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diff --git a/old/13331.txt b/old/13331.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..58be258 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13331.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4309 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: Chichester (1901) +by Hubert C. Corlette + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Bell's Cathedrals: Chichester (1901) + A Short History & Description Of Its Fabric With An Account Of The + Diocese And See + + +Author: Hubert C. Corlette + +Release Date: August 30, 2004 [EBook #13331] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + +[Illustration: CHICHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH.] + + + + + THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF CHICHESTER + + +A SHORT HISTORY & DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE + DIOCESE AND SEE + + + HUBERT C. CORLETTE + + A.R.I.B.A. + + + WITH XLV ILLUSTRATIONS + + + + LONDON GEORGE BELL & SONS 1901 + + + + +PREFACE. + +All the facts of the following history were supplied to me by many +authorities. To a number of these, references are given in the text. +But I wish to acknowledge how much I owe to the very careful and +original research provided by Professor Willis, in his "Architectural +History of the Cathedral"; by Precentor Walcott, in his "Early +Statutes" of Chichester; and Dean Stephen, in his "Diocesan History." +The footnotes, which refer to the latter work, indicate the pages in +the smaller edition. But the volume could never have been completed +without the great help given to me on many occassions by Prebendary +Bennett. His deep and intimate knowledge of the cathedral structure +and its history was always at my disposal. It is to him, as well as to +Dr. Codrington and Mr. Gordon P.G. Hills, I am still further indebted +for much help in correcting the proofs and for many valuable +suggestions. + +H.C.C. + +C O N T E N T S. + + +CHAP. PAGE + + I. HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL............... 3 + + II. THE EXTERIOR.......................... 51 + +III. THE INTERIOR.......................... 81 + + IV. THE DIOCESE AND SEE: OTHER BUILDINGS IN THE CITY ... 101 + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. + +Chichester Cathedral from the South.... _Frontispiece_ +Arms of the See........................ _Title_ +Longitudinal Section, about 1815........................ 2 +Chichester Cathedral from the East...................... 3 +The West Front, about 1836.............................. 7 +View through the South Triforium of the Nave............ 9 +The Clerestory Passage, Nave, South Side............... 11 +Historical Section from Willis......................... 13 +The Clerestory, North Side of Nave..................... 14 +Pier-Capitals in the Retro-Choir....................... 16 +Transverse Sections from Willis........................ 18 +The Cathedral from the South-East, about 1836.......... 25 +The South Transept, about 1836......................... 27 +The Bell Tower as seen from West Street................ 31 +Decoration formerly on the Choir Vault................. 33 +Chichester Cathedral, about 1650....................... 39 +The Nave, about 1836................................... 44 +The Retro-Choir and Reredos, about 1836................ 45 +The Cathedral from the South-West...................... 50 +The North-East Angle of the South-West Tower........... 52 +Wall Arcade in the West Porch.......................... 54 +The South Doorway...................................... 60 +The Cloister from the South-East....................... 61 +The East walk of the Cloister.......................... 63 +The Choir and Central Tower from the South-East........ 67 +Windows of the Lady-Chapel, South Side................. 70 +The Cathedral from the North-East...................... 74 +The Detached Bell-Tower................................ 77 +The Nave, looking West................................. 80 +The Nave, looking East................................. 82 +The South Aisle, from the Nave......................... 84 +The Sacristy........................................... 87 +The Altar and Reredos.................................. 89 +The Triforium in the Choir............................. 91 +Decoration on the Vault of the Lady-Chapel............. 92 +The Presbytery, or Retro-Choir, looking North-East..... 93 +The Lady-Chapel........................................ 95 +The North Choir-Aisle.................................. 97 +The Library............................................ 98 +The Town Cross......................................... 100 +Sculptured Panels in the South Choir-Aisle............. 105 +Tomb Assigned to Bishop Richard of Wych................ 113 +S. Clement's Chapel, and Tomb of Bishop Durnford....... 121 +Painted Decoration formerly on the Choir Vault......... 125 +PLAN of the Cathedral......................... _At End_ + + + +[Illustration: LONGITUDINAL SECTION ABOUT 1815, SHOWING THE ARUNDEL +SCREEN AND THE POSITION OF THE REREDOS. From Dallaway's "West Sussex." +(Scale 75 feet to 1 in.)] + +[Illustration: CHICHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE EAST. _Photochrome Co., +Ltd., Photo.] + + + + +CHICHESTER CATHEDRAL. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +THE HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL. + + +Any attempt to write the history of a cathedral requires that the +subject shall be approached with two leading ideas in view. One of +these has reference to the history of a Church; the other to the story +of a building. The two aspects are clearly to be distinguished, but +their mutual relation may be better appreciated when we realise how +intimately they are bound together. + +Ecclesiastical history, or "ecclesiology," and architectural history, +or "archaeology," do not exist apart; for the needs of Christian +liturgy indicated what arrangement was required in those buildings +that were peculiarly dedicated to the use of the Church; hence we +have, in the mere building itself, to consider the condition of +ecclesiastical and architectural growth displayed by its character +during each stage of its development, and this development, this +character, is to be discovered as well in the plan and structure of +the fabric, with its decorative details, as in the record that +documents and traditions have preserved. But we need to remember that +one see, one building, represents a link in one long continuing chain, +and in doing this we naturally look back as well as forward to observe +the relation of either to the past and to the present. Such an +attitude as this requires that we refer to that period when the +subject of this chapter was not yet part of the native soil of Sussex, +and in doing this we find that so early as the eighth century the town +of Chichester was even then a known centre of civil, though apparently +not ecclesiastical, activity; for it is not until about the middle of +the tenth century that some uncertain documentary evidence refers to +"Bishop Brethelm and the brethren dwelling at Chichester." [1] It may +be that Brethelm was a bishop in, though not of, Chichester, who dwelt +and worked among the south Saxons living in and about the city, for +the history of the diocese and see will show that probably there was +no episcopate established under that name until a little more than one +hundred years later. + + [1] Walcott, "Early Statutes," p. 12. + +Ceadwalla's foundation of the see at Selsea dated from about the end +of the seventh century; but we know nothing about any cathedral church +at that place during the following three hundred and fifty years. If, +however, there was a bishop in charge of the missionary priests, +deacons, and laymen who lived there together, there must necessarily +have been a "cathedra" in the church they used. + +When Stigand came from Selsea to establish his see in Chichester he +found the city already furnished with a minster dedicated to S. Peter. +He had effected this transfer because the Council of London had +decided in 1075 that all the then village sees should be removed to +towns; and as there is no evidence of any attempt to provide a new +cathedral until about the year 1088, the existing minster must have +been appropriated for the see. It has been supposed that Stigand may +have devised some scheme for building a new church, and even that he +saw it carried out so far as to provide the foundations on which to +execute this idea. But there appears to be no authority which warrants +the assumption that he did even so much as this, for history says +nothing about such an early beginning of the new operations, tradition +asserts no more, and speculation suggests probabilities merely. We are +obliged, therefore, to be satisfied with the fact that the work begun +about 1088 was consecrated by Bishop Ralph de Luffa, in 1108, and it +is possible even now to see the stone which commemorates that ceremony +embedded in the walling of the present church. Unfortunately no more +than about six years had passed since this, the first, dedication, +when a fire occurred which burnt part of the fabric. Ralph was still +living, and began at once to repair the damage that had been done; and +the king (Henry I.) gave him much help by encouraging his endeavour. +What, then, had been accomplished during the twenty years between 1088 +and 1108? + +In 1075 Stigand transferred the see. About thirteen years later the +new cathedral building appears to have been begun under Ralph, and in +another twenty years so much had been finished as would allow him to +see it dedicated. It is probable that before this ceremony was +performed a considerable portion of the eastern section of the work +was finished; for in accordance with a general custom with the +mediaeval church builders, this part would have been that first begun. +But how much of it was ready for use? The sanctuary and presbytery, or +choir, with its necessary structural appendages, no doubt first +appeared. It may be that no more than this was ready when the +dedication took place. But it is not possible to say with any +authority what actually was finished. Nevertheless, the character of +the building itself explains the course in which the structure was +developed. After the first fire, in 1114, the work steadily continued, +and it is possible that before that mishap occurred, certain other +parts had been begun, if not finished. The remains of the original +nave still present distinct evidence to show that it was, with the +aisles, built in two sections; and these, although they appear at +first to be alike, prove upon closer examination that the four bays +towards the west are of a later date than those other four eastward. +Now it is not essential that we should know exactly how much of the +building was finished by a certain year, or what stage towards +completion had been reached at any particular time; it is sufficient +at present that we should be able to indicate the general trend of the +operations,--and this would suggest the conclusion that, having +prepared so much as was necessary about the chancel, the builders went +on busily, after the dedication, to deal with the transept and the +nave. Then followed those four early bays of the nave which are +nearest to the east. + +It is quite safe to assume upon various grounds that the work had been +carried on successfully up to this stage early in the twelfth century; +but neither the documentary evidence available, nor the condition of +the fabric, enables us to venture more than this surmise concerning +its condition at that time. + +Between 1114 and the time of the second and serious fire in 1187, the +remainder of the whole scheme planned a hundred years before was +apparently finished. + +The first fire had excited some public interest in the great +enterprise at Chichester, and from this an impetus was derived which +helped towards its execution, after the small damage caused by the +fire had been quickly repaired, for by about the year 1150 the four +western bays of the nave, with its aisles, must have been complete. It +should be understood that the fire in 1114 did not lead to any change +in the character of the church such as was occasioned by that other +fire which shall be considered presently; but the work had quietly +continued, so that the aisles of the nave were vaulted by about +1170-1180, the lady-chapel was completed, and in 1184 all was ready +for the second ceremony of consecration which then took place. It has +been assumed that this act implies that the whole of the original +scheme had been executed. Nevertheless, it must be acknowledged that +again there are but few authentic records to show in what manner the +work had been carried on, nor are there many indications of the way in +which the necessary materials and money were provided to help it +forward. But it is interesting to notice that in 1147 William, Earl of +Arundel, gave to the see that quarter of the city in which stood the +palace of the bishops, the residences of the canons, and the cathedral +church. This grant of land confirmed the see in its possession of all +that part of the city now within the bounds of the close. + +[Illustration: THE WEST FRONT, ABOUT 1836. _from Winkles's Cathedrals_.] + +What, then, was the plan of that church which was designed to suit +the requirements set down by Bishop Ralph Luffa? The ground-plan at +the end of the volume shows the building as it now remains, after many +alterations have been made in the original scheme; but the arrangement +is still, in its main features, much the same as was at first devised. +The usual plan was adopted, and this was the provision of a nave and +chancel having a transept between them so as to make the form of a +cross. The nave had aisles along its whole length. These were extended +on both sides eastward of the transept, and continued as an ambulatory +round a semicircular apse. The transept also had a small apsidal +chapel on the east side of both its north and south arms. At the point +of intersection between the transept and the nave the supports of the +central tower rose. Between this and the west end there were eight +arches in each of the arcades opening north and south from the nave +into the aisles. Beyond the crossing towards the east there were three +similar arches in the arcades which connected the apse with the large +piers of the central tower. These three bays, together with the apse, +enclosed the chancel; and this comprised the sanctuary, which was that +part within the apse itself, and also the presbytery, or choir of the +priests, which occupied the remaining space between the apse and the +arch into the transept beneath the tower. At a later date the +accommodation of the choir was increased by making it occupy part of +the space farther to the west. Possibly it projected into the nave. At +the west end of each of the aisles of the nave a tower was placed, and +between these two towers was the chief public entrance to the church. +From the subsequent history of the structure it would appear that the +two western towers had been built up and finished, so far, at least, +as was necessary to allow of the completion of the nave with its +aisles and roofs. The same may be concluded of the central tower. + +This latter probably rose only just above the ridge of the roofs. To +carry it up so far would have been dictated to the builders by +structural reasons; for such a height would be required to help the +stability of the piers and arches below, since they had to resist a +variety of opposed thrusts. But even this tower, low as it no doubt +was, like others of the same date, did not survive the dedication more +than about twenty-six years. The whole building was covered with a +high-pitched wooden roof over the nave, transept, and chancel; and +beneath the outer roof there was a flat inner ceiling of wood formed +between the tie beams, similar to those now to be seen at Peterborough +and S. Albans. The north and south aisles of the nave were protected +by roofs which sloped up from their eaves against the wall that rose +above the nave arcades. Internally the ceiling to these was a simple +groined vault supported by transverse arches. + +Immediately above the vault of the aisles was the gallery of the +triforium. This was lighted throughout by small external round-headed +windows, some of which may still be seen embedded in the walls. The +aisles and ambulatory of the chancel were treated by the same methods. +In the triforium gallery, above the transverse arches of the aisles, +were other semicircular arches. These served a double purpose: they +acted as supports to the timber framework of the aisle roofs, and also +as a means of buttressing the upper part of the nave walling in which +the clerestory windows were placed. Such other buttresses as there had +been were broad and flat, with but little projection from the surface +of the wall. The windows throughout the building up to about the end +of the twelfth century were small in comparison with some of those +which were inserted at various times afterwards. + +[Illustration: VIEW THROUGH THE SOUTH TRIFORIUM OF THE NAVE FROM THE +SOUTH-WEST TOWER. _From a photograph by Mr. F. Bund_.] + +It has been remarked that the termination of the early chancel towards +the east was an apse, and that round this was carried the north and +south choir aisles in the form of a continuous ambulatory. From this +enclosing aisle--a semi-circle itself in form--three chapels were +projected, each with a semicircular apsidal termination. The central +one of the three was the lady-chapel. This consisted then of the three +western bays only of the present chapel. The lady-chapel was added +about eighty years after the early part of the nave had been built, +and has since been much altered. + +The presence of this grouping of features is indicative of that +influence which Continental architecture had exercised upon English +art, and now that Norman government had been established that +influence became more directly French. But though so strongly affected +by this means, Anglo-Saxon character was always evident in work which +was a native expression of the thought and personality of those by +whom it was executed. + +Thus we see that the plan which Ralph approved for the new church that +was to be built for him at Chichester was devised according to +accepted traditional arrangement. He adopted no new idea when he +decided what general form the cathedral should follow. The disposition +of the several parts differed in no wise from that which had been +followed during centuries before. The requirements of ritual had +decided long since what were those essential features of planning to +be insisted upon, for the pattern in germ was shown in the arrangement +of the Mosaic Tabernacle. In the earliest plans the same distribution +of parts was observed, though at a later date the transept was +introduced--an idea which no doubt had its origin in some practical +necessity, and was afterwards retained as being representative of an +ecclesiastical symbol. + +Of the practical and artistic character of the architectural details +we shall see more in examining the exterior and the interior of the +church. These will lead us, of necessity, to deal more with +archaeology in its relation to the history of architecture rather than +of this particular church as a building used for ecclesiastical +purposes. + +After the ceremony of 1184 building operations were continued, but the +records available do not tell about anything of much interest for the +next two or three years. Then in 1186-1187 a catastrophe occurred--the +cathedral was again burnt. But this time the effects of the fire were +much more disastrous than had been the case in 1114. So extensive was +the destruction that the entire roofing, as well as the internal flat +ceiling, was gone; and though we can glean no certain knowledge from +documentary evidence, it appears probable that the eastern section of +the building suffered more than any other, for whatever other causes +may have aided in the wreck of this part--a weakness in the masonry, +an insufficiency in the supports or abutments--the fall of such heavy +timbers as those which must have formed the outer roof and inner +ceiling of the chancel would in itself be sufficient to wreck the +remainder. + +Whether the change in plan that now followed was really necessary +because of the damage that had been done, or whether the fire provided +a welcome opportunity by which new features might be introduced, we +are not able to discover. It is sufficient that the chance was not +lost, for in the eastern ambulatory of the cathedral church at +Chichester is to be seen, as a result, one of the most truly beautiful +examples of mediaeval design that English architecture now possesses. + +[Illustration: THE CLERESTORY PASSAGE, NAVE, SOUTH SIDE. _From a +photograph by Mr. F. Bond_.] + +In the nave some parts of the old limestone walls had been injured by +the fall of the roofs; they were also seriously damaged by the beams +that had been laid upon them, for these, after their fall, would +continue to burn as they rested against those portions of walling +which remained standing. It was no doubt by some such cause as this +that the early clerestory was disfigured and partly destroyed. In +either case, the old clerestory arcade of the twelfth century no +longer remained as it was before; and though there were already stone +vaults to the aisles of the nave before the fire occurred, yet they +also disappeared and made way for newer ones. The outer roof over the +triforium evidently shared the fate of the other coverings; and the +arched abutment in the triforium, which acted as a support to this +roof and the walling below the clerestory, now disappeared. It may be +that this arching was not completely destroyed by the fire alone; no +doubt some that remained was intentionally removed to prepare the way +for the new work. + +The same bishop who had witnessed the completion of the earlier +operations began with much enterprise to see about the reconstruction, +but not the restoration, of what had been destroyed. Some portions +were repaired, others rebuilt; but the greater part of the work now +undertaken involved an entire change in the character of some of the +principal features of the earlier scheme. In fact, this incident in +the history of our subject gave "occasion to one of the most curious +and interesting examples of the methods employed by the mediaeval +architects in the repairs of their buildings." [2] + + [2] Willis, "Chichester Cathedral," p. 6. + +Having decided that they would, if possible, avoid all future risk of +a similar catastrophe, a system of vaulting was adopted as the best +solution of the problem,--this involved necessarily a remodelling of +the interior; and so, neglecting the Isle of Wight limestone and the +Sussex sandstone, which at first had been the material used for the +walling, the masons were directed to use stone of finer texture and +smaller grain. It has been thought by some that this material was +brought from Caen in Normandy. The same stone was used to re-face +parts of the nave piers. And in addition Purbeck marble was selected +instead of that which was to be found in Sussex. + +It is interesting to remember that the new choir of Canterbury had +only been finished about three years before the fire occurred at +Chichester. This work had been begun by William of Sens and finished +by William the Englishman; and though it was so large an undertaking, +it appears to have been commenced and completed between the years 1174 +and 1184. This would very naturally exert some influence upon the +building projects of a neighbouring see. Whether any of the actual +craftsmen from Canterbury worked again at Chichester or not we cannot +tell, but it is evident that the Kentish experience was of great help +to Sussex in the new venture. When it had been decided how they should +operate, it was natural that the covering of the building must be the +first provision. This involved the repair of the shattered clerestory, +and then they were free to proceed in other directions. Further than +this we have no means of learning what method was followed in carrying +on the new work; but it continued, so that in about twelve years the +building was dedicated again. + +There is nothing now to indicate that the provision of a vault had +been intended by the original builders of these walls. This deficiency +was met by the insertion of vaulting shafts and the addition of +external buttressing; for as the pressure of the flat wooden roof was +exerted for the most part vertically upon its supports, that of the +vault would be a strong lateral thrust as well as vertical pressure, +and these were to be provided for. We shall see presently that all the +real beauties of this most interesting work were the outcome both of +the needs of practical structure and the requirements of ritual and a +ceremonial expression of the liturgy. + +[Illustration: HISTORICAL SECTION FROM WILLIS'S ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY. +Original Elevation. Present Elevation. Two Bays of Retro-choir. (Scale +29'2 feet to 1 in.)] + +[Illustration: THE CLERESTORY, NORTH SIDE OF NAVE. _From a photograph +by Mr. Francis Bond_. ] + +It is not possible for us to discover exactly when the several parts +of the work undertaken after the fire of 1186-1187 were begun, nor +when they were finished. Of dates we have little knowledge, except +that of the dedication in 1199, the fall of two towers in 1210, and +the various indications of architectural activity at certain periods +given by the several dates mentioned in connection with donations, +bequests, and royal sanctions in the episcopal statutes and other +documents. These nearly all show that the time of greatest activity +was after 1186 and before 1250. If such a feat as has been mentioned +was performed at Canterbury between 1174 and 1184, was it not possible +also at Chichester? Then it becomes necessary to assume that the +structural alterations were continuing during the whole of the period +suggested; and this was so. Enough work had been done by 1199 to allow +of another dedication of the building. Seffrid II. had been bishop +from 1180-1204, and the register of Bishop William Rede, written one +hundred and sixty years later, explicitly states that Seffrid +"re-edified the Church of Chichester." This is a comprehensive +statement, but it might easily include at least the greater part of +the vaulting with some form of external roof. Such a change as this +involved the alteration of the nave and aisle piers, so that the +slight vaulting shafts of finer stone might be inserted in the older +masonry. The lower part of each of the piers of the nave arcade on the +side towards the centre of the church was re-faced with the same +material, and smaller shafts of Purbeck marble were introduced upon +the piers, replacing probably the heavy ones of an earlier date. These +shafts formed the support to a more delicate moulded member, which was +now substituted for the original and very simple outer order of the +original arch. A string-course of Purbeck marble was inserted as a +line of separation between the nave arcade and the triforium, and also +between the triforium and clerestory. The triforium itself remained as +it had been before 1186; but the clerestory was dressed again, so that +it obtained quite a new character. It was re-faced with the +fine-grained stone, and the slight shafts which supported the +clerestory arcades were provided with Purbeck capitals and bases. This +arcading itself was also changed from its earlier type. The central +arch was still made round in form, but those on either side of it were +each pointed, and all were more finely moulded than before. Above this +point rises the new stone vault, which is carried upon a framework of +strong transverse and diagonal ribs. Between these the shell, or +filling, which formed the surface of the vault, is of chalk, roughly +cut and irregularly laid; above this was placed a thick coat of +concrete. + +Some flying-buttresses were built now in order to meet the thrust +exerted by the new arched vault of the nave. These were constructed in +two series, one being concealed under the sloping roof over the +triforium and acting in place of the earlier round-arched abutment. +Its supports were provided at the points where the transverse and +diagonal arches of the nave vault began to spring away from the +vertical plane of the walls. The other series was the immediate +counter-poise to any direct thrust exerted by the arching of the vault +against the upper section of the same walls. There was, in fact, a +large buttress added to support these nave walls at that point from +which each set of vault-carrying ribs began to rise. This buttress, +though apparently sub-divided, was one thing, but of composite +structure. It was pierced first by the aisle, next by the triforium, +and then again above the roof of the triforium. It will be seen that +most of these alterations were the direct result of the introduction +of a stone vault. But the almost entire renewal of the eastern part +of the cathedral was made possible by the destruction and total +removal of the apsidal terminations of the earlier work. It has been +suggested that the fire may have so badly damaged this portion as to +allow no alternative but rebuilding. What may have been the actual +cause of its removal it is impossible for us now to know; but the +substitute is quite a perfect piece of work of its kind. This +ambulatory, or presbytery, as it is commonly misnamed, was nearly all +newly built from the foundations during the first half of the +thirteenth century. The continuation of the arcade, the triforium, the +clerestory, and the vault, the vaulting of the aisles and the chapels +forming their terminations eastwards,--all this, with the new arch at +the entrance to the earlier lady-chapel, was work of the same date. + +[Illustration: PIER-CAPITALS IN THE RETRO-CHOIR. _From a photograph by +S.B. Bolas & Co_.] + +Some new buttressing had been added to the south-west tower when the +upper part of the tower itself was rebuilt; but the larger works were +the addition of a vaulted sacristy in the corner between the west side +of the south end of the transept and the nave. On the opposite side of +the same part of the transept a square-ended chapel with a vestry +attached was added in place of the original shallow apsidal chapel. +The original chapel on the east side of the north end of the transept +was also removed to make way for another and much larger one. This is +now used as the cathedral library. + +The scheme planned after the second fire having been completed by +about the middle of the thirteenth century, little further work was +undertaken in comparison with that then finished; but before 1250 the +wall of the south aisle of the nave was pierced in four bays, and two +more chapels were added. Then, on the north of the nave, the outer +wall of the aisle was cut through in the second bay, going west from +the transept, and a small chapel was built. The other chapels west of +this one were added during the latter half of the century. In each +case the deeply projecting buttresses which had been introduced +against the earlier walls after the second fire were used, where they +were available, to form parts of the masonry of these new chapels, and +were therefore not disturbed unnecessarily. The old walls having been +altered, and the earlier buttresses being changed in their nature, it +became necessary to carry the original thrust from the nave still +farther out from its source in order to find for it some satisfactory +abutment, and in doing this there was that new force, introduced by +the vaulting of these added chapels, to be reckoned with in addition. +Consequently, to the earlier buttressing more was added. The exact +nature and the approximate date of this work are shown by Professor +Willis in the sections and plan given in his monograph on the +cathedral. The addition to each buttress amounted to an elongation of +it as a pierced wing wall which provided lateral support. Upon the end +of it a greater mass of masonry was introduced to serve as a weight +for steadying the structural device; and this necessary structural +idea was the means of introducing another architectural feature--the +pinnacle. Between the pinnacles of these buttresses rose the gabled +ends of each of the chapels. Professor Willis suggests that a great +part of the work done after the fire of 1186-1187 was completed by the +time of the dedication ceremony in 1199, and he is no doubt a safe +authority to follow. But the nature of many architectural features +tends very strongly to confirm the idea that much of the work in the +ambulatory eastward of the sanctuary had been delayed. It may have +been that the activity which prevailed during the early half of the +thirteenth century was caused by the desire to see this portion of the +church completed; and the energy with which the plea for new interest +and further funds was urged at this time would no doubt be indicative +of a supervening lethargy following on the great effort necessary for +the completion of so much in these few years. But it should be +remembered that these great works of mediaeval art were none of them +built in a day; they represented the accumulation of even centuries of +developing thought and continually improving skill. Therefore must we +realise that after this fire had occurred in 1186-1187 not more than +eleven or twelve years elapsed before the building was again in use +after the consecration in 1199. + +_Note_.--For remarks on Chichester Cathedral, see _Archaeologia_, +xvii., pp. 22-28: "Observations on the Origin of Gothic Architecture." +By G. Saunders, 1814. + +[Illustration: TRANSVERSE SECTIONS FROM WILLIS'S ARCHITECTURAL +HISTORY. North Aisle, original. (Scale 27 1/2 feet to 1 in.) South +Aisle, as now existing.] + +This process of reconstruction shows that the mediaeval builders did +not restore in duplication of what had been lost. Where their work was +destroyed they built anew and improved upon what had gone. + +We need not suppose that this repair, renewal, and addition had all +been completed when in 1199 Bishop Seffrid II. and six other bishops +again consecrated the church. Doubtless only so much had been done as +was necessary to enable the priests to officiate at an altar provided +for the purpose and the congregation to assemble within the walls; for +the work of building continued with a somewhat persistent +manifestation of energy throughout the whole of the thirteenth +century. Of this activity and enterprise there are many evidences in +proof, both documentary and structural. The documentary evidence +indicating the activity which prevailed after this date is sufficient +to show at least that much was being done; but it does not often +indicate in precise terms what is that particular portion of the +building to which it primarily refers. Early in the thirteenth +century (1207) the king gave Bishop Simon de Welles (1204-1207) his +written permission to bring marble from Purbeck for the repair of his +church at Chichester. He attached to this act of favour certain +conditions which were to prevent any disposal of the material for +other purposes. + +John had also two years before given Bakechild Church to the +"newly-dedicated" cathedral. Then Bishop Neville, or Ralph II. +(1224-1244), at his death in 1244, "Dedit cxxx. marcas ad fabricam +Ecclesiae et capellam suam integram cum multis ornamentis." Walcott +adds that "his executors, besides releasing a debt of L60 due to him +and spent on the bell tower, gave L140 to the fabric of the Church, +receiving some benefit in return." This cannot be interpreted as +referring to the isolated tower standing apart to the north of the +west front; for, as we shall see, this was not erected until at least +one hundred and fifty years later. In 1232 "the dean and chapter gave +of their substance. During five years they devoted to the glory and +beauty of the House of the Lord a twentieth part of the income of +every dignity and prebend"; [3] and then, again, ten years after the +period covered by this act of the chapter the bishops of some other +sees granted indulgences on behalf of the fabric of the church at +Chichester. Bishop Richard of Wych (1245-1253) "Dedit ad opus +Ecclesiae Circestrensis ecclesias de Stoghton et Alceston, et jus +patronatus ecclesiae de Mundlesham, et pensionem xl. s. in eadem." [4] +To this he added a bequest of L40. He had revived in 1249 a statute of +his predecessor, Simon de Welles, and extended "the capitular +contribution to half the revenues of every prebend, whilst one moiety +of a prebend vacant by death went to the fabric and the rest to the +use of the canons." Other means were used to provide funds to continue +the work. + + [3] Walcott, "Early Statutes," p. 15. + [4] Walcott, p. 15. + +But apart from these many indications of activity, the fabric as it +stands to-day speaks very clearly of the amount of building that went +on between 1200 and 1300. But it was not till 1288-1305 that Bishop +Gilbert de S. Leophardo had added the two new bays of the lady-chapel +eastward. + +The fire was the direct cause of most of the work that was done. There +was another, however; for eleven years after the re-dedication, two +of the towers fell. It has been supposed by some that these must have +been the early towers of the west front, both of which still preserve +indications of having been begun during the twelfth century as part of +the original building scheme. It is probable, for reasons that will +appear later, that the two towers of the west front did not collapse +at the time of the second fire, although it would seem from the +Chronicle of Dunstable that their stability may have been impaired in +some measure, since the sole cause for this fall of towers is given in +the words "impetu venti ceciderunt duae turres Cicestriae." [5] But if +these towers had been affected, what of the original central tower? +Its risk of receiving serious damage would be far greater. That no +more than the upper story of one of these can have fallen is evident +from the fact that the south-western tower presents for examination to +this day its original base, and the nature of the upper part of this +same tower shows that it was rebuilt anew daring the first half of the +thirteenth century. It was necessary that the two towers at the west +as well as the central tower should be finished up to a certain level, +for, placed as they were upon the plan, they became essential parts of +the structure, whose absence would diminish the strength of the whole; +hence any desire to maintain the fabric satisfactorily would require +that those of them which fell should receive the immediate attention +of the builders. In the case of the south-west tower we have already +seen what was done, and obviously it was one of the two towers that +had fallen. But what of the other of these? What suggestions remain to +show which it was? It is well known that a central tower had been +erected as part of the original plan, and also that a new upper part +was being added to this same tower about the middle of the thirteenth +century. This new portion eventually rose above the roofs to the level +of the top of the square parapet, about the base of the octagonal +spire, the spire being a still later addition. Now the heightening of +this tower--perhaps with already the idea of a future spire in +view--would raise many questions. Experience would already have taught +the builders that the early central towers of many other churches were +incapable of carrying their own weight. This being so, much less +would it do to suppose that it could bear the addition of new weight +upon the old piers; for though to all appearance sound, the cores were +of rough rubble work, not solidly bedded and not properly bonded with +the ashlar casing. So the question arises, did they remove the whole +or part of the old central tower and piers, or were they saved this +trouble by the structure having shared the fate of many others like +itself, which fell, and so made way for new work? Another tower had +fallen besides the one to which attention has already been drawn; and +as there appears to be nothing to show that this other was the +north-west tower, we must see what evidence there is concerning the +central tower. That it was added to we already know. But documentary +as well as structural evidence comes to our aid. The first is supplied +by the records of Bishop Neville's episcopate; the next by the +researches of modern archaeology. Professor Willis has shown in his +remarks upon the structure of the piers at the time of the collapse of +the mediaeval tower and spire in 1861, that these had not been rebuilt +at a date later than the twelfth century. But Mr. Sharpe [6], writing +to Professor Willis seven years before the occurrence, indicates his +discovery--from a close examination of the structure then +existing--that before the upper part of the central tower was rebuilt +in the thirteenth century the earlier arches at the crossing which +were to support it had been taken down, and probably a large part of +the piers carrying them. And that, though the twelfth-century +voussoirs were re-used others of a fine grained stone were inserted +among them to strengthen the arches, or as a substitute for some of +the rougher sandstones that could not be used again. By this means, +then, the original form and detail of the twelfth-century arches was +preserved, so that the drawings representing the measured studies of +the building, which were Sir Gilbert Scott's principal authority upon +which to base his restoration of this portion of the tower, were made +from work which had already been once rebuilt. But why was this part +of the church rebuilt, and by whom? Two alternative suggestions for +the reason have been offered. + + [5] Walcott, p. 15. + [6] Author of "Architectural Parallels." + +Evidently, if the upper part of the tower did not fall, it is +apparently certain that it was reconstructed, in order to carry the +additional weight of the larger tower. But in examining the +documentary evidence offered us, we find some further help. The +teaching of archaeology shows that the portion of this tower above the +main supporting arches and up to the bottom of the parapet was +executed between 1225 and 1325--that is, it was finished not very long +after the new part of the south-west tower was completed. + +The cathedral statutes show that between the years 1244-1247 Bishop +Ralph Neville was much concerned about a "stone tower" which he wished +to see completed. They tell us, too, that the same bishop had himself +expended one hundred and thirty marks upon the fabric, [7] and that his +executors, besides releasing a debt of L60 due to him and spent on the +bell-tower, gave L140 to the fabric of the church. Ralph died in 1244, +so it is concluded that the work in which he was so interested was +none other than the central or bell-tower of the cathedral, and that +the earlier tower, with its supporting arches, must have fallen, else +it is not likely that the work would have been rebuilt from below the +spring of these arches before the new superstructure could be added; +for we are obliged to take the customs of mediaeval builders into +consideration in any attempt to sift the evidence concerning their +work--and they were before all things practical. The claims of +structure, the motives of common-sense, rather than abstract and +aesthetic ideals of beauty, were the prime causes at work in the +evolution of their great art. Here they found themselves faced by a +practical need--the rebuilding of a fallen tower. Its reconstruction +was necessary to the completeness and stability of the building; so +they put it up, applying new and increasing knowledge and skill in the +execution of the work. They did their best, and the result was +something not only strong and structural, but beautiful. But, as time +has shown, it would have been better had they been less respectful of +the valueless legacy bequeathed to them in the piers, though in +defence of their sagacity it must be admitted that what they deemed +sufficient for the purpose then in view was able to carry their own +tower for five hundred years in safety, and not only this, but, in +addition, a spire, the erection of which they may not have thought of +when the restoration was begun. + + [7] Walcott, p. 15. + +There is another interesting fact which may be mentioned before +quitting this part of our inquiry. Professor Willis found that there +still existed in 1861 one of the old wooden trusses of the roof over +the west bay of the chancel. It was a specimen of mediaeval carpentry +six hundred and fifty years old, and it had not, as he showed, been +unframed since the fire of 1186-1187. The timbers composing it had +been slightly charred by the flames, and some of the lead which +covered the burning roof had run in its melted condition into the +mortices of the framing. [8] + + [8] See Willis, p. x.: Introduction. + +In the admirable plan and sections which Professor Willis prepared to +illustrate his work upon the history of the fabric it is possible to +see at once what work had been done during the different stages of +development. The work finished by the end of the thirteenth century +changed the earlier church of the eleventh and twelfth centuries in +its essential arrangements into the church we see to-day. + +We have now briefly to review the changes produced in the plan of the +cathedral. There were those effected as an immediate consequence of +the fire, and others which were more the result of the continued +energy of the thirteenth-century builders. The most remarkable one was +that which converted the French chevet, or group of apses, into the +more familiar square, and characteristically English, eastern +termination. The apsidal chapels on the east side of each arm of the +transept had disappeared to make room for others of a different shape +and size. The other chapels at the east remained the same in number; +but towards the close of the thirteenth century the lady-chapel had +been lengthened, and the aisles of the choir, being continued +eastward, ended in small chapels to the north and south of the central +one. The other changes were those caused by the addition of chapels +off the south and north aisles of the nave. The addition of the south +and north porches, and the sacristy next to the south arm of the +transept, were the only other alterations, if we except the addition +of buttresses, which had been made in the original arrangement up to +the beginning of the fourteenth century. + +[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH-EAST, ABOUT 1836. _From +Winkles's Cathedral Churches_.] + +Though the quest may not be followed here, it would be interesting to +try and trace the cause of this desire to add chapels to mediaeval +buildings. It had during the thirteenth century already become a clear +indication of that gradual movement affecting the arrangement of +churches which originated in the introduction of new doctrinal ideas. +The particular set of ideas which caused such additions as these had +now become a part of the common property of popular thought, +imagination, and reverent superstition. The earlier designers and +builders had not been taught to consider these features essential to +the complete equipment of a church planned in accordance with +primitive usages; they were a simple example of the influence which +doctrine exercised upon the history of art and the scope of +archaeological inquiry. + +The course of history that has been followed has led us through the +maze of some events which served to produce the cathedral that stands +among us now. The later centuries will not require as much attention, +since they afford but little material, comparatively, with which we +need delay; for the industry expended upon the fabric since this time +has produced little change in the general appearance of the building. +With the approach of the fourteenth century we meet a period when the +peculiarities of the work of the thirteenth century had become merged +in transitional forms, and from this application of ever-developing +ideas to accepted working principles came the well-known character +which English architecture displayed during that time. It was native +by parentage and birth; it represented the life which prevailed in the +ideas which were then the common currency. By it the ideals of thought +and imagination were expressed, until, later, they were represented in +other forms of art. At Chichester an early indication of the changed +treatment of older methods that was being developed experimentally is +shown by the portion which was added to the lady-chapel during the +episcopate of Gilbert de Sancto Leophardo. The architects and +master-builders devised for him the two new eastern bays complete, +together with the larger windows that were inserted in the walls of +that part of the chapel already built. Here again, as in the work set +in motion by his successor, the designers and builders made no attempt +to add these new portions in imitation of earlier ones. Then it was +Bishop Langton who, between 1305 and 1337, spent L340 "on a certain +wall and windows on the south side, which he constructed from the +ground upwards." [9] This work is principally to be seen in the great +south window of the transept, under which he provided for himself a +"founder's" tomb. In the gable above a rose window was inserted, +following the example of that earlier one in the east end of the +presbytery. The chapter-house above the treasury, or sacristy, was +also added when the new windows were inserted in the lower walls. +About the same time the doorway to the nave within the western porch +was constructed. + + [9] Bishop Reade's Register. + +[Illustration: THE SOUTH TRANSEPT, ABOUT 1836. _From Winkle's Cathedral +Churches_.] + +Walcott shows by his study of the early statutes of the cathedral that +"in 1359 the first fruits of the prebendal stalls were granted to the +fabric; and in 1391, one-twentieth of all their rents was allotted by +the dean and chapter to the works, which embraced works round the high +altar, for, in 1402, materials 'ad opus summi altaris,' were stored in +S. Faith's Chapel. A 'novum opus,' a term applied to some special +building, was also in progress." [10] These remarks are of interest, +since about the end of the fourteenth century a beautiful wooden +reredos was built across the east end of the sanctuary. It was placed +just west of the feretory of S. Richard. In many old prints its +character is represented, and Dallaway gives some dimensions of it in +the long section he shows of the church as it was before the reredos +was removed (see page 2). The feretory no doubt had a reredos at this +point, but what the type of this earlier arrangement may have been it +is impossible exactly to tell. But the work which took its place was +evidently beautiful, as the many remains still in existence prove to +those who may examine them. Walcott [11] gives some interesting details +concerning this work. From the representations, descriptions, and +remains of it, it may be gathered that the whole was much carved, +niched, and canopied, and decorated in colour; and there is a note +extant showing that Lambert Bernardi in the sixteenth century repaired +"the painted cloth of the crucifix over the high altar." [12] This +reredos had a gallery across the top of it, from which the candles on +a beam over the altar could be lighted and a watch kept over the +precious jewels in S. Richard's shrine. The whole screen was made of +oak, and those old sketches and drawings, or prints, of it still +preserved, help dimly to show what had been its character. An old +letter in the British Museum refers to it as having the finest "glory" +above the high altar "we have ever seen." But this so-called "glory" +was an eighteenth-century production. Much of the reredos is still +hidden away unused in the chamber over the present library of the +church, and since its first removal it has travelled as far as London +in search of a friendly purchaser. In the chapter on Chichester in +Winkles's "Cathedrals" a view in the "presbytery," dated 1836, [13] +shows the reredos still in its place where it remained till after the +fall of the spire. There are in existence two drawings of considerable +interest. [14] One of these shows the east end and the other the west +end of the choir as it was about the beginning of the last century (c. +1818); the other indicates what were the changes made after 1829, when +the altar was set back six feet farther eastward. The latter was taken +from a water-colour drawing supposed to have been made by Carter, an +architect of Winchester. + + [10] Walcott, p. 16. + [11] "Early Statutes." + [12] Walcott, p. 23, note _a_. + [13] See page 45. + [14] See drawings in vestry of cathedral. + +Other minor works were added during the fourteenth century, but to few +of these can any exact dates be assigned. The parapets to the north +and south wall of the nave, the choir, and lady-chapel, and the +painted oak choir-stalls were some of those additions. + +In the fourteenth century we meet many changes in the treatment of the +windows. They became larger; they were themselves very treasuries of +design, and this not only for the stonework of their tracery, but also +for the very beautiful glass with which they had been filled. Their +outer arches are more varied in shape, more rich in moulded detail, +and the entire character of the curves of the moulded forms had been +developed and made more delicate than the stronger and deeper-cut +types from which they were derived. Two causes had apparently urged +the builders to exert their capacities and apply their increasing +technical skill to compass the aims proposed to them. + +The small windows, the use of which had so long prevailed, did not +admit sufficient light. In the more southern countries there was not +the same reason for the change; but where light was less strong, less +clear, less penetrating, it might not be spared. So though with their +glass they were beautiful in themselves, many of these windows gave +place to larger ones. But if the admission of more light was one +reason for the change, there was another powerful inducement offered +by the larger field that might be provided for the use of decorative +colour, and they accepted the opportunity with alacrity--not as a mere +chance for display only, but because, rather, they would be enabled to +teach by the use of it. + +But what was that _novum opus_, that special building that was +already in progress in 1402? What was the reason for granting in 1359 +the first-fruits of the prebendal stalls to the fabric? And in 1391 +why did the dean and chapter give one-twentieth of all their rents to +the works? And these works were not alone about the high altar, for +the new work proceeding in 1402 had no doubt some relation to that +which was in progress in 1391, and it can have been no mere small +undertaking. Can these words be applied to the central tower and the +spire that rose above it, or to the detached bell-tower of Ventnor +stone northward of the church? It seems they must refer to the former, +for to no other work can they be applied, since the angle turrets to +the transept, the parapet of the central tower, and the windows +inserted during the fifteenth century were not in existence at either +of these times. And, further, the action taken in 1359 in order to +provide funds for work that was proceeding could have no reference to +the detached bell-tower, for its character shows that it was certainly +not even begun before quite the end of the fourteenth century, +probably not before some time during the first quarter of the +fifteenth. So, since there was nothing else proceeding about the +structure that could claim such sacrifice, the suggestion occurs that +the spire was already in course of construction not long after the +middle of the fourteenth century. The late Gordon M. Hills, Esq., in +reporting to the chapter in 1892 his opinion concerning the condition +of the fabric, said that, "Under Bishop William Rede (1369-1385) was +begun a series of works: the completion of the central spire, the +conversion of the north end of the north transept into a perpendicular +work, the construction of a new library, the construction of the +present cloisters, and finally the erection of the great detached +belfry, called 'Raymond's, or Redemond's, or Riman's Tower,' was in +progress in 1411, 1428, and 1436. All this work was carried on partly +by the influence at Chichester of churchmen of the school of William +of Wykeham, whose followers were strong at Chichester at this +era." [15] + + [15] See the Wykeham motto on the lady-chapel vault decoration, page +92. + +[Illustration: THE BELL TOWER AND SPIRE AS SEEN FROM WEST STREET. +_Photochrom Co., Ltd., photo._ ] + +He also said "that the spire itself was commenced before the death of +Bishop Neville. The moulding in the angles cannot, I think, have +originated later"; and "that the early work extended to about forty +feet above the tower; all the pinnacles and canopies at the base of +the spire and the upper part of the spire, were insertions and +rebuilding of one hundred years later. At the base the work of the +earlier period had had its face cut away to bond in the later work, +and the masonry of the two periods did not agree in coursing." + +The mere fact that the detached tower was built suggests many +questions which are not easily solved. Why was it at all necessary? +Perhaps the cathedral bells hung in the south-west tower, and those of +the sub-deanery church in the other, or _vice-versa._ At all events, +we know that in the fifteenth century the sub-deanery church was +removed from the nave to the north arm of the transept. The great +window of the north end of the transept is also early fifteenth +century in date, and the detached tower likewise. Angle turrets were +placed upon the four angles of the transept during the same century; +and if Daniel King's drawing of 1656 is any guide, the tops of the +central and western towers had battlemented parapets added during the +same period. In any case, it appears that it took much longer to +complete the repair of the central tower than that at the south-west. +In fact, it is doubtful whether the former was finished until about +the end of the thirteenth or the beginning of the fourteenth century, +for its fall apparently wrecked much of the vaulting of the transept; +and this, from the character of its moulded and carved vaulting ribs +in the south arm of the transept, is of the same date as the rose +window in the east gable of the presbytery, the rose windows in the +east gables of the lady-chapel and the chapels at the east end of the +north and south aisles of the choir. This argues that at the end of +the thirteenth or the beginning of the fourteenth century, during +Bishop Leophardo's episcopate, these works were completed. + +About the middle of the fifteenth century a stone rood screen was +built up between the western piers of the central tower. It thus +separated the choir under the crossing from the nave; but through the +middle of this screen there was an open archway with iron gates. On +either side, as parts of the screen, to the north and south was a +chapel, each with its altar. This new work had been known as the +Arundel screen, and its erection is often attributed to the bishop of +that name, and at the altar in the south side of it Bishop Arundel +founded a chantry for himself. Except that the cloister was added +and some details of the building altered during the fifteenth century, +no other architectural work of any size appears to have been done for +many years. + +[Illustration: DECORATION FORMERLY ON THE CHOIR VAULT. _From an +engraving by T. King_, 1814, _lent by the Rev. Prebendary Bennett_. +(Scale 7 feet 10-1/2 in. to 1 in.) (See pp. 42-3.)] + +The next work of importance was begun by Sherburne. He invited Lambert +Bernardi and his sons to decorate the whole of the vaulting of the +cathedral. This they did by covering it with beautifully painted +designs. But unfortunately, excepting the small remnant now on the +vault in the lady-chapel (see page 92), their work was entirely +destroyed early in the nineteenth century. Some idea of its original +beauty may be formed by an examination of similar work by other hands +that may yet be seen in S. Anastasia at Verona, in two churches at +Liege, and at S. Albans Abbey. An engraving by T. King, of about 1814, +shows some details of the design that was painted on the vault of the +choir in the bay next but one to the central tower. The cathedral was +at this time an open book, with its walls covered with painted +stories. The reredos, the stalls of the canons, as well as the walls, +were rich with colour. Now all has gone except a meagre, faded scrap +under the arch from the present library into the transept, and one or +two other slight remnants. Sherburne also had some large pictures +painted by the Bernardis. They represented the kings of England and +the bishops of Chichester, and used to hang upon the west and east +walls of the south transept. + +From Sherburne's death until the seventeenth century little but a tale +of destruction is to be recorded; for this period witnessed the +dissolution of the monasteries, the beginning of a wholesale system of +spoliation urged by self-interest and hypocrisy, and the establishment +of "Reformation" methods of procedure in Church and State. By each of +these both the fabric and the diocese suffered, even though by some +they gained. But especially did vandalism help to destroy, +unnecessarily, many things which, legitimately used, might still have +been allowed to remain as evidences of the artistic influence of the +Church in England. For though some of them were dedicated to uses +which the reformation necessarily condemned the wholesale destruction +of much beautiful workmanship must be regretted by any who are +interested in such treasures. In 1538 it was ordered that all shrines +should be abolished. This seriously affected Chichester, as the fate +of the feretory of S. Richard was involved by the mandate. Two +commissioners were named, whose duty was to see that his shrine was +removed. The instructions issued served a double purpose, since in +this case, as in others, "reformation" helped to satisfy the claims of +avarice. Henry told the commissioners that + + "We, wylyng such superstitious abuses and idolatries to be + taken away, command you with all convenient diligence to + repayre unto the said cathedral church of Chichester and + there to take down that shrine and bones of that bishop + called S. Richard within the same, with all the sylver, + gold, juells, and ornamentes aforesaid, to be safely and + surely conveighed and brought unto our Tower of London, + there to be bestowed as we shall further determine at your + arrival. And also that ye shall see bothe the place where + the same shryne standyth to be raysed and defaced even to + the very ground, and all such other images of the church as + any notable superstition hath been used to be taken and + conveyed away." [16] + + [16] Walcott, p. 34. + +Then in 1550 + + "there were letters sent to every bishop to pluck down the + altars, in lieu of them to set up a table in some convenient + place of the chancel within every church or chapel to serve + for the ministration of the Blessed Communion." + +Bishop Daye replied that + + "he could not conform his conscience to do what he was by + the said letter commanded." + +In explanation of his attitude towards this order he wrote that + + "he stycked not att the form, situation, or matter [_as + stone or wood_] whereof the altar was made, but I then toke, + as I now take, those things to be indifferent.... But the + commandment which was given to me to take downe all altars + within my diocese, and in lieu of them 'to sett up a table' + implying in itselffe [_as I take it_] a playne abolyshment + of the altare [_both the name and the things_] from the use + and ministration of the Holy Communion, I could not with my + conscience then execute." + +The churches were so ransacked and destroyed in this way that Bishop +Harsnett [17] said he found the cathedral and the buildings about the +close had been criminally neglected for years, so that they were in a +decayed and almost ruinous condition. Such was the deliberate opinion +which he expressed early in the seventeenth century. + + [17] "Records." + +During the first half of the sixteenth century a stone parapet, or +screen wall (taken away in 1829), was built up in front of the +triforium arcade. It rose to a height of about four feet six inches, +and was continued throughout the whole length of the church. It has +been supposed that it was intended to render this gallery available as +a place from which some of the congregation might observe the great +ceremonials. So we see that after the close of the fifteenth century +little but decline is to be recorded. Since Sherburne's day no care +had been taken of the fabric; and except that an organ was introduced +above the Arundel screen, no new schemes were devised, no new building +done. It should be remembered, however, that the Reformation did not +at once destroy all the beauties of mediaeval art that the cathedral +contained. Certain things, such as shrines, altars, chantries, and +chapels, were removed, dismantled, or totally wrecked. It was with the +coming of the Parliamentary army to the city that wholesale pillage +and destruction began. + +The removal of the altar and other derangements of the building had +been effected during the preceding century; but now the vestments, +plate, and ornaments were stolen. The decorative and other paintings +on the walls, and all parts that could easily be reached, were +scratched, scraped, and hacked about until they were mere wretched, +disfiguring excrescences; and in this mutilated condition they waited +for the whitewash that came later, to cover up these vulgar excesses +with a cheap but clean decency. Such criminal procedure culminated in +the wilful wreckage of all the beautiful glass. The store of three +centuries of labour and consummate skill was destroyed till it lay all +strewn in broken fragments, mere rubbish, about the floors. But the +decorations on the vaults were saved, because they could not be +reached without expensive scaffolding. They were thus preserved to be +dealt with by the wisdom and taste of a later century. + +Let me quote the remarks of one who lived when these things were done. +He says they + + "plundered the Cathedral, seized upon the vestments and + ornaments of the Church, together with the consecrated plate + serving for the altar; they left not so much as a cushion + for the pulpit, nor a chalice for the Blessed Sacraments; + the common soldiers brake down the organs, and dashing the + pipes with their pole-axes, scoffingly said, 'hark how the + organs go!' They brake the rail, which was done with that + fury that the Table itself escaped not their madness. They + forced open all the locks, whether of doors or desks, + wherein the singing men laid up their common prayer books, + their singing books, their gowns and surplices; they rent + the books in pieces, and scattered the torn leaves all over + the church even to the covering of the pavement, the gowns + and surplices they reserved to secular uses. In the south + cross ile the history of the church's foundation, the + picture of the Kings of England, and the picture of the + bishops of Selsey and Chichester, begun by Robert Sherborn + the 37th Bishop of that see, they defaced and mangled with + their hands and swords as high as they could reach. On the + Tuesday following, after the sermon, possessed and + transported by a bacchanalian fury, they ran up and down the + church with their swords drawn, defacing the monuments of + the dead, hacking and hewing the seats and stalls, and + scraping the painted walls. Sir William Waller and the rest + of the commanders standby as spectators and approvers of + these barbarous impieties." [18] + + [18] "Mercurius Rusticus" (1642). Quoted by Walcott. + +This is a history in little of what took place in nearly every +cathedral and other church in the kingdom, and this after the +Reformation and its best work had been a fact for a century. + +The most important disaster to the fabric during the seventeenth +century was that which so seriously affected the structure at the west +end. It is difficult to decide exactly when and how north-west tower +fell or was removed. Professor Willis [19] is content to say: + + "Mr. Butler informs me that there is evidence to show that + the north tower was taken down by the advice of Sir + Christopher Wren, on account of its ruinous condition." + + [19] "Archaeological History," Chichester, p. 6, note _c_. + +But Praecentor Ede, in a paper written about 1684 A.D. and quoted by +Praecentor Walcott, [20] gives + + "an account of Dr. Christopher Wren's opinion concerning the + rebuilding of one of the great towers at the west end of the + Cathedral Church of Chichester, one third part of which, + from top to bottom, fell down above fifty years since, which + he gave after he had for about two hours viewed it both + without and within, and above and below, and had also + observed the great want of repairs, especially in the inside + of the other great west tower, and having well surveyed the + whole of the west end of the said Church, which was in + substance as followeth; that there could be no secure + building to the remaining part of the tower now standing; + that, if there could and it were so built, there would be + little uniformity between that and the other, they never + having been alike nor were they both built together or with + the Church, and when they were standing the west end could + never look very handsome. And therefore considering the vast + charge of rebuilding the fallen tower and repairing the + other, he thought the best way was to pull down both + together, with the west arch of the nave of the church + between them; and to lengthen the two northern isles to + answer exactly to the two southern; and then to close all + with a well designed and fair built west end and porch; + which would make the west end of the church look much + handsome than ever it did, and would be done with half the + charge." [21] + + + [20] "Early Statutes," p. 21. + [21] Walcott, "Early Statutes" p. 21 + +Such was Dr. Wren's opinion of the west front. It is fortunate that +his advice was not followed, for have we not the same west front still +in existence? However, Wren spoke of "the remaining part of the tower +now standing," and King's print, publishing 1656, shows the portion to +which he referred. Fuller [22] remarked in 1662 that the church "now is +torn, having lately a great part thereof fallen to the ground." He no +doubt refers to the same ruin, for it is not to be conjectured that +any other part fell then. + + [22] "Worthies," II, 385 + +Sir Christopher Wren says the towers never were alike in design, nor +were they "both built together." + +The edition of Dugdale's "Monasticon," published in 1673, gives a view +of the north facade of the church. Ede, writing in 1684, said that +"above fifty years" before one-third part of the north-west tower had +fallen from top to bottom; yet this illustration shows that same tower +complete. This affords an opportunity of comparing portions of the two +towers. The upper part of each is shown to finish on top with a +battlement parapet. It is evidence in itself that during the fifteenth +century certain alterations had been effected in them both at this +part. But this print must have been made from an original which had +been executed quite twenty years earlier--for King's drawing, issued +in 1656, shows the north-west tower already partly destroyed; so it is +necessary to conclude that the drawing for the "Monasticon" was done +before 1656, but after 1610, when Speed's map, or bird's-eye view, of +the city was brought out. + +Praecentor Walcott has supposed that the two towers in Chichester +referred to in the "Annals of Dunstable" as having fallen during the +year 1210 were the two at the west end. + +[Illustration: CHICHESTER CATHEDRAL, ABOUT 1650.] + +But taking Sir Christopher Wren's report with the discovery made by +Mr. Sharpe in 1853, quoted by Professor Willis, it would seem rather +that those two towers were the original central tower and that at the +south-west angle of the west front. + +Wren in writing of the tower at the north-west, which had fallen about +1630-1640, said that it had not been built at the same date nor in the +same manner as the other then remaining to the south of the same +front. The upper part of the central tower itself had been built +perhaps during the second quarter of the fourteenth century or even +earlier. Consequently it seems probable that the two towers which fell +in 1210 were the original twelfth-century central tower and that of +the same date to the south of the west front. In Speed's map of 1610 +both the western towers are represented as having small spires. + +Hollar's print in the "Monasticon" shows what appear to be some +fifteenth-century buttresses to the north-west tower; but in +excavating for the foundations of the new north-west tower, now +completed, no traces of any projecting buttresses were discovered, so +it may be that it was the original twelfth-century tower which fell +about 1630, and the peculiar character of its masonry suggested the +remark to Wren when he said it so distinctly differed from its +companion. + +Towards the close of the seventeenth century the central spire was in +an unstable condition, and Elmes, in his "Life," says of Wren that he + + "took down and rebuilt the upper part of the spire of the + cathedral, and fixed therein a pendulum stage to counteract + the effects of the south and the south-westerly gales of + wind, which act with some considerable power against it, and + had forced it from its perpendicularity." + +It is interesting to have this record, for the spire during the +following century was still a cause of trouble. + +Spershott's memoirs show that about 1725 + + "a new chamber organ was added to the choir of the + cathedral, the tubes of which were at first bright like + silver, but are now like old tarnished brass." + +Whether this organ contained any parts of that which was destroyed in +the previous century is not known; but many old prints and drawings +show that the case of the one that was now built on the top of the +Arundel screen was quite as beautifully designed as the one in Exeter +Cathedral, or King's College Chapel at Cambridge. + +About 1749 the Duke of Richmond's vault was "diged and made" [23] in the +lady-chapel, and ten years later "the kings and bishops in the +cathedral" were "new painted." The floor of the lady-chapel was raised +to give height to the vault beneath, and a fireplace and chimney built +up in front of the east window. Portions of the other windows were +plastered up, and so left only partly filled with glass. These served +to provide light in what was now to be the library, since, apparently, +the originally well-lighted library, above the chamber now used for +the purpose, had lost its proper roof and been otherwise made useless. + + [23] Spershott. + +There is little else to be said concerning the history of the building +during eighteenth century; but it is stated by a careful observer, [24] +writing in 1803, that "in the interior of this cathedral few +innovations have been effected." He says that the east window of the +lady-chapel is plastered up, and that + + "we find that the great window in the west front of the + cathedral has a short time back had its mullions and other + works knocked out, and your common masoned 'muntings' + (mullions) and transoms stuck up in their room, without any + tracery sweeps or turns, of the second and third degrees; + which work may before long be construed by some shallow + dabblers in architectural matters into the classical and + chaste productions of our old workmen. On the north and + south sides of the church are buttresses, with rare and + uncommon octangular-columned terminations; but they have + likewise, to save a trifling expense in reparation, been + deprived of their principal embellishments, and are now + capped with vulgar house-coping.... + + "It may be well to speak of the west porch as an excellent + performance; and the statue over the double entrance is + remarkably so." + + [24] _Gentleman's Magazine_, Part I., 1803, pp. 22-25. + +Proceeding, the same writer relates that: + + "Against the east and west walls of the said transept are + affixed historic paintings; those on the west side (the + figures as large as life) relate to the founding of the + church and its re-edification in Henry viii.'s time. Among + the various portraits is that of Henry viii. himself. Here + are also in separate circular compartments, the quarter + portraits of our kings, from William the Conqueror to Hen. + viii. (and since his day, in continuation to George i.) On + the east side is the entire collection of the ancient + bishops of the see (quarter lengths, and in circular + compartments). A short time back the faces of the several + portraits were touched upon by some unskilful hand; however + we have before us most curious specimens of the costume of + Henry's day, when the whole of these paintings were done + (excepting those of subsequent dates), in dresses, warlike + habiliments, buildings, etc.... + + "Looking towards the north, on the outside of the choir, is + the monumental chapel and tomb of St. Richard. The groins + above are embellished with paintings of foliage, arms, etc., + conveying the eye over the choir; thence into the north + transept, intercepted in the way by the galleries over the + side-aisles, when the general combination of objects is + terminated by the north transept window, which, though + inferior to the southern window, still has its own peculiar + attractions." + +At the time these words were written the north porch was in a wrecked +condition. Both gables of the transept were in ruins, and the +high-pitched roofs of the old library, the lady-chapel, and the south +arm of the transept were absent altogether. + +But soon the authorities began to take some interest in the condition +of the building. James Elmes had been called in to deal with the spire +in 1813-1814, and under his direction the "useful piece of machinery" +which had been put there by Wren was "taken down and reinstated." In +his "Life of Wren" an illustration is given of the device, which he +had carefully examined and measured. He describes it thus: + + "To the finial is fastened a strong metal ring, and to that + is suspended a large piece of yellow fir-timber eighty feet + long and thirteen inches square; the masonry at the apex of + the spire, being from nine to six inches thick, diminishing + as it rises. The pendulum is loaded with iron, adding all + its weight to the finial, and has two stout solid oak + floors, the lower one smaller by about three, and the upper + one by about two and a quarter inches, than the octagonal + masonry which surrounds it. The effect in a storm is + surprising and satisfactory. While the wind blows high + against the vane and spire, the pendulum floor touches on + the lee side, and its aperture is double on the windward: at + the cessation, it oscillates slightly, and terminates in a + perpendicular. The rest of the spire is quite clear of + scaffolding. This contrivance is doubtless one of the most + ingenious and appropriate of its great inventor's + applications." + +About 1814 T. King made a plan of the whole building and several +drawings of the church as it then appeared. One of these [25] shows +some carefully copied specimens of the decorations on the vaults. The +engraving was published in 1831, and on it is the statement, "Painted +1520. Erased 1817." Another drawing showed the interior of the choir +looking west. In this was represented in careful detail the design of +the eastern elevation of the organ-case and the "return" stalls +against the Arundel screen. It also shows the original iron gates in +the archway, which pierced the screen in the centre below the organ, +and formed the entrance to the choir. These gates were evidently +copied in design from the thirteenth-century iron screen that +protected the sanctuary, part of which is now in the Victoria and +Albert Museum. In the distance the decoration on the nave vaulting is +lightly indicated. There is also an original drawing by T. King in the +possession of the Chapter, which gives a view looking eastwards. +Another drawing [26] which was made some time after 1829 shows the +choir looking east towards the reredos. It is a careful study, and is +of peculiar interest, since it is a record of many features now +entirely removed. The early reredos appears still in its place, but +the upper portion of it is gone. This was a gallery which was +accessible from either triforium, across which boys early in the +century used to run races by starting up the staircase in one aisle +and down that in the other. The absence of the gallery in the drawing +shows that it was made after 1829, the year in which the gallery was +removed. The "glory" which was added to the reredos during the +eighteenth century appears just above the altar. On the south side of +the choir are some spectators in the gallery above the stalls. There +were also at this time other galleries on the north and south of the +sanctuary, and above the arch on the east side of the north arm of the +transept was a gallery too. To this last there was access from the +staircase that led to the chamber above the east chapel of the +transept close by. These drawings show what the interior of the church +was like up to the time when that extraordinary revival of activity in +matters ecclesiastical began in the nineteenth century. + + [25] See illustrations, pp. 33 and 125. + [26] Supposed to be by Carter, an architect of Winchester. + +Like other churches, that at Chichester felt the sting of controversy +in unnecessary vandalism. But it may be admitted that destruction, +like a storm, carried at least some virtue in its clouds. In +attempting to sweep away the accumulated refuse heaped within the +building, some precious things fell before the broom of zealous +furnishers, and were lost for ever in the dust raised by this new +cleansing dream. + +[Illustration: THE NAVE, ABOUT 1836. _From Winkles's Cathedral +Churches_.] + +The removal of the gallery above the old fifteenth-century reredos in +1829 was the beginning of a serious attempt to repair, restore, and +reanimate the fabric. This revival of faith began to try to do good +works--but not always with discretion, not always with knowledge, +wisdom, and taste. Here was rash ardour, often without the hesitation +of true reverence. + +[Illustration: THE RETRO-CHOIR AND REREDOS, ABOUT 1836. _From +Winkles's Cathedral Churches_.] + +It is certain the building was not all it should have been when these +works were begun; it is not what it might have been had some of them +been deferred. Consequently any illustrations which show its condition +before the middle of the nineteenth century are of interest and value +to those who would know what changes have been made. + +In Winkles's essay on Chichester, in his "Cathedrals of England," +published between 1830 and 1840, are many beautiful drawings of the +fabric. There is one which shows the Arundel screen still in its +original position with the organ above it; and in another the complete +design of the back of the reredos appears. These careful studies of +the building, which were made before it became so changed by the +removal of its best remaining treasures, help to convey some idea of +what the place was before it was so radically "restored." + +None of the drawings, however, show any of the beautiful decorations +of the vaults, for all this had been smeared over with a dirty yellow +wash about 1815, which earned for the church the name of "the leather +breeches cathedral." And when, later, the plaster on the stone-filling +between the ribs was removed, the paintings were utterly obliterated +for ever, excepting only the small portion remaining in the +lady-chapel bearing the Wykeham motto upon a scroll. But this recital +is but a prelude to the changes that were to follow. The energy of +revival found expression in many ways, and English architecture +suffered sorely at the hands of ardent ignorance. But the very desire +to deal well with the fabrics of our churches that were to be repaired +taught men to study closely the facts of archaeology. The studies had +a practical end, and at Chichester they found their opportunity in the +cathedral. + +But first a new church of S. Peter was built in West Street in 1853, +so that the north arm of the transept should no longer be used as it +had been for about four hundred years. Then not long afterwards Dean +Chandler, at his death, left a large sum to be used for the purpose of +decorating the cathedral. To this sum other funds were added. The need +that more space should be provided for the congregation arose, and to +satisfy this it was decided that the choir should be opened out to the +nave. Consequently, in 1859 the work of decoration was begun by the +removal of the Arundel screen with the eighteenth-century organ above +it--one of the most beautiful remnants of the art of earlier days that +remained in the cathedral. The object of this act was most admirable, +but it involved in addition the destruction of the fourteenth-century +"return" stalls which were on the eastern face of the doomed screen. +In taking down the screen, or shrine, all the stones composing it had +been carefully numbered, with the intention that it should be rebuilt +in a new position. But although these materials are still wantonly +distributed about the cathedral and precincts, no attempt has been +made to use them again, either as a screen or as an evidence to show +by contrast that the result has justified the change. Its removal was +the beginning of a series of alterations, both by accident and design. +The old reredos, that quiet and beautiful witness of things so sacred +and some so profane, was torn away. The whole of the choir was to be +rearranged. But when the piers of the central tower were exposed by +the removal of the screen, it was discovered that they were in a +precariously rotten condition at the core. Other indications of +weakness, which had been overlooked before, were now observed. Large +and deep cracks and various earlier signs of apprehended weakness both +in arches and piers were remarked. That the work now begun had given +impetus to the fall has been denied on excellent authority, and to +discuss such a question at this time is useless. The serious trouble +now was that the whole tower with the spire was rapidly settling on +its base. Every method that could be used was tried in order to save +the piers. They were propped up with shores, and the arches held up +with centres, while new masonry was bonded into the older work. But +the labour availed nothing, for towards the end of the year 1860 +matters had developed seriously. + + "Old fissures extended themselves into the fresh masonry, + and new ones made their appearance.... But in the next + place, the walling began to bulge towards the end of January + 1861, first in the north-west pier, and afterwards in the + south. Cracks and fissures, some opening and others closing, + and the gradual deformation of the arches in the transept + walls and elsewhere, indicated that fearful movements were + taking place throughout the parts of the wall connected with + the western piers." + +On Sunday, February 17th, + + "the afternoon service was performed in the nave of the + cathedral, as usual, but ... was interrupted by the urgent + necessity for shoring up a part of the facing of the + south-west pier.... On Wednesday, crushed mortar began to + pour from the old fissures, flakes of the facing stone fell, + and the braces began to bend. Yet the workmen continued to + add shoring until three hours and a half past midnight." + +Next day the effort was resumed before daybreak; but by noon + + "the continual failing of the shores showed, too plainly, + that the fall was inevitable." + +Just before half-past one + + "the spire was seen to incline slightly to the south-west, + and then to descend perpendicularly into the church, as one + telescope tube slides into another, the mass of the tower + crumbling beneath it. The fall was an affair of a few + seconds, and was complete at half-past one." + +Such, briefly, is the record of the fall, which so admirably has been +related by Professor Willis, from whose work these extracts have been +taken. + +Sir Gilbert Scott, [27] after the central tower had collapsed, was +consulted concerning its reconstruction. He examined the remains; and +by the great care his son Gilbert exercised in labelling and +registering all the moulded and carved stone that was discovered in +the debris, the new tower and spire was designed upon the pattern of +the old one. Old prints and photographs were used to help in this work +of building a copy of what had been lost. But this task could not have +been done had it not been that Mr. Joseph Butler, a former resident +architect and Surveyor to the Chapter, had made measured drawings of +the whole, which supplied actual dimensions that otherwise could not +have been recovered. These drawings had come into the possession of +Mr. Slater, the architect associated with Sir. G. Scott in the +rebuilding of the tower, and they enabled him + + "to put together upon paper all the fragments with certainty + of correctness: so one thing with another, the whole design + was absolutely and indisputably recovered. The only + deviation from the design of the old steeple was this. The + four arms of the cross had been (probably in the fourteenth + century) raised some five or six feet in height, and thus + had buried a part of what had originally been the clear + height of the tower, and with it an ornamental arcading + running round it. I lifted out the tower from this + encroachment by adding five or six feet to its height; so + that it now rises above the surrounding roofs as much as it + originally did. I also omitted the partial walling up of the + belfry windows, which may be seen in old views." [28] + + [27] See "Recollections," p. 309. Edited by his son, 1861. + [28] _Ibid._, p. 310. + +These statements have been taken from Sir Gilbert Scott's own account +of the work. He further assures us that many portions of the original +moulded and carved work were re-fixed in the new tower. As we have now +in existence so careful an imitation of the former tower, all praise +is due to Sir Gilbert Scott, Mr. George Gilbert Scott, and Mr. Slater, +for the admirable way in which they co-operated, so that their care +has given to posterity this admirable instance in which a lost +specimen of architectural art has been reproduced by successful +copying. But the satisfactory nature of the work is chiefly due to the +preservation of those careful studies of the original which were made +by Mr. Joseph Butler. + +In 1867 the wall enclosing the library in the lady-chapel was removed, +and three years later, with the consent of the Duke of Richmond, the +floor was lowered to its original level and the chapel restored in +memory of Bishop Gilbert. Soon afterwards the windows were provided +with new stained glass. + +During the last half of the nineteenth century several small portions +of the building were repaired, restored, or rebuilt. The cloister was +carefully restored by the late Mr. Gordon M. Hills. More recently the +roof of the lady-chapel, the two eastern pinnacles of the choir as +well as those two lower ones to the chapels of S.M. Magdalen, and S. +Catherine, have been restored by his son Mr. Gordon P.G. Hills, +A.R.I.B.A., with much care and consideration for the fabric of which +he is the surveyor. The latest act affecting the history of the +building has been the addition of a new north-western tower to take +the place of the unsightly rents and wreckage that have disfigured and +helped to destroy the structure at that part during the last two +hundred years. It was designed by the late Mr. J.L. Pearson, R.A. + +[Illustration: SOUTH WEST VIEW OF THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE GARDEN OF +THE BISHOP'S PALACE. _Photochrom Co., Ltd., Photo_. ] + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +THE EXTERIOR. + + +As a design, the west front offers four important parts for +observation; these are the two towers, the west wall of the nave +proper, with the gable and the windows which compose it, and then the +porch. + +The #Towers# are now similar. The upper stage of that on the north +is an imitation, as far as possible, of the same section of the other +tower which was built in the thirteenth century. In its third stage +some differences are introduced. The masonry of the new work is +executed so as to carry on the courses of the old stonework that +attach it to the rest of the front. The new work has followed the +custom of the older and better traditions of the stonemasons, in that +it has been left strictly as it was finished by the tool upon the +"banker." The natural and simple texture imparted by the action of +chiselling leaves a character upon the stonework similar to that of +the earlier work. + +The upper portion of the new north-west tower [29] being copied from +that part of the old one to the south, it will be enough to describe +the original. But first it is necessary to notice the lower stage of +the southern tower. The buttressing on the south angle is of a later +date than the rest of this section of the tower. It has a low +weathered base. The central part of it has its projection at the base +reduced when it reaches its summit by means of three steep sloping +weatherings. There are also openings in the buttress for the staircase +windows. The two lower windows of the west front in this tower are not +placed in the same vertical line. This peculiarity has been followed +in the new tower. The upper of these two windows is pointed, and has +no label-mould. But the angle shafts that carry the arch have carved +capitals and square-moulded abaci. Above the head of the pointed +window the tower changes in character. The buttresses run up to the +top as broad, flat surfaces, except that the northern one is slightly +weathered twice. The coupled windows are more deeply recessed, having +three orders of moulded arch-stones instead of the two, as in the +lower window of a similar date; and the arch is carried by three +shafts attached as parts of the jamb-stones. The windows have +label-moulds over them, and the abaci of the capitals are carried +across the buttresses on either side as a string-course. By this means +the lines of the composition are continued horizontally, +notwithstanding the interruption by the openings in the walling. These +are now glazed as windows; but they were originally open, as some +bells once hung in the tower at this level. + + [29] By the late J.L. Pearson, R.A., and completed by his son. + +[Illustration: THE NORTH-EAST ANGLE OF THE SOUTH-WEST TOWER. _S.B. +Bolas & Co., photo_.] + +The west end of the nave has six windows grouped in it above the +porch. The two upper ones are small and close up under the gable +coping. This latter is simply chamfered and capped with a modern +cross. The windows are arched in two orders. The inner order has a +plain, straight chamfered moulding; and the outer, a hollow chamfered +one. The label-mould and the capitals of the attached shafts in the +jambs are a little later in design than the windows themselves. A +moulded string-course separates the point of the large west window +from those above it; and from the level of this string-course up to +the coping of the gable the whole surface of the wall is covered with +a diagonal pattern of incised diapers. + +The West Window is entirely modern, but copied from fourteenth-century +examples with some success. It has five divisions between the jambs +and mullions. The central one is larger than those on either side. The +upper part is filled with geometrical tracery. + +Below the west window are three other windows grouped together. They +are at the triforium level, where they were probably inserted before +the middle of the thirteenth century; but they have been restored at +various times since then. + +The #West Porch# is a comparatively simple structure. It rises from +the ground with a deep weathered base. At the top of the walls is a +plain weathered coping, which overhangs about one inch. The simple, +but extremely well designed, buttresses at the north and south angles +add much interest to it as a composition artistically and as a study +in structure. The small, straight buttresses on the west are only +weathered once, and this at the top; but those on the north and south +sides are different. There is a broad central buttress weathered twice +from the base to its top, and in the angle on either side of it are +what appear to be two lower, smaller buttresses, with one weathering +slope. The probability is that there was only a small buttress here at +first, and that the larger one on either side was added by being +built over the shallower, broader, and shorter one. + +[Illustration: WALL-ARCADE IN THE WEST PORCH. _S.B. Bolas & Co., +photo_.] + +These buttresses have been placed here in order to counteract the +thrust of the large, deeply-set covering arch over the entrance to the +porch. This arch is of interest, as it has but a slight label; and +then the outside angle of the soffit only is moulded, the rest being +recessed both at the jambs and in the arch for about two feet, with no +mouldings at all. Then comes a delicately moulded arch in two orders, +immediately beneath which are the coupled arches which give entrance +to the interior, vaulted apartment. These two arches, the central and +side shafts on which they rest, as well as the tympanum between them, +are restorations. + +The vault over the interior of the porch is carried on moulded +diagonal ribs. On the north, south, and west are wall ribs as well, to +carry the chalk filling between them. The insertion of two later +monuments, now much dilapidated, involved the destruction of much of +the beautiful wall arcades. These were of three complete divisions on +each wall, and have cusped heads. The upper part, below the finishing +horizontal string-course, is composed of two full and two half +quatrefoils. The work in each arcade is recessed quite seven inches +from the face of the general walling above; and the multiplied detail +in the mouldings is finely studied. Opposite the entrance is the west +doorway into the nave. The deep arch over this is seriously cracked in +several places, though it has already been much restored. It has an +outer label, which indicates that when it was built in there was then +no porch to protect it. The three orders, or main groups, of mouldings +do not run down on to the capitals, but finish by dying on to a plain +piece of stonework of circular form set immediately upon the capitals. +The Purbeck marble capitals themselves are rather large and heavily +moulded, and the shafts under them are sandstone restorations of +recent date. The west door and the woodwork about it is a poor +specimen of modern ingenuity. + +The #South Side# of the church introduces many interesting +varieties of work. These may well be followed in the course of this +description from the west to the east end. + +The lowest part of the south-west tower presents a treatment different +from that on the west side. There is here a doorway, and an +additional window. Both are round-arched. The doorway is one of the +most notable pieces of beautiful design on all the exterior of the +building. It is treated solely with variations of the well-known +chevron ornament. The cut work upon it is in no case at all deep, but +the total effect is truly delightful. There is none of the dead, +formal regularity invariable in modern attempts to imitate this type +of work. The voussoirs of the arch are not all of equal size in each +order, and on one member the chevrons are reversed on opposite sides +of the centre stone except for one accidental intermission. The +abacus, nearly six inches deep, has a flat upper part on which a +continuous diaper of Greek crosses has been cut. The lower part is a +plain, hollowed chamfer moulding. Though the small columns in the +jambs are new, and also parts of the inner reveal of the jamb, yet the +old carved capitals are still in position and also the bases. These +capitals bear distinct traces of Byzantine feeling in the design of +them. Above the doorway is a billet-moulded string-course, which stops +against the circular shafts by the buttresses, and forms the sill of +the window. The design of this opening is like that of the one over it +in the next stage, which is similar to that in the same position on +the west face of the tower. But the abaci of its capitals run from the +jambs across to the buttresses, as is the case with those of the +doorway. The billet-moulded sill evidently passed round the tower +completely, before the addition of the angle buttresses, since it +appears again on the north buttress of the west front of the same +tower; and the obvious inference is that there was once a window also +on the west in this same stage at the same level. The window +immediately below the upper division of the tower is of the same date +and character exactly as the one on the west in the like place; and it +should be noticed that the sills of the upper windows run on as +string-courses, which are continued round the circular angle-shafts of +the buttresses. + +Passing eastward from the tower, the external #Roof# of the nave +becomes visible. The irregularly waved line of the ridge where the +lead rolls meet, as it were, against the sky, is a pretty indication +of the presence of the aged timbers underneath that support it above +the walls. + +The oldest part of the building to be seen from this point is the +strip of walling at the clerestory level. The twelfth-century +round-arched windows are there almost complete. In detail they are +like those of the tower. Two of them, those in the fourth and fifth +bays from the tower, have had later work inserted in the same +openings. + +The crest of the wall between the west and the central tower was +renewed in the fourteenth century. It consists of a parapet with a +weathered coping for the top course of stonework, so that the water +might not rest upon it and percolate through the walls. Three courses +below this is a simply moulded string-course, and immediately beneath +is the cusped arcade supported on the course of detached moulded and +shaped corbels. For five feet below the bottom of the corbels the +newer part of the wall is continued. It will be interesting later to +notice the way in which the parapet on the north side of the nave has +been dealt with. The reason for the presence of so much new walling at +this level is no doubt to be found in the fact that the roof timbers +at the time of the second fire were carried down over the walls. + +The water from the gutter behind the parapet is carried out on to the +backs of the flying-buttresses by means of holes cut through the +stonework. Into these pipes are passed which convey the water through +to the open gutter channels of the buttresses. The backs of the raking +buttresses, though they are sharply weathered to throw the water from +them quickly, are also covered with lead as a further protection. +These buttresses have carried the thrust of the vaults down-wards with +safety for about six hundred years. But the presence of two distinct +arches under each of them indicates that they have been altered a +little since first they were put up. This was done when it became +necessary to carry their thrust farther out because of the new chapels +that were added long after the vaults were built over the nave. At the +foot of each raking slope is a horizontal piece which runs out until +it comes in contact with the octagon pinnacles of the vertical +exterior buttresses. It should be noted that where the +flying-buttresses meet the vertical wall of the clerestory there is in +some cases a portion of the flat buttressing of the twelfth century +visible. + +Between the buttresses of the chapels are four two-light windows, The +outer arch of each of these windows is a beautiful example of late +thirteenth-century moulded detail. The main line of the arch curve is +excellent, and the whole opening between the head, jambs, and sill is +beautifully proportioned. Some fifteenth century tracery remained in +these windows until it was replaced by the present modern work. The +outer arch is in two orders, which are carried by slight attached +shafts, some of which are renewals. The capitals to these are carved, +and have square abaci, rounded at the angle, as they pass over the +capitals. These abaci, which are finely moulded, are not more than +about two and a half inches in depth. The bases of the jamb-shafts are +characteristic of the period during which this work was done. There +are two small rounded mouldings, and one larger one. These rest on the +square, lower part, of the base. Immediately below the sill is a +string-course; and this, as well as the projecting base to the whole +wall, is continued from the side of the tower buttress eastward. Each +is returned round the four buttresses till it stops against the outer +wall of the south walk of the cloisters. The vertical buttresses here +were originally completed with a weathering at a point about half-way +up their present height; and upon this old weathering the upper and +later part of the buttress has been added. This was probably done +during the fourteenth century, about the time that the adjoining +parapet of the aisles, the parapet of the nave, and the re-working of +the upper part of the flying-buttresses was undertaken. This change in +the design involved the removal of the range of pointed gables, by +which the roof over each bay of the aisle was completed southward. +Traces of the earlier gable copings are still bedded in their original +places in the walling. Upon three of these buttresses are remains of +the old gargoyles by which the water from the roofs was carried off. +The use of these is now superseded by the cheap and mean-looking +rain-water heads and pipes. + +Close by the parapet of the aisle the square angles of each buttress +are cut off so as to form a base for the octagonal pinnacle above. +These, when in their complete state, were undoubtedly very beautiful; +for besides what can be now seen, it is known that they were once +completed each with a spirelet. Now they have the substitutes +suggested by parsimony to cover their incompleteness. As they are, in +their ruined condition, it may be seen that they were not all finished +in identically the same way. The three sides on the north of the +octagon of each one are left plain and flat. The other five sides are +treated as narrow, recessed panels, formed by the six groups of small +shafts at either angle. Every group has its capital and moulded base. +The capitals in some cases are carved, in others moulded only. Above +each capital is a small carved boss. This, doubtless, was the stop to +some member on the angles of the spirelets. Springing from the +capitals are moulded and cusped arches, which form on either side the +heads of the panelled divisions. The horizontal part of the weathering +of the flying-buttresses is stopped behind the octagons of the +pinnacles. + +The parapet has a plain weathered coping, close under which is a +string-course which helps to throw the water clear from the top of the +wall; and two coupes below this one is another moulded string. Each is +about six inches in depth. If is not possible to state more concerning +these parts in detail, since they have been much repaired at various +times. + +The stove-pipes which run up the north and south sides of the nave as +smoke-flues for the heating-apparatus do not add to the beauty of the +exterior. + +In the fifth bay, eastward from the south-west tower, is the #South +Porch#, which opens directly into the west walk of the cloister. +Early in the nineteenth century it was in a ruinous condition; but +restoration has again given it stability, if not all its old beauty. +The idea of the design, as it is seen from the cloister, is identical +with that of the exterior of the west porch. But in the detail of its +mouldings and other features it is different entirely. The restored +abaci of the capitals, like the originals, are some of them square, +others irregular octagons. The interior is vaulted, and has diagonal +and wall ribs. On the west and east sides are stone benches. But the +west side has in addition a small arcade of four arches forming +recessed sedilia. The mouldings to the arches of this small arcade are +of about the same date as those in the two outer orders of the +enclosing arch on the south front of this porch. The two smaller +arches under it appear to be later work, if we judge from their +present character. But the arch-mould of the #Doorway# within the +porch is work of approximately the same date as the outer moulded +member of the enclosing arch on the west front of the west porch. The +enclosing arch of the south porch is later work than these. But the +two inner moulded orders of the enclosing arch of the west porch are +even later still in character. + +[Illustration: THE SOUTH DOORWAY IN THE WEST WALK OF THE CLOISTER. +_S.B. Bolas & Co., photo_.] + +The east side of this south porch forms the west wall of the present +choir singing school--the old sacristy. But this room projects farther +southward than the porch. The limit of its projection is indicated by +a portion of a buttress in the cloister. Between this buttress and the +porch are two small windows--one of them is now blocked up. The upper +one is the same in design as those others on the south side of the +same apartment. These we shall consider presently. Above the central +pier at the entrance to this porch is a miserable figure in stone, +intended to represent a saint. + +[Illustration: THE WEST WALK OF THE CLOISTER FROM THE SOUTH-EAST. +_S.B. Bolas & Co., photo_.] + +The #Cloister#, which was added in the fifteenth century, is of a +peculiarly irregular shape, and encloses the south transept within the +paradise. It has been much restored at different times. The present +roof is of tiles, and is carried on common rafters. Each has a +cross-tie, and the struts are shaped so as to give a pointed, arched +form to each one. The old fifteenth-century wooden cornice still +remains in some sections. The walling was once all plastered. The +tracery is divided into four compartments by mullions, and each head +is filled with cusped work. + +Round the cloister are placed the old houses of the Treasurer, the +Royal Chaplains, and Wiccamical Prebendaries. Above the door leading +to the house of the Royal Chaplains is an interesting monument of the +Tudor period. It is a panel divided into two compartments by a moulded +stone framework. + +Leading out of the south walk is a doorway, through which the deanery +may be seen beyond the end of a long walled passage known as S. +Richard's Walk. Looking back northwards, there is a fine view of the +spire and transept from the end of this walk. + +The chamber over the present singing school between the south arm of +the transept and the west walk of the cloister shows the effect +produced by some changes made during the fifteenth century. The +masonry was more carefully finished than that of the adjoining +transept--a specimen of twelfth-century work. The joints in the later +work are thinner, and the average size of the stones is in this case +smaller. + +On the south side of the wall of this chamber are two buttresses. +Close under the shallow moulded coping at the top of the wall are two +fifteenth-century windows. They are not placed centrally over the +others below. In design they are each divided into three lights by +mullions. On the east side of the middle buttress is an old rain-water +head of (eighteenth-century?) leadwork. Part of the lead piping still +remains, having the old ears to fasten it to the walls. The west side +of this chamber has one buttress on the south angle and a window in +the centre of the wall. Above it is the low slope of a gable. The +window is similar to those on the south side, but the head is a +pointed and four-centred arch. The mullions have been restored. Below +the part just described is the earlier work of the thirteenth +century. It rises as far up as to the string-course formed by the +continuation of the abaci of the capitals in the two small +single-light windows. These narrow and sharp-pointed windows are +peculiar. The arch-moulds are different from the other work of the +same date in the church. There is no sign of tracery in their design, +and the jambs have a simple attached shaft in the outer reveal. The +bases to these shafts are earlier than those of the shafts to the +south aisle chapel windows, and the edge of the inner member of the +window arch is merely cut off with a straight chamber. There is one +window, the same as these, hidden in the west walk of the cloister. +Beneath the windows just described there are two small single-light +openings in each portion of walling on either side of the central +buttress. These six windows serve to light the vaulted (sacristy) +choir school within. + +[Illustration: THE EAST WALK OF THE CLOISTER. _S.B. Bolas & Co., +photo_.] + +It has been supposed by some that a chapter-house once existed within +the paradise close by the west angle of the transept. The south end of +the transept rises on the north side of the cloister garth. At the +south-west angle a great part of the twelfth-century masonry in the +broad flat buttresses remains. The south-east angle and buttresses are +quite different. They are perhaps part of the work done during the +thirteenth century, though it is possible that they were introduced +when Langton inserted the large south window of the transept. This +window has been very much restored since the seventeenth century, when +it was almost knocked in pieces. Wooden props served instead of +mullions for many years to hold up the tracery above. The repair that +has been effected retains the old design. Above each angle of the +transept is a turret, octagonal in form. Neither of them is complete. +They were only required in the fifteenth century as a means of access +to the roofs at the parapet level from the staircases in the angle +buttresses. The gable of the transept rises above the parapet just +described, but it is not in the same vertical plane as the face of the +wall below. The top of this gable was for many years in a very wrecked +condition. The design of the tracery in the rose window is in two +orders, based upon equilateral triangles filled in with cusps. + +Close to the ground on the south-west corner buttress are two +string-courses. The lower of these is a billet-moulded course cut, +like those to be seen on the south-west tower. Its presence here, and +at this level, shows that this was the original level of the sills of +all the old Norman windows on the outside walls until about the close +of the twelfth century. + +On the east side of this part of the transept, at the clerestory +level, are two round-headed windows. Both originally were all of +twelfth-century workmanship. But now the southern one has abaci, +capitals, angle-shafts, and base, which are thirteenth-century work, +and the early label-mould has been changed. The other window shows +partly what was once probably the character of both of them. But the +greater part of this window was restored when the central tower and +spire were rebuilt after 1861. Between the windows is a buttress that +was introduced when the vault was added. The south-east angle on this +side retains part of the twelfth-century flat buttressing. There are +on this wall and the turret different types of masonry, which +represent five distinct periods of building, from the twelfth to the +nineteenth century. But the junction between the work of two of these +periods, being a weak part, shows by the crack down the wall from the +parapet that some movement has taken place here. + +Projecting eastwards from the transept is the square chapel (now a +vestry), which took the place of the early apsidal one. Neither of its +three windows has any tracery. The window on the south side is +pointed. The arch-mould is the same as that to the round-headed window +on the east; but there is a label-mould over this south one and not on +the other. The abaci are new, and the angle-shafts and bases as well, +but the capitals are old, though decayed. The parapet on the south is +of the same character and date as that over the wall of the choir, but +earlier than that above the south window of the transept, which is of +the same date as that on the south wall of the nave. + +The roof of this chapel appears, from the raking channel on the +transept wall, to have once been higher, with a sharper pitch. The +finish to the present gable point has disappeared. On the east wall +and on the south-west buttress of the transept there are two +interesting old lead rain-water heads. The east wall of the chapel +runs on northwards till it becomes a part of the buttress of the +choir. The wall between the north buttress of the chapel and the +buttress of the choir aisle close by is pierced with two small cusped +windows of fifteenth-century date. Below these is a larger and sharply +pointed arched head. It has no mouldings. But the square-headed small +light under it has splayed jambs. This opening was probably once a +round-headed twelfth-century window, as the old abacus is still in +position. + +The #South Side of the Choir# is externally divided into five bays. +There are five flying-buttresses to carry down the vault thrusts, with +a pinnacle above the buttress at the south-east angle. The first, +second, and third bays from the east side of the transept have still +the round-arched windows of the twelfth century set in the walling of +the same date. But it should be noted that part of the window in the +first bay was rebuilt after 1861. The fourth and fifth bays have +pointed windows, carved capitals, and angle-shafts. These, though now +entirely renewed, were built when the whole of this part of the choir +was added. Part of the walling for a few feet below the parapet was +renewed at the same time. The flying-buttresses are thirteenth-century +additions of the same date as the vaults within; and those three +nearest the transept abut on parts of the twelfth-century flat +buttresses. The flat projection was continued up to the parapet at a +later date, probably when the parapet itself was built on. But the +fourth buttress also abuts upon a slightly projecting flat strip of +buttressing. In this case, however, but not in the others, the flat +strip and the flying-buttress are of the same width and built as one +piece of structure. The third and fourth flying-buttresses have a +secondary, and apparently later, arch of fine grained white stone +beneath their larger arches. + +The copings on the backs of these buttresses are not weathered like +those of the nave, and, except the one next the transept, each is +covered with lead. There are no pinnacles to them above the aisle +wall. The fourteenth-century builders had not touched them, as they +did those south of the nave. There are, too, no gutters along their +backs. It is curious that this method of carrying the water away from +the upper roofs over the lower ones should not have been adopted when +the parapets were put up. + +[Illustration: THE CHOIR AND CENTRAL TOWER FROM THE SOUTH-EAST. _S.B. +Bolas & Co., photo_.] + +The outer wall of the choir aisle is one of the most interesting +portions of the building, from an archaeological as well as an +architectural standpoint. It shows three of the arched heads of small +twelfth-century windows that used to light the earlier triforium +gallery. One of these has now a fifteenth-century insertion beneath +it. This is in the second bay from the transept. It is a small window +with a cusped head and a square label-mould above it. In the same area +of walling there are shown the levels of the cut string-course that +ran along under the sills of the twelfth-century aisle windows. It is +the same string and at the same level as it appears upon the +south-west angle of the transept and the south-west tower of the west +front. It shows, too, in the second bay, the level of the old abaci +which ran across from each capital in the window jambs and stopped +against the sides of the buttresses. There is also the continuous +chamfer course that ran along the walls above the heads of these aisle +windows. In proof of these things there is even now one of these same +old windows in almost its original state within the little chamber +known as the priest-vicars' vestry. This window is in the bay of aisle +walling immediately against the transept wall. The string-courses of +the old windows were continued round the later buttresses. In the +fourth bay, above the point of the window arch, the curve of the +original apse of the ambulatory is just traceable; but beyond this +point eastwards the twelfth-century walling has disappeared until we +meet it again in the lady-chapel. There is a small buttress in the +fourth bay marking the junction between the two periods of masonry. In +the second and third bays part of the twelfth-century top to the aisle +walls remains. The roof may have had eaves originally, but now there +is a parapet of about the same date as the present buttresses; and the +projection of this parapet is carried upon the corbels that were +carved and built in before the second fire occurred. The space between +each corbel is bridged over by small single stones cut out to the +shape of a semicircular arch. + +The windows in the second, third, and fourth bays differ in size and +shape from each other; that in the second bay has a pointed arch and +no tracery, square abaci and the remains of carved capitals. The angle +shafts and bases are gone. They were all inserted at about the same +time; but that in the third bay has had some poor modern tracery +without cusps added to it, and that in the fourth bay is a more +recent, insertion than the one next to it. In the third and fourth +bays just above the low chamfered base of the wall are three +semicircular markings cut on the wall, but there is nothing to explain +their existence. In the fourth bay close beneath the sill of the +window is a stone built into the wall, upon which a dedication cross +is cut. At the fifth bay the east walk of the cloisters joins the wall +of the aisle; its roof partly hides a window, above which is a square +panel of the fifteenth century. This panel indicates the position of a +window, for the jambs and mullions of its tracery may be seen within +the church. They are rebated for shutters, the old hooks for which +also remain. The south-east angle turret of the presbytery has lately +been rebuilt; so also has that on the north-east angle. They are each +of them octagonal in form, but differ in detail, in imitation of those +they replace. + +The large rose window in the gable of the #East End# is of about +the same date as the vaulting over the south transept, since they +possess kindred details. In design it is a simple circle, with seven +others within it of equal diameter. Portions of the coping of an +earlier and lower pointed gable are bedded in the wall. Under the +string beneath the rose window are three windows grouped as a triplet, +with no label moulding. The centre light is higher than the others. +Though each has been much repaired, the early thirteenth-century +detail has been retained. The abaci of the capitals are square. The +windows have no tracery, and are probably quite fifty years earlier in +date than the large rose above them. + +The exterior of the small chapel to the south has a square weathered +angle buttress. On its south side is a window of the same date as the +rest of the chapel, and like the triplet in the gable of the +presbytery in character and date. Its east end has been altered since +the chapel was finished. First a small rose window, recently renewed, +of the same date and type as that in the presbytery gable, was +inserted under the earlier narrow window close to the gable point; +then the original east window was removed, and a larger one was put +in, having three lights and a traceried head with cusped work of late +fourteenth-or early fifteenth-century work. The sill of the old window +was lowered to give more length. Most of the window now to be seen is +the result of recent restoration. Parts of the old string-courses +remain in the walling. + +The south side of the #Lady-Chapel# beyond the chapel just +described has four bays. In each of these is a large three-light +window. The western and smallest one was probably first inserted. Then +the two eastern ones were put in when the two east bays were added to +the older lady-chapel. The other window appears the latest of the +four; or else may it not be that before deciding to lengthen the +lady-chapel, the builders first began only with the idea of inserting +some new windows in the older walls? But before this scheme had been +executed they concluded that they would add bodily to the chapel; and +in order to allow the chapel to continue in use while this was being +done, they built the extension first outside, then built up the +connection with the original walls, and inserted their latest window. +Two of the buttresses on this wall are flat. In this they are like +those of the twelfth century; but their upper parts were rebuilt when +the parapet was made. The others are later, and have more projection. +On the north and south of the lady-chapel the wall is finished by a +parapet. It is the same in detail and design as that on the south wall +of the presbytery. So it is probable that Bishop Gilbert de S. +Leophardo, when he lengthened the lady-chapel, caused other work to be +done at the same time. + +[Illustration: WINDOWS OF THE LADY-CHAPEL, SOUTH SIDE. _S.B. Bolas & +Co., photo_.] + +The lady-chapel has been much restored in many ways, but the old +parapet remains in part on the north side. The tracery of the windows +is interesting, as it shows early examples of cusped forms. The east +end of the lady-chapel has a five-light window, which has been much +repaired. It has been in a measure imitated from the others in the +chapel. + +The description of the south side of the chapel applies generally to +the north side. But the windows in two cases have been much more +restored. The chapel north of the lady-chapel has an angle turret like +that on the south. Its east and north windows are fifteenth-century +insertions. And it has a little rose window in the gable not yet +restored, though soon, by decay, it will have disappeared. The smaller +window above it is blocked up. On its north side there is neither a +gutter nor a parapet; but perhaps this is better than the foolish +cornice, with rosettes in it, which has been placed on the wall of the +south chapel to carry a gutter. + +The details of the north wall of the presbytery are similar to those +described on the south. But there are no sub-arches to any of the +flying buttresses, and the slopes of each are protected by lead +coverings. And in the exterior of the north aisle the same elements of +structure and design may be discovered, even to the presence of +twelfth-century remains, the curve of the old encircling apse, and the +position of the first sills, abaci, and string-courses. But it should +be noticed that in the eastern bay of this aisle externally, where on +the south there is a fifteenth-century solid square panel, on the +north there is a small round-headed window. But this little window is +of no earlier date than the walls in which it is set. The second and +third windows from the east buttress of the presbytery aisle are +insertions of fifteenth-century type; but they have been so much +renewed and restored that only in the third one does there appear to +be any portion of the original tracery remaining. On the north side of +the choir and presbytery are four very fine old lead rain-water heads +and square lead pipes. + +The east end of the present #Library# has in it five windows. Two +of the upper ones are built up, the central and higher one only being +glazed. In detail they are all of the same date as the walls they are +in. None has any tracery, and by this they show that this piece of +work was done at the same time as the chapel--now a vestry--on the +east side of the south end of the transept. The gable is a low slope +like the present roof, but the slope of the old gable and roof may be +seen upon the east wall of the transept. There is one buttress only on +the east side of the library. The north side is divided into two parts +in its length by a buttress. The parapet has a corbel course similar +to that on the two eastern bays of the presbytery aisle. The two small +pointed windows below it are built up, as now the apartment they once +lighted is a lumber-room, where the remnants of the old reredos are +stored. The larger windows below are of the same date, nearly, as +those two fifteenth-century ones in the north wall of the presbytery +aisle. The east one has three and the west four lights, with cusped +tracery in the heads. + +The east wall of the north arm of the #Transept# has a buttress, as +is the case with the south arm. But early thirteenth-century pointed +windows take the place of the round-headed ones. There are, however, +three string-courses on this wall of the north arm which do not appear +on the south. One is the old twelfth-century string which evidently +once ran along above the old round-headed windows. The next is a +continuation of the abaci of the capitals. The other passes under the +sills of the windows. A comparison of this wall with that +corresponding to it in the south of the transept shows that for some +reason the windows here were totally changed and the others only +partially. This may suggest that at the time of the fire this part was +more damaged than the other. The parapet on this wall is unlike that +at the top of the presbytery and choir walls. It has no corbelling and +no arched and cusped work; it is merely a plain piece of walling, +slightly overhung with a weathered coping at the top and a moulded +string beneath. + +The general features in the design of the north end of this transept +are similar to those of the south. The gable sets back from the face +of the lower wall as before, and in it is a rose window, also based on +the hexagon principle in design. It is later in character than either +of the other large rose windows in the south of the transept and the +east of the presbytery. Like the others, it has been much repaired. +The two irregular octagon turrets on each angle are of the same date +as those on the south, and, like them, have weathered and battlemented +parapets to the top of their side walls. The parapet of the north wall +between them is of the same design, detail, and date as that on the +north and south walls of the clerestory to the nave. + +On the north-east angle are two buttresses; and on the north-west +angle there is a group of buttresses of a later type. On the west +there remains the old twelfth-century flat buttress, like those on the +south-west angle of the transept. Westward of this, and standing clear +of the wall, is a fine fourteenth-century flying-buttress. Projecting +northwards, but attached to the north-west angle, is a vertical +buttress of the same date as the flying one close to it. + +On the west side, this part of the transept almost repeats what is to +be observed on the east; but the parapet here is the same as that on +the north end, and near the ground is one of the twelfth-century +windows. The arch-mould of its rounded head is the same in detail as +those in the priest-vicars' vestry and in the chamber above the +present library. It seems to be an example of that later work of the +twelfth century of which other specimens no doubt remained in the +walls of the lady-chapel before Bishop Gilbert transformed it into its +present state. Close to this window, and rising up just above the sill +of the clerestory windows, is a narrow, flat buttress, which is +probably of the same date as the window. Its upper half has an +attached shaft on each angle, with moulded bases and carved capitals +of the same period; but the weathering on its top appears to have been +changed in the thirteenth century. + +Close by is the only part now remaining of the twelfth-century outer +wall of the nave aisle. The original corbel course of the parapet +remains, but not the upper part of the parapet. And it may be seen +here that the small windows that lighted the triforium gallery had +round arched heads in two orders, with a string-course at their sill. +Below this string is a thirteenth-century pointed window, with a +billet-moulded label cut in a twelfth-century manner of design. + +[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH-EAST. _Photochrom Co., +Ltd., photo_.] + +The north side of the nave retains the seven twelfth-century +clerestory windows, the one next to the transept having been rebuilt +after the fall of the central tower and spire in 1861. There are no +remains of later insertions, as on the south side. The parapet is +later in design than those to the choir and lady-chapel; but it is of +the same date as that on the south wall of the nave. In the five +eastern bays it is of two tiers. The upper projects beyond the lower, +and so widens the span between the north and south clerestory walls. +It has been suggested that this was done in order to straighten the +north wall, which in the twelfth century had been built so that it +bent inwards towards the south. + +The weathered and channelled backs of five of the buttresses are the +same date as those south of the nave; but the easternmost one has a +flat raking back like those to the north and south of the choir and +presbytery. The four western buttresses had pinnacles with +spirelets--now destroyed. The western one was square, the other three +octagonal. All these are earlier in date than the fifth one from the +west, this last one being probably the same in date, as it is in +detail, as those on the south side. The sixth one finishes plainly +with a square top. It may once have had a pinnacle, but none now +remains. + +The parapet to the aisle chapels in the four western bays is plain, +with a weathered coping and string-course in which is some carved work +of late fourteenth-century date. The gables between the buttresses are +gone, as is the case on the south side; but traces of their old +copings remain. The four large three-light windows are the same in +design and detail, and were no doubt executed when the chapels +themselves were built. They have traceried heads with early types of +cusping of about the same date as, or a little later than, the rose +window in the east gable; but they are certainly thirty or forty years +earlier than those of the lady-chapel. The north window of the chapel +in the fifth bay is a modern insertion of the same character as in the +south aisle chapels of the nave. It probably, like them, contained a +fifteenth-century window, which was removed to satisfy the taste which +thought the present substitute the better thing. The detail of the two +orders of its outer arch is earlier than that of the windows west of +it. Above the point of this window is a small circular one, with a +cusped treatment of perhaps the same date as the ones in the east end +of the chapels at the end of the aisles of the presbytery. + +The #North Porch# has a pointed outer arch in two orders. The +abaci to the capitals are square; but now there are no shafts or bases +in the jambs. The sub-arches appear to be about the same date as the +transept vaulting, as they have the dogtooth ornament in their +mouldings. On the west face of the buttress, close by, is a double +niche in very bad repair; but as a specimen of work it is well worth +studying. The parvise chamber above this porch is not lighted except +by the small cuttings in the form of a cross which pierce the wall. + +The new north-west tower, or its north front, has imitations of +twelfth-century work throughout, except in the case of the coupled +openings in the top stage, which are like the thirteenth-century work +at the same level in the south-west tower. The lower part of the +north-east buttress incorporates the remains of the original +twelfth-century flat buttressing. + +The #Central Tower# and #Spire#, although they were rebuilt +again after the disaster in 1861, are as nearly as possible an exact +reproduction of the originals. + +The tower rises out of the substructure where the roofs of the nave +and transept intersect. It is not square in plan, but has an axis from +east to west, longer than that from north to south. Below the +string-course, under the weathered sills of the arcaded openings in +the belfry stage, are, on the north, south, and west, small wall +arcades. At each angle there is a turret. Three of these are +octagonal, but that at the south-west is circular till it reaches the +string course below the parapet; and excepting those on the north-west +and south-west they are used as staircases. Each of the four sides is +pierced by two groups of coupled openings under superior arches, the +several moulded members of which rise in four receding orders from the +square abaci of the capitals of the angle shafts. The space between +the pointed heads of the sub-arches on the east and west faces is +pierced by quatrefoils; those on the west are different in design from +those on the east. + +The parapet of the tower has features in its design which indicate +that the original one W been added to the earlier tower during the +fifteenth century. The octagonal terminations to the four turrets were +of the same character and date as the parapet. + +[Illustration: _Photochrom Co., Ltd., photo._ THE DETACHED +BELL-TOWER.] + +The spire rises out of the supporting walls of the tower within the +parapet. It is a regular octagon in shape. Four octagonal pinnacles +are placed at its base next to each of the turrets of the tower; and +between these, on the other four faces of the spire, are tall stone +dormers, with carved crockets and finials on the copings of the +high-pitched gables. Above this group the spire is divided into three +sections by two bands of diaper-work cut out of the stone surfaces as +cusped quatrefoils; and from the base of the spire to its capstone +there is a projecting rib on each angle between the several faces of +the octagon. + +The #Bell Tower#, which stands alone to the north of the cathedral, +is now the only one of its kind in England; and it is curious that in +two cases where these towers were found, as at Salisbury and at +Norwich, spires had been added to the central towers. The cathedral +bells have been hung in this tower since the fifteenth century. The +structure itself, with its massive walls, is square in plan at the +base, but at the top story it becomes an octagon, and the buttresses +on each angle terminate as pinnacles between the angles of the square +and four sides of the octagon. + +[Illustration: THE NAVE, LOOKING WEST. _Photochrom Co., Ltd., photo.] + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +THE INTERIOR. + + +The #Nave# of Chichester, compared with that of other cathedrals, +possesses several peculiar characteristics. It has a beauty apart from +others in the quiet simplicity with which it has been designed. There +is an evident restraint, almost severity, to be felt in studying the +exquisite proportions of its parts. It does not exhibit the massive +force and strength of Durham; but the rigid power in the square piers +of the arcades is stern compared with the more subtle variations of +light and shade produced by the curved surfaces of the circular piers +either at Ely or Peterborough. + +During the Reformation period the divisions between the several +chapels to the north and south of the nave were removed; and so since +that date Chichester has been the only cathedral in England which has +what may be called five aisles, and it is wider than any other, +excepting York, being ninety-one feet across. + +The central space, or nave proper, is divided into eight bays +throughout its length. The vertical lines which mark these divisions +are the triple attached vaulting shafts. They support the transverse +ribs of the stone vault; and from their carved Purbeck marble capitals +spring also the wall and diagonal ribs. A Purbeck string-course in +each case separates the triforium gallery from the arcade below and +from the clerestory above. + +[Illustration: THE NAVE, LOOKING EAST. _Photochrom Co., Ltd., photo_.] + +The nave arcades have round arches. The fine stone facing of the piers +toward the nave, the small columns in the jambs, the vaulting shafts, +and the moulded outer member of the arches are all additions to the +twelfth-century structure. In the triforium, the round arch again +occurs with two smaller sub-arches of similar shape. In the nave these +were not altered after the second fire; but the clerestory above was +much changed in character. The central arch of the three remained +semicircular, but the side ones became pointed in place of the early +round arches. The detached columns, the jamb shafts, and the moulding +of the arches were all altered in detail; and the stone used was of +finer texture, like that with which the piers of the arcade below were +faced. + +In the #South Aisle# there is a good view, which extends beyond the +transept into the small chapel of S. Mary Magdalen at the east end, in +which is the only really fine stained-glass window in the church. The +chapel aisle to the south of this, again, is interesting, in that it +still retains some signs of what purposes it served in former days. +The two western bays were originally the #chapel of S. George#. +Those to the east were dedicated as the #chapel of S. Clement#. In +each of these the old piscina and aumbry remain near where the altar +had been placed. The latter chapel has now been restored in memory of +Bishop Durnford (see page 121). Mr. G.F. Bodley, A.R.A., and Mr. T. +Garner were the architects who designed the new work. The old wall +arcade is now again used as part of the reredos. The figures under the +arches are--in the centre S. Clement, on the south S. Anselm, and on +the north S. Alphege. In the quatrefoils above are figures of two +angels bearing in their hands shields, on which are represented the +symbols of the Passion. Behind the altar, which is of oak, is a white +marble re-table. The deeply moulded arch which separates the two +vaulted bays of each of these chapels is carried by some very +beautiful carved capitals. Above them may be seen the square abaci +which are so much used in all the later work in the cathedral. They +are peculiarly a French characteristic, and serve to indicate the +relationship there was between the English and Continental schools of +mediaeval architecture. + +Beyond this chapel is the doorway from the south porch, which gives +access to the west walk of the cloister. + +The doorway on the right in the south aisle next to the entrance to +the south arm of the transept leads to the #Bishop's Consistory +Court# (or Langton's Chapter House), which is now a muniment-room. + +The small chamber above the south porch is supposed to have been a +secret #Treasury#. It is approached through the muniment-room, and +has been popularly known as the "Lollard's Prison." + +[Illustration: THE SOUTH AISLE FROM THE NAVE. _S.B. Bolas & Co. +photo_.] + +The #North Aisle# is similar to that on the south side. Towards its +western end is the entrance door from the north porch. + +The north chapel aisle was originally used as three separate chapels +until the divisions between them were removed. The two bays at the +west were the #chapel of S. Anne#; the two next east of this formed +the chapel of the Four Virgins, and the last bay was the small chapel +of SS. Thomas and Edmund. In the first named of these there may still +be seen, in the jambs, the capitals, and the arch-moulds of the +north-western window, some of the colour decoration of which so much +remained until the nineteenth century. The space in the north wall +shows where the aumbry used to be. The small remnants of the division +wall at the east are some slight indication of what the design of the +arcading on this wall was before it was destroyed. In the next chapel, +that of the #Four Virgins#, there is nothing to show where the +aumbry or the piscina was. But on the north 'the position of the +arcading on the east dividing wall remains. The #chapel of SS. Thomas +and Edmund# has an arcade on the east wall similar to that in the +chapel of S. Clement. The aumbry is on the north and the piscina on +the south side of the position which the altar used to occupy. + +The #Rood-Screen# at the entrance to the choir from the nave was +erected in 1889, and is a memorial of Archdeacon Walker. It was +designed by Mr. T. Garner. At the point where the arms of the cross +meet is a figure representing the "Agnus Dei," and at the extremities +of the cross are carvings of the four-winged figures of the cherubim. + +The #Pulpit# was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, and is a memorial +of Dean Hook. It is very elaborately carved, and is made of Caen stone +and Purbeck marble. The four figures are intended to represent +Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. + +The #Lectern# of brass was presented to the church as a memorial of +Richard Owen, of Chichester, by his daughter. + +The #Font# under the south-western tower is a copy of an old one in +the church at Shoreham. It was the gift of Bishop Durnford, as a +memorial of his wife. + +The #Monuments in the Nave# have in many cases suffered from bad +usage, and in most instances they do not now occupy their original +places in the building. + +The canopied memorial to Bishop Durnford (1), [30] under which is a +recumbent effigy, forms part of the screen between S. Clement's +chapel and the south aisle of the nave. It was designed by Mr. Garner. +There are several tablets in the nave and aisles by Flaxman. The best +are those to the memory of Captain Cromwell's wife and daughter (2), +in S. Clement's chapel, and one on the north side of the nave, in the +chapel of the Four Virgins, as a memorial of Collins (3), the poet, +who was a native of Chichester. The two recumbent figures under the +arch leading into this same chapel are said to be those of Richard +Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, and his wife (4). It was restored by +Richardson. Fitz-Alan was beheaded in 1397. Some say that these two +figures were removed from the chapel of the monastery of the Grey +Friars at the time of the Reformation, and were placed in their +present position in 1843, having been found embedded in the stonework +of the chapel wall close by. The base upon which the figures rest is +modern. The earl is represented in full armour. At his feet is a lion, +and at his head, under the helmet, is a coronet and a lion's head. At +the countess's feet is a dog, and her head rests upon two pillows. + + [30] The figures in parenthesis refer to the numbers on the plan at +the end. + +The most beautiful monument now remaining in the church is that which +is said to represent Maud, Countess of Arundel (1270) (5). The +modelling of the whole figure and the long flowing lines of her robes +are worthy of careful study. The whole pose and the disposition of the +two angels at the head arranging the pillows, with the two dogs upon +which her feet rest, have been finely conceived and well executed. The +hands are clasped over the breast, with the forearms bent upwards +slightly towards the face. On each of the long sides of the base +supporting the figure are six elongated quatrefoil panels, containing +in all six female figures and six shields. Between the quatrefoils are +winged heads of ten angelic figures. The blazoning of the shields is +entirely gone, and the brilliant colouring that once covered the +entire monument is only to be traced in a few places. The outer robe +still shows some signs of the rich blue with which it used to be +covered. The face of the figure appears to be badly mutilated, but the +damage to the features has been done principally by an endeavour to +preserve them. A thick coat of plaster had been placed over the face +to protect it from injury, perhaps in the seventeenth century or +earlier, and this was never completely removed. It had become +gradually polished like the material of the figure itself, and so it +remains, with a cut across it to represent a mouth. The remains of the +real face are still hidden beneath. + +[Illustration: THE SACRISTY (SEE P. 90). _S.B. Bolas & Co. photo_.] + +Close to this effigy, but in the aisle farther to the east, and on the +north wall, are two admirable memorial tablets which were designed in +the eighteenth century. One is in memory of Dean Hayley and his wife +(6), and the other in memory of Henry Baker and his wife and their +only child (7), who, by comparison with the other tablet, appears to +have been a second wife of the same Thomas Hayley. + +Close to the porch in the south aisle is the only complete old brass +in the building (8). It is dated 1592, and records the fact that "Mr. +William Bradbridge" was "thrice Maior of this Cittie," and "had vi +sonnes & viii daughters." The other monuments in the nave are those of +Matthew Quantock, Dean Cloos, Bishop Arundel, and William Huskisson, +sometime member of Parliament for Chichester. One on the south side of +the west porch is Bishop Stephen de Berghstead's, and the other +opposite on the north is a work of the fifteenth century. + +The #Choir and Sanctuary#--These are very different in appearance now +from what they were, as will be seen by reference to the chapter on +the history of the fabric. + +The #Reredos# was designed by Messrs. Slater & Carpenter, and has +never been completed. It is generally considered that it is not at all +in keeping with the character of the building, and there is some hope +that it may be one day removed. The subject of the figure-work in the +panel is "The Ascension." + +The #Altar# was presented by the late Mr. J.F. France, and is made +of oak. Some of the frontals are very elaborate examples of modern +embroidery. + +The #Pavements# are composed of many specimens of various coloured +marbles. + +The #Stalls# are those which have been in use since the fourteenth +century. All the furniture of the choir had been removed for safety +before the fall of the tower and spire: but the bishop's throne (9) +and the stalls for the dean and precentor have been added since that +time. + +The #Candelabrum# which hangs from the vault was presented by Lady +Featherstonhaugh and two other ladies, in the eighteenth century. + +The #Iron Grilles# which screen the eastern part of the choir from +the aisles are good examples of simple modern ironwork copied from old +examples; they were made in Chichester by Halsted & Sons. + +[Illustration: THE MODERN ALTAR AND REREDOS.] + +The #Organ# was placed on the north side of the choir after it +had been removed from its earlier position on the Arundel screen; and +in 1888, when it was largely remodelled, a new oak case was designed +for it. It was made originally by Harris in 1678, and had then only +one manual and no pedals; but between this date and the last +alteration, it had already been enlarged no less than at six different +times. + +As the choir stalls are immediately under the crossing, above which +rises the new central tower and spire, they are a convenient place +from which to examine the work of restoration. The new work represents +as nearly as possible all that was there before the collapse of the +old piers and arches. + +In the #South Transept# the most important feature is the +beautifully designed stonework of the tracery in the south window; but +this may be seen better from the cloisters, as the crude vulgarity of +the bad painted glass makes it difficult to examine it from within the +building. + +The #Sacristy# (10), now used as a choir school and vestry, is a +large vaulted chamber, lighted on the south side by six small windows +(see page 87). + +The #Chapel of S. Pantaleon# (11), on the east side of the +transept, still retains the old piscina in the south wall; but it is +used now as the vestry for the dean and canons. + +The vaulting ribs in the part of the transept between this chapel and +the sacristy are carved like those in the last bay of the presbytery +next to the lady-chapel, and are of the same date. They appear to be +part of the work done during Bishop Gilbert Leophardo's episcopate. + +The #Pictures# by Bernardi on the back of the choir stalls (see +illustration, p. 113) represent Ceadwalla and Henry VIII. granting and +confirming privileges to the bishops of their day. The portraits of +the bishops of the see from Wilfrid to Sherborne are in the north +transept. + +The #South Aisle of the Choir# is entered from the south transept +under a deeply moulded arch. On the south is the priest-vicars' vestry +(12), and at the east end the #chapel of S. Mary Magdalen#. This +chapel was restored by Messrs. G.F. Bodley, A.R.A., and T. Garner, +architects, in memory of the Rev. T.F. Crosse, who was precentor and +canon of the cathedral. The aumbry in the north wall was the +receptacle in which S. Richard's head was preserved in a case of +silver. This is mentioned in William de Tenne's will. On the other +side is the old piscina. The paintings in the panels by Miss Lowndes +represent, on the north side (i) S. Richard celebrating the Eucharist +in S. Edmund's Chapel, (ii) the same bishop preaching, and (iii) his +death; on the south, (i) Mary anoints our Lord's Feet, (ii) The +Crucifixion, (iii) After the Resurrection. The carved and painted +reredos is of stone. Close to this chapel is the doorway into the +church from the east walk of the cloisters; in the spandrels of the +arches, both inside and outside, are the arms of William of Wykeham. +Above it is a window, the glass in which was given by Cardinal Manning +(when Archdeacon of Chichester) in memory of his wife. + +[Illustration: THE TRIFORIUM IN THE CHOIR. _S.B. Bolas & Co., photo_.] + +[Illustration. DECORATION ON THE VAULT OF THE LADY-CHAPEL, BY TH. +BERNARDI, 1519 (SEE P. 34). (Scale about 4 feet 10 ins. to 1 in). +_H.C. Corletle, delin_.] + +The #Presbytery#, Ambulatory, or retro-choir, is the space between +the back of the reredos and the entrance to the lady-chapel. The +design in detail of these two bays is very different in character from +the three in the choir, which are like those in the nave. The two +piers of Purbeck marble are circular, and about them are grouped four +detached shafts of the same material. They are united only at the base +and by the abacus above the capitals, which are beautifully carved +(see page 16). The main arches in the two bays are not pointed, but +round, like those in the nave and choir; but, unlike the latter, they +have deeply cut mouldings in three orders. The triforium arcade above, +on the north and south sides, has moulded and carved details of a +similar character. Some of the beautifully carved figure-work still +remains in the spandrels between the subsidiary pointed arches. But +the most beautiful piece of design in all this work is in the arches +of the triforium passage across the east wall, above the entrance to +the lady-chapel. + +[Illustration: THE PRESBYTERY OR RETRO-CHOIR, LOOKING NORTH-EAST.] + +It should be noticed that the sub-arches in the triforium here are +pointed, not round, as in the case of those in the same position +westward of this portion. And the support to these arches in the +centre, is a group of shafts instead of only one column. The +clerestory, however, offers a greater contrast to the earlier work in +that the central arch, as well as the side ones, is lifted up much +higher, the detached columns being lengthened to obtain the +alteration. Each arch also, at this level, is now pointed. + +S. Richard's shrine occupied the bay in the presbytery immediately +behind the High Altar. It stood upon a platform which was approached +on its eastern side by steps, and was enclosed by iron grilles. The +platform was removed at the time of the general restoration in +1861-1867, and upon it used to stand also the tombs of Bishop Day and +Bishop Christopherson or Curteys. + +The #Lady-Chapel#, as its walls and vaulting clearly show, was once +completely decorated with designs in colour. The windows now are the +only parts that indicate an attempt to renew this portion of its +earlier condition. The new reredos is of alabaster, and was designed +by Messrs Carpenter & Ingelow. + +The #North Choir Aisle# contains some monuments which are referred +to separately. The now unused chapel at its eastern end was dedicated +to S. Catharine. + +The #Library# is approached through a doorway in this aisle. There +is a chamber above in which was the library of pre-Reformation days. +The present library formed the chapel of S. John the Baptist and S. +Edmund the King (13) until it became the chancel of the parish church +of S. Peter the Great, the north transept being used as its nave. Part +of the vaulting in it is unlike any other in the building, having the +chevron or zigzag ornament cut on the side of the mouldings of the +ribs (see page 98). + +[Illustration: THE LADY-CHAPEL.] + +The library collection contains many relics of various kinds: among +them are Oslac's grant of land to the church at Selsea, A.D. 780; a +manuscript of the twelfth century; Cranmer's copy of the "Consultatio" +of Herman of Cologne; an old Sarum missal; the sealed book of Charles +II.; fragments of ecclesiastical vessels; and a leaden "Absolution" of +Bishop Godfrey dating from the eleventh century. + +The #North Transept# has on its west side two of the old +twelfth-century round-arched windows, and opposite are the two large +round-arched openings into the library and the chamber above it. The +vaulting of this transept is not the same in detail as that to the +south of the choir, and is rather earlier in the type of its +mouldings. Close by the south springing of the arch leading to the +library is one of the few pieces of figure-carving in the church. It +is a head full of vigour and character. + +The #Monuments in the Transepts and Choir# have been injured and +restored or removed at various times. The large one (14) under the +south window is Langton's tomb and effigy (d. 1336). The new one +nearest to the singing school is a memorial and effigy of Mr. John +Abel Smith, of Dale Park, who represented Chichester in the House of +Commons. On the east wall is another tomb of Tudor date (15), with +niches for sculpture. The tomb next to the back of the choir-stalls +(16) is that of Bishop Richard de la Wych. The two panels in relief +(17), in the south aisle of the choir are works of about the twelfth +century (see page 105). It is supposed that originally they were +brought to Chichester from Selsea. They were discovered in 1829 hidden +in the wall behind the woodwork of the stalls in the choir, and were +subsequently placed in their present position. The subject of the one +nearest to the transept is the "Raising of Lazarus," and of the other, +"Our Lord with Mary and Martha at Bethany." These are two of the most +interesting relics of earlier days that remain in the cathedral. +Historically and artistically, they are of much value, but at present +no more than has been stated is known about them. Bishop Sherborne's +monument (18) was built during his lifetime, and at his death he +provided for its care by New College, of which he had been a fellow. +It is still well cared for; but with its original decorations it must +have been a very beautiful object. + +[Illustration: THE NORTH CHOIR AISLE, LOOKING WEST. _S.B. Bolas & Co., +photo_.] + +Dean Hook, who died in 1875, is commemorated by a monument (19) +opposite Sherborne's. It was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, and, like +the pavements of the choir, it has in its composition many specimens +of coloured marbles. Much of the detail is executed in mosaic. Under +the arch of the presbytery arcade nearest to the reredos, on the south +side, is Bishop Day's tomb (20). On the south side of the +lady-chapel, close to the entrance, are the memorial slabs of two +early bishops, perhaps Hilary and John de Greneford, beneath the arch +where Bishop Gilbert's effigy was placed. On the opposite side is a +space under an arch in which may be traced the lines of some +decoration which once ornamented some memorial. Upon the floor below +is the memorial of Bishop Ralph (21), the builder of the first +portions of the cathedral. Close by is a large wall tablet in memory +of Bishop Thomas Bickley. It is a design of the seventeenth-century +period, and is interesting of its kind. Under the arch on the north +side of the presbytery, opposite Day's tomb, is that of Bishop +Christopherson or Curteys (22), and against the wall of the aisle near +the chapel of S. Catharine is a curious marble slab with some carving +upon it. It represents two hands, with parts of the arms, supporting a +heart, and the full inscription, now almost gone, was "ICY GIST LE +COEUR DE MAUDDE" ("Here lies the heart of Maud"). It is evidently work +of an early date, but nothing is accurately known of its history, +though it has been assumed that it was made in the twelfth or +thirteenth century (23). To the west of this is a bust of Bishop Otter +(24). In an arched recess in the wall nearer to the library is the +tomb and effigy of Bishop Storey (25). Close to this are two memorials +of the sixteenth century. On the west side of the north transept are +the monuments of Bishops Henry King, Carleton, and Grove. + +[Illustration: THE LIBRARY. _S.B. Bolas & Co., photo_.] + +The #Stained Glass# in the cathedral is all modern, and most of it +is of the worst possible kind. It is bad in design and crude in +colour, and much of it is not really stained glass at all, but a +painted substitute. The only really good window in the building is +that at the east end of the south choir aisle in S. Mary Magdalen's +chapel. It was designed by Mr. C.E. Kempe. The glass in the +lady-chapel windows is better than most of the rest, and it is +admitted that the worst glass that was ever placed in any cathedral +church by a generous munificence is that which is now in the large +window of the south transept. + +[Illustration: THE TOWN CROSS. Built by Bishop Storey, _c_. 1500. +_Photochrom Co., Ltd., photo_.] + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +THE DIOCESE AND SEE. + + +To trace the history of the establishment of the city of Chichester we +need go back to the time when the Romans had occupied the same site +under the ancient name of Regnum. They had fortified themselves in +this position, and evidence of their occupation is to be found to-day +in the subdivision of the city into four parts by those streets which +meet at the Market Cross. But as the centre of the Imperial fabric +became weaker the dependencies were abandoned, and the Roman legions +recalled early in the fifth century. So when in 477 A.D. "came Aelle +to Britain, and his three sons, Cymen, Wlencing, and Cissa, with three +ships," and landed at "the place which is named Cymenesora, and there +slew many Welsh, and drove some into the forest which is named +Andredslea," there were no Roman soldiers to oppose them. + +In this brief sentence, quoted from the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, there +is a reference to several interesting matters which concern the later +history of the South Saxons, their acceptance of Christianity, and the +foundation of that Church--first at Selsea, then at Chichester--which +was to be the future local centre to support and foster the faith they +for so long rejected. The Jute leaders, Hengest and Horsa, had +established themselves on British soil in 449 A.D. This was +twenty-eight years before Aelle arrived, and with his followers "slew +many Welsh"; that is, the British natives, the Wealas, or strangers, +whom he found in possession of the land. The place "named Cymenesora," +at which Aelle had landed, was close to Wittering, at the mouth of +Chichester harbour. And the chronicle, relating what had occurred +thirteen years later, records how "in this year (490-1) Aelle and +Cissa besieged Andredes ceaster, and slew all that dwelt therein, so +that not even one Briton was left." This fortress of Anderida, which +had been a Roman _castrum_, occupied the spot now called Pevensey, the +landing-place of a later conqueror, the Norman William, in 1066. It +guarded on the east the strip of land between the South Downs and the +sea; and when it fell before them, the Saxons became masters of the +region to the north known then as Andredeslea, or Andredeswold, the +forest or weald of Anderida. To the west was Regnum, Cissa's Ceaster, +or Chichester, another of those fortresses which the provident and +energetic Romans had established along the South Coast. + +One of Aelle's followers, named Boso, or Bosa, settled at the head of +a branch of Chichester harbour, and, as in the case of his superior, +Cymen, the place was named after him, as Bosenham, or Bosham. This was +in the fifth century. Augustine began his work in Kent late in the +sixth century, and Birinus, who was sent independently direct from +Rome, had undertaken the conversion of the West Saxons fifteen years +before the middle of the succeeding century. But neither by these +missionaries nor their brethren was the territory of the South Saxons +affected. + +The West Saxons, by conquest, extended their rule westward and +northward, and missionary enterprise followed the course of military +success and subsequent civil protection. The original British +occupiers of the land withdrew to Wales, or else became subject to the +conquerors. Similar had been the course of events which followed the +taking of Kent by the Jutes. So when Augustine arrived he was welcomed +by Aethelberht, whose wife Bertha, a Frankish princess, was already a +Christian. + +Augustine having founded the see of Canterbury, was soon enabled, by +the help of political and social influence, to effect the +establishment of other sees. Rochester, London, and York were soon +centres of activity; but these neighbour principalities had not, +ecclesiastically, affected the territories that were close to their +respective domains; for the kingdom of the South Saxons remained, +nearly two centuries after Aelle's conquest, in the same heathen +condition as prevailed in his day. + +Bede relates that at Bosham, Dicul had founded a monastery where, +"surrounded by woods and water, lived five or six brethren, serving +the Lord in humility and poverty." But "no one cared to emulate their +life, or listen to their teaching." Dicul came from Ireland, and it is +supposed that he had been educated in the monastic centre of +missionary life which in the sixth century had been founded there. It +is not, however, known how these few men found their way to the South +Saxon shores, and their presence there had no influence upon the minds +of those invaders who had possessed themselves of the adjacent lands. +A quarrel in the Northumbrian kingdom was the cause which sent a +missionary to Sussex in 680 A.D. + +Ecgfrith and his witan had banished #Wilfrith#, Archbishop of York, +from his see. The unfortunate exile wandered some time in search of +welcome. Eventually he found his way to Sussex, where Aethelwealh and +his Christian wife offered him a new field for his energies. Twenty +years earlier he had been in the same kingdom. On that occasion, +having been consecrated by the Bishop of Paris, he was returning from +Gaul when the vessel in which he travelled was driven upon the coast +and stranded. While in this helpless condition they were discovered +and attacked by the South Saxons, who were three times beaten off, but +whilst they were continuing their preparations for another assault, +the vessel rose with the tide and escaped. Under other circumstances +he was now among these people again. The famine which prevailed at the +time of his arrival gave him the necessary opportunity to gain their +affections by first satisfying their material needs. He showed the +starving folk how to catch fish with nets which he and his companions +had made, and then was able to teach them other things. He preached +with success for some time, and baptized many who heard him. Bede has +left a record characteristic of his day, in which he relates that +immediately they had accepted the faith which he taught, "the rain, so +long withheld, revisited the thirsty land." + +Aethelwealh, grateful for Wilfrith's aid, granted him lands at Selsea. +The bishop at once gave freedom to those families and their slaves who +occupied the district, and baptized them, giving them release, as Bede +has told, from spiritual and temporal bond's at the same time. Selsea +thus became another see from which Christian principle and practice +might be taught in the midst of the surrounding tribes. In this spot, +near the residence of the king, a church was built, in which the +bishop's cathedra was placed. The structure was dedicated to S. Peter, +and was the first cathedral church in Sussex. It is not now known what +the architectural character of this building was. Perhaps there was +some attempt in its design to take advantage of such suggestions as +the Romans left behind them at Regnum, for we find in early instances +of English architecture that such examples had exercised some +influence upon the elementary efforts of those days. But it is more +likely that his first church was nothing but a small and simple barn, +for men were not then burdened with the idea that a cathedral must be +a big church, provided it served as a centre from which the bishop +could use his pastoral responsibility. During Wilfrith's stay at +Selsea many changes took place. + +Then Ceadwalla, who had defeated Aedilwalch, or Aethelwealh, confirmed +the grants to the Church made by his predecessor, in return for the +kindness he had received from Wilfrith some time before. + +Under their new head the missionaries at Selsea undertook, with the +king's sanction, to convert those who inhabited the neighbouring +island of Wight and also parts of the mainland which now were subject +to the new ruler. But after five years in the south Wilfrith returned +to his old diocese of York. Sussex, to a large extent, had accepted +the faith he endeavoured to teach, and many churches were established +and organised before his departure. + +[Illustrations: OUR LORD WITH MARTHA AND MARY. THE RAISING OF LAZARUS. +SCULPTURED PANELS IN THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE, SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN +BROUGHT FROM THE CATHEDRAL AT SELSEA (SEE P. 96).] + +For some years after Wilfrith had returned to York there was no bishop +in charge of the newly founded diocese in Sussex. The community of +workers he had brought together at Selsea still continued to exist; +but Sussex in ecclesiastical affairs was subject to Winchester during +this interval. Ceadwalla, when Kentwine, King of Wessex, died in 685, +had begun "to strive for the kingdom," so the chronicle has recorded, +and having established himself upon the throne, he succeeded also in +conquering the ruler of Sussex, and so brought both kingdoms under his +sway. Wilfrith had converted him to the Christian faith; but when this +prelate was recalled to his former diocese, no one had been appointed +to carry on the work he had begun. For twenty years this vacancy +continued. Then, after the death of Ceadwalla, Ine, his successor, +divided the large diocese, which was subject to the Bishop of +Winchester, by making, with the consent of his witan, a new see at +Sherburne and reviving that of Selsea. Of this latter, #Eadberht# +was appointed the first bishop in the year 709. The community in +Selsea over which Eadberht had presided before his consecration was a +secular foundation. Whatever was the principle upon which it had been +founded, there seems no doubt that during the interim which elapsed +before a bishop was placed in charge some elementary form of +government was carried on by a succession of elected presidents. This +body was either composed of secular clergy, who were distributed +throughout the diocese, living as priests in charge of parishes _in +saeculo_, or it was a foundation supported by those who lived according +to a _regula_. The regulars were those who lived together, having +vowed obedience to some particular form of rule. These were unmarried +men, who used one building, property, refectory, and dormitory of the +institution in common. Not all of these were ordained, as there were +among them lay brothers as well as those who were priests. But the +seculars--those in the world--were not subject to rules and conditions +such as these. Many, as priests living in their parishes, were married +men. + +After the consecration of Eadberht and his installation as Bishop of +Selsea, the cathedra, or episcopal chair, was occupied successively by +twenty prelates. The period during which these held office, including +the few intervals when for a time the see remained vacant, extended +over about three hundred and seventy years. Little is known of these +bishops further than that their signatures are to be found attached to +various charters. These were all called Bishops of the South Saxons. + +#Aethelgar# was Bishop of Selsea in 980. He had been a member of +the monastic colony at Glastonbury, near Wells. After occupying the +see for about eight years, he succeeded Dunstan as Archbishop of +Canterbury. + +Bishops #Ordberht# and #Aelmer# were bishops after Aethelgar; +and then the next prelate of importance was #Aethelric#, who was a +Benedictine of Christ Church, Canterbury. He was learned in the +ancient laws and customs of his country, and when a very old man acted +as one of the arbitrators appointed to settle the differences which +had arisen between Lanfranc and Odo, Earl of Kent. Aethelric had been +consecrated by Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was removed from +the Primacy by William the Conqueror to make room for Lanfranc, his +own nominee. + +The see of Selsea was governed by three other bishops till William +appointed one of his chaplains to the office. This was #Stigand# +(1070-1087), but not that Stigand (the Primate) who at the same royal +bidding had to make room for Lanfranc. It was while he was still an +occupant of the see that the transfer to Chichester was effected. He +earned the displeasure of the king by refusing to consecrate Gausbert +to the Abbey of Battle unless the monk would come to Chichester for +the ceremony. He had some trouble, too, with his metropolitan, +Lanfranc, on account of a dispute concerning the limits of his +jurisdiction. Certain parishes within the territory of his diocese +were claimed as subject to the more eastern see. The Primate +established his right to these "peculiars," and the right obtained +until the last century, when all such holdings were abolished by law. + +#Godfrey# (1087-1088) evidently incurred the displeasure of his +papal superior, as the only known record of his very brief episcopate +is represented by a discovery which was made in 1830 when an +absolution from the Pope, inscribed upon a leaden cross, was dug up in +the paradise close to the south choir aisle. + +It was not till three years had elapsed since Godfrey's death that +#Ralph de Luffa# (1091-1123) was consecrated to the vacancy by +Thomas, Archbishop of York. Meanwhile the king enjoyed the +temporalities of the see. In his person we meet a figure of much +importance to the history of the fabric and see, for to his energy and +initiative we owe the greater part of the cathedral building that +remains to-day. + +Ralph's activity was not wholly absorbed by his interest in the +architectural idea which he hoped to realise. He spent much time and +care attending to the needs of the churches of which he was the +overseer. He visited them regularly three times in the year for the +purpose of effecting reforms when they were necessary, for teaching, +and for developing the organisation of the diocese as it was affected +by the condition of each parochial unit. Thus by his office and +oversight he was endeavouring to maintain the necessary relations +between the particular churches and their cathedral centre. In defence +of these same members of the local and general ecclesiastical body he +was obliged to resent the attempted interference of two kings of the +realm. Henry I. wished to fill his pockets by imposing fines upon the +clergy. To oppose this the bishop closed all the churches in the +diocese and blocked up the entrances with thorns; and so, except in +the monasteries, the offering of public worship ceased. The +restriction was in time removed, and the king acknowledged the +bishop's plea that he should endeavour to replenish the coffers of his +poor see, so that the injured cathedral might be repaired, rather than +reduce it to poverty by extortion. + +Ralph is credited with having established the office of "dean" [31] at +Chichester--the first of the four cathedral dignitaries, of which the +others are the praecentor, the chancellor, and the treasurer. + + [31] Stephens, p. 49. + +#Seffrid Pelochin#, or #d'Escures# (1125-1147), ceded to the +king's aggression the rights and privileges Ralph had gained. He was +obliged to vacate the see in 1145, [an]d returned to Glastonbury, +where he had been abbot before he was made bishop. His name figures in +the list which Roger of Hoveden gives in his chronicle, as one among +the bishops who were at the Council of London in 1129. + +#Hilary# (1147-1169) was a bishop who was before all things an +ecclesiastic. To Ralph Luffa's foundation of the dean's office he +added those of the chancellor and treasurer, if not also, as is +supposed, that of the praecentor. With Hilary began the traditional +post of confessor to the queen of the realm. Stephen had given him +this office, and at the same time added to the privilege a perpetual +chaplaincy in connection with the castle at Pevensey. + +The letters from Popes Eugenius and Alexander III., which confirmed +the possessions held by the see and guaranteed a papal protection of +the church in Chichester, are among the collection in the cathedral +library. The properties these deeds acknowledge include that portion +of the city--one fourth--in which the close was situated; and within +this area were comprised the church itself, the episcopal palace, and +the residences of the canons. The original grant of this land was +made by William, Earl of Arundel, in 1147, who bestowed it among other +things as compensation "for the damages which I once did to the same +church." Hilary was Bishop of Chichester during that historic period +when Becket opposed Henry II. He attempted, like the rest of the +bishops, to heal the breach; and Tennyson, in "Becket," adopting a +phrase he used, makes him say to his Primate, "Hath not thine ambition +set the Church this day between the hammer and the anvil ... fealty to +the King, obedience to thyself?" He went to Sens, to plead as an +advocate on the king's behalf before Pope Alexander III. and the +French king. The result of this meeting was that England was placed +under the ban of excommunication. But Henry replied by declaring that +the property of all who acted upon it should be confiscated and +themselves banished. The bishop was involved also in a local contest +with the Abbot of Battle, who refused to consider himself subject to +his episcopal jurisdiction. + +After Hilary's death in 1169 the revenues of the see were for four +years appropriated to his own uses by the king, who late in the year +1173 appointed #John Greenford# (1174-1180), who was Dean of +Chichester, to the vacancy. The bishop-elect was not consecrated +until, in 1174, he, with three more nominated about the same time, had +done penance before Becket's tomb at Canterbury. Little is known of +him except that he attended some ecclesiastical councils. + +The episcopate of #Seffrid II.# (1180-1204) introduces an important +period of activity, during which great alterations were made in the +fabric of the cathedral. + +#Simon Fitz Robert#, or #Simon of Wells# (1204-1207), was a +bishop whose favour with the king (John) enabled him to do much for +the see. He had held a post in the Royal Exchequer, and had been +guardian of the Fleet Prison as well as Provost of Beverley and +Archdeacon of Wells. The benefactions he obtained were various. A +charter was granted by which the see should hold its property free +from impost, under the protection of the king. The bishop, with his +dean and chapter, were practically exempted from the jurisdiction of +the local civil courts and from the payment of customs and tolls +within the same sphere. Within the bounds of the property owned by +the see they were to rule without restraint, and in the presence of a +royal official "the view of Frank Pledge was to be held in the +bishop's court." In the patent rolls of King John there are two +entries, dated 1205 A.D. and 1206 A.D., by which the bishop was +granted permission to take Purbeck marble for the repair of his church +without hindrance, from the coast of Dorset to Chichester. [32] But +precautions were taken to prevent any of the material thus obtained +from being used elsewhere. A further grant, the evidence of which is +now removed, allowed the chapter to build premises beyond the +precincts northward, which encroached twelve feet into the roadway now +known as West Street. A row of lime-trees now stands where these +houses remained till the middle of the last century. For six years +after Simon's death John kept the see vacant, and during the interim +enjoyed the temporalities. + + [32] See Walcott, p. 15, note _c_, May 24th, 1207. + +#Richard Poore# was then consecrated bishop in 1215. He had been +Dean of Old Sarum. But after occupying the see for no more than two +years, he was translated to Salisbury. + +#Ranulf of Warham# (1217-1224) bequeathed some property to the +see [33]; but otherwise he did little, except as a fortunate collector +of cattle, for the support of which his successor provided pasturage. + + [33] Stephens, p. 57. + +#Ralph Neville# (1224-1244) was a bishop of more than local +celebrity. Like Langton, the archbishop, he withstood the demands +which the papacy and Henry III. made in their endeavours to impoverish +the Church in England. For this opposition the king removed him +temporarily from the post of Chancellor of the Realm, a position he +held from 1226 to 1240. His "fame rests more upon his repute as a +statesman faithful in many perils, and a singular pillar of truth in +the affairs of the kingdom." [34] He succeeded in procuring the payment +to the Church of tithe from some royal properties which had been +withheld, and left provision for the supply of twelve quarters of +wheat annually to the poor in Chichester. Some, notes preserved in the +cathedral records lead to the supposition that the portion of the old +central tower above the roof and up to the parapet at the foot of the +spire was built, or at least begun, during Ralph's tenure of the see. +One of these memoranda shows that he released from twenty days' +penance those who should visit the cathedral and contribute to the +maintenance of the fabric. The others state that he expended one +hundred and thirty marks upon repairs, and his executors paid over one +hundred and forty marks to the dean and chapter for the purpose of +finishing a stone tower which it had been found necessary to +repair. [35] Three years after his death it was nearly completed. +Bishop Neville died at his house by Chancellor's Lane, now Chancery +Lane. His property later passed into the hands of the Earl of Lincoln, +and was known then as the inn, or hospital, of Lincoln. The estate is +now covered by the buildings of Lincoln's Inn, [36] and that portion +which is still the property of the see is known as "The Chichester +Rents." + + [34] Matt. Paris. + [35] See Walcott, p. 15, note _c_. + [36] See Stephens, p. 61, cf. Murray's "Chichester." + +Ralph's successor was Richard of Wych (1245-1253), generally called +St. Richard. He had studied under Edmund and Grosseteste at Oxford, +and also in Paris and Bologna. Returning from Europe, he became +Chancellor of the University of Oxford, then of the diocese of +Canterbury. Having withdrawn again to France, he was ordained priest +at Orleans, and then worked as vicar at Deal, from which post he was +called upon to occupy again his earlier office at Canterbury. Then +came his appointment to Chichester. The canons had elected Robert +Passelew, but the archbishop objected. Henry III., having supported +the first nominee, disputed Richard's election. Meanwhile the king +appropriated the temporalities for two years. Richard appealed to +Innocent IV., who confirmed the appointment and consecrated Richard at +Lyons in 1245. This did not end the difference, for on the new +bishop's return he was obliged to accept the hospitality of his +clergy, the king being still hostile. But he did not allow these +difficulties to interfere with his attention to episcopal duty, for he +walked throughout the diocese, organising and teaching as he went. In +his leisure he followed the pursuits of his youth, and spent his spare +time in farming and gardening. He was an excellent man, whose peculiar +sanctity rests largely upon his having succeeded in doing the duties +some of his predecessors had disregarded, and for a generosity which +outran his income. Accepting that law which the papacy had added to +those of Christianity, he treated the married clergy with the severity +his sense of duty and obedience urged, for he deprived them of their +benefices, and their wives were denied the offices of the Church both +before and after death. Any bequests to them by their husbands, he +declared, should be confiscated, and the funds derived by this means +devoted to the needs of the cathedral building Rather inconsistently +he taught the beneficed clergy that they should use hospitality and +charity; but like another Malachi, he reminded men that to withhold +the tithe of their increase from the Church made them robbers not of +the clergy, but of their Creator. He instituted the fund afterwards +known as "S. Richard's Pence." It was a system by which regular +offerings should be made for the completion and maintenance of the +cathedral fabric. And, characteristically, he obtained the support of +the archbishop and seven other prelates in their approval of his wish +that they should "recommend visits and offerings to Chichester, for +the repair and completion of the cathedral." This is another evidence +of the great extent of those building operations that were in progress +throughout the thirteenth century. Just before his death he began to +preach a crusade, but died at Dover. In his will he still remembered +the cathedral by leaving a legacy of forty pounds for the needs of the +fabric. + +#John of Clymping# (1253-1262) succeeded Richard. His episcopate +appears chiefly remarkable for the growth of stories about the +miraculous powers and saintly life of his predecessor. + +#Stephen of Berghsted# (1262-1288) now occupied the see. During his +episcopate Richard was canonised, a deputation, sent at great cost to +Rome, having succeeded in persuading Urban IV. that his merits and +fame deserved an honour which should bring wealth and celebrity to the +see in whose cathedral his body was laid; so in 1276 the remains of +his body were removed from their tomb and placed at the back of the +high altar in a shrine, or feretory, dedicated to him. + +[Illustration: TOMB ASSIGNED TO BISHOP RICHARD OF WYCH, AND PICTURES +ORIGINALLY BY BERNARDI. _Photochrom Co. Ltd., photo_.] + +#Gilbert de Sancto Leophardo# (1288-1305) was a bishop who, like S. +Richard, devoted himself to his diocesan duties with a singleminded +purpose which was not a common virtue with all mediaeval prelates. He +endeavoured to regulate the habits of those clergy who accepted their +privileges but were inclined to neglect the duties and +responsibilities these involved. His interest in the fabric of the +cathedral was expressed principally by the additions that were made to +the lady-chapel during his episcopate. + +#John Langton# (1305-1337) took a conspicuous part in the +suppression of the knights templars during the reign of Edward II. in +obedience to the papal order regarding them. He was Chancellor of the +Realm before his elevation to the episcopate, and showed his energy as +a statesman locally by commanding the restoration of rights to some +vicars of the cathedral who had been suspended in accordance with the +provisions of certain statutes which the dean and chapter made without +his consent. Like Bishop Gilbert, he was an instrument by whose +sanction more changes were made in the building. + +#Robert of Stratford# (1337-1362), another statesman bishop, +succeeded Langton. He had also been chancellor, and asserted his +episcopal authority as sternly as his predecessor. + +Of #William of Lynn# (1362-1368) and his episcopacy little record +remains; but + +#William Rede# (1369-1385) earned some repute as a scholar, and was +the founder of Merton College Library in Oxford, and it is to him that +the diocese is indebted for the preservation of the early records +relating to the see. Nothing of importance is known of the next three +bishops: + +#Thomas Rushoke# (1385-1389). + +#Richard Metford# (1389-1395). + +#Robert Waldby# (1395-1396). + +#Robert Rede# (1397-1415), whose register is the earliest among +those that remain, occupied the see during the reign of Henry IV. This +record contains many interesting details concerning the part its +compiler took in the endeavour to suppress the doctrines of Wycliffe +and the Lollards; and it also shows that much disorder prevailed among +the canons and vicars of the cathedral. One of the canons, besides +stealing money from the treasury, appropriated for his private use +some materials which had been intended for the repair of the church. +Rectors of parishes allowed their cures to fall into a state of +destitution, and left them to the care of poorly paid vicars while +they themselves resided elsewhere. The see was not filled for two +years after the death of Rede. Then followed in succession: + +#Stephen Patryngton# (1417). + +#Henry Ware# (1418). + +#John Kemp# (1421). + +#Thomas Poldon# (1421). + +#John Rickingale# (1426). + +#Simon Sydenham# (1429). + +No registers remain relating to the affairs of the episcopate during +the twenty years covered by their occupation of the see. + +In the register left by #Richard Praty# (1438-1446) there is +evidence that many of the negligences censured by Bishop Rede were +still without correction. The discipline of the monastic houses in +Sussex is represented as having become very lax. + +#Adam Moleyns#, or #Molyneux# (1446-1450), was instrumental in +arranging the marriage of Henry VI. with Margaret of Anjou. Many +concessions were granted to him by the king for the benefit of himself +and the diocese, but having become unpopular he was murdered by some +sailors in Portsmouth early in 1450 when on his way to France. + +#Reginald Pecock# (1450-1459), "being convicted of heresy, he +resigned his bishopric," so say the records of the cathedral. + +#John Arundel# (1459-1478). The record of his episcopal +administration has been lost; but it is known that he built the screen +named after him. He appears, however, to have been much less restless +than his predecessor. + +#Edward Storey# (1478-1503) has left in his register full accounts +of his deeds and the condition of the diocese. It shows the latter had +again become very disordered. Both the regular and secular bodies are +charged with abusing the trust committed to them. Bishop Storey tried +to correct this state of things. He proved his usefulness, otherwise, +by the foundation of the Prebendal, or Free Grammar-School, in +Chichester, and also by giving the Market Cross to the city for the +benefit of the poor. + +Of #Richard Fitz-James# (1503-1508) and his administration there +is but little information. + +With #Robert Sherburne# (1508-1536) we come to the close of a long +period of ecclesiastical history--one during which the distinctly +Christian, as opposed to the pagan, principles and forms of art had +been developed. As bishop at Chichester he represented the Church and +those principles which then in the west were taught in her name. +Accordingly he protested against "the King's most dreadful commandment +concerning (with other things) the uniting of the Supreme head of the +Church of [? in] England with the Imperial Crown of this realm; and +also the abolishing and secluding out of this realm the enormities and +abuses of the Bishop of Rome's authority, usurped within the same." He +wrote thus in 1534 to Cromwell. And obeying this command from the +civil authority, he caused these orders to be published throughout the +diocese. As a subject he obeyed his king; but, being honest, he could +not as a bishop and a man disregard his principles when he found such +obedience involved their denial. Consequently he resigned the see in +1536. + +#Richard Sampson# (1536-1543) took part in the Reformation +movement. Although he had defended the principle that the king was to +be considered "high governor under God, and Supreme head of the Church +of England," his principles appear to have been easily affected by the +political weather that prevailed. His attitude in favour of every +principle involved in the acceptance of the papacy appears in the +support he gave to doctrines which had been rejected by the party of +reform. He no doubt feared the results that might follow upon another +attempt to adapt the Church's constitution to changed conditions. + +In the time of #George Daye# (1543-1552) the pendulum moved again +across the face of the political and ecclesiastical clock. He was a +man whose convictions led him to support those same six articles which +had been upheld by Bishop Sampson; and he attempted to prevent the +introduction of the first prayer-book of Edward VI. in 1549, as well +as the destruction of the earlier service-books in the following year. +He was a man to be respected, for in the face of general opposition he +proved that his convictions on important affairs were not ready to +change at the sudden bidding of a new authority which he was unable to +recognise. As he was not to be persuaded that his position was wrong, +he was removed from the see towards the end of the year 1551. But we +meet him again presently, for Bishop #John Scory# (1552-1554), who +took his place, retired soon after Mary's accession. Bishop Daye came +back to favour, preached at the coronation, reoccupied the see, and +was now "a mighty busy man." [37] He caused some recent orders to be +reversed by reviving the use of the earlier forms of liturgy, +restoring the older ceremonial, and again setting up those altars in +the churches which should never have been broken down. In his own +words Daye "styeked" not at things trivial; but he would not assent to +the abolition of essentials, however much they had been misused or +become offensive in the eyes of untutored civil dignitaries and their +party followers. Daye on his restoration had attempted to remove +reformers and their opinions from the diocese by the aid of faggots +and flames. But #John Christopherson# (1557-1559) was more +energetic in upholding his authority and ideas by this same means; for +Mary, though she would revive the papal supremacy, yet retained in her +own hands the ecclesiastical position which the Throne in England had +already assumed. + + [37] Strype, quoted by Dean Stephens, p. 190. + +At the close of Mary's reign Bishop Christopherson died, and in his +place Elizabeth put #William Barlow# (1559-1568), who had been +removed from the see of Bath and Wells by her predecessor. He made +some attempt to remove a variety of irregularities which had been +introduced since the death of Sherburne, for the services of the +Church had become much disordered in consequence of the many changes +of attitude which had been favoured by the rulers, both civil and +ecclesiastical, during nearly thirty years. Barlow's endeavour to +bring this chaos to a new order was in accord with the methods of +those who sought reform. He tried to carry out the injunction of +Parker, the Primate, whose aim was to "reduce all to a Godly +uniformitie." But any desire for unity in diversity was not likely to +be satisfied unless it was sought for with at least some unanimity of +hope and aim. After his death the see remained vacant for two years. + +#Richard Curteys# (1570-1583) found the revenues of his see so +reduced that he was unable properly to fulfil the ordinary obligations +of his position. He did not spare himself in his endeavour to do the +duties he had undertaken. With the assistance of others he +methodically instructed the diocese under his charge, an well was +this done that a contemporary said "the people with ardent zeale, +wonderful rejoicinge, and in great number, take farre and long +journeys to be partakers of his good and godly lessons." [38]This +excellent man, however, owing to the political spoliation of the +church, died impoverished in 1583. + + [38] Kennett's Notes: see Stephens' "Diocesan History of Chichester," +p. 197. + +From 1583 till 1585 no bishop was appointed, but in the latter year +#Thomas Bickley# (1585-1596) was selected. + +#Antony Watson# (1596-1605) was Bishop of Chichester when James +became king. He was occupied much in furthering Whitgift's endeavour +to improve the condition of the Church in England by urging conformity +to the newly ordered methods of ecclesiastical government and +procedure. + +#Launcelot Andrews# (1605-1609) then ruled the diocese until he was +transferred to Ely. + +He was followed by #Samuel Harsnett# (1609-1619), who was an +opponent of the Calvinistic attitude of thought. The records of his +visitations ask some pertinent questions, which show how the Cathedral +Church itself was being served. He inquires, "Have not many of the +vicars and lay vicars been absent for months together? Is the choir +sufficiently furnished, and are the boys properly instructed? What has +become of the copes and vestments? Who is responsible for the custody +of them and of the books? Are there not ale-houses in the close? Why +are all these things not amended since the last visitation?" This was +the state of affairs in the cathedral church of the diocese at the +beginning of the seventeenth century; and during the two hundred years +that followed there is but little improvement to remark. Certainly in +#George Carleton#'s (1619-1628) and in #Richard Montagu#'s day +(1628-1638) there was not much change, for the latter asks in every +parish "whether communicants 'meekly kneel,' or whether they stand or +sit at the time of reception: Whether the Holy Table is profaned at +any time by persons sitting upon it, casting hats or cloaks upon it, +writing or casting up accounts or any other indecent usuage." [39] And +in consequence the archbishop desired to restore some sense of order +and decency to the minds of both the clergy and laity by replacing the +altars in their proper positions again. He asks, therefore, Bishop +#Brian Duppa# (1638-1641), in the questions put during the first +visitation of parish churches, "Is your communion-table, or altar, +strong, fair and decent? Is it set according to the practice of the +ancient Church,--upon an ascent at the east end of the chancel, with +the ends of it north and south? Is it compassed in with a handsome +rail to keep it from profanation according to an order made in the +metropolical visitation?" [40] + + [39] Stephens' "Diocesan History," p. 216. + [40] Quoted by Stephens, "Diocesan History," p. 216. + +During the episcopate of #Henry King# (1642-1670) the diocese was a +theatre of rebellion and civil war. Chichester was taken on December +29th, 1642, by Waller and the Parliamentary soldiers after a siege of +eight days. Bishop King repaired, after the Restoration, the wrecked +cathedral and the episcopal palace, but this appears to be all that is +known of him. + +#Peter Gunning# (1670-1675) was the first Bishop of Chichester +appointed after the Restoration. He had suffered for the tenacity with +which he clung to his principles during the period of the Rebellion. +Having been ejected from a fellowship at Cambridge, he came to London, +and there, with no little audacity, he ministered and taught as a +loyalist and Churchman. + +But #Ralph Brideoake# (1675-1678) watched the political and +ecclesiastical weathercocks, and feathered his nest. He had been +"Chaplain to Speaker Lenthall, who gave him the rich living of Witney, +near Oxford, where we are told he 'preached twice every Lord's Day, +and in the evening catechised the youth in his own house; outvying in +labour and vigilancy any of the godly brethren in those parts.' In +1659 he was made one of the 'triers,' yet immediately after the +Restoration he was rapidly promoted to a canonry at Windsor, to the +Deanery of Salisbury, and finally to the Bishopric of Chichester."[41] +Though Bishop Henry King had endeavoured to restore the cathedral +and the buildings of the precincts, these still were in a state of +extreme dilapidation, for Bishop Brideoake's record of his visitation +shows that the towers, windows, and cloisters had not yet been +repaired. + + [41] Stephens' "Diocesan History," p. 233. + +#Guy Carleton# (1678-1685) was a Royalist bishop of a most +consistent type. On two occasions he had been turned out of a cure by +the Parliamentary "triers" for his opinions; but in his eighty-second +year he came from the see of Bristol to Chichester. + +Another Royalist, who as a soldier had supported the cause of Charles +I., occupied the see after Carleton. This was #John Lake# +(1685-1689). He was one of those seven bishops who protested against +James's Declaration of Indulgence. + +#Simon Patrick# (1689), #Robert Grove# (1691), #John +Williams# (1696), #Thomas Manningham# (1709), #Thomas Bowers# +(1722), and #Edward Waddington# (1724) served in the episcopate +successively. + +#Francis Hare# (1731-1740) then filled the vacancy. He wasted some +of his time in useless controversy, and, as the Duke of Marlborough's +chaplain, made his office cheap, though perhaps popular, by +occasionally dilating in his sermons upon the genius and military +skill of his patron. He was a man of some capacity, who advised +conformity to the meagre and starved ideals of the then accepted +orthodoxy. Apparently he deemed this course a safe one, where there +could, it appears, be little other guidance for those who still had +any faith, except in the conventionalities of what had become +ecclesiastical custom. He saw that the interpretation which individual +opinion in its practical rejection of Christian ordinances would read +into faith was likely to be no more than a new expression of early and +mediaeval heresies. + +#Mathias Mawson# (1740-1754) was bishop after Hare; and then Sir +#William Ashburnham# (1754-1799) came to the diocese and occupied +the see for forty-five years, "the longest episcopate since the +foundation of the see." [42] + + [42] Stephens, p, 245. + +Before the close of the eighteenth century #John Buckner# +(1799-1824) succeeded Ashburnham. + +In 1824 #Robert James Carr#, and in 1831 #Edward Maltby#, were +appointed to the see. + +[Illustration: S. CLEMENT'S CHAPEL, AND TOMB OF BISHOP DURNFORD (SEE +p. 83). _S.B. Bolas & Co., photo_.] + +#William Otter# succeeded (1836-1840). During his episcopate the +Diocesan Association was founded in 1838 to help the clergy and laity +of the diocese to provide themselves with better schools, to increase +the means of instruction and ministration, to restore or enlarge +their churches and schools, and to provide new ones when they had the +opportunity afforded by sufficient means. Bishop Otter and Dean +Chandler succeeded in establishing a theological college in the city. + +#Philip N. Shuttleworth# (1840-1842), #Ashurst Turner Gilbert# +(1842-1870), and #Richard Durnford# (1870-1895) were succeeded by +#Ernest Roland Wilberforce#, the present bishop, who was translated +to the see from Newcastle in 1895. + +DEANS or CHICHESTER. + +Odo, 1115. +Richard, 1115. +Matthew, 1125. +Richard, 1144. +John de Greneford, 1150. +Jordan de Meleburn, 1176. +Seffride, 1178. +Matthew de Chichester, 1180. +Nicholas de Aquila, 1190. +Seffride, 1197. +Simon de Perigord, 1220. +Walter, 1230. +Thomas de Lichfield, 1232. +Geoffrey, 1250. +Walter de Glocestrin, 1256. +William de Brakelsham, 1276. +Thomas de Berghstede, 1296. +William de Grenefeld, 1302. +John de St. Leophardo, 1307. +Henry de Garland, 1332. +Walter de Segrave, 1342. +William de Lenne, 1356. +Roger de Freton, 1369. +Richard le Scrope, 1383. +William de Lullyngton, 1389-1390. +John de Maydenhith, 1400. +John Haselee, 1407. +Henry Lovel, 1410. +Richard Talbot, 1415. +William Milton, 1420. +John Patten, or Waynflete, 1425. +John Crutchere, 1429. +John Waynfleet, 1478. +John Gloos, 1481. +John Prychard, 1501. +Geoffrey Symson, 1504. +John Young (Bishop), S.T.P. 1508. +William Fleshmonger, 1526. +Richard Camden, 1541. +Giles Eyre, S.T.D, 1549. +Bartholomew Traheron, S.T.P., 1551-1552. +Thomas Sampson, S.T.P., 1552-1553. +William Pye, 1553. +Hugh Turnbull, 1558. +Richard Curteis, 1566. +Anthony Rushe, 1570. +Martin Culpepper, M.D, 1577. +William Thome, 1601. +Francis Dee, 1630. +Richard Steward, 1634-1635. +Bruno Ryves, 1646. +Joseph Henshaw, 1660. +Joseph Gulston, S.T.P., 1663. +Nathaniel, Lord Crew, LL.D., 1669. +Thomas Lambrook, 1671. +George Stradling, S.T.P., 1672. +Francis Hawkins, S.T.P.,1688. +William Hayley, S.T.P., 1699. +Thomas Sherlock, 1715. +John Newey, 1727. +Thomas Hayley, D.D., 1735-1736. +James Hargraves, D.D., 1739. +William Ashburnham, Bart., 1741. +Thomas Ball, A.M., 1754. +Charles Harward, 1770. +Combe Miller, 1790. +Christopher Bethell, 1814. +Samuel Slade, 1824. +George Chandler, D.C.L., 1830. +Walter Farquhar Hook, D.D., 1859. +John William Burgon, D.D., 1875. +Francis Pigou, D.D., 1887. +Richard William Randall, D.D., 1892. + +BISHOPS OF SELSEA AFTER EADBERT. + +Eolla, 714. +Sigga, or Sigfrid, 733. +Aluberht, 739. +Osa, or Bosa, 765-770. +Gislehere, 780. +Totta, 785. +Wiohtun, or Peletun, 789-805. +Aethelwulf, 811-816. +Cenred, 824-838. +Gutheard, 860-862. +Bernege, or Beornegus, 909-922. +Aelfred, 931-940. +Aethelgar, 944-953. +Ordbright, 963-979. +Ealmar, 944-953. +Aethelric I., 1032-1038. +Hecca, 1047-1057. +Aethelric II, 1058-1070. +Stigand, 1070. + +ANCIENT BUILDINGS IN THE CITY. + + +Amongst other interesting architectural monuments, closely connected +with the cathedral or the bishops, the following may be particularly +noticed: + +The #Bishop's Palace# has an interesting chapel, in which a small +fresco of the "Virgin and Child" of an early date is still preserved. +The dining-room has a panelled wooden ceiling. The painting on it was +originally executed in Sherborne's day, but it has suffered by decay +and attempts at restoration since the sixteenth century. + +The #Vicars' Hall# is to the south-east of the cathedral. + +The #Canon Gate# is the archway in South Street, which leads to the +palace, the deanery, and other buildings connected with the cathedral. + +The #Market Cross# was built by Bishop Storey about the year 1500 +(see illustration, p. 100). + +#S. Mary's Hospital# was founded about the middle of the twelfth +century; but the existing building dates from the end of the +thirteenth century. It maintains five aged women by a weekly allowance +to each, with fuel and medical attendance free. + +[Illustration: PAINTED DECORATION FORMERLY ON THE CHOIR VAULT, FROM +AN ENGRAVING BY T. KING 1814 (SEE PAGES 42-43). _(Lent by the Reverend +Prebendary Bennett.) (Scale about 7 feet 101/2 inches to 1 inch.)] + +INDEX. + +Aethelgar, Bishop, 106 +Aethelric, Bishop, 106 +Apsidal termination, 8, 9, 17, 24 +Arundel, Bishop, 32 +---- Earl of, William, 6; + Countess of, 86 +---- monuments, 86 +---- screen, 32, 46 + +Barlow, Bishop, 117 +Bell tower, 30 +Bernardi, paintings by, 34 +Brideoake, Bishop, 120 +Buttresses, nave, 58 + +CHAPELS added to nave, 24 +Chapel of S. Catharine, 94 +---- of S. Clement, 86 +---- of Four Virgins, 85 +---- of S. Mary Magdalen, 90, 98 +---- of S. Pantaleon, 90 +---- of SS. Thomas and Edmund, 85 +Chapter House, 27 +Choir (exterior), 65-71; + interior, 88 +Cloister, 62 +Consecration, 6, 19 +Consistory Court, 83 +Curteys, Bishop, 118 + +Daye, Bishop, 35, 116 +Durnford, Bishop, 85 + +Fire of 1114, 5; + of 1187, 6, 10 +Flying buttresses, 15, 57, 66 +Font, 85 + +Gunning, Bishop, 119 + +Hare, Bishop, 120 +Harsnett, Bishop, 35, 118 +Hilary, Bishop, 108 +Hook, Dean, his monument, 97 + +Lady-chapel, 9, 26; exterior, 69; + interior, 94 +Langton, Bishop, 26, 114 +Leophardo (Gilbert de S.), Bishop, 20, 26, 70, 112 +Library, exterior, 71; + interior, 94 +Luffa (Ralph de), Bishop, 5, 8, 107 + +Manning, Cardinal, 92 +"Maudde," inscribed monument to, 98 +Moleyns, Bishop, 115 +Monuments in nave, 85; + in transepts and choir, 96 + +Nave, exterior, 53, 73; + interior, 81 +Neville, Bishop, 20, 23, 110 + +Organ, 40, 88 +Otter, Bishop, 121 + +Paintings on the walls, 41; + on the vaults, 46; + Bernardi's, 34, 90; + Miss Lowndes', 91 +Porch, west, 53; + south, 59; + north, 76 +Presbytery constructed, 17 +---- interior, 92 +Pulpit, 85 + +Rede (William), Bishop, 30, 114; + Robert, 114 +Reformation, 34, 36 +Reredos, ancient, 28, 43, 47; + modern, 88 +Rood-screen, 85 +Roof, 56 + +Sacristy, 61, 90 +Sampson, Bishop, 116 +Sculptures, romanesque, 96 +See, transfer of, 4, 5, 8; + foundation of, 101 +Seffrid d'Escures, Bishop, 108 +---- II., Bishop, 19 +Selsea, carved panels from, 96; + church at, 103; + bishops of, 123 +Sherburne, Bishop, 34, 116 +Spire, 30, 40, 42, 76; + fall of, 48 +Stigand, Bishop, 4, 107 +Storey, Bishop, 115 + +Tower, central, 32, 47, 76 +Towers, fall of, 14, 21, 37-40 +---- western, 51, 55 +Transept, south, 64, 90; + north, 92, 96 +Treasury, 83 +Triforium, 36, 94 + +Vault constructed, 12 + +Watson, Bishop, 118 +Welles (Simon de), Bishop, 20, 109 +Wilfrith, Archbishop, 103 +Window, west, 53; + east, 69 +Windows, nave, 57, 73, 75; + transept, 90; + stained glass in, 98 +Wren, Sir C., 37, 42 +Wych (S. Richard of), Bishop, 20; + shrine of, 28, 35, 94, 111-112; + tomb, 96 + + * * * * * + +CHISWICK PRESS: PRINTED BY CHARLES WHITTTNGHAM AND CO. +TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON. + + * * * * * + +DIMENSIONS. + +Length (extreme). . _internal_ . 393 feet. + " of nave. . " . 155 feet. +Width of nave (extreme) . " . 90 feet. +Length of choir. . " . 115 feet. + " " transept . " . 131 feet. +Width of transept . " . 33 feet. +Height of vault. . " . 61 feet. + " " spire. . " . 277 feet. +Area . . . . . 28,000 sq. feet. + + +[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY CHICHESTER: +1901: FROM A PLAN MADE BY THE LATE JOSEPH BUTLER ARCHITECT TO THE +CATHEDRAL] + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: Chichester (1901) +by Hubert C. 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