Königlichen, Chur- und Furstlichen Höfen, auch + in vornehmen Reichs- See- und Handel Städten seynd agirt und + gehalten worden, und zuvor nie im Druck aussgangen." + +The volume contains 10 plays. The 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10, are the 16, 17, +13, 10, and 12, of the collection of 1670. The other five are the +following: + +4. Eine schöne lustige Comödia von Jemand und Niemand. +7. Tragödia von Julio und Hippolyto. +8. Eine sehr klägliche Tragödia von Tito Andromico +und hoffertigen Kayserinn, darinnen denkwürdigen +Actiones zu befinden. +9. Ein lustig Pickelherings-Spiel von der schönen +Mario und alten Hanrey. + +The second volume was published in 1630, under the title _Lieberkampff, +oder ander Theil der Englischen Comödien_: it contains 8 plays. The 1st +is the 21st of the collection of 1670, with this addition: + + Die Personen der Lustspiels sind: 1. Venus, _die stumme Person_; + 2. Cupido; 3. Jucunda, _Jungfraw_; 4. Floretus, _Liebhaber_; 5. + Balendus, _Betrieger_; 6. Corcillana, _Kuplerin_; 7. Hans Worst. + +The 2d is the 20th of the same collection, "mit 9 Personen, worunter die +lustige Person Schräm heisst." + + 3. Comoedia von Prob getrewer Lieb, mit 11 Personen, worunter + auch eine allegorische, der Traum ist. + +The 4th is the 18th, "mit 9 Personen, worunter die lustige Schampilasche +_Lean Potage_ heisst." + +The four remaining are operas, without particular titles. + +Ebert (_Bibliogr. Lexicon_, N. 5064.), speaking of these collections, +says, "the plays they are composed of are not translations from the +English," but, "as it appears," German original works. + +I am at a loss to understand how that bibliographer, generally so exact, +did not recognise at least five comedies of Molière. MR. BOLTON CORNEY +will, I wish and hope, point out the originals--English, Italian, and, I +suppose, Spanish--of some others. + +If you think proper to make use of the above, I entreat you, for the +sake of your readers, to correct my bad English, and to consider my +communication only as a token of the gratification I have found in your +amusing and useful "NOTES AND QUERIES." + +D.L. + +Ancien Membre de la Société des Bibliophiles. + +Béthune, July 31. 1850. + +P.S.--The Query (Vol. i., p. 185.) concerning the name of the Alost, +Louvain, and Antwerp printer, _Martens_ or _Mertens_, is settled in the +note, p. 68., of _Recherches sur la Vie et les Editions de Thierry +Martens (Martinus, Martens)_, par J. De Gand, 8vo. Alost, 1845. I am +ready to send a copy of the note if it is required. + +[We have also received a reply to MR. CORNEY'S Query from MR. ASHER of +Berlin, who refers for particulars of this interesting collection to +Tieck's Preface to his _Alt-Deutsche Theater_. We propose shortly +returning to the curious fact of English comedians performing in Germany +at the close of the sixteenth and commencement of the seventeenth +centuries: a subject which has several times been discussed and +illustrated in the columns of our valuable contemporary _The Athenæum_.] + + * * * * * + +ACHILLES AND THE TORTOISE. +(Vol. ii., p. 154.) + +This paradox, whilst one of the oldest on record (being attributed by +Aristotle to Zeus Eleates, B.C. 500), is one of the most perplexing, +upon first presentation to the mind, that can be selected {186} from the +most ample list. Its professed object was to disprove the phenomenon of +motion; but its real one, to embarrass an opponent. It has always +attracted the attention of logicians; and even to them it has often +proved embarrassing enough. The difficulty does not lie in proving that +the conclusion is absurd, but in _showing where the fallacy lies_. From +not knowing the precise kind of information required by [Greek: +Idiotaes], I am unwilling to trespass on your valuable space by any +irrelevant discussion, and confine myself to copying a very judicious +note from Dr. Whateley's _Logic_, 9th edit. p. 373. + + "This is one of the sophistical puzzles noticed by Aldrich, but + he is not happy in his attempt at a solution. He proposes to + remove the difficulty by demonstrating that in a certain given + time, Achilles _would_ overtake the tortoise; as if any one had + ever doubted _that_. The very problem proposed, is to surmount + the difficulty of a seeming demonstration of a thing palpably + impossible; to show that _it is_ palpably impossible, is no + solution of the problem. + + "I have heard the present example adduced as a proof that the + pretensions of logic are futile, since (it was said) the most + perfect logical demonstration may lead from true premises to an + absurd conclusion. The reverse is the truth; the example before + us furnishes a confirmation of the utility of an acquaintance + with the syllogistic form, _in which form the pretended + demonstration in question cannot be exhibited_. An attempt to do + so will evince the utter want of connection between the premises + and the conclusion." + +What the Archbishop says is true, and it disposes of the question as one +of "Formal Logic:" but yet the form of the sophism is so plausible, that +it imposes with equal force on the "common sense" of all those who +repose their conclusions upon the operations of that faculty. With them +a different procedure is necessary; and I suspect that if any one of the +most obstinate advocates of the sufficiency of common sense for the +"balancing of evidence" were to attempt the explanation of a hundred +fallacies that could be presented to him, he would be compelled to admit +that a more powerful and a more accurate machine would be of advantage +to him in accomplishing his task. This machine the syllogism supplies. + +The discussion of Gregory St. Vincent will be found at pages 101-3. of +his _Opus Geometricum_, Antw., 1647 fol. The principle is the same as +that which Aldrich afterwards gave, as above referred to by Dr. +Whateley. I can only speak from memory of the discussion of Leibnitz, +not having his works at hand; but I am clear in this, that his principle +again is the same. [Greek: Idiotaes] is in error, however, in calling +St. Vincent's "a geometrical treatment" of it. He indeed uses lines to +represent the spaces passed over; and their discussion occurs in a +chapter on what is universally (but very absurdly) called "geometrical +proportion." It is yet no more _geometrical_ than our school-day problem +of the basket and the hundred eggs in Francis Walkinghame. Mere names do +not bestow character, however much _philosophers as well as legislators_ +may think so. All attempts of the kind have been, and must be, purely +numerical. + +T.S.D. + +Shooter's Hill, August 3. + + +_Achilles and the Tortoise._--Your correspondent will find references +in the article "Zeno (of Elea)" in the _Penny Cyclopædia_. For Gregory +St. Vincent's treatment of the problem, see his _Quadratara Circuli_, +Antwerp, 1647, folio, p. 101., or let it alone. I suspect that the +second is the better reference. Zeno's paradox is best stated, without +either Achilles or tortoise, as follows:--No one can go a mile; for he +must go over the first half, then over half the remaining half, then +over half the remaining quarter; and so on _for ever_. Many books of +logic, and many of algebra, give the answer to those who cannot find it. + +M. + + * * * * * + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES + +"_Barum_" and "_Sarum_" (Vol. ii., p. 21.)--The formation of the first +of these words has not yet been accounted for. I must premise my attempt +to supply an explanation by admitting that I was not aware it was in +common use as a contraction for Barnstaple. I think it will be found +that the contracted form of that name is more usually "Berdest," +"Barnst". In trying further to contract the word, the two last letters +would be omitted, and it would then be "Barñ", with the circumflex +showing the omission of several letters. Having reduced it to this +state, an illiterate clerk would easily misread the circumflex for the +plain stroke "-," expressing merely the omission of the letter "m", and, +perhaps ignorant of the name intended, think it as well to write at full +length "Barum." + +J. Br. + + +_Countess of Desmond_ (Vol. ii., p. 153.)--It is stated in Turner's +_Sacred History_, vol. iii. p. 283., that the Countess of Desmond died +in 1612, aged 145. This is, I presume, the correct date of her decease, +and not 1626 as mentioned by your querist K.; for in Lord Bacon's +_History of Life and Death_, originally published in 1623, her death is +thus alluded to:-- + + "The Irish, especially the Wild Irish, even at this day, live + very long. Certainly they report that within these few years the + Countess of Desmond lived to a hundred and forty years of age, + and bred teeth three times." + +The manner of her death is recorded by Mr. Crofton Croker, in his +agreeable volume of _Researches in the South of Ireland_, 4to. London, +1824. {187} Speaking of Drumana, on the Blackwater, a little above +Youghall, as the "reputed birth-place of the long-lived Countess of +Desmond," he says,-- + + "In this part of the country, her death is attributed to a fall + whilst in the act of picking an apple from a tree in an orchard + at Drumana." + +In the _Olla Podrida_, a volume of miscellanies, printed for private +distribution, by Mr. Sainthill of Cork, there is a portrait of the "old +countess," from an etching made by Mr. Crofton Croker (if I mistake not) +in his early days. + +J.M.B. + + +_Michael Servetus, alias Reves._--The manuscript, the character and fate +of which S.H. (Vol. ii., p. 153.) is anxious to investigate, contained +books iii.-vii., inclusive, of the work of Servetus _De Trinitate_; and +as these fragments differed somewhat from the printed text, they were +probably the first, or an early, draft (not necessarily in the author's +handwriting) of part of the _Christianismi Restitutio_. The purchaser of +this MS., at the sale of Du Fay's library in Paris in the year 1725, was +the Count de Hoym, ambassador to France from Poland. I beg to refer your +correspondent to pp. 214-18. of the _Historia Michaelis Serveti_, by +Henr. ab Allwoerden, published with Mosheim's approbation, Helmstad +1728. + +Both a "Note" and a "Query" might be founded on a memorable passage in +the fifth book _De Trinitate_, in which Servetus, long before Harvey, +explains the circulation of the blood. + +R.G. + + +_Caxton's Printing-office_ (Vol. ii., pp. 99. 122. 142.).--It is a pity +MR. NICHOLS did not take the trouble to see, and, having seen, to notice +in his first communication, that Abbot Islip was mentioned in the +passage from Stow's _Survey_ cited by MR. RIMBAULT. As that gentleman +quotes from, I believe, the second edition of the _Survey_, I may be +allowed to doubt, until it is clearly shown, that "Islip's name has been +introduced by the error of some subsequent writer." But supposing this +to be so, it would in no way affect the only question which is material, +Who was Caxton's patron? nor touch the accuracy of the _Life of Caxton_, +which MR. NICHOLS seems desirous of impeaching. I am anxious to point +this out, because I feel it right to vindicate to the utmost, where they +deserve it, useful works, which, like the little volume I am writing of, +are published at a price that ensures for them a circulation of almost +unlimited extent. + +ARUN. + + +_Somagia_ (Vol. ii., p. 120.).--This is the plural of "somagium," +"summagium," and means "horse-loads." It is a word frequently found in +documents relating to agrarian matters, and may signify the load packed +upon the horse's back (whence the name "sumpter-horse"), or in a cart +drawn by a horse. MR. SANSOM will find a full explanation of the +derivatives of its root, "sagma," at p. 50., vol. vii., of Ducange. + +J.BT. + + +_Various Modes of Interment among the Ancients_ (Vol ii., pp. 8, 9. 22. +41. 78.).--In modes of interment some nations have been distinguished by +an idiosyncrasy almost incredible from their inhumanity. + + "Barcæi, populi inter Colchos et Iberos morbo absumptos igni + comburebant, sed qui in bello fortiter occubuissent, honoris + gratia vulturibus devorandos objiciebant."--.AElian. _Hist. + Anim._ lib. x. "In Hyrcania (refert Cicero in _Tusc. Quæst._ + lib. i. 45.) ali canes solitos fuisse, a quibus delaniarentur + mortui, eamque optimam Hyrcanos censuisse + sepulturam."--Kirchmannus _de Funer. Romanorum._ + +The appendix to this work may be consulted for this, and yet greater +violations of the law of nature and nations. + + "Apud saniores barbaros ab animalibus discerpi cadavera foedum + semper ac miserabile creditum fuit. Foetus abortivi feris + alitibutsque exponebantur in montibus aut locis aliis + inaccessis, quin et ipsi infantes, &c. Fuit hæc Asinina + sepultura _poena_ Tyrannorum ac perduellium. (Spondan. _de + Coemet. S._ pp. 367. 387. et seqq.) Quam et victorum insolentia + odiumque vulgi implacabile in hostes non raro + exercuit."--Ursinus _Arbor. Biblicum._ + +Hyde accounts for the Persians who embraced the religion of the Magi not +having adopted the two contrivances of corporal dissolution prevalent +among civilised nations--cremation or burning, and simple inhumation--by +the superstitious reverence with which they regarded the four elements. +Sir T. Browne remarks that similar superstitions may have had the same +effect among other nations. + +Of the post-mortem _punishments_ described by Ducange, the former was +the customary sepulture of the Trogloditæ; the latter corresponds with +the rite of some of the Scythians recorded by Statius: + + "At gente in Scythica suffixa cadavera truncis, + Lenta dies sepelit putri liquentia tabo." + +I shall be obliged if you or a correspondent disposed "not only to teach +but to communicate," will kindly throw light on a passage, relating to +the Troloditæ, in Strabo, book xvi., where he relates, "Capræ cornu +mortuis saxorum cumulo coopertis fuisse superimpositum." + +T.J. + + +_Guy's Porridge-pot_ (Vol. ii., p. 55.).--Your correspondent is quite +correct, when he says "neither the armour nor pot belonged to the noble +Guy." He would have been a _guy_ if he _had_ worn the armour, seeing +that it was made for a horse, and not for a man. + +What the stout old lady who showed us the "relics of old Guy" in 1847 +called "Guy's breastplate," and sometimes his helmet! is the "croupe" of +a suit of horse armour, and "another breastplate" a "poitrel." His +porridge-pot is a garrison {188} crock of the sixteenth century, used to +prepare "sunkits" for the retainers; and the fork a military fork temp. +Hen. VIII. + +The so called "Roman swords" are "anelaces," and a couteau de chasse of +the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. + +The "British weapon" is a hammer at arms temp. Hen. VIII., and "the +halbert" a black bill temp. Hen. VII. The only weapons correctly +described are the Spanish rapiers. + +The shield with the "sight" is very curious; it weighs thirty pounds, +and is of the temp. of Henry VIII. + +It is impossible to describe the horror of the old lady at our doubting +her version; she seemed to wonder the earth did not open and swallow us +for our heresy. + +NASO. + + + "_Welcome the coming, speed the parting Guest_" + (Vol. ii., p. 134.).-- + + "Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest," + +is from Pope (_Imitations of Horace_, book ii. sat. ii.). + +Pope's distich, whence the line is taken, runs,-- + + "For I, who hold sage Homer's rule the best, + Welcome the coming, speed the _going_ guest." + +Query. Where is "sage Homer's rule" to be found? + +RUSTICUS. + +[The following additional reply furnishes a solution of the Query of +RUSTICUS:-- + + "True friendship's laws are by this rule express'd, + Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest." + +These lines are from Pope's _Homer_, the Odyssey, Book xv., lines 83 and +84. + +E.H.] + + +"_A Chrysostom to smoothe his Band in_" (Vol. ii., p. 126.).--This Query +by Rev. ALFRED GATTY is answered by referring him to the _Happy Life of +a Country Parson_, by Swift, beginning with-- + + "Parson, these things in thy possessing, + Are worthy of a bishop's blessing." + +And enumerating amongst them + + "A large Concordance bound long since, + Sermons to Charles the First when prince, + A chronicle of ancient standing, + A chrysostom to smoothe thy band in; + The polyglott--three parts--my text, + Howbeit--likewise--to my next." + +T.H.Q. + +[C.I.R. (to whom we are indebted for a similar reference) adds the +concluding line-- + + "And shake his head at Doctor Swift." + +which would show that the verses were written not earlier than 1701, as +Swift, the author, took his D.D. degree in that year.] + + +_William of Wykeham_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).-- + + "Historica descriptio compleetens vitam ac res gestas beatissimi + viri Guilmi Wicanii quondam Vintoniensis episcopi et Angliæ + Cancellarii et fundatoris duorum collegiorum Oxoniæ et + Vintoniæ." + +is the title of a biography of William of Wykeham attributed to Thomas +Martin, published in 4to. Oxford, 1597. + +There is also a little work which may come under the head of +biographies, viz.: + + "Uvedale (Robert) Examination of Lowth's objections to the + account given by Leland of the parentage of William of Wykeham," + 8vo. 1801. + +_Vide_ Oettinger's _Bibliographie Biographique_. + +S.W. + + +_Dutch Language_ (Vol. ii., p. 77.).--H.B.C. recommends, among other +works, Hendrik Conscience's novels. These are in Flemish, not Dutch. The +difference may not be great between the two; but one would hardly +recommend to a learner of English, Burns's _Poems_ as a reading-book. In +1829 Dr. Bowring wrote an article, being a sketch of Dutch literature, +in the _Foreign Quarterly Review_; which article was reprinted in +Amsterdam in the form of an 18mo. volume, and which I believe is still +to be got, and is a very useful guide to Dutch literature. + +S.W. + + +"_A frog he would_" &c. (Vol. ii., p. 45. and elsewhere).--I remember, +when a boy, to have heard an old aunt repeatedly sing this song; but the +chorus was very strange. + + "A frog he would a-wooing ride, + With a rigdum bullydimy kymy; + With sword and buckler by his side, + With a rigdum bullydimy kymy. + Kymyary kelta cary kymyary kymy, + Strimstram paradiddle larrabona ringting, + Rigdum bullydimy kymy." + +A. + + +_City Sanitary Laws_ (Vol. ii., p. 99.).--The act of Parliament +prohibiting the slaughter of cattle within the city, referred to in the +passage from _Arnold's Chronicle_, extracted by your correspondent +T.S.D. is the 4 Hen. VII. c. 3., which enacts that-- + + "No butcher shall kill any flesh within his scalding-house, or + within the walls of London, in pain to forfeit for every ox so + killed 12d. and for every other beast 8d., to be divided between + the king and the prosecutor."--Bohun's _Privilegia Londini_ + 1723, p. 480. + +Brydall, in his _Camera Regis_ (Lond. 1666, p. 114.), quotes the statute +of 11 Hen. VII. c. 21, as the authority for the "singularity" attaching +to the city, that "butchers shall kill no beasts in London." I believe, +however, Bohun's reference will be found to be the correct one. The +statute in question has, I think, never been repealed; but in the +absence of abbatoirs, or other proper provision for the slaughtering of +cattle without the walls of the city, it seems doubtful whether the +{189} pains and penalties to which the "contrary doers" were liable, +were at any time strictly enforced. + +JAMES T. HAMMACK. + + +_Sanitary Laws of other Days_ (Vol. ii., p. 99.).--The statute referred +to by T.S.D. in his article, by which "it is ordeigned y't no such +slaughter of best shuld be used or had within this cite," was no doubt 4 +& 5 Henry VII. c. 3., intituled "An Act that no Butcher slea any Manner +of Beast within the walls of London." The penalty is only twelvepence +for an ox or a cow, and eightpence for any smaller animal. The act +itself seems unrepealed, but the penalties are too small at the present +day to abate the nuisance. + +C.R. SOC. + + +_Michael Scott, the Wizard_ (Vol. ii., p. 120.).--I have now lying +before me a small duodecimo, Lugdini, 1584, entitled-- + + "Alberti Magni de Secretis Mulierum libellus, scholiis auctus et + a mendis repurgatus," + +to which is appended a work of the wizard's "ob materiæ similitudinem," + + "Michaelis Scoti philosophi De Secretis Naturæ Opusculum." + +E.S.T. + + +_Clerical Costume_ (Vol. ii., p. 22.).--Possibly the answer to this +Query may be found in the passage from Bacon's _History of Life and +Death_, in the third part of the _Instauratio Magna_, which I copy below +from Craik's _Bacon and his Writings_, vol. iii. p. 45.:-- + + "Some report that they have found great benefit in the + conservation of their health by wearing scarlet waistcoats next + their skin and under their shirts, as well down to their nether + parts as on the upper." + +From the quantity of serge bought, as well as from the nature of the +material, I think it likely it might be required for the purpose here +noticed by Bacon, and not for an outer waistcoat. + +ARUN. + + +_The Curfew_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--As NABOC can, I imagine, only get a +perfect list of the places where the curfew is still rung by the +contributions of scattered correspondents, I will furnish my mite by +informing him that a very short time ago it was rung at Sturminster +Newton in Dorsetshire. + +J. BT. + + +_Welsh Language; Armenian Language_ (Vol. ii., p. 136.).--JARLTZBERG +will find no Welsh dictionary with the part reversed. I possess a +dictionary in Welsh and English, in two volumes, by Pugh, published in +1832, which is one of the best. The one in two volumes by Walters is in +English and Welsh, and is also one of the best. The four volumes would +make a good dictionary. The best grammar is, I think, Pugh's. See the +Welsh bookseller in Holywell Street: I believe his name is Williams. + +Father Chamick compiled the _History of Armenia_ from the historical +works of several authors, which was published at Venice in 1786; and in +1811 an abridgment thereof, which was translated by Mr. Acdall, of +Calcutta, in 1827. See Messrs. Allen and Co.'s _Catalogue of Oriental +Works_, at whose house these, and translations of other works +(particularly the _History of Vartan_ and the _Memoirs of Artemi_), may +be procured. I think JARLTZBERG will find a dictionary in Armenian and +French. I saw a notice of one a short time since. (See Bernard +Quaritch.) In 1841, Peterman published at Berlin, _Porta Ling. Orient., +sive Elementa Ling. Syr., Chald., Arab._, &c. &c., which I think +contains an Armenian grammar. See Williams and Norgate; also a list of +Klaproth's works. + +AREDJID KOOEZ. + + +_Armenian Language_ (Vol. ii., p. 136.).--In reply to JARLTZBERG, I can +answer that Lord Byron did not compose the English part of Aucher's +_Armenian and English Grammar_. A very learned friend of mine was at St. +Lazero, in Venice, and knew both Aucher and Lord Byron. Lord Byron was +taking lessons in Armenian, and a few of his exercises were introduced +into Aucher's _Grammar_, which was written for Armenians to learn +English, with which language Aucher was quite familiar, having resided +four years in London. But a new _Armenian and English Grammar_ has +recently been published. There is one, very rare, in Armenian and Latin, +and another in Armenian, modern Greek, and Italian. I have just seen +John Bunyan's _Pilgrim's Progress_ in _vulgar_ Armenian, with plates, +published at Smyrna; and the _Prayers of St. Nierses_, in twenty-four +languages, Venice, 1837, of which Armenian is one. Several works in +Armenian have been published at Calcutta. + +HENRY WILKINSON. + +Brompton. + + +_North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated_ (Vol. ii., p. 55.).--The +strong preference given to the south side of the churchyard is traceable +to two principal causes; first and chiefly, because the churchyard cross +was always placed here; secondly, because this is the sunny side of the +churchyard. The cross, the emblem of all the Christian's hopes, the +bright sun shining on the holy ground, figurative of the sun of +righteousness, could not fail to bring to mind the comforting assurance +that they who slept around would one day rise again. And as the greater +part of the congregation entered the church by the south and principal +door, another cause of the preference was the hope that the sight of the +resting places of those of their friends and neighbours who had died in +the communion of the church, might remind the survivors each time they +repaired to the house of prayer to remember them in their supplications. +{190} There is not, however, I believe, the slightest reason for +considering that the north side of the churchyard was left +unconsecrated, nor do I think it possible that such could ever be the +case, inasmuch as all consecrated ground was required to be fenced off +from that which was unhallowed. But the north side has always been +considered inferior to the south. For example;--excommunicated persons +were at one time buried outside the precincts of the churchyard, which, +of course, would not have been necessary if any part had been left +unconsecrated, nor are instances of this practice wanting since the +Reformation.[1] And when discipline began to be relaxed, and murderers +were interred even within the church itself, it was still on the north +side.[2] It is very usual in small country parishes to find the north +side of the churchyard without a single grave, nor is it generally +resorted to until the south side is fully occupied. It would be +difficult to mention another instance of a prejudice so universal, +existing so long after the causes of it have mainly passed away. + +I cannot conclude without expressing the extreme interest which, though +he seems not to be aware of it, attaches to the statement of your +correspondent, to the effect that he had on two occasions, namely, on +the Revel Sunday, and on another festival, observed the game of football +in a churchyard in the West of England. It is, indeed, interesting to +find that relics of a custom which, however repugnant to our notions, +was sanctioned by the highest authority in the best days of our church, +still linger in some of our rural districts; thus amply bearing out the +mention made by Bishop Peirs more than two centuries ago, of the +attachment of the people of the west to, and "how very much they desired +the continuance of," these ancient celebrations. For the letter of the +prelate, which was addressed to Archbishop Laud, and for many valuable +details with respect to dedication festivals, and the observance of +Sundays in former times, I would refer those who take an interest in the +matter to the _Hierurgia Anglicanæ_. + +ARUN. + +[Footnote 1: See Parish Register of Hart, Durham, December 17th, 1596; +of St. Nicholas, Newcastle, December 31st 1664.] + +[Footnote 2: Parish Register of St. Nicholas, Newcastle August 1st, +1616, and August 13th, 1620.] + + +"_Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt_."--Your correspondent B.H.C, who, at +Vol. ii, p. 158., inquires after the author and answer to this charade, +might leave easily ascertained that the author was the late Mackworth +Praed, and that the answer is "Good-night." I believe your correspondent +has been guilty of some verbal inaccuracies, which makes the answer +appear not so pertinent to his version as it really is; but I have not +the original at hand. Some few years ago, the charade appeared in a +Cambridge paper, with a story about Sir Walter Scott having sent it +anonymously to Queen Adelaide. This was contradicted, and the real +author named in a subsequent number of the newspaper, and a metrical +solution given, amongst others, of the charade, with which, though I +believe I could recollect it, I will not trouble the Editor of "NOTES +AND QUERIES." I think the charade first appeared in a cheap periodical, +which was set on foot by the parties concerned in _Knight's Quarterly_. + +J.H.L. + + +"_Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt_" (Vol. ii., p. 158).--This enigma was +written by the late Winthrop Mackworth Praed, and appeared in _Knight's +Quarterly Magazine_, vol. ii. p. 469.: whether solved or soluble, I +cannot say. + +May I here express my concurrence in an opinion expressed in a very +recent number of the _Examiner_, that a collected edition of Mr. Praed's +poems is wanted? + +C.H. COOPER. + +Cambridge, August 5. 1850. + + +_Unicorn_ (Vol. ii., p. 136.).--King James I. abandoned the red dragon +of Henry VII. as one of the supporters of the royal arms of England, and +substituted the unicorn, one of the supporters of the royal arms of +Scotland. + +S.S.S. + + +_Abbey of St. Wandrille, Normandy_ (Vol. i., pp. 338. 382. 486.).--As +the Vicar of Ecclesfield appears interested in the history of this +abbey, in the immediate neighbourhood of which I am at present living, I +forward the following list of works which have relation to the subject, +including the _Chronicle_, extracts from which have already been given +by GASTROS:-- + + "Briefve Chronique de l'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, publiée par la + première fois, d'après le Cartulaire de St. Wandrille, de + Marcoussis M.S. du XVI. siècle, de la Bibliothèque de Rouen par + M.A. Potter."--_Révue Rétrospective Normande_, Rouen, 1842. + + "Le Trisergon de l'Abbaye de Fontenelle (or St. Wandrille), en + Normandie, par Dom Alexis Bréard. M.S. du XVII. + siècle."--_Bibliothèque de Rouen_, M.S.S.Y. 110. + + "Appendix ad Chronicon Fontanellense in Spicileg." Acherii, t. + ii. p. 285. + + "Gallia Christiana," vol. ii., in fo., page 155., (containing + the Ecclesiastical History of Normandy). + + "Acta sanctor ord. St. Bened," tom. v.--_Miracula Wandregisili_. + + "Essais sur l'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, par Langlois," in 8vo. + Rouen, 1827. + +Several books formerly belonging to this monastery, are now in the +public library at Havre. + +W.J. + +Havre. + + +_Russian Language_ (Vol. ii., p. l52.).--A James Heard wrote a grammar +of this language, and published {191} it at St. Petersburgh, in 1827. +Mr. Heard also published a volume of _Themes_, or _Exercises_, to his +grammar, in the same year. I am not acquainted with any other Russian +grammar written in English. + +Hamonière published his _Grammaire Russe_ at Paris in 1817; and +Gr_e_tsch (not Gr_o_tsch) published (in Russian) his excellent grammar +at St. Petersburgh about thirty years ago. A French translation appeared +at the same place in 1828, in 2 vols. 8vo., by Reiff. + +In the _Révue Encyclopédique_ for 1829, p. 702., some curious details +will be found respecting, the various Russian grammars then in +existence. _J_appe's _Russian Grammar_ is possibly a misprint for +_T_appe, whose grammar, written in German, is a good one. Besides these, +the titles of some twenty other Russian grammars, in Russian, French, or +German, could be mentioned. + +The anthologies published by Dr. Bowring, besides his Russian, Dutch, +and Spanish, are the Magyar, Bohemian, Servian, and Polish. + +Writing from Oxford, where the first Russian grammar ever published was +printed, as your correspondent JARLTZBERG correctly states, perhaps it +may interest him, or his friend, who, he says, is about to go to Russia, +to be informed (should he not already be aware of the fact) that a +"Course of Lectures on Russian Literature" was delivered in this +university, by Professor Trithen, at Sir Robert Tayler's Institution, in +the winter of 1849. + +J.M. + +Oxford, Aug. 6. 1850. + + * * * * * + +MISCELLANEOUS. + +A very interesting contribution to our early national literature, as +well as to legendary history, has lately been published by Dr. Nicolaus +Delius of Bonn. He has edited in a small octavo volume, published at a +very moderate price, _Maistre Wace's St. Nicholas_, an old French poem, +by the poetical Canon of Bayeux, whose _Roman de Rou et des Ducs de +Normandie_, edited by Pluquet, and _Roman de Brut_, edited by Le Roux de +Lincy, are, doubtless, familiar to many of our readers. The present +valuable edition to the published works of Maistre Wace, is edited from +two Oxford MSS., viz., No. 270. of the Douce Collection, and No. 86. of +the Digby Collection in the Bodleian: and to add to the interest of the +present work, especially in the eyes of English readers, Dr. Delius has +appended to it the old English metrical life of _Saint Nicolas the +Bischop_, from the curious series of Lives and Legends which Mr. Black +has recently shown to have been composed by Robert of Gloucester. + +We have received the following Catalogue:--John Russell Smith's (4. Old +Compton Street, Soho) Part IV. for 1850. of a Catalogue of Choice, +Useful, and Curious Books in most Departments of Literature. + + * * * * * + +Notices to Correspondents. + +VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious +Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, and may be had, by +order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen_. + +_The Monthly Part for July, being the second of Vol. II. is also now +ready, price 1s._ + +NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured by the Trade at noon on Friday; so +that our country Subscribers ought to experience no difficulty in +receiving it regularly. Many of the country Booksellers are, probably, +not yet aware of this arrangement, which enables them to receive Copies +in their Saturday parcels_. + +JANUS DOUSA. _The Notes on Folk Lore have been received and will be used +very shortly. The Queries just received shall be duly inserted_. + +_Errata_.--In No. 41., p. 166., col. 1., line 8 from bottom, for +"_Cordius_" read "_Cardin_"; p. 171., l. 29., for "haver_s_" read +"haver"; and p. 172., l. 24., for "Murton" read "Mu_i_rton." + + * * * * * + +GREATLY REDUCED IN PRICE. + +PATRES ECCLESIASTICI ANGLICANI. + +THIS SERIES OF THE ENGLISH FATHERS OF THE CHURCH,--commencing with +ALDHELM, the first Bishop of Sherborne, which see he held from A.D. 705 +to 709, and including VENERABLE BEDE, the father of English History, who +died in 735; BONIFACE, the English Apostle to the Germans, whose +martyrdom took place in 754; LANFRANC, to whose influence over the +Conqueror the English owed what liberty William still allowed them to +enjoy; PETER OF BLOIS, the gossiping but querulous archdeacon of Bath; +THOMAS A BECKET, the greatest churchman of any time, and the fearless +upholder of the rights of the Church against the usurpations of the +Crown and his contemporaries; honest plain-spoken JOHN OF SALISBURY; and +the specious ERNULPH, Bishop of Lisieux, whose works throw considerable +light upon the court intrigues of the reign of Henry II.,--is edited by +the Rev. 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Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, August 17, 1850. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 42, Saturday, +August 17, 1850, by Various + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13411 *** diff --git a/13411-h/13411-h.htm b/13411-h/13411-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f8453a --- /dev/null +++ b/13411-h/13411-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1960 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content= +"HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st March 2004), see www.w3.org" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= +"text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<title>Notes And Queries, Issue 42.</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + + /*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.adverts {width: 100%; height: 5px; color: black;} + html>body hr.adverts {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + + .note, .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; + text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 6em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 8em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 10em;} + .poem .caesura {vertical-align: -200%;} + + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; + font-size: 8pt;} + + p.author {text-align: right;} + --> + /*]]>*/ +</style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13411 ***</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page177" name= +"page177"></a>{177}</span> +<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1> +<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, +ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2> +<hr /> +<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>—CAPTAIN CUTTLE.</h3> +<hr class="full" /> +<table summary="masthead" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td align="left" width="25%"><b>No. 42.</b></td> +<td align="center" width="50%"><b>SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, +1850</b></td> +<td align="right" width="25%"><b>Price Threepence.<br /> +Stamped Edition 4d.</b></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> +<table summary="^Contents" align="center"> +<tr> +<td align="left">NOTES:—</td> +<td align="right">Page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Alfred's Orosius, by Dr. Bell</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Remarkable Proposition concerning Ireland, by H. +Kersley</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">News: a few "old" Materials for its Elucidation, +by S.W. Singer</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Folk Lore:—Charming for Warts</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Minor Notes:—Capture of Henry VI.—The +New Temple</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">QUERIES:—</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Essays of certain Paradoxes: Poem on Nothing, by +S.W. Singer</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Minor Queries:—Papers of +Perjury—Church Rates—St. Thomas of Lancaster's +Accomplices—Prelates of France—Lord Chancellor's +Oath—Mediæval Nomenclature—Sir Christopher +Sibthorp—Alarm</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">REPLIES:—</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Shakspeare's Use of "Delighted," by Samuel +Hickson</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">English Comedians in Germany</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Achilles and the Tortoise</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Replies to Minor Queries:—"Barum" and +"Sarum"—Countess of Desmond—Michael Servetus, alias +Reves—Caxton's Printing-office—Somagia—Various +Modes of Interment among the Ancients—Guy's +Porridge-pot—"Welcome the coming, speed the parting +Guest"—"A Chrysostom to smoothe his Band in"—William of +Wykeham—Dutch Language—"A Frog he would," +&c.—City Sanitary Laws—Sanitary Laws of other +Days—Michael Scott, the Wizard—Clerical +Costume—The Curfew—Welsh Language—Armenian +Language—North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated—"Sir +Hilary charged at Agincourt"—Unicorn—Abbey of St. +Wandrille, Normandy, &c.</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">MISCELLANEOUS:—</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c.</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Books and Odd Volumes Wanted</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Notices to Correspondents</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Advertisements</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page191">191</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>NOTES</h2> +<h3>ALFRED'S OROSIUS.</h3> +<p>The two exceedingly valuable elucidations which the geography of +King Alfred relating to Germany (intercalated in the royal author's +translation of Orosius), has received from your learned +contributors MR. R.T. HAMPSON (Vol. i., p. 257.) and MR. S.W. +SINGER (Vol. i., p. 313.) induce me to offer some new views on the +same subject. From my having passed a long series of years in the +countries described, and read and examined all that continental +authors, as well as Englishmen, have written or conjectured on the +subject, I trust that my opinions, though differing from all +hitherto received, may not be unworthy the attention of these +gentlemen, and of your other numerous subscribers. I shall, +however, at present, not to exceed the necessary limitation of your +articles, restrict myself to a consideration of the very disputed +<i>Cwenas</i> and the <i>Cwen-sae</i>, which both the gentlemen +have not alluded to.</p> +<p>The universal agreement amongst the commentators (with the two +solitary exceptions I shall hereafter mention), by which this sea +is taken for the White Sea, is diverting, and has been the primary +source of many of their errors, and of that most monster one, by +which Othere's narrative has been made the relation of a voyage +round the North Cape to Archangel. It is difficult to say who may +have first broached the brilliant idea. Spelmann's annotators, his +alumni Oxonienses of University College, seem to have left the +matter without much consideration, in which they were pretty +servilely followed by Bussæus, though not so much so as to +justify Professor Ingram's remark, "that his notes were chiefly +extracted thence." (Pref. viii.) Professor Murray of Göttingen +(1765), and Langebeck, in his <i>Scriptores Rerum Danicarum</i> +(1773), make no mention of these arctic discoveries; and the latter +is satisfied that the Cwenas are the Amazons of Adam of +Bremen:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"De Quenorum priscis Sedibus et Quenlandiæ situ, vide +Torfæus, <i>Hist. Norweg.</i> i. 140. Adamus Bremens, pp. 58, +59. 61., per Amazones et terram Foeminarum voluit Queuones et +Quenladiam intelligi."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>and it remains, therefore, to the next commentator, John +Reinhold Forster (the companion navigator with Sir Joseph Banks), +to have been the first to whom we owe the important error. He was +praised by Daines Barrington, for whose edition he gave the notes +afterwards reproduced in his <i>Northern Voyages of Discovery</i>; +but still with certain reservations. The honourable translator +found some negative evidences which seemed to militate against the +idea that the voyage could have extended into the arctic circle; +for, in such a case, Othere would hardly have refrained from +mentioning the perpetual day of those regions; the northern lights, +which he must have experienced; to which <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page178" id="page178"></a>{178}</span> we add, +the perpetual snows, and many other very striking peculiarities, so +new and seemingly inexplicable to a southern traveller or +listener.</p> +<p>Succeeding writers seem to have had fewer scruples, and to have +admitted the idea without consideration. Thorkelin, the Dane, (when +in England to copy out the poem of <i>Beowulf</i> for publication +at Copenhagen), gave a very flattering testimony to Forster's +notes, in <i>Bibliotheca Topographica</i>, vol. ix. p. 891. <i>et +seq.</i>, though I believe he subsequently much modified it. Our +own writers who had to remark upon the subject, Sharon Turner, and +Wheaton, in his <i>History of the Northmen</i>, may be excused from +concurring in an opinion in which they had only a verbal interest. +Professor Ingram, in his translation of <i>Othere's Voyage</i> +(Oxford, 1807, 4to. p. 96. note), gives the following rather +singular deduction for the appellation: Quenland was the land of +the Amazons; the Amazons were fair and white-faced, therefore +<i>Cwen-Sae</i> the White Sea, as Forster had deduced it: and so, +having satisfied himself with this kind of Sorites, follows pretty +closely in Forster's wake. But that continental writers, who took +up the investigation avowedly as indispensable to the earliest +history of their native countries, should have given their +concurrence and approval so easily, I must confess, astonishes +me.</p> +<p>Dahlman, whilst Professor of History at Kiel, felt himself +called upon by his situation to edit and explain this work to his +countrymen more detailedly than previously, and at vol. ii. p. 405. +of the work cited by Mr. Singer gives all Alfred's original +notices. I shall at present only mention his interpretation of +<i>Quen Sae</i>, which he translates <i>Weltmeer</i>; making it +equivalent to the previous <i>Garseeg</i> or <i>Oceanus</i>. He +mentions the reasonings of Rask and Porthan, of Abo, the two +exceptions to the general opinion (which I shall subsequently +notice), without following, on this point, what they had previously +so much more clearly explained. The best account of what had +previously been done on the subject is contained in Beckmann's +<i>Litteratur der alten Raisen</i> (s. 450.); and incidental +notices of such passages as fall within the scope of their works, +are found in Schlözer's <i>Allgemeine nordische +Geschichte</i>, Thummann's <i>Untersuchungen</i>, Walch's +<i>Allgemeine Bibliothek</i>, Schöning's <i>Gamle nordishe +Geographie</i>, Nyerup's <i>Historisk-statistik Skildering i aeldre +og nyere Tider</i>, in Sprengel's <i>Geschichte</i>, and by +Wörbs, in Kruse's <i>Deutsche Alterthümer</i>. Professor +Ludw. Giesebrecht published in 1843, at Berlin, a most excellent +<i>Wendische Geschichte</i>, in 3 vols. 8vo., but his inquiries +concerning this Periplus (vol. iii. p 290) are the weakest part of +his work, having mostly followed blindly the opinions to which the +great fame and political importance of Dahlman had given full +credence and authority. He was not aware of the importance of +Alfred's notices for the countries he describes, and particularly +for the elucidation of the vexed question of Adam of Bremen's +<i>Julin</i> and Helmold's <i>Veneta</i>, by an investigation of +Othere's <i>Schiringsheal</i>, and which I endeavoured to point out +in a pamphlet I published in the German language, and a copy of +which I had the pleasure of presenting, amongst others, to +Professor Dahlman himself at the Germanisten Versammlung at +Lübeck in 1847. To return, however, to the <i>Cwena land</i> +and <i>sae</i>, it is evident that the commentators, who are +principally induced by their bearings to Sweon land to look upon +the latter as the White Sea, have overlooked the circumstance that +the same name is found earlier as an arm of the Wendel or +Mediterranean Sea; and it is evident that one denomination cannot +be taken in a double meaning; and therefore, when we find Alfred +following the boundaries of Europe from Greece, "Crecalande ut on +þone Wendelsae Þnord on þone Garsaege pe man Cwen +sae haet", it is certain that we have here an arm of the Wendel Sea +(here mistaken for the ocean) that runs from Greece to the north, +and it cannot also afterwards be the White Sea. It will be +necessary to bring this, in conformity with the subsequent mention +of <i>Cwen-Sae</i>, more to the northward, which, as I have just +said, has been hitherto principally attended to.</p> +<p>In Welsh topography no designation scarcely recurs oftener than +<i>Gwent</i> (or, according to Welsh pronunciation, and as it may +be written, <i>Cwent</i>) in various modifications, as Gwyndyd, +Gwenedd, Gynneth, Gwynne, &c. &c.; and on the authority of +Gardnor's <i>History of Monmouthshire</i> (Appendix 14.), under +which I willingly cloak my ignorance of the Welsh language, I learn +that <i>Gwent</i> or <i>Went</i> is "spelt with or without a +<i>G</i>, according to the word that precedes it, according to +certain rules of grammar in the ancient British language, and that +<i>Venedotia</i> for North Wales is from the same root." The author +might certainly have said, "the same word Latinized." But exactly +the same affinity or identity of names is found in a locality that +suits the place we are in search of: in an arm of the Mediterranean +stretching from Greece northwards; viz. in the Adriatic, which had +for its earliest name <i>Sirus Venedicus</i>, translated in modern +Italian into <i>Golfo di Venezia</i>.</p> +<p>Of the multitudes of authorities for this assumption I need only +mention Strabo, who calls the first settlers on its northern end +(whence the whole gulph was denominated) [Greek: Everoi]; or Livy, +who merely Latinizes the term as <i>Heneti</i>, lib. i. cap. i., +"Antenorem cum multitudine Henetum." With the fable of Antenor and +his Trojan colony we have at present no further relation. The name +alone, and its universality at this locality, is all that we +require. I shall now show that we can follow these Veneti (which, +that it is a generic name of situation, I must now omit to prove, +from the compression <span class="pagenum"><a name="page179" id= +"page179"></a>{179}</span> necessary for your miscellany) without a +break, in an uninterrupted chain, to the north, and to a position +that suits Alfred's other locality much more fitting, than the +White Sea. The province of <i>Vindelicia</i> would carry us to the +Boden See (Lake of Constance), which Pomponius Mela, lib. iii. cap. +i. ad finem, calls <i>Lacus Venedicus</i>. This omitting the modern +evidences of this name and province in Windisch-Grätz, +Windisch-Feistriz, &c. &c., brings us sufficiently in +contact with the Slavonic and Wendic people of Bohemia to track the +line through them to the two Lausitz, where we are in immediate +proximity to the Spree Wald. There the Wends (pronounce +<i>Vends</i>) still maintain a distinct and almost independent +community, with peculiar manners, and, it is believed, like the +gypsies, an elected or hereditary king; and where, and round +Lüchow, in Hanover, the few remnants of this once potent +nation are awaiting their final and gradual absorption into the +surrounding German nations. Whenever, in the north of Germany, a +traveller meets with a place or district ending in <i>wits</i>, +<i>itz</i>, <i>pitz</i>, &c., wherever situate, or whatever +language the inhabitants speak, he may put it down as originally +Wendish; and the multitude of such terminations will show him how +extensively this people was spread over those countries. +Itzenplitz, the name of a family once of great consequence in the +Mark of Brandenburg is ultra-Wendish. It will, therefore, excite no +wonder that we find, even in Tacitus, Veneti along their coasts and +Ptolemy, who wrote about a century and a half later than Strabo or +Livy, seems to have improved the terminology of the ancients in the +interval; for, speaking of the Sarmatian tribes, he calls these +Veneti [Greek: Ouenedai par holon ton Ouenedikon kolpon]. Here we +find the truest guide for the pronunciation, or, rather, for the +undigammaising of the Latin <i>V</i> and the Welsh <i>W</i>, as +<i>Ouenetoi</i>, which is proved in many distant and varying +localities. St. Ouen, the Welsh Owen and Evan, and the patron saint +of Rouen, no doubt had his name (if he ever existed at all) coined +from the French Veneti of Armorica, amongst which he lived; and +when foreigners wish to render the English name <i>Edward</i> as +spoken, they write <i>Edouard</i> and Robert the Wizzard, the +Norman conqueror of Sicily and Apulia, has his name transformed, to +suit Italian ears, into <i>Guiscard</i>, and as William into +<i>Gulielmi</i>. Thus, therefore, the whole coast of Prussia, from +Pomerania, as far, perhaps, as known, and certainly all the present +Prussia Proper, was the <i>Sinus Venedicus</i>, Ptolemy's [Greek: +kolpon]; and this was also Alfred's Cwen-Sae, for the north. I +admit that when Alfred follows Orosius, he uses <i>Adriatic</i> for +the <i>Golfo de Venezia</i>, but when he gives us his independent +researches, he uses an indigenous name. Professor Porthan, of Abo +in Finland, published a Swedish translation, with notes, of the +<i>Voyages of Othere and Wulfstan</i> in the <i>Kongl. Vitterhets +Historie och Antiquitet Academiens Handlingar, sjette Delen</i>. +Stockholm, 1800, p. 37-106., in which he expressly couples Finland +with Cwenland; and, in fact, considering the identity of +<i>Cwen</i> and <i>Ven</i>, and the convertibility of the <i>F</i> +and <i>V</i> in all languages, <i>Ven</i> and <i>Fen</i> and +<i>Cwen</i> will all be identical: but I believe he might have +taken a hint from Bussæus, who, in addition to his note at p. +13., gives at p. 22. an extract from the <i>Olaf Tryvassons +Saga</i>, where "Finnland edr Quenland" (Finland or Quenland) are +found conjoined as synonyms. Professor Rask, who gives the original +text, and a Danish translation in the <i>Transactions of the +Shandinavish Litteratur Selkskab</i> for 1815, as "Otter og +Wulfstans Korte Reideberetninger," &c., though laudatory in the +extreme of Porthan, and differing from him on some minor points, +yet fully agrees in finding the Cwen-Sea within the Baltic: and he +seems to divide this inland sea into two parts by a line drawn +north and south through Bornholm, of which the eastern part is +called the Cwen or Serminde, or Samatian Sea.</p> +<p>Be that as it may, the above is one of a series of deductions by +which I am prepared to prove, that as the land geography of Germany +by Alfred is restricted to the valleys of the Weichsel (Wisle), the +Oder, the Elbe, and the Weser, so the sea voyages are confined to +the debouchures of such of these rivers as flow into the Baltic. +This would give a combined action of purpose to both well suited to +the genius of the monarch and the necessities of an infant trade, +requiring to be made acquainted with coasts and countries +accessible to their rude navigation and limited commercial +enterprise. So prudent a monarch would never have thought of noting +down, for the instruction and guidance of his subjects and +posterity, the account of a voyage which even now, after an +interval of ten centuries of continued nautical improvements, and +since the discovery of the compass, is not unattended with danger, +nor accomplished in less than a year's time wasted.</p> +<p class="author">WILLIAM BELL, Phil. Dr.</p> +<p>British Archeological Association.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>REMARKABLE PROPOSITION CONCERNING IRELAND.</h3> +<p>The following passage, which contains a curious proposition +relating to Ireland, will probably be new and interesting to many +readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES," since the book from which I extract +it is a scarce one, and not often read. Among the many various +schemes that have of late been propounded for the improvement of +our sister country, this is perhaps not the least remarkable, and +shows that the <i>questio vexata</i>, "What is to be done with +Ireland?" is one of two centuries' standing. James Harrington, in +his <i>Oceana, the Introduction</i>, <span class="pagenum"><a name= +"page180" id="page180"></a>{180}</span> (pp. 35, 36., Toland's +Edition, 1700), speaking of Ireland under the name of Panopea, +says,—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Panopea, the soft Mother of a slothful and pusillanimous +people, is a neighbor Iland, antiently subjected by the Arms of +<i>Oceana</i>; since almost depopulated for shaking the Yoke, and +at length replanted with a new Race. But (through what virtues of +the Soil, or vice of the Air, soever it be), they com still to +degenerat. Wherfore seeing it is neither likely to yield men fit +for Arms, nor necessary it should; it had bin the Interest of +<i>Oceana</i> so to have dispos'd of this Province, being both rich +in the nature of the Soil, and full of commodious Ports for Trade, +that it might have bin order'd for the best in relation to her +Purse, which, in my opinion (if it had been thought upon in time), +might have bin best don by planting it with <i>Jews</i>, allowing +them their own Rights and Laws; for that would have brought then +suddenly from all parts of the World, and in sufficient numbers. +And though the <i>Jews</i> be now altogether for merchandize, yet +in the Land of <i>Canaan</i> (except since their exile, from whence +they have not bin Landlords), they were altogether for Agriculture, +and there is no cause why a man should doubt, but having a fruitful +Country and excellent Ports too, they would be good at both. +<i>Panopea</i> well peopled, would be worth a matter of four +millions of dry rents; that is besides the advantage of the +Agriculture and Trade, which, with a Nation of that Industry, coms +at least to as much more. Wherfore <i>Panopea</i> being farm'd out +to the Jews and their Heirs for ever, for the pay of a provincial +Army to protect them during the term of seven years, and for two +millions annual Revenue from that time forward, besides the customs +which would pay the provincial Army, would have bin a bargain of +such advantage both to them and this Commonwealth, as is not to be +found otherwise by either. To receive the <i>Jews</i> after any +other manner into a Commonwealth, were to maim it; for they of all +Nations never incorporat, but taking up the room of a Limb, are no +use or office to the body, while they suck the nourishment which +would sustain a natural and useful member."</p> +</blockquote> +<p class="author">HENRY KERSLEY</p> +<p>Corpus Christi Hall, Maidstone.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>NEWS.</h3> +<h4>A FEW <i>OLD</i> MATERIALS FOR ITS ELUCIDATION.</h4> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Novaum</i>, vulgo <i>Nouvelle</i>. Ugutio: '<i>Rumor, +murmur, quod vulgo dicitur Novum.</i>' Occurit non semel in +Epistolis Marini Sanuti. 'Novis de Obitu Papæ auditis,' in +Regesta Universitatis Paris, an. 1394, <i>Spicileg. Acher.</i>, tom +vi. p. 60."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>So far Ducange, who also refers to the following:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Supervenerunt nobis <i>Nova</i> certa de morte, videlicet +quorundam Nobilium, nobis adhærentium, captorum per partem +dieti Philippi in Britannia, et de speciali Præcepto suo +Parisiis ignominiosæ morti traditorum; nec non de Strage, +&c. &c."—<i>Charta an</i>. 1346, apud Rymer, t. v. p. +497.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The derivation of this word has been so strenuously and ably +discussed by the contending parties in your pages, that I have no +intention of interfering (non nostrum tantas componere lites) +further than to furnish a few materials bearing on the subject, +which may not have come under their notice.</p> +<p>It seems uncertain whether <i>Newes</i> was considered by our +ancestors <i>plural</i> or <i>singular</i>. Resolute John Florio is +sadly inconsistent in his use of it: in his <i>World of Wordes</i>, +ed. 1598, we have:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Nova</i>, newe, fresh, a noueltie, a <i>newe report</i>.</p> +<p>"<i>Novella</i>, a tale, a nouell, a noueltie, a discourse, <i>a +newes</i> a message."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In Queen Anna's <i>World of Wordes</i>, 1611:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Nova</i>, a noueltie, <i>a new report</i>.</p> +<p>"<i>Novella, a tiding, or newes</i>.</p> +<p>"<i>Novellante</i>, a teller of <i>newes</i> or +<i>tidings</i>."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Here we have <i>newes</i> treated both as <i>singular</i> and +<i>plural</i>! while we have <i>tiding</i> as the singular of +<i>tidings</i>, a form which, from long disuse, would now appear +strange to us. In the following extract from Florio's very amusing +book of Dialogues, <i>Second Frutes</i>, 1591, he makes +<i>newes</i> decidedly plural:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>C</i>. What doo they say abroade? what <i>newes</i> have +you, Master Tiberio? <i>T</i>. Nothing that I know; can you tell +whether the post be come? <i>C</i>. No, Sir; they saye in the +Exchange that the great Turke makes great preparation to warre with +the Persian. <i>T</i>. 'Tis but a deuice; <i>these be newes</i> +cast abroade to feede the common sorte, I doo not beleeue them.... +<i>C</i>. Yea, but <i>they</i> are written to verie worshipful +merchants. <i>T</i>. By so much the lesse doo I beleeue them; doo +not you know that euerie yeare <i>such newes are</i> spreade +abroade? <i>C</i>. I am almost of your minde, for I seldome see +these written reports prove true. <i>T</i>. Prognostications, +<i>newes</i>, deuices, and letters from forraine countries (good +Master Cæsar), are but used as confections to feed the common +people withal. <i>C</i>. A man must give no more credite to +Exchange and Powles' <i>newes</i> than to fugitiues promises and +plaiers fables."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In Thomas's <i>Principal Rules of the Italian Grammer, with a +Dictionarie</i>, printed by Thomas Powell in 1562, but written in +1548, we have—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Novella</i>, a tale, a parable, or a <i>neweltee.</i></p> +<p>"<i>Novelluzza</i>, an <i>ynkelyng</i>.</p> +<p>"<i>Novellare</i>, to tell tales or <i>newes</i>."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In the title page of a rare little volume printed in 1616, we +have the adjective <i>new</i> in apposition with the substantive +<i>newes</i>, thus:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Sir Thomas Overburie his Wife, with new Elegies upon his (now +knowne) untimely death. Whereunto are annexed <i>New Newes</i> and +Characters written by himselfe and other learned Gentlemen. Editio +septima. London: printed by Edward Griffin for Lawrence Lisle, +1616, 12mo."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The head of one section is—</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page181" id= +"page181"></a>{181}</span> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Newes</i> from any-whence, or, <i>Old Truth</i> under a +supposal of <i>Noueltie</i>."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Chaucer uses for <i>the newe</i> and of <i>the newe</i> (sc. +fashion) elliptically. <i>Tiding</i> or <i>Tidings</i>, from the +A.-S. Tid-an, evidently preceded <i>newes</i> in the sense of +inteligence, and may not <i>newes</i> therefore be an elliptic form +of <i>new-tidinges</i>? Or, as our ancestors had +<i>newelté</i> and <i>neweltés</i>, can it have been +a contraction of the latter? If we are to suppose with Mr. Hickson +that <i>news</i> was "adopted bodily into the language," we must +not go to the High-German, from which our early language has +derived scarcely anything, but to the Neder-Duytsch, from the +frequent and constant communication with the Low Countries in the +sixteenth century. The following passages from Kilian's +<i>Thesaurus</i>, printed by Plantin, at Antwerp, in 1573, are to +the purpose, and may serve to show how the word was +formed:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Nieuwtijdinge</i>, oft <i>wat nieuws</i>, Nouvelles, Nuntius +vel Nuntium."</p> +<p>"<i>Seght ons wat nieuws</i>, Dicte nous quelquechose de +nouveau, Recita nobis aliquid novi."</p> +<p>"<i>Nieuwsgierich, nygierich</i>, Convoiteux de nouveautez, +Cupidus novitatis."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>I trust these materials may be acceptable to your able +correspondents, and tend to the resolution of the question at +issue.</p> +<p class="author">S.W. SINGER.</p> +<p>Mickleham, August 6. 1850.</p> +<p>"<i>News</i>," <i>Origin of the Word</i> (Vol. i., pp. 270. 369. +487.; vol. ii., pp. 23. 81. 106.).—Your correspondents who +have written upon this subject may now have seen the following note +in Zimperley's <i>Encyclopædia</i>, p. 472.:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The original orthography was <i>newes</i>, and in the singular. +Johnson has, however, decided that the word <i>newes</i> is a +substantive without a singular, unless it be considered as +singular. The word <i>new</i>, according to Wachter, is of very +ancient use, and is common to many nations. The Britons, and the +Anglo-Saxons, had the word, though not the thing. It was first +printed by Caxton in the modern sense, in the <i>Siege of +Rhodes</i>, which was translated by John Kay, the Poet Laureate, +and printed by Caxton about the year 1490. In the <i>Assembly of +Foulis</i>, which was printed by William Copland in 1530, there is +the following exclamation:—</p> +<p>"'Newes! newes! newes! have ye ony newes?'</p> +<p>"In the translation of the <i>Utopia</i>, by Raphe Robinson, +citizien and goldsmythe, which was imprinted by Abraham Nele in +1551, we are told, 'As for monsters, because they be no +<i>newes</i>, of them we were nothynge inquysitive.' Such is the +rise, and such the progress of the word <i>news</i>, which, even in +1551, was still printed <i>newes</i>!"</p> +</blockquote> +<p class="author">W.J.</p> +<p>Havre.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>FOLK LORE.</h3> +<p><i>Charming for Warts</i> (Vol. i., p. 19.; vol. ii. p. +150.).—In Lord Bacon's <i>Sylva Sylvarum, or a Natural +History in Ten Centuries</i> (No. 997.), the great philosopher +gives a minute account of the practice, from personal experience, +in the following words:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The taking away of warts, by rubbing them with somewhat that +afterwards is put to waste and consume, is a common experiment; and +I do apprehend it the rather, because of mine own experience. I had +from my childhood a wart upon one of my fingers; afterwards, when I +was about sixteen years old, being then at Paris, there grew upon +both my hands a number of warts (at least an hundred), in a month's +space; the English Ambassador's lady, who was a woman far from +superstition, told me one day she would help me away with my warts; +whereupon she got a piece of lard with the skin on, and rubbed the +warts all over with the fat side, and amongst the rest, that wart +which I had from my childhood; then she nailed the piece of lard +with the fat towards the sun, upon a post of her chamber window, +which was to the south. The success was, that within five weeks' +space all the warts went quite away, and that wart which I had so +long endured for company; but at the rest I did little marvel, +because they came in a short time and might go away in a short time +again, but the going of that which had stayed so long doth yet +stick with me. They say the like is done by rubbing of warts with a +green elder stick, and then burying the stick to rot in muck."</p> +</blockquote> +<p class="author">J.M.B.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>MINOR NOTES.</h3> +<p><i>Capture of Henry the Sixth.</i>—At Waddington in Mytton +stands a pile of building known as the "Old Hall," once antique, +but now much indeed despoiled of its beauty, where for some time +the unfortunate king, Henry the Sixth, was concealed after the +fatal battle of Hexham, in Northumberland. Quietly seated one day +at dinner, "in company with Dr. Manting, Dean of Windsor, Dr. +Bedle, and one Ellarton," his enemies came upon him by surprise, +but he privately escaped by a back door, and fled to Brungerley +stepping-stones (still partially visible in a wooden frame), where +he was taken prisoner, "his legs tied together under the horse's +belly," and thus disgracefully conveyed to the Tower in London. He +was betrayed by one of the Talbots of Bashall Hall, who was then +high-sheriff for the West Riding. This ancient house or hall is +still in existence, but now entirely converted into a building for +farming purposes: "Sic transit gloria mundi." Near the village of +Waddington, there is still to be seen a meadow known by the name of +"King Henry's Meadow."</p> +<p>In Baker's <i>Chronicle</i>, the capture of the king is +described as having taken place "in <i>Lincolnshire</i>," +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page182" id= +"page182"></a>{182}</span> but this is evidently incorrect; it is +Waddington, in Mytton, West Yorkshire.</p> +<p class="author">CLERICUS CRAVENSIS.</p> +<p><i>The New Temple</i> (Vol. ii., p. 103.).—As your +correspondent is interested in a question connected with the +occupants of the New Temple at the beginning of the fourteenth +century, I venture to state, at the hazard of its being of any use +to him, that I have before me the transcript of a deed, dated at +Canterbury, the 16th of July, 1293, by which two prebendaries of +the church of York engage to pay to the Abbot of Newenham, in the +county of Devon, the sum of 200 marks sterling, at the New Temple +in London, in accordance with a bond entered into by them before G. +de Thornton and others, the king's justices.</p> +<p class="author">S.S.S.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>QUERIES.</h2> +<h3>ESSAYES OF CERTAIN PARADOXES: POEM ON NOTHING.</h3> +<p>Who was the author of a thin 4to. volume with the above title, +printed for Tho. Thorpe, 1616? The contents are, "The Praise of K. +Richard the Third—The French Poetes—Nothing—That +it is good to be in Debt."</p> +<p>The late Mr. Yarnold has a MS. copy of the "Praise of K. +Richard," to which was prefixed the following +dedication:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"TO THE HONOURABLE SIR HENRY NEVILL, KNIGHTE."</p> +<p>"I am bolde to adventure to your honors viewe this small portion +of my privatt labors, as an earnest peny of my love, beinge a mere +Paradoxe in prayse of a most blame-worthie and condemned Prince, +Kinge Richard the Third; who albeit I shold guilde with farre +better termes of eloquence then I have don, and freate myself to +deathe in pursuite of his commendations, yet his disgrace beinge so +publicke, and the worlde so opinionate of his misdoings, as I shold +not be able so farre to justifie him as they to condemne him. Yet +that they may see what may be saide, and to shew how farre they +haue mispraysed his vertues, this following Treatise shall make +manyfest. Your honour may peruse and censure yt at your best +leisure, and though yt be not trickt up wth elegance of phrase, yet +may it satisfye a right curious judgmente, yf the reasons be +considered as they ought. But, howsoever, yf you please to accepte +it, I shall thinke my labors well bestowed; who, both in this and +what ells may, devote myself to your honour, and rest,</p> +<p>"Your honours most affectionat servant,</p> +<p>"HEN. W."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The praise of Nothing is very well versified from the Latin of +Passerat, whose verses Dr. Johnson thought worthy of a place in his +<i>Life of Lord Rochester</i>. Besides Rochester's seventeen +stanzas "Upon Nothing," there appears to have been another copy of +verses on this fertile subject; for Flecknoe, in his <i>Epigrams of +All Sorts</i>, 1671, has "Somewhat to Mr. J.A. on his excellent +poem of Nothing." Is <i>anything</i> known of this +<i>Nothing</i>?</p> +<p class="author">S.W. SINGER.</p> +<p>Mickleham, July 29. 1850.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>MINOR QUERIES.</h3> +<p><i>Papers of Perjury.</i>—In Leicester's +<i>Commonwealth</i> occurs the following passage:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The gentlemen were all taken and cast into prison, and +afterwards were sent down to Ludlow, there to wear <i>papers of +perjury</i>."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Can any of your readers refer me to a <i>graphic</i> account of +the custom of perjurers wearing papers denoting their crime, to +which I suppose this passage alludes?</p> +<p class="author">S.R.</p> +<p><i>Church Rates.</i>—CH. would be obliged to any of your +readers who could refer him to the volume of either the +<i>Gentleman's</i> or the <i>British Magazine</i> which contains +some remarks on the article on Church Rates in Knight's +<i>Political Dictionary</i>, and on Cyric-sceat.</p> +<p><i>St. Thomas of Lancaster's Accomplices.</i>—In No. 15. I +find an extract from Rymer, by MR. MONCKTON MILNES, relative to +some accomplices of St. Thomas of Lancaster, supposed to have +worked miracles.—Query, Was "The Parson of Wigan" one of +these accomplices, and what was his name? Was he ever brought to +trial for aiding the Earl, preaching sedition in the parish church +of Wigan, and offering absolution to all who would join the +standard of the barons? and what was the result of that +trial—death or pardon?</p> +<p class="author">CLERICUS CRAVENSIS.</p> +<p><i>Prelates of France.</i>—P.C.S.S. is desirous to know +where he can meet with an accurate list of the Archbishops and +Bishops of France (or more properly of their Sees) under the old +<i>régime</i>.</p> +<p><i>Lord Chancellor's Oath.</i>—The gazette of the 16th +July notified that the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Wilde, in council, +took the oath of Lord Chancellor of Great Britain <i>and +Ireland</i> on the 15th inst.; and the same gazette announced the +direction of the Queen that letters patent be passed granting the +dignity of baron to the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Wilde, Knt., Lord +Chancellor of that part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and +Ireland called <i>Great Britain</i>.</p> +<p>Why, when he is only Chancellor of Great Britain, should he take +the oath of Chancellor of Great Britain <i>and Ireland</i>?</p> +<p class="author">J.</p> +<p><i>Mediæval Nomenclature.</i>—In what work is to be +obtained the best information explanatory of the nomenclature of +the useful arts in mediæval times?</p> +<p class="author">δ.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page183" id= +"page183"></a>{183}</span> +<p><i>Sir Christopher Sibthorp.</i>—Can any of your readers +furnish me with information as to the ancestry of Sir Christopher +Sibthorp, whose name appears in the title-page of the following +tract: <i>A friendly Advertisement to the pretended Catholics of +Ireland, by Christopher Sibthorp, Knt., one of H.M. Justices of his +Court of Chief Place in Ireland</i>, 1622, Dublin and also as to +the crest, arms, and motto borne by him.</p> +<p class="author">DE BALDOC.</p> +<p><i>Alarm</i> (Vol. ii., p. 151.).—The derivation of +<i>alarm</i>, and the French <i>alarme</i>, from <i>à +l'arme</i>, which your correspondent M. has reproduced, has always +struck me as unsatisfactory, and as of the class of etymologies +suspiciously ingenious. I do not venture to pronounce that the +derivation is wrong: I merely wish to ventilate a doubt through +"NOTES AND QUERIES," and invite some of your more learned readers +to lily to decide the question.</p> +<p>Of the identity of the words <i>alarm</i> and <i>alarum</i> +there is no doubt. The verb <i>alarm</i> is spelt <i>alarum</i> in +old writers, and I have seen it so spelt in manuscripts of Charles +II.'s reign, but unfortunately have not taken a "Note." Dr. Johnson +says <i>alarum</i> is a corruption of <i>alarm</i>. Corruption, +however, usually shortens words. I cannot help having a notion that +<i>alarum</i> is the original word; and, though I may probably be +showing great ignorance in doing so, I venture to propound the +following Queries:—</p> +<p>1. How far back can the word <i>alarum</i> be traced in our +language, and how far back <i>alarm</i>?</p> +<p>2. Can it be ascertained whether the French took <i>alarme</i> +from our <i>alarm</i>, or we <i>alarm</i> from them?</p> +<p>3. Can any explanation be given of <i>alarum</i>, supposing it +to be the original word? Is it a word imitative of sound?</p> +<p><i>A l'arme</i>, instead of <i>aux armes</i>, adds to the +suspiciousness of this derivation.</p> +<p class="author">CH.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>REPLIES.</h2> +<h3>SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF "DELIGHTED."</h3> +<p>Although Dr. Kennedy does not think I have discovered the source +from whence Shakspeare's word <i>delighted</i> is derived, I am +gratified to find that he concurs with me in drawing a distinction +between this and the more common word. His failure to convince me +is a source almost of regret, so happy do I regard the derivation +he proposes in the last passage cited. But in the passage from +<i>Measure for Measure</i>, it does not appear to me to express the +sense which I deduce from the context; and as I look upon the word +in question as the same in each of the three passages, I feel more +inclined to adhere to my view, that it is a word of English +manufacture, according to the analogy referred to. I express my +opinion with hesitation and there can be no doubt the question is +deserving of full and attentive consideration.</p> +<p>Strengthened, however, in my main purpose, which was to show +that Shakspeare did not use <i>delighted</i> in the ordinary sense +of <i>highly gratified</i>, I am better prepared to meet MR. +HALLIWELL. This gentleman does me no more than justice in the +remark, not expressed, though, I hope, implied, that I would not +knowingly make use of an offensive expression towards him or any +living man; and I appreciate the courtesy with which he has +sweetened the uncomplimentary things he has felt constrained to say +of me. I trust it will be found that I can repay his courtesy and +imitate his forbearance. As a preliminary remark, however, I must +say that MR. HALLIWELL, in his haste, has confounded the "cool +impertinence" for which I censured one editor, with the "cool +correction" which was made by another; and, moreover, has referred +the remark to <i>Measure for Measure</i>, which I applied to the +notes to the passage in <i>Othello</i>. As I have not yet learned +to regard the term "delightful" as an <i>active participle</i>, it +is evident that, however "cool" I may consider the correction, I +have not called it an "impertinence." But he has no mind that I +should escape so easily; and therefore, like a true knight-errant, +he adopts the cause without hesitation, as though to be first +satisfied of its goodness would be quite inconsistent in its +champion.</p> +<p>When I am charged with an "entire want of acquaintance with the +grammatical system" employed by Shakspeare, I might take exception +to the omission of the words "as understood by Mr. Halliwell," this +gentleman assuming the very point in question between us. I believe +he has paid particular attention to this subject; but he must not +conclude that all who presume to differ from him "judge +Shakspeare's grammar by Cobbett or Murray." And if I were disposed +to indulge in as sweeping an expression, I should say that the +remark excites a suspicion of the writer's want of acquaintance +with the spirit of Shakspeare's works. I do not think so, though I +think MR. HALLIWELL has formed his opinion hastily; and I think, +moreover, that before I have ended, I shall convince him that it +would not have been amiss had he exercised a little more reflection +ere he began. In the passage in <i>Othello</i>, I object to the +substitution of <i>delighting</i> or <i>delightful</i> for +<i>delighted</i>, as <i>weak</i> epithets, and such as I do not +believe that Shakespeare would have used. It was not as a +schoolmaster or grammarian, but in reference to the peculiar +fitness and force of his expressions, and his perfect acquaintance +with the powers of the English language, and his <i>mastery</i> +over it, that I called Shakespeare its greatest master.</p> +<p>But to return to the first passage I cited—that from +<i>Measure for Measure</i>,—MR. HALLIWELL will be surprised +to find that in the <i>only</i> remark I made <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page184" id="page184"></a>{184}</span> upon it +as it stands he actually agrees with me. I said that the passage +"in our sense of the term" is unintelligible. I still say so; and +he who attempts to mend it, or modernise the form, says so too. The +question next arises, Does he not mean <i>no system</i>, when he +says <i>system</i>? Otherwise, why does he say that Shakspeare uses +the passive for the active participle, when he explains the word +not by the active participle, but by an adjective of totally +different meaning? Is it not more likely that MR. HALLIWELL may +have misunderstood Shakspeare's system, than that the latter should +have used intelligible words, and precise forms of words, so at +random? And, moreover, does not the critic confound two meanings of +the word <i>delightful</i>; the one obsolete, <i>full of +delight</i>, the other the common one, <i>giving delight</i>, or +<i>gratifying</i>?</p> +<p>Now by a violent figure which Shakspeare sometimes uses, +<i>delighted may</i> mean <i>delightful</i> in the <i>former</i> +sense; perhaps, rather, <i>filled with delight</i>. The word then +would be formed directly from the noun, and must not be regarded as +a participle at all, but rather an ellipsis, from which the verb +(which may be represented by <i>give</i>, <i>fill</i>, +<i>endow</i>, &c.) is omitted. Take, as an instance, this +passage in <i>Measure for Measure</i>:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"<i>Clau.</i> Death is a fearful thing!</p> +<p>"<i>Isa.</i> And <i>shamed</i> life a hateful."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>The meaning here is not <i>life ashamed</i>, but <i>life covered +with shame</i>. In this sense MR. HALLIWELL, apparently without +knowing why, has adopted the term <i>delightful</i>; but then the +two succeeding words of his explanation, "sweet, pleasant", he +would appear to have taken at random from a dictionary, forgetting +that he was not using the word in its ordinary sense; for it is not +possible that he can suppose Shakspeare to have used the word in +the sense of the active participle. Now, though I do not think this +at all the expression that Shakspeare would use, it is undoubtedly +allowable as a general characteristic; but the word actually used +would appear to imply the result of a particular action, which +would have been productive of anything but delight. In short, as we +are agreed that the word <i>delighted</i> in the passage in +question in its present sense is unintelligible, so also are we, I +think, agreed that the substitute, if any, must be used in a +passive sense.</p> +<p>Now, with regard to the first instance furnished by MR. +HALLIWELL of the use of the passive for the active participle, if I +were sure that the delinquent were well out of hearing, and not +likely "to rise again and push us from our stools," I should be +disposed to repeat the charge of impertinence against the editor +who altered "professed" to "professing". The word <i>professed</i> +is one of common use, and in the present instance perfectly +intelligible. "To your bosom, <i>professed</i> to entertain so much +love and care for our father, I commit him," seems to express the +sense of the passage: a doubt is implied by the expression, but +there is a directness of insult in the term <i>professing</i> quite +inconsistent with the character of Cordelia.</p> +<p>"Becomed love" is love suited or fitted to the occasion. The use +of the passive participle is every way more appropriate than that +of the active, though the latter is more common now.</p> +<p>In the next instance, I have to observe that there is no such +verb as <i>to guile</i>. <i>Guile</i> is a noun; and "guiled shore" +is <i>guile-covered</i>, or <i>charactered shore</i>. According to +this rule, the modern word <i>talented</i>, that is, +<i>talent-endowed</i>, has been formed, it not having been +considered that licences are allowed in poetry that are unsuited to +ordinary language.</p> +<p>The passage next referred to is conditional, and I regard the +use of the passive participle here, too, as correct.</p> +<p>I have thus reduced MR. HALLIWELL'S list to that number which +usually forms the exception rather than the rule; and if accident, +misprint, error in copying, or other special circumstance be not +held sufficient to account for the single remaining instance, I +have then only to say that I prefer <i>deformed</i> to +<i>deforming</i>, as an epithet applied disparagingly to Time's +hand as more in accordance with Shakspeare's practice, who was not +in the habit of repeating the same idea, which, in the latter case, +would occur again in the word "defeatures" in the following +line.</p> +<p>MR. HALLIWELL may, doubtless find other instances, perhaps more +felicitous than these; at present, all I can say is that he has +failed to show that the use of the passive for the active +participle was common with Shakspeare. As to other variations +between the grammatical usage of Shakspeare's day and that of our +own, I call assure him that I am not quite so ignorant of the fact +as he imagines.</p> +<p class="author">SAMUEL HICKSON</p> +<p>August 1. 1850.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>ENGLISH COMEDIANS IN GERMANY.</h3> +<p>I am glad to be enabled to reply to MR. BOLTON CORNEY'S Query +(Vol. i., p. 439.) respecting a German book of plays.</p> +<p>The learned illustrator of the <i>Curiosities of Literature</i> +would find the information he desires in the <i>Vorrath zur +Geschichte der deutschen dramatischen Dichtkunst</i> of the +formerly celebrated J. Christoph Gottsched (Leipzig, 1767-69, 2 +vols. 8vo.). But as this book, now somewhat neglected, would +perhaps be difficult to be found even in the British Museum, I will +transcribe the contents of the <i>Schau-Bühne englischer und +franzõsischer Comõdianten auff welcher werden +vorgestellt die schõnsten und neuesten Comõdien, so +vor wenig Jahren in Frankreich, Teutschland und andern Orten ... +seynd agirt und präsentirt worden</i>.—<i>Frankfurt</i>, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page185" id= +"page185"></a>{185}</span> 1670, 3 vols. 8vo.</p> +<p>Vol. I.—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>1. Amor der Arzt.</p> +<p>2. Die Comödia ohne Comödia.</p> +<p>3. Die köstliche Lächerlichkeit.</p> +<p>4. Der Hahnrey in der Einbildung.</p> +<p>5. Die Hahnreyinn nach der Einbildung.</p> +<p>6. Die Eyfreude mit ihr Selbst.</p> +<p>7. Antiochus, ein Tragicomödia.</p> +<p>8. Die buhlhaffte Mutter.</p> +<p>9. Damons Triumph-Spiel.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Vol. II.—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>10. Von Sidonia und Theugene.</p> +<p>11. Der Verliebtell Kllnstgriffe.</p> +<p>12. Lustiges Pickelharings-Spiel, darum er mit</p> +<p>einem Stein gar artige Possen macht.</p> +<p>13. Von Fortunato seinem Wünschhütlein und</p> +<p>Seckel.</p> +<p>14. Der unbesonnene Liebhaber.</p> +<p>15. Die grossmüthige Thaliklea.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Vol. III.—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>16. Vom Könige Ahasvero und Esther und dem</p> +<p>hoffartigen Hamon.</p> +<p>17. Vom verlohrnen Sohn, in welchem die Verzweifflung</p> +<p>und Hoffnung gar artig introducirt werden.</p> +<p>18. Von Königs Mantalors unrechtmässiger Liebe</p> +<p>und derselben Straffe.</p> +<p>19. Der Geitzige.</p> +<p>20. Von der Aminta und Sylvia.</p> +<p>21. Macht den kleinen Knaben Cupidinis.</p> +<p>22. George Damlin, oder der verwirrte Ehmann.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Some years before, another similar collection had been +published. The first vol. printed in 1620, and reprinted in 1624, +has this title:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Englische Comedien und Tragedien, d. i. Sehr schöne, +herrliche und ausserlosene, geist- und weltliche Comedi- und +Tragedi-Spiel (sic), sampt dem Pickelhering, welche wegen ihrer +artigen Inventionen kurtzweiligen auch theils wahrhafftigen +Geschichte halbet, <i>von den Engelländern in Deutschland</i> +(I beg to notice these words) an Königlichen, Chur- und +Furstlichen Höfen, auch in vornehmen Reichs- See- und Handel +Städten seynd agirt und gehalten worden, und zuvor nie im +Druck aussgangen."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The volume contains 10 plays. The 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10, are the +16, 17, 13, 10, and 12, of the collection of 1670. The other five +are the following:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>4. Eine schöne lustige Comödia von Jemand und</p> +<p>Niemand.</p> +<p>7. Tragödia von Julio und Hippolyto.</p> +<p>8. Eine sehr klägliche Tragödia von Tito Andromico</p> +<p>und hoffertigen Kayserinn, darinnen denkwürdigen</p> +<p>Actiones zu befinden.</p> +<p>9. Ein lustig Pickelherings-Spiel von der schönen</p> +<p>Mario und alten Hanrey.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>The second volume was published in 1630, under the title +<i>Lieberkampff, oder ander Theil der Englischen Comödien</i>: +it contains 8 plays. The 1st is the 21st of the collection of 1670, +with this addition:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Die Personen der Lustspiels sind: 1. Venus, <i>die stumme +Person</i>; 2. Cupido; 3. Jucunda, <i>Jungfraw</i>; 4. Floretus, +<i>Liebhaber</i>; 5. Balendus, <i>Betrieger</i>; 6. Corcillana, +<i>Kuplerin</i>; 7. Hans Worst.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The 2d is the 20th of the same collection, "mit 9 Personen, +worunter die lustige Person Schräm heisst."</p> +<blockquote> +<p>3. Comoedia von Prob getrewer Lieb, mit 11 Personen, worunter +auch eine allegorische, der Traum ist.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The 4th is the 18th, "mit 9 Personen, worunter die lustige +Schampilasche <i>Lean Potage</i> heisst."</p> +<p>The four remaining are operas, without particular titles.</p> +<p>Ebert (<i>Bibliogr. Lexicon</i>, N. 5064.), speaking of these +collections, says, "the plays they are composed of are not +translations from the English," but, "as it appears," German +original works.</p> +<p>I am at a loss to understand how that bibliographer, generally +so exact, did not recognise at least five comedies of +Molière. MR. BOLTON CORNEY will, I wish and hope, point out +the originals—English, Italian, and, I suppose, +Spanish—of some others.</p> +<p>If you think proper to make use of the above, I entreat you, for +the sake of your readers, to correct my bad English, and to +consider my communication only as a token of the gratification I +have found in your amusing and useful "NOTES AND QUERIES."</p> +<p class="author">D.L.</p> +<p>Ancien Membre de la Société des Bibliophiles.</p> +<p>Béthune, July 31. 1850.</p> +<p>P.S.—The Query (Vol. i., p. 185.) concerning the name of +the Alost, Louvain, and Antwerp printer, <i>Martens</i> or +<i>Mertens</i>, is settled in the note, p. 68., of <i>Recherches +sur la Vie et les Editions de Thierry Martens (Martinus, +Martens)</i>, par J. De Gand, 8vo. Alost, 1845. I am ready to send +a copy of the note if it is required.</p> +<p class="note">[We have also received a reply to MR. CORNEY'S +Query from MR. ASHER of Berlin, who refers for particulars of this +interesting collection to Tieck's Preface to his <i>Alt-Deutsche +Theater</i>. We propose shortly returning to the curious fact of +English comedians performing in Germany at the close of the +sixteenth and commencement of the seventeenth centuries: a subject +which has several times been discussed and illustrated in the +columns of our valuable contemporary <i>The +Athenæum</i>.]</p> +<hr /> +<h3>ACHILLES AND THE TORTOISE.</h3> +<h4>(Vol. ii., p. 154.)</h4> +<p>This paradox, whilst one of the oldest on record (being +attributed by Aristotle to Zeus Eleates, B.C. 500), is one of the +most perplexing, upon first presentation to the mind, that can be +selected <span class="pagenum"><a name="page186" id= +"page186"></a>{186}</span> from the most ample list. Its professed +object was to disprove the phenomenon of motion; but its real one, +to embarrass an opponent. It has always attracted the attention of +logicians; and even to them it has often proved embarrassing +enough. The difficulty does not lie in proving that the conclusion +is absurd, but in <i>showing where the fallacy lies</i>. From not +knowing the precise kind of information required by [Greek: +Idiotaes], I am unwilling to trespass on your valuable space by any +irrelevant discussion, and confine myself to copying a very +judicious note from Dr. Whateley's <i>Logic</i>, 9th edit. p. +373.</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"This is one of the sophistical puzzles noticed by Aldrich, but +he is not happy in his attempt at a solution. He proposes to remove +the difficulty by demonstrating that in a certain given time, +Achilles <i>would</i> overtake the tortoise; as if any one had ever +doubted <i>that</i>. The very problem proposed, is to surmount the +difficulty of a seeming demonstration of a thing palpably +impossible; to show that <i>it is</i> palpably impossible, is no +solution of the problem.</p> +<p>"I have heard the present example adduced as a proof that the +pretensions of logic are futile, since (it was said) the most +perfect logical demonstration may lead from true premises to an +absurd conclusion. The reverse is the truth; the example before us +furnishes a confirmation of the utility of an acquaintance with the +syllogistic form, <i>in which form the pretended demonstration in +question cannot be exhibited</i>. An attempt to do so will evince +the utter want of connection between the premises and the +conclusion."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>What the Archbishop says is true, and it disposes of the +question as one of "Formal Logic:" but yet the form of the sophism +is so plausible, that it imposes with equal force on the "common +sense" of all those who repose their conclusions upon the +operations of that faculty. With them a different procedure is +necessary; and I suspect that if any one of the most obstinate +advocates of the sufficiency of common sense for the "balancing of +evidence" were to attempt the explanation of a hundred fallacies +that could be presented to him, he would be compelled to admit that +a more powerful and a more accurate machine would be of advantage +to him in accomplishing his task. This machine the syllogism +supplies.</p> +<p>The discussion of Gregory St. Vincent will be found at pages +101-3. of his <i>Opus Geometricum</i>, Antw., 1647 fol. The +principle is the same as that which Aldrich afterwards gave, as +above referred to by Dr. Whateley. I can only speak from memory of +the discussion of Leibnitz, not having his works at hand; but I am +clear in this, that his principle again is the same. [Greek: +Idiotaes] is in error, however, in calling St. Vincent's "a +geometrical treatment" of it. He indeed uses lines to represent the +spaces passed over; and their discussion occurs in a chapter on +what is universally (but very absurdly) called "geometrical +proportion." It is yet no more <i>geometrical</i> than our +school-day problem of the basket and the hundred eggs in Francis +Walkinghame. Mere names do not bestow character, however much +<i>philosophers as well as legislators</i> may think so. All +attempts of the kind have been, and must be, purely numerical.</p> +<p class="author">T.S.D.</p> +<p>Shooter's Hill, August 3.</p> +<p><i>Achilles and the Tortoise.</i>—Your correspondent will +find references in the article "Zeno (of Elea)" in the <i>Penny +Cyclopædia</i>. For Gregory St. Vincent's treatment of the +problem, see his <i>Quadratara Circuli</i>, Antwerp, 1647, folio, +p. 101., or let it alone. I suspect that the second is the better +reference. Zeno's paradox is best stated, without either Achilles +or tortoise, as follows:—No one can go a mile; for he must go +over the first half, then over half the remaining half, then over +half the remaining quarter; and so on <i>for ever</i>. Many books +of logic, and many of algebra, give the answer to those who cannot +find it.</p> +<p class="author">M.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES</h3> +<p>"<i>Barum</i>" and "<i>Sarum</i>" (Vol. ii., p. 21.)—The +formation of the first of these words has not yet been accounted +for. I must premise my attempt to supply an explanation by +admitting that I was not aware it was in common use as a +contraction for Barnstaple. I think it will be found that the +contracted form of that name is more usually "Berdest," "Barnst". +In trying further to contract the word, the two last letters would +be omitted, and it would then be "Barñ", with the circumflex +showing the omission of several letters. Having reduced it to this +state, an illiterate clerk would easily misread the circumflex for +the plain stroke "-," expressing merely the omission of the letter +"m", and, perhaps ignorant of the name intended, think it as well +to write at full length "Barum."</p> +<p class="author">J. Br.</p> +<p><i>Countess of Desmond</i> (Vol. ii., p. 153.)—It is +stated in Turner's <i>Sacred History</i>, vol. iii. p. 283., that +the Countess of Desmond died in 1612, aged 145. This is, I presume, +the correct date of her decease, and not 1626 as mentioned by your +querist K.; for in Lord Bacon's <i>History of Life and Death</i>, +originally published in 1623, her death is thus alluded +to:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The Irish, especially the Wild Irish, even at this day, live +very long. Certainly they report that within these few years the +Countess of Desmond lived to a hundred and forty years of age, and +bred teeth three times."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The manner of her death is recorded by Mr. Crofton Croker, in +his agreeable volume of <i>Researches in the South of Ireland</i>, +4to. London, 1824. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page187" id= +"page187"></a>{187}</span> Speaking of Drumana, on the Blackwater, +a little above Youghall, as the "reputed birth-place of the +long-lived Countess of Desmond," he says,—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"In this part of the country, her death is attributed to a fall +whilst in the act of picking an apple from a tree in an orchard at +Drumana."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In the <i>Olla Podrida</i>, a volume of miscellanies, printed +for private distribution, by Mr. Sainthill of Cork, there is a +portrait of the "old countess," from an etching made by Mr. Crofton +Croker (if I mistake not) in his early days.</p> +<p class="author">J.M.B.</p> +<p><i>Michael Servetus, alias Reves.</i>—The manuscript, the +character and fate of which S.H. (Vol. ii., p. 153.) is anxious to +investigate, contained books iii.-vii., inclusive, of the work of +Servetus <i>De Trinitate</i>; and as these fragments differed +somewhat from the printed text, they were probably the first, or an +early, draft (not necessarily in the author's handwriting) of part +of the <i>Christianismi Restitutio</i>. The purchaser of this MS., +at the sale of Du Fay's library in Paris in the year 1725, was the +Count de Hoym, ambassador to France from Poland. I beg to refer +your correspondent to pp. 214-18. of the <i>Historia Michaelis +Serveti</i>, by Henr. ab Allwoerden, published with Mosheim's +approbation, Helmstad 1728.</p> +<p>Both a "Note" and a "Query" might be founded on a memorable +passage in the fifth book <i>De Trinitate</i>, in which Servetus, +long before Harvey, explains the circulation of the blood.</p> +<p class="author">R.G.</p> +<p><i>Caxton's Printing-office</i> (Vol. ii., pp. 99. 122. +142.).—It is a pity MR. NICHOLS did not take the trouble to +see, and, having seen, to notice in his first communication, that +Abbot Islip was mentioned in the passage from Stow's <i>Survey</i> +cited by MR. RIMBAULT. As that gentleman quotes from, I believe, +the second edition of the <i>Survey</i>, I may be allowed to doubt, +until it is clearly shown, that "Islip's name has been introduced +by the error of some subsequent writer." But supposing this to be +so, it would in no way affect the only question which is material, +Who was Caxton's patron? nor touch the accuracy of the <i>Life of +Caxton</i>, which MR. NICHOLS seems desirous of impeaching. I am +anxious to point this out, because I feel it right to vindicate to +the utmost, where they deserve it, useful works, which, like the +little volume I am writing of, are published at a price that +ensures for them a circulation of almost unlimited extent.</p> +<p class="author">ARUN.</p> +<p><i>Somagia</i> (Vol. ii., p. 120.).—This is the plural of +"somagium," "summagium," and means "horse-loads." It is a word +frequently found in documents relating to agrarian matters, and may +signify the load packed upon the horse's back (whence the name +"sumpter-horse"), or in a cart drawn by a horse. MR. SANSOM will +find a full explanation of the derivatives of its root, "sagma," at +p. 50., vol. vii., of Ducange.</p> +<p class="author">J.BT.</p> +<p><i>Various Modes of Interment among the Ancients</i> (Vol ii., +pp. 8, 9. 22. 41. 78.).—In modes of interment some nations +have been distinguished by an idiosyncrasy almost incredible from +their inhumanity.</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Barcæi, populi inter Colchos et Iberos morbo absumptos +igni comburebant, sed qui in bello fortiter occubuissent, honoris +gratia vulturibus devorandos objiciebant."—.AElian. <i>Hist. +Anim.</i> lib. x. "In Hyrcania (refert Cicero in <i>Tusc. +Quæst.</i> lib. i. 45.) ali canes solitos fuisse, a quibus +delaniarentur mortui, eamque optimam Hyrcanos censuisse +sepulturam."—Kirchmannus <i>de Funer. Romanorum.</i></p> +</blockquote> +<p>The appendix to this work may be consulted for this, and yet +greater violations of the law of nature and nations.</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Apud saniores barbaros ab animalibus discerpi cadavera foedum +semper ac miserabile creditum fuit. Foetus abortivi feris +alitibutsque exponebantur in montibus aut locis aliis inaccessis, +quin et ipsi infantes, &c. Fuit hæc Asinina sepultura +<i>poena</i> Tyrannorum ac perduellium. (Spondan. <i>de Coemet. +S.</i> pp. 367. 387. et seqq.) Quam et victorum insolentia odiumque +vulgi implacabile in hostes non raro exercuit."—Ursinus +<i>Arbor. Biblicum.</i></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Hyde accounts for the Persians who embraced the religion of the +Magi not having adopted the two contrivances of corporal +dissolution prevalent among civilised nations—cremation or +burning, and simple inhumation—by the superstitious reverence +with which they regarded the four elements. Sir T. Browne remarks +that similar superstitions may have had the same effect among other +nations.</p> +<p>Of the post-mortem <i>punishments</i> described by Ducange, the +former was the customary sepulture of the Trogloditæ; the +latter corresponds with the rite of some of the Scythians recorded +by Statius:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"At gente in Scythica suffixa cadavera truncis,</p> +<p>Lenta dies sepelit putri liquentia tabo."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>I shall be obliged if you or a correspondent disposed "not only +to teach but to communicate," will kindly throw light on a passage, +relating to the Troloditæ, in Strabo, book xvi., where he +relates, "Capræ cornu mortuis saxorum cumulo coopertis fuisse +superimpositum."</p> +<p class="author">T.J.</p> +<p><i>Guy's Porridge-pot</i> (Vol. ii., p. 55.).—Your +correspondent is quite correct, when he says "neither the armour +nor pot belonged to the noble Guy." He would have been a <i>guy</i> +if he <i>had</i> worn the armour, seeing that it was made for a +horse, and not for a man.</p> +<p>What the stout old lady who showed us the "relics of old Guy" in +1847 called "Guy's breastplate," and sometimes his helmet! is the +"croupe" of a suit of horse armour, and "another breastplate" a +"poitrel." His porridge-pot is a garrison <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page188" id="page188"></a>{188}</span> crock of +the sixteenth century, used to prepare "sunkits" for the retainers; +and the fork a military fork temp. Hen. VIII.</p> +<p>The so called "Roman swords" are "anelaces," and a couteau de +chasse of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.</p> +<p>The "British weapon" is a hammer at arms temp. Hen. VIII., and +"the halbert" a black bill temp. Hen. VII. The only weapons +correctly described are the Spanish rapiers.</p> +<p>The shield with the "sight" is very curious; it weighs thirty +pounds, and is of the temp. of Henry VIII.</p> +<p>It is impossible to describe the horror of the old lady at our +doubting her version; she seemed to wonder the earth did not open +and swallow us for our heresy.</p> +<p class="author">NASO.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"<i>Welcome the coming, speed the parting Guest</i>"</p> +<p>(Vol. ii., p. 134.).—</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest,"</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>is from Pope (<i>Imitations of Horace</i>, book ii. sat. +ii.).</p> +<p>Pope's distich, whence the line is taken, runs,—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"For I, who hold sage Homer's rule the best,</p> +<p>Welcome the coming, speed the <i>going</i> guest."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Query. Where is "sage Homer's rule" to be found?</p> +<p class="author">RUSTICUS.</p> +<p class="note">[The following additional reply furnishes a +solution of the Query of RUSTICUS:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"True friendship's laws are by this rule express'd,</p> +<p>Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="note">These lines are from Pope's <i>Homer</i>, the +Odyssey, Book xv., lines 83 and 84.</p> +<p class="note">E.H.]</p> +<p>"<i>A Chrysostom to smoothe his Band in</i>" (Vol. ii., p. +126.).—This Query by Rev. ALFRED GATTY is answered by +referring him to the <i>Happy Life of a Country Parson</i>, by +Swift, beginning with—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Parson, these things in thy possessing,</p> +<p>Are worthy of a bishop's blessing."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>And enumerating amongst them</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"A large Concordance bound long since,</p> +<p>Sermons to Charles the First when prince,</p> +<p>A chronicle of ancient standing,</p> +<p>A chrysostom to smoothe thy band in;</p> +<p>The polyglott—three parts—my text,</p> +<p>Howbeit—likewise—to my next."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="author">T.H.Q.</p> +<p class="note">[C.I.R. (to whom we are indebted for a similar +reference) adds the concluding line—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"And shake his head at Doctor Swift."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="note">which would show that the verses were written not +earlier than 1701, as Swift, the author, took his D.D. degree in +that year.]</p> +<p><i>William of Wykeham</i> (Vol. ii., p. 89.).—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Historica descriptio compleetens vitam ac res gestas beatissimi +viri Guilmi Wicanii quondam Vintoniensis episcopi et Angliæ +Cancellarii et fundatoris duorum collegiorum Oxoniæ et +Vintoniæ."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>is the title of a biography of William of Wykeham attributed to +Thomas Martin, published in 4to. Oxford, 1597.</p> +<p>There is also a little work which may come under the head of +biographies, viz.:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Uvedale (Robert) Examination of Lowth's objections to the +account given by Leland of the parentage of William of Wykeham," +8vo. 1801.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><i>Vide</i> Oettinger's <i>Bibliographie Biographique</i>.</p> +<p class="author">S.W.</p> +<p><i>Dutch Language</i> (Vol. ii., p. 77.).—H.B.C. +recommends, among other works, Hendrik Conscience's novels. These +are in Flemish, not Dutch. The difference may not be great between +the two; but one would hardly recommend to a learner of English, +Burns's <i>Poems</i> as a reading-book. In 1829 Dr. Bowring wrote +an article, being a sketch of Dutch literature, in the <i>Foreign +Quarterly Review</i>; which article was reprinted in Amsterdam in +the form of an 18mo. volume, and which I believe is still to be +got, and is a very useful guide to Dutch literature.</p> +<p class="author">S.W.</p> +<p>"<i>A frog he would</i>" &c. (Vol. ii., p. 45. and +elsewhere).—I remember, when a boy, to have heard an old aunt +repeatedly sing this song; but the chorus was very strange.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"A frog he would a-wooing ride,</p> +<p class="i2">With a rigdum bullydimy kymy;</p> +<p>With sword and buckler by his side,</p> +<p class="i2">With a rigdum bullydimy kymy.</p> +<p>Kymyary kelta cary kymyary kymy,</p> +<p class="i2">Strimstram paradiddle larrabona ringting,</p> +<p>Rigdum bullydimy kymy."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="author">A.</p> +<p><i>City Sanitary Laws</i> (Vol. ii., p. 99.).—The act of +Parliament prohibiting the slaughter of cattle within the city, +referred to in the passage from <i>Arnold's Chronicle</i>, +extracted by your correspondent T.S.D. is the 4 Hen. VII. c. 3., +which enacts that—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"No butcher shall kill any flesh within his scalding-house, or +within the walls of London, in pain to forfeit for every ox so +killed 12<i>d.</i> and for every other beast 8<i>d.</i>, to be +divided between the king and the prosecutor."—Bohun's +<i>Privilegia Londini</i> 1723, p. 480.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Brydall, in his <i>Camera Regis</i> (Lond. 1666, p. 114.), +quotes the statute of 11 Hen. VII. c. 21, as the authority for the +"singularity" attaching to the city, that "butchers shall kill no +beasts in London." I believe, however, Bohun's reference will be +found to be the correct one. The statute in question has, I think, +never been repealed; but in the absence of abbatoirs, or other +proper provision for the slaughtering of cattle without the walls +of the city, it seems doubtful whether the <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page189" id="page189"></a>{189}</span> pains and +penalties to which the "contrary doers" were liable, were at any +time strictly enforced.</p> +<p class="author">JAMES T. HAMMACK.</p> +<p><i>Sanitary Laws of other Days</i> (Vol. ii., p. 99.).—The +statute referred to by T.S.D. in his article, by which "it is +ordeigned y't no such slaughter of best shuld be used or had within +this cite," was no doubt 4 & 5 Henry VII. c. 3., intituled "An +Act that no Butcher slea any Manner of Beast within the walls of +London." The penalty is only twelvepence for an ox or a cow, and +eightpence for any smaller animal. The act itself seems unrepealed, +but the penalties are too small at the present day to abate the +nuisance.</p> +<p class="author">C.R. SOC.</p> +<p><i>Michael Scott, the Wizard</i> (Vol. ii., p. 120.).—I +have now lying before me a small duodecimo, Lugdini, 1584, +entitled—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Alberti Magni de Secretis Mulierum libellus, scholiis auctus et +a mendis repurgatus,"</p> +</blockquote> +<p>to which is appended a work of the wizard's "ob materiæ +similitudinem,"</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Michaelis Scoti philosophi De Secretis Naturæ +Opusculum."</p> +</blockquote> +<p class="author">E.S.T.</p> +<p><i>Clerical Costume</i> (Vol. ii., p. 22.).—Possibly the +answer to this Query may be found in the passage from Bacon's +<i>History of Life and Death</i>, in the third part of the +<i>Instauratio Magna</i>, which I copy below from Craik's <i>Bacon +and his Writings</i>, vol. iii. p. 45.:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Some report that they have found great benefit in the +conservation of their health by wearing scarlet waistcoats next +their skin and under their shirts, as well down to their nether +parts as on the upper."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>From the quantity of serge bought, as well as from the nature of +the material, I think it likely it might be required for the +purpose here noticed by Bacon, and not for an outer waistcoat.</p> +<p class="author">ARUN.</p> +<p><i>The Curfew</i> (Vol. ii., p. 103.).—As NABOC can, I +imagine, only get a perfect list of the places where the curfew is +still rung by the contributions of scattered correspondents, I will +furnish my mite by informing him that a very short time ago it was +rung at Sturminster Newton in Dorsetshire.</p> +<p class="author">J. BT.</p> +<p><i>Welsh Language; Armenian Language</i> (Vol. ii., p. +136.).—JARLTZBERG will find no Welsh dictionary with the part +reversed. I possess a dictionary in Welsh and English, in two +volumes, by Pugh, published in 1832, which is one of the best. The +one in two volumes by Walters is in English and Welsh, and is also +one of the best. The four volumes would make a good dictionary. The +best grammar is, I think, Pugh's. See the Welsh bookseller in +Holywell Street: I believe his name is Williams.</p> +<p>Father Chamick compiled the <i>History of Armenia</i> from the +historical works of several authors, which was published at Venice +in 1786; and in 1811 an abridgment thereof, which was translated by +Mr. Acdall, of Calcutta, in 1827. See Messrs. Allen and Co.'s +<i>Catalogue of Oriental Works</i>, at whose house these, and +translations of other works (particularly the <i>History of +Vartan</i> and the <i>Memoirs of Artemi</i>), may be procured. I +think JARLTZBERG will find a dictionary in Armenian and French. I +saw a notice of one a short time since. (See Bernard Quaritch.) In +1841, Peterman published at Berlin, <i>Porta Ling. Orient., sive +Elementa Ling. Syr., Chald., Arab.</i>, &c. &c., which I +think contains an Armenian grammar. See Williams and Norgate; also +a list of Klaproth's works.</p> +<p class="author">AREDJID KOOEZ.</p> +<p><i>Armenian Language</i> (Vol. ii., p. 136.).—In reply to +JARLTZBERG, I can answer that Lord Byron did not compose the +English part of Aucher's <i>Armenian and English Grammar</i>. A +very learned friend of mine was at St. Lazero, in Venice, and knew +both Aucher and Lord Byron. Lord Byron was taking lessons in +Armenian, and a few of his exercises were introduced into Aucher's +<i>Grammar</i>, which was written for Armenians to learn English, +with which language Aucher was quite familiar, having resided four +years in London. But a new <i>Armenian and English Grammar</i> has +recently been published. There is one, very rare, in Armenian and +Latin, and another in Armenian, modern Greek, and Italian. I have +just seen John Bunyan's <i>Pilgrim's Progress</i> in <i>vulgar</i> +Armenian, with plates, published at Smyrna; and the <i>Prayers of +St. Nierses</i>, in twenty-four languages, Venice, 1837, of which +Armenian is one. Several works in Armenian have been published at +Calcutta.</p> +<p class="author">HENRY WILKINSON.</p> +<p>Brompton.</p> +<p><i>North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated</i> (Vol. ii., p. +55.).—The strong preference given to the south side of the +churchyard is traceable to two principal causes; first and chiefly, +because the churchyard cross was always placed here; secondly, +because this is the sunny side of the churchyard. The cross, the +emblem of all the Christian's hopes, the bright sun shining on the +holy ground, figurative of the sun of righteousness, could not fail +to bring to mind the comforting assurance that they who slept +around would one day rise again. And as the greater part of the +congregation entered the church by the south and principal door, +another cause of the preference was the hope that the sight of the +resting places of those of their friends and neighbours who had +died in the communion of the church, might remind the survivors +each time they repaired to the house of prayer to remember them in +their supplications. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page190" id= +"page190"></a>{190}</span> There is not, however, I believe, the +slightest reason for considering that the north side of the +churchyard was left unconsecrated, nor do I think it possible that +such could ever be the case, inasmuch as all consecrated ground was +required to be fenced off from that which was unhallowed. But the +north side has always been considered inferior to the south. For +example;—excommunicated persons were at one time buried +outside the precincts of the churchyard, which, of course, would +not have been necessary if any part had been left unconsecrated, +nor are instances of this practice wanting since the +Reformation.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href= +"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> And when discipline began to be +relaxed, and murderers were interred even within the church itself, +it was still on the north side.<a id="footnotetag2" name= +"footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> It is very +usual in small country parishes to find the north side of the +churchyard without a single grave, nor is it generally resorted to +until the south side is fully occupied. It would be difficult to +mention another instance of a prejudice so universal, existing so +long after the causes of it have mainly passed away.</p> +<p>I cannot conclude without expressing the extreme interest which, +though he seems not to be aware of it, attaches to the statement of +your correspondent, to the effect that he had on two occasions, +namely, on the Revel Sunday, and on another festival, observed the +game of football in a churchyard in the West of England. It is, +indeed, interesting to find that relics of a custom which, however +repugnant to our notions, was sanctioned by the highest authority +in the best days of our church, still linger in some of our rural +districts; thus amply bearing out the mention made by Bishop Peirs +more than two centuries ago, of the attachment of the people of the +west to, and "how very much they desired the continuance of," these +ancient celebrations. For the letter of the prelate, which was +addressed to Archbishop Laud, and for many valuable details with +respect to dedication festivals, and the observance of Sundays in +former times, I would refer those who take an interest in the +matter to the <i>Hierurgia Anglicanæ</i>.</p> +<p class="author">ARUN.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name= +"footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag1">(return)</a> +<p>See Parish Register of Hart, Durham, December 17th, 1596; of St. +Nicholas, Newcastle, December 31st 1664.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name= +"footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag2">(return)</a> +<p>Parish Register of St. Nicholas, Newcastle August 1st, 1616, and +August 13th, 1620.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>"<i>Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt</i>."—Your +correspondent B.H.C, who, at Vol. ii, p. 158., inquires after the +author and answer to this charade, might leave easily ascertained +that the author was the late Mackworth Praed, and that the answer +is "Good-night." I believe your correspondent has been guilty of +some verbal inaccuracies, which makes the answer appear not so +pertinent to his version as it really is; but I have not the +original at hand. Some few years ago, the charade appeared in a +Cambridge paper, with a story about Sir Walter Scott having sent it +anonymously to Queen Adelaide. This was contradicted, and the real +author named in a subsequent number of the newspaper, and a +metrical solution given, amongst others, of the charade, with +which, though I believe I could recollect it, I will not trouble +the Editor of "NOTES AND QUERIES." I think the charade first +appeared in a cheap periodical, which was set on foot by the +parties concerned in <i>Knight's Quarterly</i>.</p> +<p class="author">J.H.L.</p> +<p>"<i>Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt</i>" (Vol. ii., p. +158).—This enigma was written by the late Winthrop Mackworth +Praed, and appeared in <i>Knight's Quarterly Magazine</i>, vol. ii. +p. 469.: whether solved or soluble, I cannot say.</p> +<p>May I here express my concurrence in an opinion expressed in a +very recent number of the <i>Examiner</i>, that a collected edition +of Mr. Praed's poems is wanted?</p> +<p class="author">C.H. COOPER.</p> +<p>Cambridge, August 5. 1850.</p> +<p><i>Unicorn</i> (Vol. ii., p. 136.).—King James I. +abandoned the red dragon of Henry VII. as one of the supporters of +the royal arms of England, and substituted the unicorn, one of the +supporters of the royal arms of Scotland.</p> +<p class="author">S.S.S.</p> +<p><i>Abbey of St. Wandrille, Normandy</i> (Vol. i., pp. 338. 382. +486.).—As the Vicar of Ecclesfield appears interested in the +history of this abbey, in the immediate neighbourhood of which I am +at present living, I forward the following list of works which have +relation to the subject, including the <i>Chronicle</i>, extracts +from which have already been given by GASTROS:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Briefve Chronique de l'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, publiée +par la première fois, d'après le Cartulaire de St. +Wandrille, de Marcoussis M.S. du XVI. siècle, de la +Bibliothèque de Rouen par M.A. +Potter."—<i>Révue Rétrospective Normande</i>, +Rouen, 1842.</p> +<p>"Le Trisergon de l'Abbaye de Fontenelle (or St. Wandrille), en +Normandie, par Dom Alexis Bréard. M.S. du XVII. +siècle."—<i>Bibliothèque de Rouen</i>, M.S.S.Y. +110.</p> +<p>"Appendix ad Chronicon Fontanellense in Spicileg." Acherii, t. +ii. p. 285.</p> +<p>"Gallia Christiana," vol. ii., in fo., page 155., (containing +the Ecclesiastical History of Normandy).</p> +<p>"Acta sanctor ord. St. Bened," tom. v.—<i>Miracula +Wandregisili</i>.</p> +<p>"Essais sur l'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, par Langlois," in 8vo. +Rouen, 1827.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Several books formerly belonging to this monastery, are now in +the public library at Havre.</p> +<p class="author">W.J.</p> +<p>Havre.</p> +<p><i>Russian Language</i> (Vol. ii., p. l52.).—A James Heard +wrote a grammar of this language, and published <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page191" id="page191"></a>{191}</span> it at St. +Petersburgh, in 1827. Mr. Heard also published a volume of +<i>Themes</i>, or <i>Exercises</i>, to his grammar, in the same +year. I am not acquainted with any other Russian grammar written in +English.</p> +<p>Hamonière published his <i>Grammaire Russe</i> at Paris +in 1817; and Gr<i>e</i>tsch (not Gr<i>o</i>tsch) published (in +Russian) his excellent grammar at St. Petersburgh about thirty +years ago. A French translation appeared at the same place in 1828, +in 2 vols. 8vo., by Reiff.</p> +<p>In the <i>Révue Encyclopédique</i> for 1829, p. +702., some curious details will be found respecting, the various +Russian grammars then in existence. <i>J</i>appe's <i>Russian +Grammar</i> is possibly a misprint for <i>T</i>appe, whose grammar, +written in German, is a good one. Besides these, the titles of some +twenty other Russian grammars, in Russian, French, or German, could +be mentioned.</p> +<p>The anthologies published by Dr. Bowring, besides his Russian, +Dutch, and Spanish, are the Magyar, Bohemian, Servian, and +Polish.</p> +<p>Writing from Oxford, where the first Russian grammar ever +published was printed, as your correspondent JARLTZBERG correctly +states, perhaps it may interest him, or his friend, who, he says, +is about to go to Russia, to be informed (should he not already be +aware of the fact) that a "Course of Lectures on Russian +Literature" was delivered in this university, by Professor Trithen, +at Sir Robert Tayler's Institution, in the winter of 1849.</p> +<p class="author">J.M.</p> +<p>Oxford, Aug. 6. 1850.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>MISCELLANEOUS.</h2> +<p>A very interesting contribution to our early national +literature, as well as to legendary history, has lately been +published by Dr. Nicolaus Delius of Bonn. He has edited in a small +octavo volume, published at a very moderate price, <i>Maistre +Wace's St. Nicholas</i>, an old French poem, by the poetical Canon +of Bayeux, whose <i>Roman de Rou et des Ducs de Normandie</i>, +edited by Pluquet, and <i>Roman de Brut</i>, edited by Le Roux de +Lincy, are, doubtless, familiar to many of our readers. The present +valuable edition to the published works of Maistre Wace, is edited +from two Oxford MSS., viz., No. 270. of the Douce Collection, and +No. 86. of the Digby Collection in the Bodleian: and to add to the +interest of the present work, especially in the eyes of English +readers, Dr. Delius has appended to it the old English metrical +life of <i>Saint Nicolas the Bischop</i>, from the curious series +of Lives and Legends which Mr. Black has recently shown to have +been composed by Robert of Gloucester.</p> +<p>We have received the following Catalogue:—John Russell +Smith's (4. Old Compton Street, Soho) Part IV. for 1850. of a +Catalogue of Choice, Useful, and Curious Books in most Departments +of Literature.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>Notices to Correspondents.</h3> +<p>VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, <i>with Title-page and +very copious Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, +and may be had, by order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen</i>.</p> +<p><i>The Monthly Part for July, being the second of Vol. II. is +also now ready, price 1s.</i></p> +<p>NOTES AND QUERIES <i>may be procured by the Trade at noon on +Friday; so that our country Subscribers ought to experience no +difficulty in receiving it regularly. Many of the country +Booksellers are, probably, not yet aware of this arrangement, which +enables them to receive Copies in their Saturday parcels</i>.</p> +<p>JANUS DOUSA. <i>The Notes on Folk Lore have been received and +will be used very shortly. The Queries just received shall be duly +inserted</i>.</p> +<p><i>Errata</i>.—In No. 41., p. 166., col. 1., line 8 from +bottom, for "<i>Cordius</i>" read "<i>Cardin</i>"; p. 171., l. 29., +for "haver<i>s</i>" read "haver"; and p. 172., l. 24., for "Murton" +read "Mu<i>i</i>rton."</p> +<hr class="adverts" /> +<p>GREATLY REDUCED IN PRICE.</p> +<p>PATRES ECCLESIASTICI ANGLICANI.</p> +<p>THIS SERIES OF THE ENGLISH FATHERS OF THE +CHURCH,—commencing with ALDHELM, the first Bishop of +Sherborne, which see he held from A.D. 705 to 709, and including +VENERABLE BEDE, the father of English History, who died in 735; +BONIFACE, the English Apostle to the Germans, whose martyrdom took +place in 754; LANFRANC, to whose influence over the Conqueror the +English owed what liberty William still allowed them to enjoy; +PETER OF BLOIS, the gossiping but querulous archdeacon of Bath; +THOMAS A BECKET, the greatest churchman of any time, and the +fearless upholder of the rights of the Church against the +usurpations of the Crown and his contemporaries; honest +plain-spoken JOHN OF SALISBURY; and the specious ERNULPH, Bishop of +Lisieux, whose works throw considerable light upon the court +intrigues of the reign of Henry II.,—is edited by the Rev. +Dr. GILES, formerly Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.</p> +<p>The entire Series consists of Thirty-five volumes, 8vo.; the +price of which has been reduced from 18<i>l.</i> 19<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> to 9<i>l.</i>, <i>if taken in complete sets</i>, of +which only <i>a very small number</i> remain unsold; or separately +as follows:—</p> +<p>ALDHELMI Opera, 1 vol. 8vo. 6<i>s.</i> (published at 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i>)<br /> +BEDAE VENERABILIS Opera, 12 vols. 8vo. 3<i>l.</i> 3<i>s.</i> (pub. +at 6<i>l.</i> 6<i>s.</i>)<br /> +BONIFACII Opera, 2 vols. 8vo. 12<i>s.</i> (published at 1<i>l.</i> +1<i>s.</i>)<br /> +PETRI BLESENSIS Opera, 4 vols. 8vo. 1<i>l.</i> 4<i>s.</i> (pub. at +2<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i>)<br /> +THOMAE CANTUARIENSIS, HERBERT DE BOREHAMI<br /> +Opera, &c., 8 vols. 2<i>l.</i> 16<i>s.</i> (published at +4<i>l.</i> 16<i>s.</i>)<br /> +LANFRANCI Opera, 2 vols. 12<i>s.</i> (published at 1<i>l.</i> +1<i>s.</i>)<br /> +ARNULFI Opera, 1 vol. 6<i>s.</i> (published at 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i>)<br /> +JOHANNIS SARESBERIENSIS Opera, 5 vols. 8vo. 1<i>l.</i> +10<i>s.</i><br /> +(published at 2<i>l.</i> 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>)<br /></p> +<p>On sale by D. NUTT, 270. Strand; and H. WASHBOURNE, 18. New +Bridge Street, Blackfriars.</p> +<hr /> +<p>NEW WORK ON THE GREEK DRAMA.</p> +<p>In 12mo., price 4<i>s.</i> (with a Plan of a Greek Theatre.)</p> +<p>THE ATHENIAN STAGE, a Handbook for Students. From the German of +WETZSCHEL, by the Rev. R.B. PAUL, M.A.; and edited by the Rev. T.K. +ARNOLD, M.A., Rector of Lyndon, and late Fellow of Trinity College, +Cambridge.</p> +<p>RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place:</p> +<p>Of whom may be had, by the same Editors,</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>l. HANDBOOK of GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES.</p> +<p>3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p>2. HANDBOOK of ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.</p> +<p>3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p>3. HANDBOOK of GREEK SYNONYMES.</p> +<p>6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page192" id= +"page192"></a>{192}</span> +<p>VALUABLE ANTIQUARIAN, HERALDIC, AND FOREIGN WORKS, DICTIONARIES, +GRAMMARS, ETC.</p> +<p>SOLD BY BERNARD QUARITCH, 16. CASTLE STREET, LEICESTER +SQUARE.</p> +<hr /> +<p>Adelung's Wörterbuch der Hoch-Deutschen Mundart, mit +beständiger Vergleichung der übrigen Mundarten, besonders +acer der Oberdeutschen, best edition, by Schönberger, 4 vols. +4to., calf, gilt, marbled edges, 2<i>l.</i> 2<i>s.</i> Wien, +1811.</p> +<p>Aldrete, del Origen de la Lengua Castellana o Romance (an +Old-Spanish Dictionary), folio, vellum, 15<i>s.</i> Madrid, +1674.</p> +<p>Anderson's Royal Genealogies, or the Genealogical Tables of +Emperors, Kings, and Princes, from Adam to these times, folio, hf. +bd. scarce, 26<i>s.</i> 1732.</p> +<p>Annals of Ireland, by the Four Masters, translated from the +Original Irish by Owen Connellan, Esq., with Additions by Mac +Dermott, 4to., morocco super-extra, gilt edges. 30<i>s.</i> Dublin, +1846.</p> +<p>Bergomensis (J.P. Foresti) Supplementum Chronicarum, ab exordio +mundi ad annum 1502, folio, numerous woodcuts, monastic binding, +12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Ven. 1503.</p> +<p>Baluze, Histoire Généalogique de la Maison +d'Auvergne, 2 vols. folio, numerous plates of Coats of Arms and +Monumental Effigies, calf gilt, 20<i>s.</i> Paris, 1708.</p> +<p>——, another copy, 2 vols. folio, numerous fine Coats +of Arms, the corners of one volume damaged, calf, 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> Paris, 1708.</p> +<p>Brunsvicensium Rerum Scriptores cura G.G. Leibnitii, 3 vols. +folio, calf, fine copy, 2<i>l.</i> 16<i>s.</i> Hanoveræ, +1707.</p> +<p>An Indispensable work to the student of the Ancient History and +Literature of Germany.</p> +<p>Caedmon's Metrical Paraphrase of parts of Holy Scripture in +Anglo-Saxon, with Translation by Thorpe, imp. 8vo. bds., +12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> 1832.</p> +<p>Campe's Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache, 6 vols. imp. +4to., hf. bd. russia extra, uncut, top edges gilt. fine copy, +3<i>l.</i> 3<i>s.</i> Braunschweig, 1807-13.</p> +<p>Caraffa Family. Aldirnari, Historia Genealogica della Famiglia +Carafa, 3 vols. folio, numerous very fine portraits and Coats of +Arms, fine copy in vellum,, scarce, 28<i>s.</i> Napoli, 1691.</p> +<p>Carpentier, Alphabetium Tironianum, seu notes Tironis explicandi +methods, folio, with numerous Short-hand Alphabets, Diplomas, +Charters, &c. of Louis the Pious, hf. bd. calf, 9<i>s.</i> +Paris, 1747</p> +<p>Codex Traditionum Corbejensium Diplomatarium Sarachonis Abbatis +Registrum, cum notis Falcke, thick folio, fac-similes of Old Deeds, +&c., vellum, 18<i>s.</i> Lips. 1752.</p> +<p>Corneille, OEuvres de, avec les commentaires de Voltaire, 12 +vols. 8vo. best edition, newly hf. bd. calf, 36<i>s.</i> Paris +1817.</p> +<p>Diccionario de la Lingua Castellana por la Real Academia +Espanola, tecera edicion, folio, calf neat, 12<i>s.</i> Madrid, +1791.</p> +<p>Edwards, Recherches sur les Langues Celtiques, 8vo. sd. +6<i>s.</i> Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1844.</p> +<p>A very valuable and learned Celtic Polyglott Grammar, giving a +Comparative View off the Breton, Gælic, Welsh, Irish, +Cornish, and Basque Languages.</p> +<p>Enderbie's Cambria Triumphans, or Britain in its perfect Lustre +showing the Origin and Antiquity of that Illustrious Nation; the +Succession of their Kings and Princes, from the first to King +Charles, 2 vols in 1, folio, Large Paper, numerous Coats of Arms, +bds. leather back, uncut, 18<i>s.</i> London, 1661 (Bagster, +1810).</p> +<p>Faereyinga-Saga eller Faeroboernes Historie, in Icelandic, +Danish, and the Faroer Dialect, by Rafn, imp. 8vo. Large Paper, +bds. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Klob. 1832</p> +<p>Heineken, Idée générale d'une Collection +complette d'Estampes et Dissertation sur l'origine de la Gravure, +plates, calf, 18<i>s.</i> 1771.</p> +<p>Johnson's Dictionary, Todd's last and best edition, 3 vols. 4to. +calf gilt, 5<i>l.</i> 1827.</p> +<p>Junil Etymologicum Anglicanum, edidit Lye, folio, portrait by +Vertue, calf, 18<i>s.</i> Oxf 1743.</p> +<p>A most important work for the study of English Etymologies.</p> +<p>Jurisprudentia Heroica, sive de Jure Belgarum circa Nobilitatem +et Insignia, folio, several hundred Coats of Arms, all beautifully +emblazoned in gold, silver, and colours, calf. A beautiful book, +rare, 32<i>s.</i> Bruxelles, 1668.</p> +<p>Karamsin, Histoire de l'Empire de Russie, 11 vols 8vo. (pub. at +2<i>l.</i> 15<i>s.</i>) sd. 16<i>s.</i> Paris, 1819-26.</p> +<p>This French translation has been made under the patronage of the +author, who has added many notes and references. Karamsin is the +greatest of all the Russian writers.</p> +<p>Koch, Histoire abrégée des Traités de Paix +entre les Puissances de l'Europe, depuis la Paix de Westphalie +jusqu'a 1815, 15 vols. 8vo., stained, sewed, 32<i>s.</i> Paris, +1817-18.</p> +<p>A most important collection, originally published at 6<i>l.</i> +16<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> and seldom met under price.</p> +<p>Lapponic Bible. Tat Ailes Tialog, Abme ja Addä Testamenta, +3 vols. 4to. bds. 24<i>s.</i> Hernösandesne, 1811.</p> +<p>Legonidec, Dictionnaire Celto-Breton ou Breton-Français, +8vo. sd. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Algoulème, 1821.</p> +<p>Lhuyd's Archæologia Britannica, giving an Account of the +Languages of the original Inhabitants of Britain, folio, hf. bd. +calf, neat, scarce, 32<i>s.</i> Oxford, 1707.</p> +<p>Contains Armoric, Irish, Scottish, Welsh Grammars and +Dictionaries.</p> +<p>Lope de Vega, Obras Sueltas, en Prosa y en Verso, 21 vols. small +4to. vellum, 3<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i> Madrid, 1776.</p> +<p>——, another copy, Large Paper, sd., uncut, +3<i>l.</i> 3<i>s.</i></p> +<p>Mabillon de Re Diplomatica, cum Supplemento, 2 vols. royal +folio, Large Paper, numerous plates, fine copy in Dutch calf, +38<i>s.</i> Lut. Par. 170. 1704.</p> +<p>Magnusen (Finn) Runamo og Runerne, 4to. (742 pp.), 14 plates of +Runic Antiquities, bds. 18<i>s.</i> Kyobenhavn, 1841.</p> +<p>Maurice, le Blason des Armoiries de tous les Chevaliers de +l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or, depuis la première Institution, +folio, 450 plates, containing upwards of 2000 finely engraved Coats +of Arms, calf, a beautiful book, 30<i>s.</i> La Haye, 1665.</p> +<p>O'Brien, Irish-English Dictionary, 4to. hf. bd., very scarce, +25<i>s.</i> Paris, 1768.</p> +<p>Pompeii illustrated with Picturesque Views from the Drawings by +Col. Cockburn, with Plan and Details by Donaldson, 2 vols. in 1, +imp. folio, 90 fine plates, some coloured, half morocco, 2<i>l.</i> +12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> 1827.</p> +<p>Rhæsi (D.) Cymbro-Brytannicæ Cymræcæve +Linguæ Institutiones, small folio, inlaid title, calf, gilt +edges, very scarce, 36<i>s.</i> 1592.</p> +<p>Selden's Titles of Honour, folio, best edition, portraits and +plates calf, 16. 1672.</p> +<p>——, another edition, folio, with Roger Twysden's +autograph, calf, 10<i>s.</i> 1631.</p> +<p>Sismondi, Histoire des Républiques Italiennes, 16 vols. +8vo. best edition, a little stained, sd. 36<i>s.</i> Paris, +1818.</p> +<p>——, another edition, 8 vols. royal 8vo. sd. +36<i>s.</i> Brux. 1839.</p> +<p>Snorro Sturleson, Heimskringla, seu Historia Regum Norvegicorum, +editio nova opera Schöning, et Thorlacii, Islandice Danice, et +Latine, 3 vols. in 1, folio, fine paper, sumptuously whole bound +calf extra, leather joints, silk linings, gilt edges, 3<i>l.</i> +10<i>s.</i> Hauniæ, 1777-83.</p> +<p>These three volumes of this edition comprise the whole of the +Heimskringla, as originally published in 1697 by Perinskiold, but +with a Danish version in place of the Swedish, and considerable +improvements both as regards text and notes.</p> +<p>Transactions of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries.</p> +<p>Nordisk Tidskrift for Oldkyndighed, 3 vols. 8vo., numerous fine +plates of Antiquities, hf. bd. calf, 12<i>s.</i> Kiob. 1832-36.</p> +<p>Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed (Annals for Northern +Antiquities, edited by the Royal Society of Antiquaries), 1836-47, +8 vols. 8vo. numerous fine plates, 2 vols hf. bd. the rest sewed, +2<i>l.</i> 5<i>s.</i></p> +<p>Antiquarisk Tidskrift, 1843-48, 3 vols. 8vo. plates, sewed, +9<i>s.</i> Copenh. 1845-48.</p> +<p>These three collections form one set, sold together for +3<i>l.</i></p> +<p>Wachteri Glossarium Germanicum, continens Origins et +Antiquitates totius Linguæ Germanicæ, 2 vols. in 1, +folio, fine copy, old calf gilt, 25<i>s.</i> Lips. 1737.</p> +<hr /> +<p><i>Catalogues of</i> BERNARD QUARITCH'S <i>German</i>, +<i>French</i>, <i>Italian</i>, <i>Spanish</i>, <i>Northern</i>, +<i>Celtic</i>, <i>Oriental</i>, <i>Antiquarian</i>, and +<i>Scientific Books</i> gratis.</p> +<hr /> +<p>Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at +No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City +Of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, Of No. 186. Fleet Street, +in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, +Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, +August 17, 1850.</p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13411 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c4ea26 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #13411 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13411) diff --git a/old/13411-8.txt b/old/13411-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..205ff2c --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13411-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2381 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 42, Saturday, August +17, 1850, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes & Queries, No. 42, Saturday, August 17, 1850 + A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. + + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 9, 2004 [EBook #13411] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 42, *** + + + + +Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals, + + + + + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +No. 42.] SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1850 [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * * {177} + + +CONTENTS. + +NOTES:-- + Alfred's Orosius, by Dr. Bell. 177 + Remarkable Proposition concerning Ireland, by H. + Kersley. 179 + News: a few "old" Materials for its Elucidation, by + S.W. Singer. 180 + Folk Lore:--Charming for Warts. 181 + Minor Notes:--Capture of Henry VI.--The New + Temple. 181 + +QUERIES:-- + Essays of certain Paradoxes: Poem on Nothing, by + S.W. Singer. 182 + Minor Queries:--Papers of Perjury--Church Rates--St. + Thomas of Lancaster's Accomplices--Prelates of + France--Lord Chancellor's Oath--Mediæval Nomenclature--Sir + Christopher Sibthorp--Alarm. 182 + +REPLIES:-- + Shakspeare's Use of "Delighted," by Samuel Hickson. 183 + English Comedians in Germany. 184 + Achilles and the Tortoise. 185 + Replies to Minor Queries:--"Barum" and "Sarum"--Countess + of Desmond--Michael Servetus, alias Reves--Caxton's + Printing-office--Somagia--Various Modes + of Interment among the Ancients--Guy's Porridge-pot--"Welcome + the coming, speed the parting Guest"--"A Chrysostom to + smoothe his Band in"--William of Wykeham--Dutch + Language--"A Frog he would," &c.--City Sanitary + Laws--Sanitary Laws of other Days--Michael Scott, the + Wizard--Clerical Costume--The Curfew--Welsh Language--Armenian + Language--North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated--"Sir + Hilary charged at Agincourt"--Unicorn--Abbey of St. + Wandrille, Normandy, &c. 186 + +MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 191 + Books and Odd Volumes Wanted. 191 + Notices to Correspondents. 191 + Advertisements. 191 + + * * * * * + + +NOTES + +ALFRED'S OROSIUS. + +The two exceedingly valuable elucidations which the geography of King +Alfred relating to Germany (intercalated in the royal author's +translation of Orosius), has received from your learned contributors MR. +R.T. HAMPSON (Vol. i., p. 257.) and MR. S.W. SINGER (Vol. i., p. 313.) +induce me to offer some new views on the same subject. From my having +passed a long series of years in the countries described, and read and +examined all that continental authors, as well as Englishmen, have +written or conjectured on the subject, I trust that my opinions, though +differing from all hitherto received, may not be unworthy the attention +of these gentlemen, and of your other numerous subscribers. I shall, +however, at present, not to exceed the necessary limitation of your +articles, restrict myself to a consideration of the very disputed +_Cwenas_ and the _Cwen-sae_, which both the gentlemen have not alluded +to. + +The universal agreement amongst the commentators (with the two solitary +exceptions I shall hereafter mention), by which this sea is taken for +the White Sea, is diverting, and has been the primary source of many of +their errors, and of that most monster one, by which Othere's narrative +has been made the relation of a voyage round the North Cape to +Archangel. It is difficult to say who may have first broached the +brilliant idea. Spelmann's annotators, his alumni Oxonienses of +University College, seem to have left the matter without much +consideration, in which they were pretty servilely followed by Bussæus, +though not so much so as to justify Professor Ingram's remark, "that his +notes were chiefly extracted thence." (Pref. viii.) Professor Murray of +Göttingen (1765), and Langebeck, in his _Scriptores Rerum Danicarum_ +(1773), make no mention of these arctic discoveries; and the latter is +satisfied that the Cwenas are the Amazons of Adam of Bremen:-- + + "De Quenorum priscis Sedibus et Quenlandiæ situ, vide Torfæus, + _Hist. Norweg._ i. 140. Adamus Bremens, pp. 58, 59. 61., per + Amazones et terram Foeminarum voluit Queuones et Quenladiam + intelligi." + +and it remains, therefore, to the next commentator, John Reinhold +Forster (the companion navigator with Sir Joseph Banks), to have been +the first to whom we owe the important error. He was praised by Daines +Barrington, for whose edition he gave the notes afterwards reproduced in +his _Northern Voyages of Discovery_; but still with certain +reservations. The honourable translator found some negative evidences +which seemed to militate against the idea that the voyage could have +extended into the arctic circle; for, in such a case, Othere would +hardly have refrained from mentioning the perpetual day of those +regions; the northern lights, which he must have experienced; to which +{178} we add, the perpetual snows, and many other very striking +peculiarities, so new and seemingly inexplicable to a southern traveller +or listener. + +Succeeding writers seem to have had fewer scruples, and to have admitted +the idea without consideration. Thorkelin, the Dane, (when in England to +copy out the poem of _Beowulf_ for publication at Copenhagen), gave a +very flattering testimony to Forster's notes, in _Bibliotheca +Topographica_, vol. ix. p. 891. _et seq._, though I believe he +subsequently much modified it. Our own writers who had to remark upon +the subject, Sharon Turner, and Wheaton, in his _History of the +Northmen_, may be excused from concurring in an opinion in which they +had only a verbal interest. Professor Ingram, in his translation of +_Othere's Voyage_ (Oxford, 1807, 4to. p. 96. note), gives the following +rather singular deduction for the appellation: Quenland was the land of +the Amazons; the Amazons were fair and white-faced, therefore _Cwen-Sae_ +the White Sea, as Forster had deduced it: and so, having satisfied +himself with this kind of Sorites, follows pretty closely in Forster's +wake. But that continental writers, who took up the investigation +avowedly as indispensable to the earliest history of their native +countries, should have given their concurrence and approval so easily, I +must confess, astonishes me. + +Dahlman, whilst Professor of History at Kiel, felt himself called upon +by his situation to edit and explain this work to his countrymen more +detailedly than previously, and at vol. ii. p. 405. of the work cited by +Mr. Singer gives all Alfred's original notices. I shall at present only +mention his interpretation of _Quen Sae_, which he translates +_Weltmeer_; making it equivalent to the previous _Garseeg_ or _Oceanus_. +He mentions the reasonings of Rask and Porthan, of Abo, the two +exceptions to the general opinion (which I shall subsequently notice), +without following, on this point, what they had previously so much more +clearly explained. The best account of what had previously been done on +the subject is contained in Beckmann's _Litteratur der alten Raisen_ (s. +450.); and incidental notices of such passages as fall within the scope +of their works, are found in Schlözer's _Allgemeine nordische +Geschichte_, Thummann's _Untersuchungen_, Walch's _Allgemeine +Bibliothek_, Schöning's _Gamle nordishe Geographie_, Nyerup's +_Historisk-statistik Skildering i aeldre og nyere Tider_, in Sprengel's +_Geschichte_, and by Wörbs, in Kruse's _Deutsche Alterthümer_. Professor +Ludw. Giesebrecht published in 1843, at Berlin, a most excellent +_Wendische Geschichte_, in 3 vols. 8vo., but his inquiries concerning +this Periplus (vol. iii. p 290) are the weakest part of his work, having +mostly followed blindly the opinions to which the great fame and +political importance of Dahlman had given full credence and authority. +He was not aware of the importance of Alfred's notices for the countries +he describes, and particularly for the elucidation of the vexed question +of Adam of Bremen's _Julin_ and Helmold's _Veneta_, by an investigation +of Othere's _Schiringsheal_, and which I endeavoured to point out in a +pamphlet I published in the German language, and a copy of which I had +the pleasure of presenting, amongst others, to Professor Dahlman himself +at the Germanisten Versammlung at Lübeck in 1847. To return, however, to +the _Cwena land_ and _sae_, it is evident that the commentators, who are +principally induced by their bearings to Sweon land to look upon the +latter as the White Sea, have overlooked the circumstance that the same +name is found earlier as an arm of the Wendel or Mediterranean Sea; and +it is evident that one denomination cannot be taken in a double meaning; +and therefore, when we find Alfred following the boundaries of Europe +from Greece, "Crecalande ut on þone Wendelsae Þnord on þone Garsaege pe +man Cwen sae haet", it is certain that we have here an arm of the Wendel +Sea (here mistaken for the ocean) that runs from Greece to the north, +and it cannot also afterwards be the White Sea. It will be necessary to +bring this, in conformity with the subsequent mention of _Cwen-Sae_, +more to the northward, which, as I have just said, has been hitherto +principally attended to. + +In Welsh topography no designation scarcely recurs oftener than _Gwent_ +(or, according to Welsh pronunciation, and as it may be written, +_Cwent_) in various modifications, as Gwyndyd, Gwenedd, Gynneth, Gwynne, +&c. &c.; and on the authority of Gardnor's _History of Monmouthshire_ +(Appendix 14.), under which I willingly cloak my ignorance of the Welsh +language, I learn that _Gwent_ or _Went_ is "spelt with or without a +_G_, according to the word that precedes it, according to certain rules +of grammar in the ancient British language, and that _Venedotia_ for +North Wales is from the same root." The author might certainly have +said, "the same word Latinized." But exactly the same affinity or +identity of names is found in a locality that suits the place we are in +search of: in an arm of the Mediterranean stretching from Greece +northwards; viz. in the Adriatic, which had for its earliest name _Sirus +Venedicus_, translated in modern Italian into _Golfo di Venezia_. + +Of the multitudes of authorities for this assumption I need only mention +Strabo, who calls the first settlers on its northern end (whence the +whole gulph was denominated) [Greek: Everoi]; or Livy, who merely +Latinizes the term as _Heneti_, lib. i. cap. i., "Antenorem cum +multitudine Henetum." With the fable of Antenor and his Trojan colony we +have at present no further relation. The name alone, and its +universality at this locality, is all that we require. I shall now show +that we can follow these Veneti (which, that it is a generic name of +situation, I must now omit to prove, from the compression {179} +necessary for your miscellany) without a break, in an uninterrupted +chain, to the north, and to a position that suits Alfred's other +locality much more fitting, than the White Sea. The province of +_Vindelicia_ would carry us to the Boden See (Lake of Constance), which +Pomponius Mela, lib. iii. cap. i. ad finem, calls _Lacus Venedicus_. +This omitting the modern evidences of this name and province in +Windisch-Grätz, Windisch-Feistriz, &c. &c., brings us sufficiently in +contact with the Slavonic and Wendic people of Bohemia to track the line +through them to the two Lausitz, where we are in immediate proximity to +the Spree Wald. There the Wends (pronounce _Vends_) still maintain a +distinct and almost independent community, with peculiar manners, and, +it is believed, like the gypsies, an elected or hereditary king; and +where, and round Lüchow, in Hanover, the few remnants of this once +potent nation are awaiting their final and gradual absorption into the +surrounding German nations. Whenever, in the north of Germany, a +traveller meets with a place or district ending in _wits_, _itz_, +_pitz_, &c., wherever situate, or whatever language the inhabitants +speak, he may put it down as originally Wendish; and the multitude of +such terminations will show him how extensively this people was spread +over those countries. Itzenplitz, the name of a family once of great +consequence in the Mark of Brandenburg is ultra-Wendish. It will, +therefore, excite no wonder that we find, even in Tacitus, Veneti along +their coasts and Ptolemy, who wrote about a century and a half later +than Strabo or Livy, seems to have improved the terminology of the +ancients in the interval; for, speaking of the Sarmatian tribes, he +calls these Veneti [Greek: Ouenedai par holon ton Ouenedikon kolpon]. +Here we find the truest guide for the pronunciation, or, rather, for the +undigammaising of the Latin _V_ and the Welsh _W_, as _Ouenetoi_, which +is proved in many distant and varying localities. St. Ouen, the Welsh +Owen and Evan, and the patron saint of Rouen, no doubt had his name (if +he ever existed at all) coined from the French Veneti of Armorica, +amongst which he lived; and when foreigners wish to render the English +name _Edward_ as spoken, they write _Edouard_ and Robert the Wizzard, +the Norman conqueror of Sicily and Apulia, has his name transformed, to +suit Italian ears, into _Guiscard_, and as William into _Gulielmi_. +Thus, therefore, the whole coast of Prussia, from Pomerania, as far, +perhaps, as known, and certainly all the present Prussia Proper, was the +_Sinus Venedicus_, Ptolemy's [Greek: kolpon]; and this was also Alfred's +Cwen-Sae, for the north. I admit that when Alfred follows Orosius, he +uses _Adriatic_ for the _Golfo de Venezia_, but when he gives us his +independent researches, he uses an indigenous name. Professor Porthan, +of Abo in Finland, published a Swedish translation, with notes, of the +_Voyages of Othere and Wulfstan_ in the _Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och +Antiquitet Academiens Handlingar, sjette Delen_. Stockholm, 1800, p. +37-106., in which he expressly couples Finland with Cwenland; and, in +fact, considering the identity of _Cwen_ and _Ven_, and the +convertibility of the _F_ and _V_ in all languages, _Ven_ and _Fen_ and +_Cwen_ will all be identical: but I believe he might have taken a hint +from Bussæus, who, in addition to his note at p. 13., gives at p. 22. an +extract from the _Olaf Tryvassons Saga_, where "Finnland edr Quenland" +(Finland or Quenland) are found conjoined as synonyms. Professor Rask, +who gives the original text, and a Danish translation in the +_Transactions of the Shandinavish Litteratur Selkskab_ for 1815, as +"Otter og Wulfstans Korte Reideberetninger," &c., though laudatory in +the extreme of Porthan, and differing from him on some minor points, yet +fully agrees in finding the Cwen-Sea within the Baltic: and he seems to +divide this inland sea into two parts by a line drawn north and south +through Bornholm, of which the eastern part is called the Cwen or +Serminde, or Samatian Sea. + +Be that as it may, the above is one of a series of deductions by which I +am prepared to prove, that as the land geography of Germany by Alfred is +restricted to the valleys of the Weichsel (Wisle), the Oder, the Elbe, +and the Weser, so the sea voyages are confined to the debouchures of +such of these rivers as flow into the Baltic. This would give a combined +action of purpose to both well suited to the genius of the monarch and +the necessities of an infant trade, requiring to be made acquainted with +coasts and countries accessible to their rude navigation and limited +commercial enterprise. So prudent a monarch would never have thought of +noting down, for the instruction and guidance of his subjects and +posterity, the account of a voyage which even now, after an interval of +ten centuries of continued nautical improvements, and since the +discovery of the compass, is not unattended with danger, nor +accomplished in less than a year's time wasted. + +WILLIAM BELL, Phil. Dr. + +British Archeological Association. + + * * * * * + +REMARKABLE PROPOSITION CONCERNING IRELAND. + +The following passage, which contains a curious proposition relating to +Ireland, will probably be new and interesting to many readers of "NOTES +AND QUERIES," since the book from which I extract it is a scarce one, +and not often read. Among the many various schemes that have of late +been propounded for the improvement of our sister country, this is +perhaps not the least remarkable, and shows that the _questio vexata_, +"What is to be done with Ireland?" is one of two centuries' standing. +James Harrington, in his _Oceana, the Introduction_, {180} (pp. 35, 36., +Toland's Edition, 1700), speaking of Ireland under the name of Panopea, +says,-- + + "Panopea, the soft Mother of a slothful and pusillanimous + people, is a neighbor Iland, antiently subjected by the Arms of + _Oceana_; since almost depopulated for shaking the Yoke, and at + length replanted with a new Race. But (through what virtues of + the Soil, or vice of the Air, soever it be), they com still to + degenerat. Wherfore seeing it is neither likely to yield men fit + for Arms, nor necessary it should; it had bin the Interest of + _Oceana_ so to have dispos'd of this Province, being both rich + in the nature of the Soil, and full of commodious Ports for + Trade, that it might have bin order'd for the best in relation + to her Purse, which, in my opinion (if it had been thought upon + in time), might have bin best don by planting it with _Jews_, + allowing them their own Rights and Laws; for that would have + brought then suddenly from all parts of the World, and in + sufficient numbers. And though the _Jews_ be now altogether for + merchandize, yet in the Land of _Canaan_ (except since their + exile, from whence they have not bin Landlords), they were + altogether for Agriculture, and there is no cause why a man + should doubt, but having a fruitful Country and excellent Ports + too, they would be good at both. _Panopea_ well peopled, would + be worth a matter of four millions of dry rents; that is besides + the advantage of the Agriculture and Trade, which, with a Nation + of that Industry, coms at least to as much more. Wherfore + _Panopea_ being farm'd out to the Jews and their Heirs for ever, + for the pay of a provincial Army to protect them during the term + of seven years, and for two millions annual Revenue from that + time forward, besides the customs which would pay the provincial + Army, would have bin a bargain of such advantage both to them + and this Commonwealth, as is not to be found otherwise by + either. To receive the _Jews_ after any other manner into a + Commonwealth, were to maim it; for they of all Nations never + incorporat, but taking up the room of a Limb, are no use or + office to the body, while they suck the nourishment which would + sustain a natural and useful member." + +HENRY KERSLEY + +Corpus Christi Hall, Maidstone. + + * * * * * + +NEWS. + +A FEW _OLD_ MATERIALS FOR ITS ELUCIDATION. + + "_Novaum_, vulgo _Nouvelle_. Ugutio: '_Rumor, murmur, quod vulgo + dicitur Novum._' Occurit non semel in Epistolis Marini Sanuti. + 'Novis de Obitu Papæ auditis,' in Regesta Universitatis Paris, + an. 1394, _Spicileg. Acher._, tom vi. p. 60." + +So far Ducange, who also refers to the following: + + "Supervenerunt nobis _Nova_ certa de morte, videlicet quorundam + Nobilium, nobis adhærentium, captorum per partem dieti Philippi + in Britannia, et de speciali Præcepto suo Parisiis ignominiosæ + morti traditorum; nec non de Strage, &c. &c."--_Charta an_. + 1346, apud Rymer, t. v. p. 497. + +The derivation of this word has been so strenuously and ably discussed +by the contending parties in your pages, that I have no intention of +interfering (non nostrum tantas componere lites) further than to furnish +a few materials bearing on the subject, which may not have come under +their notice. + +It seems uncertain whether _Newes_ was considered by our ancestors +_plural_ or _singular_. Resolute John Florio is sadly inconsistent in +his use of it: in his _World of Wordes_, ed. 1598, we have: + + "_Nova_, newe, fresh, a noueltie, a _newe report_. + + "_Novella_, a tale, a nouell, a noueltie, a discourse, _a newes_ + a message." + +In Queen Anna's _World of Wordes_, 1611: + + "_Nova_, a noueltie, _a new report_. + + "_Novella, a tiding, or newes_. + + "_Novellante_, a teller of _newes_ or _tidings_." + +Here we have _newes_ treated both as _singular_ and _plural_! while we +have _tiding_ as the singular of _tidings_, a form which, from long +disuse, would now appear strange to us. In the following extract from +Florio's very amusing book of Dialogues, _Second Frutes_, 1591, he makes +_newes_ decidedly plural:-- + + "_C_. What doo they say abroade? what _newes_ have you, Master + Tiberio? _T_. Nothing that I know; can you tell whether the post + be come? _C_. No, Sir; they saye in the Exchange that the great + Turke makes great preparation to warre with the Persian. _T_. + 'Tis but a deuice; _these be newes_ cast abroade to feede the + common sorte, I doo not beleeue them.... _C_. Yea, but _they_ + are written to verie worshipful merchants. _T_. By so much the + lesse doo I beleeue them; doo not you know that euerie yeare + _such newes are_ spreade abroade? _C_. I am almost of your + minde, for I seldome see these written reports prove true. _T_. + Prognostications, _newes_, deuices, and letters from forraine + countries (good Master Cæsar), are but used as confections to + feed the common people withal. _C_. A man must give no more + credite to Exchange and Powles' _newes_ than to fugitiues + promises and plaiers fables." + +In Thomas's _Principal Rules of the Italian Grammer, with a +Dictionarie_, printed by Thomas Powell in 1562, but written in 1548, we +have-- + + "_Novella_, a tale, a parable, or a _neweltee._ + + "_Novelluzza_, an _ynkelyng_. + + "_Novellare_, to tell tales or _newes_." + +In the title page of a rare little volume printed in 1616, we have the +adjective _new_ in apposition with the substantive _newes_, thus: + + "Sir Thomas Overburie his Wife, with new Elegies upon his (now + knowne) untimely death. Whereunto are annexed _New Newes_ and + Characters written by himselfe and other learned Gentlemen. + Editio septima. London: printed by Edward Griffin for Lawrence + Lisle, 1616, 12mo." + +The head of one section is-- {181} + + "_Newes_ from any-whence, or, _Old Truth_ under a supposal of + _Noueltie_." + +Chaucer uses for _the newe_ and of _the newe_ (sc. fashion) +elliptically. _Tiding_ or _Tidings_, from the A.-S. Tid-an, evidently +preceded _newes_ in the sense of inteligence, and may not _newes_ +therefore be an elliptic form of _new-tidinges_? Or, as our ancestors +had _newelté_ and _neweltés_, can it have been a contraction of the +latter? If we are to suppose with Mr. Hickson that _news_ was "adopted +bodily into the language," we must not go to the High-German, from which +our early language has derived scarcely anything, but to the +Neder-Duytsch, from the frequent and constant communication with the Low +Countries in the sixteenth century. The following passages from Kilian's +_Thesaurus_, printed by Plantin, at Antwerp, in 1573, are to the +purpose, and may serve to show how the word was formed:-- + + "_Nieuwtijdinge_, oft _wat nieuws_, Nouvelles, Nuntius vel + Nuntium." + + "_Seght ons wat nieuws_, Dicte nous quelquechose de nouveau, + Recita nobis aliquid novi." + + "_Nieuwsgierich, nygierich_, Convoiteux de nouveautez, Cupidus + novitatis." + +I trust these materials may be acceptable to your able correspondents, +and tend to the resolution of the question at issue. + +S.W. SINGER. + +Mickleham, August 6. 1850. + +"_News_," _Origin of the Word_ (Vol. i., pp. 270. 369. 487.; vol. ii., +pp. 23. 81. 106.).--Your correspondents who have written upon this +subject may now have seen the following note in Zimperley's +_Encyclopædia_, p. 472.:-- + + "The original orthography was _newes_, and in the singular. + Johnson has, however, decided that the word _newes_ is a + substantive without a singular, unless it be considered as + singular. The word _new_, according to Wachter, is of very + ancient use, and is common to many nations. The Britons, and the + Anglo-Saxons, had the word, though not the thing. It was first + printed by Caxton in the modern sense, in the _Siege of Rhodes_, + which was translated by John Kay, the Poet Laureate, and printed + by Caxton about the year 1490. In the _Assembly of Foulis_, + which was printed by William Copland in 1530, there is the + following exclamation:-- + + "'Newes! newes! newes! have ye ony newes?' + + "In the translation of the _Utopia_, by Raphe Robinson, citizien + and goldsmythe, which was imprinted by Abraham Nele in 1551, we + are told, 'As for monsters, because they be no _newes_, of them + we were nothynge inquysitive.' Such is the rise, and such the + progress of the word _news_, which, even in 1551, was still + printed _newes_!" + +W.J. + +Havre. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Charming for Warts_ (Vol. i., p. 19.; vol. ii. p. 150.).--In Lord +Bacon's _Sylva Sylvarum, or a Natural History in Ten Centuries_ (No. +997.), the great philosopher gives a minute account of the practice, +from personal experience, in the following words:-- + + "The taking away of warts, by rubbing them with somewhat that + afterwards is put to waste and consume, is a common experiment; + and I do apprehend it the rather, because of mine own + experience. I had from my childhood a wart upon one of my + fingers; afterwards, when I was about sixteen years old, being + then at Paris, there grew upon both my hands a number of warts + (at least an hundred), in a month's space; the English + Ambassador's lady, who was a woman far from superstition, told + me one day she would help me away with my warts; whereupon she + got a piece of lard with the skin on, and rubbed the warts all + over with the fat side, and amongst the rest, that wart which I + had from my childhood; then she nailed the piece of lard with + the fat towards the sun, upon a post of her chamber window, + which was to the south. The success was, that within five weeks' + space all the warts went quite away, and that wart which I had + so long endured for company; but at the rest I did little + marvel, because they came in a short time and might go away in a + short time again, but the going of that which had stayed so long + doth yet stick with me. They say the like is done by rubbing of + warts with a green elder stick, and then burying the stick to + rot in muck." + +J.M.B. + + * * * * * + +MINOR NOTES. + +_Capture of Henry the Sixth._--At Waddington in Mytton stands a pile of +building known as the "Old Hall," once antique, but now much indeed +despoiled of its beauty, where for some time the unfortunate king, Henry +the Sixth, was concealed after the fatal battle of Hexham, in +Northumberland. Quietly seated one day at dinner, "in company with Dr. +Manting, Dean of Windsor, Dr. Bedle, and one Ellarton," his enemies came +upon him by surprise, but he privately escaped by a back door, and fled +to Brungerley stepping-stones (still partially visible in a wooden +frame), where he was taken prisoner, "his legs tied together under the +horse's belly," and thus disgracefully conveyed to the Tower in London. +He was betrayed by one of the Talbots of Bashall Hall, who was then +high-sheriff for the West Riding. This ancient house or hall is still in +existence, but now entirely converted into a building for farming +purposes: "Sic transit gloria mundi." Near the village of Waddington, +there is still to be seen a meadow known by the name of "King Henry's +Meadow." + +In Baker's _Chronicle_, the capture of the king is described as having +taken place "in _Lincolnshire_," {182} but this is evidently incorrect; +it is Waddington, in Mytton, West Yorkshire. + +CLERICUS CRAVENSIS. + + +_The New Temple_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--As your correspondent is +interested in a question connected with the occupants of the New Temple +at the beginning of the fourteenth century, I venture to state, at the +hazard of its being of any use to him, that I have before me the +transcript of a deed, dated at Canterbury, the 16th of July, 1293, by +which two prebendaries of the church of York engage to pay to the Abbot +of Newenham, in the county of Devon, the sum of 200 marks sterling, at +the New Temple in London, in accordance with a bond entered into by them +before G. de Thornton and others, the king's justices. + +S.S.S. + + * * * * * + + +QUERIES. + +ESSAYES OF CERTAIN PARADOXES: POEM ON NOTHING. + +Who was the author of a thin 4to. volume with the above title, printed +for Tho. Thorpe, 1616? The contents are, "The Praise of K. Richard the +Third--The French Poetes--Nothing--That it is good to be in Debt." + +The late Mr. Yarnold has a MS. copy of the "Praise of K. Richard," to +which was prefixed the following dedication:-- + + "TO THE HONOURABLE SIR HENRY NEVILL, KNIGHTE." + + "I am bolde to adventure to your honors viewe this small portion + of my privatt labors, as an earnest peny of my love, beinge a + mere Paradoxe in prayse of a most blame-worthie and condemned + Prince, Kinge Richard the Third; who albeit I shold guilde with + farre better termes of eloquence then I have don, and freate + myself to deathe in pursuite of his commendations, yet his + disgrace beinge so publicke, and the worlde so opinionate of his + misdoings, as I shold not be able so farre to justifie him as + they to condemne him. Yet that they may see what may be saide, + and to shew how farre they haue mispraysed his vertues, this + following Treatise shall make manyfest. Your honour may peruse + and censure yt at your best leisure, and though yt be not trickt + up wth elegance of phrase, yet may it satisfye a right curious + judgmente, yf the reasons be considered as they ought. But, + howsoever, yf you please to accepte it, I shall thinke my labors + well bestowed; who, both in this and what ells may, devote + myself to your honour, and rest, + + "Your honours most affectionat servant, + + "HEN. W." + +The praise of Nothing is very well versified from the Latin of Passerat, +whose verses Dr. Johnson thought worthy of a place in his _Life of Lord +Rochester_. Besides Rochester's seventeen stanzas "Upon Nothing," there +appears to have been another copy of verses on this fertile subject; for +Flecknoe, in his _Epigrams of All Sorts_, 1671, has "Somewhat to Mr. +J.A. on his excellent poem of Nothing." Is _anything_ known of this +_Nothing_? + +S.W. SINGER. + +Mickleham, July 29. 1850. + + * * * * * + +MINOR QUERIES. + +_Papers of Perjury._--In Leicester's _Commonwealth_ occurs the following +passage:-- + + "The gentlemen were all taken and cast into prison, and + afterwards were sent down to Ludlow, there to wear _papers of + perjury_." + +Can any of your readers refer me to a _graphic_ account of the custom of +perjurers wearing papers denoting their crime, to which I suppose this +passage alludes? + +S.R. + + +_Church Rates._--CH. would be obliged to any of your readers who could +refer him to the volume of either the _Gentleman's_ or the _British +Magazine_ which contains some remarks on the article on Church Rates in +Knight's _Political Dictionary_, and on Cyric-sceat. + + +_St. Thomas of Lancaster's Accomplices._--In No. 15. I find an extract +from Rymer, by MR. MONCKTON MILNES, relative to some accomplices of St. +Thomas of Lancaster, supposed to have worked miracles.--Query, Was "The +Parson of Wigan" one of these accomplices, and what was his name? Was he +ever brought to trial for aiding the Earl, preaching sedition in the +parish church of Wigan, and offering absolution to all who would join +the standard of the barons? and what was the result of that trial--death +or pardon? + +CLERICUS CRAVENSIS. + + +_Prelates of France._--P.C.S.S. is desirous to know where he can meet +with an accurate list of the Archbishops and Bishops of France (or more +properly of their Sees) under the old _régime_. + + +_Lord Chancellor's Oath._--The gazette of the 16th July notified that +the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Wilde, in council, took the oath of Lord +Chancellor of Great Britain _and Ireland_ on the 15th inst.; and the +same gazette announced the direction of the Queen that letters patent be +passed granting the dignity of baron to the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Wilde, +Knt., Lord Chancellor of that part of the United Kingdom of Great +Britain and Ireland called _Great Britain_. + +Why, when he is only Chancellor of Great Britain, should he take the +oath of Chancellor of Great Britain _and Ireland_? + +J. + + +_Mediæval Nomenclature._--In what work is to be obtained the best +information explanatory of the nomenclature of the useful arts in +mediæval times? + +[Greek: delta]. {183} + +_Sir Christopher Sibthorp._--Can any of your readers furnish me with +information as to the ancestry of Sir Christopher Sibthorp, whose name +appears in the title-page of the following tract: _A friendly +Advertisement to the pretended Catholics of Ireland, by Christopher +Sibthorp, Knt., one of H.M. Justices of his Court of Chief Place in +Ireland_, 1622, Dublin and also as to the crest, arms, and motto borne +by him. + +DE BALDOC. + + +_Alarm_ (Vol. ii., p. 151.).--The derivation of _alarm_, and the French +_alarme_, from _à l'arme_, which your correspondent M. has reproduced, +has always struck me as unsatisfactory, and as of the class of +etymologies suspiciously ingenious. I do not venture to pronounce that +the derivation is wrong: I merely wish to ventilate a doubt through +"NOTES AND QUERIES," and invite some of your more learned readers to +lily to decide the question. + +Of the identity of the words _alarm_ and _alarum_ there is no doubt. The +verb _alarm_ is spelt _alarum_ in old writers, and I have seen it so +spelt in manuscripts of Charles II.'s reign, but unfortunately have not +taken a "Note." Dr. Johnson says _alarum_ is a corruption of _alarm_. +Corruption, however, usually shortens words. I cannot help having a +notion that _alarum_ is the original word; and, though I may probably be +showing great ignorance in doing so, I venture to propound the following +Queries:-- + +1. How far back can the word _alarum_ be traced in our language, and how +far back _alarm_? + +2. Can it be ascertained whether the French took _alarme_ from our +_alarm_, or we _alarm_ from them? + +3. Can any explanation be given of _alarum_, supposing it to be the +original word? Is it a word imitative of sound? + +_A l'arme_, instead of _aux armes_, adds to the suspiciousness of this +derivation. + +CH. + + * * * * * + + +REPLIES. + +SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF "DELIGHTED." + +Although Dr. Kennedy does not think I have discovered the source from +whence Shakspeare's word _delighted_ is derived, I am gratified to find +that he concurs with me in drawing a distinction between this and the +more common word. His failure to convince me is a source almost of +regret, so happy do I regard the derivation he proposes in the last +passage cited. But in the passage from _Measure for Measure_, it does +not appear to me to express the sense which I deduce from the context; +and as I look upon the word in question as the same in each of the three +passages, I feel more inclined to adhere to my view, that it is a word +of English manufacture, according to the analogy referred to. I express +my opinion with hesitation and there can be no doubt the question is +deserving of full and attentive consideration. + +Strengthened, however, in my main purpose, which was to show that +Shakspeare did not use _delighted_ in the ordinary sense of _highly +gratified_, I am better prepared to meet MR. HALLIWELL. This gentleman +does me no more than justice in the remark, not expressed, though, I +hope, implied, that I would not knowingly make use of an offensive +expression towards him or any living man; and I appreciate the courtesy +with which he has sweetened the uncomplimentary things he has felt +constrained to say of me. I trust it will be found that I can repay his +courtesy and imitate his forbearance. As a preliminary remark, however, +I must say that MR. HALLIWELL, in his haste, has confounded the "cool +impertinence" for which I censured one editor, with the "cool +correction" which was made by another; and, moreover, has referred the +remark to _Measure for Measure_, which I applied to the notes to the +passage in _Othello_. As I have not yet learned to regard the term +"delightful" as an _active participle_, it is evident that, however +"cool" I may consider the correction, I have not called it an +"impertinence." But he has no mind that I should escape so easily; and +therefore, like a true knight-errant, he adopts the cause without +hesitation, as though to be first satisfied of its goodness would be +quite inconsistent in its champion. + +When I am charged with an "entire want of acquaintance with the +grammatical system" employed by Shakspeare, I might take exception to +the omission of the words "as understood by Mr. Halliwell," this +gentleman assuming the very point in question between us. I believe he +has paid particular attention to this subject; but he must not conclude +that all who presume to differ from him "judge Shakspeare's grammar by +Cobbett or Murray." And if I were disposed to indulge in as sweeping an +expression, I should say that the remark excites a suspicion of the +writer's want of acquaintance with the spirit of Shakspeare's works. I +do not think so, though I think MR. HALLIWELL has formed his opinion +hastily; and I think, moreover, that before I have ended, I shall +convince him that it would not have been amiss had he exercised a little +more reflection ere he began. In the passage in _Othello_, I object to +the substitution of _delighting_ or _delightful_ for _delighted_, as +_weak_ epithets, and such as I do not believe that Shakespeare would +have used. It was not as a schoolmaster or grammarian, but in reference +to the peculiar fitness and force of his expressions, and his perfect +acquaintance with the powers of the English language, and his _mastery_ +over it, that I called Shakespeare its greatest master. + +But to return to the first passage I cited--that from _Measure for +Measure_,--MR. HALLIWELL will be surprised to find that in the _only_ +remark I made {184} upon it as it stands he actually agrees with me. I +said that the passage "in our sense of the term" is unintelligible. I +still say so; and he who attempts to mend it, or modernise the form, +says so too. The question next arises, Does he not mean _no system_, +when he says _system_? Otherwise, why does he say that Shakspeare uses +the passive for the active participle, when he explains the word not by +the active participle, but by an adjective of totally different meaning? +Is it not more likely that MR. HALLIWELL may have misunderstood +Shakspeare's system, than that the latter should have used intelligible +words, and precise forms of words, so at random? And, moreover, does not +the critic confound two meanings of the word _delightful_; the one +obsolete, _full of delight_, the other the common one, _giving delight_, +or _gratifying_? + +Now by a violent figure which Shakspeare sometimes uses, _delighted may_ +mean _delightful_ in the _former_ sense; perhaps, rather, _filled with +delight_. The word then would be formed directly from the noun, and must +not be regarded as a participle at all, but rather an ellipsis, from +which the verb (which may be represented by _give_, _fill_, _endow_, +&c.) is omitted. Take, as an instance, this passage in _Measure for +Measure_:-- + + "_Clau._ Death is a fearful thing! + + "_Isa._ And _shamed_ life a hateful." + +The meaning here is not _life ashamed_, but _life covered with shame_. +In this sense MR. HALLIWELL, apparently without knowing why, has adopted +the term _delightful_; but then the two succeeding words of his +explanation, "sweet, pleasant", he would appear to have taken at random +from a dictionary, forgetting that he was not using the word in its +ordinary sense; for it is not possible that he can suppose Shakspeare to +have used the word in the sense of the active participle. Now, though I +do not think this at all the expression that Shakspeare would use, it is +undoubtedly allowable as a general characteristic; but the word actually +used would appear to imply the result of a particular action, which +would have been productive of anything but delight. In short, as we are +agreed that the word _delighted_ in the passage in question in its +present sense is unintelligible, so also are we, I think, agreed that +the substitute, if any, must be used in a passive sense. + +Now, with regard to the first instance furnished by MR. HALLIWELL of the +use of the passive for the active participle, if I were sure that the +delinquent were well out of hearing, and not likely "to rise again and +push us from our stools," I should be disposed to repeat the charge of +impertinence against the editor who altered "professed" to "professing". +The word _professed_ is one of common use, and in the present instance +perfectly intelligible. "To your bosom, _professed_ to entertain so much +love and care for our father, I commit him," seems to express the sense +of the passage: a doubt is implied by the expression, but there is a +directness of insult in the term _professing_ quite inconsistent with +the character of Cordelia. + +"Becomed love" is love suited or fitted to the occasion. The use of the +passive participle is every way more appropriate than that of the +active, though the latter is more common now. + +In the next instance, I have to observe that there is no such verb as +_to guile_. _Guile_ is a noun; and "guiled shore" is _guile-covered_, or +_charactered shore_. According to this rule, the modern word _talented_, +that is, _talent-endowed_, has been formed, it not having been +considered that licences are allowed in poetry that are unsuited to +ordinary language. + +The passage next referred to is conditional, and I regard the use of the +passive participle here, too, as correct. + +I have thus reduced MR. HALLIWELL'S list to that number which usually +forms the exception rather than the rule; and if accident, misprint, +error in copying, or other special circumstance be not held sufficient +to account for the single remaining instance, I have then only to say +that I prefer _deformed_ to _deforming_, as an epithet applied +disparagingly to Time's hand as more in accordance with Shakspeare's +practice, who was not in the habit of repeating the same idea, which, in +the latter case, would occur again in the word "defeatures" in the +following line. + +MR. HALLIWELL may, doubtless find other instances, perhaps more +felicitous than these; at present, all I can say is that he has failed +to show that the use of the passive for the active participle was common +with Shakspeare. As to other variations between the grammatical usage of +Shakspeare's day and that of our own, I call assure him that I am not +quite so ignorant of the fact as he imagines. + +SAMUEL HICKSON + +August 1. 1850. + + * * * * * + +ENGLISH COMEDIANS IN GERMANY. + +I am glad to be enabled to reply to MR. BOLTON CORNEY'S Query (Vol. i., +p. 439.) respecting a German book of plays. + +The learned illustrator of the _Curiosities of Literature_ would find +the information he desires in the _Vorrath zur Geschichte der deutschen +dramatischen Dichtkunst_ of the formerly celebrated J. Christoph +Gottsched (Leipzig, 1767-69, 2 vols. 8vo.). But as this book, now +somewhat neglected, would perhaps be difficult to be found even in the +British Museum, I will transcribe the contents of the _Schau-Bühne +englischer und franzõsischer Comõdianten auff welcher werden vorgestellt +die schõnsten und neuesten Comõdien, so vor wenig Jahren in Frankreich, +Teutschland und andern Orten ... seynd agirt und präsentirt +worden_.--_Frankfurt_, {185} 1670, 3 vols. 8vo. + +Vol. I.-- + +1. Amor der Arzt. +2. Die Comödia ohne Comödia. +3. Die köstliche Lächerlichkeit. +4. Der Hahnrey in der Einbildung. +5. Die Hahnreyinn nach der Einbildung. +6. Die Eyfreude mit ihr Selbst. +7. Antiochus, ein Tragicomödia. +8. Die buhlhaffte Mutter. +9. Damons Triumph-Spiel. + +Vol. II.-- + +10. Von Sidonia und Theugene. +11. Der Verliebtell Kllnstgriffe. +12. Lustiges Pickelharings-Spiel, darum er mit +einem Stein gar artige Possen macht. +13. Von Fortunato seinem Wünschhütlein und +Seckel. +14. Der unbesonnene Liebhaber. +15. Die grossmüthige Thaliklea. + +Vol. III.-- + +16. Vom Könige Ahasvero und Esther und dem +hoffartigen Hamon. +17. Vom verlohrnen Sohn, in welchem die Verzweifflung +und Hoffnung gar artig introducirt werden. +18. Von Königs Mantalors unrechtmässiger Liebe +und derselben Straffe. +19. Der Geitzige. +20. Von der Aminta und Sylvia. +21. Macht den kleinen Knaben Cupidinis. +22. George Damlin, oder der verwirrte Ehmann. + +Some years before, another similar collection had been published. The +first vol. printed in 1620, and reprinted in 1624, has this title: + + "Englische Comedien und Tragedien, d. i. Sehr schöne, herrliche + und ausserlosene, geist- und weltliche Comedi- und Tragedi-Spiel + (sic), sampt dem Pickelhering, welche wegen ihrer artigen + Inventionen kurtzweiligen auch theils wahrhafftigen Geschichte + halbet, _von den Engelländern in Deutschland_ (I beg to notice + these words) an Königlichen, Chur- und Furstlichen Höfen, auch + in vornehmen Reichs- See- und Handel Städten seynd agirt und + gehalten worden, und zuvor nie im Druck aussgangen." + +The volume contains 10 plays. The 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10, are the 16, 17, +13, 10, and 12, of the collection of 1670. The other five are the +following: + +4. Eine schöne lustige Comödia von Jemand und Niemand. +7. Tragödia von Julio und Hippolyto. +8. Eine sehr klägliche Tragödia von Tito Andromico +und hoffertigen Kayserinn, darinnen denkwürdigen +Actiones zu befinden. +9. Ein lustig Pickelherings-Spiel von der schönen +Mario und alten Hanrey. + +The second volume was published in 1630, under the title _Lieberkampff, +oder ander Theil der Englischen Comödien_: it contains 8 plays. The 1st +is the 21st of the collection of 1670, with this addition: + + Die Personen der Lustspiels sind: 1. Venus, _die stumme Person_; + 2. Cupido; 3. Jucunda, _Jungfraw_; 4. Floretus, _Liebhaber_; 5. + Balendus, _Betrieger_; 6. Corcillana, _Kuplerin_; 7. Hans Worst. + +The 2d is the 20th of the same collection, "mit 9 Personen, worunter die +lustige Person Schräm heisst." + + 3. Comoedia von Prob getrewer Lieb, mit 11 Personen, worunter + auch eine allegorische, der Traum ist. + +The 4th is the 18th, "mit 9 Personen, worunter die lustige Schampilasche +_Lean Potage_ heisst." + +The four remaining are operas, without particular titles. + +Ebert (_Bibliogr. Lexicon_, N. 5064.), speaking of these collections, +says, "the plays they are composed of are not translations from the +English," but, "as it appears," German original works. + +I am at a loss to understand how that bibliographer, generally so exact, +did not recognise at least five comedies of Molière. MR. BOLTON CORNEY +will, I wish and hope, point out the originals--English, Italian, and, I +suppose, Spanish--of some others. + +If you think proper to make use of the above, I entreat you, for the +sake of your readers, to correct my bad English, and to consider my +communication only as a token of the gratification I have found in your +amusing and useful "NOTES AND QUERIES." + +D.L. + +Ancien Membre de la Société des Bibliophiles. + +Béthune, July 31. 1850. + +P.S.--The Query (Vol. i., p. 185.) concerning the name of the Alost, +Louvain, and Antwerp printer, _Martens_ or _Mertens_, is settled in the +note, p. 68., of _Recherches sur la Vie et les Editions de Thierry +Martens (Martinus, Martens)_, par J. De Gand, 8vo. Alost, 1845. I am +ready to send a copy of the note if it is required. + +[We have also received a reply to MR. CORNEY'S Query from MR. ASHER of +Berlin, who refers for particulars of this interesting collection to +Tieck's Preface to his _Alt-Deutsche Theater_. We propose shortly +returning to the curious fact of English comedians performing in Germany +at the close of the sixteenth and commencement of the seventeenth +centuries: a subject which has several times been discussed and +illustrated in the columns of our valuable contemporary _The Athenæum_.] + + * * * * * + +ACHILLES AND THE TORTOISE. +(Vol. ii., p. 154.) + +This paradox, whilst one of the oldest on record (being attributed by +Aristotle to Zeus Eleates, B.C. 500), is one of the most perplexing, +upon first presentation to the mind, that can be selected {186} from the +most ample list. Its professed object was to disprove the phenomenon of +motion; but its real one, to embarrass an opponent. It has always +attracted the attention of logicians; and even to them it has often +proved embarrassing enough. The difficulty does not lie in proving that +the conclusion is absurd, but in _showing where the fallacy lies_. From +not knowing the precise kind of information required by [Greek: +Idiotaes], I am unwilling to trespass on your valuable space by any +irrelevant discussion, and confine myself to copying a very judicious +note from Dr. Whateley's _Logic_, 9th edit. p. 373. + + "This is one of the sophistical puzzles noticed by Aldrich, but + he is not happy in his attempt at a solution. He proposes to + remove the difficulty by demonstrating that in a certain given + time, Achilles _would_ overtake the tortoise; as if any one had + ever doubted _that_. The very problem proposed, is to surmount + the difficulty of a seeming demonstration of a thing palpably + impossible; to show that _it is_ palpably impossible, is no + solution of the problem. + + "I have heard the present example adduced as a proof that the + pretensions of logic are futile, since (it was said) the most + perfect logical demonstration may lead from true premises to an + absurd conclusion. The reverse is the truth; the example before + us furnishes a confirmation of the utility of an acquaintance + with the syllogistic form, _in which form the pretended + demonstration in question cannot be exhibited_. An attempt to do + so will evince the utter want of connection between the premises + and the conclusion." + +What the Archbishop says is true, and it disposes of the question as one +of "Formal Logic:" but yet the form of the sophism is so plausible, that +it imposes with equal force on the "common sense" of all those who +repose their conclusions upon the operations of that faculty. With them +a different procedure is necessary; and I suspect that if any one of the +most obstinate advocates of the sufficiency of common sense for the +"balancing of evidence" were to attempt the explanation of a hundred +fallacies that could be presented to him, he would be compelled to admit +that a more powerful and a more accurate machine would be of advantage +to him in accomplishing his task. This machine the syllogism supplies. + +The discussion of Gregory St. Vincent will be found at pages 101-3. of +his _Opus Geometricum_, Antw., 1647 fol. The principle is the same as +that which Aldrich afterwards gave, as above referred to by Dr. +Whateley. I can only speak from memory of the discussion of Leibnitz, +not having his works at hand; but I am clear in this, that his principle +again is the same. [Greek: Idiotaes] is in error, however, in calling +St. Vincent's "a geometrical treatment" of it. He indeed uses lines to +represent the spaces passed over; and their discussion occurs in a +chapter on what is universally (but very absurdly) called "geometrical +proportion." It is yet no more _geometrical_ than our school-day problem +of the basket and the hundred eggs in Francis Walkinghame. Mere names do +not bestow character, however much _philosophers as well as legislators_ +may think so. All attempts of the kind have been, and must be, purely +numerical. + +T.S.D. + +Shooter's Hill, August 3. + + +_Achilles and the Tortoise._--Your correspondent will find references +in the article "Zeno (of Elea)" in the _Penny Cyclopædia_. For Gregory +St. Vincent's treatment of the problem, see his _Quadratara Circuli_, +Antwerp, 1647, folio, p. 101., or let it alone. I suspect that the +second is the better reference. Zeno's paradox is best stated, without +either Achilles or tortoise, as follows:--No one can go a mile; for he +must go over the first half, then over half the remaining half, then +over half the remaining quarter; and so on _for ever_. Many books of +logic, and many of algebra, give the answer to those who cannot find it. + +M. + + * * * * * + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES + +"_Barum_" and "_Sarum_" (Vol. ii., p. 21.)--The formation of the first +of these words has not yet been accounted for. I must premise my attempt +to supply an explanation by admitting that I was not aware it was in +common use as a contraction for Barnstaple. I think it will be found +that the contracted form of that name is more usually "Berdest," +"Barnst". In trying further to contract the word, the two last letters +would be omitted, and it would then be "Barñ", with the circumflex +showing the omission of several letters. Having reduced it to this +state, an illiterate clerk would easily misread the circumflex for the +plain stroke "-," expressing merely the omission of the letter "m", and, +perhaps ignorant of the name intended, think it as well to write at full +length "Barum." + +J. Br. + + +_Countess of Desmond_ (Vol. ii., p. 153.)--It is stated in Turner's +_Sacred History_, vol. iii. p. 283., that the Countess of Desmond died +in 1612, aged 145. This is, I presume, the correct date of her decease, +and not 1626 as mentioned by your querist K.; for in Lord Bacon's +_History of Life and Death_, originally published in 1623, her death is +thus alluded to:-- + + "The Irish, especially the Wild Irish, even at this day, live + very long. Certainly they report that within these few years the + Countess of Desmond lived to a hundred and forty years of age, + and bred teeth three times." + +The manner of her death is recorded by Mr. Crofton Croker, in his +agreeable volume of _Researches in the South of Ireland_, 4to. London, +1824. {187} Speaking of Drumana, on the Blackwater, a little above +Youghall, as the "reputed birth-place of the long-lived Countess of +Desmond," he says,-- + + "In this part of the country, her death is attributed to a fall + whilst in the act of picking an apple from a tree in an orchard + at Drumana." + +In the _Olla Podrida_, a volume of miscellanies, printed for private +distribution, by Mr. Sainthill of Cork, there is a portrait of the "old +countess," from an etching made by Mr. Crofton Croker (if I mistake not) +in his early days. + +J.M.B. + + +_Michael Servetus, alias Reves._--The manuscript, the character and fate +of which S.H. (Vol. ii., p. 153.) is anxious to investigate, contained +books iii.-vii., inclusive, of the work of Servetus _De Trinitate_; and +as these fragments differed somewhat from the printed text, they were +probably the first, or an early, draft (not necessarily in the author's +handwriting) of part of the _Christianismi Restitutio_. The purchaser of +this MS., at the sale of Du Fay's library in Paris in the year 1725, was +the Count de Hoym, ambassador to France from Poland. I beg to refer your +correspondent to pp. 214-18. of the _Historia Michaelis Serveti_, by +Henr. ab Allwoerden, published with Mosheim's approbation, Helmstad +1728. + +Both a "Note" and a "Query" might be founded on a memorable passage in +the fifth book _De Trinitate_, in which Servetus, long before Harvey, +explains the circulation of the blood. + +R.G. + + +_Caxton's Printing-office_ (Vol. ii., pp. 99. 122. 142.).--It is a pity +MR. NICHOLS did not take the trouble to see, and, having seen, to notice +in his first communication, that Abbot Islip was mentioned in the +passage from Stow's _Survey_ cited by MR. RIMBAULT. As that gentleman +quotes from, I believe, the second edition of the _Survey_, I may be +allowed to doubt, until it is clearly shown, that "Islip's name has been +introduced by the error of some subsequent writer." But supposing this +to be so, it would in no way affect the only question which is material, +Who was Caxton's patron? nor touch the accuracy of the _Life of Caxton_, +which MR. NICHOLS seems desirous of impeaching. I am anxious to point +this out, because I feel it right to vindicate to the utmost, where they +deserve it, useful works, which, like the little volume I am writing of, +are published at a price that ensures for them a circulation of almost +unlimited extent. + +ARUN. + + +_Somagia_ (Vol. ii., p. 120.).--This is the plural of "somagium," +"summagium," and means "horse-loads." It is a word frequently found in +documents relating to agrarian matters, and may signify the load packed +upon the horse's back (whence the name "sumpter-horse"), or in a cart +drawn by a horse. MR. SANSOM will find a full explanation of the +derivatives of its root, "sagma," at p. 50., vol. vii., of Ducange. + +J.BT. + + +_Various Modes of Interment among the Ancients_ (Vol ii., pp. 8, 9. 22. +41. 78.).--In modes of interment some nations have been distinguished by +an idiosyncrasy almost incredible from their inhumanity. + + "Barcæi, populi inter Colchos et Iberos morbo absumptos igni + comburebant, sed qui in bello fortiter occubuissent, honoris + gratia vulturibus devorandos objiciebant."--.AElian. _Hist. + Anim._ lib. x. "In Hyrcania (refert Cicero in _Tusc. Quæst._ + lib. i. 45.) ali canes solitos fuisse, a quibus delaniarentur + mortui, eamque optimam Hyrcanos censuisse + sepulturam."--Kirchmannus _de Funer. Romanorum._ + +The appendix to this work may be consulted for this, and yet greater +violations of the law of nature and nations. + + "Apud saniores barbaros ab animalibus discerpi cadavera foedum + semper ac miserabile creditum fuit. Foetus abortivi feris + alitibutsque exponebantur in montibus aut locis aliis + inaccessis, quin et ipsi infantes, &c. Fuit hæc Asinina + sepultura _poena_ Tyrannorum ac perduellium. (Spondan. _de + Coemet. S._ pp. 367. 387. et seqq.) Quam et victorum insolentia + odiumque vulgi implacabile in hostes non raro + exercuit."--Ursinus _Arbor. Biblicum._ + +Hyde accounts for the Persians who embraced the religion of the Magi not +having adopted the two contrivances of corporal dissolution prevalent +among civilised nations--cremation or burning, and simple inhumation--by +the superstitious reverence with which they regarded the four elements. +Sir T. Browne remarks that similar superstitions may have had the same +effect among other nations. + +Of the post-mortem _punishments_ described by Ducange, the former was +the customary sepulture of the Trogloditæ; the latter corresponds with +the rite of some of the Scythians recorded by Statius: + + "At gente in Scythica suffixa cadavera truncis, + Lenta dies sepelit putri liquentia tabo." + +I shall be obliged if you or a correspondent disposed "not only to teach +but to communicate," will kindly throw light on a passage, relating to +the Troloditæ, in Strabo, book xvi., where he relates, "Capræ cornu +mortuis saxorum cumulo coopertis fuisse superimpositum." + +T.J. + + +_Guy's Porridge-pot_ (Vol. ii., p. 55.).--Your correspondent is quite +correct, when he says "neither the armour nor pot belonged to the noble +Guy." He would have been a _guy_ if he _had_ worn the armour, seeing +that it was made for a horse, and not for a man. + +What the stout old lady who showed us the "relics of old Guy" in 1847 +called "Guy's breastplate," and sometimes his helmet! is the "croupe" of +a suit of horse armour, and "another breastplate" a "poitrel." His +porridge-pot is a garrison {188} crock of the sixteenth century, used to +prepare "sunkits" for the retainers; and the fork a military fork temp. +Hen. VIII. + +The so called "Roman swords" are "anelaces," and a couteau de chasse of +the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. + +The "British weapon" is a hammer at arms temp. Hen. VIII., and "the +halbert" a black bill temp. Hen. VII. The only weapons correctly +described are the Spanish rapiers. + +The shield with the "sight" is very curious; it weighs thirty pounds, +and is of the temp. of Henry VIII. + +It is impossible to describe the horror of the old lady at our doubting +her version; she seemed to wonder the earth did not open and swallow us +for our heresy. + +NASO. + + + "_Welcome the coming, speed the parting Guest_" + (Vol. ii., p. 134.).-- + + "Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest," + +is from Pope (_Imitations of Horace_, book ii. sat. ii.). + +Pope's distich, whence the line is taken, runs,-- + + "For I, who hold sage Homer's rule the best, + Welcome the coming, speed the _going_ guest." + +Query. Where is "sage Homer's rule" to be found? + +RUSTICUS. + +[The following additional reply furnishes a solution of the Query of +RUSTICUS:-- + + "True friendship's laws are by this rule express'd, + Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest." + +These lines are from Pope's _Homer_, the Odyssey, Book xv., lines 83 and +84. + +E.H.] + + +"_A Chrysostom to smoothe his Band in_" (Vol. ii., p. 126.).--This Query +by Rev. ALFRED GATTY is answered by referring him to the _Happy Life of +a Country Parson_, by Swift, beginning with-- + + "Parson, these things in thy possessing, + Are worthy of a bishop's blessing." + +And enumerating amongst them + + "A large Concordance bound long since, + Sermons to Charles the First when prince, + A chronicle of ancient standing, + A chrysostom to smoothe thy band in; + The polyglott--three parts--my text, + Howbeit--likewise--to my next." + +T.H.Q. + +[C.I.R. (to whom we are indebted for a similar reference) adds the +concluding line-- + + "And shake his head at Doctor Swift." + +which would show that the verses were written not earlier than 1701, as +Swift, the author, took his D.D. degree in that year.] + + +_William of Wykeham_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).-- + + "Historica descriptio compleetens vitam ac res gestas beatissimi + viri Guilmi Wicanii quondam Vintoniensis episcopi et Angliæ + Cancellarii et fundatoris duorum collegiorum Oxoniæ et + Vintoniæ." + +is the title of a biography of William of Wykeham attributed to Thomas +Martin, published in 4to. Oxford, 1597. + +There is also a little work which may come under the head of +biographies, viz.: + + "Uvedale (Robert) Examination of Lowth's objections to the + account given by Leland of the parentage of William of Wykeham," + 8vo. 1801. + +_Vide_ Oettinger's _Bibliographie Biographique_. + +S.W. + + +_Dutch Language_ (Vol. ii., p. 77.).--H.B.C. recommends, among other +works, Hendrik Conscience's novels. These are in Flemish, not Dutch. The +difference may not be great between the two; but one would hardly +recommend to a learner of English, Burns's _Poems_ as a reading-book. In +1829 Dr. Bowring wrote an article, being a sketch of Dutch literature, +in the _Foreign Quarterly Review_; which article was reprinted in +Amsterdam in the form of an 18mo. volume, and which I believe is still +to be got, and is a very useful guide to Dutch literature. + +S.W. + + +"_A frog he would_" &c. (Vol. ii., p. 45. and elsewhere).--I remember, +when a boy, to have heard an old aunt repeatedly sing this song; but the +chorus was very strange. + + "A frog he would a-wooing ride, + With a rigdum bullydimy kymy; + With sword and buckler by his side, + With a rigdum bullydimy kymy. + Kymyary kelta cary kymyary kymy, + Strimstram paradiddle larrabona ringting, + Rigdum bullydimy kymy." + +A. + + +_City Sanitary Laws_ (Vol. ii., p. 99.).--The act of Parliament +prohibiting the slaughter of cattle within the city, referred to in the +passage from _Arnold's Chronicle_, extracted by your correspondent +T.S.D. is the 4 Hen. VII. c. 3., which enacts that-- + + "No butcher shall kill any flesh within his scalding-house, or + within the walls of London, in pain to forfeit for every ox so + killed 12d. and for every other beast 8d., to be divided between + the king and the prosecutor."--Bohun's _Privilegia Londini_ + 1723, p. 480. + +Brydall, in his _Camera Regis_ (Lond. 1666, p. 114.), quotes the statute +of 11 Hen. VII. c. 21, as the authority for the "singularity" attaching +to the city, that "butchers shall kill no beasts in London." I believe, +however, Bohun's reference will be found to be the correct one. The +statute in question has, I think, never been repealed; but in the +absence of abbatoirs, or other proper provision for the slaughtering of +cattle without the walls of the city, it seems doubtful whether the +{189} pains and penalties to which the "contrary doers" were liable, +were at any time strictly enforced. + +JAMES T. HAMMACK. + + +_Sanitary Laws of other Days_ (Vol. ii., p. 99.).--The statute referred +to by T.S.D. in his article, by which "it is ordeigned y't no such +slaughter of best shuld be used or had within this cite," was no doubt 4 +& 5 Henry VII. c. 3., intituled "An Act that no Butcher slea any Manner +of Beast within the walls of London." The penalty is only twelvepence +for an ox or a cow, and eightpence for any smaller animal. The act +itself seems unrepealed, but the penalties are too small at the present +day to abate the nuisance. + +C.R. SOC. + + +_Michael Scott, the Wizard_ (Vol. ii., p. 120.).--I have now lying +before me a small duodecimo, Lugdini, 1584, entitled-- + + "Alberti Magni de Secretis Mulierum libellus, scholiis auctus et + a mendis repurgatus," + +to which is appended a work of the wizard's "ob materiæ similitudinem," + + "Michaelis Scoti philosophi De Secretis Naturæ Opusculum." + +E.S.T. + + +_Clerical Costume_ (Vol. ii., p. 22.).--Possibly the answer to this +Query may be found in the passage from Bacon's _History of Life and +Death_, in the third part of the _Instauratio Magna_, which I copy below +from Craik's _Bacon and his Writings_, vol. iii. p. 45.:-- + + "Some report that they have found great benefit in the + conservation of their health by wearing scarlet waistcoats next + their skin and under their shirts, as well down to their nether + parts as on the upper." + +From the quantity of serge bought, as well as from the nature of the +material, I think it likely it might be required for the purpose here +noticed by Bacon, and not for an outer waistcoat. + +ARUN. + + +_The Curfew_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--As NABOC can, I imagine, only get a +perfect list of the places where the curfew is still rung by the +contributions of scattered correspondents, I will furnish my mite by +informing him that a very short time ago it was rung at Sturminster +Newton in Dorsetshire. + +J. BT. + + +_Welsh Language; Armenian Language_ (Vol. ii., p. 136.).--JARLTZBERG +will find no Welsh dictionary with the part reversed. I possess a +dictionary in Welsh and English, in two volumes, by Pugh, published in +1832, which is one of the best. The one in two volumes by Walters is in +English and Welsh, and is also one of the best. The four volumes would +make a good dictionary. The best grammar is, I think, Pugh's. See the +Welsh bookseller in Holywell Street: I believe his name is Williams. + +Father Chamick compiled the _History of Armenia_ from the historical +works of several authors, which was published at Venice in 1786; and in +1811 an abridgment thereof, which was translated by Mr. Acdall, of +Calcutta, in 1827. See Messrs. Allen and Co.'s _Catalogue of Oriental +Works_, at whose house these, and translations of other works +(particularly the _History of Vartan_ and the _Memoirs of Artemi_), may +be procured. I think JARLTZBERG will find a dictionary in Armenian and +French. I saw a notice of one a short time since. (See Bernard +Quaritch.) In 1841, Peterman published at Berlin, _Porta Ling. Orient., +sive Elementa Ling. Syr., Chald., Arab._, &c. &c., which I think +contains an Armenian grammar. See Williams and Norgate; also a list of +Klaproth's works. + +AREDJID KOOEZ. + + +_Armenian Language_ (Vol. ii., p. 136.).--In reply to JARLTZBERG, I can +answer that Lord Byron did not compose the English part of Aucher's +_Armenian and English Grammar_. A very learned friend of mine was at St. +Lazero, in Venice, and knew both Aucher and Lord Byron. Lord Byron was +taking lessons in Armenian, and a few of his exercises were introduced +into Aucher's _Grammar_, which was written for Armenians to learn +English, with which language Aucher was quite familiar, having resided +four years in London. But a new _Armenian and English Grammar_ has +recently been published. There is one, very rare, in Armenian and Latin, +and another in Armenian, modern Greek, and Italian. I have just seen +John Bunyan's _Pilgrim's Progress_ in _vulgar_ Armenian, with plates, +published at Smyrna; and the _Prayers of St. Nierses_, in twenty-four +languages, Venice, 1837, of which Armenian is one. Several works in +Armenian have been published at Calcutta. + +HENRY WILKINSON. + +Brompton. + + +_North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated_ (Vol. ii., p. 55.).--The +strong preference given to the south side of the churchyard is traceable +to two principal causes; first and chiefly, because the churchyard cross +was always placed here; secondly, because this is the sunny side of the +churchyard. The cross, the emblem of all the Christian's hopes, the +bright sun shining on the holy ground, figurative of the sun of +righteousness, could not fail to bring to mind the comforting assurance +that they who slept around would one day rise again. And as the greater +part of the congregation entered the church by the south and principal +door, another cause of the preference was the hope that the sight of the +resting places of those of their friends and neighbours who had died in +the communion of the church, might remind the survivors each time they +repaired to the house of prayer to remember them in their supplications. +{190} There is not, however, I believe, the slightest reason for +considering that the north side of the churchyard was left +unconsecrated, nor do I think it possible that such could ever be the +case, inasmuch as all consecrated ground was required to be fenced off +from that which was unhallowed. But the north side has always been +considered inferior to the south. For example;--excommunicated persons +were at one time buried outside the precincts of the churchyard, which, +of course, would not have been necessary if any part had been left +unconsecrated, nor are instances of this practice wanting since the +Reformation.[1] And when discipline began to be relaxed, and murderers +were interred even within the church itself, it was still on the north +side.[2] It is very usual in small country parishes to find the north +side of the churchyard without a single grave, nor is it generally +resorted to until the south side is fully occupied. It would be +difficult to mention another instance of a prejudice so universal, +existing so long after the causes of it have mainly passed away. + +I cannot conclude without expressing the extreme interest which, though +he seems not to be aware of it, attaches to the statement of your +correspondent, to the effect that he had on two occasions, namely, on +the Revel Sunday, and on another festival, observed the game of football +in a churchyard in the West of England. It is, indeed, interesting to +find that relics of a custom which, however repugnant to our notions, +was sanctioned by the highest authority in the best days of our church, +still linger in some of our rural districts; thus amply bearing out the +mention made by Bishop Peirs more than two centuries ago, of the +attachment of the people of the west to, and "how very much they desired +the continuance of," these ancient celebrations. For the letter of the +prelate, which was addressed to Archbishop Laud, and for many valuable +details with respect to dedication festivals, and the observance of +Sundays in former times, I would refer those who take an interest in the +matter to the _Hierurgia Anglicanæ_. + +ARUN. + +[Footnote 1: See Parish Register of Hart, Durham, December 17th, 1596; +of St. Nicholas, Newcastle, December 31st 1664.] + +[Footnote 2: Parish Register of St. Nicholas, Newcastle August 1st, +1616, and August 13th, 1620.] + + +"_Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt_."--Your correspondent B.H.C, who, at +Vol. ii, p. 158., inquires after the author and answer to this charade, +might leave easily ascertained that the author was the late Mackworth +Praed, and that the answer is "Good-night." I believe your correspondent +has been guilty of some verbal inaccuracies, which makes the answer +appear not so pertinent to his version as it really is; but I have not +the original at hand. Some few years ago, the charade appeared in a +Cambridge paper, with a story about Sir Walter Scott having sent it +anonymously to Queen Adelaide. This was contradicted, and the real +author named in a subsequent number of the newspaper, and a metrical +solution given, amongst others, of the charade, with which, though I +believe I could recollect it, I will not trouble the Editor of "NOTES +AND QUERIES." I think the charade first appeared in a cheap periodical, +which was set on foot by the parties concerned in _Knight's Quarterly_. + +J.H.L. + + +"_Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt_" (Vol. ii., p. 158).--This enigma was +written by the late Winthrop Mackworth Praed, and appeared in _Knight's +Quarterly Magazine_, vol. ii. p. 469.: whether solved or soluble, I +cannot say. + +May I here express my concurrence in an opinion expressed in a very +recent number of the _Examiner_, that a collected edition of Mr. Praed's +poems is wanted? + +C.H. COOPER. + +Cambridge, August 5. 1850. + + +_Unicorn_ (Vol. ii., p. 136.).--King James I. abandoned the red dragon +of Henry VII. as one of the supporters of the royal arms of England, and +substituted the unicorn, one of the supporters of the royal arms of +Scotland. + +S.S.S. + + +_Abbey of St. Wandrille, Normandy_ (Vol. i., pp. 338. 382. 486.).--As +the Vicar of Ecclesfield appears interested in the history of this +abbey, in the immediate neighbourhood of which I am at present living, I +forward the following list of works which have relation to the subject, +including the _Chronicle_, extracts from which have already been given +by GASTROS:-- + + "Briefve Chronique de l'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, publiée par la + première fois, d'après le Cartulaire de St. Wandrille, de + Marcoussis M.S. du XVI. siècle, de la Bibliothèque de Rouen par + M.A. Potter."--_Révue Rétrospective Normande_, Rouen, 1842. + + "Le Trisergon de l'Abbaye de Fontenelle (or St. Wandrille), en + Normandie, par Dom Alexis Bréard. M.S. du XVII. + siècle."--_Bibliothèque de Rouen_, M.S.S.Y. 110. + + "Appendix ad Chronicon Fontanellense in Spicileg." Acherii, t. + ii. p. 285. + + "Gallia Christiana," vol. ii., in fo., page 155., (containing + the Ecclesiastical History of Normandy). + + "Acta sanctor ord. St. Bened," tom. v.--_Miracula Wandregisili_. + + "Essais sur l'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, par Langlois," in 8vo. + Rouen, 1827. + +Several books formerly belonging to this monastery, are now in the +public library at Havre. + +W.J. + +Havre. + + +_Russian Language_ (Vol. ii., p. l52.).--A James Heard wrote a grammar +of this language, and published {191} it at St. Petersburgh, in 1827. +Mr. Heard also published a volume of _Themes_, or _Exercises_, to his +grammar, in the same year. I am not acquainted with any other Russian +grammar written in English. + +Hamonière published his _Grammaire Russe_ at Paris in 1817; and +Gr_e_tsch (not Gr_o_tsch) published (in Russian) his excellent grammar +at St. Petersburgh about thirty years ago. A French translation appeared +at the same place in 1828, in 2 vols. 8vo., by Reiff. + +In the _Révue Encyclopédique_ for 1829, p. 702., some curious details +will be found respecting, the various Russian grammars then in +existence. _J_appe's _Russian Grammar_ is possibly a misprint for +_T_appe, whose grammar, written in German, is a good one. Besides these, +the titles of some twenty other Russian grammars, in Russian, French, or +German, could be mentioned. + +The anthologies published by Dr. Bowring, besides his Russian, Dutch, +and Spanish, are the Magyar, Bohemian, Servian, and Polish. + +Writing from Oxford, where the first Russian grammar ever published was +printed, as your correspondent JARLTZBERG correctly states, perhaps it +may interest him, or his friend, who, he says, is about to go to Russia, +to be informed (should he not already be aware of the fact) that a +"Course of Lectures on Russian Literature" was delivered in this +university, by Professor Trithen, at Sir Robert Tayler's Institution, in +the winter of 1849. + +J.M. + +Oxford, Aug. 6. 1850. + + * * * * * + +MISCELLANEOUS. + +A very interesting contribution to our early national literature, as +well as to legendary history, has lately been published by Dr. Nicolaus +Delius of Bonn. He has edited in a small octavo volume, published at a +very moderate price, _Maistre Wace's St. Nicholas_, an old French poem, +by the poetical Canon of Bayeux, whose _Roman de Rou et des Ducs de +Normandie_, edited by Pluquet, and _Roman de Brut_, edited by Le Roux de +Lincy, are, doubtless, familiar to many of our readers. The present +valuable edition to the published works of Maistre Wace, is edited from +two Oxford MSS., viz., No. 270. of the Douce Collection, and No. 86. of +the Digby Collection in the Bodleian: and to add to the interest of the +present work, especially in the eyes of English readers, Dr. Delius has +appended to it the old English metrical life of _Saint Nicolas the +Bischop_, from the curious series of Lives and Legends which Mr. Black +has recently shown to have been composed by Robert of Gloucester. + +We have received the following Catalogue:--John Russell Smith's (4. Old +Compton Street, Soho) Part IV. for 1850. of a Catalogue of Choice, +Useful, and Curious Books in most Departments of Literature. + + * * * * * + +Notices to Correspondents. + +VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious +Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, and may be had, by +order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen_. + +_The Monthly Part for July, being the second of Vol. II. is also now +ready, price 1s._ + +NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured by the Trade at noon on Friday; so +that our country Subscribers ought to experience no difficulty in +receiving it regularly. Many of the country Booksellers are, probably, +not yet aware of this arrangement, which enables them to receive Copies +in their Saturday parcels_. + +JANUS DOUSA. _The Notes on Folk Lore have been received and will be used +very shortly. The Queries just received shall be duly inserted_. + +_Errata_.--In No. 41., p. 166., col. 1., line 8 from bottom, for +"_Cordius_" read "_Cardin_"; p. 171., l. 29., for "haver_s_" read +"haver"; and p. 172., l. 24., for "Murton" read "Mu_i_rton." + + * * * * * + +GREATLY REDUCED IN PRICE. + +PATRES ECCLESIASTICI ANGLICANI. + +THIS SERIES OF THE ENGLISH FATHERS OF THE CHURCH,--commencing with +ALDHELM, the first Bishop of Sherborne, which see he held from A.D. 705 +to 709, and including VENERABLE BEDE, the father of English History, who +died in 735; BONIFACE, the English Apostle to the Germans, whose +martyrdom took place in 754; LANFRANC, to whose influence over the +Conqueror the English owed what liberty William still allowed them to +enjoy; PETER OF BLOIS, the gossiping but querulous archdeacon of Bath; +THOMAS A BECKET, the greatest churchman of any time, and the fearless +upholder of the rights of the Church against the usurpations of the +Crown and his contemporaries; honest plain-spoken JOHN OF SALISBURY; and +the specious ERNULPH, Bishop of Lisieux, whose works throw considerable +light upon the court intrigues of the reign of Henry II.,--is edited by +the Rev. Dr. GILES, formerly Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. + +The entire Series consists of Thirty-five volumes, 8vo.; the price of +which has been reduced from 18l. 19s. 6d. to 9l., _if taken in complete +sets_, of which only _a very small number_ remain unsold; or separately +as follows:-- + +ALDHELMI Opera, 1 vol. 8vo. 6s. (published at 10s. 6d.) +BEDAE VENERABILIS Opera, 12 vols. 8vo. 3l. 3s. (pub. at 6l. 6s.) +BONIFACII Opera, 2 vols. 8vo. 12s. (published at 1l. 1s.) +PETRI BLESENSIS Opera, 4 vols. 8vo. 1l. 4s. (pub. at 2l. 8s.) +THOMAE CANTUARIENSIS, HERBERT DE BOREHAMI +Opera, &c., 8 vols. 2l. 16s. (published at 4l. 16s.) +LANFRANCI Opera, 2 vols. 12s. (published at 1l. 1s.) +ARNULFI Opera, 1 vol. 6s. (published at 10s. 6d.) +JOHANNIS SARESBERIENSIS Opera, 5 vols. 8vo. 1l. 10s. +(published at 2l. 12s. 6d.) + +On sale by D. NUTT, 270. Strand; and H. WASHBOURNE, 18. New Bridge +Street, Blackfriars. + + * * * * * + +NEW WORK ON THE GREEK DRAMA. + +In 12mo., price 4s. (with a Plan of a Greek Theatre.) + +THE ATHENIAN STAGE, a Handbook for +Students. From the German of WETZSCHEL, by the Rev. +R.B. PAUL, M.A.; and edited by the Rev. T.K. ARNOLD, M.A., +Rector of Lyndon, and late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. + +RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place: + +Of whom may be had, by the same Editors, + +l. HANDBOOK of GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES. 3s. 6d. +2. HANDBOOK of ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 3s. 6d. +3. HANDBOOK of GREEK SYNONYMES. 6s. 6d. + + * * * * * {192} + +VALUABLE ANTIQUARIAN, HERALDIC, AND FOREIGN WORKS, DICTIONARIES, +GRAMMARS, ETC. + +SOLD BY BERNARD QUARITCH, 16. CASTLE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE. + + * * * * * + +Adelung's Wörterbuch der Hoch-Deutschen Mundart, mit beständiger +Vergleichung der übrigen Mundarten, besonders acer der Oberdeutschen, +best edition, by Schönberger, 4 vols. 4to., calf, gilt, marbled edges, +2l. 2s. Wien, 1811. + + +Aldrete, del Origen de la Lengua Castellana o Romance (an Old-Spanish +Dictionary), folio, vellum, 15s. Madrid, 1674. + + +Anderson's Royal Genealogies, or the Genealogical Tables of Emperors, +Kings, and Princes, from Adam to these times, folio, hf. bd. scarce, +26s. 1732. + + +Annals of Ireland, by the Four Masters, translated from the Original +Irish by Owen Connellan, Esq., with Additions by Mac Dermott, 4to., +morocco super-extra, gilt edges. 30s. Dublin, 1846. + + +Bergomensis (J.P. Foresti) Supplementum Chronicarum, ab exordio mundi ad +annum 1502, folio, numerous woodcuts, monastic binding, 12s. 6d. Ven. +1503. + + +Baluze, Histoire Généalogique de la Maison d'Auvergne, 2 vols. folio, +numerous plates of Coats of Arms and Monumental Effigies, calf gilt, +20s. Paris, 1708. + + +----, another copy, 2 vols. folio, numerous fine Coats of Arms, the +corners of one volume damaged, calf, 10s. 6d. Paris, 1708. + + +Brunsvicensium Rerum Scriptores cura G.G. Leibnitii, 3 vols. folio, +calf, fine copy, 2l. 16s. Hanoveræ, 1707. + +An Indispensable work to the student of the Ancient History and +Literature of Germany. + + +Caedmon's Metrical Paraphrase of parts of Holy Scripture in Anglo-Saxon, +with Translation by Thorpe, imp. 8vo. bds., 12s. 6d. 1832. + + +Campe's Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache, 6 vols. imp. 4to., hf. bd. +russia extra, uncut, top edges gilt. fine copy, 3l. 3s. Braunschweig, +1807-13. + + +Caraffa Family. Aldirnari, Historia Genealogica della Famiglia Carafa, 3 +vols. folio, numerous very fine portraits and Coats of Arms, fine copy +in vellum,, scarce, 28s. Napoli, 1691. + + +Carpentier, Alphabetium Tironianum, seu notes Tironis explicandi +methods, folio, with numerous Short-hand Alphabets, Diplomas, Charters, +&c. of Louis the Pious, hf. bd. calf, 9s. Paris, 1747 + + +Codex Traditionum Corbejensium Diplomatarium Sarachonis Abbatis +Registrum, cum notis Falcke, thick folio, fac-similes of Old Deeds, &c., +vellum, 18s. Lips. 1752. + + +Corneille, OEuvres de, avec les commentaires de Voltaire, 12 vols. 8vo. +best edition, newly hf. bd. calf, 36s. Paris 1817. + + +Diccionario de la Lingua Castellana por la Real Academia Espanola, +tecera edicion, folio, calf neat, 12s. Madrid, 1791. + + +Edwards, Recherches sur les Langues Celtiques, 8vo. sd. 6s. Paris, +Imprimerie Royale, 1844. + +A very valuable and learned Celtic Polyglott Grammar, giving a +Comparative View off the Breton, Gælic, Welsh, Irish, Cornish, and +Basque Languages. + + +Enderbie's Cambria Triumphans, or Britain in its perfect Lustre showing +the Origin and Antiquity of that Illustrious Nation; the Succession of +their Kings and Princes, from the first to King Charles, 2 vols in 1, +folio, Large Paper, numerous Coats of Arms, bds. leather back, uncut, +18s. London, 1661 (Bagster, 1810). + + +Faereyinga-Saga eller Faeroboernes Historie, in Icelandic, Danish, and +the Faroer Dialect, by Rafn, imp. 8vo. Large Paper, bds. 7s. 6d. Klob. +1832 + + +Heineken, Idée générale d'une Collection complette d'Estampes et +Dissertation sur l'origine de la Gravure, plates, calf, 18s. 1771. + + +Johnson's Dictionary, Todd's last and best edition, 3 vols. 4to. calf +gilt, 5l. 1827. + + +Junil Etymologicum Anglicanum, edidit Lye, folio, portrait by Vertue, +calf, 18s. Oxf 1743. + +A most important work for the study of English Etymologies. + + +Jurisprudentia Heroica, sive de Jure Belgarum circa Nobilitatem et +Insignia, folio, several hundred Coats of Arms, all beautifully +emblazoned in gold, silver, and colours, calf. A beautiful book, rare, +32s. Bruxelles, 1668. + + +Karamsin, Histoire de l'Empire de Russie, 11 vols 8vo. (pub. at 2l. +15s.) sd. 16s. Paris, 1819-26. + +This French translation has been made under the patronage of the author, +who has added many notes and references. Karamsin is the greatest of all +the Russian writers. + + +Koch, Histoire abrégée des Traités de Paix entre les Puissances de +l'Europe, depuis la Paix de Westphalie jusqu'a 1815, 15 vols. 8vo., +stained, sewed, 32s. Paris, 1817-18. + +A most important collection, originally published at 6l. 16s. 6d. and +seldom met under price. + + +Lapponic Bible. Tat Ailes Tialog, Abme ja Addä Testamenta, 3 vols. 4to. +bds. 24s. Hernösandesne, 1811. + + +Legonidec, Dictionnaire Celto-Breton ou Breton-Français, 8vo. sd. 7s. +6d. Algoulème, 1821. + + +Lhuyd's Archæologia Britannica, giving an Account of the Languages of +the original Inhabitants of Britain, folio, hf. bd. calf, neat, scarce, +32s. Oxford, 1707. + +Contains Armoric, Irish, Scottish, Welsh Grammars and Dictionaries. + + +Lope de Vega, Obras Sueltas, en Prosa y en Verso, 21 vols. small 4to. +vellum, 3l. 10s. Madrid, 1776. + + +----, another copy, Large Paper, sd., uncut, 3l. 3s. + + +Mabillon de Re Diplomatica, cum Supplemento, 2 vols. royal folio, Large +Paper, numerous plates, fine copy in Dutch calf, 38s. Lut. Par. 170. +1704. + + +Magnusen (Finn) Runamo og Runerne, 4to. (742 pp.), 14 plates of Runic +Antiquities, bds. 18s. Kyobenhavn, 1841. + + +Maurice, le Blason des Armoiries de tous les Chevaliers de l'Ordre de la +Toison d'Or, depuis la première Institution, folio, 450 plates, +containing upwards of 2000 finely engraved Coats of Arms, calf, a +beautiful book, 30s. La Haye, 1665. + + +O'Brien, Irish-English Dictionary, 4to. hf. bd., very scarce, 25s. +Paris, 1768. + + +Pompeii illustrated with Picturesque Views from the Drawings by Col. +Cockburn, with Plan and Details by Donaldson, 2 vols. in 1, imp. folio, +90 fine plates, some coloured, half morocco, 2l. 12s. 6d. 1827. + + +Rhæsi (D.) Cymbro-Brytannicæ Cymræcæve Linguæ Institutiones, small +folio, inlaid title, calf, gilt edges, very scarce, 36s. 1592. + + +Selden's Titles of Honour, folio, best edition, portraits and plates +calf, 16. 1672. + + +----, another edition, folio, with Roger Twysden's autograph, calf, 10s. +1631. + + +Sismondi, Histoire des Républiques Italiennes, 16 vols. 8vo. best +edition, a little stained, sd. 36s. Paris, 1818. + + +----, another edition, 8 vols. royal 8vo. sd. 36s. Brux. 1839. + + +Snorro Sturleson, Heimskringla, seu Historia Regum Norvegicorum, editio +nova opera Schöning, et Thorlacii, Islandice Danice, et Latine, 3 vols. +in 1, folio, fine paper, sumptuously whole bound calf extra, leather +joints, silk linings, gilt edges, 3l. 10s. Hauniæ, 1777-83. + +These three volumes of this edition comprise the whole of the +Heimskringla, as originally published in 1697 by Perinskiold, but with a +Danish version in place of the Swedish, and considerable improvements +both as regards text and notes. + + +Transactions of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries. + +Nordisk Tidskrift for Oldkyndighed, 3 vols. 8vo., numerous fine plates +of Antiquities, hf. bd. calf, 12s. Kiob. 1832-36. + +Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed (Annals for Northern Antiquities, +edited by the Royal Society of Antiquaries), 1836-47, 8 vols. 8vo. +numerous fine plates, 2 vols hf. bd. the rest sewed, 2l. 5s. + +Antiquarisk Tidskrift, 1843-48, 3 vols. 8vo. plates, sewed, 9s. Copenh. +1845-48. + +These three collections form one set, sold together for 3l. + + +Wachteri Glossarium Germanicum, continens Origins et Antiquitates totius +Linguæ Germanicæ, 2 vols. in 1, folio, fine copy, old calf gilt, 25s. +Lips. 1737. + + * * * * * + +_Catalogues of_ BERNARD QUARITCH'S _German_, _French_, _Italian_, +_Spanish_, _Northern_, _Celtic_, _Oriental_, _Antiquarian_, and +_Scientific Books_ gratis. + + * * * * * + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City Of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL, Of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, August 17, 1850. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 42, Saturday, +August 17, 1850, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 42, *** + +***** This file should be named 13411-8.txt or 13411-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/4/1/13411/ + +Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals, + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes & Queries, No. 42, Saturday, August 17, 1850 + A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. + + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 9, 2004 [EBook #13411] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 42, *** + + + + +Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals, + + + + + + +</pre> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page177" name= +"page177"></a>{177}</span> +<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1> +<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, +ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2> +<hr /> +<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>—CAPTAIN CUTTLE.</h3> +<hr class="full" /> +<table summary="masthead" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td align="left" width="25%"><b>No. 42.</b></td> +<td align="center" width="50%"><b>SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, +1850</b></td> +<td align="right" width="25%"><b>Price Threepence.<br /> +Stamped Edition 4d.</b></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> +<table summary="^Contents" align="center"> +<tr> +<td align="left">NOTES:—</td> +<td align="right">Page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Alfred's Orosius, by Dr. Bell</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Remarkable Proposition concerning Ireland, by H. +Kersley</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">News: a few "old" Materials for its Elucidation, +by S.W. Singer</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page180">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Folk Lore:—Charming for Warts</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Minor Notes:—Capture of Henry VI.—The +New Temple</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">QUERIES:—</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Essays of certain Paradoxes: Poem on Nothing, by +S.W. Singer</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Minor Queries:—Papers of +Perjury—Church Rates—St. Thomas of Lancaster's +Accomplices—Prelates of France—Lord Chancellor's +Oath—Mediæval Nomenclature—Sir Christopher +Sibthorp—Alarm</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page182">182</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">REPLIES:—</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Shakspeare's Use of "Delighted," by Samuel +Hickson</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">English Comedians in Germany</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page184">184</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Achilles and the Tortoise</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Replies to Minor Queries:—"Barum" and +"Sarum"—Countess of Desmond—Michael Servetus, alias +Reves—Caxton's Printing-office—Somagia—Various +Modes of Interment among the Ancients—Guy's +Porridge-pot—"Welcome the coming, speed the parting +Guest"—"A Chrysostom to smoothe his Band in"—William of +Wykeham—Dutch Language—"A Frog he would," +&c.—City Sanitary Laws—Sanitary Laws of other +Days—Michael Scott, the Wizard—Clerical +Costume—The Curfew—Welsh Language—Armenian +Language—North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated—"Sir +Hilary charged at Agincourt"—Unicorn—Abbey of St. +Wandrille, Normandy, &c.</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page186">186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">MISCELLANEOUS:—</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c.</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Books and Odd Volumes Wanted</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Notices to Correspondents</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page191">191</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Advertisements</td> +<td align="right"><a href="#page191">191</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>NOTES</h2> +<h3>ALFRED'S OROSIUS.</h3> +<p>The two exceedingly valuable elucidations which the geography of +King Alfred relating to Germany (intercalated in the royal author's +translation of Orosius), has received from your learned +contributors MR. R.T. HAMPSON (Vol. i., p. 257.) and MR. S.W. +SINGER (Vol. i., p. 313.) induce me to offer some new views on the +same subject. From my having passed a long series of years in the +countries described, and read and examined all that continental +authors, as well as Englishmen, have written or conjectured on the +subject, I trust that my opinions, though differing from all +hitherto received, may not be unworthy the attention of these +gentlemen, and of your other numerous subscribers. I shall, +however, at present, not to exceed the necessary limitation of your +articles, restrict myself to a consideration of the very disputed +<i>Cwenas</i> and the <i>Cwen-sae</i>, which both the gentlemen +have not alluded to.</p> +<p>The universal agreement amongst the commentators (with the two +solitary exceptions I shall hereafter mention), by which this sea +is taken for the White Sea, is diverting, and has been the primary +source of many of their errors, and of that most monster one, by +which Othere's narrative has been made the relation of a voyage +round the North Cape to Archangel. It is difficult to say who may +have first broached the brilliant idea. Spelmann's annotators, his +alumni Oxonienses of University College, seem to have left the +matter without much consideration, in which they were pretty +servilely followed by Bussæus, though not so much so as to +justify Professor Ingram's remark, "that his notes were chiefly +extracted thence." (Pref. viii.) Professor Murray of Göttingen +(1765), and Langebeck, in his <i>Scriptores Rerum Danicarum</i> +(1773), make no mention of these arctic discoveries; and the latter +is satisfied that the Cwenas are the Amazons of Adam of +Bremen:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"De Quenorum priscis Sedibus et Quenlandiæ situ, vide +Torfæus, <i>Hist. Norweg.</i> i. 140. Adamus Bremens, pp. 58, +59. 61., per Amazones et terram Foeminarum voluit Queuones et +Quenladiam intelligi."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>and it remains, therefore, to the next commentator, John +Reinhold Forster (the companion navigator with Sir Joseph Banks), +to have been the first to whom we owe the important error. He was +praised by Daines Barrington, for whose edition he gave the notes +afterwards reproduced in his <i>Northern Voyages of Discovery</i>; +but still with certain reservations. The honourable translator +found some negative evidences which seemed to militate against the +idea that the voyage could have extended into the arctic circle; +for, in such a case, Othere would hardly have refrained from +mentioning the perpetual day of those regions; the northern lights, +which he must have experienced; to which <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page178" id="page178"></a>{178}</span> we add, +the perpetual snows, and many other very striking peculiarities, so +new and seemingly inexplicable to a southern traveller or +listener.</p> +<p>Succeeding writers seem to have had fewer scruples, and to have +admitted the idea without consideration. Thorkelin, the Dane, (when +in England to copy out the poem of <i>Beowulf</i> for publication +at Copenhagen), gave a very flattering testimony to Forster's +notes, in <i>Bibliotheca Topographica</i>, vol. ix. p. 891. <i>et +seq.</i>, though I believe he subsequently much modified it. Our +own writers who had to remark upon the subject, Sharon Turner, and +Wheaton, in his <i>History of the Northmen</i>, may be excused from +concurring in an opinion in which they had only a verbal interest. +Professor Ingram, in his translation of <i>Othere's Voyage</i> +(Oxford, 1807, 4to. p. 96. note), gives the following rather +singular deduction for the appellation: Quenland was the land of +the Amazons; the Amazons were fair and white-faced, therefore +<i>Cwen-Sae</i> the White Sea, as Forster had deduced it: and so, +having satisfied himself with this kind of Sorites, follows pretty +closely in Forster's wake. But that continental writers, who took +up the investigation avowedly as indispensable to the earliest +history of their native countries, should have given their +concurrence and approval so easily, I must confess, astonishes +me.</p> +<p>Dahlman, whilst Professor of History at Kiel, felt himself +called upon by his situation to edit and explain this work to his +countrymen more detailedly than previously, and at vol. ii. p. 405. +of the work cited by Mr. Singer gives all Alfred's original +notices. I shall at present only mention his interpretation of +<i>Quen Sae</i>, which he translates <i>Weltmeer</i>; making it +equivalent to the previous <i>Garseeg</i> or <i>Oceanus</i>. He +mentions the reasonings of Rask and Porthan, of Abo, the two +exceptions to the general opinion (which I shall subsequently +notice), without following, on this point, what they had previously +so much more clearly explained. The best account of what had +previously been done on the subject is contained in Beckmann's +<i>Litteratur der alten Raisen</i> (s. 450.); and incidental +notices of such passages as fall within the scope of their works, +are found in Schlözer's <i>Allgemeine nordische +Geschichte</i>, Thummann's <i>Untersuchungen</i>, Walch's +<i>Allgemeine Bibliothek</i>, Schöning's <i>Gamle nordishe +Geographie</i>, Nyerup's <i>Historisk-statistik Skildering i aeldre +og nyere Tider</i>, in Sprengel's <i>Geschichte</i>, and by +Wörbs, in Kruse's <i>Deutsche Alterthümer</i>. Professor +Ludw. Giesebrecht published in 1843, at Berlin, a most excellent +<i>Wendische Geschichte</i>, in 3 vols. 8vo., but his inquiries +concerning this Periplus (vol. iii. p 290) are the weakest part of +his work, having mostly followed blindly the opinions to which the +great fame and political importance of Dahlman had given full +credence and authority. He was not aware of the importance of +Alfred's notices for the countries he describes, and particularly +for the elucidation of the vexed question of Adam of Bremen's +<i>Julin</i> and Helmold's <i>Veneta</i>, by an investigation of +Othere's <i>Schiringsheal</i>, and which I endeavoured to point out +in a pamphlet I published in the German language, and a copy of +which I had the pleasure of presenting, amongst others, to +Professor Dahlman himself at the Germanisten Versammlung at +Lübeck in 1847. To return, however, to the <i>Cwena land</i> +and <i>sae</i>, it is evident that the commentators, who are +principally induced by their bearings to Sweon land to look upon +the latter as the White Sea, have overlooked the circumstance that +the same name is found earlier as an arm of the Wendel or +Mediterranean Sea; and it is evident that one denomination cannot +be taken in a double meaning; and therefore, when we find Alfred +following the boundaries of Europe from Greece, "Crecalande ut on +þone Wendelsae Þnord on þone Garsaege pe man Cwen +sae haet", it is certain that we have here an arm of the Wendel Sea +(here mistaken for the ocean) that runs from Greece to the north, +and it cannot also afterwards be the White Sea. It will be +necessary to bring this, in conformity with the subsequent mention +of <i>Cwen-Sae</i>, more to the northward, which, as I have just +said, has been hitherto principally attended to.</p> +<p>In Welsh topography no designation scarcely recurs oftener than +<i>Gwent</i> (or, according to Welsh pronunciation, and as it may +be written, <i>Cwent</i>) in various modifications, as Gwyndyd, +Gwenedd, Gynneth, Gwynne, &c. &c.; and on the authority of +Gardnor's <i>History of Monmouthshire</i> (Appendix 14.), under +which I willingly cloak my ignorance of the Welsh language, I learn +that <i>Gwent</i> or <i>Went</i> is "spelt with or without a +<i>G</i>, according to the word that precedes it, according to +certain rules of grammar in the ancient British language, and that +<i>Venedotia</i> for North Wales is from the same root." The author +might certainly have said, "the same word Latinized." But exactly +the same affinity or identity of names is found in a locality that +suits the place we are in search of: in an arm of the Mediterranean +stretching from Greece northwards; viz. in the Adriatic, which had +for its earliest name <i>Sirus Venedicus</i>, translated in modern +Italian into <i>Golfo di Venezia</i>.</p> +<p>Of the multitudes of authorities for this assumption I need only +mention Strabo, who calls the first settlers on its northern end +(whence the whole gulph was denominated) [Greek: Everoi]; or Livy, +who merely Latinizes the term as <i>Heneti</i>, lib. i. cap. i., +"Antenorem cum multitudine Henetum." With the fable of Antenor and +his Trojan colony we have at present no further relation. The name +alone, and its universality at this locality, is all that we +require. I shall now show that we can follow these Veneti (which, +that it is a generic name of situation, I must now omit to prove, +from the compression <span class="pagenum"><a name="page179" id= +"page179"></a>{179}</span> necessary for your miscellany) without a +break, in an uninterrupted chain, to the north, and to a position +that suits Alfred's other locality much more fitting, than the +White Sea. The province of <i>Vindelicia</i> would carry us to the +Boden See (Lake of Constance), which Pomponius Mela, lib. iii. cap. +i. ad finem, calls <i>Lacus Venedicus</i>. This omitting the modern +evidences of this name and province in Windisch-Grätz, +Windisch-Feistriz, &c. &c., brings us sufficiently in +contact with the Slavonic and Wendic people of Bohemia to track the +line through them to the two Lausitz, where we are in immediate +proximity to the Spree Wald. There the Wends (pronounce +<i>Vends</i>) still maintain a distinct and almost independent +community, with peculiar manners, and, it is believed, like the +gypsies, an elected or hereditary king; and where, and round +Lüchow, in Hanover, the few remnants of this once potent +nation are awaiting their final and gradual absorption into the +surrounding German nations. Whenever, in the north of Germany, a +traveller meets with a place or district ending in <i>wits</i>, +<i>itz</i>, <i>pitz</i>, &c., wherever situate, or whatever +language the inhabitants speak, he may put it down as originally +Wendish; and the multitude of such terminations will show him how +extensively this people was spread over those countries. +Itzenplitz, the name of a family once of great consequence in the +Mark of Brandenburg is ultra-Wendish. It will, therefore, excite no +wonder that we find, even in Tacitus, Veneti along their coasts and +Ptolemy, who wrote about a century and a half later than Strabo or +Livy, seems to have improved the terminology of the ancients in the +interval; for, speaking of the Sarmatian tribes, he calls these +Veneti [Greek: Ouenedai par holon ton Ouenedikon kolpon]. Here we +find the truest guide for the pronunciation, or, rather, for the +undigammaising of the Latin <i>V</i> and the Welsh <i>W</i>, as +<i>Ouenetoi</i>, which is proved in many distant and varying +localities. St. Ouen, the Welsh Owen and Evan, and the patron saint +of Rouen, no doubt had his name (if he ever existed at all) coined +from the French Veneti of Armorica, amongst which he lived; and +when foreigners wish to render the English name <i>Edward</i> as +spoken, they write <i>Edouard</i> and Robert the Wizzard, the +Norman conqueror of Sicily and Apulia, has his name transformed, to +suit Italian ears, into <i>Guiscard</i>, and as William into +<i>Gulielmi</i>. Thus, therefore, the whole coast of Prussia, from +Pomerania, as far, perhaps, as known, and certainly all the present +Prussia Proper, was the <i>Sinus Venedicus</i>, Ptolemy's [Greek: +kolpon]; and this was also Alfred's Cwen-Sae, for the north. I +admit that when Alfred follows Orosius, he uses <i>Adriatic</i> for +the <i>Golfo de Venezia</i>, but when he gives us his independent +researches, he uses an indigenous name. Professor Porthan, of Abo +in Finland, published a Swedish translation, with notes, of the +<i>Voyages of Othere and Wulfstan</i> in the <i>Kongl. Vitterhets +Historie och Antiquitet Academiens Handlingar, sjette Delen</i>. +Stockholm, 1800, p. 37-106., in which he expressly couples Finland +with Cwenland; and, in fact, considering the identity of +<i>Cwen</i> and <i>Ven</i>, and the convertibility of the <i>F</i> +and <i>V</i> in all languages, <i>Ven</i> and <i>Fen</i> and +<i>Cwen</i> will all be identical: but I believe he might have +taken a hint from Bussæus, who, in addition to his note at p. +13., gives at p. 22. an extract from the <i>Olaf Tryvassons +Saga</i>, where "Finnland edr Quenland" (Finland or Quenland) are +found conjoined as synonyms. Professor Rask, who gives the original +text, and a Danish translation in the <i>Transactions of the +Shandinavish Litteratur Selkskab</i> for 1815, as "Otter og +Wulfstans Korte Reideberetninger," &c., though laudatory in the +extreme of Porthan, and differing from him on some minor points, +yet fully agrees in finding the Cwen-Sea within the Baltic: and he +seems to divide this inland sea into two parts by a line drawn +north and south through Bornholm, of which the eastern part is +called the Cwen or Serminde, or Samatian Sea.</p> +<p>Be that as it may, the above is one of a series of deductions by +which I am prepared to prove, that as the land geography of Germany +by Alfred is restricted to the valleys of the Weichsel (Wisle), the +Oder, the Elbe, and the Weser, so the sea voyages are confined to +the debouchures of such of these rivers as flow into the Baltic. +This would give a combined action of purpose to both well suited to +the genius of the monarch and the necessities of an infant trade, +requiring to be made acquainted with coasts and countries +accessible to their rude navigation and limited commercial +enterprise. So prudent a monarch would never have thought of noting +down, for the instruction and guidance of his subjects and +posterity, the account of a voyage which even now, after an +interval of ten centuries of continued nautical improvements, and +since the discovery of the compass, is not unattended with danger, +nor accomplished in less than a year's time wasted.</p> +<p class="author">WILLIAM BELL, Phil. Dr.</p> +<p>British Archeological Association.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>REMARKABLE PROPOSITION CONCERNING IRELAND.</h3> +<p>The following passage, which contains a curious proposition +relating to Ireland, will probably be new and interesting to many +readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES," since the book from which I extract +it is a scarce one, and not often read. Among the many various +schemes that have of late been propounded for the improvement of +our sister country, this is perhaps not the least remarkable, and +shows that the <i>questio vexata</i>, "What is to be done with +Ireland?" is one of two centuries' standing. James Harrington, in +his <i>Oceana, the Introduction</i>, <span class="pagenum"><a name= +"page180" id="page180"></a>{180}</span> (pp. 35, 36., Toland's +Edition, 1700), speaking of Ireland under the name of Panopea, +says,—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Panopea, the soft Mother of a slothful and pusillanimous +people, is a neighbor Iland, antiently subjected by the Arms of +<i>Oceana</i>; since almost depopulated for shaking the Yoke, and +at length replanted with a new Race. But (through what virtues of +the Soil, or vice of the Air, soever it be), they com still to +degenerat. Wherfore seeing it is neither likely to yield men fit +for Arms, nor necessary it should; it had bin the Interest of +<i>Oceana</i> so to have dispos'd of this Province, being both rich +in the nature of the Soil, and full of commodious Ports for Trade, +that it might have bin order'd for the best in relation to her +Purse, which, in my opinion (if it had been thought upon in time), +might have bin best don by planting it with <i>Jews</i>, allowing +them their own Rights and Laws; for that would have brought then +suddenly from all parts of the World, and in sufficient numbers. +And though the <i>Jews</i> be now altogether for merchandize, yet +in the Land of <i>Canaan</i> (except since their exile, from whence +they have not bin Landlords), they were altogether for Agriculture, +and there is no cause why a man should doubt, but having a fruitful +Country and excellent Ports too, they would be good at both. +<i>Panopea</i> well peopled, would be worth a matter of four +millions of dry rents; that is besides the advantage of the +Agriculture and Trade, which, with a Nation of that Industry, coms +at least to as much more. Wherfore <i>Panopea</i> being farm'd out +to the Jews and their Heirs for ever, for the pay of a provincial +Army to protect them during the term of seven years, and for two +millions annual Revenue from that time forward, besides the customs +which would pay the provincial Army, would have bin a bargain of +such advantage both to them and this Commonwealth, as is not to be +found otherwise by either. To receive the <i>Jews</i> after any +other manner into a Commonwealth, were to maim it; for they of all +Nations never incorporat, but taking up the room of a Limb, are no +use or office to the body, while they suck the nourishment which +would sustain a natural and useful member."</p> +</blockquote> +<p class="author">HENRY KERSLEY</p> +<p>Corpus Christi Hall, Maidstone.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>NEWS.</h3> +<h4>A FEW <i>OLD</i> MATERIALS FOR ITS ELUCIDATION.</h4> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Novaum</i>, vulgo <i>Nouvelle</i>. Ugutio: '<i>Rumor, +murmur, quod vulgo dicitur Novum.</i>' Occurit non semel in +Epistolis Marini Sanuti. 'Novis de Obitu Papæ auditis,' in +Regesta Universitatis Paris, an. 1394, <i>Spicileg. Acher.</i>, tom +vi. p. 60."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>So far Ducange, who also refers to the following:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Supervenerunt nobis <i>Nova</i> certa de morte, videlicet +quorundam Nobilium, nobis adhærentium, captorum per partem +dieti Philippi in Britannia, et de speciali Præcepto suo +Parisiis ignominiosæ morti traditorum; nec non de Strage, +&c. &c."—<i>Charta an</i>. 1346, apud Rymer, t. v. p. +497.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The derivation of this word has been so strenuously and ably +discussed by the contending parties in your pages, that I have no +intention of interfering (non nostrum tantas componere lites) +further than to furnish a few materials bearing on the subject, +which may not have come under their notice.</p> +<p>It seems uncertain whether <i>Newes</i> was considered by our +ancestors <i>plural</i> or <i>singular</i>. Resolute John Florio is +sadly inconsistent in his use of it: in his <i>World of Wordes</i>, +ed. 1598, we have:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Nova</i>, newe, fresh, a noueltie, a <i>newe report</i>.</p> +<p>"<i>Novella</i>, a tale, a nouell, a noueltie, a discourse, <i>a +newes</i> a message."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In Queen Anna's <i>World of Wordes</i>, 1611:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Nova</i>, a noueltie, <i>a new report</i>.</p> +<p>"<i>Novella, a tiding, or newes</i>.</p> +<p>"<i>Novellante</i>, a teller of <i>newes</i> or +<i>tidings</i>."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Here we have <i>newes</i> treated both as <i>singular</i> and +<i>plural</i>! while we have <i>tiding</i> as the singular of +<i>tidings</i>, a form which, from long disuse, would now appear +strange to us. In the following extract from Florio's very amusing +book of Dialogues, <i>Second Frutes</i>, 1591, he makes +<i>newes</i> decidedly plural:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>C</i>. What doo they say abroade? what <i>newes</i> have +you, Master Tiberio? <i>T</i>. Nothing that I know; can you tell +whether the post be come? <i>C</i>. No, Sir; they saye in the +Exchange that the great Turke makes great preparation to warre with +the Persian. <i>T</i>. 'Tis but a deuice; <i>these be newes</i> +cast abroade to feede the common sorte, I doo not beleeue them.... +<i>C</i>. Yea, but <i>they</i> are written to verie worshipful +merchants. <i>T</i>. By so much the lesse doo I beleeue them; doo +not you know that euerie yeare <i>such newes are</i> spreade +abroade? <i>C</i>. I am almost of your minde, for I seldome see +these written reports prove true. <i>T</i>. Prognostications, +<i>newes</i>, deuices, and letters from forraine countries (good +Master Cæsar), are but used as confections to feed the common +people withal. <i>C</i>. A man must give no more credite to +Exchange and Powles' <i>newes</i> than to fugitiues promises and +plaiers fables."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In Thomas's <i>Principal Rules of the Italian Grammer, with a +Dictionarie</i>, printed by Thomas Powell in 1562, but written in +1548, we have—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Novella</i>, a tale, a parable, or a <i>neweltee.</i></p> +<p>"<i>Novelluzza</i>, an <i>ynkelyng</i>.</p> +<p>"<i>Novellare</i>, to tell tales or <i>newes</i>."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In the title page of a rare little volume printed in 1616, we +have the adjective <i>new</i> in apposition with the substantive +<i>newes</i>, thus:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Sir Thomas Overburie his Wife, with new Elegies upon his (now +knowne) untimely death. Whereunto are annexed <i>New Newes</i> and +Characters written by himselfe and other learned Gentlemen. Editio +septima. London: printed by Edward Griffin for Lawrence Lisle, +1616, 12mo."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The head of one section is—</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page181" id= +"page181"></a>{181}</span> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Newes</i> from any-whence, or, <i>Old Truth</i> under a +supposal of <i>Noueltie</i>."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Chaucer uses for <i>the newe</i> and of <i>the newe</i> (sc. +fashion) elliptically. <i>Tiding</i> or <i>Tidings</i>, from the +A.-S. Tid-an, evidently preceded <i>newes</i> in the sense of +inteligence, and may not <i>newes</i> therefore be an elliptic form +of <i>new-tidinges</i>? Or, as our ancestors had +<i>newelté</i> and <i>neweltés</i>, can it have been +a contraction of the latter? If we are to suppose with Mr. Hickson +that <i>news</i> was "adopted bodily into the language," we must +not go to the High-German, from which our early language has +derived scarcely anything, but to the Neder-Duytsch, from the +frequent and constant communication with the Low Countries in the +sixteenth century. The following passages from Kilian's +<i>Thesaurus</i>, printed by Plantin, at Antwerp, in 1573, are to +the purpose, and may serve to show how the word was +formed:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"<i>Nieuwtijdinge</i>, oft <i>wat nieuws</i>, Nouvelles, Nuntius +vel Nuntium."</p> +<p>"<i>Seght ons wat nieuws</i>, Dicte nous quelquechose de +nouveau, Recita nobis aliquid novi."</p> +<p>"<i>Nieuwsgierich, nygierich</i>, Convoiteux de nouveautez, +Cupidus novitatis."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>I trust these materials may be acceptable to your able +correspondents, and tend to the resolution of the question at +issue.</p> +<p class="author">S.W. SINGER.</p> +<p>Mickleham, August 6. 1850.</p> +<p>"<i>News</i>," <i>Origin of the Word</i> (Vol. i., pp. 270. 369. +487.; vol. ii., pp. 23. 81. 106.).—Your correspondents who +have written upon this subject may now have seen the following note +in Zimperley's <i>Encyclopædia</i>, p. 472.:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The original orthography was <i>newes</i>, and in the singular. +Johnson has, however, decided that the word <i>newes</i> is a +substantive without a singular, unless it be considered as +singular. The word <i>new</i>, according to Wachter, is of very +ancient use, and is common to many nations. The Britons, and the +Anglo-Saxons, had the word, though not the thing. It was first +printed by Caxton in the modern sense, in the <i>Siege of +Rhodes</i>, which was translated by John Kay, the Poet Laureate, +and printed by Caxton about the year 1490. In the <i>Assembly of +Foulis</i>, which was printed by William Copland in 1530, there is +the following exclamation:—</p> +<p>"'Newes! newes! newes! have ye ony newes?'</p> +<p>"In the translation of the <i>Utopia</i>, by Raphe Robinson, +citizien and goldsmythe, which was imprinted by Abraham Nele in +1551, we are told, 'As for monsters, because they be no +<i>newes</i>, of them we were nothynge inquysitive.' Such is the +rise, and such the progress of the word <i>news</i>, which, even in +1551, was still printed <i>newes</i>!"</p> +</blockquote> +<p class="author">W.J.</p> +<p>Havre.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>FOLK LORE.</h3> +<p><i>Charming for Warts</i> (Vol. i., p. 19.; vol. ii. p. +150.).—In Lord Bacon's <i>Sylva Sylvarum, or a Natural +History in Ten Centuries</i> (No. 997.), the great philosopher +gives a minute account of the practice, from personal experience, +in the following words:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The taking away of warts, by rubbing them with somewhat that +afterwards is put to waste and consume, is a common experiment; and +I do apprehend it the rather, because of mine own experience. I had +from my childhood a wart upon one of my fingers; afterwards, when I +was about sixteen years old, being then at Paris, there grew upon +both my hands a number of warts (at least an hundred), in a month's +space; the English Ambassador's lady, who was a woman far from +superstition, told me one day she would help me away with my warts; +whereupon she got a piece of lard with the skin on, and rubbed the +warts all over with the fat side, and amongst the rest, that wart +which I had from my childhood; then she nailed the piece of lard +with the fat towards the sun, upon a post of her chamber window, +which was to the south. The success was, that within five weeks' +space all the warts went quite away, and that wart which I had so +long endured for company; but at the rest I did little marvel, +because they came in a short time and might go away in a short time +again, but the going of that which had stayed so long doth yet +stick with me. They say the like is done by rubbing of warts with a +green elder stick, and then burying the stick to rot in muck."</p> +</blockquote> +<p class="author">J.M.B.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>MINOR NOTES.</h3> +<p><i>Capture of Henry the Sixth.</i>—At Waddington in Mytton +stands a pile of building known as the "Old Hall," once antique, +but now much indeed despoiled of its beauty, where for some time +the unfortunate king, Henry the Sixth, was concealed after the +fatal battle of Hexham, in Northumberland. Quietly seated one day +at dinner, "in company with Dr. Manting, Dean of Windsor, Dr. +Bedle, and one Ellarton," his enemies came upon him by surprise, +but he privately escaped by a back door, and fled to Brungerley +stepping-stones (still partially visible in a wooden frame), where +he was taken prisoner, "his legs tied together under the horse's +belly," and thus disgracefully conveyed to the Tower in London. He +was betrayed by one of the Talbots of Bashall Hall, who was then +high-sheriff for the West Riding. This ancient house or hall is +still in existence, but now entirely converted into a building for +farming purposes: "Sic transit gloria mundi." Near the village of +Waddington, there is still to be seen a meadow known by the name of +"King Henry's Meadow."</p> +<p>In Baker's <i>Chronicle</i>, the capture of the king is +described as having taken place "in <i>Lincolnshire</i>," +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page182" id= +"page182"></a>{182}</span> but this is evidently incorrect; it is +Waddington, in Mytton, West Yorkshire.</p> +<p class="author">CLERICUS CRAVENSIS.</p> +<p><i>The New Temple</i> (Vol. ii., p. 103.).—As your +correspondent is interested in a question connected with the +occupants of the New Temple at the beginning of the fourteenth +century, I venture to state, at the hazard of its being of any use +to him, that I have before me the transcript of a deed, dated at +Canterbury, the 16th of July, 1293, by which two prebendaries of +the church of York engage to pay to the Abbot of Newenham, in the +county of Devon, the sum of 200 marks sterling, at the New Temple +in London, in accordance with a bond entered into by them before G. +de Thornton and others, the king's justices.</p> +<p class="author">S.S.S.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>QUERIES.</h2> +<h3>ESSAYES OF CERTAIN PARADOXES: POEM ON NOTHING.</h3> +<p>Who was the author of a thin 4to. volume with the above title, +printed for Tho. Thorpe, 1616? The contents are, "The Praise of K. +Richard the Third—The French Poetes—Nothing—That +it is good to be in Debt."</p> +<p>The late Mr. Yarnold has a MS. copy of the "Praise of K. +Richard," to which was prefixed the following +dedication:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"TO THE HONOURABLE SIR HENRY NEVILL, KNIGHTE."</p> +<p>"I am bolde to adventure to your honors viewe this small portion +of my privatt labors, as an earnest peny of my love, beinge a mere +Paradoxe in prayse of a most blame-worthie and condemned Prince, +Kinge Richard the Third; who albeit I shold guilde with farre +better termes of eloquence then I have don, and freate myself to +deathe in pursuite of his commendations, yet his disgrace beinge so +publicke, and the worlde so opinionate of his misdoings, as I shold +not be able so farre to justifie him as they to condemne him. Yet +that they may see what may be saide, and to shew how farre they +haue mispraysed his vertues, this following Treatise shall make +manyfest. Your honour may peruse and censure yt at your best +leisure, and though yt be not trickt up wth elegance of phrase, yet +may it satisfye a right curious judgmente, yf the reasons be +considered as they ought. But, howsoever, yf you please to accepte +it, I shall thinke my labors well bestowed; who, both in this and +what ells may, devote myself to your honour, and rest,</p> +<p>"Your honours most affectionat servant,</p> +<p>"HEN. W."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The praise of Nothing is very well versified from the Latin of +Passerat, whose verses Dr. Johnson thought worthy of a place in his +<i>Life of Lord Rochester</i>. Besides Rochester's seventeen +stanzas "Upon Nothing," there appears to have been another copy of +verses on this fertile subject; for Flecknoe, in his <i>Epigrams of +All Sorts</i>, 1671, has "Somewhat to Mr. J.A. on his excellent +poem of Nothing." Is <i>anything</i> known of this +<i>Nothing</i>?</p> +<p class="author">S.W. SINGER.</p> +<p>Mickleham, July 29. 1850.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>MINOR QUERIES.</h3> +<p><i>Papers of Perjury.</i>—In Leicester's +<i>Commonwealth</i> occurs the following passage:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The gentlemen were all taken and cast into prison, and +afterwards were sent down to Ludlow, there to wear <i>papers of +perjury</i>."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Can any of your readers refer me to a <i>graphic</i> account of +the custom of perjurers wearing papers denoting their crime, to +which I suppose this passage alludes?</p> +<p class="author">S.R.</p> +<p><i>Church Rates.</i>—CH. would be obliged to any of your +readers who could refer him to the volume of either the +<i>Gentleman's</i> or the <i>British Magazine</i> which contains +some remarks on the article on Church Rates in Knight's +<i>Political Dictionary</i>, and on Cyric-sceat.</p> +<p><i>St. Thomas of Lancaster's Accomplices.</i>—In No. 15. I +find an extract from Rymer, by MR. MONCKTON MILNES, relative to +some accomplices of St. Thomas of Lancaster, supposed to have +worked miracles.—Query, Was "The Parson of Wigan" one of +these accomplices, and what was his name? Was he ever brought to +trial for aiding the Earl, preaching sedition in the parish church +of Wigan, and offering absolution to all who would join the +standard of the barons? and what was the result of that +trial—death or pardon?</p> +<p class="author">CLERICUS CRAVENSIS.</p> +<p><i>Prelates of France.</i>—P.C.S.S. is desirous to know +where he can meet with an accurate list of the Archbishops and +Bishops of France (or more properly of their Sees) under the old +<i>régime</i>.</p> +<p><i>Lord Chancellor's Oath.</i>—The gazette of the 16th +July notified that the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Wilde, in council, +took the oath of Lord Chancellor of Great Britain <i>and +Ireland</i> on the 15th inst.; and the same gazette announced the +direction of the Queen that letters patent be passed granting the +dignity of baron to the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Wilde, Knt., Lord +Chancellor of that part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and +Ireland called <i>Great Britain</i>.</p> +<p>Why, when he is only Chancellor of Great Britain, should he take +the oath of Chancellor of Great Britain <i>and Ireland</i>?</p> +<p class="author">J.</p> +<p><i>Mediæval Nomenclature.</i>—In what work is to be +obtained the best information explanatory of the nomenclature of +the useful arts in mediæval times?</p> +<p class="author">δ.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page183" id= +"page183"></a>{183}</span> +<p><i>Sir Christopher Sibthorp.</i>—Can any of your readers +furnish me with information as to the ancestry of Sir Christopher +Sibthorp, whose name appears in the title-page of the following +tract: <i>A friendly Advertisement to the pretended Catholics of +Ireland, by Christopher Sibthorp, Knt., one of H.M. Justices of his +Court of Chief Place in Ireland</i>, 1622, Dublin and also as to +the crest, arms, and motto borne by him.</p> +<p class="author">DE BALDOC.</p> +<p><i>Alarm</i> (Vol. ii., p. 151.).—The derivation of +<i>alarm</i>, and the French <i>alarme</i>, from <i>à +l'arme</i>, which your correspondent M. has reproduced, has always +struck me as unsatisfactory, and as of the class of etymologies +suspiciously ingenious. I do not venture to pronounce that the +derivation is wrong: I merely wish to ventilate a doubt through +"NOTES AND QUERIES," and invite some of your more learned readers +to lily to decide the question.</p> +<p>Of the identity of the words <i>alarm</i> and <i>alarum</i> +there is no doubt. The verb <i>alarm</i> is spelt <i>alarum</i> in +old writers, and I have seen it so spelt in manuscripts of Charles +II.'s reign, but unfortunately have not taken a "Note." Dr. Johnson +says <i>alarum</i> is a corruption of <i>alarm</i>. Corruption, +however, usually shortens words. I cannot help having a notion that +<i>alarum</i> is the original word; and, though I may probably be +showing great ignorance in doing so, I venture to propound the +following Queries:—</p> +<p>1. How far back can the word <i>alarum</i> be traced in our +language, and how far back <i>alarm</i>?</p> +<p>2. Can it be ascertained whether the French took <i>alarme</i> +from our <i>alarm</i>, or we <i>alarm</i> from them?</p> +<p>3. Can any explanation be given of <i>alarum</i>, supposing it +to be the original word? Is it a word imitative of sound?</p> +<p><i>A l'arme</i>, instead of <i>aux armes</i>, adds to the +suspiciousness of this derivation.</p> +<p class="author">CH.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>REPLIES.</h2> +<h3>SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF "DELIGHTED."</h3> +<p>Although Dr. Kennedy does not think I have discovered the source +from whence Shakspeare's word <i>delighted</i> is derived, I am +gratified to find that he concurs with me in drawing a distinction +between this and the more common word. His failure to convince me +is a source almost of regret, so happy do I regard the derivation +he proposes in the last passage cited. But in the passage from +<i>Measure for Measure</i>, it does not appear to me to express the +sense which I deduce from the context; and as I look upon the word +in question as the same in each of the three passages, I feel more +inclined to adhere to my view, that it is a word of English +manufacture, according to the analogy referred to. I express my +opinion with hesitation and there can be no doubt the question is +deserving of full and attentive consideration.</p> +<p>Strengthened, however, in my main purpose, which was to show +that Shakspeare did not use <i>delighted</i> in the ordinary sense +of <i>highly gratified</i>, I am better prepared to meet MR. +HALLIWELL. This gentleman does me no more than justice in the +remark, not expressed, though, I hope, implied, that I would not +knowingly make use of an offensive expression towards him or any +living man; and I appreciate the courtesy with which he has +sweetened the uncomplimentary things he has felt constrained to say +of me. I trust it will be found that I can repay his courtesy and +imitate his forbearance. As a preliminary remark, however, I must +say that MR. HALLIWELL, in his haste, has confounded the "cool +impertinence" for which I censured one editor, with the "cool +correction" which was made by another; and, moreover, has referred +the remark to <i>Measure for Measure</i>, which I applied to the +notes to the passage in <i>Othello</i>. As I have not yet learned +to regard the term "delightful" as an <i>active participle</i>, it +is evident that, however "cool" I may consider the correction, I +have not called it an "impertinence." But he has no mind that I +should escape so easily; and therefore, like a true knight-errant, +he adopts the cause without hesitation, as though to be first +satisfied of its goodness would be quite inconsistent in its +champion.</p> +<p>When I am charged with an "entire want of acquaintance with the +grammatical system" employed by Shakspeare, I might take exception +to the omission of the words "as understood by Mr. Halliwell," this +gentleman assuming the very point in question between us. I believe +he has paid particular attention to this subject; but he must not +conclude that all who presume to differ from him "judge +Shakspeare's grammar by Cobbett or Murray." And if I were disposed +to indulge in as sweeping an expression, I should say that the +remark excites a suspicion of the writer's want of acquaintance +with the spirit of Shakspeare's works. I do not think so, though I +think MR. HALLIWELL has formed his opinion hastily; and I think, +moreover, that before I have ended, I shall convince him that it +would not have been amiss had he exercised a little more reflection +ere he began. In the passage in <i>Othello</i>, I object to the +substitution of <i>delighting</i> or <i>delightful</i> for +<i>delighted</i>, as <i>weak</i> epithets, and such as I do not +believe that Shakespeare would have used. It was not as a +schoolmaster or grammarian, but in reference to the peculiar +fitness and force of his expressions, and his perfect acquaintance +with the powers of the English language, and his <i>mastery</i> +over it, that I called Shakespeare its greatest master.</p> +<p>But to return to the first passage I cited—that from +<i>Measure for Measure</i>,—MR. HALLIWELL will be surprised +to find that in the <i>only</i> remark I made <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page184" id="page184"></a>{184}</span> upon it +as it stands he actually agrees with me. I said that the passage +"in our sense of the term" is unintelligible. I still say so; and +he who attempts to mend it, or modernise the form, says so too. The +question next arises, Does he not mean <i>no system</i>, when he +says <i>system</i>? Otherwise, why does he say that Shakspeare uses +the passive for the active participle, when he explains the word +not by the active participle, but by an adjective of totally +different meaning? Is it not more likely that MR. HALLIWELL may +have misunderstood Shakspeare's system, than that the latter should +have used intelligible words, and precise forms of words, so at +random? And, moreover, does not the critic confound two meanings of +the word <i>delightful</i>; the one obsolete, <i>full of +delight</i>, the other the common one, <i>giving delight</i>, or +<i>gratifying</i>?</p> +<p>Now by a violent figure which Shakspeare sometimes uses, +<i>delighted may</i> mean <i>delightful</i> in the <i>former</i> +sense; perhaps, rather, <i>filled with delight</i>. The word then +would be formed directly from the noun, and must not be regarded as +a participle at all, but rather an ellipsis, from which the verb +(which may be represented by <i>give</i>, <i>fill</i>, +<i>endow</i>, &c.) is omitted. Take, as an instance, this +passage in <i>Measure for Measure</i>:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"<i>Clau.</i> Death is a fearful thing!</p> +<p>"<i>Isa.</i> And <i>shamed</i> life a hateful."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>The meaning here is not <i>life ashamed</i>, but <i>life covered +with shame</i>. In this sense MR. HALLIWELL, apparently without +knowing why, has adopted the term <i>delightful</i>; but then the +two succeeding words of his explanation, "sweet, pleasant", he +would appear to have taken at random from a dictionary, forgetting +that he was not using the word in its ordinary sense; for it is not +possible that he can suppose Shakspeare to have used the word in +the sense of the active participle. Now, though I do not think this +at all the expression that Shakspeare would use, it is undoubtedly +allowable as a general characteristic; but the word actually used +would appear to imply the result of a particular action, which +would have been productive of anything but delight. In short, as we +are agreed that the word <i>delighted</i> in the passage in +question in its present sense is unintelligible, so also are we, I +think, agreed that the substitute, if any, must be used in a +passive sense.</p> +<p>Now, with regard to the first instance furnished by MR. +HALLIWELL of the use of the passive for the active participle, if I +were sure that the delinquent were well out of hearing, and not +likely "to rise again and push us from our stools," I should be +disposed to repeat the charge of impertinence against the editor +who altered "professed" to "professing". The word <i>professed</i> +is one of common use, and in the present instance perfectly +intelligible. "To your bosom, <i>professed</i> to entertain so much +love and care for our father, I commit him," seems to express the +sense of the passage: a doubt is implied by the expression, but +there is a directness of insult in the term <i>professing</i> quite +inconsistent with the character of Cordelia.</p> +<p>"Becomed love" is love suited or fitted to the occasion. The use +of the passive participle is every way more appropriate than that +of the active, though the latter is more common now.</p> +<p>In the next instance, I have to observe that there is no such +verb as <i>to guile</i>. <i>Guile</i> is a noun; and "guiled shore" +is <i>guile-covered</i>, or <i>charactered shore</i>. According to +this rule, the modern word <i>talented</i>, that is, +<i>talent-endowed</i>, has been formed, it not having been +considered that licences are allowed in poetry that are unsuited to +ordinary language.</p> +<p>The passage next referred to is conditional, and I regard the +use of the passive participle here, too, as correct.</p> +<p>I have thus reduced MR. HALLIWELL'S list to that number which +usually forms the exception rather than the rule; and if accident, +misprint, error in copying, or other special circumstance be not +held sufficient to account for the single remaining instance, I +have then only to say that I prefer <i>deformed</i> to +<i>deforming</i>, as an epithet applied disparagingly to Time's +hand as more in accordance with Shakspeare's practice, who was not +in the habit of repeating the same idea, which, in the latter case, +would occur again in the word "defeatures" in the following +line.</p> +<p>MR. HALLIWELL may, doubtless find other instances, perhaps more +felicitous than these; at present, all I can say is that he has +failed to show that the use of the passive for the active +participle was common with Shakspeare. As to other variations +between the grammatical usage of Shakspeare's day and that of our +own, I call assure him that I am not quite so ignorant of the fact +as he imagines.</p> +<p class="author">SAMUEL HICKSON</p> +<p>August 1. 1850.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>ENGLISH COMEDIANS IN GERMANY.</h3> +<p>I am glad to be enabled to reply to MR. BOLTON CORNEY'S Query +(Vol. i., p. 439.) respecting a German book of plays.</p> +<p>The learned illustrator of the <i>Curiosities of Literature</i> +would find the information he desires in the <i>Vorrath zur +Geschichte der deutschen dramatischen Dichtkunst</i> of the +formerly celebrated J. Christoph Gottsched (Leipzig, 1767-69, 2 +vols. 8vo.). But as this book, now somewhat neglected, would +perhaps be difficult to be found even in the British Museum, I will +transcribe the contents of the <i>Schau-Bühne englischer und +franzõsischer Comõdianten auff welcher werden +vorgestellt die schõnsten und neuesten Comõdien, so +vor wenig Jahren in Frankreich, Teutschland und andern Orten ... +seynd agirt und präsentirt worden</i>.—<i>Frankfurt</i>, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page185" id= +"page185"></a>{185}</span> 1670, 3 vols. 8vo.</p> +<p>Vol. I.—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>1. Amor der Arzt.</p> +<p>2. Die Comödia ohne Comödia.</p> +<p>3. Die köstliche Lächerlichkeit.</p> +<p>4. Der Hahnrey in der Einbildung.</p> +<p>5. Die Hahnreyinn nach der Einbildung.</p> +<p>6. Die Eyfreude mit ihr Selbst.</p> +<p>7. Antiochus, ein Tragicomödia.</p> +<p>8. Die buhlhaffte Mutter.</p> +<p>9. Damons Triumph-Spiel.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Vol. II.—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>10. Von Sidonia und Theugene.</p> +<p>11. Der Verliebtell Kllnstgriffe.</p> +<p>12. Lustiges Pickelharings-Spiel, darum er mit</p> +<p>einem Stein gar artige Possen macht.</p> +<p>13. Von Fortunato seinem Wünschhütlein und</p> +<p>Seckel.</p> +<p>14. Der unbesonnene Liebhaber.</p> +<p>15. Die grossmüthige Thaliklea.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Vol. III.—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>16. Vom Könige Ahasvero und Esther und dem</p> +<p>hoffartigen Hamon.</p> +<p>17. Vom verlohrnen Sohn, in welchem die Verzweifflung</p> +<p>und Hoffnung gar artig introducirt werden.</p> +<p>18. Von Königs Mantalors unrechtmässiger Liebe</p> +<p>und derselben Straffe.</p> +<p>19. Der Geitzige.</p> +<p>20. Von der Aminta und Sylvia.</p> +<p>21. Macht den kleinen Knaben Cupidinis.</p> +<p>22. George Damlin, oder der verwirrte Ehmann.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Some years before, another similar collection had been +published. The first vol. printed in 1620, and reprinted in 1624, +has this title:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Englische Comedien und Tragedien, d. i. Sehr schöne, +herrliche und ausserlosene, geist- und weltliche Comedi- und +Tragedi-Spiel (sic), sampt dem Pickelhering, welche wegen ihrer +artigen Inventionen kurtzweiligen auch theils wahrhafftigen +Geschichte halbet, <i>von den Engelländern in Deutschland</i> +(I beg to notice these words) an Königlichen, Chur- und +Furstlichen Höfen, auch in vornehmen Reichs- See- und Handel +Städten seynd agirt und gehalten worden, und zuvor nie im +Druck aussgangen."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The volume contains 10 plays. The 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10, are the +16, 17, 13, 10, and 12, of the collection of 1670. The other five +are the following:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>4. Eine schöne lustige Comödia von Jemand und</p> +<p>Niemand.</p> +<p>7. Tragödia von Julio und Hippolyto.</p> +<p>8. Eine sehr klägliche Tragödia von Tito Andromico</p> +<p>und hoffertigen Kayserinn, darinnen denkwürdigen</p> +<p>Actiones zu befinden.</p> +<p>9. Ein lustig Pickelherings-Spiel von der schönen</p> +<p>Mario und alten Hanrey.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>The second volume was published in 1630, under the title +<i>Lieberkampff, oder ander Theil der Englischen Comödien</i>: +it contains 8 plays. The 1st is the 21st of the collection of 1670, +with this addition:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Die Personen der Lustspiels sind: 1. Venus, <i>die stumme +Person</i>; 2. Cupido; 3. Jucunda, <i>Jungfraw</i>; 4. Floretus, +<i>Liebhaber</i>; 5. Balendus, <i>Betrieger</i>; 6. Corcillana, +<i>Kuplerin</i>; 7. Hans Worst.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The 2d is the 20th of the same collection, "mit 9 Personen, +worunter die lustige Person Schräm heisst."</p> +<blockquote> +<p>3. Comoedia von Prob getrewer Lieb, mit 11 Personen, worunter +auch eine allegorische, der Traum ist.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The 4th is the 18th, "mit 9 Personen, worunter die lustige +Schampilasche <i>Lean Potage</i> heisst."</p> +<p>The four remaining are operas, without particular titles.</p> +<p>Ebert (<i>Bibliogr. Lexicon</i>, N. 5064.), speaking of these +collections, says, "the plays they are composed of are not +translations from the English," but, "as it appears," German +original works.</p> +<p>I am at a loss to understand how that bibliographer, generally +so exact, did not recognise at least five comedies of +Molière. MR. BOLTON CORNEY will, I wish and hope, point out +the originals—English, Italian, and, I suppose, +Spanish—of some others.</p> +<p>If you think proper to make use of the above, I entreat you, for +the sake of your readers, to correct my bad English, and to +consider my communication only as a token of the gratification I +have found in your amusing and useful "NOTES AND QUERIES."</p> +<p class="author">D.L.</p> +<p>Ancien Membre de la Société des Bibliophiles.</p> +<p>Béthune, July 31. 1850.</p> +<p>P.S.—The Query (Vol. i., p. 185.) concerning the name of +the Alost, Louvain, and Antwerp printer, <i>Martens</i> or +<i>Mertens</i>, is settled in the note, p. 68., of <i>Recherches +sur la Vie et les Editions de Thierry Martens (Martinus, +Martens)</i>, par J. De Gand, 8vo. Alost, 1845. I am ready to send +a copy of the note if it is required.</p> +<p class="note">[We have also received a reply to MR. CORNEY'S +Query from MR. ASHER of Berlin, who refers for particulars of this +interesting collection to Tieck's Preface to his <i>Alt-Deutsche +Theater</i>. We propose shortly returning to the curious fact of +English comedians performing in Germany at the close of the +sixteenth and commencement of the seventeenth centuries: a subject +which has several times been discussed and illustrated in the +columns of our valuable contemporary <i>The +Athenæum</i>.]</p> +<hr /> +<h3>ACHILLES AND THE TORTOISE.</h3> +<h4>(Vol. ii., p. 154.)</h4> +<p>This paradox, whilst one of the oldest on record (being +attributed by Aristotle to Zeus Eleates, B.C. 500), is one of the +most perplexing, upon first presentation to the mind, that can be +selected <span class="pagenum"><a name="page186" id= +"page186"></a>{186}</span> from the most ample list. Its professed +object was to disprove the phenomenon of motion; but its real one, +to embarrass an opponent. It has always attracted the attention of +logicians; and even to them it has often proved embarrassing +enough. The difficulty does not lie in proving that the conclusion +is absurd, but in <i>showing where the fallacy lies</i>. From not +knowing the precise kind of information required by [Greek: +Idiotaes], I am unwilling to trespass on your valuable space by any +irrelevant discussion, and confine myself to copying a very +judicious note from Dr. Whateley's <i>Logic</i>, 9th edit. p. +373.</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"This is one of the sophistical puzzles noticed by Aldrich, but +he is not happy in his attempt at a solution. He proposes to remove +the difficulty by demonstrating that in a certain given time, +Achilles <i>would</i> overtake the tortoise; as if any one had ever +doubted <i>that</i>. The very problem proposed, is to surmount the +difficulty of a seeming demonstration of a thing palpably +impossible; to show that <i>it is</i> palpably impossible, is no +solution of the problem.</p> +<p>"I have heard the present example adduced as a proof that the +pretensions of logic are futile, since (it was said) the most +perfect logical demonstration may lead from true premises to an +absurd conclusion. The reverse is the truth; the example before us +furnishes a confirmation of the utility of an acquaintance with the +syllogistic form, <i>in which form the pretended demonstration in +question cannot be exhibited</i>. An attempt to do so will evince +the utter want of connection between the premises and the +conclusion."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>What the Archbishop says is true, and it disposes of the +question as one of "Formal Logic:" but yet the form of the sophism +is so plausible, that it imposes with equal force on the "common +sense" of all those who repose their conclusions upon the +operations of that faculty. With them a different procedure is +necessary; and I suspect that if any one of the most obstinate +advocates of the sufficiency of common sense for the "balancing of +evidence" were to attempt the explanation of a hundred fallacies +that could be presented to him, he would be compelled to admit that +a more powerful and a more accurate machine would be of advantage +to him in accomplishing his task. This machine the syllogism +supplies.</p> +<p>The discussion of Gregory St. Vincent will be found at pages +101-3. of his <i>Opus Geometricum</i>, Antw., 1647 fol. The +principle is the same as that which Aldrich afterwards gave, as +above referred to by Dr. Whateley. I can only speak from memory of +the discussion of Leibnitz, not having his works at hand; but I am +clear in this, that his principle again is the same. [Greek: +Idiotaes] is in error, however, in calling St. Vincent's "a +geometrical treatment" of it. He indeed uses lines to represent the +spaces passed over; and their discussion occurs in a chapter on +what is universally (but very absurdly) called "geometrical +proportion." It is yet no more <i>geometrical</i> than our +school-day problem of the basket and the hundred eggs in Francis +Walkinghame. Mere names do not bestow character, however much +<i>philosophers as well as legislators</i> may think so. All +attempts of the kind have been, and must be, purely numerical.</p> +<p class="author">T.S.D.</p> +<p>Shooter's Hill, August 3.</p> +<p><i>Achilles and the Tortoise.</i>—Your correspondent will +find references in the article "Zeno (of Elea)" in the <i>Penny +Cyclopædia</i>. For Gregory St. Vincent's treatment of the +problem, see his <i>Quadratara Circuli</i>, Antwerp, 1647, folio, +p. 101., or let it alone. I suspect that the second is the better +reference. Zeno's paradox is best stated, without either Achilles +or tortoise, as follows:—No one can go a mile; for he must go +over the first half, then over half the remaining half, then over +half the remaining quarter; and so on <i>for ever</i>. Many books +of logic, and many of algebra, give the answer to those who cannot +find it.</p> +<p class="author">M.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES</h3> +<p>"<i>Barum</i>" and "<i>Sarum</i>" (Vol. ii., p. 21.)—The +formation of the first of these words has not yet been accounted +for. I must premise my attempt to supply an explanation by +admitting that I was not aware it was in common use as a +contraction for Barnstaple. I think it will be found that the +contracted form of that name is more usually "Berdest," "Barnst". +In trying further to contract the word, the two last letters would +be omitted, and it would then be "Barñ", with the circumflex +showing the omission of several letters. Having reduced it to this +state, an illiterate clerk would easily misread the circumflex for +the plain stroke "-," expressing merely the omission of the letter +"m", and, perhaps ignorant of the name intended, think it as well +to write at full length "Barum."</p> +<p class="author">J. Br.</p> +<p><i>Countess of Desmond</i> (Vol. ii., p. 153.)—It is +stated in Turner's <i>Sacred History</i>, vol. iii. p. 283., that +the Countess of Desmond died in 1612, aged 145. This is, I presume, +the correct date of her decease, and not 1626 as mentioned by your +querist K.; for in Lord Bacon's <i>History of Life and Death</i>, +originally published in 1623, her death is thus alluded +to:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"The Irish, especially the Wild Irish, even at this day, live +very long. Certainly they report that within these few years the +Countess of Desmond lived to a hundred and forty years of age, and +bred teeth three times."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The manner of her death is recorded by Mr. Crofton Croker, in +his agreeable volume of <i>Researches in the South of Ireland</i>, +4to. London, 1824. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page187" id= +"page187"></a>{187}</span> Speaking of Drumana, on the Blackwater, +a little above Youghall, as the "reputed birth-place of the +long-lived Countess of Desmond," he says,—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"In this part of the country, her death is attributed to a fall +whilst in the act of picking an apple from a tree in an orchard at +Drumana."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In the <i>Olla Podrida</i>, a volume of miscellanies, printed +for private distribution, by Mr. Sainthill of Cork, there is a +portrait of the "old countess," from an etching made by Mr. Crofton +Croker (if I mistake not) in his early days.</p> +<p class="author">J.M.B.</p> +<p><i>Michael Servetus, alias Reves.</i>—The manuscript, the +character and fate of which S.H. (Vol. ii., p. 153.) is anxious to +investigate, contained books iii.-vii., inclusive, of the work of +Servetus <i>De Trinitate</i>; and as these fragments differed +somewhat from the printed text, they were probably the first, or an +early, draft (not necessarily in the author's handwriting) of part +of the <i>Christianismi Restitutio</i>. The purchaser of this MS., +at the sale of Du Fay's library in Paris in the year 1725, was the +Count de Hoym, ambassador to France from Poland. I beg to refer +your correspondent to pp. 214-18. of the <i>Historia Michaelis +Serveti</i>, by Henr. ab Allwoerden, published with Mosheim's +approbation, Helmstad 1728.</p> +<p>Both a "Note" and a "Query" might be founded on a memorable +passage in the fifth book <i>De Trinitate</i>, in which Servetus, +long before Harvey, explains the circulation of the blood.</p> +<p class="author">R.G.</p> +<p><i>Caxton's Printing-office</i> (Vol. ii., pp. 99. 122. +142.).—It is a pity MR. NICHOLS did not take the trouble to +see, and, having seen, to notice in his first communication, that +Abbot Islip was mentioned in the passage from Stow's <i>Survey</i> +cited by MR. RIMBAULT. As that gentleman quotes from, I believe, +the second edition of the <i>Survey</i>, I may be allowed to doubt, +until it is clearly shown, that "Islip's name has been introduced +by the error of some subsequent writer." But supposing this to be +so, it would in no way affect the only question which is material, +Who was Caxton's patron? nor touch the accuracy of the <i>Life of +Caxton</i>, which MR. NICHOLS seems desirous of impeaching. I am +anxious to point this out, because I feel it right to vindicate to +the utmost, where they deserve it, useful works, which, like the +little volume I am writing of, are published at a price that +ensures for them a circulation of almost unlimited extent.</p> +<p class="author">ARUN.</p> +<p><i>Somagia</i> (Vol. ii., p. 120.).—This is the plural of +"somagium," "summagium," and means "horse-loads." It is a word +frequently found in documents relating to agrarian matters, and may +signify the load packed upon the horse's back (whence the name +"sumpter-horse"), or in a cart drawn by a horse. MR. SANSOM will +find a full explanation of the derivatives of its root, "sagma," at +p. 50., vol. vii., of Ducange.</p> +<p class="author">J.BT.</p> +<p><i>Various Modes of Interment among the Ancients</i> (Vol ii., +pp. 8, 9. 22. 41. 78.).—In modes of interment some nations +have been distinguished by an idiosyncrasy almost incredible from +their inhumanity.</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Barcæi, populi inter Colchos et Iberos morbo absumptos +igni comburebant, sed qui in bello fortiter occubuissent, honoris +gratia vulturibus devorandos objiciebant."—.AElian. <i>Hist. +Anim.</i> lib. x. "In Hyrcania (refert Cicero in <i>Tusc. +Quæst.</i> lib. i. 45.) ali canes solitos fuisse, a quibus +delaniarentur mortui, eamque optimam Hyrcanos censuisse +sepulturam."—Kirchmannus <i>de Funer. Romanorum.</i></p> +</blockquote> +<p>The appendix to this work may be consulted for this, and yet +greater violations of the law of nature and nations.</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Apud saniores barbaros ab animalibus discerpi cadavera foedum +semper ac miserabile creditum fuit. Foetus abortivi feris +alitibutsque exponebantur in montibus aut locis aliis inaccessis, +quin et ipsi infantes, &c. Fuit hæc Asinina sepultura +<i>poena</i> Tyrannorum ac perduellium. (Spondan. <i>de Coemet. +S.</i> pp. 367. 387. et seqq.) Quam et victorum insolentia odiumque +vulgi implacabile in hostes non raro exercuit."—Ursinus +<i>Arbor. Biblicum.</i></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Hyde accounts for the Persians who embraced the religion of the +Magi not having adopted the two contrivances of corporal +dissolution prevalent among civilised nations—cremation or +burning, and simple inhumation—by the superstitious reverence +with which they regarded the four elements. Sir T. Browne remarks +that similar superstitions may have had the same effect among other +nations.</p> +<p>Of the post-mortem <i>punishments</i> described by Ducange, the +former was the customary sepulture of the Trogloditæ; the +latter corresponds with the rite of some of the Scythians recorded +by Statius:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"At gente in Scythica suffixa cadavera truncis,</p> +<p>Lenta dies sepelit putri liquentia tabo."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>I shall be obliged if you or a correspondent disposed "not only +to teach but to communicate," will kindly throw light on a passage, +relating to the Troloditæ, in Strabo, book xvi., where he +relates, "Capræ cornu mortuis saxorum cumulo coopertis fuisse +superimpositum."</p> +<p class="author">T.J.</p> +<p><i>Guy's Porridge-pot</i> (Vol. ii., p. 55.).—Your +correspondent is quite correct, when he says "neither the armour +nor pot belonged to the noble Guy." He would have been a <i>guy</i> +if he <i>had</i> worn the armour, seeing that it was made for a +horse, and not for a man.</p> +<p>What the stout old lady who showed us the "relics of old Guy" in +1847 called "Guy's breastplate," and sometimes his helmet! is the +"croupe" of a suit of horse armour, and "another breastplate" a +"poitrel." His porridge-pot is a garrison <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page188" id="page188"></a>{188}</span> crock of +the sixteenth century, used to prepare "sunkits" for the retainers; +and the fork a military fork temp. Hen. VIII.</p> +<p>The so called "Roman swords" are "anelaces," and a couteau de +chasse of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.</p> +<p>The "British weapon" is a hammer at arms temp. Hen. VIII., and +"the halbert" a black bill temp. Hen. VII. The only weapons +correctly described are the Spanish rapiers.</p> +<p>The shield with the "sight" is very curious; it weighs thirty +pounds, and is of the temp. of Henry VIII.</p> +<p>It is impossible to describe the horror of the old lady at our +doubting her version; she seemed to wonder the earth did not open +and swallow us for our heresy.</p> +<p class="author">NASO.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"<i>Welcome the coming, speed the parting Guest</i>"</p> +<p>(Vol. ii., p. 134.).—</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest,"</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>is from Pope (<i>Imitations of Horace</i>, book ii. sat. +ii.).</p> +<p>Pope's distich, whence the line is taken, runs,—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"For I, who hold sage Homer's rule the best,</p> +<p>Welcome the coming, speed the <i>going</i> guest."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>Query. Where is "sage Homer's rule" to be found?</p> +<p class="author">RUSTICUS.</p> +<p class="note">[The following additional reply furnishes a +solution of the Query of RUSTICUS:—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"True friendship's laws are by this rule express'd,</p> +<p>Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="note">These lines are from Pope's <i>Homer</i>, the +Odyssey, Book xv., lines 83 and 84.</p> +<p class="note">E.H.]</p> +<p>"<i>A Chrysostom to smoothe his Band in</i>" (Vol. ii., p. +126.).—This Query by Rev. ALFRED GATTY is answered by +referring him to the <i>Happy Life of a Country Parson</i>, by +Swift, beginning with—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Parson, these things in thy possessing,</p> +<p>Are worthy of a bishop's blessing."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>And enumerating amongst them</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"A large Concordance bound long since,</p> +<p>Sermons to Charles the First when prince,</p> +<p>A chronicle of ancient standing,</p> +<p>A chrysostom to smoothe thy band in;</p> +<p>The polyglott—three parts—my text,</p> +<p>Howbeit—likewise—to my next."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="author">T.H.Q.</p> +<p class="note">[C.I.R. (to whom we are indebted for a similar +reference) adds the concluding line—</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"And shake his head at Doctor Swift."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="note">which would show that the verses were written not +earlier than 1701, as Swift, the author, took his D.D. degree in +that year.]</p> +<p><i>William of Wykeham</i> (Vol. ii., p. 89.).—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Historica descriptio compleetens vitam ac res gestas beatissimi +viri Guilmi Wicanii quondam Vintoniensis episcopi et Angliæ +Cancellarii et fundatoris duorum collegiorum Oxoniæ et +Vintoniæ."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>is the title of a biography of William of Wykeham attributed to +Thomas Martin, published in 4to. Oxford, 1597.</p> +<p>There is also a little work which may come under the head of +biographies, viz.:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Uvedale (Robert) Examination of Lowth's objections to the +account given by Leland of the parentage of William of Wykeham," +8vo. 1801.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><i>Vide</i> Oettinger's <i>Bibliographie Biographique</i>.</p> +<p class="author">S.W.</p> +<p><i>Dutch Language</i> (Vol. ii., p. 77.).—H.B.C. +recommends, among other works, Hendrik Conscience's novels. These +are in Flemish, not Dutch. The difference may not be great between +the two; but one would hardly recommend to a learner of English, +Burns's <i>Poems</i> as a reading-book. In 1829 Dr. Bowring wrote +an article, being a sketch of Dutch literature, in the <i>Foreign +Quarterly Review</i>; which article was reprinted in Amsterdam in +the form of an 18mo. volume, and which I believe is still to be +got, and is a very useful guide to Dutch literature.</p> +<p class="author">S.W.</p> +<p>"<i>A frog he would</i>" &c. (Vol. ii., p. 45. and +elsewhere).—I remember, when a boy, to have heard an old aunt +repeatedly sing this song; but the chorus was very strange.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"A frog he would a-wooing ride,</p> +<p class="i2">With a rigdum bullydimy kymy;</p> +<p>With sword and buckler by his side,</p> +<p class="i2">With a rigdum bullydimy kymy.</p> +<p>Kymyary kelta cary kymyary kymy,</p> +<p class="i2">Strimstram paradiddle larrabona ringting,</p> +<p>Rigdum bullydimy kymy."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="author">A.</p> +<p><i>City Sanitary Laws</i> (Vol. ii., p. 99.).—The act of +Parliament prohibiting the slaughter of cattle within the city, +referred to in the passage from <i>Arnold's Chronicle</i>, +extracted by your correspondent T.S.D. is the 4 Hen. VII. c. 3., +which enacts that—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"No butcher shall kill any flesh within his scalding-house, or +within the walls of London, in pain to forfeit for every ox so +killed 12<i>d.</i> and for every other beast 8<i>d.</i>, to be +divided between the king and the prosecutor."—Bohun's +<i>Privilegia Londini</i> 1723, p. 480.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Brydall, in his <i>Camera Regis</i> (Lond. 1666, p. 114.), +quotes the statute of 11 Hen. VII. c. 21, as the authority for the +"singularity" attaching to the city, that "butchers shall kill no +beasts in London." I believe, however, Bohun's reference will be +found to be the correct one. The statute in question has, I think, +never been repealed; but in the absence of abbatoirs, or other +proper provision for the slaughtering of cattle without the walls +of the city, it seems doubtful whether the <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page189" id="page189"></a>{189}</span> pains and +penalties to which the "contrary doers" were liable, were at any +time strictly enforced.</p> +<p class="author">JAMES T. HAMMACK.</p> +<p><i>Sanitary Laws of other Days</i> (Vol. ii., p. 99.).—The +statute referred to by T.S.D. in his article, by which "it is +ordeigned y't no such slaughter of best shuld be used or had within +this cite," was no doubt 4 & 5 Henry VII. c. 3., intituled "An +Act that no Butcher slea any Manner of Beast within the walls of +London." The penalty is only twelvepence for an ox or a cow, and +eightpence for any smaller animal. The act itself seems unrepealed, +but the penalties are too small at the present day to abate the +nuisance.</p> +<p class="author">C.R. SOC.</p> +<p><i>Michael Scott, the Wizard</i> (Vol. ii., p. 120.).—I +have now lying before me a small duodecimo, Lugdini, 1584, +entitled—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Alberti Magni de Secretis Mulierum libellus, scholiis auctus et +a mendis repurgatus,"</p> +</blockquote> +<p>to which is appended a work of the wizard's "ob materiæ +similitudinem,"</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Michaelis Scoti philosophi De Secretis Naturæ +Opusculum."</p> +</blockquote> +<p class="author">E.S.T.</p> +<p><i>Clerical Costume</i> (Vol. ii., p. 22.).—Possibly the +answer to this Query may be found in the passage from Bacon's +<i>History of Life and Death</i>, in the third part of the +<i>Instauratio Magna</i>, which I copy below from Craik's <i>Bacon +and his Writings</i>, vol. iii. p. 45.:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Some report that they have found great benefit in the +conservation of their health by wearing scarlet waistcoats next +their skin and under their shirts, as well down to their nether +parts as on the upper."</p> +</blockquote> +<p>From the quantity of serge bought, as well as from the nature of +the material, I think it likely it might be required for the +purpose here noticed by Bacon, and not for an outer waistcoat.</p> +<p class="author">ARUN.</p> +<p><i>The Curfew</i> (Vol. ii., p. 103.).—As NABOC can, I +imagine, only get a perfect list of the places where the curfew is +still rung by the contributions of scattered correspondents, I will +furnish my mite by informing him that a very short time ago it was +rung at Sturminster Newton in Dorsetshire.</p> +<p class="author">J. BT.</p> +<p><i>Welsh Language; Armenian Language</i> (Vol. ii., p. +136.).—JARLTZBERG will find no Welsh dictionary with the part +reversed. I possess a dictionary in Welsh and English, in two +volumes, by Pugh, published in 1832, which is one of the best. The +one in two volumes by Walters is in English and Welsh, and is also +one of the best. The four volumes would make a good dictionary. The +best grammar is, I think, Pugh's. See the Welsh bookseller in +Holywell Street: I believe his name is Williams.</p> +<p>Father Chamick compiled the <i>History of Armenia</i> from the +historical works of several authors, which was published at Venice +in 1786; and in 1811 an abridgment thereof, which was translated by +Mr. Acdall, of Calcutta, in 1827. See Messrs. Allen and Co.'s +<i>Catalogue of Oriental Works</i>, at whose house these, and +translations of other works (particularly the <i>History of +Vartan</i> and the <i>Memoirs of Artemi</i>), may be procured. I +think JARLTZBERG will find a dictionary in Armenian and French. I +saw a notice of one a short time since. (See Bernard Quaritch.) In +1841, Peterman published at Berlin, <i>Porta Ling. Orient., sive +Elementa Ling. Syr., Chald., Arab.</i>, &c. &c., which I +think contains an Armenian grammar. See Williams and Norgate; also +a list of Klaproth's works.</p> +<p class="author">AREDJID KOOEZ.</p> +<p><i>Armenian Language</i> (Vol. ii., p. 136.).—In reply to +JARLTZBERG, I can answer that Lord Byron did not compose the +English part of Aucher's <i>Armenian and English Grammar</i>. A +very learned friend of mine was at St. Lazero, in Venice, and knew +both Aucher and Lord Byron. Lord Byron was taking lessons in +Armenian, and a few of his exercises were introduced into Aucher's +<i>Grammar</i>, which was written for Armenians to learn English, +with which language Aucher was quite familiar, having resided four +years in London. But a new <i>Armenian and English Grammar</i> has +recently been published. There is one, very rare, in Armenian and +Latin, and another in Armenian, modern Greek, and Italian. I have +just seen John Bunyan's <i>Pilgrim's Progress</i> in <i>vulgar</i> +Armenian, with plates, published at Smyrna; and the <i>Prayers of +St. Nierses</i>, in twenty-four languages, Venice, 1837, of which +Armenian is one. Several works in Armenian have been published at +Calcutta.</p> +<p class="author">HENRY WILKINSON.</p> +<p>Brompton.</p> +<p><i>North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated</i> (Vol. ii., p. +55.).—The strong preference given to the south side of the +churchyard is traceable to two principal causes; first and chiefly, +because the churchyard cross was always placed here; secondly, +because this is the sunny side of the churchyard. The cross, the +emblem of all the Christian's hopes, the bright sun shining on the +holy ground, figurative of the sun of righteousness, could not fail +to bring to mind the comforting assurance that they who slept +around would one day rise again. And as the greater part of the +congregation entered the church by the south and principal door, +another cause of the preference was the hope that the sight of the +resting places of those of their friends and neighbours who had +died in the communion of the church, might remind the survivors +each time they repaired to the house of prayer to remember them in +their supplications. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page190" id= +"page190"></a>{190}</span> There is not, however, I believe, the +slightest reason for considering that the north side of the +churchyard was left unconsecrated, nor do I think it possible that +such could ever be the case, inasmuch as all consecrated ground was +required to be fenced off from that which was unhallowed. But the +north side has always been considered inferior to the south. For +example;—excommunicated persons were at one time buried +outside the precincts of the churchyard, which, of course, would +not have been necessary if any part had been left unconsecrated, +nor are instances of this practice wanting since the +Reformation.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href= +"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> And when discipline began to be +relaxed, and murderers were interred even within the church itself, +it was still on the north side.<a id="footnotetag2" name= +"footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> It is very +usual in small country parishes to find the north side of the +churchyard without a single grave, nor is it generally resorted to +until the south side is fully occupied. It would be difficult to +mention another instance of a prejudice so universal, existing so +long after the causes of it have mainly passed away.</p> +<p>I cannot conclude without expressing the extreme interest which, +though he seems not to be aware of it, attaches to the statement of +your correspondent, to the effect that he had on two occasions, +namely, on the Revel Sunday, and on another festival, observed the +game of football in a churchyard in the West of England. It is, +indeed, interesting to find that relics of a custom which, however +repugnant to our notions, was sanctioned by the highest authority +in the best days of our church, still linger in some of our rural +districts; thus amply bearing out the mention made by Bishop Peirs +more than two centuries ago, of the attachment of the people of the +west to, and "how very much they desired the continuance of," these +ancient celebrations. For the letter of the prelate, which was +addressed to Archbishop Laud, and for many valuable details with +respect to dedication festivals, and the observance of Sundays in +former times, I would refer those who take an interest in the +matter to the <i>Hierurgia Anglicanæ</i>.</p> +<p class="author">ARUN.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name= +"footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag1">(return)</a> +<p>See Parish Register of Hart, Durham, December 17th, 1596; of St. +Nicholas, Newcastle, December 31st 1664.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name= +"footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b><a href= +"#footnotetag2">(return)</a> +<p>Parish Register of St. Nicholas, Newcastle August 1st, 1616, and +August 13th, 1620.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>"<i>Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt</i>."—Your +correspondent B.H.C, who, at Vol. ii, p. 158., inquires after the +author and answer to this charade, might leave easily ascertained +that the author was the late Mackworth Praed, and that the answer +is "Good-night." I believe your correspondent has been guilty of +some verbal inaccuracies, which makes the answer appear not so +pertinent to his version as it really is; but I have not the +original at hand. Some few years ago, the charade appeared in a +Cambridge paper, with a story about Sir Walter Scott having sent it +anonymously to Queen Adelaide. This was contradicted, and the real +author named in a subsequent number of the newspaper, and a +metrical solution given, amongst others, of the charade, with +which, though I believe I could recollect it, I will not trouble +the Editor of "NOTES AND QUERIES." I think the charade first +appeared in a cheap periodical, which was set on foot by the +parties concerned in <i>Knight's Quarterly</i>.</p> +<p class="author">J.H.L.</p> +<p>"<i>Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt</i>" (Vol. ii., p. +158).—This enigma was written by the late Winthrop Mackworth +Praed, and appeared in <i>Knight's Quarterly Magazine</i>, vol. ii. +p. 469.: whether solved or soluble, I cannot say.</p> +<p>May I here express my concurrence in an opinion expressed in a +very recent number of the <i>Examiner</i>, that a collected edition +of Mr. Praed's poems is wanted?</p> +<p class="author">C.H. COOPER.</p> +<p>Cambridge, August 5. 1850.</p> +<p><i>Unicorn</i> (Vol. ii., p. 136.).—King James I. +abandoned the red dragon of Henry VII. as one of the supporters of +the royal arms of England, and substituted the unicorn, one of the +supporters of the royal arms of Scotland.</p> +<p class="author">S.S.S.</p> +<p><i>Abbey of St. Wandrille, Normandy</i> (Vol. i., pp. 338. 382. +486.).—As the Vicar of Ecclesfield appears interested in the +history of this abbey, in the immediate neighbourhood of which I am +at present living, I forward the following list of works which have +relation to the subject, including the <i>Chronicle</i>, extracts +from which have already been given by GASTROS:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p>"Briefve Chronique de l'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, publiée +par la première fois, d'après le Cartulaire de St. +Wandrille, de Marcoussis M.S. du XVI. siècle, de la +Bibliothèque de Rouen par M.A. +Potter."—<i>Révue Rétrospective Normande</i>, +Rouen, 1842.</p> +<p>"Le Trisergon de l'Abbaye de Fontenelle (or St. Wandrille), en +Normandie, par Dom Alexis Bréard. M.S. du XVII. +siècle."—<i>Bibliothèque de Rouen</i>, M.S.S.Y. +110.</p> +<p>"Appendix ad Chronicon Fontanellense in Spicileg." Acherii, t. +ii. p. 285.</p> +<p>"Gallia Christiana," vol. ii., in fo., page 155., (containing +the Ecclesiastical History of Normandy).</p> +<p>"Acta sanctor ord. St. Bened," tom. v.—<i>Miracula +Wandregisili</i>.</p> +<p>"Essais sur l'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, par Langlois," in 8vo. +Rouen, 1827.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Several books formerly belonging to this monastery, are now in +the public library at Havre.</p> +<p class="author">W.J.</p> +<p>Havre.</p> +<p><i>Russian Language</i> (Vol. ii., p. l52.).—A James Heard +wrote a grammar of this language, and published <span class= +"pagenum"><a name="page191" id="page191"></a>{191}</span> it at St. +Petersburgh, in 1827. Mr. Heard also published a volume of +<i>Themes</i>, or <i>Exercises</i>, to his grammar, in the same +year. I am not acquainted with any other Russian grammar written in +English.</p> +<p>Hamonière published his <i>Grammaire Russe</i> at Paris +in 1817; and Gr<i>e</i>tsch (not Gr<i>o</i>tsch) published (in +Russian) his excellent grammar at St. Petersburgh about thirty +years ago. A French translation appeared at the same place in 1828, +in 2 vols. 8vo., by Reiff.</p> +<p>In the <i>Révue Encyclopédique</i> for 1829, p. +702., some curious details will be found respecting, the various +Russian grammars then in existence. <i>J</i>appe's <i>Russian +Grammar</i> is possibly a misprint for <i>T</i>appe, whose grammar, +written in German, is a good one. Besides these, the titles of some +twenty other Russian grammars, in Russian, French, or German, could +be mentioned.</p> +<p>The anthologies published by Dr. Bowring, besides his Russian, +Dutch, and Spanish, are the Magyar, Bohemian, Servian, and +Polish.</p> +<p>Writing from Oxford, where the first Russian grammar ever +published was printed, as your correspondent JARLTZBERG correctly +states, perhaps it may interest him, or his friend, who, he says, +is about to go to Russia, to be informed (should he not already be +aware of the fact) that a "Course of Lectures on Russian +Literature" was delivered in this university, by Professor Trithen, +at Sir Robert Tayler's Institution, in the winter of 1849.</p> +<p class="author">J.M.</p> +<p>Oxford, Aug. 6. 1850.</p> +<hr class="full" /> +<h2>MISCELLANEOUS.</h2> +<p>A very interesting contribution to our early national +literature, as well as to legendary history, has lately been +published by Dr. Nicolaus Delius of Bonn. He has edited in a small +octavo volume, published at a very moderate price, <i>Maistre +Wace's St. Nicholas</i>, an old French poem, by the poetical Canon +of Bayeux, whose <i>Roman de Rou et des Ducs de Normandie</i>, +edited by Pluquet, and <i>Roman de Brut</i>, edited by Le Roux de +Lincy, are, doubtless, familiar to many of our readers. The present +valuable edition to the published works of Maistre Wace, is edited +from two Oxford MSS., viz., No. 270. of the Douce Collection, and +No. 86. of the Digby Collection in the Bodleian: and to add to the +interest of the present work, especially in the eyes of English +readers, Dr. Delius has appended to it the old English metrical +life of <i>Saint Nicolas the Bischop</i>, from the curious series +of Lives and Legends which Mr. Black has recently shown to have +been composed by Robert of Gloucester.</p> +<p>We have received the following Catalogue:—John Russell +Smith's (4. Old Compton Street, Soho) Part IV. for 1850. of a +Catalogue of Choice, Useful, and Curious Books in most Departments +of Literature.</p> +<hr /> +<h3>Notices to Correspondents.</h3> +<p>VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, <i>with Title-page and +very copious Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, +and may be had, by order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen</i>.</p> +<p><i>The Monthly Part for July, being the second of Vol. II. is +also now ready, price 1s.</i></p> +<p>NOTES AND QUERIES <i>may be procured by the Trade at noon on +Friday; so that our country Subscribers ought to experience no +difficulty in receiving it regularly. Many of the country +Booksellers are, probably, not yet aware of this arrangement, which +enables them to receive Copies in their Saturday parcels</i>.</p> +<p>JANUS DOUSA. <i>The Notes on Folk Lore have been received and +will be used very shortly. The Queries just received shall be duly +inserted</i>.</p> +<p><i>Errata</i>.—In No. 41., p. 166., col. 1., line 8 from +bottom, for "<i>Cordius</i>" read "<i>Cardin</i>"; p. 171., l. 29., +for "haver<i>s</i>" read "haver"; and p. 172., l. 24., for "Murton" +read "Mu<i>i</i>rton."</p> +<hr class="adverts" /> +<p>GREATLY REDUCED IN PRICE.</p> +<p>PATRES ECCLESIASTICI ANGLICANI.</p> +<p>THIS SERIES OF THE ENGLISH FATHERS OF THE +CHURCH,—commencing with ALDHELM, the first Bishop of +Sherborne, which see he held from A.D. 705 to 709, and including +VENERABLE BEDE, the father of English History, who died in 735; +BONIFACE, the English Apostle to the Germans, whose martyrdom took +place in 754; LANFRANC, to whose influence over the Conqueror the +English owed what liberty William still allowed them to enjoy; +PETER OF BLOIS, the gossiping but querulous archdeacon of Bath; +THOMAS A BECKET, the greatest churchman of any time, and the +fearless upholder of the rights of the Church against the +usurpations of the Crown and his contemporaries; honest +plain-spoken JOHN OF SALISBURY; and the specious ERNULPH, Bishop of +Lisieux, whose works throw considerable light upon the court +intrigues of the reign of Henry II.,—is edited by the Rev. +Dr. GILES, formerly Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.</p> +<p>The entire Series consists of Thirty-five volumes, 8vo.; the +price of which has been reduced from 18<i>l.</i> 19<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> to 9<i>l.</i>, <i>if taken in complete sets</i>, of +which only <i>a very small number</i> remain unsold; or separately +as follows:—</p> +<p>ALDHELMI Opera, 1 vol. 8vo. 6<i>s.</i> (published at 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i>)<br /> +BEDAE VENERABILIS Opera, 12 vols. 8vo. 3<i>l.</i> 3<i>s.</i> (pub. +at 6<i>l.</i> 6<i>s.</i>)<br /> +BONIFACII Opera, 2 vols. 8vo. 12<i>s.</i> (published at 1<i>l.</i> +1<i>s.</i>)<br /> +PETRI BLESENSIS Opera, 4 vols. 8vo. 1<i>l.</i> 4<i>s.</i> (pub. at +2<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i>)<br /> +THOMAE CANTUARIENSIS, HERBERT DE BOREHAMI<br /> +Opera, &c., 8 vols. 2<i>l.</i> 16<i>s.</i> (published at +4<i>l.</i> 16<i>s.</i>)<br /> +LANFRANCI Opera, 2 vols. 12<i>s.</i> (published at 1<i>l.</i> +1<i>s.</i>)<br /> +ARNULFI Opera, 1 vol. 6<i>s.</i> (published at 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i>)<br /> +JOHANNIS SARESBERIENSIS Opera, 5 vols. 8vo. 1<i>l.</i> +10<i>s.</i><br /> +(published at 2<i>l.</i> 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>)<br /></p> +<p>On sale by D. NUTT, 270. Strand; and H. WASHBOURNE, 18. New +Bridge Street, Blackfriars.</p> +<hr /> +<p>NEW WORK ON THE GREEK DRAMA.</p> +<p>In 12mo., price 4<i>s.</i> (with a Plan of a Greek Theatre.)</p> +<p>THE ATHENIAN STAGE, a Handbook for Students. From the German of +WETZSCHEL, by the Rev. R.B. PAUL, M.A.; and edited by the Rev. T.K. +ARNOLD, M.A., Rector of Lyndon, and late Fellow of Trinity College, +Cambridge.</p> +<p>RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place:</p> +<p>Of whom may be had, by the same Editors,</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>l. HANDBOOK of GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES.</p> +<p>3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p>2. HANDBOOK of ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.</p> +<p>3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p>3. HANDBOOK of GREEK SYNONYMES.</p> +<p>6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page192" id= +"page192"></a>{192}</span> +<p>VALUABLE ANTIQUARIAN, HERALDIC, AND FOREIGN WORKS, DICTIONARIES, +GRAMMARS, ETC.</p> +<p>SOLD BY BERNARD QUARITCH, 16. CASTLE STREET, LEICESTER +SQUARE.</p> +<hr /> +<p>Adelung's Wörterbuch der Hoch-Deutschen Mundart, mit +beständiger Vergleichung der übrigen Mundarten, besonders +acer der Oberdeutschen, best edition, by Schönberger, 4 vols. +4to., calf, gilt, marbled edges, 2<i>l.</i> 2<i>s.</i> Wien, +1811.</p> +<p>Aldrete, del Origen de la Lengua Castellana o Romance (an +Old-Spanish Dictionary), folio, vellum, 15<i>s.</i> Madrid, +1674.</p> +<p>Anderson's Royal Genealogies, or the Genealogical Tables of +Emperors, Kings, and Princes, from Adam to these times, folio, hf. +bd. scarce, 26<i>s.</i> 1732.</p> +<p>Annals of Ireland, by the Four Masters, translated from the +Original Irish by Owen Connellan, Esq., with Additions by Mac +Dermott, 4to., morocco super-extra, gilt edges. 30<i>s.</i> Dublin, +1846.</p> +<p>Bergomensis (J.P. Foresti) Supplementum Chronicarum, ab exordio +mundi ad annum 1502, folio, numerous woodcuts, monastic binding, +12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Ven. 1503.</p> +<p>Baluze, Histoire Généalogique de la Maison +d'Auvergne, 2 vols. folio, numerous plates of Coats of Arms and +Monumental Effigies, calf gilt, 20<i>s.</i> Paris, 1708.</p> +<p>——, another copy, 2 vols. folio, numerous fine Coats +of Arms, the corners of one volume damaged, calf, 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> Paris, 1708.</p> +<p>Brunsvicensium Rerum Scriptores cura G.G. Leibnitii, 3 vols. +folio, calf, fine copy, 2<i>l.</i> 16<i>s.</i> Hanoveræ, +1707.</p> +<p>An Indispensable work to the student of the Ancient History and +Literature of Germany.</p> +<p>Caedmon's Metrical Paraphrase of parts of Holy Scripture in +Anglo-Saxon, with Translation by Thorpe, imp. 8vo. bds., +12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> 1832.</p> +<p>Campe's Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache, 6 vols. imp. +4to., hf. bd. russia extra, uncut, top edges gilt. fine copy, +3<i>l.</i> 3<i>s.</i> Braunschweig, 1807-13.</p> +<p>Caraffa Family. Aldirnari, Historia Genealogica della Famiglia +Carafa, 3 vols. folio, numerous very fine portraits and Coats of +Arms, fine copy in vellum,, scarce, 28<i>s.</i> Napoli, 1691.</p> +<p>Carpentier, Alphabetium Tironianum, seu notes Tironis explicandi +methods, folio, with numerous Short-hand Alphabets, Diplomas, +Charters, &c. of Louis the Pious, hf. bd. calf, 9<i>s.</i> +Paris, 1747</p> +<p>Codex Traditionum Corbejensium Diplomatarium Sarachonis Abbatis +Registrum, cum notis Falcke, thick folio, fac-similes of Old Deeds, +&c., vellum, 18<i>s.</i> Lips. 1752.</p> +<p>Corneille, OEuvres de, avec les commentaires de Voltaire, 12 +vols. 8vo. best edition, newly hf. bd. calf, 36<i>s.</i> Paris +1817.</p> +<p>Diccionario de la Lingua Castellana por la Real Academia +Espanola, tecera edicion, folio, calf neat, 12<i>s.</i> Madrid, +1791.</p> +<p>Edwards, Recherches sur les Langues Celtiques, 8vo. sd. +6<i>s.</i> Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1844.</p> +<p>A very valuable and learned Celtic Polyglott Grammar, giving a +Comparative View off the Breton, Gælic, Welsh, Irish, +Cornish, and Basque Languages.</p> +<p>Enderbie's Cambria Triumphans, or Britain in its perfect Lustre +showing the Origin and Antiquity of that Illustrious Nation; the +Succession of their Kings and Princes, from the first to King +Charles, 2 vols in 1, folio, Large Paper, numerous Coats of Arms, +bds. leather back, uncut, 18<i>s.</i> London, 1661 (Bagster, +1810).</p> +<p>Faereyinga-Saga eller Faeroboernes Historie, in Icelandic, +Danish, and the Faroer Dialect, by Rafn, imp. 8vo. Large Paper, +bds. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Klob. 1832</p> +<p>Heineken, Idée générale d'une Collection +complette d'Estampes et Dissertation sur l'origine de la Gravure, +plates, calf, 18<i>s.</i> 1771.</p> +<p>Johnson's Dictionary, Todd's last and best edition, 3 vols. 4to. +calf gilt, 5<i>l.</i> 1827.</p> +<p>Junil Etymologicum Anglicanum, edidit Lye, folio, portrait by +Vertue, calf, 18<i>s.</i> Oxf 1743.</p> +<p>A most important work for the study of English Etymologies.</p> +<p>Jurisprudentia Heroica, sive de Jure Belgarum circa Nobilitatem +et Insignia, folio, several hundred Coats of Arms, all beautifully +emblazoned in gold, silver, and colours, calf. A beautiful book, +rare, 32<i>s.</i> Bruxelles, 1668.</p> +<p>Karamsin, Histoire de l'Empire de Russie, 11 vols 8vo. (pub. at +2<i>l.</i> 15<i>s.</i>) sd. 16<i>s.</i> Paris, 1819-26.</p> +<p>This French translation has been made under the patronage of the +author, who has added many notes and references. Karamsin is the +greatest of all the Russian writers.</p> +<p>Koch, Histoire abrégée des Traités de Paix +entre les Puissances de l'Europe, depuis la Paix de Westphalie +jusqu'a 1815, 15 vols. 8vo., stained, sewed, 32<i>s.</i> Paris, +1817-18.</p> +<p>A most important collection, originally published at 6<i>l.</i> +16<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> and seldom met under price.</p> +<p>Lapponic Bible. Tat Ailes Tialog, Abme ja Addä Testamenta, +3 vols. 4to. bds. 24<i>s.</i> Hernösandesne, 1811.</p> +<p>Legonidec, Dictionnaire Celto-Breton ou Breton-Français, +8vo. sd. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Algoulème, 1821.</p> +<p>Lhuyd's Archæologia Britannica, giving an Account of the +Languages of the original Inhabitants of Britain, folio, hf. bd. +calf, neat, scarce, 32<i>s.</i> Oxford, 1707.</p> +<p>Contains Armoric, Irish, Scottish, Welsh Grammars and +Dictionaries.</p> +<p>Lope de Vega, Obras Sueltas, en Prosa y en Verso, 21 vols. small +4to. vellum, 3<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i> Madrid, 1776.</p> +<p>——, another copy, Large Paper, sd., uncut, +3<i>l.</i> 3<i>s.</i></p> +<p>Mabillon de Re Diplomatica, cum Supplemento, 2 vols. royal +folio, Large Paper, numerous plates, fine copy in Dutch calf, +38<i>s.</i> Lut. Par. 170. 1704.</p> +<p>Magnusen (Finn) Runamo og Runerne, 4to. (742 pp.), 14 plates of +Runic Antiquities, bds. 18<i>s.</i> Kyobenhavn, 1841.</p> +<p>Maurice, le Blason des Armoiries de tous les Chevaliers de +l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or, depuis la première Institution, +folio, 450 plates, containing upwards of 2000 finely engraved Coats +of Arms, calf, a beautiful book, 30<i>s.</i> La Haye, 1665.</p> +<p>O'Brien, Irish-English Dictionary, 4to. hf. bd., very scarce, +25<i>s.</i> Paris, 1768.</p> +<p>Pompeii illustrated with Picturesque Views from the Drawings by +Col. Cockburn, with Plan and Details by Donaldson, 2 vols. in 1, +imp. folio, 90 fine plates, some coloured, half morocco, 2<i>l.</i> +12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> 1827.</p> +<p>Rhæsi (D.) Cymbro-Brytannicæ Cymræcæve +Linguæ Institutiones, small folio, inlaid title, calf, gilt +edges, very scarce, 36<i>s.</i> 1592.</p> +<p>Selden's Titles of Honour, folio, best edition, portraits and +plates calf, 16. 1672.</p> +<p>——, another edition, folio, with Roger Twysden's +autograph, calf, 10<i>s.</i> 1631.</p> +<p>Sismondi, Histoire des Républiques Italiennes, 16 vols. +8vo. best edition, a little stained, sd. 36<i>s.</i> Paris, +1818.</p> +<p>——, another edition, 8 vols. royal 8vo. sd. +36<i>s.</i> Brux. 1839.</p> +<p>Snorro Sturleson, Heimskringla, seu Historia Regum Norvegicorum, +editio nova opera Schöning, et Thorlacii, Islandice Danice, et +Latine, 3 vols. in 1, folio, fine paper, sumptuously whole bound +calf extra, leather joints, silk linings, gilt edges, 3<i>l.</i> +10<i>s.</i> Hauniæ, 1777-83.</p> +<p>These three volumes of this edition comprise the whole of the +Heimskringla, as originally published in 1697 by Perinskiold, but +with a Danish version in place of the Swedish, and considerable +improvements both as regards text and notes.</p> +<p>Transactions of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries.</p> +<p>Nordisk Tidskrift for Oldkyndighed, 3 vols. 8vo., numerous fine +plates of Antiquities, hf. bd. calf, 12<i>s.</i> Kiob. 1832-36.</p> +<p>Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed (Annals for Northern +Antiquities, edited by the Royal Society of Antiquaries), 1836-47, +8 vols. 8vo. numerous fine plates, 2 vols hf. bd. the rest sewed, +2<i>l.</i> 5<i>s.</i></p> +<p>Antiquarisk Tidskrift, 1843-48, 3 vols. 8vo. plates, sewed, +9<i>s.</i> Copenh. 1845-48.</p> +<p>These three collections form one set, sold together for +3<i>l.</i></p> +<p>Wachteri Glossarium Germanicum, continens Origins et +Antiquitates totius Linguæ Germanicæ, 2 vols. in 1, +folio, fine copy, old calf gilt, 25<i>s.</i> Lips. 1737.</p> +<hr /> +<p><i>Catalogues of</i> BERNARD QUARITCH'S <i>German</i>, +<i>French</i>, <i>Italian</i>, <i>Spanish</i>, <i>Northern</i>, +<i>Celtic</i>, <i>Oriental</i>, <i>Antiquarian</i>, and +<i>Scientific Books</i> gratis.</p> +<hr /> +<p>Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at +No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City +Of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, Of No. 186. Fleet Street, +in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, +Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, +August 17, 1850.</p> +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 42, Saturday, +August 17, 1850, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 42, *** + +***** This file should be named 13411-h.htm or 13411-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/4/1/13411/ + +Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals, + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes & Queries, No. 42, Saturday, August 17, 1850 + A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. + + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 9, 2004 [EBook #13411] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 42, *** + + + + +Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals, + + + + + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +No. 42.] SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1850 [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * * {177} + + +CONTENTS. + +NOTES:-- + Alfred's Orosius, by Dr. Bell. 177 + Remarkable Proposition concerning Ireland, by H. + Kersley. 179 + News: a few "old" Materials for its Elucidation, by + S.W. Singer. 180 + Folk Lore:--Charming for Warts. 181 + Minor Notes:--Capture of Henry VI.--The New + Temple. 181 + +QUERIES:-- + Essays of certain Paradoxes: Poem on Nothing, by + S.W. Singer. 182 + Minor Queries:--Papers of Perjury--Church Rates--St. + Thomas of Lancaster's Accomplices--Prelates of + France--Lord Chancellor's Oath--Mediaeval Nomenclature--Sir + Christopher Sibthorp--Alarm. 182 + +REPLIES:-- + Shakspeare's Use of "Delighted," by Samuel Hickson. 183 + English Comedians in Germany. 184 + Achilles and the Tortoise. 185 + Replies to Minor Queries:--"Barum" and "Sarum"--Countess + of Desmond--Michael Servetus, alias Reves--Caxton's + Printing-office--Somagia--Various Modes + of Interment among the Ancients--Guy's Porridge-pot--"Welcome + the coming, speed the parting Guest"--"A Chrysostom to + smoothe his Band in"--William of Wykeham--Dutch + Language--"A Frog he would," &c.--City Sanitary + Laws--Sanitary Laws of other Days--Michael Scott, the + Wizard--Clerical Costume--The Curfew--Welsh Language--Armenian + Language--North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated--"Sir + Hilary charged at Agincourt"--Unicorn--Abbey of St. + Wandrille, Normandy, &c. 186 + +MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 191 + Books and Odd Volumes Wanted. 191 + Notices to Correspondents. 191 + Advertisements. 191 + + * * * * * + + +NOTES + +ALFRED'S OROSIUS. + +The two exceedingly valuable elucidations which the geography of King +Alfred relating to Germany (intercalated in the royal author's +translation of Orosius), has received from your learned contributors MR. +R.T. HAMPSON (Vol. i., p. 257.) and MR. S.W. SINGER (Vol. i., p. 313.) +induce me to offer some new views on the same subject. From my having +passed a long series of years in the countries described, and read and +examined all that continental authors, as well as Englishmen, have +written or conjectured on the subject, I trust that my opinions, though +differing from all hitherto received, may not be unworthy the attention +of these gentlemen, and of your other numerous subscribers. I shall, +however, at present, not to exceed the necessary limitation of your +articles, restrict myself to a consideration of the very disputed +_Cwenas_ and the _Cwen-sae_, which both the gentlemen have not alluded +to. + +The universal agreement amongst the commentators (with the two solitary +exceptions I shall hereafter mention), by which this sea is taken for +the White Sea, is diverting, and has been the primary source of many of +their errors, and of that most monster one, by which Othere's narrative +has been made the relation of a voyage round the North Cape to +Archangel. It is difficult to say who may have first broached the +brilliant idea. Spelmann's annotators, his alumni Oxonienses of +University College, seem to have left the matter without much +consideration, in which they were pretty servilely followed by Bussaeus, +though not so much so as to justify Professor Ingram's remark, "that his +notes were chiefly extracted thence." (Pref. viii.) Professor Murray of +Goettingen (1765), and Langebeck, in his _Scriptores Rerum Danicarum_ +(1773), make no mention of these arctic discoveries; and the latter is +satisfied that the Cwenas are the Amazons of Adam of Bremen:-- + + "De Quenorum priscis Sedibus et Quenlandiae situ, vide Torfaeus, + _Hist. Norweg._ i. 140. Adamus Bremens, pp. 58, 59. 61., per + Amazones et terram Foeminarum voluit Queuones et Quenladiam + intelligi." + +and it remains, therefore, to the next commentator, John Reinhold +Forster (the companion navigator with Sir Joseph Banks), to have been +the first to whom we owe the important error. He was praised by Daines +Barrington, for whose edition he gave the notes afterwards reproduced in +his _Northern Voyages of Discovery_; but still with certain +reservations. The honourable translator found some negative evidences +which seemed to militate against the idea that the voyage could have +extended into the arctic circle; for, in such a case, Othere would +hardly have refrained from mentioning the perpetual day of those +regions; the northern lights, which he must have experienced; to which +{178} we add, the perpetual snows, and many other very striking +peculiarities, so new and seemingly inexplicable to a southern traveller +or listener. + +Succeeding writers seem to have had fewer scruples, and to have admitted +the idea without consideration. Thorkelin, the Dane, (when in England to +copy out the poem of _Beowulf_ for publication at Copenhagen), gave a +very flattering testimony to Forster's notes, in _Bibliotheca +Topographica_, vol. ix. p. 891. _et seq._, though I believe he +subsequently much modified it. Our own writers who had to remark upon +the subject, Sharon Turner, and Wheaton, in his _History of the +Northmen_, may be excused from concurring in an opinion in which they +had only a verbal interest. Professor Ingram, in his translation of +_Othere's Voyage_ (Oxford, 1807, 4to. p. 96. note), gives the following +rather singular deduction for the appellation: Quenland was the land of +the Amazons; the Amazons were fair and white-faced, therefore _Cwen-Sae_ +the White Sea, as Forster had deduced it: and so, having satisfied +himself with this kind of Sorites, follows pretty closely in Forster's +wake. But that continental writers, who took up the investigation +avowedly as indispensable to the earliest history of their native +countries, should have given their concurrence and approval so easily, I +must confess, astonishes me. + +Dahlman, whilst Professor of History at Kiel, felt himself called upon +by his situation to edit and explain this work to his countrymen more +detailedly than previously, and at vol. ii. p. 405. of the work cited by +Mr. Singer gives all Alfred's original notices. I shall at present only +mention his interpretation of _Quen Sae_, which he translates +_Weltmeer_; making it equivalent to the previous _Garseeg_ or _Oceanus_. +He mentions the reasonings of Rask and Porthan, of Abo, the two +exceptions to the general opinion (which I shall subsequently notice), +without following, on this point, what they had previously so much more +clearly explained. The best account of what had previously been done on +the subject is contained in Beckmann's _Litteratur der alten Raisen_ (s. +450.); and incidental notices of such passages as fall within the scope +of their works, are found in Schloezer's _Allgemeine nordische +Geschichte_, Thummann's _Untersuchungen_, Walch's _Allgemeine +Bibliothek_, Schoening's _Gamle nordishe Geographie_, Nyerup's +_Historisk-statistik Skildering i aeldre og nyere Tider_, in Sprengel's +_Geschichte_, and by Woerbs, in Kruse's _Deutsche Alterthuemer_. Professor +Ludw. Giesebrecht published in 1843, at Berlin, a most excellent +_Wendische Geschichte_, in 3 vols. 8vo., but his inquiries concerning +this Periplus (vol. iii. p 290) are the weakest part of his work, having +mostly followed blindly the opinions to which the great fame and +political importance of Dahlman had given full credence and authority. +He was not aware of the importance of Alfred's notices for the countries +he describes, and particularly for the elucidation of the vexed question +of Adam of Bremen's _Julin_ and Helmold's _Veneta_, by an investigation +of Othere's _Schiringsheal_, and which I endeavoured to point out in a +pamphlet I published in the German language, and a copy of which I had +the pleasure of presenting, amongst others, to Professor Dahlman himself +at the Germanisten Versammlung at Luebeck in 1847. To return, however, to +the _Cwena land_ and _sae_, it is evident that the commentators, who are +principally induced by their bearings to Sweon land to look upon the +latter as the White Sea, have overlooked the circumstance that the same +name is found earlier as an arm of the Wendel or Mediterranean Sea; and +it is evident that one denomination cannot be taken in a double meaning; +and therefore, when we find Alfred following the boundaries of Europe +from Greece, "Crecalande ut on þone Wendelsae Þnord on þone Garsaege pe +man Cwen sae haet", it is certain that we have here an arm of the Wendel +Sea (here mistaken for the ocean) that runs from Greece to the north, +and it cannot also afterwards be the White Sea. It will be necessary to +bring this, in conformity with the subsequent mention of _Cwen-Sae_, +more to the northward, which, as I have just said, has been hitherto +principally attended to. + +In Welsh topography no designation scarcely recurs oftener than _Gwent_ +(or, according to Welsh pronunciation, and as it may be written, +_Cwent_) in various modifications, as Gwyndyd, Gwenedd, Gynneth, Gwynne, +&c. &c.; and on the authority of Gardnor's _History of Monmouthshire_ +(Appendix 14.), under which I willingly cloak my ignorance of the Welsh +language, I learn that _Gwent_ or _Went_ is "spelt with or without a +_G_, according to the word that precedes it, according to certain rules +of grammar in the ancient British language, and that _Venedotia_ for +North Wales is from the same root." The author might certainly have +said, "the same word Latinized." But exactly the same affinity or +identity of names is found in a locality that suits the place we are in +search of: in an arm of the Mediterranean stretching from Greece +northwards; viz. in the Adriatic, which had for its earliest name _Sirus +Venedicus_, translated in modern Italian into _Golfo di Venezia_. + +Of the multitudes of authorities for this assumption I need only mention +Strabo, who calls the first settlers on its northern end (whence the +whole gulph was denominated) [Greek: Everoi]; or Livy, who merely +Latinizes the term as _Heneti_, lib. i. cap. i., "Antenorem cum +multitudine Henetum." With the fable of Antenor and his Trojan colony we +have at present no further relation. The name alone, and its +universality at this locality, is all that we require. I shall now show +that we can follow these Veneti (which, that it is a generic name of +situation, I must now omit to prove, from the compression {179} +necessary for your miscellany) without a break, in an uninterrupted +chain, to the north, and to a position that suits Alfred's other +locality much more fitting, than the White Sea. The province of +_Vindelicia_ would carry us to the Boden See (Lake of Constance), which +Pomponius Mela, lib. iii. cap. i. ad finem, calls _Lacus Venedicus_. +This omitting the modern evidences of this name and province in +Windisch-Graetz, Windisch-Feistriz, &c. &c., brings us sufficiently in +contact with the Slavonic and Wendic people of Bohemia to track the line +through them to the two Lausitz, where we are in immediate proximity to +the Spree Wald. There the Wends (pronounce _Vends_) still maintain a +distinct and almost independent community, with peculiar manners, and, +it is believed, like the gypsies, an elected or hereditary king; and +where, and round Luechow, in Hanover, the few remnants of this once +potent nation are awaiting their final and gradual absorption into the +surrounding German nations. Whenever, in the north of Germany, a +traveller meets with a place or district ending in _wits_, _itz_, +_pitz_, &c., wherever situate, or whatever language the inhabitants +speak, he may put it down as originally Wendish; and the multitude of +such terminations will show him how extensively this people was spread +over those countries. Itzenplitz, the name of a family once of great +consequence in the Mark of Brandenburg is ultra-Wendish. It will, +therefore, excite no wonder that we find, even in Tacitus, Veneti along +their coasts and Ptolemy, who wrote about a century and a half later +than Strabo or Livy, seems to have improved the terminology of the +ancients in the interval; for, speaking of the Sarmatian tribes, he +calls these Veneti [Greek: Ouenedai par holon ton Ouenedikon kolpon]. +Here we find the truest guide for the pronunciation, or, rather, for the +undigammaising of the Latin _V_ and the Welsh _W_, as _Ouenetoi_, which +is proved in many distant and varying localities. St. Ouen, the Welsh +Owen and Evan, and the patron saint of Rouen, no doubt had his name (if +he ever existed at all) coined from the French Veneti of Armorica, +amongst which he lived; and when foreigners wish to render the English +name _Edward_ as spoken, they write _Edouard_ and Robert the Wizzard, +the Norman conqueror of Sicily and Apulia, has his name transformed, to +suit Italian ears, into _Guiscard_, and as William into _Gulielmi_. +Thus, therefore, the whole coast of Prussia, from Pomerania, as far, +perhaps, as known, and certainly all the present Prussia Proper, was the +_Sinus Venedicus_, Ptolemy's [Greek: kolpon]; and this was also Alfred's +Cwen-Sae, for the north. I admit that when Alfred follows Orosius, he +uses _Adriatic_ for the _Golfo de Venezia_, but when he gives us his +independent researches, he uses an indigenous name. Professor Porthan, +of Abo in Finland, published a Swedish translation, with notes, of the +_Voyages of Othere and Wulfstan_ in the _Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och +Antiquitet Academiens Handlingar, sjette Delen_. Stockholm, 1800, p. +37-106., in which he expressly couples Finland with Cwenland; and, in +fact, considering the identity of _Cwen_ and _Ven_, and the +convertibility of the _F_ and _V_ in all languages, _Ven_ and _Fen_ and +_Cwen_ will all be identical: but I believe he might have taken a hint +from Bussaeus, who, in addition to his note at p. 13., gives at p. 22. an +extract from the _Olaf Tryvassons Saga_, where "Finnland edr Quenland" +(Finland or Quenland) are found conjoined as synonyms. Professor Rask, +who gives the original text, and a Danish translation in the +_Transactions of the Shandinavish Litteratur Selkskab_ for 1815, as +"Otter og Wulfstans Korte Reideberetninger," &c., though laudatory in +the extreme of Porthan, and differing from him on some minor points, yet +fully agrees in finding the Cwen-Sea within the Baltic: and he seems to +divide this inland sea into two parts by a line drawn north and south +through Bornholm, of which the eastern part is called the Cwen or +Serminde, or Samatian Sea. + +Be that as it may, the above is one of a series of deductions by which I +am prepared to prove, that as the land geography of Germany by Alfred is +restricted to the valleys of the Weichsel (Wisle), the Oder, the Elbe, +and the Weser, so the sea voyages are confined to the debouchures of +such of these rivers as flow into the Baltic. This would give a combined +action of purpose to both well suited to the genius of the monarch and +the necessities of an infant trade, requiring to be made acquainted with +coasts and countries accessible to their rude navigation and limited +commercial enterprise. So prudent a monarch would never have thought of +noting down, for the instruction and guidance of his subjects and +posterity, the account of a voyage which even now, after an interval of +ten centuries of continued nautical improvements, and since the +discovery of the compass, is not unattended with danger, nor +accomplished in less than a year's time wasted. + +WILLIAM BELL, Phil. Dr. + +British Archeological Association. + + * * * * * + +REMARKABLE PROPOSITION CONCERNING IRELAND. + +The following passage, which contains a curious proposition relating to +Ireland, will probably be new and interesting to many readers of "NOTES +AND QUERIES," since the book from which I extract it is a scarce one, +and not often read. Among the many various schemes that have of late +been propounded for the improvement of our sister country, this is +perhaps not the least remarkable, and shows that the _questio vexata_, +"What is to be done with Ireland?" is one of two centuries' standing. +James Harrington, in his _Oceana, the Introduction_, {180} (pp. 35, 36., +Toland's Edition, 1700), speaking of Ireland under the name of Panopea, +says,-- + + "Panopea, the soft Mother of a slothful and pusillanimous + people, is a neighbor Iland, antiently subjected by the Arms of + _Oceana_; since almost depopulated for shaking the Yoke, and at + length replanted with a new Race. But (through what virtues of + the Soil, or vice of the Air, soever it be), they com still to + degenerat. Wherfore seeing it is neither likely to yield men fit + for Arms, nor necessary it should; it had bin the Interest of + _Oceana_ so to have dispos'd of this Province, being both rich + in the nature of the Soil, and full of commodious Ports for + Trade, that it might have bin order'd for the best in relation + to her Purse, which, in my opinion (if it had been thought upon + in time), might have bin best don by planting it with _Jews_, + allowing them their own Rights and Laws; for that would have + brought then suddenly from all parts of the World, and in + sufficient numbers. And though the _Jews_ be now altogether for + merchandize, yet in the Land of _Canaan_ (except since their + exile, from whence they have not bin Landlords), they were + altogether for Agriculture, and there is no cause why a man + should doubt, but having a fruitful Country and excellent Ports + too, they would be good at both. _Panopea_ well peopled, would + be worth a matter of four millions of dry rents; that is besides + the advantage of the Agriculture and Trade, which, with a Nation + of that Industry, coms at least to as much more. Wherfore + _Panopea_ being farm'd out to the Jews and their Heirs for ever, + for the pay of a provincial Army to protect them during the term + of seven years, and for two millions annual Revenue from that + time forward, besides the customs which would pay the provincial + Army, would have bin a bargain of such advantage both to them + and this Commonwealth, as is not to be found otherwise by + either. To receive the _Jews_ after any other manner into a + Commonwealth, were to maim it; for they of all Nations never + incorporat, but taking up the room of a Limb, are no use or + office to the body, while they suck the nourishment which would + sustain a natural and useful member." + +HENRY KERSLEY + +Corpus Christi Hall, Maidstone. + + * * * * * + +NEWS. + +A FEW _OLD_ MATERIALS FOR ITS ELUCIDATION. + + "_Novaum_, vulgo _Nouvelle_. Ugutio: '_Rumor, murmur, quod vulgo + dicitur Novum._' Occurit non semel in Epistolis Marini Sanuti. + 'Novis de Obitu Papae auditis,' in Regesta Universitatis Paris, + an. 1394, _Spicileg. Acher._, tom vi. p. 60." + +So far Ducange, who also refers to the following: + + "Supervenerunt nobis _Nova_ certa de morte, videlicet quorundam + Nobilium, nobis adhaerentium, captorum per partem dieti Philippi + in Britannia, et de speciali Praecepto suo Parisiis ignominiosae + morti traditorum; nec non de Strage, &c. &c."--_Charta an_. + 1346, apud Rymer, t. v. p. 497. + +The derivation of this word has been so strenuously and ably discussed +by the contending parties in your pages, that I have no intention of +interfering (non nostrum tantas componere lites) further than to furnish +a few materials bearing on the subject, which may not have come under +their notice. + +It seems uncertain whether _Newes_ was considered by our ancestors +_plural_ or _singular_. Resolute John Florio is sadly inconsistent in +his use of it: in his _World of Wordes_, ed. 1598, we have: + + "_Nova_, newe, fresh, a noueltie, a _newe report_. + + "_Novella_, a tale, a nouell, a noueltie, a discourse, _a newes_ + a message." + +In Queen Anna's _World of Wordes_, 1611: + + "_Nova_, a noueltie, _a new report_. + + "_Novella, a tiding, or newes_. + + "_Novellante_, a teller of _newes_ or _tidings_." + +Here we have _newes_ treated both as _singular_ and _plural_! while we +have _tiding_ as the singular of _tidings_, a form which, from long +disuse, would now appear strange to us. In the following extract from +Florio's very amusing book of Dialogues, _Second Frutes_, 1591, he makes +_newes_ decidedly plural:-- + + "_C_. What doo they say abroade? what _newes_ have you, Master + Tiberio? _T_. Nothing that I know; can you tell whether the post + be come? _C_. No, Sir; they saye in the Exchange that the great + Turke makes great preparation to warre with the Persian. _T_. + 'Tis but a deuice; _these be newes_ cast abroade to feede the + common sorte, I doo not beleeue them.... _C_. Yea, but _they_ + are written to verie worshipful merchants. _T_. By so much the + lesse doo I beleeue them; doo not you know that euerie yeare + _such newes are_ spreade abroade? _C_. I am almost of your + minde, for I seldome see these written reports prove true. _T_. + Prognostications, _newes_, deuices, and letters from forraine + countries (good Master Caesar), are but used as confections to + feed the common people withal. _C_. A man must give no more + credite to Exchange and Powles' _newes_ than to fugitiues + promises and plaiers fables." + +In Thomas's _Principal Rules of the Italian Grammer, with a +Dictionarie_, printed by Thomas Powell in 1562, but written in 1548, we +have-- + + "_Novella_, a tale, a parable, or a _neweltee._ + + "_Novelluzza_, an _ynkelyng_. + + "_Novellare_, to tell tales or _newes_." + +In the title page of a rare little volume printed in 1616, we have the +adjective _new_ in apposition with the substantive _newes_, thus: + + "Sir Thomas Overburie his Wife, with new Elegies upon his (now + knowne) untimely death. Whereunto are annexed _New Newes_ and + Characters written by himselfe and other learned Gentlemen. + Editio septima. London: printed by Edward Griffin for Lawrence + Lisle, 1616, 12mo." + +The head of one section is-- {181} + + "_Newes_ from any-whence, or, _Old Truth_ under a supposal of + _Noueltie_." + +Chaucer uses for _the newe_ and of _the newe_ (sc. fashion) +elliptically. _Tiding_ or _Tidings_, from the A.-S. Tid-an, evidently +preceded _newes_ in the sense of inteligence, and may not _newes_ +therefore be an elliptic form of _new-tidinges_? Or, as our ancestors +had _newelte_ and _neweltes_, can it have been a contraction of the +latter? If we are to suppose with Mr. Hickson that _news_ was "adopted +bodily into the language," we must not go to the High-German, from which +our early language has derived scarcely anything, but to the +Neder-Duytsch, from the frequent and constant communication with the Low +Countries in the sixteenth century. The following passages from Kilian's +_Thesaurus_, printed by Plantin, at Antwerp, in 1573, are to the +purpose, and may serve to show how the word was formed:-- + + "_Nieuwtijdinge_, oft _wat nieuws_, Nouvelles, Nuntius vel + Nuntium." + + "_Seght ons wat nieuws_, Dicte nous quelquechose de nouveau, + Recita nobis aliquid novi." + + "_Nieuwsgierich, nygierich_, Convoiteux de nouveautez, Cupidus + novitatis." + +I trust these materials may be acceptable to your able correspondents, +and tend to the resolution of the question at issue. + +S.W. SINGER. + +Mickleham, August 6. 1850. + +"_News_," _Origin of the Word_ (Vol. i., pp. 270. 369. 487.; vol. ii., +pp. 23. 81. 106.).--Your correspondents who have written upon this +subject may now have seen the following note in Zimperley's +_Encyclopaedia_, p. 472.:-- + + "The original orthography was _newes_, and in the singular. + Johnson has, however, decided that the word _newes_ is a + substantive without a singular, unless it be considered as + singular. The word _new_, according to Wachter, is of very + ancient use, and is common to many nations. The Britons, and the + Anglo-Saxons, had the word, though not the thing. It was first + printed by Caxton in the modern sense, in the _Siege of Rhodes_, + which was translated by John Kay, the Poet Laureate, and printed + by Caxton about the year 1490. In the _Assembly of Foulis_, + which was printed by William Copland in 1530, there is the + following exclamation:-- + + "'Newes! newes! newes! have ye ony newes?' + + "In the translation of the _Utopia_, by Raphe Robinson, citizien + and goldsmythe, which was imprinted by Abraham Nele in 1551, we + are told, 'As for monsters, because they be no _newes_, of them + we were nothynge inquysitive.' Such is the rise, and such the + progress of the word _news_, which, even in 1551, was still + printed _newes_!" + +W.J. + +Havre. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Charming for Warts_ (Vol. i., p. 19.; vol. ii. p. 150.).--In Lord +Bacon's _Sylva Sylvarum, or a Natural History in Ten Centuries_ (No. +997.), the great philosopher gives a minute account of the practice, +from personal experience, in the following words:-- + + "The taking away of warts, by rubbing them with somewhat that + afterwards is put to waste and consume, is a common experiment; + and I do apprehend it the rather, because of mine own + experience. I had from my childhood a wart upon one of my + fingers; afterwards, when I was about sixteen years old, being + then at Paris, there grew upon both my hands a number of warts + (at least an hundred), in a month's space; the English + Ambassador's lady, who was a woman far from superstition, told + me one day she would help me away with my warts; whereupon she + got a piece of lard with the skin on, and rubbed the warts all + over with the fat side, and amongst the rest, that wart which I + had from my childhood; then she nailed the piece of lard with + the fat towards the sun, upon a post of her chamber window, + which was to the south. The success was, that within five weeks' + space all the warts went quite away, and that wart which I had + so long endured for company; but at the rest I did little + marvel, because they came in a short time and might go away in a + short time again, but the going of that which had stayed so long + doth yet stick with me. They say the like is done by rubbing of + warts with a green elder stick, and then burying the stick to + rot in muck." + +J.M.B. + + * * * * * + +MINOR NOTES. + +_Capture of Henry the Sixth._--At Waddington in Mytton stands a pile of +building known as the "Old Hall," once antique, but now much indeed +despoiled of its beauty, where for some time the unfortunate king, Henry +the Sixth, was concealed after the fatal battle of Hexham, in +Northumberland. Quietly seated one day at dinner, "in company with Dr. +Manting, Dean of Windsor, Dr. Bedle, and one Ellarton," his enemies came +upon him by surprise, but he privately escaped by a back door, and fled +to Brungerley stepping-stones (still partially visible in a wooden +frame), where he was taken prisoner, "his legs tied together under the +horse's belly," and thus disgracefully conveyed to the Tower in London. +He was betrayed by one of the Talbots of Bashall Hall, who was then +high-sheriff for the West Riding. This ancient house or hall is still in +existence, but now entirely converted into a building for farming +purposes: "Sic transit gloria mundi." Near the village of Waddington, +there is still to be seen a meadow known by the name of "King Henry's +Meadow." + +In Baker's _Chronicle_, the capture of the king is described as having +taken place "in _Lincolnshire_," {182} but this is evidently incorrect; +it is Waddington, in Mytton, West Yorkshire. + +CLERICUS CRAVENSIS. + + +_The New Temple_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--As your correspondent is +interested in a question connected with the occupants of the New Temple +at the beginning of the fourteenth century, I venture to state, at the +hazard of its being of any use to him, that I have before me the +transcript of a deed, dated at Canterbury, the 16th of July, 1293, by +which two prebendaries of the church of York engage to pay to the Abbot +of Newenham, in the county of Devon, the sum of 200 marks sterling, at +the New Temple in London, in accordance with a bond entered into by them +before G. de Thornton and others, the king's justices. + +S.S.S. + + * * * * * + + +QUERIES. + +ESSAYES OF CERTAIN PARADOXES: POEM ON NOTHING. + +Who was the author of a thin 4to. volume with the above title, printed +for Tho. Thorpe, 1616? The contents are, "The Praise of K. Richard the +Third--The French Poetes--Nothing--That it is good to be in Debt." + +The late Mr. Yarnold has a MS. copy of the "Praise of K. Richard," to +which was prefixed the following dedication:-- + + "TO THE HONOURABLE SIR HENRY NEVILL, KNIGHTE." + + "I am bolde to adventure to your honors viewe this small portion + of my privatt labors, as an earnest peny of my love, beinge a + mere Paradoxe in prayse of a most blame-worthie and condemned + Prince, Kinge Richard the Third; who albeit I shold guilde with + farre better termes of eloquence then I have don, and freate + myself to deathe in pursuite of his commendations, yet his + disgrace beinge so publicke, and the worlde so opinionate of his + misdoings, as I shold not be able so farre to justifie him as + they to condemne him. Yet that they may see what may be saide, + and to shew how farre they haue mispraysed his vertues, this + following Treatise shall make manyfest. Your honour may peruse + and censure yt at your best leisure, and though yt be not trickt + up wth elegance of phrase, yet may it satisfye a right curious + judgmente, yf the reasons be considered as they ought. But, + howsoever, yf you please to accepte it, I shall thinke my labors + well bestowed; who, both in this and what ells may, devote + myself to your honour, and rest, + + "Your honours most affectionat servant, + + "HEN. W." + +The praise of Nothing is very well versified from the Latin of Passerat, +whose verses Dr. Johnson thought worthy of a place in his _Life of Lord +Rochester_. Besides Rochester's seventeen stanzas "Upon Nothing," there +appears to have been another copy of verses on this fertile subject; for +Flecknoe, in his _Epigrams of All Sorts_, 1671, has "Somewhat to Mr. +J.A. on his excellent poem of Nothing." Is _anything_ known of this +_Nothing_? + +S.W. SINGER. + +Mickleham, July 29. 1850. + + * * * * * + +MINOR QUERIES. + +_Papers of Perjury._--In Leicester's _Commonwealth_ occurs the following +passage:-- + + "The gentlemen were all taken and cast into prison, and + afterwards were sent down to Ludlow, there to wear _papers of + perjury_." + +Can any of your readers refer me to a _graphic_ account of the custom of +perjurers wearing papers denoting their crime, to which I suppose this +passage alludes? + +S.R. + + +_Church Rates._--CH. would be obliged to any of your readers who could +refer him to the volume of either the _Gentleman's_ or the _British +Magazine_ which contains some remarks on the article on Church Rates in +Knight's _Political Dictionary_, and on Cyric-sceat. + + +_St. Thomas of Lancaster's Accomplices._--In No. 15. I find an extract +from Rymer, by MR. MONCKTON MILNES, relative to some accomplices of St. +Thomas of Lancaster, supposed to have worked miracles.--Query, Was "The +Parson of Wigan" one of these accomplices, and what was his name? Was he +ever brought to trial for aiding the Earl, preaching sedition in the +parish church of Wigan, and offering absolution to all who would join +the standard of the barons? and what was the result of that trial--death +or pardon? + +CLERICUS CRAVENSIS. + + +_Prelates of France._--P.C.S.S. is desirous to know where he can meet +with an accurate list of the Archbishops and Bishops of France (or more +properly of their Sees) under the old _regime_. + + +_Lord Chancellor's Oath._--The gazette of the 16th July notified that +the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Wilde, in council, took the oath of Lord +Chancellor of Great Britain _and Ireland_ on the 15th inst.; and the +same gazette announced the direction of the Queen that letters patent be +passed granting the dignity of baron to the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Wilde, +Knt., Lord Chancellor of that part of the United Kingdom of Great +Britain and Ireland called _Great Britain_. + +Why, when he is only Chancellor of Great Britain, should he take the +oath of Chancellor of Great Britain _and Ireland_? + +J. + + +_Mediaeval Nomenclature._--In what work is to be obtained the best +information explanatory of the nomenclature of the useful arts in +mediaeval times? + +[Greek: delta]. {183} + +_Sir Christopher Sibthorp._--Can any of your readers furnish me with +information as to the ancestry of Sir Christopher Sibthorp, whose name +appears in the title-page of the following tract: _A friendly +Advertisement to the pretended Catholics of Ireland, by Christopher +Sibthorp, Knt., one of H.M. Justices of his Court of Chief Place in +Ireland_, 1622, Dublin and also as to the crest, arms, and motto borne +by him. + +DE BALDOC. + + +_Alarm_ (Vol. ii., p. 151.).--The derivation of _alarm_, and the French +_alarme_, from _a l'arme_, which your correspondent M. has reproduced, +has always struck me as unsatisfactory, and as of the class of +etymologies suspiciously ingenious. I do not venture to pronounce that +the derivation is wrong: I merely wish to ventilate a doubt through +"NOTES AND QUERIES," and invite some of your more learned readers to +lily to decide the question. + +Of the identity of the words _alarm_ and _alarum_ there is no doubt. The +verb _alarm_ is spelt _alarum_ in old writers, and I have seen it so +spelt in manuscripts of Charles II.'s reign, but unfortunately have not +taken a "Note." Dr. Johnson says _alarum_ is a corruption of _alarm_. +Corruption, however, usually shortens words. I cannot help having a +notion that _alarum_ is the original word; and, though I may probably be +showing great ignorance in doing so, I venture to propound the following +Queries:-- + +1. How far back can the word _alarum_ be traced in our language, and how +far back _alarm_? + +2. Can it be ascertained whether the French took _alarme_ from our +_alarm_, or we _alarm_ from them? + +3. Can any explanation be given of _alarum_, supposing it to be the +original word? Is it a word imitative of sound? + +_A l'arme_, instead of _aux armes_, adds to the suspiciousness of this +derivation. + +CH. + + * * * * * + + +REPLIES. + +SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF "DELIGHTED." + +Although Dr. Kennedy does not think I have discovered the source from +whence Shakspeare's word _delighted_ is derived, I am gratified to find +that he concurs with me in drawing a distinction between this and the +more common word. His failure to convince me is a source almost of +regret, so happy do I regard the derivation he proposes in the last +passage cited. But in the passage from _Measure for Measure_, it does +not appear to me to express the sense which I deduce from the context; +and as I look upon the word in question as the same in each of the three +passages, I feel more inclined to adhere to my view, that it is a word +of English manufacture, according to the analogy referred to. I express +my opinion with hesitation and there can be no doubt the question is +deserving of full and attentive consideration. + +Strengthened, however, in my main purpose, which was to show that +Shakspeare did not use _delighted_ in the ordinary sense of _highly +gratified_, I am better prepared to meet MR. HALLIWELL. This gentleman +does me no more than justice in the remark, not expressed, though, I +hope, implied, that I would not knowingly make use of an offensive +expression towards him or any living man; and I appreciate the courtesy +with which he has sweetened the uncomplimentary things he has felt +constrained to say of me. I trust it will be found that I can repay his +courtesy and imitate his forbearance. As a preliminary remark, however, +I must say that MR. HALLIWELL, in his haste, has confounded the "cool +impertinence" for which I censured one editor, with the "cool +correction" which was made by another; and, moreover, has referred the +remark to _Measure for Measure_, which I applied to the notes to the +passage in _Othello_. As I have not yet learned to regard the term +"delightful" as an _active participle_, it is evident that, however +"cool" I may consider the correction, I have not called it an +"impertinence." But he has no mind that I should escape so easily; and +therefore, like a true knight-errant, he adopts the cause without +hesitation, as though to be first satisfied of its goodness would be +quite inconsistent in its champion. + +When I am charged with an "entire want of acquaintance with the +grammatical system" employed by Shakspeare, I might take exception to +the omission of the words "as understood by Mr. Halliwell," this +gentleman assuming the very point in question between us. I believe he +has paid particular attention to this subject; but he must not conclude +that all who presume to differ from him "judge Shakspeare's grammar by +Cobbett or Murray." And if I were disposed to indulge in as sweeping an +expression, I should say that the remark excites a suspicion of the +writer's want of acquaintance with the spirit of Shakspeare's works. I +do not think so, though I think MR. HALLIWELL has formed his opinion +hastily; and I think, moreover, that before I have ended, I shall +convince him that it would not have been amiss had he exercised a little +more reflection ere he began. In the passage in _Othello_, I object to +the substitution of _delighting_ or _delightful_ for _delighted_, as +_weak_ epithets, and such as I do not believe that Shakespeare would +have used. It was not as a schoolmaster or grammarian, but in reference +to the peculiar fitness and force of his expressions, and his perfect +acquaintance with the powers of the English language, and his _mastery_ +over it, that I called Shakespeare its greatest master. + +But to return to the first passage I cited--that from _Measure for +Measure_,--MR. HALLIWELL will be surprised to find that in the _only_ +remark I made {184} upon it as it stands he actually agrees with me. I +said that the passage "in our sense of the term" is unintelligible. I +still say so; and he who attempts to mend it, or modernise the form, +says so too. The question next arises, Does he not mean _no system_, +when he says _system_? Otherwise, why does he say that Shakspeare uses +the passive for the active participle, when he explains the word not by +the active participle, but by an adjective of totally different meaning? +Is it not more likely that MR. HALLIWELL may have misunderstood +Shakspeare's system, than that the latter should have used intelligible +words, and precise forms of words, so at random? And, moreover, does not +the critic confound two meanings of the word _delightful_; the one +obsolete, _full of delight_, the other the common one, _giving delight_, +or _gratifying_? + +Now by a violent figure which Shakspeare sometimes uses, _delighted may_ +mean _delightful_ in the _former_ sense; perhaps, rather, _filled with +delight_. The word then would be formed directly from the noun, and must +not be regarded as a participle at all, but rather an ellipsis, from +which the verb (which may be represented by _give_, _fill_, _endow_, +&c.) is omitted. Take, as an instance, this passage in _Measure for +Measure_:-- + + "_Clau._ Death is a fearful thing! + + "_Isa._ And _shamed_ life a hateful." + +The meaning here is not _life ashamed_, but _life covered with shame_. +In this sense MR. HALLIWELL, apparently without knowing why, has adopted +the term _delightful_; but then the two succeeding words of his +explanation, "sweet, pleasant", he would appear to have taken at random +from a dictionary, forgetting that he was not using the word in its +ordinary sense; for it is not possible that he can suppose Shakspeare to +have used the word in the sense of the active participle. Now, though I +do not think this at all the expression that Shakspeare would use, it is +undoubtedly allowable as a general characteristic; but the word actually +used would appear to imply the result of a particular action, which +would have been productive of anything but delight. In short, as we are +agreed that the word _delighted_ in the passage in question in its +present sense is unintelligible, so also are we, I think, agreed that +the substitute, if any, must be used in a passive sense. + +Now, with regard to the first instance furnished by MR. HALLIWELL of the +use of the passive for the active participle, if I were sure that the +delinquent were well out of hearing, and not likely "to rise again and +push us from our stools," I should be disposed to repeat the charge of +impertinence against the editor who altered "professed" to "professing". +The word _professed_ is one of common use, and in the present instance +perfectly intelligible. "To your bosom, _professed_ to entertain so much +love and care for our father, I commit him," seems to express the sense +of the passage: a doubt is implied by the expression, but there is a +directness of insult in the term _professing_ quite inconsistent with +the character of Cordelia. + +"Becomed love" is love suited or fitted to the occasion. The use of the +passive participle is every way more appropriate than that of the +active, though the latter is more common now. + +In the next instance, I have to observe that there is no such verb as +_to guile_. _Guile_ is a noun; and "guiled shore" is _guile-covered_, or +_charactered shore_. According to this rule, the modern word _talented_, +that is, _talent-endowed_, has been formed, it not having been +considered that licences are allowed in poetry that are unsuited to +ordinary language. + +The passage next referred to is conditional, and I regard the use of the +passive participle here, too, as correct. + +I have thus reduced MR. HALLIWELL'S list to that number which usually +forms the exception rather than the rule; and if accident, misprint, +error in copying, or other special circumstance be not held sufficient +to account for the single remaining instance, I have then only to say +that I prefer _deformed_ to _deforming_, as an epithet applied +disparagingly to Time's hand as more in accordance with Shakspeare's +practice, who was not in the habit of repeating the same idea, which, in +the latter case, would occur again in the word "defeatures" in the +following line. + +MR. HALLIWELL may, doubtless find other instances, perhaps more +felicitous than these; at present, all I can say is that he has failed +to show that the use of the passive for the active participle was common +with Shakspeare. As to other variations between the grammatical usage of +Shakspeare's day and that of our own, I call assure him that I am not +quite so ignorant of the fact as he imagines. + +SAMUEL HICKSON + +August 1. 1850. + + * * * * * + +ENGLISH COMEDIANS IN GERMANY. + +I am glad to be enabled to reply to MR. BOLTON CORNEY'S Query (Vol. i., +p. 439.) respecting a German book of plays. + +The learned illustrator of the _Curiosities of Literature_ would find +the information he desires in the _Vorrath zur Geschichte der deutschen +dramatischen Dichtkunst_ of the formerly celebrated J. Christoph +Gottsched (Leipzig, 1767-69, 2 vols. 8vo.). But as this book, now +somewhat neglected, would perhaps be difficult to be found even in the +British Museum, I will transcribe the contents of the _Schau-Buehne +englischer und franzosischer Comodianten auff welcher werden vorgestellt +die schonsten und neuesten Comodien, so vor wenig Jahren in Frankreich, +Teutschland und andern Orten ... seynd agirt und praesentirt +worden_.--_Frankfurt_, {185} 1670, 3 vols. 8vo. + +Vol. I.-- + +1. Amor der Arzt. +2. Die Comoedia ohne Comoedia. +3. Die koestliche Laecherlichkeit. +4. Der Hahnrey in der Einbildung. +5. Die Hahnreyinn nach der Einbildung. +6. Die Eyfreude mit ihr Selbst. +7. Antiochus, ein Tragicomoedia. +8. Die buhlhaffte Mutter. +9. Damons Triumph-Spiel. + +Vol. II.-- + +10. Von Sidonia und Theugene. +11. Der Verliebtell Kllnstgriffe. +12. Lustiges Pickelharings-Spiel, darum er mit +einem Stein gar artige Possen macht. +13. Von Fortunato seinem Wuenschhuetlein und +Seckel. +14. Der unbesonnene Liebhaber. +15. Die grossmuethige Thaliklea. + +Vol. III.-- + +16. Vom Koenige Ahasvero und Esther und dem +hoffartigen Hamon. +17. Vom verlohrnen Sohn, in welchem die Verzweifflung +und Hoffnung gar artig introducirt werden. +18. Von Koenigs Mantalors unrechtmaessiger Liebe +und derselben Straffe. +19. Der Geitzige. +20. Von der Aminta und Sylvia. +21. Macht den kleinen Knaben Cupidinis. +22. George Damlin, oder der verwirrte Ehmann. + +Some years before, another similar collection had been published. The +first vol. printed in 1620, and reprinted in 1624, has this title: + + "Englische Comedien und Tragedien, d. i. Sehr schoene, herrliche + und ausserlosene, geist- und weltliche Comedi- und Tragedi-Spiel + (sic), sampt dem Pickelhering, welche wegen ihrer artigen + Inventionen kurtzweiligen auch theils wahrhafftigen Geschichte + halbet, _von den Engellaendern in Deutschland_ (I beg to notice + these words) an Koeniglichen, Chur- und Furstlichen Hoefen, auch + in vornehmen Reichs- See- und Handel Staedten seynd agirt und + gehalten worden, und zuvor nie im Druck aussgangen." + +The volume contains 10 plays. The 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10, are the 16, 17, +13, 10, and 12, of the collection of 1670. The other five are the +following: + +4. Eine schoene lustige Comoedia von Jemand und Niemand. +7. Tragoedia von Julio und Hippolyto. +8. Eine sehr klaegliche Tragoedia von Tito Andromico +und hoffertigen Kayserinn, darinnen denkwuerdigen +Actiones zu befinden. +9. Ein lustig Pickelherings-Spiel von der schoenen +Mario und alten Hanrey. + +The second volume was published in 1630, under the title _Lieberkampff, +oder ander Theil der Englischen Comoedien_: it contains 8 plays. The 1st +is the 21st of the collection of 1670, with this addition: + + Die Personen der Lustspiels sind: 1. Venus, _die stumme Person_; + 2. Cupido; 3. Jucunda, _Jungfraw_; 4. Floretus, _Liebhaber_; 5. + Balendus, _Betrieger_; 6. Corcillana, _Kuplerin_; 7. Hans Worst. + +The 2d is the 20th of the same collection, "mit 9 Personen, worunter die +lustige Person Schraem heisst." + + 3. Comoedia von Prob getrewer Lieb, mit 11 Personen, worunter + auch eine allegorische, der Traum ist. + +The 4th is the 18th, "mit 9 Personen, worunter die lustige Schampilasche +_Lean Potage_ heisst." + +The four remaining are operas, without particular titles. + +Ebert (_Bibliogr. Lexicon_, N. 5064.), speaking of these collections, +says, "the plays they are composed of are not translations from the +English," but, "as it appears," German original works. + +I am at a loss to understand how that bibliographer, generally so exact, +did not recognise at least five comedies of Moliere. MR. BOLTON CORNEY +will, I wish and hope, point out the originals--English, Italian, and, I +suppose, Spanish--of some others. + +If you think proper to make use of the above, I entreat you, for the +sake of your readers, to correct my bad English, and to consider my +communication only as a token of the gratification I have found in your +amusing and useful "NOTES AND QUERIES." + +D.L. + +Ancien Membre de la Societe des Bibliophiles. + +Bethune, July 31. 1850. + +P.S.--The Query (Vol. i., p. 185.) concerning the name of the Alost, +Louvain, and Antwerp printer, _Martens_ or _Mertens_, is settled in the +note, p. 68., of _Recherches sur la Vie et les Editions de Thierry +Martens (Martinus, Martens)_, par J. De Gand, 8vo. Alost, 1845. I am +ready to send a copy of the note if it is required. + +[We have also received a reply to MR. CORNEY'S Query from MR. ASHER of +Berlin, who refers for particulars of this interesting collection to +Tieck's Preface to his _Alt-Deutsche Theater_. We propose shortly +returning to the curious fact of English comedians performing in Germany +at the close of the sixteenth and commencement of the seventeenth +centuries: a subject which has several times been discussed and +illustrated in the columns of our valuable contemporary _The Athenaeum_.] + + * * * * * + +ACHILLES AND THE TORTOISE. +(Vol. ii., p. 154.) + +This paradox, whilst one of the oldest on record (being attributed by +Aristotle to Zeus Eleates, B.C. 500), is one of the most perplexing, +upon first presentation to the mind, that can be selected {186} from the +most ample list. Its professed object was to disprove the phenomenon of +motion; but its real one, to embarrass an opponent. It has always +attracted the attention of logicians; and even to them it has often +proved embarrassing enough. The difficulty does not lie in proving that +the conclusion is absurd, but in _showing where the fallacy lies_. From +not knowing the precise kind of information required by [Greek: +Idiotaes], I am unwilling to trespass on your valuable space by any +irrelevant discussion, and confine myself to copying a very judicious +note from Dr. Whateley's _Logic_, 9th edit. p. 373. + + "This is one of the sophistical puzzles noticed by Aldrich, but + he is not happy in his attempt at a solution. He proposes to + remove the difficulty by demonstrating that in a certain given + time, Achilles _would_ overtake the tortoise; as if any one had + ever doubted _that_. The very problem proposed, is to surmount + the difficulty of a seeming demonstration of a thing palpably + impossible; to show that _it is_ palpably impossible, is no + solution of the problem. + + "I have heard the present example adduced as a proof that the + pretensions of logic are futile, since (it was said) the most + perfect logical demonstration may lead from true premises to an + absurd conclusion. The reverse is the truth; the example before + us furnishes a confirmation of the utility of an acquaintance + with the syllogistic form, _in which form the pretended + demonstration in question cannot be exhibited_. An attempt to do + so will evince the utter want of connection between the premises + and the conclusion." + +What the Archbishop says is true, and it disposes of the question as one +of "Formal Logic:" but yet the form of the sophism is so plausible, that +it imposes with equal force on the "common sense" of all those who +repose their conclusions upon the operations of that faculty. With them +a different procedure is necessary; and I suspect that if any one of the +most obstinate advocates of the sufficiency of common sense for the +"balancing of evidence" were to attempt the explanation of a hundred +fallacies that could be presented to him, he would be compelled to admit +that a more powerful and a more accurate machine would be of advantage +to him in accomplishing his task. This machine the syllogism supplies. + +The discussion of Gregory St. Vincent will be found at pages 101-3. of +his _Opus Geometricum_, Antw., 1647 fol. The principle is the same as +that which Aldrich afterwards gave, as above referred to by Dr. +Whateley. I can only speak from memory of the discussion of Leibnitz, +not having his works at hand; but I am clear in this, that his principle +again is the same. [Greek: Idiotaes] is in error, however, in calling +St. Vincent's "a geometrical treatment" of it. He indeed uses lines to +represent the spaces passed over; and their discussion occurs in a +chapter on what is universally (but very absurdly) called "geometrical +proportion." It is yet no more _geometrical_ than our school-day problem +of the basket and the hundred eggs in Francis Walkinghame. Mere names do +not bestow character, however much _philosophers as well as legislators_ +may think so. All attempts of the kind have been, and must be, purely +numerical. + +T.S.D. + +Shooter's Hill, August 3. + + +_Achilles and the Tortoise._--Your correspondent will find references +in the article "Zeno (of Elea)" in the _Penny Cyclopaedia_. For Gregory +St. Vincent's treatment of the problem, see his _Quadratara Circuli_, +Antwerp, 1647, folio, p. 101., or let it alone. I suspect that the +second is the better reference. Zeno's paradox is best stated, without +either Achilles or tortoise, as follows:--No one can go a mile; for he +must go over the first half, then over half the remaining half, then +over half the remaining quarter; and so on _for ever_. Many books of +logic, and many of algebra, give the answer to those who cannot find it. + +M. + + * * * * * + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES + +"_Barum_" and "_Sarum_" (Vol. ii., p. 21.)--The formation of the first +of these words has not yet been accounted for. I must premise my attempt +to supply an explanation by admitting that I was not aware it was in +common use as a contraction for Barnstaple. I think it will be found +that the contracted form of that name is more usually "Berdest," +"Barnst". In trying further to contract the word, the two last letters +would be omitted, and it would then be "Barn", with the circumflex +showing the omission of several letters. Having reduced it to this +state, an illiterate clerk would easily misread the circumflex for the +plain stroke "-," expressing merely the omission of the letter "m", and, +perhaps ignorant of the name intended, think it as well to write at full +length "Barum." + +J. Br. + + +_Countess of Desmond_ (Vol. ii., p. 153.)--It is stated in Turner's +_Sacred History_, vol. iii. p. 283., that the Countess of Desmond died +in 1612, aged 145. This is, I presume, the correct date of her decease, +and not 1626 as mentioned by your querist K.; for in Lord Bacon's +_History of Life and Death_, originally published in 1623, her death is +thus alluded to:-- + + "The Irish, especially the Wild Irish, even at this day, live + very long. Certainly they report that within these few years the + Countess of Desmond lived to a hundred and forty years of age, + and bred teeth three times." + +The manner of her death is recorded by Mr. Crofton Croker, in his +agreeable volume of _Researches in the South of Ireland_, 4to. London, +1824. {187} Speaking of Drumana, on the Blackwater, a little above +Youghall, as the "reputed birth-place of the long-lived Countess of +Desmond," he says,-- + + "In this part of the country, her death is attributed to a fall + whilst in the act of picking an apple from a tree in an orchard + at Drumana." + +In the _Olla Podrida_, a volume of miscellanies, printed for private +distribution, by Mr. Sainthill of Cork, there is a portrait of the "old +countess," from an etching made by Mr. Crofton Croker (if I mistake not) +in his early days. + +J.M.B. + + +_Michael Servetus, alias Reves._--The manuscript, the character and fate +of which S.H. (Vol. ii., p. 153.) is anxious to investigate, contained +books iii.-vii., inclusive, of the work of Servetus _De Trinitate_; and +as these fragments differed somewhat from the printed text, they were +probably the first, or an early, draft (not necessarily in the author's +handwriting) of part of the _Christianismi Restitutio_. The purchaser of +this MS., at the sale of Du Fay's library in Paris in the year 1725, was +the Count de Hoym, ambassador to France from Poland. I beg to refer your +correspondent to pp. 214-18. of the _Historia Michaelis Serveti_, by +Henr. ab Allwoerden, published with Mosheim's approbation, Helmstad +1728. + +Both a "Note" and a "Query" might be founded on a memorable passage in +the fifth book _De Trinitate_, in which Servetus, long before Harvey, +explains the circulation of the blood. + +R.G. + + +_Caxton's Printing-office_ (Vol. ii., pp. 99. 122. 142.).--It is a pity +MR. NICHOLS did not take the trouble to see, and, having seen, to notice +in his first communication, that Abbot Islip was mentioned in the +passage from Stow's _Survey_ cited by MR. RIMBAULT. As that gentleman +quotes from, I believe, the second edition of the _Survey_, I may be +allowed to doubt, until it is clearly shown, that "Islip's name has been +introduced by the error of some subsequent writer." But supposing this +to be so, it would in no way affect the only question which is material, +Who was Caxton's patron? nor touch the accuracy of the _Life of Caxton_, +which MR. NICHOLS seems desirous of impeaching. I am anxious to point +this out, because I feel it right to vindicate to the utmost, where they +deserve it, useful works, which, like the little volume I am writing of, +are published at a price that ensures for them a circulation of almost +unlimited extent. + +ARUN. + + +_Somagia_ (Vol. ii., p. 120.).--This is the plural of "somagium," +"summagium," and means "horse-loads." It is a word frequently found in +documents relating to agrarian matters, and may signify the load packed +upon the horse's back (whence the name "sumpter-horse"), or in a cart +drawn by a horse. MR. SANSOM will find a full explanation of the +derivatives of its root, "sagma," at p. 50., vol. vii., of Ducange. + +J.BT. + + +_Various Modes of Interment among the Ancients_ (Vol ii., pp. 8, 9. 22. +41. 78.).--In modes of interment some nations have been distinguished by +an idiosyncrasy almost incredible from their inhumanity. + + "Barcaei, populi inter Colchos et Iberos morbo absumptos igni + comburebant, sed qui in bello fortiter occubuissent, honoris + gratia vulturibus devorandos objiciebant."--.AElian. _Hist. + Anim._ lib. x. "In Hyrcania (refert Cicero in _Tusc. Quaest._ + lib. i. 45.) ali canes solitos fuisse, a quibus delaniarentur + mortui, eamque optimam Hyrcanos censuisse + sepulturam."--Kirchmannus _de Funer. Romanorum._ + +The appendix to this work may be consulted for this, and yet greater +violations of the law of nature and nations. + + "Apud saniores barbaros ab animalibus discerpi cadavera foedum + semper ac miserabile creditum fuit. Foetus abortivi feris + alitibutsque exponebantur in montibus aut locis aliis + inaccessis, quin et ipsi infantes, &c. Fuit haec Asinina + sepultura _poena_ Tyrannorum ac perduellium. (Spondan. _de + Coemet. S._ pp. 367. 387. et seqq.) Quam et victorum insolentia + odiumque vulgi implacabile in hostes non raro + exercuit."--Ursinus _Arbor. Biblicum._ + +Hyde accounts for the Persians who embraced the religion of the Magi not +having adopted the two contrivances of corporal dissolution prevalent +among civilised nations--cremation or burning, and simple inhumation--by +the superstitious reverence with which they regarded the four elements. +Sir T. Browne remarks that similar superstitions may have had the same +effect among other nations. + +Of the post-mortem _punishments_ described by Ducange, the former was +the customary sepulture of the Trogloditae; the latter corresponds with +the rite of some of the Scythians recorded by Statius: + + "At gente in Scythica suffixa cadavera truncis, + Lenta dies sepelit putri liquentia tabo." + +I shall be obliged if you or a correspondent disposed "not only to teach +but to communicate," will kindly throw light on a passage, relating to +the Troloditae, in Strabo, book xvi., where he relates, "Caprae cornu +mortuis saxorum cumulo coopertis fuisse superimpositum." + +T.J. + + +_Guy's Porridge-pot_ (Vol. ii., p. 55.).--Your correspondent is quite +correct, when he says "neither the armour nor pot belonged to the noble +Guy." He would have been a _guy_ if he _had_ worn the armour, seeing +that it was made for a horse, and not for a man. + +What the stout old lady who showed us the "relics of old Guy" in 1847 +called "Guy's breastplate," and sometimes his helmet! is the "croupe" of +a suit of horse armour, and "another breastplate" a "poitrel." His +porridge-pot is a garrison {188} crock of the sixteenth century, used to +prepare "sunkits" for the retainers; and the fork a military fork temp. +Hen. VIII. + +The so called "Roman swords" are "anelaces," and a couteau de chasse of +the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. + +The "British weapon" is a hammer at arms temp. Hen. VIII., and "the +halbert" a black bill temp. Hen. VII. The only weapons correctly +described are the Spanish rapiers. + +The shield with the "sight" is very curious; it weighs thirty pounds, +and is of the temp. of Henry VIII. + +It is impossible to describe the horror of the old lady at our doubting +her version; she seemed to wonder the earth did not open and swallow us +for our heresy. + +NASO. + + + "_Welcome the coming, speed the parting Guest_" + (Vol. ii., p. 134.).-- + + "Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest," + +is from Pope (_Imitations of Horace_, book ii. sat. ii.). + +Pope's distich, whence the line is taken, runs,-- + + "For I, who hold sage Homer's rule the best, + Welcome the coming, speed the _going_ guest." + +Query. Where is "sage Homer's rule" to be found? + +RUSTICUS. + +[The following additional reply furnishes a solution of the Query of +RUSTICUS:-- + + "True friendship's laws are by this rule express'd, + Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest." + +These lines are from Pope's _Homer_, the Odyssey, Book xv., lines 83 and +84. + +E.H.] + + +"_A Chrysostom to smoothe his Band in_" (Vol. ii., p. 126.).--This Query +by Rev. ALFRED GATTY is answered by referring him to the _Happy Life of +a Country Parson_, by Swift, beginning with-- + + "Parson, these things in thy possessing, + Are worthy of a bishop's blessing." + +And enumerating amongst them + + "A large Concordance bound long since, + Sermons to Charles the First when prince, + A chronicle of ancient standing, + A chrysostom to smoothe thy band in; + The polyglott--three parts--my text, + Howbeit--likewise--to my next." + +T.H.Q. + +[C.I.R. (to whom we are indebted for a similar reference) adds the +concluding line-- + + "And shake his head at Doctor Swift." + +which would show that the verses were written not earlier than 1701, as +Swift, the author, took his D.D. degree in that year.] + + +_William of Wykeham_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).-- + + "Historica descriptio compleetens vitam ac res gestas beatissimi + viri Guilmi Wicanii quondam Vintoniensis episcopi et Angliae + Cancellarii et fundatoris duorum collegiorum Oxoniae et + Vintoniae." + +is the title of a biography of William of Wykeham attributed to Thomas +Martin, published in 4to. Oxford, 1597. + +There is also a little work which may come under the head of +biographies, viz.: + + "Uvedale (Robert) Examination of Lowth's objections to the + account given by Leland of the parentage of William of Wykeham," + 8vo. 1801. + +_Vide_ Oettinger's _Bibliographie Biographique_. + +S.W. + + +_Dutch Language_ (Vol. ii., p. 77.).--H.B.C. recommends, among other +works, Hendrik Conscience's novels. These are in Flemish, not Dutch. The +difference may not be great between the two; but one would hardly +recommend to a learner of English, Burns's _Poems_ as a reading-book. In +1829 Dr. Bowring wrote an article, being a sketch of Dutch literature, +in the _Foreign Quarterly Review_; which article was reprinted in +Amsterdam in the form of an 18mo. volume, and which I believe is still +to be got, and is a very useful guide to Dutch literature. + +S.W. + + +"_A frog he would_" &c. (Vol. ii., p. 45. and elsewhere).--I remember, +when a boy, to have heard an old aunt repeatedly sing this song; but the +chorus was very strange. + + "A frog he would a-wooing ride, + With a rigdum bullydimy kymy; + With sword and buckler by his side, + With a rigdum bullydimy kymy. + Kymyary kelta cary kymyary kymy, + Strimstram paradiddle larrabona ringting, + Rigdum bullydimy kymy." + +A. + + +_City Sanitary Laws_ (Vol. ii., p. 99.).--The act of Parliament +prohibiting the slaughter of cattle within the city, referred to in the +passage from _Arnold's Chronicle_, extracted by your correspondent +T.S.D. is the 4 Hen. VII. c. 3., which enacts that-- + + "No butcher shall kill any flesh within his scalding-house, or + within the walls of London, in pain to forfeit for every ox so + killed 12d. and for every other beast 8d., to be divided between + the king and the prosecutor."--Bohun's _Privilegia Londini_ + 1723, p. 480. + +Brydall, in his _Camera Regis_ (Lond. 1666, p. 114.), quotes the statute +of 11 Hen. VII. c. 21, as the authority for the "singularity" attaching +to the city, that "butchers shall kill no beasts in London." I believe, +however, Bohun's reference will be found to be the correct one. The +statute in question has, I think, never been repealed; but in the +absence of abbatoirs, or other proper provision for the slaughtering of +cattle without the walls of the city, it seems doubtful whether the +{189} pains and penalties to which the "contrary doers" were liable, +were at any time strictly enforced. + +JAMES T. HAMMACK. + + +_Sanitary Laws of other Days_ (Vol. ii., p. 99.).--The statute referred +to by T.S.D. in his article, by which "it is ordeigned y't no such +slaughter of best shuld be used or had within this cite," was no doubt 4 +& 5 Henry VII. c. 3., intituled "An Act that no Butcher slea any Manner +of Beast within the walls of London." The penalty is only twelvepence +for an ox or a cow, and eightpence for any smaller animal. The act +itself seems unrepealed, but the penalties are too small at the present +day to abate the nuisance. + +C.R. SOC. + + +_Michael Scott, the Wizard_ (Vol. ii., p. 120.).--I have now lying +before me a small duodecimo, Lugdini, 1584, entitled-- + + "Alberti Magni de Secretis Mulierum libellus, scholiis auctus et + a mendis repurgatus," + +to which is appended a work of the wizard's "ob materiae similitudinem," + + "Michaelis Scoti philosophi De Secretis Naturae Opusculum." + +E.S.T. + + +_Clerical Costume_ (Vol. ii., p. 22.).--Possibly the answer to this +Query may be found in the passage from Bacon's _History of Life and +Death_, in the third part of the _Instauratio Magna_, which I copy below +from Craik's _Bacon and his Writings_, vol. iii. p. 45.:-- + + "Some report that they have found great benefit in the + conservation of their health by wearing scarlet waistcoats next + their skin and under their shirts, as well down to their nether + parts as on the upper." + +From the quantity of serge bought, as well as from the nature of the +material, I think it likely it might be required for the purpose here +noticed by Bacon, and not for an outer waistcoat. + +ARUN. + + +_The Curfew_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--As NABOC can, I imagine, only get a +perfect list of the places where the curfew is still rung by the +contributions of scattered correspondents, I will furnish my mite by +informing him that a very short time ago it was rung at Sturminster +Newton in Dorsetshire. + +J. BT. + + +_Welsh Language; Armenian Language_ (Vol. ii., p. 136.).--JARLTZBERG +will find no Welsh dictionary with the part reversed. I possess a +dictionary in Welsh and English, in two volumes, by Pugh, published in +1832, which is one of the best. The one in two volumes by Walters is in +English and Welsh, and is also one of the best. The four volumes would +make a good dictionary. The best grammar is, I think, Pugh's. See the +Welsh bookseller in Holywell Street: I believe his name is Williams. + +Father Chamick compiled the _History of Armenia_ from the historical +works of several authors, which was published at Venice in 1786; and in +1811 an abridgment thereof, which was translated by Mr. Acdall, of +Calcutta, in 1827. See Messrs. Allen and Co.'s _Catalogue of Oriental +Works_, at whose house these, and translations of other works +(particularly the _History of Vartan_ and the _Memoirs of Artemi_), may +be procured. I think JARLTZBERG will find a dictionary in Armenian and +French. I saw a notice of one a short time since. (See Bernard +Quaritch.) In 1841, Peterman published at Berlin, _Porta Ling. Orient., +sive Elementa Ling. Syr., Chald., Arab._, &c. &c., which I think +contains an Armenian grammar. See Williams and Norgate; also a list of +Klaproth's works. + +AREDJID KOOEZ. + + +_Armenian Language_ (Vol. ii., p. 136.).--In reply to JARLTZBERG, I can +answer that Lord Byron did not compose the English part of Aucher's +_Armenian and English Grammar_. A very learned friend of mine was at St. +Lazero, in Venice, and knew both Aucher and Lord Byron. Lord Byron was +taking lessons in Armenian, and a few of his exercises were introduced +into Aucher's _Grammar_, which was written for Armenians to learn +English, with which language Aucher was quite familiar, having resided +four years in London. But a new _Armenian and English Grammar_ has +recently been published. There is one, very rare, in Armenian and Latin, +and another in Armenian, modern Greek, and Italian. I have just seen +John Bunyan's _Pilgrim's Progress_ in _vulgar_ Armenian, with plates, +published at Smyrna; and the _Prayers of St. Nierses_, in twenty-four +languages, Venice, 1837, of which Armenian is one. Several works in +Armenian have been published at Calcutta. + +HENRY WILKINSON. + +Brompton. + + +_North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated_ (Vol. ii., p. 55.).--The +strong preference given to the south side of the churchyard is traceable +to two principal causes; first and chiefly, because the churchyard cross +was always placed here; secondly, because this is the sunny side of the +churchyard. The cross, the emblem of all the Christian's hopes, the +bright sun shining on the holy ground, figurative of the sun of +righteousness, could not fail to bring to mind the comforting assurance +that they who slept around would one day rise again. And as the greater +part of the congregation entered the church by the south and principal +door, another cause of the preference was the hope that the sight of the +resting places of those of their friends and neighbours who had died in +the communion of the church, might remind the survivors each time they +repaired to the house of prayer to remember them in their supplications. +{190} There is not, however, I believe, the slightest reason for +considering that the north side of the churchyard was left +unconsecrated, nor do I think it possible that such could ever be the +case, inasmuch as all consecrated ground was required to be fenced off +from that which was unhallowed. But the north side has always been +considered inferior to the south. For example;--excommunicated persons +were at one time buried outside the precincts of the churchyard, which, +of course, would not have been necessary if any part had been left +unconsecrated, nor are instances of this practice wanting since the +Reformation.[1] And when discipline began to be relaxed, and murderers +were interred even within the church itself, it was still on the north +side.[2] It is very usual in small country parishes to find the north +side of the churchyard without a single grave, nor is it generally +resorted to until the south side is fully occupied. It would be +difficult to mention another instance of a prejudice so universal, +existing so long after the causes of it have mainly passed away. + +I cannot conclude without expressing the extreme interest which, though +he seems not to be aware of it, attaches to the statement of your +correspondent, to the effect that he had on two occasions, namely, on +the Revel Sunday, and on another festival, observed the game of football +in a churchyard in the West of England. It is, indeed, interesting to +find that relics of a custom which, however repugnant to our notions, +was sanctioned by the highest authority in the best days of our church, +still linger in some of our rural districts; thus amply bearing out the +mention made by Bishop Peirs more than two centuries ago, of the +attachment of the people of the west to, and "how very much they desired +the continuance of," these ancient celebrations. For the letter of the +prelate, which was addressed to Archbishop Laud, and for many valuable +details with respect to dedication festivals, and the observance of +Sundays in former times, I would refer those who take an interest in the +matter to the _Hierurgia Anglicanae_. + +ARUN. + +[Footnote 1: See Parish Register of Hart, Durham, December 17th, 1596; +of St. Nicholas, Newcastle, December 31st 1664.] + +[Footnote 2: Parish Register of St. Nicholas, Newcastle August 1st, +1616, and August 13th, 1620.] + + +"_Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt_."--Your correspondent B.H.C, who, at +Vol. ii, p. 158., inquires after the author and answer to this charade, +might leave easily ascertained that the author was the late Mackworth +Praed, and that the answer is "Good-night." I believe your correspondent +has been guilty of some verbal inaccuracies, which makes the answer +appear not so pertinent to his version as it really is; but I have not +the original at hand. Some few years ago, the charade appeared in a +Cambridge paper, with a story about Sir Walter Scott having sent it +anonymously to Queen Adelaide. This was contradicted, and the real +author named in a subsequent number of the newspaper, and a metrical +solution given, amongst others, of the charade, with which, though I +believe I could recollect it, I will not trouble the Editor of "NOTES +AND QUERIES." I think the charade first appeared in a cheap periodical, +which was set on foot by the parties concerned in _Knight's Quarterly_. + +J.H.L. + + +"_Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt_" (Vol. ii., p. 158).--This enigma was +written by the late Winthrop Mackworth Praed, and appeared in _Knight's +Quarterly Magazine_, vol. ii. p. 469.: whether solved or soluble, I +cannot say. + +May I here express my concurrence in an opinion expressed in a very +recent number of the _Examiner_, that a collected edition of Mr. Praed's +poems is wanted? + +C.H. COOPER. + +Cambridge, August 5. 1850. + + +_Unicorn_ (Vol. ii., p. 136.).--King James I. abandoned the red dragon +of Henry VII. as one of the supporters of the royal arms of England, and +substituted the unicorn, one of the supporters of the royal arms of +Scotland. + +S.S.S. + + +_Abbey of St. Wandrille, Normandy_ (Vol. i., pp. 338. 382. 486.).--As +the Vicar of Ecclesfield appears interested in the history of this +abbey, in the immediate neighbourhood of which I am at present living, I +forward the following list of works which have relation to the subject, +including the _Chronicle_, extracts from which have already been given +by GASTROS:-- + + "Briefve Chronique de l'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, publiee par la + premiere fois, d'apres le Cartulaire de St. Wandrille, de + Marcoussis M.S. du XVI. siecle, de la Bibliotheque de Rouen par + M.A. Potter."--_Revue Retrospective Normande_, Rouen, 1842. + + "Le Trisergon de l'Abbaye de Fontenelle (or St. Wandrille), en + Normandie, par Dom Alexis Breard. M.S. du XVII. + siecle."--_Bibliotheque de Rouen_, M.S.S.Y. 110. + + "Appendix ad Chronicon Fontanellense in Spicileg." Acherii, t. + ii. p. 285. + + "Gallia Christiana," vol. ii., in fo., page 155., (containing + the Ecclesiastical History of Normandy). + + "Acta sanctor ord. St. Bened," tom. v.--_Miracula Wandregisili_. + + "Essais sur l'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, par Langlois," in 8vo. + Rouen, 1827. + +Several books formerly belonging to this monastery, are now in the +public library at Havre. + +W.J. + +Havre. + + +_Russian Language_ (Vol. ii., p. l52.).--A James Heard wrote a grammar +of this language, and published {191} it at St. Petersburgh, in 1827. +Mr. Heard also published a volume of _Themes_, or _Exercises_, to his +grammar, in the same year. I am not acquainted with any other Russian +grammar written in English. + +Hamoniere published his _Grammaire Russe_ at Paris in 1817; and +Gr_e_tsch (not Gr_o_tsch) published (in Russian) his excellent grammar +at St. Petersburgh about thirty years ago. A French translation appeared +at the same place in 1828, in 2 vols. 8vo., by Reiff. + +In the _Revue Encyclopedique_ for 1829, p. 702., some curious details +will be found respecting, the various Russian grammars then in +existence. _J_appe's _Russian Grammar_ is possibly a misprint for +_T_appe, whose grammar, written in German, is a good one. Besides these, +the titles of some twenty other Russian grammars, in Russian, French, or +German, could be mentioned. + +The anthologies published by Dr. Bowring, besides his Russian, Dutch, +and Spanish, are the Magyar, Bohemian, Servian, and Polish. + +Writing from Oxford, where the first Russian grammar ever published was +printed, as your correspondent JARLTZBERG correctly states, perhaps it +may interest him, or his friend, who, he says, is about to go to Russia, +to be informed (should he not already be aware of the fact) that a +"Course of Lectures on Russian Literature" was delivered in this +university, by Professor Trithen, at Sir Robert Tayler's Institution, in +the winter of 1849. + +J.M. + +Oxford, Aug. 6. 1850. + + * * * * * + +MISCELLANEOUS. + +A very interesting contribution to our early national literature, as +well as to legendary history, has lately been published by Dr. Nicolaus +Delius of Bonn. He has edited in a small octavo volume, published at a +very moderate price, _Maistre Wace's St. Nicholas_, an old French poem, +by the poetical Canon of Bayeux, whose _Roman de Rou et des Ducs de +Normandie_, edited by Pluquet, and _Roman de Brut_, edited by Le Roux de +Lincy, are, doubtless, familiar to many of our readers. The present +valuable edition to the published works of Maistre Wace, is edited from +two Oxford MSS., viz., No. 270. of the Douce Collection, and No. 86. of +the Digby Collection in the Bodleian: and to add to the interest of the +present work, especially in the eyes of English readers, Dr. Delius has +appended to it the old English metrical life of _Saint Nicolas the +Bischop_, from the curious series of Lives and Legends which Mr. Black +has recently shown to have been composed by Robert of Gloucester. + +We have received the following Catalogue:--John Russell Smith's (4. Old +Compton Street, Soho) Part IV. for 1850. of a Catalogue of Choice, +Useful, and Curious Books in most Departments of Literature. + + * * * * * + +Notices to Correspondents. + +VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious +Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, and may be had, by +order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen_. + +_The Monthly Part for July, being the second of Vol. II. is also now +ready, price 1s._ + +NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured by the Trade at noon on Friday; so +that our country Subscribers ought to experience no difficulty in +receiving it regularly. Many of the country Booksellers are, probably, +not yet aware of this arrangement, which enables them to receive Copies +in their Saturday parcels_. + +JANUS DOUSA. _The Notes on Folk Lore have been received and will be used +very shortly. The Queries just received shall be duly inserted_. + +_Errata_.--In No. 41., p. 166., col. 1., line 8 from bottom, for +"_Cordius_" read "_Cardin_"; p. 171., l. 29., for "haver_s_" read +"haver"; and p. 172., l. 24., for "Murton" read "Mu_i_rton." + + * * * * * + +GREATLY REDUCED IN PRICE. + +PATRES ECCLESIASTICI ANGLICANI. + +THIS SERIES OF THE ENGLISH FATHERS OF THE CHURCH,--commencing with +ALDHELM, the first Bishop of Sherborne, which see he held from A.D. 705 +to 709, and including VENERABLE BEDE, the father of English History, who +died in 735; BONIFACE, the English Apostle to the Germans, whose +martyrdom took place in 754; LANFRANC, to whose influence over the +Conqueror the English owed what liberty William still allowed them to +enjoy; PETER OF BLOIS, the gossiping but querulous archdeacon of Bath; +THOMAS A BECKET, the greatest churchman of any time, and the fearless +upholder of the rights of the Church against the usurpations of the +Crown and his contemporaries; honest plain-spoken JOHN OF SALISBURY; and +the specious ERNULPH, Bishop of Lisieux, whose works throw considerable +light upon the court intrigues of the reign of Henry II.,--is edited by +the Rev. Dr. GILES, formerly Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. + +The entire Series consists of Thirty-five volumes, 8vo.; the price of +which has been reduced from 18l. 19s. 6d. to 9l., _if taken in complete +sets_, of which only _a very small number_ remain unsold; or separately +as follows:-- + +ALDHELMI Opera, 1 vol. 8vo. 6s. (published at 10s. 6d.) +BEDAE VENERABILIS Opera, 12 vols. 8vo. 3l. 3s. (pub. at 6l. 6s.) +BONIFACII Opera, 2 vols. 8vo. 12s. (published at 1l. 1s.) +PETRI BLESENSIS Opera, 4 vols. 8vo. 1l. 4s. (pub. at 2l. 8s.) +THOMAE CANTUARIENSIS, HERBERT DE BOREHAMI +Opera, &c., 8 vols. 2l. 16s. (published at 4l. 16s.) +LANFRANCI Opera, 2 vols. 12s. (published at 1l. 1s.) +ARNULFI Opera, 1 vol. 6s. (published at 10s. 6d.) +JOHANNIS SARESBERIENSIS Opera, 5 vols. 8vo. 1l. 10s. +(published at 2l. 12s. 6d.) + +On sale by D. NUTT, 270. Strand; and H. WASHBOURNE, 18. New Bridge +Street, Blackfriars. + + * * * * * + +NEW WORK ON THE GREEK DRAMA. + +In 12mo., price 4s. (with a Plan of a Greek Theatre.) + +THE ATHENIAN STAGE, a Handbook for +Students. From the German of WETZSCHEL, by the Rev. +R.B. PAUL, M.A.; and edited by the Rev. T.K. ARNOLD, M.A., +Rector of Lyndon, and late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. + +RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place: + +Of whom may be had, by the same Editors, + +l. HANDBOOK of GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES. 3s. 6d. +2. HANDBOOK of ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 3s. 6d. +3. HANDBOOK of GREEK SYNONYMES. 6s. 6d. + + * * * * * {192} + +VALUABLE ANTIQUARIAN, HERALDIC, AND FOREIGN WORKS, DICTIONARIES, +GRAMMARS, ETC. + +SOLD BY BERNARD QUARITCH, 16. CASTLE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE. + + * * * * * + +Adelung's Woerterbuch der Hoch-Deutschen Mundart, mit bestaendiger +Vergleichung der uebrigen Mundarten, besonders acer der Oberdeutschen, +best edition, by Schoenberger, 4 vols. 4to., calf, gilt, marbled edges, +2l. 2s. Wien, 1811. + + +Aldrete, del Origen de la Lengua Castellana o Romance (an Old-Spanish +Dictionary), folio, vellum, 15s. Madrid, 1674. + + +Anderson's Royal Genealogies, or the Genealogical Tables of Emperors, +Kings, and Princes, from Adam to these times, folio, hf. bd. scarce, +26s. 1732. + + +Annals of Ireland, by the Four Masters, translated from the Original +Irish by Owen Connellan, Esq., with Additions by Mac Dermott, 4to., +morocco super-extra, gilt edges. 30s. Dublin, 1846. + + +Bergomensis (J.P. Foresti) Supplementum Chronicarum, ab exordio mundi ad +annum 1502, folio, numerous woodcuts, monastic binding, 12s. 6d. Ven. +1503. + + +Baluze, Histoire Genealogique de la Maison d'Auvergne, 2 vols. folio, +numerous plates of Coats of Arms and Monumental Effigies, calf gilt, +20s. Paris, 1708. + + +----, another copy, 2 vols. folio, numerous fine Coats of Arms, the +corners of one volume damaged, calf, 10s. 6d. Paris, 1708. + + +Brunsvicensium Rerum Scriptores cura G.G. Leibnitii, 3 vols. folio, +calf, fine copy, 2l. 16s. Hanoverae, 1707. + +An Indispensable work to the student of the Ancient History and +Literature of Germany. + + +Caedmon's Metrical Paraphrase of parts of Holy Scripture in Anglo-Saxon, +with Translation by Thorpe, imp. 8vo. bds., 12s. 6d. 1832. + + +Campe's Woerterbuch der Deutschen Sprache, 6 vols. imp. 4to., hf. bd. +russia extra, uncut, top edges gilt. fine copy, 3l. 3s. Braunschweig, +1807-13. + + +Caraffa Family. Aldirnari, Historia Genealogica della Famiglia Carafa, 3 +vols. folio, numerous very fine portraits and Coats of Arms, fine copy +in vellum,, scarce, 28s. Napoli, 1691. + + +Carpentier, Alphabetium Tironianum, seu notes Tironis explicandi +methods, folio, with numerous Short-hand Alphabets, Diplomas, Charters, +&c. of Louis the Pious, hf. bd. calf, 9s. Paris, 1747 + + +Codex Traditionum Corbejensium Diplomatarium Sarachonis Abbatis +Registrum, cum notis Falcke, thick folio, fac-similes of Old Deeds, &c., +vellum, 18s. Lips. 1752. + + +Corneille, OEuvres de, avec les commentaires de Voltaire, 12 vols. 8vo. +best edition, newly hf. bd. calf, 36s. Paris 1817. + + +Diccionario de la Lingua Castellana por la Real Academia Espanola, +tecera edicion, folio, calf neat, 12s. Madrid, 1791. + + +Edwards, Recherches sur les Langues Celtiques, 8vo. sd. 6s. Paris, +Imprimerie Royale, 1844. + +A very valuable and learned Celtic Polyglott Grammar, giving a +Comparative View off the Breton, Gaelic, Welsh, Irish, Cornish, and +Basque Languages. + + +Enderbie's Cambria Triumphans, or Britain in its perfect Lustre showing +the Origin and Antiquity of that Illustrious Nation; the Succession of +their Kings and Princes, from the first to King Charles, 2 vols in 1, +folio, Large Paper, numerous Coats of Arms, bds. leather back, uncut, +18s. London, 1661 (Bagster, 1810). + + +Faereyinga-Saga eller Faeroboernes Historie, in Icelandic, Danish, and +the Faroer Dialect, by Rafn, imp. 8vo. Large Paper, bds. 7s. 6d. Klob. +1832 + + +Heineken, Idee generale d'une Collection complette d'Estampes et +Dissertation sur l'origine de la Gravure, plates, calf, 18s. 1771. + + +Johnson's Dictionary, Todd's last and best edition, 3 vols. 4to. calf +gilt, 5l. 1827. + + +Junil Etymologicum Anglicanum, edidit Lye, folio, portrait by Vertue, +calf, 18s. Oxf 1743. + +A most important work for the study of English Etymologies. + + +Jurisprudentia Heroica, sive de Jure Belgarum circa Nobilitatem et +Insignia, folio, several hundred Coats of Arms, all beautifully +emblazoned in gold, silver, and colours, calf. A beautiful book, rare, +32s. Bruxelles, 1668. + + +Karamsin, Histoire de l'Empire de Russie, 11 vols 8vo. (pub. at 2l. +15s.) sd. 16s. Paris, 1819-26. + +This French translation has been made under the patronage of the author, +who has added many notes and references. Karamsin is the greatest of all +the Russian writers. + + +Koch, Histoire abregee des Traites de Paix entre les Puissances de +l'Europe, depuis la Paix de Westphalie jusqu'a 1815, 15 vols. 8vo., +stained, sewed, 32s. Paris, 1817-18. + +A most important collection, originally published at 6l. 16s. 6d. and +seldom met under price. + + +Lapponic Bible. Tat Ailes Tialog, Abme ja Addae Testamenta, 3 vols. 4to. +bds. 24s. Hernoesandesne, 1811. + + +Legonidec, Dictionnaire Celto-Breton ou Breton-Francais, 8vo. sd. 7s. +6d. Algouleme, 1821. + + +Lhuyd's Archaeologia Britannica, giving an Account of the Languages of +the original Inhabitants of Britain, folio, hf. bd. calf, neat, scarce, +32s. Oxford, 1707. + +Contains Armoric, Irish, Scottish, Welsh Grammars and Dictionaries. + + +Lope de Vega, Obras Sueltas, en Prosa y en Verso, 21 vols. small 4to. +vellum, 3l. 10s. Madrid, 1776. + + +----, another copy, Large Paper, sd., uncut, 3l. 3s. + + +Mabillon de Re Diplomatica, cum Supplemento, 2 vols. royal folio, Large +Paper, numerous plates, fine copy in Dutch calf, 38s. Lut. Par. 170. +1704. + + +Magnusen (Finn) Runamo og Runerne, 4to. (742 pp.), 14 plates of Runic +Antiquities, bds. 18s. Kyobenhavn, 1841. + + +Maurice, le Blason des Armoiries de tous les Chevaliers de l'Ordre de la +Toison d'Or, depuis la premiere Institution, folio, 450 plates, +containing upwards of 2000 finely engraved Coats of Arms, calf, a +beautiful book, 30s. La Haye, 1665. + + +O'Brien, Irish-English Dictionary, 4to. hf. bd., very scarce, 25s. +Paris, 1768. + + +Pompeii illustrated with Picturesque Views from the Drawings by Col. +Cockburn, with Plan and Details by Donaldson, 2 vols. in 1, imp. folio, +90 fine plates, some coloured, half morocco, 2l. 12s. 6d. 1827. + + +Rhaesi (D.) Cymbro-Brytannicae Cymraecaeve Linguae Institutiones, small +folio, inlaid title, calf, gilt edges, very scarce, 36s. 1592. + + +Selden's Titles of Honour, folio, best edition, portraits and plates +calf, 16. 1672. + + +----, another edition, folio, with Roger Twysden's autograph, calf, 10s. +1631. + + +Sismondi, Histoire des Republiques Italiennes, 16 vols. 8vo. best +edition, a little stained, sd. 36s. Paris, 1818. + + +----, another edition, 8 vols. royal 8vo. sd. 36s. Brux. 1839. + + +Snorro Sturleson, Heimskringla, seu Historia Regum Norvegicorum, editio +nova opera Schoening, et Thorlacii, Islandice Danice, et Latine, 3 vols. +in 1, folio, fine paper, sumptuously whole bound calf extra, leather +joints, silk linings, gilt edges, 3l. 10s. Hauniae, 1777-83. + +These three volumes of this edition comprise the whole of the +Heimskringla, as originally published in 1697 by Perinskiold, but with a +Danish version in place of the Swedish, and considerable improvements +both as regards text and notes. + + +Transactions of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries. + +Nordisk Tidskrift for Oldkyndighed, 3 vols. 8vo., numerous fine plates +of Antiquities, hf. bd. calf, 12s. Kiob. 1832-36. + +Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed (Annals for Northern Antiquities, +edited by the Royal Society of Antiquaries), 1836-47, 8 vols. 8vo. +numerous fine plates, 2 vols hf. bd. the rest sewed, 2l. 5s. + +Antiquarisk Tidskrift, 1843-48, 3 vols. 8vo. plates, sewed, 9s. Copenh. +1845-48. + +These three collections form one set, sold together for 3l. + + +Wachteri Glossarium Germanicum, continens Origins et Antiquitates totius +Linguae Germanicae, 2 vols. in 1, folio, fine copy, old calf gilt, 25s. +Lips. 1737. + + * * * * * + +_Catalogues of_ BERNARD QUARITCH'S _German_, _French_, _Italian_, +_Spanish_, _Northern_, _Celtic_, _Oriental_, _Antiquarian_, and +_Scientific Books_ gratis. + + * * * * * + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City Of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL, Of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, August 17, 1850. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 42, Saturday, +August 17, 1850, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 42, *** + +***** This file should be named 13411.txt or 13411.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/4/1/13411/ + +Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals, + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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