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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 38, Saturday, July 20,
+1850, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes & Queries, No. 38, Saturday, July 20, 1850
+       A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc.
+
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September 3, 2004 [EBook #13362]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 38, ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No. 38.] SATURDAY, JULY 20, 1850 [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *{113}
+
+CONTENTS
+
+NOTES:--
+  Meaning of Delighted as used by Shakspeare, by S. Hickson
+  Authors of "The Rolliad," by Lord Braybrooke
+  Notes on Milton
+  Derivation of Easter, by J. Sansom
+  Folk Lore--Passages of Death, by Dr. Guest--Divination
+    at Marriages
+  Francis Lenton the Poet, by Dr. Rimbault
+  Minor Notes:--Lilburn or Prynne--Peep of Day--Martinet--
+    Guy's Porridge Pot
+QUERIES:--
+  Nicholas Ferrar of Little Gidding, by John Miland
+  Stukeley's "Stonehenge," by Henry Cunliffe
+  Athelstane's Form of Donation--Meaning of "Somagia,"
+    by J. Sansom
+  Minor Queries:--Charade--"Smoke Money"--"Rapido
+    contrarius orbi"--Lord Richard Christophilus--
+    Fiz gigs--Specimens of Erica in Bloom--Michael
+    Scott the Wizard--Stone Chalices
+REPLIES:--
+  Ulrich von Hutten and the "Epistolae Obscurorum
+    Virorum," by S.W. Singer
+  Caxton's Printing-office, by J.G. Nichols
+  The New Temple
+  Strangers in the House of Commons
+  Replies to Minor Queries:--Morganatic Marriage--
+    Umbrellas--Bands--Scarf--Jewish Music--North
+    Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated--"Men are but
+    Children" &c.--Ventriloquism--Cromwell's Estates
+    --Magor--Vincent Gookin--All-to brake
+MISCELLANEOUS:--
+  Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, Sales, &c.
+  Books and Odd Volumes Wanted
+  Notices to Correspondents
+  Advertisements
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+WHAT IS THE MEANING OF "DELIGHTED," AS SOMETIMES USED BY SHAKSPEARE.
+
+I wish to call attention to the peculiar use of a word, or rather to a
+peculiar word, in Shakspeare, which I do not recollect to have met with
+in any other writer. I say a "peculiar word," because, although the verb
+_To delight_ is well known, and of general use, the word, the same in
+form, to which I refer, is not only of different meaning, but, as I
+conceive, of distinct derivation the non-recognition of which has led to
+a misconception of the meaning of one of the finest passages in
+Shakspeare. The first passage in which it occurs, that I shall quote, is
+the well known one from _Measure for Measure_:
+
+  "Ay, but to die, and go we know not where;
+  To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot,
+  This sensible warm motion to become
+  A kneaded clod; and the _delighted_ spirit
+  To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside
+  In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice;
+  To be imprison'd in the viewless winds
+  And blown with restless violence round about
+  The pendant world." Act iii. Sc. 1.
+
+Now, if we examine the construction of this passage, we shall find that
+it appears to have been the object of the writer to separate, and place
+in juxtaposition with each other, the conditions of the body and the
+spirit, each being imagined under circumstances to excite repulsion or
+terror in a sentient being. The mind sees the former lying in "cold
+obstruction," rotting, changed from a "sensible warm motion" to a
+"kneaded clod," every circumstance leaving the impression of dull, dead
+weight, deprived of force and motion. The spirit, on the other hand, is
+imagined under circumstances that give the most vivid picture
+conceivable of utter powerlessness:
+
+    "Imprison'd in the viewless winds,
+  And blown with restless violence round about
+  The pendant world."
+
+To call the spirit here "delighted," in our sense of the term, would be
+absurd; and no explanation of the passage in this sense, however
+ingenious, is intelligible. That it is intended to represent the spirit
+simply as _lightened_, made light, relieved from the weight of matter, I
+am convinced, and this is my view of the meaning of the word in the
+present instance.
+
+_Delight_ is naturally formed by the participle _de_ and _light_, to
+make light, in the same way as "debase," to make base, "defile," to make
+foul. The analogy is not quite so perfect in such words as "define,"
+"defile" (file), "deliver," "depart," &c.; yet they all may be
+considered of the same class. The last of these is used with us only in
+the sense of _to go away_; in Shakspeare's time (and Shakspeare so uses
+it) it meant also _to part_, or _part with_. A correspondent of Mr.
+Knight's suggests {114} for the word _delight_ in this passage, also, a
+new derivation; using _de_ as a negation, and _light (lux), delighted_,
+removed from the regions of light. This is impossible; if we look at the
+context we shall see that it not only contemplated no such thing, but
+that it is distinctly opposed to it.
+
+I am less inclined to entertain any doubt of the view I have taken being
+correct, from the confirmation it receives in another passage of
+Shakspeare, which runs as follows:
+
+  "If virtue no _delighted_ beauty lack,
+  Your son-in-law shows far more fair than black."
+
+_Othello_, Act i. Sc. 3.
+
+Passing by the cool impertinence of one editor, who asserts that
+Shakspeare frequently used the past for the present participle, and the
+almost equally cool correction of another, who places the explanatory
+note "*delightful" at the bottom of the page, I will merely remark that
+the two latest editors of Shakspeare, having apparently nothing to say
+on the subject, have very wisely said nothing. Yet, as we understand the
+term "delighted," the passage surely needs explanation. We cannot
+suppose that Shakspeare used epithets so weakening as "delighting" or
+"delightful." The meaning of the passage would appear to be this: If
+virtue be not wanting in beauty--such beauty as can belong to virtue,
+not physical, but of a higher kind, and freed from all material
+elements--then your son-in-law, black though he is, shows far more fair
+than black, possessing, in fact, this _abstract_ kind of beauty to that
+degree that his colour is forgotten. In short, "delighted" here seems to
+mean, _lightened_ of all that is gross or unessential.
+
+There is yet another instance in Cymbeline, which seems to bear a
+similar construction:
+
+  "Whom best I love, I cross: to make my gifts
+  The more delay'd, _delighted_."
+
+Act v. Sc. 4.
+
+That is, "the _more_ delighted;" the longer held back, the better worth
+having; lightened of whatever might detract from their value, that is,
+refined or purified. In making the remark here, that "delighted" refers
+not to the recipient nor to the giver, but to the gifts, I pass by the
+nonsense that the greatest master of the English language did not heed
+the distinction between the past and the present participles, as not
+worth a second thought.
+
+The word appears to have had a distinct value of its own, and is not to
+be explained by any other single word. If this be so, it could hardly
+have been coined by Shakspeare. Though, possibly, it may never have been
+much used, perhaps some of your correspondents may be able to furnish
+other instances from other writers.
+
+SAMUEL HICKSON.
+
+St. John's Wood.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AUTHORS OF "THE ROLLIAD."
+
+The subjoined list of the authors of _The Rolliad_, though less complete
+than I could have wished, is, I believe, substantially correct, and may,
+therefore, be acceptable to your readers. The names were transcribed by
+me from a copy of the ninth edition of _The Rolliad_ (1791), still in
+the library at Sunninghill Park, in which they had been recorded on the
+first page of the respective papers.
+
+There seems to be no doubt that they were originally communicated by Mr.
+George Ellis, who has always been considered as one of the most talented
+contributors to _The Rolliad_. He also resided for many years at
+Sunninghill, and was in habits of intimacy with the owners of the Park.
+Your correspondent C. (Vol. ii., p. 43.) may remark that Lord John
+Townshend's name occurs only twice in my list; but his Lordship may have
+written some of the papers which are not in the Sunninghill volume, as
+they appeared only in the editions of the work printed subsequently to
+1791, and are designated as _Political Miscellanies_.
+
+_Names of the Authors of the Rolliad_.
+
+Dedication to Kenyon       Dr. Laurence.
+Family of the Rollos       Tickell, &c.
+Extract from Dedication    General Fitzpatrick.
+Criticisms from the                            No.
+_Rolliad_                  George Ellis        1 & 2.
+----                       Dr. Laurence        3.
+----                       Richardson          4.
+----                       General Fitzpatrick 5.
+----                       Dr. Laurence        6, 7, 8.
+----                       General Fitzpatrick 9.
+----                       Richardson          10 & 11.
+----                       General Fitzpatrick 12.
+Criticisms not in the
+  original, but probably
+  written by               Dr. Laurence        13 & 14.
+Criticisms, &c. Part. ii.  George Ellis        1 & 2.
+----                       Richardson          3 & 4.
+----                       General Fitzpatrick 5.
+Criticisms, not in the
+original                   Mr. Reid            6.
+----                       Dr. Laurence        7.
+
+_Political Eclogues_.
+
+Rose                       Dr. Laurence.
+The Liars                  General Fitzpatrick.
+Margaret Nicholson         Mr. Adair.
+Charles Jenkinson          George Ellis.
+Jekyl                      Lord John Townshend.
+
+_Probationary Odes_.
+
+All the Preliminaries      Mr. Tickell.
+Irregular Ode              Mr. Tickell         No. 1.
+Ode to the New Year        George Ellis        2.
+Ode                        Rev. H. Bate Dudley 3.
+----                       Richardson          4.
+Duan                       John Ellis          5. {115}
+Ossianade                  Unknown             6.
+Irregular Ode              Unknown             7.
+Ode to the Attorney-
+  General                  Mr. Brummell        8.
+Laureate Ode               Mr. Tickell         9.
+New Year's Ode             Mr. Pearce          10.
+Ode by M.A. Taylor         Mr. Boscawen        11.
+---- by Major Scott        Lord John Towns-
+                           hend                12.
+---- Irregular(Dundas)     Never known to the
+                           Club                13.
+---- by Warton             Bishop of Ossory
+                           (Hon. William
+                           Beresford)          14.
+---- Pindaric              General Fitzpatrick 15.
+---- Irregular             Dr. Laurence        16.
+---- Prettyman             General Burgoyne    17.
+---- Graham                Mr. Reid            18.
+Letter, &c. and Mount-
+  morres                   Richardson          19.
+Birthday Ode               George Ellis        20.
+Pindaric Ode               Unmarked            21.
+Real Birthday Ode          T. Warton           22.
+Remaining prose            Richardson.
+
+I am not certain whether Mr. Adair, to whom "Margaret Nicholson," one of
+the happiest of the Political Eclogues, is attributed, is the present
+Sir Robert Adair. If so, as the only survivor amongst his literary
+colleagues, he might furnish some interesting particulars respecting the
+remarkable work to which I have called your attention.
+
+BRAYBROOKE.
+
+Audley End, July, 1850.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NOTES ON MILTON.
+
+(Continued from Vol. ii., p. 53.)
+
+_Il Penseroso._
+
+On l. 8 (G.):--
+
+  "Fantastic swarms of dreams there hover'd,
+  Green, red, and yellow, tawney, black, and blue;
+  They make no noise, but right resemble may
+  Th' unnumber'd moats that in the sun-beams play."
+
+_Sylvester's Du Bartas._
+
+Caelia, in Beaumont and Fletcher's _Humorous Lieutenant_, says,--
+
+  "My maidenhead to a mote in the sun, he's jealous."
+
+Act iv. Sc. 8.
+
+On l. 35. (G.) Mr. Warton might have found a happier illustration of his
+argument in Ben Jonson's _Every Man in his Humour_, Act i. Sc. 3.:--
+
+  "Too conceal such real ornaments as these, and shadow
+  their glory, as a milliner's wife does her wrought
+  stomacher, with a smoaky lawn, or a _black cyprus_."
+
+--Whalley's edit. vol. i. p. 33.
+
+On l. 39. (G.) The origin of this uncommon use of the word "commerce" is
+from Donne:--
+
+  "If this commerce 'twixt heaven and earth were not
+  embarred."
+
+--_Poems_, p. 249. Ed. 4to. 1633.
+
+On l. 43. (G.):--
+
+  "That sallow-faced, sad, stooping nymph, whose eye
+  Still on the ground is fixed steadfastly."
+
+_Sylvester's Du Bartas_
+
+On l. 52. (G.):--
+
+  "Mounted aloft on Contemplation's wings."
+
+_G. Wither_, P. 1. vol. i. Ed. 1633.
+
+Drummond has given "golden wings" to Fame.
+
+On l. 88. (G.):--
+
+  Hermes Trismegistus.
+
+On l. 100. (G.):--
+
+  "Tyrants' bloody gests
+  Of Thebes, Mycenae, or proud Ilion."
+
+_Sylvester's Du Bartas._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Arcades._
+
+On l. 23. (G.):--
+
+  "And without respect of odds,
+  Vye renown with Demy-gods."
+
+_Wither's Mistresse of Philarete_, Sig. E. 5. Ed. 1633.
+
+On l. 27. (G.):--
+
+  "But yet, whate'er he do or can devise,
+  Disguised glory shineth in his eyes."
+
+_Sylvester's Du Bartas._
+
+On l. 46. (G.):--
+
+  "An eastern wind commix'd with _noisome airs_,
+  Shall _blast the plants_ and the _young sapplings_."
+
+_Span. Trag. Old Plays_, vol. iii. p. 222.
+
+On l. 65. (G.) Compare Drunmond--speech of Endymion before Charles:--
+
+  "To tell by me, their herald, coming things,
+  And what each Fate to her stern distaff sings," &c.
+
+On l. 84. (M.):--
+
+  "And with his beams enamel'd every greene."
+
+_Fairfax's Tasso_, b. i. st. 35.
+
+On l. 97. (G.):--
+
+  "Those brooks with lilies bravely deck't."
+
+_Drayton_, 1447.
+
+On l. 106. (G.):--
+
+  "Pan entertains, this coming night,
+  His paramour, the Syrinx bright."
+
+_Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess_, Act i.
+
+J.F.M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DERIVATION OF EASTER.
+
+Southey, in his _Book of the Church_, derives our word _Easter_ from a
+_Saxon_ source:--
+
+    "The worship," he says, "of the goddess _Eostre_ or _Eastre_,
+    which may probably be traced to the Astarte of the Phoenicians,
+    is retained among us in the word _Easter_; her annual festival
+    having been superseded by that sacred day."
+
+Should he not rather have given a _British_ origin to the name of our
+Christian holy day? Southey acknowledges that the "heathenism which the
+{116} Saxons introduced, bears no [very little?] affinity either to that
+of the Britons or the Romans;" yet it is certain that the Britons
+worshipped Baal and _Ashtaroth_, a relic of whose worship appears to be
+still retained in Cornwall to this day. The Druids, as Southey tells us,
+"made the people pass through the fire in honour of Baal." But the
+_festival_ in honour of Baal appears to have been in the _autumn_: for
+
+    "They made the people," he informs us, "at the beginning of
+    _winter_, extinguish all their fires on one day and kindle them
+    again from the sacred fire of the Druids, which would make the
+    house fortunate for the ensuing year; and, if any man came who
+    had not paid his yearly dues, [Easter offerings, &c., date back
+    as far as this!] they refused to give him a spark, neither durst
+    any of his neighbours relieve him, nor might he himself procure
+    fire by any other means, so that he and his family were deprived
+    of it till he had discharged the uttermost of his debt."
+
+The Druidical fires kindled in the _spring_ of the year, on the other
+hand, would appear to be those in honour of _Ashtaroth_, or _Astarte_,
+from whom the _British Christians_ may naturally enough have derived the
+name of _Easter_ for their corresponding season. We might go even
+further than this, and say that the young ladies who are reported still
+to take the chief part in keeping up the Druidical festivities in
+Cornwall, very happily represent the ancient _Estal_ (or _Vestal_)
+virgins.
+
+    "In times of Paganism," says O'Halloran, "we find in _Ireland_
+    females devoted to celibacy. There was in Tara a royal
+    foundation of this kind, wherein none were admitted but virgins
+    of the noblest blood. It was called Cluain-Feart, or the place
+    of retirement till death," &c ... "The duty of these virgins was
+    to keep up the fires of Bel, or the sun, and of Sambain, or the
+    moon, which customs they borrowed from their Phoenician
+    ancestors. They both [i.e. the Irish and the Phoenicians] adored
+    Bel, or the sun, the moon, and the stars. The 'house of
+    _Rimmon_' which the Phoenicians worshipped in, like our temples
+    of Fleachta in Meath, was sacred to the _moon_. The word
+    '_Rimmon_' has by no means been understood by the different
+    commentators; and yet, by recurring to the Irish (a branch of
+    the Phoenician) it becomes very intelligible; for '_Re_' is
+    Irish for the moon, and '_Muadh_' signifies an _image_, and the
+    compound word '_Reamhan_,' signifies _prognosticating by the
+    appearance of the moon_. It appears by the life of our great S.
+    Columba, that the Druid temples were here decorated with figures
+    of the sun, the moon, and stars. The Phoenicians, under the name
+    of _Bel-Samen_, adored the Supreme; and it is pretty remarkable,
+    that to this very day, to wish a friend every happiness this
+    life can afford, we say in Irish, 'The blessings of _Samen_ and
+    _Bel_ be with you!' that is, of the seasons; Bel signifying the
+    sun, and Samhain the moon."
+
+--(See O'Halloran's _Hist. of Ireland_, vol. i. P. 47.)
+
+J. SANSOM.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOLK LORE.
+
+_Presages of Death_.--The Note by Mr. C. FORBES (Vol. ii., p. 84.) on
+"High Spirits considered a Presage of impending Calamity or Death,"
+reminded me of a collection of authorities I once made, for academical
+purposes, of a somewhat analogous bearing,--I mean the ancient belief in
+the existence of a power of prophecy at that period which immediately
+precedes dissolution.
+
+The most ancient, as well as the most striking instance, is recorded in
+the forty-ninth chapter of Genesis:--
+
+    "And Jacob called his sons and said, Gather yourselves together
+    _that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last
+    days_.... And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons,
+    he gathered up his feet into his bed, and yielded up the ghost,
+    and was gathered unto his people."
+
+Homer affords two instances of a similar kind: thus, Patroclus
+prophesies the death of Hector (Il. [Greek: p] 852.)[1]:--
+
+  [Greek: "Ou thaen oud autos daeron beae alla toi aedae
+  Agchi parestaeke Thanatos kai Moira krataiae,
+  Chersi dament Achilaeos amnmonos Aiakidao."][2]
+
+Again, Hector in his turn prophesies the death of Achilles by the hand
+of Paris (Il. [Greek: ch.] 358.):--
+
+  [Greek: "Phrazeo nun, mae toi ti theon maenima genomai
+  Aemati to ote ken se Pharis kai phoibus Apollon,
+  Esthlon eont, olesosin eni Skaiaesi pulaesin."][3]
+
+This was not merely a poetical fancy, or a superstitious faith of the
+ignorant, for we find it laid down as a great physical truth by the
+greatest of the Greek philosophers, the divine Socrates:--
+
+    [Greek: "To de dae meta touto epithumo humin chraesmodaesai, o
+    katapsaephisamenoi mou kai gar eimi aedae entautha en o malist
+    anthropoi chraesmodousin hotan mellosin apothaneisthai."][4]
+
+In Xenophon, also, the same idea is expressed, and, if possible, in
+language still more definite and precise:--{117}
+
+    [Greek: "Hae de tou anthropou psuchae tote daepou theiotatae
+    kataphainetai, kai tote ti ton mellonton proora."][5]
+
+Diodorus Siculus, again, has produced great authorities on this
+subject:--
+
+    [Greek: "Puthagoras ho Samios, kai tines heteroi ton palaion
+    phusikon, apephaenanto tas psuchas ton anthropon uparchein
+    athanatous, akolouthos de to dogmati touto kai progignoskein
+    autas ta mellonta, kath hon an kairon en tae teleutae ton apo
+    tou somatos chorismon poiontai."][6]
+
+From the ancient writers I yet wish to add one more authority; and I do
+so especially, because the doctrine of the Stagirite is therein
+recorded. Sextus Empiricus writes,--
+
+    [Greek: "Hae psuchae, phaesin Aristotelaes, promanteuetai kai
+    proagoreuei ta mellonta--en to kata thanaton chorizesthai ton
+    somaton."][7]
+
+Without encroaching further upon the space of this periodical by
+multiplying evidence corroborative of the same fact, I will content
+myself by drawing the attention of the reader to our own great poet and
+philosopher, Shakspeare, whose subtle genius and intuitive knowledge of
+human nature render his opinions on all such subjects of peculiar value.
+Thus in _Richard II_., Act ii. sc. 1., the dying Gaunt, alluding to his
+nephew, the young and self-willed king, exclaims,--
+
+  "Methinks I am a prophet new inspired;
+  And thus, expiring, do foretel of him."
+
+Again, in _Henry IV., Part I._, Act v. sc. 4., the brave Percy, when in
+the agonies of death, conveys the same idea in the following words:--
+
+               "O, I could prophesy,
+  But that the earthy and cold hand of death
+  Lies on my tongue."
+
+Reckoning, therefore, from the time of Jacob, this belief, whether with
+or without foundation, has been maintained upwards of 3500 years. It was
+grounded on the assumed fact, that the soul became divine in the same
+ratio as its connection with the body was loosened or destroyed. In
+sleep, the unity is weakened but not ended: hence, in sleep, the
+material being dead, the immaterial, or divine principle, wanders
+unguided, like a gentle breeze over the unconscious strings of an AEolian
+harp; and according to the health or disease of the body are pleasing
+visions or horrid phantoms (_aegri somnia_, as Horace) present to the
+mind of the sleeper. Before death, the soul, or immaterial principle,
+is, as it were, on the confines of two worlds, and may possess at the
+same moment a power which is both prospective and retrospective. At that
+time its connection with the body being merely nominal, it partakes of
+that perfectly pure, ethereal, and exalted nature (_quod multo magis
+faciet post mortem quum omnino corpore excesserit_) which is designed
+for it hereafter.
+
+As the question is an interesting one, I conclude by asking, through the
+medium of the "NOTES AND QUERIES," if a belief in this power of prophesy
+before death be known to exist at the present day?
+
+AUGUSTUS GUEST.
+
+London, July 8.
+
+[Footnote 1: For the assistance of the general reader, I have introduced
+hasty translations of the several passages quoted.]
+
+[Footnote 2: (And I moreover tell you, and do you meditate well upon it,
+that) you yourself are not destined to live long, for even now death is
+drawing nigh unto you, and a violent fate awaits you,--about to be slain
+in fight by the hands of Achilles, the irreproachable son of Oacus.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Consider now whether I may not be to you the cause of
+divine anger, in that day when Paris and Phoebus Apollo shall slay you,
+albeit so mighty, at the Scaean gate.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Wherefore I have an earnest desire to prophesy to you who
+have condemned me; for I am already arrived at that stage of my
+existence in which, especially, men utter prophetic sayings, that is,
+when they are about to die.]
+
+[Footnote 5: That time, indeed, the soul of man appears to be in a
+manner divine, for to a certain extent it foresees things which are
+about to happen.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Pythagoras the Samian, and some others of the ancient
+philosophers, showed that the souls of men were immortal, and that, when
+they were on the point of separating from the body, they possessed a
+knowledge of futurity.]
+
+[Footnote 7: The soul, says Aristotle, when on the point of taking its
+departure from the body, foretells and prophesies things about to
+happen.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Divination at Marriages_.--The following practices are very prevalent
+at marriages in these districts; and as I do not find them noticed by
+Brand in the last edition of his _Popular Antiquities_, they may perhaps
+be thought worthy a place in the "NOTES AND QUERIES."
+
+1. Put a wedding ring into the _posset_, and after serving it out, the
+unmarried person whose cup contains the ring will be the first of the
+company to be married.
+
+2. Make a common flat cake of flour, water, currants, &c., and put
+therein a wedding ring and a sixpence. When the company is about to
+retire on the wedding-day, the cake must be broken and distributed
+amongst the unmarried females. She who gets the ring in her portion of
+the cake will shortly be married, and the one who gets the sixpence will
+die an old maid.
+
+T.T.W.
+
+Burnley, July 9. 1850.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FRANCIS LENTON THE POET.
+
+In a MS. obituary of the seventeenth century, preserved at Staunton
+Hall, Leicestershire, I found the following:--
+
+    "May 12. 1642. This day died Francis Lenton, of Lincoln's Inn,
+    Gent."
+
+This entry undoubtedly relates to the author of three very rare poetical
+tracts: 1. _The Young Gallant's Whirligigg_, 1629; 2. _The Innes of
+Court_, 1634; 3. _Great Brittain's Beauties_, 1638. In the dedication to
+Sir Julius Caesar, prefixed to the first-named work, the writer speaks of
+having "once belonged to the _Innes of Court_," and says he was "no
+usuall poetizer, but, to barre idlenesse, imployed that little talent
+the Muses conferr'd upon him in this little tract." Sir Egerton Brydges
+supposed the copy of _The Young Gallant's Whirligigg_ preserved in the
+library of Sion College to be _unique_; but this is not the case, as the
+writer knows of _two_ others,--one at Staunton Hall, and another at
+Tixall Priory in Staffordshire. It has been reprinted by Mr. {118}
+Halliwell at the end of a volume containing _The Marriage of Wit and
+Wisdom_, published by the Shakspeare Society. In his prefatory remarks
+that gentleman says,
+
+    "Besides his printed works, Lenton wrote the _Poetical History
+    of Queene Hester_, with the translation of the 83rd Psalm,
+    reflecting upon the present times. MS. dated 1649."
+
+This date must be incorrect, if our entry in the Staunton obituary
+relates to the same person; and there is every reason to suppose that it
+does. The _autograph_ MS. of Lenton occurred in Heber's sale (Part xi.
+No. 724.), and is thus described:
+
+    _Hadassiah_, or the _History of Queen Hester_, sung in a sacred
+    and serious poeme, and divided into ten chapters, by F. Lenton,
+    the Queen's Majesties Poet, 1638.
+
+This is undoubtedly the _correct_ date, as it is in the handwriting of
+the author. Query. What is the meaning of Lenton's title, "the Queen's
+Majesties Poet"?
+
+Edward F. Rimbault.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Lilburn or Prynne?_--I am anxious to suggest in "Notes and Queries"
+whether a character in the Second Canto of Part iii. of _Hudibras_ (line
+421), beginning,
+
+  "To match this saint, there was another,
+  As busy and perverse a brother,
+  An haberdasher of small wares,
+  In politics and state affairs,"
+
+Has not been wrongly given by Dr. Grey to Lilburn, and whether Prynne is
+not rather the person described. Dr. Grey admits in his note that the
+application of the passage to Lilburn involves an anachronism, Lilburn
+having died in 1657, and this passage being a description of one among
+
+  "The quacks of government who sate"
+
+to consult for the Restoration, when they saw ruin impending.
+
+CH.
+
+_Peep of Day._--Jacob Grimm, in his _Deutsche Mythologie_, p. 428., ed.
+1., remarks that the ideas of light and sound are sometimes confounded;
+and in support of his observation he quotes passages of Danish and
+German poets in which the sun and moon are said to _pipe_ (pfeifen). In
+further illustration of this usage, he also cites the words "the sun
+began to peep," from a Scotch ballad in Scott's _Border Minstrelsy_,
+vol. ii. p. 430. In p. 431. he explains the words "par son l'aube,"
+which occur in old French poets, by "per sonitum aurorae;" and compares
+the English expression, "the peep of day."
+
+The Latin _pipio_ or _pipo_, whence the Italian _pipare_, and the French
+_pepier_, is the ultimate origin of the verb _to peep_; which, in old
+English, bore the sense of chirping, and is so used in the authorised
+version of Isaiah, viii. 19., x. 14. Halliwell, in his _Archaic
+Dictionary_, explains "peep" as "a flock of chickens," but cites no
+example. _To peep_, however, in the sense of taking a rapid look at
+anything through a small aperture, is an old use of the word, as is
+proved by the expression _Peeping_ Tom of Coventry. As so used, it
+corresponds with the German _gucken_. Mr. Richardson remarks that this
+meaning was probably suggested by the young chick looking out of the
+half-broken shell. It is quite certain that the "peep of day" has
+nothing to do with sound; but expresses the first appearance of the sun,
+as he just looks over the eastern hills.
+
+L.
+
+_Martinet._--Will the following passage throw any light on the origin of
+the word _Martinet_?
+
+    Une discipline, devenue encore plus exacte, avait mis dans
+    l'armee un nouvel ordre. Il n'y avait point encore d'inspecteurs
+    de cavalerie et d'infanterie, comme nous en avons vu depuis,
+    mais deux hommes uniques chacun dans leur genre en fesaient les
+    fonctions. _Martinet mettait alors l'infanterie sur le pied de
+    discipline ou elle est aujourd'hui._ Le Chevalier de _Fourilles_
+    fesait la meme change dans la cavalerie. Il y avait un an que
+    _Martinet_ avait mis la baionnette en usage dans quelque
+    regimens, &c.--Voltaire, _Siecle de Louis XIV._ c. 10.
+
+C. Forbes.
+
+July 2.
+
+_Guy's Porridge Pot._--In the porter's lodge at Warwick Castle are
+preserved some enormous pieces of armour, which, _according to
+tradition_, were worn by the famous champion "Guy, Earl of Warwick;" and
+in addition (with other marvellous curiosities) is also exhibited Guy's
+porridge pot, of bell metal, said to weigh 300 lbs., and to contain 120
+gallons. There is also a flesh-fork to ring it.
+
+Mr. Nichols, in his _History of Leicestershire_, Part ii. vol. iii.,
+remarks,
+
+    "A turnpike road from Ashby to Whitwick, passes through Talbot
+    Lane. Of this lane and the famous large pot at Warwick Castle,
+    we have an old traditionary couplet:
+
+      "'There's nothing left of Talbot's name,
+      But Talbot's Pot and Talbot's Lane.'
+
+    "Richard Beauchamp Earl of Warwick, died in 1439. His eldest
+    daughter, Margaret, was married to John Talbot Earl of
+    Shrewsbury, by whom she had one son, John Viscount Lisle, from
+    whom the Dudleys descended, Viscount Lisle and Earl of Warwick."
+
+It would therefore appear that neither the armour nor the pot belonged
+to the "noble Guy"--the armour being comparatively of modern
+manufacture, and the pot, it appears, descended from the Talbots to the
+Warwick family: which pot is generally filled with punch on the birth of
+a male heir to that noble family.
+
+W. Reader.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *{119}
+
+
+QUERIES.
+
+NICHOLAS FERRAR OF LITTLE GIDDING.
+
+Dr. Peckard, in his Preface to the _Life of Nicholas Ferrar of Little
+Gidding_, says the memoir he published was edited or compiled by him
+from "the original MS. still in my possession" (p. xi.); and in the
+Appendix adds, that "Mr. John Ferrar," the elder brother of Nicholas,
+was the author of it (p. 279.).
+
+How he compiled or edited "the original MS." he states with much candour
+in his Preface (p. xv.):
+
+    "The editor's intention," in altering the narrative, "was to
+    give what is not observed in the original, a regular series of
+    facts; and through the whole a sort of evenness and simplicity
+    of stile equally free from meanness and affectation. In short,
+    to make the old and the new, as far as he could, uniform; that
+    he might not appear to have sewed a piece of new cloth to an old
+    garment, and made its condition worse by his endeavours to mend
+    it."
+
+Again, at page 308., he says,
+
+    "There is an antient MS. in folio, giving an account of Mr. N.
+    Ferrar, which at length, from Gidding, came into the hands of
+    Mr. Ed. Ferrar of Huntingdon, and is now in the possession of
+    the editor. Mr. Peck had the use of this MS. as appears by
+    several marginal notes in his handwriting; from this and some
+    loose and unconnected papers of Mr. Peck.... the editor, as well
+    as he was able, has made out the foregoing memoirs."
+
+Can any of your numerous correspondents inform me if this "antient MS."
+is still in existence, and in whose possession?
+
+Peckard was related to the Ferrars, and was Master of Magdalen Coll.,
+Cambridge.
+
+In "A Catalogue of MSS. (once) at Gidding," Peckard, p. 306., the third
+article is "Lives, Characters, Histories, and Tales for moral and
+religious Instruction, in five volumes folio, neatly bound and gilt, by
+Mary Collet." This work, with five others, "undoubtedly were all written
+by N. Ferrar, Sen.," says Dr. Peckard; and in the Memoir, at page 191.,
+he gives a list of these "short histories," ninety-eight in number,
+"which are still remaining in my possession;" and adds further, at p.
+194.,
+
+    "These lives, characters, and moral essays would, I think, fill
+    two or three volumes in 8vo., but _they are written in so
+    minute_ a character, that I cannot form any conjecture to be
+    depended upon."
+
+I have been thus particular in describing these "histories", because the
+subjects of them are identical with those in Fuller's _Holy and Profane
+State_, the first edition of which was published at Cambridge, in 1642.
+"The characters I have conformed," says Fuller in his Preface, "to the
+then standing laws of the realm (a twelvemonth ago were they sent to the
+press), since which time the wisdom of the King and state hath" altered
+many things. Nicholas Ferrar died December 2, 1637, and the Query I wish
+to ask is, Did Fuller compose them (for that he was really the author of
+them can hardly be doubted) at the suggestion and for the benefit of the
+community at Gidding, some years before he published them; and is it
+possible to ascertain and determine if the MS. is in the handwriting of
+Ferrar or Fuller?
+
+Is there any print or view in existence of the "Nunnery," at Little
+Gidding?
+
+In the _Life of Dr. Thomas Fuller_, published anonymously in 1661, it is
+stated, that at his funeral a customary sermon was preached by Dr.
+Hardy, Dean of Rochester, "which hath not yet (though it is hoped and
+much desired may) passe the presse," p. 63.
+
+Query. Was this sermon ever published? and secondly, who was the author
+of the _Life_ from which the above passage is quoted?
+
+John Miland.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STUKELEY'S "STONEHENGE."
+
+May I request a space in your periodical for the following Queries,
+drawn from Dr. Stukeley's _Stonehenge and Abury_, p. 31.?
+
+    1st. "But eternally to be lamented is the loss of that tablet of
+    tin, which was found at this place (Stonehenge) in the time of
+    King Henry VIII., inscribed with many letters, but in so strange
+    a character that neither Sir Thomas Elliott, a learned
+    antiquary, nor Mr. Lilly, master of St. Paul's school, could
+    make any thing out of it. Mr. Sammes may be right, who judges it
+    to have been _Punic_. I imagine if we call it Irish we shall not
+    err much. No doubt but what it was a memorial of the founders,
+    wrote by the Druids and had it been preserved till now, would
+    have been an invaluable curiosity."
+
+Can you or any of your contributors give me any further information
+about this inscription?
+
+2. The Doctor continues,
+
+    "To make the reader some amends for such a loss I have given a
+    specimen of supposed Druid writing, out of Lambecius' account of
+    the Emperor's library at Vienna. 'Tis wrote on a very thin plate
+    of gold with a sharp-pointed instrument. It was in an urn found
+    at Vienna, rolled up in several cases of other metal, together
+    with funeral exuviae. It was thought by the curious, one of those
+    epistles which the Celtic people were wont to send to their
+    friends in the other world. The reader may divert himself with
+    trying to explain it."
+
+Has this inscription ever been explained, and how? Stukeley's book is by
+no means a rare one; therefore I have not trusted myself to copy the
+inscription: and such as feel disposed to help me in my difficulty would
+doubtless prefer seeing the Doctor's own illustration at p. 31.
+
+Henry Cunliffe.
+
+Hyde Park Street.{120}
+
+ATHELSTANE'S FORM OF DONATION.--MEANING OF "SOMAGIA."
+
+Tristram Risdon, in his quaint _Survey of the Co. of Devon_, after
+mentioning the foundation of the church of High Bickington by King
+Athelstane,
+
+    "Who," he says, "gave to God and it one hide of land, as
+    appeareth by the donation, a copy whereof, for the antiquity
+    thereof, I will here insert: 'Iche Athelstane king, grome of
+    this home, geve and graunt to the preist of this chirch, one
+    yoke of mye land frelith to holde, woode in my holt house to
+    buyld, bitt grass for all hys beasts, fuel for hys hearth,
+    pannage for hys sowe and piggs, world without end,'"--
+
+adds presently afterwards, that
+
+    "Sir John Willington gave _Weeksland_ in this tything, unto
+    Robert Tolla, _cum 40 somagia annuatim capiend in Buckenholt_
+    (so be the words of the grant) in the time of K. Edw. I."
+
+The Willingtons were lords of the manor of Umberleigh, where
+Athelstane's palace stood, with its chapel dedicated to the Holy
+Trinity, formerly rich in ancient monuments, and having a chantry near
+to it. Some of the monuments from this chapel are still preserved in the
+neighbouring church of Atherington.
+
+My Queries upon this Note are:
+
+1. Whence did Risdon derive his copy of King Athelstane's form of
+donation? 2. What is the precise meaning of the word _Somagia_?
+
+In _Ducange_ (ed. Par. 1726, tom. vi. col. 589.) I find:
+
+    "_Somegia_. Praestatio, ut videtur _ex summis_, v. gr. bladi,
+    frumenti. Charta Philippi Reg. Franc. an. 1210. Idem etiam
+    Savaricus detinet sibi census suos, et venditiones, et quosdam
+    reditus, qui _Somegiae_ vocantur, et avenam, et _captagia_
+    hominum et foeminarum suarum, qui reditus cum una Somegiarum in
+    festo B. Remigii persolverentur; deinde secunda Somegia in
+    vicesima die Natalis Domini, et tertia in Octabis Resurrectionis
+    Dominicae, ei similiter persolventur; caponum etiam suorum in
+    crastino Natalis Domini percipiet solutionem: unaquaeque vero
+    somegiarum quatuor denarios bonae monetae valet."
+
+Ducange refers also to some kindred words; but, instead of clearing up
+my difficulty in the word _somagia_, he presents me with another in
+_captagia_, the meaning of which I do not clearly understand. Perhaps
+some of your more learned contributors will obligingly help me to the
+true import of these words?
+
+J. Sansom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_Charade_.--Can any one tell who is the author of the following charade?
+No doubt, the lines are well known to many of your readers, although I
+have never seen them in print. It has been said that Dr. Robinson, a
+physician, wrote them. It strikes me that the real author, whoever he
+be, richly deserves to be named in "Notes and Queries."
+
+  "Me, the contented man desires,
+  The poor man has, the rich requires;
+  The miser gives, the spendthrift saves,
+  And all must carry to their graves."
+
+It can scarcely be necessary to add that the answer is, _nothing_.
+
+Alfred Gatty.
+
+July 1. 1850.
+
+
+"_Smoke Money_."--Under this name is collected every year at Battle, in
+Sussex, by the Constable, one penny from every householder, and paid to
+the Lord of the Manor. What is its origin and meaning?
+
+B.
+
+"_Rapido contrarius orbi_."--What divine of the seventeenth century
+adopted these words as his motto? They are part of a line in one of
+Owen's epigrams.
+
+N.B.
+
+_Lord Richard Christophilus_.--Can any of your readers give any account
+of Lord Richard Christophilus, a Turk converted to Christianity, to
+whom, immediately after the Restoration, in July, 1660, the Privy
+Council appointed a pension of 50l. a-year, and an additional allowance
+of 2l. a-week.
+
+CH.
+
+_Fiz-gigs_.--In those excellent poems, Sandys's _Paraphrases on Job and
+other Books of the Bible_, there is a word of a most destructive
+character to the effect. Speaking of leviathan, he asks,
+
+    "Canst thou with _fiz-gigs_ pierce him to the quick?"
+
+It may be an ignorant question, but I do not know what fiz-gigs are.
+
+C.B.
+
+_Specimens of Erica in Bloom_.--Can any of your correspondents oblige me
+by the information where I can procure specimens in bloom of the
+following plants, viz. Erica crescenta, Erica paperina, E. purpurea, E.
+flammea, and at what season they come into blossom in England? If
+specimens are not procurable without much expense and trouble, can you
+supply me with the name of a work in which these plants are figured?
+
+E.S.
+
+Dover.
+
+_Michael Scott, the Wizard_.--What works by Michael Scott, the reputed
+wizard, (Sir Walter's _Deus ex Machina_ in _The Lay of the Last
+Minstrel_), have been printed?
+
+X.Y.A.
+
+_Stone Chalices_.--Can any of the readers of "Notes and Queries" inform
+me whether the use of _stone chalices_ was authorised by the ancient
+constitutions of the Church; and, if so, at what period, and where the
+said constitutions were enacted?
+
+X.Y.A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *{121}
+
+
+REPLIES.
+
+ULRICH VON HUTTEN AND THE "EPISTOLAE OBSCURORUM VIRONUM."
+
+(Vol. ii., p. 55.)
+
+I have never seen the article in the _Quarterly Review_ to which your
+correspondent H.B.C. alludes: he will probably find it by reference to
+the index, which is not just now within my reach. The neat London
+edition, 1710, of the _Epistolae_ was given by Michael Mattaire. There
+are several subsequent reimpressions, but none worth notice except that
+by Henr. Guil. Rotermund, Hanover, 1827, 8vo.; and again, with
+improvements, "cum nova praefatione, nec non illustratione historica
+circa originem earum, atque notitia de vita et scriptis virorum in
+Epistolis occurentium aucta," 1830, both in 8vo.
+
+The best edition, however, is that given by Dr. Ernst Muench, Leipsic,
+1827, 8vo., with the following title:
+
+    "Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum aliaque AEvi Decimi sexti Monimenta
+    Rarissima. Die Briefe der Finsterlinge an Magister Ortuinus von
+    Deventer, nebst andern sehr seltenen Beitraegen zur
+    Literatur-Sitten-und-Kirchengeschichte des xvi'n Jahrhunderts."
+
+This contains many important additions, and a copious historical
+introduction. Both the editors write in German.
+
+That this admirable satire produced an immense effect at the period of
+its publication, there can be no doubt; but that it has ever been
+thoroughly understood and relished among us may be doubted. Mr. Hallam,
+in his _Literature of Europe_, vol. i., seems to have been disgusted
+with the monkish dog-Latin and bald jokes, not recollecting that this
+was a necessary and essential part of the design. Nor is it strange that
+Steele, who was perhaps not very well acquainted with the history of
+literature, should have misconceived the nature of the publication, when
+we learn from an epistle of Sir Thomas More to Erasmus, that some of the
+stupid theologasters themselves, who were held up to ridicule, received
+it with approbation as a serious work:
+
+    "_Epist. Obs. Viror_. operae pretium est videre quantopere
+    placeant omnibus, et doctis joco, et indoctis serio, qui dum
+    ridemus, putant rideri stylum tantum, quem illi non defendunt,
+    sed gravitate sententiarum dicunt compensatum, et latere sub
+    rudi vagina pulcherrimum gladium. Utinam fuisset inditus libello
+    alius titulus! Profecto intra centum annos homines studio
+    stupidi non sensissent nasum, quamquam rhinocerotico
+    longiorem."[8]
+
+Erasmus evidently enjoyed the witty contrivance, though he affects to
+disapprove it as an anonymous libel. Simler, in his life of Bullinger,
+relates that on the first reading Erasmus fell into such a fit of
+laughter as to burst an abscess in his face with which he was at that
+time troubled, and which prevented the necessity of a surgical
+operation.
+
+The literary history of the _Epistolae_ and the _Dialogue_ is involved in
+obscurity. That Ulrich von Hutten had a large share in their concoction
+there can be no doubt; and that he was assisted by Crotus Rubianus and
+Hermann von Busch, if not by others, seems highly probable. The
+authorship of _Lamentationes Obscurorum Virorum_ is a paradox which has
+not yet been solved. They are a parody, but a poor one, of the
+_Epistolae_, and in the second edition are attributed to Ortuinus
+Gratius. If they are by him, he must have been a dull dog indeed; but by
+some it has been thought that they are the work of a Reuchlinist, to
+mystify the monks of Cologne, and render them still more ridiculous;
+yet, as the Pope's bull against the _Epistolae_, and Erasmus's
+disapproving letter, find a prominent place, and some other
+well-grounded inculpations occur, it appears to me that some
+slender-witted advocate of the enemies of learning has here shown his
+want of skill in handling the weapons of the adversary.
+
+How much Sir Thomas More was pleased with the writings of Hutten we may
+gather from the opening of a letter which Erasmus addressed to Hutten,
+giving an interesting account of his illustrious friend, in August,
+1519:
+
+    "Quod Thomae Mori ingenium sic deamas, ac pene dixerim deperis,
+    nimirum scriptis illius inflammatus, quibus (ut vere scribis)
+    nihil esse potest neque doctius neque festivius; istue mibi
+    crede, clarissime Huttene tibi cum multis commune est, cum Moro
+    mutuum etiam. Nam is vicissim adeo scriptorum tuorum genio
+    delectatur, ut ipse tibi plopemodum invideam."
+
+The Dialogue (Mire Festivus), which in the edition of 1710 occurs
+between the first and second parts of the _Epistolae_, bears especial
+marks of Hutten's manner, and is doubtless by him. The interlocutors are
+three of the illustrious obscure, Magisters Ortuinus, Lupoldus, and
+Gingolphus, and the first act of the comedy consists in their
+observations upon the promoters of learning, Reuchlin, Erasmus, and
+Faber Stapulensis, who afterwards make their appearance, and the
+discussion becomes general, but no impression can be made upon the
+stupid and prejudiced monks. The theme is, of course, the inutility of
+the new learning, Hebrew and Greek and correct Latinity. One short
+passage seems to me admirable:{122}
+
+    "_M. Ging_. Et Sanctus Ambrosius, Sanctus Augustinus, et alii
+    omnes zelossimi doctores non sciebant ipsi bene tot, sicut iste
+    Ribaldi? _M. Ort_. Ipsi deberent interponere suis. _M. Lup_. Non
+    bene indigemus de suo Graeco. _M. Ging_. Videtur eis, qui sciunt
+    dicere _tou, tou, logos, monsotiros, legoim, taff, hagiotatos_,
+    quod ipse sciunt plus quam Deus. _M. Ort_. Magister noster
+    Lupolde, creditis, quod Deus curat multum de iste Graeco? _M.
+    Lup_. Certe non, Magister noster Ortuine, ego credo, quod Deus
+    non curat multum."
+
+Ranke, in his _History of the Reformation_, has very justly estimated
+the merits and character of these remarkable productions:
+
+    "We must not look for the delicate apprehension and tact, which
+    can only be formed in a highly polished state of society, nor
+    for the indignation of insulted morality expressed by the
+    ancients: it is altogether a caricature, not of finished
+    individual portraits, but of a single type;--a clownish sensual
+    German priest, his intellect narrowed by stupid wonder and
+    fanatical hatred, who relates with silly _naivete_ and gossiping
+    confidence the various absurd and scandalous situations into
+    which he falls. These letters are not the work of a high
+    poetical genius, but they have truth, coarse strong features of
+    resemblance, and vivid colouring."
+
+Ranke mentions another satire, which appeared in March, 1520, directed
+against John Eck, the opponent of Luther, the latter being regarded in
+the light of a successor of Reuchlin, under the title of _Abgehobelte
+Eck_, or _Eccius dedolatus_, "which, for fantastic invention, striking
+and crushing truth, and Aristophanic wit, far exceeded the _Literae Obsc.
+V._, which it somewhat resembled." I have not yet been able to meet with
+this; but such high praise, from so judicious a critic, makes me very
+desirous to see and peruse it.
+
+S.W. Singer.
+
+Mickleham, July 3. 1850.
+
+[Footnote 8: "Ubi primum exissent _Ep. Ob. V._ miro Monachorum applausu
+exceptae sunt apud Britannos a Franciscanis ac Dominicanis, qui sibi
+persuadebant, eas in Reuchlini contumeliam, et Monachorum favorem, serio
+proditus: quamque quidam egregie doctus, sed nasutissimus, fingeret se
+nonnihil offendi stylo, consulati sunt hominem."--_Erasm. Epist._ 979.]
+
+_Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum_.--Your Querist H.B.C. (Vol. ii., pp.
+55-57.) will find, in the 53rd vol. _Edinb. Rev._ p. 180., a long
+article on these celebrated letters, containing much of the information
+required. It is worthy of remark, that in page 195. we are told
+
+    "In 1710 there was printed in London the _most elegant_ edition
+    that has ever appeared of these letters, which the editor, Mich.
+    Mattaire, gravely represents as the productions of their
+    ostensible authors."
+
+Now this edition, though neat, has no claim to be termed most elegant,
+which is hardly to be reconciled with what the reviewer says in a note,
+p. 210., "that the text of this ed. of 1710 is of no authority, and
+swarms with typographical blunders."
+
+The work on its first appearance produced great excitement, and was
+condemned by Pope Leo X. See _Dict. des Livres Condamnes, &c._, par
+Peignot, tom. ii. p. 218.
+
+Many amusing anecdotes and notices are to be found in Bayle's _Dict_.
+See particularly sub nomine Erasmus. Burton, in his _Anatomy of Mel._
+pt. i. sec. 2. Mem 3 sub 6. citing Jovius in Elogiis, says,
+
+    "Hostratus cucullatus adeo graviter ob Reuchlini librum qui
+    inscribitur, Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum dolore simul et pudore
+    sauciatus, et scipsum interfecerit."
+
+See also _Nouv. Diction. Historique_ in the account of Gratius, O.
+
+There is also a good article on these letters in a very excellent work
+entitled _Analectabiblion_, or _Extraits Critique de divers Livres
+rares, &c., tirez du Cabinet du Marq. D. R. (oure)_. Paris, 1836. 2
+tomes 8vo.
+
+F.R.A.
+
+_Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum_.--The article inquired for by H.B.C. (Vol.
+ii, p. 55) is probably one in the _Edinburgh Review_, vol. liii. p.
+180., attributed to Sir William Hamilton, the distinguished Professor of
+Logic in the university of Edinburgh.
+
+CH.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CAXTON'S PRINTING-OFFICE.
+
+(Vol. ii., p. 99.)
+
+Mr. Rimbault is wrong in giving to Abbot Milling the honour of being the
+patron of Caxton, which is due to Abbot Esteney. Mr. C. Knight in his
+_Life of Caxton_, which appropriately formed the first work of his
+series of _Weekly Volumes_, has the following remarks upon the passage
+from Stow, quoted by Mr. Rimbault:
+
+    "The careful historians of London here committed one error; John
+    Islip did not become abbot of Westminster till 1500. John
+    Esteney was made abbot in 1474, and remained such until his
+    death in 1498. His predecessor was Thomas Milling. In Dugdale's
+    _Monasticon_ we find, speaking of Esteney, 'It was in this
+    abbot's time, and not in that of Milling, or in that of Abbot
+    Islip, that Caxton exercised the art of printing at
+    Westminster.'"--p. 140. #/
+
+I have no work at hand to which I can refer for the date of Milling's
+death, but if 1492 be correct, perhaps he may have been promoted to a
+bishoprick.
+
+With reference to Mr. Rimbault's remark, that Caxton first mentions the
+place of his printing in 1477, so that he must have printed some time
+without informing us where, I may be allowed to observe that it seems
+highly probable he printed, and indeed learned the art, at Cologne. At
+the end of the third book of his translation of the _Recuyell of the
+Historyes of Troye_, Caxton says:
+
+    "Thus end I this book which I have translated after mine author,
+    as nigh as God hath given me cunning, to whom be given the laud
+    and praises ... I have practised and learned, at my great charge
+    and dispense, to ordain this said book in print, after the
+    manner and form as you may here see."{123}
+
+And on the title-page he informs us:
+
+    "Whyche sayd translacion and werke was begonne in Brugis in
+    1468, and ended in the holy cyte of Colen, 19 Sept. 1471."
+
+This may refer to the translation only; but as Caxton was both
+translator and printer, it does not seem unreasonable to regard it as
+indicating when his entire labour upon the work was brought to a close.
+I might support the view that Caxton printed at Cologne by other
+arguments which would make the matter tolerably certain (see _Life of
+Caxton_, p. 125., &c.); but as the excellent little work to which I am
+indebted for these particulars is so well known, and so easily
+accessible, I should not be justified in occupying more of your space,
+and I will therefore conclude with noting that the parochial library at
+Shipdham, in Norfolk, is said to contain books printed by Caxton and
+other early printers. Perhaps some one of your correspondents would
+record, for the general benefit, of what they consist.
+
+Arun.
+
+Dr. Rimbault has evidently not seen a short article on Caxton's printing
+at Westminster, which I inserted in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for
+April, 1846, nor the reference made to it in the magazine for June last,
+p. 630., or he would have admitted that his objections to Dr. Dibdin's
+conjectures on this point had been already stated; moreover, I think he
+would have seen that the difficulty had been actually cleared up. In
+truth, the popular misapprehension on this subject has not been
+occasioned by any obscurity in the colophons of the great printer, or in
+the survey of Stow, but merely by the erroneous constricted sense into
+which the word abbey has passed in this country. Caxton himself tells us
+he printed his books in "th' abbay of Westminstre," but he does not say
+in the church of the abbey. Stow distinctly says it was in the almonry
+of the abbey; and the handbill Dr. Rimbault refers to confirms that
+fact. The almonry was not merely "within the precincts of the abbey," it
+was actually a part of the abbey. Dr. Rimbault aims at the conclusion
+that "the old chapel of St. Anne was doubtless the place where the first
+printing-office was erected in England." But why so? Did not the chapel
+continue a chapel until the Reformation, if not later? And Caxton would
+no more set up his press in a chapel than in the abbey-church itself.
+Stow says it was erected in the almonry. The almonry was one of the
+courts of the abbey, (situated directly west of the abbey-church, and
+not east, as Dr. Dibdin surmised); it contained a chapel dedicated to
+St. Anne, and latterly an almshouse erected by the Lady Margaret. The
+latter probably replaced other offices or lodgings of greater antiquity,
+connected with the duties of the almoner, or the reception and relief of
+the poor; and there need be no doubt that it was one of these buildings
+that the Abbot of Westminster placed at the disposal of our
+proto-typographer. There was nothing very extraordinary in his so doing
+if we view the circumstance in its true light; for the _scriptoria_ of
+the monasteries had ever been the principal manufactories of books. A
+single press was now to do the work of many pens. The experiment was
+successful; "after which time," as Stow goes on to say, "the like was
+practised in the Abbeys of St. Augustine, at Canterbury, St. Alban's,
+and other monasteries." The monks became printers instead of scribes;
+but they would not ordinarily convert their churches or chapels into
+printing-houses. The workmen, it is true, term the meetings held for
+consultation on their common interests or pleasures, their _chapels_;
+and whether this may have arisen from any particular instance in which a
+chapel was converted into a printing-house, I cannot say. In order to
+ascertain the origin of this term these Queries may be proposed:--Is it
+peculiar to printers and to this country? Or is it used also in other
+trades and on the Continent?
+
+John Gough Nichols.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE NEW TEMPLE.
+
+Although I am unable to give a satisfactory reply to Mr. Foss's
+inquiries, such information as I have is freely at his service. It may,
+at all events, serve as a finger-post to the road.
+
+My survey gives a most minute extent, of 35 preceptories, 23 "camerae" of
+the Hospitallers, 13 preceptories formerly commandries of the Templars,
+74 limbs, and 70 granges, impropriations, &c., and, among them all, not
+a single one of the valuation of the New Temple itself. _Reprises_ of
+that establishment are entered, but no _receipts_.
+
+The former are as follows:
+
+    "In emendationem et sustentationem ecclesie Novi Templi, London,
+    et in vino, cera, et oleo, et ornamentis ejusdem ... x m.
+
+    "In uno fratri [_sic_] Capellano et octo Capellanis secularibus,
+    deservientibus ecclesiam quondam Templariorum apud London,
+    vocatam Novum Templum, prout ordinatum est per totum consilium
+    totius regni, pro animabus fundatorum dicti Novi Templi et alia
+    [_sic_] possessionum alibi ... lv m.
+
+    "Videlicet, frati Capellano, pro se et ecclesia, xv m., et
+    cuilibet Capellano, v m., ubi solebant esse, tempore
+    Templariorum, unus Prior ecclesie et xij Capellani seculares.
+
+    "Item in diversis pensionibus solvendis diversis personis per
+    annum, tam in Curia domini Regis, quam Justiciariis Clericis,
+    Officiariis, et aliis ministris, in diversis Curiis suis, ac
+    etiam aliis familiaribus magnatum, tam pro terris tenementis,
+    redditibus, et libertatibus hospitalis, quam Templariorum, et
+    maxime pro terris Templariorum manutenendis, videlicet,
+    Baronibus in Scaccario domini Regis Domino Roberto de Sadyngton,
+    militi, Capitali baroni de Scaccario, xl." &c. &c.{124}
+
+enumerating pensions to the judges, clerks, &c., in all the courts, to
+the amount of above 60l. per annum. To
+
+    "Magnatibus, secretariis, et familiaribus domini Regis et
+    aliorum;"
+
+the pensions enumerated amount to about 440_l._ per annum.
+
+Then, to the treasurer, barons, clerks, &c., of the Exchequer (140
+persons):
+
+    "Bis in anno, videlicet, tempore yemali, pilliola furrata
+    pellura minuti varii et bogeti, et quedam non furrata; et
+    tempore estivali totidem pilliola lineata de sindone, et quedam
+    non lineata, unicuique de Curia Scaccarii predicti, tam
+    minoribus quam majoribus, secundum gradus, statum, et officium
+    personarum predictarum, que expense se extendunt annuatim ad ...
+    x ii."
+
+    "Item sunt alie expense facte in Curiis Regis annuatim pro
+    officio generalis procuratoris in diversis Curiis Regis, que de
+    necessitate fieri oportet, pro brevibus Regis, et Cartis
+    impetendis, et aliis, negociis in eisdem Curiis expediendis, que
+    ad minus ascendunt per annum, prout evidencius apparet, per
+    compotum et memoranda dicti fratris de Scaccario qui per
+    capitulum ad illud officium oneratur ... lx m."
+
+    "Item in donis dandis in Curiis domini Regis et aliorum magnatum
+    _pro favore habendo_ et pro placitis defendendis, et expensis
+    parlialmentorum, ad minus bis per annum ... cc m."
+
+I have made these extracts somewhat more at length than may, perhaps, be
+to the point in question, because they contain much that is highly
+interesting as to the apparently questionable mode in which the
+Hospitallers obtained the protection of the courts (and probably they
+were not singular in their proceedings); annual pensions to judges,
+besides other largesses, and much of this "pro favore habendo,"
+contrasts painfully with the "spotless purity of the ermine" which
+dignifies our present age.
+
+In the "extent" we have occasionally a grange held rent free for life by
+a judge. Chief Justice Geffrey de Scrop so held that of Penhull in
+Northumberland.
+
+Putting all these facts together, and bearing in mind that, throughout
+this elaborate "extent," there are neither profits nor rent entered, as
+for the Temple itself, so that it seems to have then been neither in the
+possession nor occupation of the Hospitallers, is it not possible that
+they had alienated it to the lawyers, as a discharge for these heavy
+annual incumbrances,--_prospectively_, perhaps, because by the entry of
+these charges among the "reprise," the life interests, at all events,
+were still paid; or perhaps the alienation was itself made to them "pro
+favore habendo" in some transaction that the Hospitallers wished to have
+carried by the Courts; or it may have been made as a _bona fide_ bribe
+for future protection. At all events, when we see such extensive
+payments made annually to the lawyers, their ultimate possession of the
+fee simple is no unnatural result. But, as I am altogether ignorant of
+the history of the New Temple, I must refrain from suggestions, giving
+the simple facts as I find them, and leaving the rest to the learning
+and investigation of your correspondent.
+
+L.B.L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STRANGERS IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.
+
+(Vol. ii., pp. 17. 83.)
+
+Mr. Ross is right in saying that "no alteration has taken place in the
+_practice_ of the House of Commons with respect to the admission of
+strangers." The practice was at variance with the old sessional order:
+it is consistent with the new standing order of 1845. I do not
+understand how any one can read these words of the new standing order,
+"that the sergeant-at-arms ... do take into his custody any stranger
+whom he may see ... in any part of the house or gallery appropriated to
+the members of the House: and also any stranger _who, having been
+admitted into any other part of the house or gallery_," &c., and say
+that the House of Commons does not now recognise the presence of
+strangers; nor can I understand how Mr. Ross can doubt that the old
+sessional order absolutely prohibited their presence. It did not keep
+them out certainly, for they were admitted in the teeth of it; but so
+long as that sessional order was in force, prohibition to strangers was
+the theory.
+
+Mr. Ross refers to publication of speeches. Publication is still
+prohibited in theory. Mr. Ross perhaps is not aware that the prohibition
+of publication of speeches rests on a foundation independent of the old
+sessional order against the presence of strangers,--on a series of
+resolutions declaring publication to be a breach of the privileges of
+Parliament, to be found in the Journals of 1642, 1694, 1695, 1697, 1703,
+1722, and 1724.
+
+We unfortunately cannot settle in your columns whether, as Mr. Ross
+asserts, "if a member in debate should inadvertently allude to the
+possibility of his observations being heard by a stranger, the Speaker
+would immediately call him to order;" but my strong belief is, that he
+would not: and I hope, if there are any members of the House of Commons
+who have time to read "Notes and Queries," that one of them may be
+induced to take a suitable opportunity of obtaining the Speaker's
+judgment.
+
+"Yet at other times," Mr. Ross goes on to say, "the right honourable
+gentlemen will listen complacently to discussions arising out of the
+complaints of members that strangers will not publish to the world all
+that they hear pass in debate." If this be so, I suppose the Speaker
+sees nothing disorderly in a complaint, that what has been spoken in
+Parliament has _not_ been published: but I read frequently in my
+newspaper that the Speaker interrupts {125} members who speak of
+speeches having been published. "This is one of the inconsistencies,"
+Mr. Ross proceeds, "resulting from the determination of the House not
+expressly to recognise the presence of strangers." Inconsistency there
+certainly is,--the inconsistency of making publication a breach of
+privilege, and allowing it to go on daily.
+
+As strangers may be admitted into the House to hear debates, and not
+allowed to publish what they hear, so they may he admitted, subject to
+exclusion at certain times, or when the House chooses. And this is the
+case. The House, of course, retains the power of excluding them at any
+moment. They are always made to withdraw before the House goes to a
+division. This is a matter of practice, founded probably on some
+supposed reasons of convenience. Again, on any member desiring strangers
+to be excluded, the Speaker desires them to withdraw, without allowing
+any discussion.
+
+I have only to notice one other observation of Mr. Ross's, which is the
+following:
+
+    "When I speak of strangers being admitted, it must not be
+    supposed that this was done by order of the House. No,
+    everything relating to the admission of strangers to, and their
+    accommodation in the House of Commons, is effected by some
+    mysterious agency, for which no one is directly responsible. Mr.
+    Barry has built galleries for strangers in the new house; but if
+    the matter were made a subject of inquiry, it probably would
+    puzzle him to state under what authority he has acted."
+
+I do not think there is anything mysterious as regards admission. I am
+fond of hearing the debates, and my parliamentary friends are very kind
+to me. Sometimes I content myself with an order from a member, which
+takes me into the hinder seats of the non-reporting strangers' gallery;
+sometimes, when I know beforehand of an interesting debate, I get one of
+my friends to put my name on the "Speaker's list," and I then take my
+seat on one of the two front rows of the strangers' gallery; sometimes,
+again, I go down on the chance, while the House is sitting; and if I am
+fortunate enough to find any one of any friends there, he generally
+brings me, in a few moments, an order from the Sergeant-at-arms, which
+takes me also to the front row of the strangers' gallery. Some benches
+under the strangers' gallery are reserved for peers, ambassadors, and
+peers' eldest sons. The Speaker and the Sergeant-at-arms give permission
+generally to foreigners, and sometimes to some other persons, to sit in
+these benches. I do not know which officer of the House of Commons
+superintends the admission of reporters. Ladies are admitted to the
+Black Hole assigned to them, by orders from the Sergeant-at-arms. I have
+no doubt that the Speaker and Sergeant-at-arms are responsible to the
+House for everything relating to the admission of strangers, and without
+taking upon myself to say what is the authority under which Mr. Barry
+has acted, I have no doubt that, in building galleries for strangers in
+the new house, he has done what is consistent not only with the long
+established practice, but, under the new order of 1845, with the theory
+of the House of Commons.
+
+As regards the passage quoted by Mr. Jackson from the _Edinburgh
+Review_, the reviewer would probably allow that he had overlooked the
+new standing order of 1845; and Mr. Jackson will perceive that the
+recognition of the presence of strangers does not legalise the
+publication of speeches. The supposed difficulty in the way of
+legalising publication is, that the House of Commons would then make
+itself morally responsible for the publication of any libellous matter
+in speeches. I do not see the force of this difficulty. But the
+expediency of the existing rule is not a proper subject for discussion
+in your columns.
+
+CH.
+
+Whatever the present practice of the House of Commons with respect to
+strangers may be, it does not seem probable that it will soon undergo
+alteration. In the session of 1849 a Select Committee, composed of
+fifteen members, and including the leading men of all parties, was
+appointed "to consider the present practice of this House in respect of
+the exclusion of strangers." The following is the Report of the
+Committee _in extenso_ (_Parl. Pap._, No. 498. Sess. 1849):
+
+    "That the existing usage of excluding strangers during a
+    division, and upon the notice by an individual Member that
+    strangers are present, has prevailed from a very early period of
+    parliamentary history; that the instances in which the power of
+    an individual Member to exclude has been exercised have been
+    very rare: and that it is the unanimous opinion of your
+    committee, that there is no sufficient ground for making any
+    alteration in the existing practice with regard to the admission
+    or exclusion of strangers."
+
+This Report confirms the statement of Mr. Ross (p. 83., _ante_), that
+within his experience of thirty-one years no change has been made in the
+present rule of the House upon this matter, which, it would seem, dates
+very far back. The Speaker was the only witness examined before the
+Committee, and his evidence is not printed.
+
+Arun.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.
+
+_Morganatic Marriage_ (Vol. ii., p. 72.).--According to M., Ducange has
+connected this expression with _morgingab_; but I have looked in vain
+for such connection in my edition of the _Glossary_ (Paris, 1733). The
+truth most probably is, that _morganatic_, in the phrase "matrimonium ad
+morganaticam," {126} was akin to the Gothic _maurgjan_, signifying, "to
+procrastinate," "to bring to an end," "to shorten," "to limit." This
+application of the word would naturally rise out of the restrictions
+imposed upon the wife and children of a morganatic marriage.
+
+C.H.
+
+_Umbrellas_ (Vol. i., p. 415. 436.; ii. 25.).--In Swift's description of
+a city shower (_Tatler_, No. 238., October 17. 1710), umbrellas are
+mentioned as in common use by women:
+
+  "Now in contiguous drops the flood comes down,
+  Threatening with deluge the devoted town;
+  To shops, in crowds, the daggled females fly,
+  Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy;
+  The Templar spruce, while every spout's abroach,
+  Stays till 'tis fair, yet seems to call a coach;
+  The tucked-up sempstress walks with hasty strides,
+  While streams run down her oiled umbrella's sides."
+
+H.B.C.
+
+U.U. Club, July 2.
+
+_Bands_ (Vol. ii., pp. 23. 76.)--_Scarf_.--I was glad to read Arun's
+explanation of the origin of the bands now worn by the clergy; which,
+however, seems merely to amount to their being an adoption of a Genevan
+portion of clerical costume. That they are the descendants of the ruff,
+there can be no doubt, just as wrist-bands have more recently succeeded
+to ruffles.
+
+I cannot resist mentioning that an ingenious friend suggested to me,
+that the broad, stiff, laid-down collar, alluded to in the former part
+of Arun's communication, possibly gave rise to the modern band in the
+following manner:--When the scarf, still in use, was drawn over the
+shoulders and hung down in front, that part of the broad collar which
+was left visible, being divided up the middle, presented a shape and
+appearance exactly like our common bands. Hence, it was imagined, this
+small separate article of dress might have originated.
+
+Is it Butler, Swift, or who, that says,
+
+  "A Chrysostom to smoothe his band in"?
+
+Whenever this was written, it must have referred to our modern bands.
+
+Who amongst the clergy are _entitled_ to wear a scarf? Is it the badge
+of a chaplain only? or what circumstances justify its being worn?
+
+Alfred Gatty.
+
+July 1. 1850.
+
+_Bands_ (Vol. ii., p. 76.).--An early example of the collar, approaching
+to the form of our modern bands, may be seen in the portrait of Cardinal
+Beatoun, who was assassinated in 1546. The original is in Holyrood
+Palace, and an engraving in Mr. Lodge's _Portraits_. The artist is
+unknown, but from the age of the face one may infer that it was painted
+about 1540.
+
+C.H.
+
+_Jewish Music_ (Vol. ii., p. 88.).--See a host of authorities on the
+subject of Hebrew music and musical instruments in Winer's
+_Realwoerterbuch_ vol. ii., pp. 120. _seq._, 3d edit. There is a good
+abstract respecting them in Jahn's _Hebrew Antiquities_, sect. 92-96.
+
+C.H.
+
+_North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated_ (Vol. ii., p. 55.).--In
+illustration of, not in answer to, Mr. Sansom's inquiry, I beg to offer
+the following statement. During a long series of years an average of
+about 150 corpses has been annually deposited in Ecclesfield churchyard,
+which has rendered it an extremely crowded cemetery. But,
+notwithstanding these frequent interments, my late sexton told me that
+he remembered when there was scarcely one grave to the north of the
+church, it being popularly considered that only suicides, unbaptised
+persons, and still-born children ought to be buried there. However, when
+a vicar died about twenty-seven years ago, unlike his predecessors, who
+had generally been buried in the chancel, he was laid in a tomb on the
+north side of the churchyard, adjoining the vicarage. From this time
+forward the situation lost all its evil reputation amongst the richer
+inhabitants of the parish, who have almost entirely occupied it with
+family vaults.
+
+Whether the prejudice against the north side of our churchyard arose
+from an idea that it was unconsecrated, I cannot tell but I suspect
+that, from inherited dislike, the poor are still indisposed towards it.
+When the women of the village have to come to the vicarage after
+nightfall, they generally manage to bring a companion, and hurry past
+the gloomy end of the north transept as if they knew
+
+  "that close behind
+  Some frightful fiend did tread."
+
+I cannot help fancying that the objection is attributable to a notion
+that evil spirits haunt the spot in which, possibly from very early
+times, such interments took place as my sexton described. As a
+suggestion towards a full solution of this popular superstition, I would
+ask whether persons who formerly underwent ecclesiastical
+excommunication were customarily buried on the north side of
+churchyards?
+
+Alfred Gatty.
+
+Ecclesfield, June 28. 1850.
+
+I can only give from recollection a statement of a tradition, that when
+Jesus Christ died he turned his head towards the south; and so, ever
+since, the south side of a church has the pre-eminence. There generally
+is the bishop's throne, and the south aisle of ancient basilicas was
+appropriated to men. Simple observation shows that the supposed sanctity
+extends to the churchyard,--for there the tombstones lie thickest.
+
+I find that my source of information for the {127} tradition was
+Cockerell's last lecture on Architecture, _Athenaeum_ for 1843, p. 187.
+col. 3.
+
+A.J.H.
+
+"_Men are but Children_," &c.--R.G. (Vol. ii., p. 22.) will find the
+line about which he inquires in Dryden's _All for Love; or, The World
+well Lost_, Act iv. Sc. 1.
+
+  Dolabella (_loq._):
+  "Men are but children of a larger growth,
+  Our appetites as apt to change as theirs,
+  And full as craving too, and full as vain."
+
+J.R.M.
+
+King's College, London, July 12. 1850.
+
+_Ventriloquism_ (Vol. ii., p. 88.).--Mr. SANSOM will find some curious
+information touching the words [Hebrew: 'or], [Greek: eggastrimuthos],
+&c., in Dr. Maitland's recent _Illustrations and Enquiries relating to
+Mesmerism_, pp. 55. 81. The Lexicons of Drs. Lee and Gesenius may also
+be consulted, under the word [Hebrew: 'or]. The former of these
+lexicographers would rank the Pythian priestess with "our modern
+conjurers."
+
+C.H.
+
+St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.
+
+_Cromwell's Estates--Magor_ (Vol. i., p. 277. 389.).--As the South Wales
+line is now open as far as Chepstow, it may not be uninteresting to V.
+to know, that it diverges from the coast between Chepstow and Newport,
+in order to pass Bishopston and _Magor_, the last of which he rightly
+placed in Monmouthshire.
+
+SELEUCUS.
+
+_Vincent Gookin_ (Vol. i., pp. 385. 473. 492.; Vol. ii. p. 44.) is
+described in a _Narrative of the late Parliament_ (Cromwell's
+Parliament, d. 1656), in the _Harleian Miscellany_, as
+
+    "One of the letters of land in Ireland, receiving three hundred
+    pounds per annum."
+
+He and three other Irish members, Colonel Jephson, Ralph King, and Bice,
+are classed together in this tract, which is hostile to Cromwell, as
+
+    "Persons not thought meet to be in command, though they much
+    desire it, and are of such poor principles and so unfit to make
+    rulers of as they would not have been set with the dogs of the
+    flock, if the army and others who once pretended to be honest
+    had kept close to their former good and honest principles."
+
+Vincent Gookin voted for the clause in the "Petition and Advice" giving
+the title of "King" to Cromwell.
+
+CH.
+
+_All-to brake_ (Vol. i., p. 395.).--The interpretation given is
+incorrect. "All-to" is very commonly used by early writers for
+"altogether:" e.g., "all-to behacked," Calfhill's _Answer to Martiall's
+Treatise of the Cross_, Parker Society's edition, p. 3.; "all-to
+becrossed," _ibid._ p. 91.; "all-to bebatted," _ibid._ p. 133., &c. &c.
+The Parker Society reprints will supply innumerable examples of the use
+of the expression.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.
+
+The two of Mr. Hunter's _Critical and Historical Tracts_, which we have
+had the opportunity of examining, justify to the fullest the
+expectations we had formed of them. The first, _Agincourt; a
+Contribution towards an authentic List of the Commanders of the English
+Host, in King Henry the Fifth's Expedition, in the Third Year of his
+Reign_, Mr. Hunter describes as "an instalment," we venture to add "a
+very valuable instalment," from evidence which has been buried for
+centuries in the unknown masses of national records, towards a complete
+list of the English Commanders who served with the King in that
+expedition, with, in most cases, the number of the retinue which each
+Commander undertook to bring into the field, and, in some instances,
+notices of events happening to the contingents. The value of a work
+based upon such materials, our historical readers will instantly
+recognise. The lovers of our poetry will regard with equal interest, and
+peruse with equal satisfaction, Mr. Hunter's brochure entitled _Milton;
+a Sheaf of Gleanings after his Biographers and Annotators_, and admit
+that he has bound up the new biographical illustrations and critical
+comments, which he has gathered in that pleasant field of literary
+inquiry, the life and writings of Milton, into a goodly and a pleasant
+sheaf.
+
+Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will commence on Monday, the 29th of this month,
+a three days' Sale of Greek Roman, and English Coins, English and
+Foreign Medals, Cabinets, &c., the property of a Gentleman leaving
+England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES
+
+WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+(In continuation of Lists in former Nos.)
+
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+
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+
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+sent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
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+
+C.J.S. _The Inscription from the brass in Chinnor Church, Oxon, is_
+Mouns. Esmoun de Malyns fitz Mouns. Reynald de Malyns Chr. et Isabelle
+sa femme gisoient icy Dieu de ses ailmes eit mercy, _being in memory of
+Esmond de Malyns and his wife. The father_, Renald de Malyns, _was
+interred in the same church._
+
+VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious
+Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, and may be had, by
+order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen._
+
+Errata. In No. 37., p. 98., col. 2., 1. 16., for "1625" read "1695"; p.
+101., l. 31., "Inchi_g_uin" should be "Inchi_q_uin"; p. 106., col. 2.,
+1. 26. should be--
+
+  "And disappoints the Queen, poor little Chuck." {128}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COMMITTEE FOR THE REPAIR
+OF THE
+TOMB OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER.
+
+JOHN BRUCE, esq., Treas. S.A.
+J. PAYNE COLLIER, Esq., V.P.S.A.
+PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A.
+WILLIAM RICHARD DRAKE, Esq., F.S.A.
+THOMAS W. KING, Esq., F.S.A.
+SIR FREDERICK MADDEN, K.H.
+JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, Esq., F.S.A.
+HENRY SHAW, Esq., F.S.A.
+SAMUEL SHEPERD, Esq., F.S.A.
+WILLIAM J. THOMS, Esq., F.S.A.
+
+The Tomb of Geoffrey Chaucer in Westminster Abbey is fast mouldering
+into irretrievable decay. A sum of One Hundred Pounds will effect a
+perfect repair. The Committee have not thought it right to fix any limit
+to the subscription, they themselves have opened the list with a
+contribution from each of them of Five Shillings; but they will be ready
+to receive any amount, more or less, which those who value poetry and
+honour Chaucer may be kind enough to remit to them.
+
+Subscriptions have been received from the Earls of Carlisle, Ellesmere,
+and Shaftesbury, Viscounts Strangford and Mahon, Pres. Soc. Antiq., The
+Lords Braybrooke and Londesborough, and many other noblemen and
+gentlemen.
+
+Subscriptions are received by all the members of the Committee, and at
+the Union Bank, Pall Mall East. Post-Office orders may be made payable
+at the Charing Cross Office, to William Richard Drake, Esq., the
+Treasurer, 46. Parliament Street, or William J. Thoms, Esq., Hon. Sec.,
+25. Holy-Well Street, Millbank.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Now Ready, in demy 8vo., with Portraits, price 12s.
+
+SOME ACCOUNT OF THE CORPS OF
+GENTLEMEN AT ARMS.
+
+By JAMES BUNCE CURLING, Clerk of the Checque.
+
+"Mr. Curling has succeeded in producing a book of much lively and
+curious historic interest."--_Naval and Military Gazette_.
+
+"The author has made the most of his subject, introducing anecdotes of
+the members of the corps from its first institution."--_Atlas_.
+
+RICHARD BENTLEY, Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND
+AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,
+
+(The HORTICULTURAL PART edited by PROF. LINDLEY)
+
+Of Saturday, July 6. contains Articles on
+
+Agricultural Society of England, Prof. Way's lecture on water
+Agriculture of Lancaster
+Annuals, English names of
+Ash, to propagate
+Balsams
+Bee, remedy for sting of
+Botanical names
+Butter, rancid
+Calendar, Horticultural
+Calendar, Agricultural
+Carts, Cumberland
+Cattle, to feed
+Clover crops
+College, agricultural
+Cropping, table of
+Cuckoo, note of
+Diseases of plants
+Drainage reports
+Evergreens, to transplant, by Mr. Glendinning
+Farming in Norfolk, high
+Farming, Mr. Mechi's, by Mr. Wilkins
+Farming, rule of thumb, by Mr. Wilkins
+Fruit trees, to root prune
+Gardeners' Benevolent Institution, by Mr. Wheeler
+Gardening, villa and suburban
+Grapes in pots
+Guano frauds
+Highland Patriotic Society
+Kew, Victoria Regia at
+Peel, Sir R., death of
+Pike, voracity of, by Mr. Lovell
+Plants, diseases of
+Plants, names of
+Potato disease
+Reviews, miscellaneous
+Rhododendrons, on Himalayas, by Mr. Munro, Belfast
+Root pruning
+Rosa Manettii, by Mr. Paul
+Royal Botanic Society, report of the Exhibition for July
+Seeding, thin, by Mr. Mechi
+Slough Carnation show
+Slough Pink show
+Statice armeria, by Mr. Forman
+Swans, food of
+Thin seeding, by Mr. Mechi
+Timber felling
+Toads' skins, by Prof. Henslow
+Transplanting evergreens, by Mr. Glendinning
+Trees, to root prune
+Trees, to transplant, by Mr. Glendinning
+Villa and suburban gardening
+Vine, to summer prune, by Mr. Levell
+Viper, the, by Mr. Chaytor
+Water, Prof. Way's lecture on
+
+THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition
+to the above, the Covent-garden, Mark-lane, and Smithfield prices, with
+returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, and Seed Markets, and a _complete
+Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the transactions of the
+week_.
+
+Order of Any Newsvender.--OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper
+Wellington-street, Covent-garden, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Now Ready, in small 8vo., price 3s. 6d.,
+
+ANONYMOUS POEMS.
+
+"The elegant version of Greek epigrams contained in this volume shows
+the scholarship as well as the taste of the writer."--_Britannia_.
+
+"Many of the pieces have a very classical air, and all are marked with
+an unusual degree of elegance and power."--_Guardian_.
+
+RICHARD BENTLEY, New Burlington-street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Crown 8vo., elegantly bound in gilt cloth, price 7_s_. 6d.
+
+MEMORIALS OF THE CASTLE OF EDINBURGH.
+
+By JAMES GRANT; author of "Memoirs of Kirkaldy of Grange," "The Romance
+of War," "The Scottish Cavalier," &c. With Twelve Illustrations,
+engraved on Wood by BRANSTON.
+
+"Of the different books of this nature that have fallen, in our way, we
+do not remember one that has equalled Mr. Grant's."--_Spectator_.
+
+"Mr. Grant's very interesting history of the Castle of Edinburgh--a work
+equally distinguished by research, accuracy, and pictorial
+interest."--_Alison's Essays_.
+
+"We have been much amused with this little book, which abounds in
+pleasant and interesting episodes, and we recommend it as an excellent
+specimen of local history."--_Athenaeum_.
+
+WILLIAM BLACKWOOD and Sons, Edinburgh And London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Preparing for publication, in 2 vols. small 8vo.
+
+THE FOLK-LORE Of ENGLAND.
+
+By WILLIAM J. THOMS, F.S.A., Secretary of the Camden Society, Editor of
+"Early Prose Romances," "Lays and Legends of all Nations," &c. One
+object of the present work is to furnish new contributions to the
+History of our National Folk-Lore; and especially some of the more
+striking Illustrations of the subject to be found in the Writings of
+Jacob Grimm and other Continental Antiquaries.
+
+Communications of inedited Legends, Notices of remarkable Customs and
+Popular Observances, Rhyming Charms, &c. are earnestly solicited, and
+will be thankfully acknowledged by the Editor. They may be addressed to
+the care of Mr. BELL, Office of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Vols. I. and II. 8vo., price 28s. cloth.
+
+THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND; from the TIME of the CONQUEST. By EDWARD FOSS,
+F.S.A.
+
+"A work in which a subject of great historical importance is treated
+with the care, diligence, and learning it deserves; in which Mr. Foss
+has brought to light many points previously unknown, corrected many
+errors, and shown such ample knowledge of his subject as to conduct it
+successfully through all the intricacies of a difficult investigation,
+and such taste and judgment as will enable him to quit, when occasion
+requires, the dry details of a professional inquiry, and to impart to
+his work, as he proceeds, the grace and dignity of a philosophical
+history."--_Gent. Mag._
+
+London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New
+Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and
+published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St.
+Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet
+Street aforesaid.--Saturday, July 20. 1850.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries, No. 38, Saturday,
+July 20, 1850, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES, NO. 38, ***
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