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diff --git a/old/13266-8.txt b/old/13266-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec619ee --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13266-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31722 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Final Report of the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition Commission, by Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Final Report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission + +Author: Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission + +Release Date: August 23, 2004 [EBook #13266] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOUISIANA EXPOSITION *** + + + + +Produced by Michael Oltz and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +59TH CONGRESS, 1st SESSION +DECEMBER 4, 1905--JUNE 30, 1906 +SENATE DOCUMENTS +VOL. 14, 1906 + + + SENATE: 59TH CONGRESS: 1st Session + DOCUMENT No. 202 + FINAL REPORT OF THE + LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION + 1906 + FEBRUARY 8, 1906 +READ, REFERRED TO THE COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL + EXPOSITIONS, AND ORDERED TO BE PRINTED +WASHINGTON, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1906 + + +CONTENTS. + +Letters of transmittal +Final report +Centennial Day +Diplomatic Day +State Day +Appendices: + Report on Accounts and Statement of Receipts and Disbursements + Disposal of Salvage + Reports of Foreign Countries + Reports of States, Territories, and Districts + Report of Board of Lady Managers + Statement of Expenditures + + + + +LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. + +_To the Senate and House of Representatives:_ + +I transmit herewith a communication from the Secretary of State +submitting the final report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition +Commission, furnished in pursuance of section 11 of the "Act to provide +for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the +Louisiana Territory," etc., approved March 3, 1901. + +THEODORE ROOSEVELT. +THE WHITE HOUSE, +_February 8, 1906._ + + * * * * * + +The PRESIDENT: + +The undersigned, Secretary of State, has the honor to lay before the +President the final report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition +Commission, presented, as required by section 11 of the act of Congress +approved March 3, 1901, entitled "An act to provide for celebrating the +one hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana Territory by the United +States by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, +manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea in the +city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri." + +Respectfully submitted. + +ELIHU ROOT. +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, +_Washington, February 5, 1906._ + + + + + + + + + FINAL REPORT + OF THE +LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION. + +As required by section 11 of an act of Congress entitled "An act to +provide for the celebrating of the one hundredth anniversary of the +purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States by holding an +international exhibition of arts, industries, manufacturers, and the +products of the soil, mine, forest, and the sea in the city of St. +Louis, in the State of Missouri," approved March 3, 1901, this final +report is here presented: + +In the early part of the year 1900 the citizens of St. Louis inaugurated +a movement looking to the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary +of the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory by an international +exposition. A temporary organization having been effected, the subject +was presented to Congress through a committee of citizens appointed for +that purpose. Congress conditionally approved the enterprise by enacting +a law which in substance provided that the Government would extend the +required aid to the proposed exposition, providing the petitioners would +furnish assurance that the sum of $10,000,000 had been raised for and on +account of inaugurating and carrying forward an exposition at the city +of St. Louis, Mo., in the year 1903, to celebrate the one hundredth +anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory. + +Prior to March 3, 1901, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, then +consisting of an association of persons, furnished the Secretary of the +Treasury proof to his satisfaction that said sum of $10,000,000 had been +raised for the purpose indicated. Thereupon the act hereinbefore cited +was passed and duly approved by the President. + +Including the appropriation made by the act of Congress, the sum of +$15,000,000 was provided for the exposition, as follows: + +Donated by the city of St. Louis ...................... $5,000,000 +Subscription to the capital stock of the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition Company ......................... 5,000,000 +Appropriated by Congress, through the act aforesaid ... 5,000,000 + + +On April 1, 1901, in accordance with section 2 of the act of Congress, +the President appointed a nonpartisan commission, consisting of nine +members, known and designated as the "Louisiana Purchase Exposition +Commission," the names of the appointees and the States in which they +resided being as follows: + +JOHN M. THURSTON Nebraska. +THOMAS H. CARTER Montana. +WILLIAM LINDSAY Kentucky. +GEORGE W. MCBRIDE Oregon. +FREDERICK A. BETTS Connecticut. +JOHN M. ALLEN Mississippi. +MARTIN H. GLYNN New York. +JOHN F. MILLER Indiana. +PHILIP D. SCOTT Arkansas. + +The name of the Commission being somewhat lengthy it became known and +was referred to in the law and proceedings throughout as "The National +Commission." + +Pursuant to a call by the Secretary of State, the members of the +Commission met at the Southern Hotel, in the city of St. Louis, on April +23, 1901, and adjourned until the following day, when organization was +perfected. + +Thomas H. Carter, of Montana, was elected president; Martin H. Glynn, of +New York, vice-president, and Mr. Joseph Flory, of St. Louis, Mo., +secretary. + +The following committees were appointed: + +_Executive._ +THOMAS H. CARTER. +JOHN F. MILLER. +PHILIP D. SCOTT. +JOHN M. ALLEN. +FREDERICK A. BETTS. + +_Judiciary._ +WILLIAM LINDSAY. +JOHN M. THURSTON. +GEORGE W. MCBRIDE. + +_Plan and Scope._ +GEORGE W. MCBRIDE. +FREDERICK A. BETTS. +WILLIAM LINDSAY. +MARTIN H. GLYNN. +JOHN F. MILLER. + +_Members of Board of Arbitration._ +JOHN M. THURSTON. +JOHN M. ALLEN. + +_Auditing._ +JOHN F. MILLER. +PHILIP D. SCOTT. +JOHN M. THURSTON. + +_Insurance._ +THOMAS H. CARTER. +MARTIN H. GLYNN. +FREDERICK A. BETTS. + +_Ceremonies._ +THOMAS H. CARTER. +JOHN M. ALLEN. +JOHN M. THURSTON. +WILLIAM LINDSAY. + + +Mr. Claude Hough, of Sedalia, Mo., was appointed official stenographer +of the Commission on May 6, 1901, and has capably and efficiently served +in that capacity throughout. + +The organization of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company was not +formally perfected until about a month after the first meeting of the +National Commission, when the association which had theretofore existed +under that name was duly organized and became an incorporated company +under and in conformity with the laws of the State of Missouri. In the +meantime informal conferences were held between the Commission and the +prospective officers of the company in reference to a site for the +exposition. + +The municipal assembly of the city of St. Louis enacted an ordinance +authorizing the use of a portion of Forest Park as a site for the +exposition, as follows: + + An ordinance authorizing the use of either O'Fallon Park or + Carondelet Park or a portion of Forest Park as a site for the + world's fair, to be held in commemoration of the Louisiana + Purchase. + + _Be it ordained by the municipal assembly of the city of St. + Louis as follows:_ + + SECTION 1. The corporation or association formed to manage and + conduct the world's fair or exposition in commemoration of the + purchase of the Louisiana Territory, when organized or + incorporated in accordance with the law, is hereby granted the + privilege of using either O'Fallon Park or Carondelet Park or + that portion of Forest Park lying west of the line described as + follows, to wit: Beginning at the intersection of the south line + of Forest Park with the north line of Clayton road, and running + thence in a northerly direction along the west line of the + Concourse drive two thousand five hundred fifty feet; thence in + a northerly direction to the east end of the large lake, a + distance of twelve hundred feet; thence northwesterly direction + about two thousand feet to the intersection of the south line of + Lindell avenue, with the west line of De Baliviere avenue + produced southwardly, for and as a site for said world's fair or + exposition, reserving, however, unto the city of St. Louis all + regulation and control of any of the sites above described, + together with all right to excises and licenses. + + SEC. 2. The board of public improvements shall at all times, + beginning with the selection of the site out of the three sites + above referred to, until the close of said world's fair or + exposition, and until the complete restoration of said site as + hereinafter provided, have the power to provide such + regulations, conditions, and requirements as it may deem + necessary to protect the interests of the city with respect to + the construction of all sewers, drains, and conduits of any + kind, and the laying of water pipes or fixtures; and the plans + and specifications for the construction of the foregoing work + shall be subject to the approval of the board of public + improvements, and no such work of any kind shall be done without + such approval by the board. All such sewers, drains, conduits, + pipes, and fixtures shall become and be the property of the + city. + + SEC. 3. Within six months after the close of said fair or + exposition, the corporation or association aforesaid shall clear + the park, or in the event of the selection of Forest Park, the + part thereof above described, of all tramways and railway + tracks, rubbish and debris, and of all buildings, sheds, + pavilions, towers, and other structures of every kind, and shall + within twelve months after the close of such fair or exposition, + fully restore the park selected as a site, or in the case of + Forest Park, that portion thereof above-described, by doing all + necessary grading, the restoration and repair, or the formation + of all walks and roads, the planting of trees, the placing of + sod and the planting of shrubs and plants, all in accordance + with plans to be approved by the board of public improvements, + and all to be done subject to the inspection of the park + commissioner, and to his entire satisfaction and approval. + + SEC. 4. The corporation or association aforesaid shall, within + six months after the approval of this ordinance by the mayor, + file its written acceptance thereof with the city register, and + make its selection of the park to be used as aforesaid; and said + corporation or association shall also, within the same time, + file its bond in the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, with + good and sufficient sureties, to be approved by the mayor and + council, conditioned for a full compliance with and performance + of all the terms, requirements, and conditions of this + ordinance. Said board of public improvements shall have the + right, however, at any time before the opening of said fair or + exposition, if it deems it necessary in the interest of the + city, to require an additional bond in such amount as it may + believe to be proper, whereupon said corporation or company + shall give such bond with sureties to be approved in like + manner, and said corporation or association shall have no + authority to open or hold any fair or exposition upon the site + so selected, and no machinery or improvements of any kind shall + be removed from the premises of said world's fair site until + said bond in the sum so demanded shall have been so filed and + approved. + + Approved May 16, 1901. + +Considerable correspondence ensued between the Commission and the +Exposition Company in reference to the proposed site, the Commission +particularly insisting upon an adequate water supply and proper drainage +and grading of the property. On June 28, 1901, the site was formally +approved by the Commission and, according to section 9 of the act +authorizing the exposition, the President of the United States was duly +notified. + +Prior to August 15, 1901, the National Commission having ascertained +that due provision had been made for grounds and buildings for the uses +contemplated by the act of Congress, so certified to the President of +the United States, who did thereafter, to wit, on the 20th day of +August, 1901, in behalf of the Government and the people, invite foreign +nations to take part in said exposition, and to appoint representatives +thereto, the President's proclamation reading as follows: + + Whereas notice has been given me by the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Commission, in accordance with the provisions of + section 9 of the act of Congress, approved March 3, 1901, + entitled "An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth + anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the + United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, + industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, + forest, and sea in the city of St. Louis, in the State of + Missouri," that provision has been made for grounds and + buildings for the uses provided for in the said act of Congress: + + Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United + States, by virtue of the authority vested in me by said act, do + hereby declare and proclaim that such international exhibition + will be opened in the city of St. Louis, in the State of + Missouri, not later than the first day of May, nineteen hundred + and three, and will be closed not later than the first day of + December thereafter. And in the name of the Government and of + the people of the United States, I do hereby invite all the + nations of the earth to take part in the commemoration of the + purchase of the Louisiana Territory, an event of great interest + to the United States and of abiding effect on their development, + by appointing representatives and sending such exhibits to the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition as will most fitly and fully + illustrate their resources, their industries, and their progress + in civilization. + + In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the + seal of the United States to be affixed. + + Done at the city of Washington, this twentieth day of August, + one thousand nine hundred and one, and of the Independence of + the United States the one hundred and twenty-sixth. + + [SEAL.] + + WILLIAM MCKINLEY. + + By the President: + JOHN HAY, + _Secretary of State_. + +At a meeting of the Commission held on October 15, 1901, the following +resolution relative to the lamented death of President McKinley was +unanimously adopted by the Commission: + + Resolution. + + Since this Commission last convened the President of the United + States has met a tragic death. + + The manner of his death was a blow at republican institutions + and felt by every patriotic American as aimed at himself. It can + truly be said that of all our Presidents William McKinley was + the best beloved; no section of the country held him as an alien + to it. Partisan differences never led to partisan hatred of him; + party faction did not touch him. Nearly half the people differed + with him on public questions, but his opponents accorded to him + the same honesty of purpose which he always accorded to them. He + was the President of the whole people, and was received by them + as such with the honors due his great office and his splendid + manhood, from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Lakes to + the Gulf. Pure of life, lofty of purpose, and patriotic in every + endeavor, he was the highest type of our American citizenship. + + The prayers of an united people were wafted on high to spare our + President, but "God's will, not ours" was done, and the pain of + personal grief was felt in every American home. + + _Resolved by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission_, + + First. That in the death of President McKinley, the United + States have lost a President who fulfilled the best ideals of + the Republic. + + Second. That in every walk of life, in peace and in war, in + private and in public station, he was faithful to every trust + and did his duty as God gave him light to see it. + + Third. That these resolutions be spread upon our record and a + copy thereof sent, with an expression of our tenderest sympathy, + to Mrs. McKinley. + + +Certain rules and regulations governing foreign exhibitors, which had +been formulated by President Carter of the Commission and President +Francis of the Exposition Company at a meeting held in Chicago, Ill., on +August 14, 1901, were approved by the National Commission on October 15, +1901. The rules are as follows: + + + Adopted under, and in pursuance of an act of the Congress of the + United States, entitled, + + "An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary + of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States, + by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, + manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and + sea in the city of Saint Louis, in the State of Missouri," + + approved March 3, 1901, a copy of which said act is hereunto + attached. As provided by law the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + will be held in the city of St. Louis, State of Missouri, + U.S.A., and will be opened on the 30th day of April, A.D. 1903, + and will be closed on the 1st day of December of that year. The + exposition will be closed on Sundays. + + This exposition will embrace an exhibition of arts, industries, + manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and + sea. It will be held to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary + of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States + from France. + + The exposition will be international in character, as + contemplated by section 9 of the act of Congress, which reads as + follows: + + "That whenever the President of the United States shall be + notified by the National Commission that provision has been made + for grounds and buildings for the uses herein provided for, he + shall be authorized to make proclamation of the same, through + the Department of State, setting forth the time at which said + exposition will be held, and the purposes thereof, and he shall + communicate to the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations + copies thereof, together with such regulations as may be adopted + by the Commission, for publication in their respective + countries, and he shall in behalf of the Government and the + people invite foreign nations to take part in the said + exposition and appoint representatives thereto." + + Rules and regulations have been adopted by the National + Commission to be communicated to the diplomatic representatives + of foreign nations for publication in their respective countries + as follows: + + ARTICLE 1. All communications relating to the exposition should + be addressed to Hon. David R. Francis, president of the + Exposition Company, St. Louis, U.S.A. + + ART. 2. All applications for space for buildings must be filed + with the company on or before July 1, 1902. + + ART. 3. Applications for space for exhibits in the buildings of + the Exposition Company must be filed on or before the respective + dates following, to wit: + + (A) For machinery and mechanical appliances intended for + exhibition, in operation, October 1, 1902. + + (B) For machinery and mechanical appliances not intended for + exhibition, in operation, November 1, 1902. + + (C) For works of art, natural and manufactured, products, and + all productions not herein expressly classified, December 1, + 1902. + + ART. 4. Applications for special concessions to individuals, + associations, or corporations, December 1, 1902. + + All applications must be in writing and should be presented on + forms which will be furnished by the Exposition Company. + + ART. 5. No charge will be made for space allotted for buildings + or exhibits of foreign governments. Allotments of space to + exhibitors from countries whose governments have appointed + commissioners to the exposition will be made by or through such + commissioners. + + ART. 6. No exhibit shall be removed in whole or in part until + the close of the exposition. + + Immediately after the close of the exposition exhibitors shall + remove their effects and complete such removal before January 1, + 1904. + + ART. 7. Exhibits from foreign countries will be admitted free of + customs duties, as provided in the law and the regulations of + the Treasury Department. + + ART. 8. The Exposition Company may from time to time, with the + approval of the National Commission, promulgate a classification + and such additional rules and regulations, not in conflict with + the law or regulations herein announced, as may be necessary to + facilitate the success of the exposition and to serve the + interest of exhibitors. + +On October 15, 1901, the Commission was notified that the Exposition +Company had, by a resolution dated October 8, 1901, of which the +Secretary of the Treasury had been duly notified, authorized the +Commission to disburse the sum of $10,000 per annum for contingent +expenses, in accordance with the act of Congress therein referred to. +Following is a copy of the resolution: + + _Resolved_, That the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission + be, and is hereby, authorized to disburse out of the $5,000,000 + appropriated under the provisions of the act approved March 3, + 1901, in aid of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the sum of + $10,000 annually for contingent expenses of said Commission + under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the + Secretary of the Treasury, and upon vouchers to be approved by + him. + + D.R. FRANCIS. + + Attest: + W.B. STEVENS, + _Secretary_. + +The question of appointing a board of lady managers, authorized by +section 6 of the act of Congress, was considered by the National +Commission and the Exposition Company at a meeting held on October 16, +1901. + +After giving the matter due and careful consideration, the Commission +and the company decided to create a board of lady managers of 21 +members. The membership of the board was subsequently increased to 24. +The names of the board of lady managers are as follows: + +Miss Helen Miller Gould. +Mrs. John A. McCall. +Mrs. John M. Holcombe. +Miss Anna L. Dawes. +Mrs. W.E. Andrews. +Mrs. Helen-Boice Hunsicker. +Mrs. James L. Blair. +Mrs. Fannie L. Porter. +Mrs. Frederick M. Hanger. +Mrs. Jennie Gilmore Knott. +Mrs. Emily Warren Roebling. +Mrs. M.H. De Young. +Mrs. Belle L. Everest. +Mrs. Margaret P. Daly. +Mrs. W.H. Coleman. +Mrs. C.B. Buchwalter. +Mrs. Louis D. Frost. +Mrs. Finis P. Ernst. +Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery. +Mrs. John Miller Horton. +Mrs. Annie McLean Moores. +Mrs. A.L. Von Mayhoff. +Mrs. Daniel Manning. +Mrs. James Edmund Sullivan. +Miss Lavinia H. Egan. + +Rules and regulations for the classification of exhibits at the +exposition, which had been presented for the consideration of the +Commission by the Exposition Company, and which had been discussed at +length, were finally approved on October 17, 1901, and the Exposition +Company was notified of that fact. + +The matter of formulating rules and regulations for the government of +the exposition was one of the first questions to be considered by the +Commission. The matter was taken up at the various meetings of the +Commission, and conferences were held with the officers of the +Exposition Company from time to time. The Commission contended that in +the event of a disagreement between the representative of any foreign +government and the Exposition Company the representative of such foreign +government should be allowed to refer the matter to the National +Commission for joint consideration and adjustment with the company. With +that end in view the Commission insisted that the following provision +should be incorporated in the rules and regulations governing the +exposition: + + Should disagreement arise between the Exposition Company and the + representative of any Government, State, Territory, or District, + such representative shall have the privilege, under such rules + of procedure as the National Commission may from time to time + promulgate, of referring the matter in disagreement between such + representative and the company to the National Commission for + joint consideration and adjustment with the company. + +The company objected to the insertion of this clause. + +Thereupon the Commission and the company agreed to submit the matter in +dispute to arbitration, in accordance with law. The Commission notified +the company that the members of the arbitration board appointed by the +Commission were prepared to meet the arbitrators of the company when +such last-named arbitrators should be appointed. But owing to the fact +that the arbitrators on behalf of the company had not yet been +appointed, it was impossible at the time to submit the matter in +controversy to arbitration. + +In November, 1901, it became evident that the success of the exposition +demanded the immediate promulgation of the rules and regulations for the +guidance of intending competitors. The Exposition Company communicated +with the National Commission to that effect and requested that it be +allowed to promulgate the rules and regulations so far as agreed upon, +and that the matter in dispute should be left to subsequent arbitration. +On November 22, 1901, the Commission consented to the promulgation of +the rules and regulations, so far as modified, with the understanding +that the provision in dispute, hereinbefore stated, should thereafter be +incorporated and given due publicity, provided it was adopted by the +board of arbitration. On December 1, 1901, the rules and regulations +were published, and a copy thereof, as approved by the National +Commission, is as follows: + + An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary + of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States, + by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, + manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and + sea, in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, + approved March 3, 1901, a copy of which said act is hereto + attached. + + As provided by law, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition will be + held in the city of St. Louis, State of Missouri, U.S.A., and + will be opened on the 30th day of April, A.D. 1903, and will be + closed on the 1st day of December of that year. The exposition + will be closed on Sundays. + + This exposition will embrace an exhibition of arts, industries, + manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and + sea. It will be held to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary + of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States + from France. + + The exposition will be international in character, as + contemplated by section 9 of the act of Congress, which reads as + follows: + + "That whenever the President of the United States shall be + notified by the National Commission that provision has been made + for grounds and buildings, for the uses herein provided for, he + shall be authorized to make proclamation of the same, through + the Department of State, setting forth the time at which said + exposition will be held, and the purposes thereof, and he shall + communicate to the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations + copies thereof, together with such regulations as may be adopted + by the Commission, for publication in their respective + countries, and he shall, in behalf of the Government and the + people, invite foreign nations to take part in the said + exposition and to appoint representatives thereto." + + Rules and Regulations. + + The following general rules and regulations are promulgated by + the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, having been approved + by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission: + + ARTICLE I. + + SECTION I. Under a proclamation of the President of the United + States, signed August 20, 1901, all nations and peoples are + invited to and may participate in this exposition. + + SEC. II. The site of the exposition will be the west portion of + Forest Park and adjacent territory, and will comprise, + approximately, 1,000 acres. + + SEC. III. The executive of the exposition is the president of + the board of directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Company. There are four principal executive divisions presided + over by the following officers: Director of exhibits, director + of exploitation, director of works, director of concessions and + admissions. + + Under the officers subordinate departments for the supervision + of exhibits, of construction, and of maintenance may be created, + each department having its individual chief. + + SEC. IV. The bureau of transportation shall have entire charge + of all matters relating to the transportation of passengers and + freight to and from the exposition grounds from all parts of the + world. It will quote rates and classifications, remedy delays, + and be constituted in such a manner as to extend practical + assistance and information to all exhibitors and the public at + large. This bureau has for its chief officer a traffic manager, + who will report direct to the president. + + ARTICLE II. + + SECTION I. For the development of the exposition to the full + extent of the general plan as outlined, provision will be made + for the installation and care of exhibits, and for the + construction of exhibition palaces, ample and adequate to the + theoretical and physical scope of the exposition. + + SEC. II. For the purposes of installation and review of exhibits + a classification has been adopted. The classification heretofore + adopted has been divided into a number of departments, each of + which is again divided into groups and subdivided into classes. + Under this scope and plan the exposition will be constructed, + the installation perfected, and the system of awards conducted. + In conformity therewith the following exhibit departments are + created: Department A--Education; Department B--Art; Department + C--Liberal Arts; Department D--Manufactures; Department + E--Machinery; Department F--Electricity; Department + G--Transportation; Department H--Agriculture; Department + J--Horticulture; Department K--Forestry; Department L--Mines and + Metallurgy; Department M--Fish and Game; Department + N--Anthropology; Department O--Social Economy; Department + P--Physical Culture. + + Exhibits shall be classified into 15 departments, in 144 groups, + and in 807 classes. + + ARTICLE III. + + SECTION I. The directors of the four executive divisions, and + the chief of the different departments thereunder, may + promulgate special rules and regulations governing the more + minute and technical details of the operation of the respective + departments. + + SEC. II. The director of exhibits shall have general charge of + the installation of all exhibits and the control and management + of the same. + + ARTICLE IV. + + SECTION I. The general classification is hereby made a part of + these rules and regulations. + + SEC. II. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company reserves the + right, subject to the approval of the Commission, to amend or + correct the classification at any time before the opening of the + exposition by giving thirty days' public notice. + + ARTICLE V. + + SECTION I. The price of admission will be 50 cents. + + SEC. II. While the broadest construction will be placed upon the + rights of exhibitors and their agents to free admission to the + grounds for the purpose of caring for their respective exhibits, + it is intended to restrict these courtesies within reasonable + limits. + + ARTICLE VI. + + SECTION I. No charge will be made for space allotted for + exhibits. + + SEC. II. No charge will be made for space allotted for buildings + of foreign governments, or the United States Government, or of + the State, Territorial, or District governments of the United + States. + + ARTICLE VII. + + SECTION I. Exhibitors of manufactured articles must be the + manufacturers or producers thereof. + + SEC. II. The country where an exhibit is produced, and not the + citizenship of the exhibitor, will determine the nationality of + an exhibit. + + SEC. III. Each foreign nation participating in the exposition + will be accorded an official representative, to be accredited to + the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, + through the Secretary of State of the United States, or + otherwise. + + SEC. IV. Allotment of space to exhibitors from countries where + governments have appointed official representatives to the + exposition will be made by or through such representatives. + + SEC. V. While it is expected, as far as possible, to confine + negotiations in the United States to the official + representatives of the respective States, Territories, and + Districts, the right is reserved to confer directly with + individuals. + + ARTICLE VIII. + + SECTION I. All applications for space for buildings must be + filed on or before July 1, 1902. + + SEC. II. Application for space for exhibits in the buildings of + the exposition must be filed on or before the respective dates + following, to wit: + + (a) For machinery and mechanical appliances intended for + exhibition in operation October 1, 1902. + + (b) For machinery and mechanical appliances not intended for + exhibition in operation, November 1, 1902. + + (c) For works of art, natural and manufactured products not + herein expressly classified, December 1, 1902. + + (d) For special concessions to individuals, associations, or + corporations, December 1, 1902. + + SEC. III. All applications for space must be in writing, + addressed to the president of the exposition, and should be + presented on forms which will be furnished by the Exposition + Company. + + SEC. IV. Each application for space for exhibits must be + accompanied by a sketch, drawn to a scale of one-fourth of an + inch to the foot, showing the ground floor plan, and, if + possible, the front elevation and general outlines. These + installation plans and schemes must receive the indorsement of + the chief of the department in which the exhibit is to be + located, and the approval of the director of exhibits, and must + conform to the general architectural design for the treatment of + the interior of the building as prepared by the director of + works. + + SEC. V. Permits for space will not be transferable, and + exhibitors will be confined to such exhibits as are specified in + their applications. + + ARTICLE IX. + + SECTION I. All communications relating to the exposition should + be addressed to the president of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company, St. Louis, U.S.A. + + SEC. II. All packages containing exhibits must be addressed to + the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. + + SEC. III. Direction labels will be furnished by the Exposition + Company to be attached to each package. This label must be + filled out so as to convey the following information: + + (a) The department in which the exhibit is to be installed. + + (b) The country, State, or Territory from which the package is + consigned. + + (c) The name and address of the exhibitor and the total number + of packages sent by such exhibitor. + + SEC. IV. In boxing or casing any material intended for + exhibition, screws should be employed in preference to nails or + steel hoops, and packages should be addressed on two or more + sides. Each package should contain a list of the goods therein. + + SEC. V. Consignments intended for different buildings should be + in separate packages, and not be included in the same box, + crate, or barrel. + + SEC. VI. Freight and express charges and all charges + appertaining to the transportation of material belonging to + individuals, such as exhibits, building material, concession + material and supplies, etc., must be prepaid at the point of + shipment, and the goods delivered at the exposition clear of all + charges of any description incident to the transportation. + + ARTICLE X. + + SECTION I. If no authorized person is at hand to take charge of + an exhibit within reasonable time after its arrival at the + exposition buildings said exhibit will be removed and stored at + the cost and risk of whosoever it may concern. + + SEC. II. The installation of heavy articles, requiring + foundation, may, by special agreement with the director of + works, begin as soon as the progress of the construction of the + buildings will permit. + + SEC. III. No exhibits shall be removed in whole or in part until + the close of the exposition. + + SEC. IV. Immediately after the close of the exposition + exhibitors shall remove their exhibits and construction, and + complete such removal before March 1, 1904. Any exhibit or + material not removed on March 1, 1904, will be considered to + have been abandoned by the exhibitor, and will be subject to + removal at the cost of the exhibitors, or to such disposition by + the Exposition Company as may be deemed advisable. + + ARTICLE XI. + + SECTION I. All show cases, cabinets, shelving, counters, etc., + required in the installation of an exhibit, must be provided at + the expense of the exhibitor, and all countershafts, steam + pulleys, belting, etc., and all compressed-air connections, and + all water and sewerage connections must be paid for by the + person applying for the same. + + SEC. II. All decorations and designs to be constructed in + connection with the installation must conform to the rules and + regulations promulgated by the director of exhibits, and receive + the approval of the chief of the department interested. + + SEC. III. No exhibitor will be permitted to install an exhibit + so as to obstruct the light or occasion any inconvenience to or + disadvantageously affect the display of other exhibitors. + + SEC. IV. The flooring of an exposition building must not be cut + or removed, or its foundation disturbed, and no part of the + construction of a building shall be employed for installation + purposes, except upon the recommendation of the director of + exhibits, approved by the director of works. + + SEC. V. Special rules regulating the height of platforms, + partitions, rails, cases, cabinets, counters, and any special + trophy or feature will be issued by the chiefs of the different + departments, with the approval of the director of exhibits. + + SEC. VI. All designs for the treatment of exhibition spaces must + be in accordance with the foregoing limitations. The material + used for covering counters, screens, partitions, or floors will + be subject to the approval of the director of exhibits, upon the + recommendation of the chiefs of the department, and must be in + accordance with the general color scheme of the director of + works. + + SEC. VII. Special rules and regulations in addition to and not + in conflict with the general rules and regulations of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company may be promulgated by the + different departments. + + ARTICLE XII. + + SECTION I. All articles which shall be imported from foreign + countries for the sole purpose of exhibition at said exposition, + upon which there shall be a tariff or customs duty, will be + admitted free of payment of duty, customs fees, or charges, + under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall + prescribe under an act of the Congress providing for the + exposition. + + SEC. II. It will be lawful at any time during the exposition to + sell for delivery at the close thereof any goods or property + imported for and actually on exhibition in the exposition + buildings or on the grounds, subject to such regulations for the + security of the revenue and for the collection of import duty as + the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe. Such articles + when sold or withdrawn for consumption in the United States will + be subject to the duty, if any, imposed upon such articles by + the revenue laws in force at the date of the importation, and + all penalties prescribed by the laws of the United States will + be applied and enforced against such articles and against the + person who may be guilty of any illegal sale or withdrawal. + + SEC. III. Such arrangements will be made with the Government of + the United States as will permit the transportation of foreign + exhibits in bond direct to the exposition grounds, which will be + designated as a United States bonded warehouse. + + ARTICLE XIII. + + SECTION I. While the Exposition Company will provide every, + possible protection for exhibits and for the property of + exhibitors, it will not be responsible in any case for loss by + fire, accident, vandalism, or theft, through which objects + placed upon exhibition may suffer, whatever may be the cause or + the amount of the damage. + + SEC. II. Any object or article of a dangerous or detrimental + character, or that is incompatible with the object or decorum of + the exposition or the comfort or safety of the public, will be + refused admission to the grounds or removed from any building or + any part of the grounds upon the recommendation of the director + of exhibits, approved by the president. + + SEC. III. Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, + also patent medicines, nostrums, and empirical preparations + whose ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the + exposition. The director of exhibits, with the approval of the + president, has the authority to order the removal of any article + he may consider dangerous, detrimental to, or incompatible with + the object or decorum of the exposition or the comfort and + safety of the public. + + SEC. IV. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company will carry no + insurance on exhibits, but favorable terms will be secured by + the Exposition Company under which exhibitors may insure their + own goods in responsible companies. + + ARTICLE XIV. + + SECTION I. Advertisement by means of posters, prints, handbills, + etc., will not be permitted within the exposition grounds except + upon the recommendation of the proper authorities, approved by + the president of the Exposition Company, and then to a + restricted degree only. + + SEC. II. Exhibitors' business cards and brief descriptive + circulars only may be conveniently placed within such exhibition + space for distribution; but the right is reserved to the chief + of the department, upon the approval of the director of + exhibits, to restrict or discontinue this privilege whenever it + is carried to excess or becomes an annoyance. + + ARTICLE XV. + + SECTION I. Exhibitors will be held responsible for the + cleanliness of their exhibits and the space surrounding same. + + SEC. II. All exhibits must be in complete order each day at + least thirty minutes before the buildings are open to the + public. No janitor or other work of this character will be + permitted during the hours the buildings are open to the public. + In case of failure on the part of any exhibitor to observe these + rules, the chief of the department, with the approval of the + director of exhibits, may adopt such means to enforce the same + as circumstances may suggest. + + ARTICLE XVI. + + SECTION I. No crates, barrels, or packing cases will be + permitted to remain upon the exhibition space after their + contents have been removed, except upon the recommendation of + the chief of the department where the exhibit is installed, + approved by the director of exhibits. + + SEC. II. The Exposition Company will provide a storage warehouse + for crates, barrels, and packing cases, under a reasonable + schedule of charges based upon those levied by similar + warehouses, which it will be optional for exhibitors to use. + + SEC. III. Facilities for the conveyance of empty crates, + barrels, or packing cases to storage places will be provided at + a moderate price. + + ARTICLE XVII. + + SECTION I. No exhibit or object upon exhibition may be sketched, + copied, or reproduced in any way whatever without the permission + of the exhibitor, approved by the director of exhibits, except + that the president of the company may give such permission. + + ARTICLE XVIII. + + SECTION I. Exhibitors desiring to contract for service of + electricity, steam, compressed air, power from shafting, gas, or + water, must make application to the chief of the department in + which their exhibits are installed. No application for service + will be entertained unless made upon a blank furnished by the + director of works, which may be obtained from a chief of a + department, and when an application for service has been + approved by the director of exhibits the contract will be + executed on the part of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Company by the director of works on terms and conditions that + will be stated in each case. The director of exhibits and the + director of works, in their discretion, are authorized to + furnish gratuitously to exhibitors a limited amount of power for + the operation of machines and processes. The character of the + exhibit requiring power for its operation will have much to do + with determining the amount of power that will be furnished + gratuitously. + + ARTICLE XIX. + + SECTION I. Concessions may be granted for private exhibitions + for which a charge for admission may be made; for restaurants, + for places of amusement, for merchandising, and for other + purposes not incompatible with the scope and dignity of the + exposition, under terms and conditions to be determined upon by + the proper authorities in each case. + + ARTICLE XX. + + SECTION I. An official catalogue of all exhibits will be + published in English by the Exposition Company. Foreign + governments and the governments of the States, Territories, and + Districts of the United States, making a collective exhibit, may + publish separate catalogues of their own exhibits when + recommended by the director of exhibits to the president and + approved by him. + + SEC. II. The sale of catalogues is reserved exclusively by the + Exposition Company. + + ARTICLE XXI. + + SECTION I. The Exposition Company will organize, equip, and + maintain an efficient police system for the protection of + property and the preservation of peace and good order. + + SEC. II. The exposition will maintain a corps of janitors and + scavengers, whose duty it will be to properly care for and clean + the roadways, approaches, paths, etc., in general of the + exposition and the aisles within the exhibit buildings; but + their duties and responsibilities will not extend to exhibit + spaces, to the subsidiary aisles, or to the buildings of foreign + or domestic governments or individuals. + + SEC. III. Exhibitors may employ watchmen and janitors of their + choice to guard and care for their material during the hours the + exposition is open to the public. Such watchmen will be subject + to the rules and regulations governing employees of the + exposition; but no exhibitor will be permitted to employ + attendants for service of this character except upon the written + consent of the chief of the department, approved by the director + of exhibits. + + SEC. IV. Each country, commission, organization, corporation and + individual, by becoming an exhibitor, agrees to conform to all + the rules and regulations established for the government and + conduct of the exposition. + + ARTICLE XXII. + + AWARDS. + + SECTION I The system of awards will be competitive. The merit of + exhibits as determined by the jury of awards will be manifested + by the issuance of diplomas, which will be divided into four + classes; a grand prize, a gold medal, a silver medal, and a + bronze medal. + + SEC. II. No exhibit can be excluded from competition for award + without the consent of the president of the Exposition Company, + after a review of the reasons or motives by competent + authorities hereafter to be provided. + + SEC. III. In a fixed ratio to the number of exhibits, but + reserving to the citizens of the United States approximately 60 + per cent of the jury membership, the construction of the + international jury will be based upon a predetermined number of + judges allotted to each group of the classification and upon the + number and importance of the exhibits in such group. + + SEC. IV. A chairman of the group jury will be elected by his + colleagues in each group, this chairman to become, by right of + his position, a member of the department jury, which department + jury shall in turn elect its chairman, who shall thereupon + become a member of the superior jury. + + SEC. V. Special rules and regulations governing the system of + making awards and determining the extent to which foreign + countries may have representation on the juries will be + hereafter promulgated. + + SEC. VI. Allotment of space for exhibitors, the classification + of exhibits, the appointment of all judges and examiners for the + exposition, and the awarding of premiums, if any, shall be done + and performed by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, + subject, however, to the approval of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Commission. + + DAVID R. FRANCIS, _President_. + + Attest: + WALTER B. STEVENS, + _Secretary_. + +On February 7, 1902, the Commission, subject to the approval of the +Exposition Company, which approval was thereafter given, adopted the +following general rules, prescribing the general scope of the duties to +be performed by the board of lady managers, to wit: + + First. To appoint one member of all committees authorized to + award prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in + whole or in part by female labor. + + Second. To exercise general supervisory control over such + features of the exposition as may be specially devoted to + woman's work. + + Third. To take part in the ceremonies connected with the + dedication of the buildings of the exposition, and in all + official functions in which women may be invited to participate, + and in other official functions upon the request of the company + and the Commission. + + Fourth. To elect such officers, appoint such committees, and to + make and promulgate such rules and regulations as may be deemed + necessary for the efficient discharge of the duties aforesaid; + provided, that said board shall not make any expenditures nor + incur any financial obligation except under authority previously + obtained from the company and the Commission. + +The members of the board of lady managers voluntarily proposed to serve +without compensation, and in view of such proposal, at a conference +between the Commission and the president of the Exposition Company, it +was decided to remunerate them for their traveling and other expenses +while attending meetings of the board by an allowance of 5 cents per +mile for travel and a per diem allowance of $6 in lieu of subsistence +during the sessions of the board. + +It was decided, also, that the membership of the board be increased to a +maximum of 24 members. + +Early in 1902 it became evident that it would be necessary to postpone +the exposition for one year, and the Exposition Company consequently +notified Congress to that effect. + +In the act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the +Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, and for other +purposes, approved June 28, 1902, provision was made for the +postponement of the Exposition until 1904 in terms as follows: + + _Provided, further:_ That sections eight and twelve of an act + entitled "An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth + anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the + United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, + industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, + forest, and sea in the city of Saint Louis, in the State of + Missouri," approved March third, nineteen hundred and one, be, + and the same are hereby, amended so as to read as follows: + + SEC. 8. That said Commission shall provide for the dedication of + the buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in said city + of Saint Louis not later than the thirtieth day of April, + nineteen hundred and three, with appropriate ceremonies, and + thereafter said exposition shall be opened to visitors at such + time as may be designated by said company, subject to the + approval of said Commission, not later than the first day of + May, nineteen hundred and four, and shall be closed at such time + as the National Commission may determine, subject to the + approval of said company, but not later than the first day of + December thereafter. + + SEC. 12. That the National Commission hereby authorized shall + cease to exist on the first day of July, nineteen hundred and + five. + +On July 1, 1902 the following proclamation, announcing the postponement +of the exposition, was issued by the President of the United States: + + Whereas the President on August 20, 1901, issued his + proclamation stating that he has been advised by the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition Commission, pursuant to the provisions of + section 9 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, + entitled "An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth + anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the + United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, + industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, + forest, and sea in the city of St. Louis, in the State of + Missouri," that provision had been made for grounds and + buildings for the uses specified in the said mentioned act of + Congress; + + Whereas it was declared and proclaimed by the President in his + aforesaid proclamation that such international exhibition would + be opened in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, + not later than the 1st day of May, 1903, and be closed not later + than the 1st day of December thereafter; + + And whereas section 8 of the act of Congress approved June 28, + 1902, entitled "An act making appropriations for sundry civil + expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, + 1903, and for other purposes," fixes a subsequent date for the + holding of the said international exhibition, and specifically + states that said Commission shall provide for the dedication of + the buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in said city + of St. Louis not later than the 30th day of April, 1903, with + appropriate ceremonies, and thereafter said exposition shall be + opened to visitors at such time as may be designated by said + company, subject to the approval of said Commission, not later + than the 1st day of May, 1904, and shall be closed at such time + as the National Commission may determine, subject to the + approval of said company, but not later than the 1st day of + December thereafter; + + Now, therefore, I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United + States, do hereby declare and proclaim the aforesaid provision + of law to the end that it may definitely and formally be known + that such international exhibition will be opened in the city of + St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, not later than May 1, 1904, + and will be closed not later than December 1 of that year. + + In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the + seal of the United States to be affixed. + + Done at the city of Washington the 1st day of July, 1902, and of + the independence of the United States the one hundred and + twenty-sixth. + + [SEAL.] + + THEODORE ROOSEVELT. + + By the President: + DAVID J. HILL, + Acting Secretary of State. + +On April 30, 1903, the buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition +were dedicated in the city of St. Louis under the direction of the +Commission. + + + + + +PROGRAMME + +CENTENNIAL DAY, APRIL 30, 1903. + +GRAND MARSHAL, +MAJ. GEN. HENRY C. CORBIN, UNITED STATES ARMY. + * * * * * + +At 10 o'clock a.m. the freedom of the city was tendered to the President +of the United States by the mayor of St. Louis. + +The military parade, composed of United States troops and the National +Guard in attendance, assembled under direction of the grand marshal and +moved from the junction of Grand avenue and Lindell boulevard promptly +at half-past 10 o'clock, preceded by the President of the United States +and official guests in carriages, through Forest Park to the exposition +grounds, where the Presidential salute was fired, and the parade was +reviewed by the President of the United States. + +At 1.30 p.m. a grand band concert took place, the doors of the Liberal +Arts Building, where the dedication exercises were held, were thrown +open, and the audience seated under direction of the guards and ushers. + +Promptly at 2 o'clock the assembly was called to order by Hon. David R. +Francis, president of the Exposition Company, and the following +programme was carried out: + +First. Invocation by his eminence Cardinal James Gibbons, as follows: + + We pray Thee, O God of might, wisdom, and justice, through Whom + authority is rightly administered, laws are enacted, and + judgment decreed, assist with the Holy Spirit of counsel and + fortitude the President of the United States, that his + Administration may be conducted in righteousness and be + eminently useful to Thy people over whom he presides, by + encouraging due respect for virtue and religion, by a faithful + execution of the laws in justice and mercy, and by restraining + vice and immorality. + + By the light of Thy divine wisdom direct the deliberations of + Congress and shine forth in all their proceedings and laws + framed for our rule and government, so that they may tend to the + preservation of peace, the promotion of national happiness, the + increase of industry, sobriety, and useful knowledge, and may + perpetuate to us the blessings of equal liberty. + + We pray for his excellency, the governor of this State, for the + members of the legislature, for all judges, magistrates, and + other officers who are appointed to guard our political welfare, + that they may be enabled by Thy powerful protection to discharge + the duties of their respective stations with honesty and + ability. + + We pray for the president and directors of the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition, that their arduous labors may be crowned + with success, and may redound to the greater growth and + development of this flourishing city on the banks of the Father + of Waters. + + May this vast territory which was peacefully acquired a hundred + years ago be for all time to come the tranquil and happy abode + of millions of enlightened, God-fearing, and industrious people + engaged in the various pursuits and avocations of life. As this + new domain was added to our possessions without sanguinary + strife, so may its soil never be stained by bloodshed in any + foreign or domestic warfare. + + May this commemorative exposition to which the family of nations + are generously contributing their treasures of art and industry + bind together the governments of the earth in closer ties of + fellowship and good will, and of social and commercial + intercourse. May it hasten the dawn of the reign of the Prince + of Peace, when national conflicts will be adjusted, not by + hostile armies, but by permanent courts of arbitration. + + May this international exposition, inaugurated in the interests + of people and commerce, help to break down the walls of + dissension, of jealousy, and prejudice that divides race from + race, nation from nation, and people from people, by proclaiming + aloud the sublime gospel truth that we are all children of the + same God, brothers and sisters of the same Lord Jesus Christ, + and that we are all aspiring to a glorious inheritance in the + everlasting kingdom of our common Father. + +Second. Address by Mr. Thomas H. Carter, of the National Commission, +president of the day. + + One hundred years ago to-day the Government of the United States + acquired sovereignty over the vast territory west of the + Mississippi River, which has since been known to the + geographical nomenclature of the world as the "Louisiana + Purchase." Beyond the river the boundaries and the resources of + the territory were ill defined and but vaguely comprehended. The + purchase price of $15,000,000 was pronounced exorbitant, the + free navigation of the Mississippi being the only part of the + property deemed worthy of serious consideration. The transaction + was regarded by many as a violation of the Constitution and a + menace to our form of government. The grave doubts of president + Jefferson were only resolved into action by his patriotic desire + for national supremacy over the river and his prophetic faith in + the possibilities of the mysterious country beyond it. The + revelations of a century most amply justified his faith. + + When the treaty of cession was concluded, President Jefferson + represented less than 6,000,000 people. During these ceremonies, + President Roosevelt, the Executive of over 80,000,000 of + freemen, will dedicate the buildings. + + The magical story of local development puts to shame the + creations of fiction. The contented and prosperous inhabitants + of the Louisiana Purchase to-day substantially equal in numbers + three times the total population of the United States in 1800. + The conquest of space, forests, streams, and deserts and the + founding of cities and States in waste places within this + territory mark an advance unsurpassed in the history of human + endeavor. + + In conformity with a special act of Congress, the President has + invited all the nations to cooperate with us in properly + commemorating the masterful achievements of a century in this + new country. + + It is fitting that the celebration should be international, for + you will in vain attempt to name a civilized country whose sons + and daughters have not contributed to the glorious triumphs of + peace recorded here. In vain will you seek a more cosmopolitan + and at the same time a more homogeneous population than that of + the Louisiana territory. The purchase facilitated by the + exigencies of European war, and made in a season of darkness and + peril, has proven a boon not only to the grantor and the + grantee, but to humanity at large, for here the nations have + commingled, and the brotherhood of man has become a demonstrated + possibility. + + As a means of giving expression to the universal appreciation of + what has been accomplished for humanity within this field during + the century, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was organized + under authority of an act of Congress. With the aid of the + United States Government and the city of St. Louis, the + Exposition Company, through its officers, agents, and employees, + has erected the majestic exposition buildings whose massive + proportions and classical outlines excite the wonder and + admiration of the vast multitude assembled within and about + their walls. + + To everyone present is accorded the privilege of assisting in + the dedication of these buildings to their intended use. The + President of the United States honors us by being present to + extend his greetings and to voice the approving sentiments of + his countrymen. + + Moved by a broad and generous spirit, the nations of the earth, + from the empire of most ancient origin to the republic of + twentieth-century creation, dignifies the occasion by the + presence of their accredited representatives. Our home folks + from all the States, Territories, and districts betoken by their + numbers and enthusiasm the interest of the body of the people in + the exposition and the great historic event it is intended to + commemorate. + + In the name of the National Commission, directed by Congress to + provide for the dedication ceremonies, I extend to you all a + cordial welcome, and as responsive to this inspiring scene of + peace and generous feeling, I call upon the chorus to favor us + with Beethoven's Creation hymn. + + Those best informed will, by unanimous consent, yield to Hon. + David R. Francis, president of the company, the highest measure + of praise for the organization of the exposition and the + construction of the buildings he will now present to the + President of the United States for dedication. + +Third. Grand chorus: "The Heavens Proclaiming." + +Fourth. Presentation of the buildings by Hon. David R. Francis, +president of the Exposition Company: + + The people of the Louisiana Purchase are proud of their + membership in the Federal Union. + + They are grateful for the benefits that have flowed from a life + under the enduring institutions framed by the founders of the + Republic. They congratulate their brethren on the position our + country occupies among the nations of the earth, and felicitate + themselves on the part they have performed toward raising it to + its present prestige and power. + + They felt it a patriotic duty to fittingly commemorate the + completion of the first century of their connection with the + American Republic, and the rounding out of an important epoch in + the life of the Republic. In the discharge of that duty this + exposition was conceived. The inhabitants of the fourteen States + and two Territories comprised within the purchase selected St. + Louis as the scene of the celebration. + + The people of this city, grateful for the honor conferred, + promptly accepted it and cheerfully assumed the immense + responsibility it entailed. The century just closed, unequaled + as it was in every line of progress, furnishes no more striking + evidence of the advance of civilization than the development of + the Louisiana territory. A celebration in such an age and in + such a country, to be fit, should be upon a scale in keeping + with the best and the highest, and should be planned upon lines + broad enough to take in every people and every clime. + + A scheme so ambitious in its inception naturally had + comparatively few advocates and encountered many antagonists and + more doubters. It could not be accomplished without the + recognition and the aid of the General Government, which, for a + time, it seemed impossible to enlist. It was decided that the + amount required to launch an undertaking so comprehensive should + be the same as that paid for the empire which Jefferson + purchased--$15,000,000. The Congress said to St. Louis, "When + you have secured two-thirds of that sum, we will provide the + remaining third." The conditions were accepted and fulfilled. + + After three years of struggle the sinews had been secured--the + first step accomplished. Two years have since elapsed. During + that period the work has been pushed in every State and + Territory and possession of the United States, and in every + civilized country on the earth. The disappointments experienced + and the obstacles encountered have but served to spur to renewed + effort those who, from the inception of the movement, had + determined to carry it to a successful consummation. + + The further encouragement of the General Government on the + provision for its own exhibit, the cooperation of 41 States and + Territories and possessions of the United States, the pledged + participation of 32 foreign countries are the results of + vigorous domestic and foreign exploitation. That, and what you + behold here to-day in physical shape, we submit as the product + of five years of labor, nearly four of which were devoted to + propaganda and appeal and organization. + + The plan and scope, comprehensive as they were in the beginning, + have never diminished at any stage of the progress; rather have + they been amplified and enlarged. + + St. Louis, with an ever-widening sense of the responsibility, + and an ever-growing appreciation of the opportunity, has, up to + this moment, risen to the full measure of the duty assumed. The + management of the exposition has never despaired, but with a + realizing sense of the mighty task it has undertaken, and + mindful of the limitations of human capabilities, with + singleness of purpose and with personal sacrifice for which it + neither asks nor deserves credit, has striven to meet the + expectations of those whose trust it holds. + + The Exposition Company makes its acknowledgments to those + faithful and efficient officials whose intelligent service have + contributed so much toward bringing the enterprise to its + present stage. The company expresses its obligation to the + artists and artisans who have reared these graceful and majestic + structures and whose labors have been inspired more by pride in + the end to be achieved than by hope of material reward. + + The Universal Exposition of 1904, when the date of opening rolls + around one year from to-day, will, with its buildings completed, + its exhibits installed, be thoroughly prepared to receive the + millions of visitors who will enter its gates. The distinguished + assemblage which honors us with its presence to-day can come + nearer forming an adequate conception of the scope of the work + by personal inspection than through the writings or + illustrations of authors and designers, however great their + talent may be. + + To the President of the United States, to the accomplished + representatives of foreign countries, to the chief executives of + the sovereign States, to the Senators and Representatives of the + National Congress, to the great concourse of visitors here + congregated, we extend greeting. If you are pleased with what + has been accomplished, your approval is abundant reward for the + labor we have performed. + + We bear in mind and trust you do not overlook that this + celebration is of no section, but of the entire country. It is + our hope and our expectation that every section and every + commonwealth, and in fact, every community, will cherish a + proprietary interest and lend hopeful aid to this undertaking, + to the end that it may prove as nearly as may be commensurate + with the country and the century whose achievement and + advancement it is designed to commemorate. + + The beautiful picture whose outlines you now behold will, to + adopt the simile of the chief designer, when completed, compose + a song that will reverberate around the globe. + + And now, Mr. President, it is my pleasing privilege and high + honor to present to you for dedication the buildings of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition. May a high standard of + citizenship and broader humanity and the mission of the country + whose worthy representative you are be sustained and fostered + and promoted by the uses to which these structures are devoted. + May the happiness of mankind be advanced and broadened by the + lofty purposes that inspired this undertaking and moved our own + and sister countries to unite in its accomplishment. + +Fifth. Dedication address by the President of the United States: + + MR. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: At the outset of my address + let me recall to the minds of my hearers that the soil upon + which we stand, before it was ours was successively the + possession of two mighty empires--Spain and France--whose sons + made a deathless record of heroism in the early annals of the + New World. + + No history of the Western country can be written without paying + heed to the wonderful part played therein in the early days by + the soldiers, missionaries, explorers, and traders who did their + work for the honor of the proud banners of France and Castile. + + While the settlers of English-speaking stock and those of Dutch, + German, and Scandinavian origin, who were associated with them, + were still clinging close to the eastern seaboard, the pioneers + of Spain and of France had penetrated deep into the hitherto + unknown wildness of the West and had wandered far and wide + within the boundaries of what is now our mighty country. The + very cities themselves--St. Louis, New Orleans, Santa Fe, N. + Mex.--bear witness by their titles to the nationalities of their + founders. It was not until the Revolution had begun that the + English-speaking settlers pushed west across the Alleghanies, + and not until a century ago that they entered in to possess the + land upon which we now stand. + + We have met here to-day to commemorate the hundredth anniversary + of the event which more than any other, after the foundation of + the Government, and always excepting its preservation, + determined the character of our national life--determined that + we should be a great expanding nation instead of relatively a + small and stationary one. + + Of course, it was not with the Louisiana Purchase that our + career of expansion began. In the middle of the Revolutionary + war the Illinois region, including the present States of + Illinois and Indiana, was added to our domain by force of arms, + as a sequel to the adventurous expedition of George Rogers Clark + and his frontier riflemen. + + Later the treaties of Jay and Pinckney materially extended our + real boundaries to the west. But none of these events was of so + striking a character as to fix the popular imagination. The old + thirteen colonies had always claimed that their rights stretched + westward to the Mississippi, and vague and unreal though these + claims were until made good by conquest, settlement, and + diplomacy, they still served to give the impression that the + earliest westward movements of our people were little more than + the filling in of already existing national boundaries. + + But there could be no illusion about the acquisition of the vast + territory beyond the Mississippi, stretching westward to the + Pacific, which in that day was known as Louisiana. This immense + region was admittedly the territory of a foreign power, of a + European kingdom. None of our people had ever laid claim to a + foot of it. Its acquisition could in no sense be treated as + rounding out any existing claims. When we acquired it, we made + evident once for all that consciously and of set purpose we had + embarked on a career of expansion; that we had taken our place + among those daring and hardy nations who risk much with the hope + and desire of winning high position among the great powers of + the earth. As is so often the case in nature the law of + development of a living organism showed itself in its actual + workings to be wiser than the wisdom of the wisest. + + This work of expansion was by far the greatest work of our + people during the years that intervened between the adoption of + the Constitution and the outbreak of the civil war. There were + other questions of real moment and importance, and there were + many which at the time seemed such to those engaged in answering + them; but the greatest feat of our forefathers of those + generations was the deed of the men, who with pack train or + wagon train, on horseback, on foot, or by boat upon the waters + pushed the frontier ever westward across the continent. + + Never before had the world seen the kind of national expansion + which gave our people all that part of the American continent + lying west of the thirteen original States--the greatest + landmark in which was the Louisiana Purchase. Our triumph in + this process of expansion was indissolubly bound up with the + success of our peculiar kind of Federal Government, and this + success has been so complete that because of its very + completeness we now sometimes fail to appreciate not only the + all importance but the tremendous difficulty of the problem with + which our nation was originally faced. + + When our forefathers joined to call into being this nation, they + undertook a task for which there was but little encouraging + precedent. The development of civilization from the earliest + period seemed to show the truth of two propositions: In the + first place, it had always proved exceedingly difficult to + secure both freedom and strength in any Government; and in the + second place, it had always proved well-nigh impossible for a + nation to expand without either breaking up or becoming a + centralized tyranny. With the success of our effort to combine a + strong and efficient national union, able to put down disorder + at home and to maintain our honor and interest abroad, I have + not now to deal. This success was signal and all important, but + it was by no means unprecedented in the same sense that our type + of expansion was unprecedented. + + The history of Rome and of Greece illustrates very well the two + types of expansion which had taken place in ancient times, and + which had been universally accepted as the only possible types + up to the period when, as a nation, we ourselves began to take + possession of this continent. The Grecian states performed + remarkable feats of colonization, but each colony as soon as + created became entirely independent of the mother state, and in + after years was almost as apt to prove its enemy as its friend. + Local self-government, local independence was secured, but only + by the absolute sacrifice of anything resembling national unity. + + In consequence, the Greek world, for all its wonderful + brilliancy and extraordinary artistic, literary, and + philosophical development, which has made all mankind its debtor + for the ages, was yet wholly unable to withstand a formidable + foreign foe, save spasmodically. As soon as powerful permanent + empires arose on its outskirts, the Greek states in the + neighborhood of such empires fell under their sway. National + power and greatness were completely sacrificed to local liberty. + + With Rome the exact opposite occurred. The imperial city rose to + absolute dominion over all the people of Italy, and then + expanded her rule over the entire civilized world, by a process + which kept the nation strong and united, but gave no room + whatever for local liberty and self-government. All other cities + and countries were subject to Rome. In consequence, this great + and masterful race of warriors, rulers, road builders, and + administrators stamped their indelible impress upon all the + after life of our race, and yet let an over-centralization eat + out the vitals of their empire until it became an empty shell, + so that when the barbarians came they destroyed only what had + already become worthless to the world. + + The underlying viciousness of each type of expansion was plain + enough, and the remedy now seems simple enough. But when the + fathers of the Republic first formulated the Constitution under + which we live, this remedy was untried, and no one could + foretell how it would work. They themselves began the experiment + almost immediately by adding new States to the original + thirteen. Excellent people in the East viewed this initial + expansion of the country with great alarm. Exactly as during the + colonial period many good people in the mother country thought + it highly important that settlers should be kept out of the Ohio + Valley in the interest of the fur companies, so after we had + become a nation many good people on the Atlantic coast felt + grave apprehension lest they might somehow be hurt by the + westward growth of the nation. + + These good people shook their heads over the formation of States + in the fertile Ohio Valley, which now forms part of the heart of + our nation, and they declared that the destruction of the + Republic had been accomplished when through the Louisiana + Purchase we acquired nearly half of what is now that same + Republic's present territory. Nor was their feeling unnatural. + Only the adventurous and the farseeing can be expected heartily + to welcome the process of expansion, for a nation which expands + is a nation which is entering upon a great career, and with + greatness there must of necessity come perils which daunt all + save the most stout-hearted. + + We expand by carving the wilderness into Territories, and out of + these Territories building new States when once they had + received as permanent settlers a sufficient number of our own + people. Being a practical nation, we have never tried to force + on any section of our new territory an unsuitable form of + government merely because it was suitable for another section + under different conditions. Of the territory covered by the + Louisiana Purchase, a portion was given statehood within a few + years. Another portion has not been admitted to statehood, + although a century has elapsed, although doubtless it soon will + be. In each case we showed the practical governmental genius of + our race by devising methods suitable to meet the actual + existing needs, not by insisting upon the application of some + abstract shibboleth to all our new possessions alike, no matter + how incongruous this application might sometimes be. + + Over by far the major part of the territory, however, our people + spread in such numbers during the course of the nineteenth + century that we were able to build up State after State, each + with exactly the same complete local independence in all matters + affecting purely its own domestic interests as in any of the + original thirteen States, each owing the same absolute fealty to + the Union of all the States which each of the original thirteen + States also owes, and, finally, each having the same + proportional right to its share in shaping and directing the + common policy of the Union which is possessed by any other + State, whether of the original thirteen or not. + + This process now seems to us part of the natural order of + things, but it was wholly unknown until our own people devised + it. It seems to us a mere matter of course, a matter of + elementary right and justice, that in the deliberations of the + national representative bodies the representatives of a State + which came into the Union but yesterday stand on a footing of + exact and entire equality with those of the commonwealth whose + sons once signed the Declaration of Independence. + + But this way of looking at the matter is purely modern and in + its origin purely American. When Washington, during his + Presidency, saw new States come into the Union on a footing of + complete equality with the old, every European nation which had + colonies still administered them as dependencies, and every + other mother country treated the colonists not as a + self-governing equal, but as a subject. + + The process which we began has since been followed by all the + great people who were capable both of expansion and of + self-government, and now the world accepts it as the natural + process, as the rule; but a century and a quarter ago it was not + merely exceptional--it was unknown. + + This, then, is the great historic significance of the movement + of continental expansion, in which the Louisiana Purchase was + the most striking single achievement. It stands out in marked + relief even among the feats of a nation of pioneers, a nation + whose people have, from the beginning, been picked out by a + process of natural selection from among the most enterprising + individuals of the nations of western Europe. + + The acquisition of the territory is a credit to the broad and + far-sighted statesmanship of the great statesmen to whom it was + immediately due, and, above all, to the aggressive and masterful + character of the hardy pioneer folk to whose restless energy + these statesmen gave expression and direction, whom they + followed rather than led. The history of the land comprised + within the limits of the Purchase is an epitome of the entire + history of our people. Within these limits we have gradually + built up State after State, until now they many times over + surpass in wealth, in population, and in many-sided development + the original thirteen States as they were when their delegates + met in the Continental Congress. + + The people of these States have shown themselves mighty in war + with their fellow-man and mighty in strength to tame the rugged + wilderness. They could not thus have conquered the forest, the + prairie, the mountain and the desert, had they not possessed the + great fighting virtues, the qualities which enable a people to + overcome the forces of hostile men and hostile nature. + + On the other hand they could not have used aright their conquest + had they not in addition possessed the qualities of self-mastery + and self-restraint, the power of acting in combination with + their fellows, the power of yielding obedience to the law and of + building up an orderly civilization. Courage and hardihood are + indispensable virtues in a people, but the people which possess + no others can never rise high in the scale either of power or of + culture. Great peoples must have in addition the governmental + capacity which comes only when individuals fully recognize their + duties to one another and to the whole body politic and are able + to join together in feats of constructive statesmanship and of + honest and effective administration. + + The old pioneer days are gone with their roughness and their + hardship, their incredible toil and their wild, half-savage + romance. But the need for the pioneer virtues remains the same + as ever. The peculiar frontier conditions have vanished; but the + manliness and stalwart hardihood of the frontiersman can be + given even freer scope under the conditions surrounding the + complex industrialism of the present day. + + In this great region acquired for our people under the + presidency of Jefferson, this region stretching from the Gulf to + the Canadian border, from the Mississippi to the Rockies, the + material and social progress has been so vast that alike for + weal and for woe, the people share the opportunities and bear + the burdens common to the entire civilized world. The problems + before us are fundamentally the same east and west of the + Mississippi, in the new States and in the old, and exactly the + same qualities are required for their successful solution. + + We meet here to-day to commemorate a great event, an event which + marks an era in statesmanship no less than in pioneering. It is + fitting that we should pay our homage in words; but we must in + honor make our words good by deeds. We have every right to take + a just pride in the great deeds of our forefathers; but we show + ourselves unworthy to be their descendants if we make what they + did an excuse for our lying supine instead of an incentive to + the effort to show ourselves, by our acts, worthy of them. In + the administration of city, State, and nation, in the management + of our home life and conduct of our business and social + relations, we are bound to show certain high and fine qualities + of character under penalty of seeing the whole heart of our + civilization eaten out while the body still lives. + + We justly pride ourselves on our marvelous material prosperity, + and such prosperity must exist in order to establish a + foundation upon which a higher life can be built; but unless we + do in very fact build this higher life thereon, the material + prosperity itself will go but for very little. Now, in 1903, in + the altered conditions, we must meet the changed and changing + problems with the spirit shown by the men who in 1803 and in + subsequent years, gained, explored, conquered, and settled this + vast territory, then a desert, now filled with thriving and + populous States. + + The old days were great because the men who lived in them had + mighty qualities; and we must make the new days great by showing + the same qualities. We must insist upon courage and resolution, + upon hardihood, tenacity, and fertility in resource; we must + insist upon the strong virile virtues; and we must insist no + less upon the virtues of self-restraint, self-mastery, regard + for the rights of others; we must show our abhorrence of + cruelty, brutality, and corruption, in public and private life + alike. + + If we come short in any of these qualities we shall measurably + fail; and if, as I believe we surely shall, we develop these + qualities in the future to an even greater degree than in the + past, then in the century now beginning we shall make of this + Republic the freest and most orderly, the most just and most + mighty nation which has ever come forth from the womb of time. + +Sixth. Grand chorus: "Unfold Ye Portals." + +Seventh. Address by Hon. Grover Cleveland: + + MR. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: The impressiveness of this + occasion is greatly enhanced by reason of an atmosphere of + prophecy's fulfillment which surrounds it. The thought is in our + minds that we are amid awe-inspiring surroundings, where we may + see and feel things foretold a century ago. We are here in + recognition of the one hundredth anniversary of an event which + doubled the area of the young American nation, and dedicated a + new and wide domain of American progress and achievement. The + treaty whose completion we to-day commemorate was itself a + prophecy of our youthful nation's mighty growth and development. + At its birth prophets in waiting joyously foretold the happiness + which its future promised. He who was the chief actor in the + United States in its negotiations, as he signed the perfected + instrument, thus declared its effect and far-reaching + consequences: "The instrument which we have just signed will + cause no tears to be shed. It prepares ages of happiness for + innumerable generations of human creatures. The Mississippi and + the Missouri will see them succeed one another, truly worthy of + the regard and care of Providence in the bosom of equality under + just laws, freed from the errors of superstition and the + scourges of bad government." + + He who represented the nation with whom we negotiated, when he + afterwards gave to the world his account of the transactions, + declared: "The consequences of the cession of Louisiana will + extend to the most distant posterity. It interests vast regions + that will become by their civilization and power the rivals of + Europe before another century commences," and warmed to + enthusiasm by the developments already in view and greater ones + promised, he added: "Who can contemplate without vivid emotion + this spectacle of the happiness of the present generation and + the certain pledges of the prosperity of numberless generations + that will follow? At these magnificent prospects the heart beats + with joy in the breasts of those who were permitted to see the + dawn of these bright days, and who are assured that so many + happy presages will be accomplished." + + There was another prophet, greater than all--prophet and + priest--who, higher up the mountain than others, heard more + distinctly the voice of destiny, whose heart and soul were full + of prophecy and whose every faculty was tense and strong as he + wrought for our nation's advancement and for the peace and + contentment of his fellow-countryman. From the fullness of + gratitude and joy, he thus wrote to one who had assisted in the + consummation of this great treaty: + + "For myself and my country, I thank you for the aid you have + given in it; and I congratulate you on having lived to give + these aids in a transaction replete with blessings to unborn + millions of men, and which will mark the face of a portion of + the globe so extensive as that which now composes the United + States of America;" and when, as President, he gave notice in a + message to Congress of the actual occupancy by the Government of + its new acquisition, he happily presaged the future and gave + assurance of his complete faith and confidence in the beneficent + result of our nation's extensions, in these words: "On this + important acquisition, so favorable to the immediate interests + of our western citizens, so auspicious to the peace and security + of the nation in general, which adds to our country territories + so extensive and fertile and to our citizens new brethren to + partake of the blessings of freedom and self-government, I offer + Congress and our country my sincere congratulations." + + Our prophets do not live forever. They are not here to see how + stupendously the growth and development of the American nation, + or the domain newly acquired in their day, have, during a short + century, outrun their anticipations and predictions. + + Almost within the limits of the territory gained by the + Louisiana purchase, we have already carved out twelve great + States, leaving still a large residue whose occupants are even + now loudly clamoring for statehood. + + Instead of the 50,000 white settlers who occupied this domain in + 1803, it now contains 15,000,000 of industrious, enterprising, + intelligent Americans, constituting about one-fifth of the + population of all our States; and these are defiantly contesting + for premiership in wealth and material success with the oldest + of our States, and are their equals in every phase of advanced + intelligence and refined civilization. + + The States which composed the Union when its possessions were so + greatly extended have since that time seen the center of the + nation's population carried more than 500 miles westward by the + swift and constant current of settlement toward this new domain; + and the citizens of these States have been flocking thither, + "new brethren to partake of the blessings of freedom and + self-government," in multitudes greater than even Jefferson + would have dared to foretell. + + I shall not enter the field of statistics for the purpose of + giving details of the development of the territory acquired + under the treaty we commemorate. I have referred to such + development in some of its general features by way of suggesting + how distinctly the century just ended gives assurance of a + startling and superabundant final fulfillment of the prophecies + of its beginners. + + The supreme importance of the Louisiana purchase and its value + as a national accomplishment, when seen in the incidents of its + short history and in the light of its present and prospective + effects, and judged solely by its palpable and independent + merits, can not be better characterized than by the adoption of + the following language from the pen of a brilliant American + historian: "The annexation of Louisiana was an event so + portentious as to defy measurement. It gave a new face to + politics and ranked in historical importance next to the + Declaration of Independence and the adoption of the + Constitution, events of which it was the logical outcome. But as + a matter of diplomacy it was unparalleled because it cost almost + nothing." + + How fitting on every ground it is that the centennial of this + stupendous event should be joyously and appropriately + celebrated; and that it should be celebrated here in the most + populous of the States created from the territory which the + Louisiana purchase gave to us. And how in keeping it is with the + character of this acquisition and with its purpose and mission + that our celebration should not waste itself on the pomp and + pageantry that belongs to the triumphs and spoils of war, or to + the rapacious dispossessions of ruthless conquest. Every feature + of our celebration should remind us that we memorialize a + peaceful acquisition of territory for truly American uses and + purposes; and we should rejoice not only because this + acquisition immediately gave peace and contentment to the + spirited and determined American settlers who demanded an outlet + of trade to the sea, but also because it provided homes and + means of livelihood for the millions of new Americans whose + coming tread fell upon the ears of the expectant fathers of the + Republic, and whose stout hearts and brawny arms wrought the + miracles which our celebration should interpret. + + We are here at this hour to dedicate beautiful and stately + edifices to the purposes of our commemoration, but as we do this + let us remember that the soil whereon we stand was a century ago + dedicated to the genius of American industry and thrift. For + every reason, nothing could be more appropriate as an important + part of the centennial commemoration we have undertaken than the + gathering together on this spot of the things that are + characteristic of American effort and which tell the story of + American achievement; and how happily will this be supplemented + and crowned by the generous, magnanimous, and instructive + contributions from other and older lands, which, standing side + by side with our exhibits, shall manifest the high and friendly + regard our Republic has gained among the governments of the + earth, and shall demonstrate how greatly advancing civilization + has fostered and stimulated the brotherhood of nations. + + I can not, however, rid myself of the feeling that the + inspiration and value attending such an exposition may be + anticipated and increased if on this dedicatory occasion we + promote appropriate reflections by a retrospection of some of + the incidents which accompanied the event we celebrate. + + We all know that long before the negotiations of the treaty of + 1803 our Government had a keen appreciation of the importance to + American settlers in the valley of the Mississippi of an + arrangement permitting their products to be deposited and + exported at the entrance of that river to the sea. It will be + remembered that this need of our settlers had been met in a + limited and not altogether secure manner by a treaty with Spain, + allowing such deposits and exports to be made at the city of New + Orleans. This privilege was entirely withdrawn in October, 1792, + the territory appurtenant to such privilege having been in the + meantime transferred to France. The situation thus created was + extremely delicate. There was presented to the Government on the + one hand the injury to western settlers through the loss of + their trading outlet, and on the other the perplexing question + of affording them relief by means of diplomatic agreement, or in + some other method. The abandonment of our settlers to their + disheartening fate was of course not contemplated. + + It can not be denied that the conditions plainly pointed to + cautious and deliberate negotiations as the way of prudence and + safety. It very soon became apparent, however, that delay and + too much deliberation did not suit the temper and spirit of + sturdy Americans chafing under a sense of wrong and convinced + that they were entitled to prompt assistance. The inhabitants of + our territory bounding on the east side of the Mississippi, in a + memorial addressed to the President, Senate, and House of + Representatives, after reciting their discouraging conditions + and expressing their faith in the Government's disposition to + extend the necessary aid, closed their memorial with these + significant words: "And so far as may depend on ourselves, we + tender to our country our lives and fortunes in support of such + measures as Congress may deem necessary to vindicate the honor + and protect the interests of the United States." + + The settlers in the States "west of the Allegheny Mountains" + also, in a memorial to the Government, clearly indicated their + impatience and readiness for extreme action, declared that + prompt and decisive measures were necessary, and referred to the + maxim that protection and allegiance are reciprocal as being + particularly applicable to their situation. They concluded their + statement with these solemn words: "Without interfering in the + measures that have been adopted to bring about the amicable + arrangement of a difference which has grown out of the + gratuitous violation of a solemn treaty, they desire that the + United States may explicitly understand that their condition is + critical; that the delay of a single season would be ruinous to + their country, and that an imperious necessity may consequently + oblige them, if they receive no aid, to adopt themselves the + measures that may appear to them calculated to protect their + commerce, even though those measures should produce consequences + unfavorable to the harmony of the Confederacy." + + These representations emphasized the apprehension of those + charged with governmental affairs that the course of deliberate + caution and waiting, which up to that time had appeared to be + the only one permissible, might be insufficient to meet the + situation, and that whatever the result might be, a more + pronounced position and more urgent action should be entered + upon. President Jefferson wrote to a friend on the 1st of + February, 1803: "Our circumstances are so imperious as to admit + of no delay as to our course, and the use of the Mississippi so + indispensible that we can not hesitate one moment to hazard our + existence for its maintenance." He appointed an additional envoy + to cooperate with our representative already at the French + capital in an attempt to obtain a concession that would cure the + difficulty, and, in a communication to him, after referring to + the excitement caused by the withdrawal of the right of deposit, + he thus characterizes the condition which he believed confronted + the nation: "On the event of this mission depend the future + destinies of this Republic. If we can not by a purchase of the + country insure to ourselves a course of perpetual peace and + friendship of all nations, then, as war can not be far distant, + it behooves us immediately to be preparing for that course, + though not hastening it." + + I have not recited these details for the purpose of claiming + that this accelerated speed and advanced position on the part of + our Government had any important effect in hastening final + results. I have thought it not amiss, however, to call attention + to the fact that a century ago the people of this country were + not seeking to gain governmental benefit by clandestine approach + and cunning pretense, but were apt to plainly present their + wants and grievances, and to openly demand such consideration + and care from the General Government as was their due under the + mandate of popular rule, and that in making their demands they + relied on the mutual obligation of the relationship between the + governed and those invested with authority, and invoked the + reciprocity in political duty which enjoins that for the + people's obedience and support of government, there shall be + given in exchange, by the Government to the people, defense of + their personal rights and the assurance that in safety and peace + they shall surely reap the fruits of their enterprise and labor. + + It may also be well to note the efficacy of the people's call + upon the Government in those early days, and how quickly the + response came; not by yielding to gusts of popular whim and + caprice; not by conferring benefits upon the few at the expense + of the many; but by a quick observation of the fact that the + withdrawal of certain rightful privilege by another nation from + American settlers had caused them distress, and by a prompt + determination to relieve their distress, even if the unwelcome + visage of war frowned in opposition. + + Another incident which, it seems to me, we may recall to-day + with profit and satisfaction, grew out of the conduct of the + President when the treaty of 1803 had been formulated and was + returned to him for ratification and final completion. He was, + as is well known, originally quite firm in his belief that the + Constitution as it stood did not authorize such an extension of + our limits by purchase as the treaty for the acquisition of the + Louisiana Territory contemplated. Holding this opinion, and at + the same time confronted with the clear conviction that the + treaty, with all its stupendous advantages, could not be allowed + to fail without positive peril, if not to our national life, at + least to its most vital object and aspirations, his perplexity + was increased by the receipt of an authoritative intimation that + any delay in final action on the treaty might open the way to a + recession on the part of France. In these circumstances, not + daring to risk the delay of an amendment to the Constitution + prior to such final action, he proposed reconciling consistency + with duty by procuring confirmation of the treaty by the Senate + and compassing its unquestionable validation by a subsequent + constitutional amendment. + + In view of the conclusive statement, since that time of this + constitutional question by every branch of the Government + against Mr. Jefferson's original opinion and in favor of the + nation's power to acquire territory, as was done under the + treaty of 1803, and considering the fact that we have since that + time immensely increased our area by the acquisition, not only + of neighboring territory, but of distant islands of the sea, + separated by thousands of miles from our home domain, we may be + inclined to think lightly of President Jefferson's scruples + concerning the acquisition of lands, not only next adjacent to + us, but indisputably necessary to our peace and development. + + There were wise men near our President in 1803 who differed with + him touching the nation's power to acquire new territory under + the original provisions of the Constitution; and these men did + not fail to make known their dissent. Moreover, in the Senate, + to which the treaty was submitted for confirmation, there was an + able discussion of its constitutional validity and + effectiveness. The judgment of that body on this phase of the + subject was emphatically declared, when out of 31 votes 24 were + cast in favor of confirmation. An amendment to the Constitution + was afterwards presented to Congress, but its first appearance + was its last. It does not appear that the President interested + himself in its fate, and it died at the moment of introduction. + + While in this day and generation we may wonder at the doubts + which so perplexed Jefferson in 1803 and at his estimate of the + limitation of our fundamental law, and may be startled when we + reflect that if they had been allowed to control his action we + might have lost the greatest national opportunity which has been + presented to our people since the adoption of the Constitution, + we can not fail at the same time to be profoundly grateful that + these doubts and this estimate were those of a man sincere + enough and patriotic enough to listen to wise and able + counselors and to give his country the benefit of his admission + of the fallibility of his judgment. + + Thomas Jefferson never furnished better evidence of his + greatness than when, just before the submission of the treaty to + the Senate, he wrote to a distinguished Senator who differed + with him on this question: "I confess that I think it important + in the present case to set an example against broad construction + by appealing for new power to the people. If, however, our + friends shall think differently, certainly I shall acquiesce + with satisfaction, confiding that the good sense of our country + will correct the evil of construction when it shall produce ill + effects." + + A recent writer on American diplomacy, who is not suspected of + partiality for Jeffersonian political doctrine, gave in strong + and graceful terms a good reason for our gratitude to-day, when, + in referring to this subject, he wrote: "It was fortunate for + the future of America that we had at the head of affairs a man + of such broad views of our country's future. A less able + President, with the same views as entertained by Jefferson as to + the constitutionality of the measure would have put aside the + opportunity. Jefferson put aside his preconceived views as to + the fundamental law; or subordinated them to the will of the + nation and welcomed the opportunity to open up the continent to + the expansion of American democracy and free institutions." + + We are glad at this hour that Jefferson was wrong in his adverse + construction of the Constitution and glad that he was liberal + minded enough to see that he might be wrong. And yet may we not + profitably pause here long enough to contrast in our thoughts + the careful and reverent manner in which the restrictions of our + fundamental law were scrutinized a hundred years ago with the + tendency often seen in later times to flippantly attempt the + adjustment of our Constitution to the purposes of interest and + convenience? + + In conclusion, I hope I may be permitted to suggest that our + thoughts and surroundings on this occasion should lead us to + humble recognition of the providence of God in all that has made + us a great nation. From our beginning as a people our course has + been marked by concurrences and incidents so striking, so + significant and so constant, that only superstitious dullness or + intellectual blindness will place them to the credit of luck or + chance. + + In the midst of our rejoicing to-day it is peculiarly fitting + that we recall with soberness and meekness some of the happiness + in connection with the great event we celebrate, which + impressively illustrate the interposition of Divine Providence + in our behalf. We sought from a nation ruled by one whose + ambition was boundless and whose scheme for aggrandizement knew + neither the obligations of public morality nor the restraints of + good faith, the free navigation of the Mississippi River, and + such insignificant territory as would make such navigation + useful. While our efforts toward the accomplishment of this + slight result languished and were fast assuming a hopeless + condition, the autocrat of France suddenly commanded one of his + ministers to enter into negotiations with our waiting and + dispirited representatives and exclaimed: "I renounce Louisiana. + It is not only New Orleans I cede. It is the whole colony + without reserve." + + It was only nineteen days thereafter that the treaty + transferring to us the magnificent domain comprised within the + Louisiana Purchase was concluded. + + This astonishing change in our prospects, which dissipated the + fears and apprehensions of our Government and revived the + promise of our perpetuity and happy destiny, came at the very + moment that Bonaparte was organizing a force to occupy the + Louisiana Territory in the prosecution of colonial occupation + and development, which, if consummated, would probably have + closed the door even to the slight acquisition which we + originally sought. The French colony of Santo Domingo was, + however, a prime factor in this scheme of occupation, and it was + essential to its success that this colony and Louisiana should + both be included and should supplement each other. A serious + revolt then raging in Santo Domingo delaying proceedings, the + occupation of Louisiana was postponed until this revolt should + be overcome. The troops sent from France to accomplish this + apparently easy task were so stubbornly resisted by hundreds of + thousands of freed blacks fighting against their reenslavement, + and they suffered so terribly from climatic conditions and + deadly fever, that after the sacrifice of 25,000 soldiers, many + of whom were intended for the subsequent occupation of + Louisiana, Bonaparte's plan for the occupation of both colonies + miscarried. The disappointment and the conception of new schemes + of war and conquest by the restless dictator of France, and his + need of money to carry out these schemes, were controlling + circumstances in leading him to throw in our lap the entire + Louisiana Territory. None of these circumstances were within our + procurement or knowledge; but who shall say that God was not + accomplishing His designs in our behalf amid the turmoil and + distressing scenes of Santo Domingo's revolt? And how can it be + said that there was no Providence in the unexpected unyielding + and successful fight for continued freedom on the part of the + negroes of Santo Domingo, or in the fatal pestilence that vied + with bloody warfare in the destruction of the army of + subjugation, or in the fever of war and aggression which heated + the blood of Bonaparte, all combining to turn him away from the + occupation of the Louisiana Territory? All these things, so + remote and so far out of sight, pointed with the coercion that + belongs to the decrees of God to a consummation which restored + to our people peace and contentment, and secured to our nation + extension and development beyond the dreams of our fathers. + + Thus we may well recall in these surroundings the wonderful + measure of prophecy's fulfillment within the span of a short + century, the spirit, the patriotism, and the civic virtue of + Americans who lived a hundred years ago, and God's overruling of + the wrath of man and His devious ways for the blessing of our + nation. + + We are all proud of our American citizenship. Let us leave this + place with this feeling stimulated by the sentiments born of the + occasion. Let us appreciate more keenly than ever how vitally + necessary it is to our country's weal that everyone within its + citizenship should be clean minded in political aim and + aspiration, sincere and honest in his conception of our + country's mission, and aroused to higher and more responsive + patriotism by the reflection that it is a solemn thing to belong + to a people favored of God. + +Eighth. "America," with full chorus and band accompaniment. + +Ninth. Prayer by Bishop E.R. Hendrix: + + Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, we devoutly thank and worship + Thee, the Author of our being, and the gracious source of all + our blessings. We are because Thou art; and Thou hast made us in + Thy image capable of fellowship with Thee and delighting in a + fellowship with one another as we resemble Thee. Thou hast given + us our reason and the power of cooperation with one another in + all worthy ends looking to the well-being of our race. + Civilization with its conquests over the material world is + possible only with Thy aid. Christianity with its conquests over + evil is the work of God and man, as Thou dost call us to be Thy + fellow-workers and dost inspire us with courage and faith. + + This wonderful achievement of human effort and skill which we + dedicate this day is possible only by Thy help and as we have + imitated Thy example. Thou art the great Architect and Builder. + Thou art the great Mathematician and Engineer. Thou art the + great Chemist and Electrician. Thou art the great Thinker and + Artist. Our works are but pale and feeble copies of Thine, and + are possible only because Thou workest until now and dost bless + our works. The uniformity of Thy laws bids us work in + confidence, and the unity of nature bids us work intelligently, + because we work with Thee. We praise Thee for thy growing + confidence in man, as Thou dost place in his hand the keys of + every laboratory and dost trust him with the secrets of nature + that have been hid from the foundation of the world. Again Thou + dost give man dominion, whether in science, or art, or + government, nor wilt Thou remove his scepter if he wield it for + the betterment of his kind and for Thy glory. As the high priest + and interpreter of nature may he prove worthy of his great + trust. + + We thank Thee for this great exposition, whose stately and noble + exterior gives promise of being the home of a mighty spirit of + worldwide fellowship of the nations. It is not only another + milestone of progress, it is a timekeeper of civilization. We + thank Thee for the pioneers and the prophets, the statesmen and + the patriots who secured for us this great inheritance, and for + their sons who have cultivated and developed it. Help us that we + may realize the high ideals of our fathers who sought to + establish and maintain good and righteous government, and to + reap the harvests of patient industry. May no evil occurrence + mar the happiness and good will which we invoke for the council + of nations which shall here be held. May the commerce of ideas + no less than of products be borne by favoring tides around the + globe. To this end we implore Thy blessings upon the rulers of + the nations of the earth which may be presented here. Grant + peace in our time, O Lord, and may the victories of peace + abound. + + And now, O Lord, our God, we dedicate to Thee and to the welfare + of our common humanity these buildings and grounds which Thy + providence has made possible. Bless with Thy presence and favor + this great festival of the nations that it may help to make + stronger the bonds of human brotherhood in all the world. And + all this we ask in the name of Christ, our Lord. Amen. + +Tenth. Benediction by Right Rev. Henry C. Potter: + + May the blessing of the Lord God Almighty, without whom all our + labor is but vain, rest upon this work, and all who are or shall + be engaged in it. + + May He take these buildings under His gracious keeping and crown + this great undertaking with His enduring favor, making it the + school of truth and beauty and so a revelation of His infinite + mind working and through the mind of man. And to Him be glory + and honor and power now and always. + + The Lord bless us and keep us; the Lord make His face to shine + upon us and be gracious unto us; the Lord lift up the light of + His countenance upon us and give to us and to all the people of + this land peace, purity, and prosperity, both now and + forevermore. Amen. + +Eleventh. Centennial salute of 100 guns. + +At 8 o'clock p. m. a grand pyrotechnic display took place on the open +grounds south of the Administration Building. + + + + +PROGRAMME + + +DIPLOMATIC DAY, MAY 1, 1902. + +At 10.30 a. m. the members of the Diplomatic Corps, the representatives +of the foreign governments to the exposition, and other official guests +assembled at the St. Louis Club, and they were then conducted by +military escort to the Liberal Arts Building. + +At 12 o'clock m. the assembly was called to order by Mr. Corwin H. +Spencer, chairman of the committee on ceremonies of the Exposition +Company, and the following programme was carried out: + +First. Invocation by Rev. Carl Swenson: + + Great God, the God of our fathers and of their children, accept + our heartfelt worship and gratitude. We bless Thy holy name for + that wonderful providence of bountiful love and inspiring + benevolence by which Thou hast made us a great and mighty nation + out of an insignificant, struggling, and sorrow-laden beginning. + + We render willing and adoring worship to Thee for that divine + guidance and wisdom so admirably exhibited in the wide-visioned + policy in the nation's most inspired leaders a hundred years + ago, and to-day the policy which in one brief century has + created an empire of a dozen magnificent Commonwealths of an + unknown expanse of uninhabited wilderness and desert. + + Vouchsafe ever to us as a people leaders of prophetic + understanding, who in an uncertain present fathom the true + inwardness of conditions pregnated with the greatest + possibilities for a future of ever increasing proportions and + realizations. + + We thank Thee for the wealth of hope and promise implied in the + dedication and completion of this unparalleled congress of + peace, good will, and universal fraternity, made possible not + only by the enterprise, patriotism, and gratitude of this + splendid Commonwealth and our own entire people, but also by the + responsive, generous, and helpful cooperation of the nations of + the whole world. + + We pray for Thy blessing, guidance, and love upon every national + life here represented. May, in Thy beneficent providence, the + inspiring competitions and tournaments so necessary between one + people and another become an ennobling race for a higher culture + of the human heart and mind; a more universal usage of the + forces of nature for the best interests of man and for the full + fruition for each and every one of the unexampled industrial and + commercial activities which has taken possession of the + civilized world. + + We pray Thee that the forces ever jointly employed in producing + the advance of a free people may learn better to understand + their mutual relationship. + + Liberate and save capital from every alleged and real form of a + grasping, destructive, and disloyal selfishness, which may turn + even the present midday of national prosperity and contentment + into the threatening deepening gloom of an advancing cyclone of + unavoidable loss and destruction. + + Give to the possessors of our fabulous wealth an ever-increasing + philanthropy, devoting a surplus of possessions unheard of by + our fathers to education, literature, arts, and mercy, thereby + making themselves the beloved and blessed favorites of a happy + and grateful people. + + We pray Thee that labor and toil may ever be held in due honor + and respect in our broad land. Help us to realize that labor, be + it of hand or brains, is the sinews and backbone alike of our + past, present, and future as a free people. + + Grant, O God, to the leaders in the world of labor the highest + and most patriotic ideals of citizenship--ideals and purposes + commending themselves to the intelligence and justice of the + entire people. + + And as neither capital alone, nor labor alone, could have built + this wonderful exposition, grant, O God, that capital and labor + all over our glorious land may learn to join hands in + fair-minded cooperation for the upbuilding of such conditions of + society which will prove an inspiration to ourselves and a + worthy example to others, ending all forms of illegal coercion + by one party or the other, and calling into permanent existence + that truest and greatest America which is ever the dream of + loyal and patriotic hearts. + + We pray Thee help us to realize and profess, amidst the + justifiable joy of a happy people, that Thou art God alone, and + that there is salvation only in the name of the Blessed + Redeemer. Grant that we may continually see in the cross on + Calvary the tested emblem of a new life for time and eternity, a + life of insight, energy, and the power of universally recognized + leadership ever characterizing the nation whose boon is the + Bible and whose master is Christ. Bless and protect the + President of our nation, the governor of the State, the mayor of + this city, and the president of this exposition, with all their + associations. God of our fathers, give unto us all that + sincerity of purpose, that rectitude of action so necessary for + the preservation of our rights and privileges. Make us the + toiling means for promulgating for Thee, and ever more + successfully, the divine message of the Fatherhood of God and + the brotherhood of man, and to Thee, the Father and the Son and + the Holy Ghost, shall be glory now and forevermore. Amen. + +Second. The following is a brief outline of the sentiments expressed by +Mr. Thurston, president of the day: + + We are here to welcome the ambassadors, ministers, and + representatives of friendly foreign nations. + + Here we gather to commemorate an event which changed the whole + history of America, for the acquisition of the Louisiana + Purchase extended the boundaries of the young Republic, which up + to that time had no seacoast, except that of the Atlantic Ocean + on the east, and gave us a continental domain extending from + ocean to ocean. + + We come here to celebrate, through this magnificent exposition, + the centennial anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase. This is + not an exposition of a city or of a State, or even of the United + States; it is an exposition of and for the world. + + Gentlemen, our visitors and our friends, in this temple of + peace, dedicated to the progress of man, your presence is + significant of the friendliness to us and toward each other of + the nations of the world. May we not hope that in the electric + splendor of the twentieth century there will come to all peoples + a living exemplification of the words of the Master, "Peace on + earth, good will toward men." + +Third. Greeting to the representatives of foreign governments, from the +Universal Exposition of 1904, by Hon. David R. Francis, president of the +Exposition Company: + + The Universal Exposition of 1904 extends a cordial greeting to + the distinguished representatives of foreign countries who favor + us with their presence on this memorable occasion. + + An assembling of envoys of organized governments, however + limited in their number and whatever its object may be, is + characteristic of a high civilization; but when that convening + is as general in its character as this, it indicates marked + progress in the establishment of a better understanding between + interests and policies long antagonistic and at variance. + + And when the object of such a meeting is, as in this case, to + establish and cement friendly relations between people who + differ in form of government, in religion, and in race, it means + a distinct step toward the organization of a parliament, an + accomplishment worthy of highest endeavor, because its + consummation would result in universal peace. + + When the civilized nations of the earth meet in friendly + rivalry, their better acquaintance engenders increased respect. + The closer commercial relations that follow are conducive to + mutual benefit. They efface prejudice, they broaden sympathies, + they deepen and widen the foundations of human progress. + + The civilization of past ages would have experienced no + overthrows if they had been based on intelligence of the masses + and had been imbued with broader humanity which distinguishes + and ennobles the fraternal spirit of the twentieth century. + + The cycle of one hundred years, whose close we have just passed, + incomparable as it was in the discovery and the invention and + the application of forces and methods in the physical world, and + remarkable as it was for an advancement in every line of thought + and research, will be surpassed and distanced by the new century + upon which we have entered if the material potentialities and + the intellectual faculties of mankind can be utilized and + trained toward a common end, and that end the uplifting of the + human race and the promotion of its happiness. + + Concomitant with industrial progress is social development. The + policy of engaging in foreign wars in order to prevent or to + pacify domestic unrest may have been wise if not humane, but the + time for such a policy has passed. That government is strongest + whose subjects are intelligent and contented. Contentment + follows the employment of intellectual faculties, in the + development of natural resources, and in the production of those + activities that result in greater comforts of living and higher + planes of thought. The bringing together in a Universal + Exposition of the best that all civilized countries have + produced, opens to all who participate new lines of thought, + better methods and better appliances, and, therefore, conduces + to the material benefit of every country participating. It + promotes universal economy of human endeavor by enabling the + countries taking part to determine through a comparison of their + exhibits the lines in which they can produce the best results. + + The economy of the world for saving time and energy by the + adaptation of physical and intellectual forces to pursuits in + which they are most effective, is a profitable study for + nations, as it is for individuals. Hand in hand, however, with + such occupation should go the cultivation of the taste for the + beautiful, and an abounding conviction that man is his brother's + keeper and has an inalienable obligation to better the condition + of his fellows. + + The International Exposition whose dedication you honor by your + presence, was conceived in an effort to commemorate a great + achievement which has proven a potent factor in increasing our + wealth and sustaining our institutions and perpetuating our + independence. + + The interest manifested by the governments and people whom you + represent in pledges of participating has been encouraging and + helpful in the highest degree, and we are glad of the + opportunity to express our deep gratitude. Your coming enables + us to show you the scope of the undertaking we have launched. + Our plans are ambitious and our hopes high, but we are energetic + and untiring, and with your recognition and assistance we expect + to carry to a successful consummation an enterprise which will + not only assemble the natural resources of the earth and bring + together the best products of human skill, but will be the + occasion for eliciting the expression of the best thought and + for classifying and systematizing all human knowledge. + + We hope this exposition will be an epitome of the progress of + the world from the beginning of history. The nineteenth century + was characterized by unprecedented and almost incomprehensible + industrial advancement. The earth was made to reveal its hidden + treasures. The unknown forces of nature were harnessed and + utilized. Lines of commerce were established which encircle the + earth. + + Sections of the globe remote and almost unknown to each other + were brought into close communication and friendly relation. It + would seem that there is little to be done in the field of + scientific effort. But every discovery and every advance opens a + broader plane for the exercise of human ingenuity. + + The problems, however, that seem to confront us most prominently + to-day, and that require for their solution not only experience + and intelligence, but fraternal sentiment as well, are those of + a social character. The aggregation that we call society is + bound together by ties of sympathy, strengthened it may be by + culture, but often strained by selfishness and pride. The + relation of man to nature and her physical forces commands the + highest functions of the mind, but the relation of man to his + fellows not only enlists the highest intellectual effort, but + requires that it be tempered by impulses of human kindness. + Those who have as the mainspring of their actions the elevation + of their fellows live and move upon a higher plane and are + better members of society than those who subordinate sentiment + and sympathy to gain and power. + + The earth in its fertility and resourcefulness furnishes + material sufficient to maintain in comfort all of its sons. If + their genius and energy could be devoted to the utilization of + that material instead of to a continuous struggle between + themselves for occupation and possession, the destiny of the + human race would be higher and nobler and nearer in accord with + the immortal principles enunciated by Him whose life and + teachings have for nearly two thousand years been a rule of + conduct for man, while broadening his usefulness and enhancing + his happiness. + + That this exposition may be a powerful aid in the elevation and + advancement of the human race is the prayer of those who + organized and have brought it to its present stage of progress. + That the countries for which you stand may unite with us in + promoting an undertaking fraught with much good to humanity is + the earnest wish of the local management and the sincere hope of + every right-thinking citizen of the American Republic. + + Again, I welcome you as guests whom we delight to honor for your + personal worth, as well as for what you represent. + +Fourth. Music, United States Marine Band, "Marseillaise Hymn of +Liberty." + +Fifth. Address by the French ambassador, M. Jean J. Jusserand: + + When the treaty signed in Paris one hundred years ago, and by + which the area of the United States was to be more than doubled, + stood for ratification before Congress, there were, contrary to + what we might suppose, protracted discussions and objections of + many sorts. Some thought that the title to the new acquisition + was not a sufficient one; others were anxious on account of the + very magnitude of the new territories, and expressed the fear + that the federal tie would be loosened if extended to such + remote and partially unknown regions. Many were the criticisms + and long the speeches. + + Senator Jackson, of Georgia, rose and turning toward one of the + hostile parties, said: "In a century, sir, we shall be well + populated * * * and instead of the description given of it by + the honorable gentleman, instead of howling wilderness where no + civilized foot shall ever tread, if we could return at the + proper period, we should find it the seat of science and + civilization." + + Senator Jackson's time has come the very year he named; one + century has just elapsed since he spoke. If he could return + among us, he would see no howling wilderness, but one of the + most brilliant gatherings which this country has ever beheld, + including the Chief of the State and a former Chief of the + State, representatives of all the powers of the globe, soldiers + and sailors, priests, magistrates, savants, artists, tradesmen + and agriculturists, workmen and citizens innumerable, all bent + upon consecrating by their presence and homage the work done + during the hundred years. Good work indeed; nay, stupendous. + + Sanguine as he was, Senator Jackson would, I think, scarcely + believe his eyes and ears if he saw the matchless sight we + presently behold, and the preparation for the pending exhibition + of the produce, all the discoveries, all the art of the wide + earth. + + He would scarcely believe his ears if he heard that we came in + twenty-seven hours from the place where he had delivered his + prophecy and which had become only two years before the seat of + Government. No less would be his surprise, if he learned that + the supposed "howling wilderness" had been turned into an + immense garden, dotted with wealthy towns; that all the land + called in his days Louisiana produces yearly now millions of + bushels of various kinds of grain, and that the private + belongings of the successors of the scattered settlers of his + time are valued in ours at many millions of dollars. + + But he would not be surprised if he learned that the federal tie + has not been loosened; that the number of States has increased, + their wealth, too, the number of their inhabitants, their + importance in every respect, and that they consider as more and + more sacred the bond which unites them to the older part of the + community. Such are the effects of liberty and just laws. + + In this triumphal day, amid the shouts of joy, the reports of + the guns and ringing of the bells, considering the splendid + results, it is only natural that we carry our look backward to + the past and have a thought for the lonely pioneers of long ago, + who came one by one to this then unknown land, and who tried + among incredible difficulties to make it less unknown, to make + it more productive and easier to reclaim for you, their distant + inheritors. No one, I am sure, will think it amiss that I, a + compatriot of theirs and a representative of their country, + shall recall at this day their efforts, and express to-day's + gratitude for yesterday's work. For they were hardy men, those + children of distant France; they were plucky, enterprising, and + courageous; they led strenuous lives indeed; all qualities for + which you ever had a special regard. To say that they did not + fear danger is to slander them; they loved it. + + Soldiers, missionaries, governors of cities, explorers came year + after year from the time of Louis XIV, attracted by the chances + or the beauty of the unknown and the opportunity of increasing + their country's dominions, or of becoming famous, or of + instructing souls, and of dying, if death was to be met, bravely + and honorably. Very French they were, with all the qualities of + their race, and something else, perhaps, some of them, than the + qualities. + + As they went down the great rivers from the regions of the + Canadian lakes to the Mexican sea they gave them French names, + and the reading of a map of that epoch reminds one of the + century of the Sun King. There he is with all his court, figured + in lands, cities, lakes, and rivers. Louisiana bears his own + name; Lake Pontchartrain the name of his minister for marine; + Fort Duquesne, the name of his famous sailor. There were also + the rivers Colbert and Seigneley, better known nowadays as + Mississippi and Illinois. One of the Great Lakes had been named + after the Duke of Orleans; another, the great Conde, the winner + of Rocroy; another after his brother, Prince de Conti; but this + last inland sea, as indeed most of the others, soon resumed its + Indian name, the homely name of Lake Erie, the Lake of the Cat. + + Very French they were, those men--this Father Marquette, who, + with Joliet, first beheld the magnificent water that washes your + walls, the vast existence of which was then unknown, and who + explored it down to the country of the Arkansas; this Robert + Cavalier Sieur de la Salle, who had, long before our days, our + days' notions of the importance of great commercial routes; + whose purpose was to open one to China across this continent at + the very spot where your northern lines of railways have opened + theirs; who called his first house on American soil La China in + order that he might never forget his initial purpose. He died in + the quest, but not before he had explored the Mississippi down + to its mouth; not before he had ascertained that its source was + to the West, and that the river therefore could be used as a + guiding thread toward the Pacific; not before he had made the + first French settlement in this, your country, and given it a + name, which has not been replaced by another, and is its present + name of Louisiana. + + Long is the roll and great were the hardships. To the same + region, with the same object of discovering and improving, came + that typical cadet De Gascogne, the Chevalier Antoine de la + Mothe Cadillac, who, on the 21st of July, 1701, unfurled the + French flag at a certain spot where he began the building of a + town, now the town of Detroit. He became afterwards governor of + Louisiana. Then such men came as Du Tissnet, as the brothers Le + Moine de Iberville and Le Moine de Bienville, this last the + founder of New Orleans; as Father de Charlevoix, who gave the + best account we have of the country, and spoke most wisely about + its future; as La Clede, worthier than anyone to be remembered + at this day and this place, as he was the founder of your town. + + The exploration of the coasts had been comparatively easy, and + thousands had attempted it. Settlers from France were the first + to try their chance inland; they traveled across a huge + continent more unknown then to the civilized world than was in + our time the Africa of Livingstone and Stanley. They did it in a + cheerful, optimistic spirit that nothing daunted but death. + Living as they did in truly "howling wildernesses," there + remained yet with them something of the mother country; and that + appeared not only in their speech and manners, but in their very + attitudes. Charlevoix meets figures of dead men fabricated by + Indians. He was glad to find that they were represented with + falling arms, from which he concluded that the authors of the + trophies had massacred some of their own kin. When Indians + killed French people, the figures represented men with their + fist on their hip, Versailles fashion. + + How could it be otherwise when they lived, some of them, on a + settlement owned by a gentleman called d'Artagnan and managed, + as was appropriate, by two musketeers. One almost expects the + names of those two to have been Porthos and Aramis; but they + were d'Artiguidres and De Benac. + + And these men recalled their country in more important things + than names and attitudes. Cadillac had scarcely given a name to + the spot where he meant to create a town than he sent for his + wife and younger son. It was to be a town, indeed, with wives + and children and family life, and it was so, and it has ever + been so since Cadillac willed it. When La Salle was killed in + his second journey to the Mississippi in 1687, he had with him + his brother and two nephews. The newcomers soon discovered that + the region was not the metallic eldorado they had heard of it in + Europe, but that it was a matchless agricultural country, and + they began cutting the trees and tilling the ground, with none + of the modern instruments and helps, no harvesting machines from + "Chicago," as the then desert spot was called in their days; no + horses, no horned cattle. They led, indeed not in fiction, but + in truth--and long before the famous "Mariner of York" was + wrecked by the Orinoco River--the life of Robinson Crusoe. + Unknown to Europe, far from any neighbors, by the shade of the + pathless forest, they tried their best. They died, many of them + obscurely, leaving no name to be engraved on the bronze tables + of history, but leaving better than a mere name--families, many + of which still subsist; better than families--examples of + earnestness and endurance, creating a tradition which will never + die out, "Rien ne se perd." + + The greatness of their difficulties, the scantiness of their + means, the wisdom of many of their views are equally striking. + More than one did their utmost to teach and improve their Indian + neighbor. They forbade at an early date the selling to them of + the destructive "fire water." Cadillac did so from the first; + the Marquis de Vaudreuil reissued the same orders later. They + soon discovered that the northern regions alone could produce + wheat enough to feed the whole country, "though it should be + quite peopled down to the sea." The question of labor was one of + prominent difficulty and importance. Should it be hired labor of + freemen or the compulsory labor of the imported negro? On this, + one of those early French explorers, Charlevoix, summed up his + opinion in the following memorable sentence: "Hired servants + should be preferred. When the time of their service is expired + they become inhabitants and increase the number of the King's + natural subjects, whereas the slaves are always strangers. And + who can be assured that by continually increasing in our + colonies they will not one day become formidable enemies? Can we + depend upon slaves who are only attached to us by fear and for + whom the very land where they are born has not the dear name of + mother country?" + + More striking than all was the observation of a Frenchman who + never visited America, except in thought, but saw distinctly its + future. When no one yet believed it, that great economist and + statesman, Turgot, said: "America one day will be free." + + Years went on. The dark shadows and splendid rays of light with + which French history is interwoven shone and vanished in their + grand and awful alternance. One day the French flag was lowered + in Louisiana; that was at the close of the Seven Years War. + Another day the same flag was seen on the mast of a small vessel + leaving the harbor at Bordeaux and sailing for America. The ship + happened to bear the auspicious name of _La Victoire_, and it + bore Lafayette. Then it was the alliance of 1778, and the coming + on the same year of the first envoy accredited by any nation to + this country, my predecessor, Gerard de Rayneval, a staunch + friend of America; then the peace of 1783, when, with the assent + of the whole world, to the joy of every French heart, 13 stars + shone on the American flag. + + France recovered, then, neither Louisiana nor Canada, nor + anything. But she never intended it. She won a friend, and such + a friend is better than any province. + + She was very happy, having exactly fulfilled without change, + bargain, or extenuation the task she had mapped out for herself + in 1778, when she declared in the alliance treaty that the + "direct and essential object of the same was efficaciously to + maintain the freedom, sovereignty, and absolute and illimited + independence of the United States." The joy was such in Paris at + the news of American independence that performances in the + theaters were interrupted; the great event was announced, and + audiences rose to their feet to cheer the new-born Republic. + Festivities were given and colored prints were scattered all + over France for the benefit of those who could not be present. + Such souvenirs were proudly kept in families. One such came to + the remote house of my own parents in the mountains, and it was + carefully preserved and I possess it at this day. + + France followed her destinies; in 1800 Louisiana was French + again; three years later on the spontaneous proposal of the + French Republic, not New Orleans alone, not a mere strip of + land, but the whole country became forever American. + + The treaty signed one hundred years and a day ago had little + precedent in history; it dealt with territories larger than the + Empire of Alexander; it followed no war; it was preceded by no + shedding of human blood; the new possessions got a hundred times + more than they even thought of demanding, and the negotiations + were so simple, the good faith and mutual friendship so obvious, + that all was concluded in a fortnight. The simplest protocol on + postal or sanitary questions takes nowadays more time. Each + party found its interest in the transaction, but something more + than interest led the affair to a speedy conclusion and that was + the deep-rooted sympathy of the French and American nations. + + The French were simply continuing what they had begun; they had + wished America to be free and they were glad to think that she + would be great. Money was paid, it is true; had this been the + main consideration, Louisiana would have been preserved, for the + money was not by far the equivalent of the buildings and lands + belonging to the State. Part of the money was employed in + satisfying American claims. "Those," says the French negotiator, + Marbois, "who knew the importance of a good understanding + between these two countries, attached more importance to the + $4,000,000 set apart for American claims than to the $12,000,000 + offered to France." + + An impending war in Europe, the possibilities of an occupation + of Louisiana by a foreign power was not, either, the main + motive. In the council held at the Tuileries on Easter day, + 1803, the Marshal and Prince of Wagram, Berthier, whose first + war had been the war of American independence, said, as to this: + "If Louisiana is taken from us by our rivals what does it + matter? Other possessions would soon be in our hands, and by + means of an exchange, we should quickly obtain a restitution." + He concluded, "No navy without colonies, no colonies without a + navy." + + Add again that the value of Louisiana was much better understood + than it had been before. "I know the worth of what I give up," + said Bonaparte; and the French Government knew it indeed. They + acted with open eyes, for they had taken care from the year 1800 + to gather all available information. One of the memoirs with + which they enlightened themselves had been asked of Louis + Vilemont, former captain in the regiment of Louisiana. It is + still unpublished; and it informed the Government that "from + various reports of Canadian and Indian hunters it is possible to + walk from Missouri to the sea in less than two months and a + half." + + An access to the Pacific was not so easy as now, but yet an + access was practicable, and the wealth of the country was + extraordinary. Warming at the souvenir of what he knew, the + retired officer exclaimed, "What sources of wealth can we not + expect to find in those parts! At each step made from east to + west all produce, all things increase tenfold. It seems as if + nature had made this corner of the globe the most favored one of + our immense empire. The samples of all reigns have more beauty + and majesty than anywhere else. The men born there look more + like the descendants of Alcides than the kinsmen of the tribes + who worship Manitou." + + The main motive power, without which all the others would have + been of no avail, was, indeed, mutual sympathy. When the treaty + was signed the three negotiators, Barbe-Marbois, Monroe, and + Livingston, who had known each other in America at the time of + the war of Independence, rose, and, what is rare on such + occasions, one of them was able to express in a single sentence + the intimate feelings of the three. "The treaty which we have + just signed," said Livingston, "will cause no tears; they + prepare centuries of happiness to innumerable generations of + human beings; from this day the United States take their place + among the powers of the first rank." + + I do not think that there is another example in the history of + the world of a cession of such vast territories thus obtained by + the representatives of one of the parties to the applause and + with the heartfelt consent of the representatives of the other. + + The treaty giving away in full possession and forever Louisiana + to the United States, allowing them to spread without meeting + any foreign neighbors from one ocean to the other, adding + fourteen States to the original thirteen, was signed one hundred + years ago, "au nom du peuple Francais" in the year XI of the + French Republic. The results have passed the most sanguine + hopes, but they have not gone beyond the extent of our friendly + wishes for the sister Republic of America. The representative of + France comes to this spot that was French in former times with a + feeling of admiration for what you have done, and no feeling of + regret. He sees splendid development, arts, sciences, trade, and + agriculture equally prosperous; he applauds your success, and + expresses from his heart his good wishes for your grand + exhibition of next year. + + As for his own country, if she no longer holds those immense + domains, she has, on the other hand, found other territories for + the peaceful employment of her inexhaustible energy, with + results which will forever redound to the praise of the + Government of the Republic. And as for Louisiana itself, France + rests satisfied with remembering that she could not have more + friendly nor more sympathetic intentions. She remembers also, + not without pride, that her sons first discovered and tilled the + soil, first described it, and first drew a map of it; that one + of her most famous writers first revealed to the world the + springs of poetry that lay concealed as much under the fir trees + of the Mississippi Valley as under the plane trees of Tempe; the + diplomat and literary artist who made all those who had a mind + and heart weep for the fate of Atala. + + Seeing the results, my countrymen have never ceased to approve + of the treaty signed a hundred years ago "au nom de peuple + Francais." Eighteen hundred and three is the third memorable + date in the relations between France and America. In giving the + United States, according to the words of your negotiator, its + place among the greatest powers in the world, 1803 did nothing + but perfect what had been gloriously begun in 1778 and 1783. + +Sixth. Music by the Marine Band, playing the Spanish "Himno de Riego." + +Seventh. Address by the Spanish minister, Señor de Ojeda: + + MR. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: I greatly regret my + inability to respond to the very flattering recognition of the + part played by Spain in the early history of this territory. I + wish I were endowed with the same eloquence displayed by + previous orators, which it has been our privilege to listen to + and admire. Still, had not the national glories of Spain been so + brilliantly alluded to, were I able to recall them now with + colors as glowing as the warmth their memory brings to my + Spanish heart, I feel I could not raise to them a loftier or + more eloquent monument than has been raised by those immortal + works of Washington Irving, Prescott, Lowell, and Ticknor, which + have made of Spanish tradition a familiar household patrimony of + this nation. + + I am sure you will agree with me in thinking that I could do no + better, that I could not pay a higher nor more honorable nor + lasting tribute to our share in the history of this continent + than by invoking the testimony of your own literary genius and + by referring now to that grateful recognition which moved the + founders of this Republic to associate the revered memory of + Isabella, the soul-stirring deeds of Pizarro, Cortez, and Ojeda, + with the temple of your nationality. + + If ever the engrossing conclusions of your wonderful actual + prosperity, the intensity of your life, made one of your + strenuous citizens forget what your present owes to your past, + let him ascend the steps of your national capitol, let him pause + before its majestic gates, and there he will behold, carved in + bronze on the threshold of your proudest monument, the effigies + and the names of those Spanish heroes who discovered, conquered, + and pointed to you the way in which path you have so + successfully followed. + + As a guest, sitting now for the first time at the hearth of the + American nation, I feel bound to respond to that high tribute + made to Spain by publicly acknowledging here the enviable + kindness shown by all classes of your people since I landed on + your shores. + + As the representative of the nation whose ancient and honored + flag was the first to be reflected in the majestic course of the + father of American rivers, I am happy to feel that my first + official appearance before an American audience is associated in + both your minds and mine with the commemoration of an event + which, although involving far-reaching issues in the respective + histories of three great nations, has not and never was darkened + by the rankling memories which war and international strife + always leave in their wake. + + For, Mr. President, Spain, exclusively devoted to-day to the + task of developing her immense resources, is happy to be + associated with you in this peaceful celebration of a peaceful + event. Believe me, Mr. President, the Spanish people will enter + into this noble competition for the prizes of progress and + civilization with that same stubbornness with which during seven + centuries they maintained the heroic struggle which saved Europe + and the Christian world from the baneful invasion of African + hordes. + + Spain will apply to the arts of peace, to the conquests of + progress, that same and indomitable spirit which enabled her to + enrich the Old World with a new one, over whose brilliant + destinies she watches and ever will watch with intense and + undying interest. + + Spain hails with pleasure an opportunity like your future + exposition will afford of showing her peaceful conquests in the + domains of labor, and is especially bent on attracting toward + her the benefits to be derived from this growing tendency of her + people to an everlasting commercial, agricultural, and + industrial interchange. She, more than over anxious to cultivate + and strengthen her friendly relations with the world, could not + but welcome with sympathy the announcement of this vast + enterprise as a right step toward that blending of her material + and moral interests with those of other nations, to that better + understanding among them which she will indefatigably strive to + attain. + + You can therefore rest assured, Mr. President, that my country + will contribute to the World's Fair and enhance with its varied + exhibits its universal and historical features. I am, in fact, + authorized to inform you that His Majesty's Government has + decided to ask for the requisite appropriation as soon as + Parliament assembles. Spain will appear before you, if not in + all the splendor that the requirements of her wise, economical + programme now forbid, at least in the manly garb of a nation + meaning to show you and to show the world that her gloriously + checkered career, instead of impairing our vitality, has + retempered the ever-elastic steel of our national fiber and + concentrated and directed all its latent energies toward the + modern conquests of progress, labor, and civilization to which + the city of St. Louis is now erecting a temple worthy of the + city itself and of the auspicious event we are now + commemorating. + + And now, Mr. President, in wishing success to your noble + undertaking, in thanking you and this city for its cordial + hospitality, I beg to acknowledge also my gratitude for the + numerous tokens and expressions of good will toward Spain which + have been uttered during this solemn celebration and which I so + fully appreciate. + + I beg to salute reverently in that new-born flag of your + exhibition and august emblem of peace and labor, a touching + appeal to fraternity among nations. In that flag are blended the + past and the present with the glorious colors of the three + nations representative of St. Louis's early and contemporary + history. Let us welcome its appealing and eloquent symbolism + like the herald of an ever-cloudless future. + +Eighth. "Hallelujah Chorus" from The Messiah. + +Ninth. Benediction by Rev. Samuel J. Niccolls: + + Almighty God, Heavenly Father, whose all-wise Providence did + lead our fathers across the seas to this land, and Who hath + given their children a goodly heritage, let Thy blessing rest + upon their children. Let Thy blessings rest upon all the nations + represented here to-day and upon the representatives. May we + continue in the bonds of peace for all time. May the grace of + God, mercy, and peace be with us. Amen. + +Tenth. Centennial salute of 100 guns. + + + + +PROGRAMME + +STATE DAY, MAY 2, 1903. + +The civic parade assembled at 10.30 a.m. under direction of Col. Eugene +J. Spencer, marshal of the day, and moved from the junction of Grand +avenue and Lindell boulevard through Forest Park to the exposition +grounds, where the parade was reviewed by the governors of the States. + +At 1.30 p. m. the audience assembled in the Liberal Arts Building. The +assembly was called to order by Mr. William H. Thompson, chairman of the +committee on grounds and buildings, and the following programme was +carried out: + +First. Invocation by Rev. William R. Harper: + + Our Father which art in Heaven, whose work for man no man knows, + whose heart is full of wisdom, to Thee be our prayers directed. + Hallowed be Thy name. Thou art the pure and the very great. May + Thy peace be manifested to us in all Thy work. + + Give us this day our daily bread, and for the following day. + Forgive us our sins, as well as forgive them that sin against + us. Take away all hatred and strife and whatever prejudice may + hinder us from union and concord. Let us be under one bond of + faith and peace. + + Show us Thy kindness and so fill us with Thy goodness that our + souls may be filled with the manifold delights of charity and + good will. Let nations abide under Thy law, for Thine is the + kingdom, the power, and the glory. Amen. + +Second. Address by Mr. William Lindsay, of the National Commission, +president of the day, as follows: + + MR. PRESIDENT AND LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: This is the last day of + the interesting and memorable ceremonies with which the great + exposition has been inaugurated. We have had with us the chief + representative of the people. The next day we had with us the + diplomats, the representatives of foreign climes. To-day we have + with us the toilers. We have had the governors of the sovereign + States which make up this great Union. When I beheld the great + cavalcade I felt that the time had almost come when the + industries will solely be confined to working for peace and + divorced from devotion to the implements of war. + + It is not merely a question of a fair profit upon money that is + uppermost before the people to-day. It is not the question of a + fair return for labor. But it is the question of equitable + distribution of the products of labor and of the surplus of + capital. This is the great question; that is what involves the + happiness of mankind, and the man who solves that question will + rise in greatness to such a point that other statesmen, or even + Presidents, will pale into insignificance. + + This is labor day, and as such we should honor it. + + And the governors. We had governors before ever we had a + President. Each State represents yet a great residuum of power. + In the hands of State are the life and liberty of the people. We + must remember that the governors, representing the unit of the + national power, have the first place in national precedence. + + There is on the right of me the governor of the great Empire + State of the Atlantic. There is on the left of me the governor + of the great Empire State of the Louisiana Purchase. I need not + introduce to you the governor of Missouri, but it is upon the + programme, and hence I will say the words--I beg to introduce + Governor A.M. Dockery, who will now address you. + +Third. Address of welcome by Hon. A.M. Dockery, governor of Missouri, as +follows: + + The pleasing duty devolves upon me of extending a cordial + greeting in behalf of the people of Missouri to you as the chief + magistrates and representatives of sister States, who come with + kindly messages and substantial evidence of the nation's + interest in our stupendous undertaking. The work already + completed and yet to be done could only be accomplished by a + people known and respected as the incarnation of intelligent, + ennobling enterprise. + + The occasion which will bring us together is the precursor of + the most marvelous exhibition the world has ever seen. The + wealth, the ingenuity, the forethought, and the ability of all + nations will contribute to this magnificent result. The + masterful statesmanship of Thomas Jefferson builded better than + even he could know when he purchased from the Emperor Napoleon + this vast domain--the connecting link between the fair country + skirting the Atlantic coast, which had only been recently + emancipated from despotic rule, and the rich possession on our + west, extending to the Pacific Ocean. + + The Mississippi River marks the eastern limit of this priceless + acquisition. Sweeping away to the west, the south, and the + north, its area of 14 States and Territories embraces great + cities, beautiful towns and villages, farms and gardens, mighty + waterways, vast railway systems, and a wealth of gold, silver, + and other resources which a wise Providence provided for His + people. Can the mind of man conceive a more resplendent + territory? And when it is remembered that the Louisiana Purchase + States are only a part of the still more glorious whole, is it + any wonder that the American people are proud of their country + and true to their Government? + + Nature, with regal prodigality, has lavished gifts on this fair + land, and its people are especially endowed with those + qualifications which can not fail to produce the greatest + excellence in everything. + + But to return to the coming exposition. Everywhere during this + pageant of entertainment have we seen evidences of the progress + of this enterprise so mighty in its conception as to be + astounding. Sites have been assigned to each State and foreign + country, and the result already accomplished is spread out + before you in brilliant panorama. There is no longer any + question about anything but the magnitude of the success of the + undertaking. This has been made possible only by the intelligent + cooperation of all the people, and to you, as representatives of + sister States, I extend most grateful acknowledgment. + + The selection of our own metropolitan city as the proper place + in which to hold this exposition seems peculiarly fitting. Its + very name breathes the spirit of its French ancestry to whom we + are so greatly indebted, and its geographical situation is + preeminently satisfactory. + + To guard our shores, to make impregnable our southern border + against foreign assault, and to enlarge the scope of our + commerce and liberty was the controlling thought of Thomas + Jefferson and his compatriots when the "Purchase Territory" was + added to the American Union. Fifteen millions of dollars + represented the purchase price, and by a happy coincidence which + may not have been altogether accidental, $15,000,000 represented + the basic sum by which this exposition first became + possible--$5,000,000 contributed by the city of St. Louis, + $5,000,000 raised by popular subscription, and $5,000,000 given + by the National Government. Missouri has since appropriated + $1,000,000, that her resources may be fittingly exploited, while + your States have in turn liberally set apart amounts which will + lend the magnificence of their products to the scene. + + To-day closes the celebration incident to the dedicatory + exercises of the exposition, and in the hour of greeting we are + reminded that soon we must part for a time. The panoply of war + in the execution of our regular and citizen soldiery has joined + with the pomp and pageantry of civil life. Their commingling is + further proof of the pride of the people in all the institutions + of our country. Civilian and soldier have given the weight of + their influence to make more impressive the scenes attendant on + this display, and will be equally enthusiastic when the gates of + the great exhibition are formally opened. Months will pass + before that event, but in the meantime an army of the employed + will perfect the scheme which, in its full fruition, will herald + abroad the triumph of this wonderful exposition. + + In conclusion, permit me to say, the welcome of every true + Missourian is yours, and in parting a cordial adieu is wafted + with the hope expressed for a safe return to your homes and to + your people. + +Fourth. Music by the Marine Band. + +Fifth. Response by Hon. Benj. B. Odell, jr., governor of New York, as +follows: + + The past, with all of its achievements, with all its successes, + is to us but an incentive and guide for the future progress of + our country. America still beckons to the oppressed of all lands + and holds out the gifts of freedom, and we at this time and upon + this occasion should renew our adherence to those policies which + have made us a great nation. The future is before us, and the + patriotism and self-sacrifice of those who made the country's + history so glorious should be an Inspiration to us for all + higher ideals of citizenship. Through the golden gates of + commerce pours an unceasing stream of immigration which must be + amalgamated with American ideas and American principles. + + The battles of the past have been for freedom and liberty, and + the struggle of the future will be for their preservation, not, + however, by force of arms, but through the peaceful methods + which come through the education of our people. The declaration + which brought our Republic into existence has insured and + guaranteed that liberty of conscience and that freedom of action + which does not interfere, with the prerogatives or privileges of + a man's neighbors. + + Capital and labor are the two great elements upon which the + prosperity and happiness of our people rest, and when, + therefore, aggregations of the one are met by combinations of + the other, it should be the aim of all to prevent the clashing + of these great interests. The products of toil are worthless + unless there be some means by which they can be substituted or + transferred for that which labor requires. The concrete form in + which these transactions are conducted is the money power or the + capital of the land. + + Without work all of these fertile fields, these teeming towns, + would have been impossible; and without a desire to benefit and + elevate humanity, its onward progress would have been useless. + To work, to labor, is man's bounden duty, and in the performance + of the tasks which have been placed upon him he should be + encouraged, and his greatest incentive should be the knowledge + that he may transmit to his children and his children's children + a higher civilization and greater advantages than he himself + possessed. + + Trade conditions which would permit to the toiler but a bare + sustenance, the bare means of a livelihood, would be a hindrance + to human progress, a hindrance not to be removed by all of the + maxims of the philosopher or the theories of the doctrinaire. + + Promise without fulfillment is barren, but when you can place + before the mechanic the assured fact that the performance of his + duty means success in life, and that his nonperformance means + failure; when you can show him that this law is immutable, you + have made of him a useful citizen and have instilled into his + mind a firm belief that the freedom and liberty of which we + boast is not an inchoate substance to be dreamed of and not + enjoyed. + + But this desired result can not be secured if combinations of + capital, which produce the necessaries of life cheaper and + better, are assailed as the enemies of mankind. There is always + a mean between those who seek only a fair recompense and return + for that which they produce and those who seek undue advantages + for the few at the expense of the many. The laws which have been + enacted, if properly executed, are sufficient in their force and + effort to encourage the one and to punish the other, but in our + condemnation let us not forget that with the expansion that has + come to our country an expansion of our business relations is + also necessary. + + This growth has brought us into intimate contact with the + markets of the world, and in the struggle that is always before + us the competition of trade, if we are to hold our own among the + world's producers, we should encourage, not hinder, those who, + by their energy, their capital, and their labor, have banded + together for the purpose of meeting these new + conditions--problems which our individual efforts alone can not + solve, but which require the concentrated force and genius of + both capital and labor. + + Incentive for good citizenship would indeed be lacking if these + were taken from us--the opportunities for development, the + opportunities for the young man to follow in the footsteps of + those who have written their names in the history of our country + as the great captains of industry. + + Success will always follow perseverance and genius. Every + heresy, every doctrine which would teach the young man of this + country differently, is an insult to the intelligence of our + people, and is in the direction of building up a dangerous + element in American society which in time would threaten not + only the peace and prosperity we enjoy, but our very + institutions themselves. + + When you have placed before the young man all of his + possibilities, you have made it impossible to make of our + Republic a plutocracy controlled by the few at the expense of + the many. The individual should count for as much as the + aggregation of individuals, because an injury to the one will + lead to the destruction of the many. + + The question of adjusting and harmonizing the relations of + capital and labor is the problem before us to-day, and is one + which will become more urgent in the future. Its solution must + be along those lines of constitutional right which every citizen + has been guaranteed. + + Every man is entitled, in the prosecution of his work, to the + broadest possible liberty of action and the protection of + law--of that law which is the outgrowth of necessity and which + seeks to encourage and not to oppress. Such recognition can + always be secured if there is a determination upon the part of + those charged with the responsibility of government to have it. + And who is not? + + Every man possessed of a ballot is responsible and has the power + not only to formulate, but to criticise and punish as well. If + the right be properly exercised, an honest and efficient + administration of our affairs can always be secured. + + The greatest solvent for political heresies, for doctrines which + are antagonistic to popular government, is education. To the + educated mind there comes a conception of duty which is not + possible to the ignorant. + +Sixth. Grand chorus. + +Seventh. Benediction by Rabbi Leon Harrison: + + Unto Thee, Almighty God, the God of Moses, the God of Jesus, the + God of Mohammed, and the God of every living creature, God of + the church, of the mosque, and of the synagogue, unto Thee we + bring homage and praise. + + We worship Thee in this temple of labor, reared by faithful + hands, and implore Thy benediction on the work, for, unless the + Lord blesses the house, the labor is in vain. May it be + dedicated to the enlightenment of humanity that brotherhood may + be increased and patriotism deepened. + + Bless this august assembly. Bless this great cause, its tireless + leaders, and faithful workers, and above all bless our beloved + country, the haven of the oppressed and the home of liberty. + Bless its rulers and its people. + + May it go on as from the beginning, from strength to strength, + that the nation and the Government may increase in power and in + the end be a union of all mankind, all races, all nations, + proclaiming one God, one law of righteousness, one humanity, and + saying Thy God shall reign from generation to generation. Amen. + +Eighth. Centennial salute of 100 guns. + +A grand display of daylight fireworks took place at the conclusion of +the exercises in the building. + +Immediately after the close of the ceremonies in the Liberal Arts +Building, the governors present proceeded to the building sites selected +for their respective States, where corner stones were laid and State +colors were raised with appropriate ceremonies. + +The lady managers of the exposition were conducted by military escort in +advance of the parade each day to the reviewing stand. They were +accompanied by the wives of the members of the Diplomatic Corps, members +of the Supreme Court of the United States, members of the Cabinet, +members of the Joint Committee of Congress, the Admiral of the Navy, the +Lieutenant-General of the Army, the grand marshal, the governors of the +States, the officiating clergymen, and members of the National +Commission. + +Receptions were held each day by the board of lady managers during the +progress of the dedication ceremonies. + +The magnificence of the spectacle will live long in the memories of the +hundreds of thousands of people who witnessed the ceremonies. + +All the nations were present by their diplomatic and accredited +representatives. + +The presence of Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, and +of Grover Cleveland, his only living predecessor in office, intensified +the interest of the vast concourse of people at the dedication +ceremonies. Their addresses were listened to by 80,000 persons assembled +in the Liberal Arts Building. + +The committees appointed by the respective Houses of Congress to attend +the dedication ceremonies consisted of the following Senators and +Representatives: + + _Committee of the Senate_.--Messrs. Burnham, New Hampshire; + Depew, New York; Penrose, Pennsylvania; Dolliver, Iowa; + Hansbrough, North Dakota; Mitchell, Oregon; Teller, Colorado; + Berry, Arkansas; Martin, Virginia; Foster, Louisiana. + + _Committee of the House of Representatives_.--Messrs. Jas. A. + Tawney, Jas. S. Sherman, Thad. M. Mahon, Richard Bartholdt, H. + C. Van Voorhis, Richard W. Parker, Jesse Overstreet, Jas. R. + Mann, Walter I. Smith, Jas. M. Miller, E.J. Burkett, S.M. + Robertson, C.L. Bartlett, John F. Shafroth, Jas. Hay. + +Special rules and regulations providing for an international jury and +governing the system of awards, which had been in course of preparation +by the Commission and the Exposition Company for some time, were finally +drafted and sent to the Commission for approval on May 2, 1902. As +approved by the Commission and subsequently promulgated the rules read +as follows: + + UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION, ST. LOUIS, 1904, COMMEMORATING THE + ACQUISITION OF LOUISIANA TERRITORY. + + 1. The total number of jurors in the international jury of + awards shall be approximately 2 per cent of the total number of + exhibitors, but not in excess of that number, and each nation + having 50 exhibitors or more shall be entitled to representation + on the jury. The number of jurors from each art or industry and + for each nationality represented shall, as far as practicable, + be proportional to the number of exhibitors and the importance + of the exhibits. + + Of this selected body of international jurors three graded + juries will be constituted: One, the general organization of + group juries; two, department juries; three, a superior jury. + + 2. Each group jury shall be composed of jurors and alternates. + + The number of alternates shall in no case exceed one-fourth of + the number of jurors, and they shall have a deliberative voice + and vote only when occupying the places of absent jurors. + + 3. The United States jurors and alternates of the group juries + shall be nominated by the chiefs of departments to which the + respective groups belong. The jurors and alternates of the group + juries representing foreign countries and the United States + insular possessions shall be nominated by the commissioners of + such countries. + + The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company shall certify to the + board of lady managers the number of groups in which the + exhibits have been produced in whole or in part by female labor; + to each of the groups so certified the board of lady managers + may appoint one juror and one alternate to that juror; such + appointees, when confirmed, shall have the privileges and be + amenable to the regulations provided for other jurors and + alternates. + + All the above nominations shall be made not later than August 1, + 1904, except that nominations made to fill vacancies may be made + at any subsequent time. + + Jury nominations made by commissioners of foreign countries + shall be forwarded to the president of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company. + + Nominations made by chiefs of departments and by the board of + lady managers shall be submitted to the director of exhibits, + and when approved he shall transmit them to the president of the + Exposition Company. + + The nomination of group jurors and alternates, when approved by + the president of the exposition, shall be transmitted to the + president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission for + the approval of that body. + + These nominations having been considered and confirmed by the + authorities, as provided by section 6 of the act of Congress + relating to the approval of the awarding of premiums, the + appointments to the international jury shall be made in + accordance with section 6 of Article XXII of the official rules + and regulations of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. + + 4. Each group jury shall choose its own officers, consisting of + a chairman, a vice-chairman, and a secretary. + + Of the two first-named officers one shall be a citizen of the + United States and the other shall be from a foreign country + represented in the division of exhibits. + + 5. The chief of each department shall have general charge of the + organization and direction of the group of juries in his + department for the purpose of securing the proper examinations + of all exhibits and to see that the work laid out for the juries + is conducted strictly in accordance with the official rules and + regulations. + + He shall be admitted to all sessions of these juries for the + purpose of directing their attention to matters relating to the + judging of exhibits. + + 6. The work of the group juries shall begin September 1, 1904, + and shall be completed not later than twenty days thereafter. + + Examinations or other work not completed in the time specified + herein will be transferred to the department jury. + + 7. Group juries may, on the recommendation of the chiefs of + their respective departments, and with the approval of the + director of exhibits, have authority to appoint, as associates + or experts, one or more persons especially skilled in matters + submitted for examination. These experts shall participate only + in such special work as they are selected to perform and shall + have no vote on the question of the merit of the exhibit under + consideration. + + 8. Each group jury shall carefully examine all exhibits + pertaining to the group to which it has been assigned. It shall + also consider and pass upon the merits of the collaborators + whose work may be conspicuous in the design, development, or + construction of the exhibits. + + The jury shall prepare separate lists presenting the names of + such exhibitors as are out of competition, awards recommended to + exhibitors in order of merit, awards recommended to + collaborators in order of merit, a report giving an account of + the most important objects exhibited, and a general account of + the group as a whole. + + These papers shall be certified to the chief of the department + to which the group belongs, and the chief of the department + shall certify the same, with such recommendations as he may deem + advisable, to the department jury. + + 9. In order to expedite their work group juries may be divided + into committees for the examination of exhibits. + + These committees shall be governed by paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of + rule 8, just cited; when they have completed the work assigned + them they shall report to the full jury, which shall review the + findings after an inspection of all the exhibits in the group. + + 10. When the exigencies of the work require such procedure, and + when recommended by a chief of a department and approved by the + director of exhibits, two or more group juries may be combined. + + 11. In the case of temporary exhibits and such other exhibits as + are developed through a considerable period of time, or which + for other reasons can not be governed by the time limits + prescribed, the juries of such groups may continue in service + throughout the entire period of the exposition. Special juries + may be formed when urgently needed for special occasions. + + At the close of each temporary exhibit or competition the jury + having the same in charge shall prepare a list of awards + proposed in order of merit and shall certify the same to the + chief of the department to which the exhibit pertains. + + Special awards for such temporary exhibits or competitions may + be provided by the chief of the department to which the exhibits + belong, on the approval of the director of exhibits and the + president of the Exposition Company. + + 12. Each department jury shall be composed of the chairman and + vice-chairman of the group juries of the respective departments, + with one member of the directory of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company, to be named by the president of the company, + and one person appointed by the board of lady managers. + + The department juries shall choose their own officers, + consisting of a chairman, three vice-chairmen, and a secretary. + + The chairman and first vice-chairman shall be, one a citizen of + the United States, and the other a citizen of a foreign country. + + The secretary may be selected by the members of the jury from a + list of persons recommended by the director of exhibits. + + 13. Each department jury shall complete its organization and + begin its work on September 20, 1904. + + The duties of these juries shall be to consider carefully and + review the reports of the group juries; to harmonize any + differences that may exist between the recommendations of the + several group juries as to awards, and to adjust all awards + recommended so that they will be consistent with the rules and + regulations. + + No more than ten days may be devoted to this work, and when the + awards recommended by the group juries have been adjusted, the + department juries shall, through the chiefs of their respective + departments, submit their findings to the director of exhibits, + who shall, within five days after the receipt thereof, certify + the same to the superior jury, including such work as may have + been left incomplete by the department jury. + + 14. The officers and members of the superior jury shall be as + follows: President, the president of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company; first vice-president, the director of + exhibits; second vice-president, a citizen of the United States + to be named by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission. The + members of the jury shall further consist of the + commissioners-general of the nine foreign countries occupying + with exhibits the largest amounts of space in the exhibit + palaces; the chairman and first vice-chairman of the department + juries; the chiefs of the exhibit departments, and one person + appointed by the board of lady managers. + + Two additional vice-presidents and such other officers as may be + required shall be elected by the superior jury from the members + herein provided for. + + No chief of a department shall represent more than a single + department. The president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Company shall appoint from the United States membership of the + department juries such other members as may be necessary to give + to each exhibit department of the exposition a representative on + the superior jury. + + There shall also be a secretary of the superior jury, who may be + selected by the members of the jury from a list of persons + recommended by the president of the jury. + + 15. The superior jury shall determine finally and fully the + awards to be made to exhibitors and collaborators in all cases + that are formally presented for its consideration. + + Formal notification of the awards shall, in each case, be sent + by the president of the jury to the exhibitors at the place of + their respective exhibits. + + If, for any reason, an award is not satisfactory to an + exhibitor, he may file written notice to that effect with the + president of the jury within three days after the date of the + official notification of the award; and this notice shall be + followed, within seven days after said date, by a written + statement setting forth at length his views as to wherein the + award is inconsistent or unjust. + + In the adjustment of differences and in considering the + recommendations of the department juries, the superior jury may + provide for hearings of members of the department jury and of + exhibitors, but in no case shall it be required to consider + matters which have not been regularly presented as heretofore + provided. + + 16. The work of the superior jury shall be completed on October + 15, 1904, and, as soon as practicable thereafter, formal public + announcement of the awards shall be made. A final complete list + of awards shall be published by the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company, in accordance with the provisions of section + 6 of the act of Congress, and section 6, Article XXII, of the + rules and regulations. + + 17. A committee, consisting of the president and the four + vice-presidents of the superior jury, shall continue the work of + the superior jury as long as may be found necessary after that + jury has disbanded. + + This committee shall have charge of the preparation, collection, + and publication of the official list of awards and shall make + the necessary provisions for the proper distribution of the + awards. + + 18. The deliberations of all juries shall be strictly secret. + + The president of the Exposition Company, the director of + exhibits, and the chiefs of departments shall have the privilege + of attending any sessions of the several juries. + + A majority of any jury shall, in all cases, render and confirm a + decision. + + 19. The exhibits of persons serving as jurors or alternates over + groups embracing their exhibits shall be classed as + noncompetitive and shall not be examined by the juries. This + rule applies to managers, agents, or others representing a + company or corporation which is entered as an exhibitor. It does + not, however, apply to the officers or representatives of + governments which are entered as exhibitors. + + 20. Each regular exhibitor may receive an award, although his + exhibit be joined with that of others in a single installation. + + Only one award shall be given to a collective exhibit, but the + names of all the contributors to such collective exhibit may be + entered on the diplomas awarded, and each participant shall + receive a copy. + + If so desired by a group of exhibitors, a single award may be + made to an individual representing such group. + + 21. An exhibit shall receive only one award in any group. + + The same object, shown in several groups and adjudged by more + than one jury, shall be entitled only to the highest award + accorded to it. + + An exhibitor who has different objects entered as exhibits in + different groups may be given an award in each group. + + 22. Exhibitors who desire to have their exhibits excluded from + competition shall notify the chief of department as to their + wishes when making application for space, giving their reasons + at length for their request and objections to a competitive + exhibit; and these papers shall be transmitted through the + directory of exhibits to the president of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company with such recommendations as may be deemed + necessary. Exhibits thus exempted from competition shall not be + examined by the juries, and shall not be entitled to official + recognition in connection with the system of awards. + + 23. In addition to the awards prescribed for exhibitors, an + award may also be made to the inventor, designer, or artisan, + who, as collaborator, has, in the judgment of the jury, shown + more than ordinary skill in connection with an exhibit. A + collaborator is a person who has distinguished himself as the + designer or producer of remarkable objects shown at the + exposition. He is not a person who has merely aided in the + arrangement or installation of exhibits. + + In order that this may be equitably accomplished, each exhibitor + who has received an award may furnish the chief of his + respective department, for transmission to the proper jury, a + list of the names of his collaborators, arranged in order of + merit, based on skill, ability, magnitude and value of work, and + length of service. It will then remain for the jury of awards to + determine whether the assistance rendered by the persons named + in the manner described has been sufficient to entitle them, or + any of them, to the rank of collaborator, and to name the award + which may be conferred therefor. + + 24. Whenever it is applicable, a decimal scale system shall be + used in judging the merits of exhibits, 100 representing + perfection; and as a suggestion to juries, for instance, in + commercial exhibits, the following is offered: + + (a) Value of the product, process, machine or device, as + measured by its usefulness, its beneficent influence on mankind + in its physical, mental, moral, and educational aspects. + Counting not to exceed 25. + + (b) Skill and ingenuity displayed in the invention, + construction, and application. Counting not to exceed 25. + + (c) Merits of the installation as to the ingenuity and taste + displayed, the cost and value as an exposition attraction. + Counting not to exceed 10. + + (d) Magnitude of the business represented, as measured by the + gross sales during the calendar year preceding the opening of + the exposition. Counting not to exceed 10. + + (e) Quality or cheapness, with reference to the possession by + the exhibit of the highest possible quality, or the fact that + the article is sold at so low a price with reference to its + quality as to make it a valuable acquisition to the purchaser. + Counting not to exceed 10. + + (f) For completion of installation within required time and for + excellence of maintenance. Counting not to exceed 10. + + (g) Length of time exhibitor has been in business as showing + whether exhibit is a development of original invention or is an + improvement on the work of some prior inventor. Counting not to + exceed 5. + + (h) Number and character of awards received from former + expositions. Counting not to exceed 5. + + 25. A special award, consisting of a gold medal in each + department, may be recommended by the department jury for the + best, most complete, and most attractive installation. + + 26. The following scale of markings shall be used in determining + the final merits of an exhibit and fixing the award that should + be made, 100 being used as indicating perfection: + + Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 60 to 74 inclusive, + bronze medal. + + Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 75 to 84 inclusive, + silver medal. + + Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 85 to 94 inclusive, + gold medal. + + Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 95 to 100 inclusive, + grand prize. + + 27. The diplomas or certificates of award for exhibitors shall + be signed by the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Company, the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Commission, the secretary of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Company, the director of exhibits, and the chief of the + department to which the exhibit pertains. + + 28. Special commemorative medals and diplomas may be issued to + the officers of the exposition, to the United States, State, and + foreign commissioners, to the members of the international jury + of awards, and to such other persons as may be deemed worthy of + special recognition. + + 29. The compensation of foreign jurors shall be fixed and paid + by the countries which they respectively represent. + + 30. United States jurors, except such as are officers and + employees of the exposition, shall receive actual cost of + necessary transportation, and compensation at the rate of $7 per + day for such time as they are actually engaged in the work + assigned them at the exposition. + + DAVID R. FRANCIS, + _President._ + + FREDERICK J.V. SKIFF. + _Director of Exhibits._ + + APPROVED. + THOMAS H. CARTER, + _President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission._ + + ATTEST: + WALTER B. STEVENS. + _Secretary Louisiana Purchase Exposition._ + +The Commission early experienced great inconvenience in preparing and +submitting its monthly reports, as required by law, to the President of +the United States, of the financial condition of the exposition, owing +to delay in receiving monthly statements from the company and the +incomplete nature of such statements when received. + +From an examination of the reports furnished by the Exposition Company, +it will be observed that they were at all times deficient in that they +did not show the outstanding liabilities of the company. The Commission +assiduously endeavored to secure such amendment to the books of account +kept by the company as would secure the incorporation of a statement of +such outstanding liabilities. + +The following correspondence between the Commission and the Exposition +Company shows the repeated efforts of the Commission to obtain the +information essential to the preparation of the monthly reports referred +to: + + OCTOBER 3, 1902. + + DEAR SIR: I am directed by the Commission to refresh your memory + as to our conversation yesterday with regard to furnishing a + statement of all outstanding liabilities of the Exposition + Company. + + Section 11 of the act of Congress, approved March 3, 1901, + requires the Commission to furnish the President of the United + States a summary of the financial condition of the Exposition + Company, and this can not be done in a satisfactory manner + without a statement of outstanding liabilities under contract, + expressed or implied. + + It is the desire of the Commission to furnish the President with + detailed information of the character indicated, in connection + with the report for the current month, to the end that he may + have complete data available for consideration in connection + with his message to Congress. + + It will greatly oblige the Commission to have the statement + referred to furnished in duplicate. + + Yours, very truly, + THOMAS H. CARTER, + _President._ + + Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, + _President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, City._ + + + ST. Louis, U.S.A., _October 15, 1902._ + + DEAR SIR: In reply to your letter of October 3 with respect to a + summary of the financial condition of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company, I desire to say that the attention of the + proper officers of the company has been called to this request + of your part, and I may assure you that the desired information + will be prepared and furnished at an early date. + + Yours, truly, + D.R. FRANCIS, + _President._ + + Hon. THOMAS H. CARTER, + _President National Commission, St. Louis, Mo._ + + + ST. Louis, U.S.A., _November 1, 1902._ + + DEAR SIR: I am directed by President Francis to transmit to you + the following information of the total receipts and + disbursements of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to + November 1, 1902: + + As shown by the report of the treasurer, the collections on + account of subscriptions to the capital stock to November 1, + 1902, amount to $2,478,030.83. + + The treasurer has received from the city of St. Louis the + proceeds of the sale of $5,000,000 in bonds, said sale having + been made in June, 1902, at a price slightly above par. + + The total disbursements to November 1, 1902, as shown by the + books of the treasurer, amount to $21,284,141.01. + + The outstanding obligations and contracts, including + disbursements to November 1, 1902, amount to $6,931,853.41. + + There is in the hands of the treasurer, November 1, 1902, the + sum of $5,193,889.82. + + Respectfully, + W.B. STEVENS, + _Secretary._ + + Mr. JOSEPH FLORY, + _Secretary Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission._ + + + ST. Louis, U.S.A., _November 26, 1902._ + + DEAR SIR: By direction of the Commission I respectfully call + your attention to the following entry in the minutes of the + proceedings at a meeting of the Commission held on October 2, + 1902, as follows: + + "President Francis was requested by the Commission to furnish a + detailed statement of all outstanding contract obligations and + other liabilities of the exposition for transmission to the + President of the United States with the monthly report for the + current month. He said the statement would be furnished the + Commission as requested." + + The statement referred to was not furnished to the Commission + for transmission to the President of the United States with the + monthly statement for the month of October. Presumably this + default occurred because of your inability to have the statement + prepared in season for transmission with that report. It is + deemed by the Commission absolutely essential that the statement + should be transmitted with the report for the month of November, + to the end that it may be on file and available for examination + by the President or by Congress. + + You are, therefore, respectfully requested to furnish such + detailed statement to the Commission at the earliest practicable + date, to the end that it may be examined during the present + meeting of the Commission. + + The Commission desires that the statement should show the + contract obligations for the several buildings, the names of the + contractors, the dates fixed for payment, the amounts heretofore + paid, and the date for final completion of each structure. Also + all contracts existing requiring the payment of money for the + acquisition of grounds and improvements to be made thereon, and + for services rendered, or to be rendered, together with the + amounts heretofore paid on the respective contracts, and the + names of the contractors to whom payments have been or are to be + made. In short, it is the desire of the Commission that the + statement should give the substance of each and every contract + for the payment of money made by the Exposition Company prior to + November 1. + + The Commission also desires that the statement should embrace an + approximate estimate of the cost of all contemplated + construction, improvements, and necessary expenditures connected + with the exposition as contemplated by the plan and scope + thereof heretofore approved. + + The Commission deems the statement referred to necessary under + the requirements of section 11 of the act of Congress approved + March 3, 1901, which requires the Commission to give a general + summary of the financial condition of the exposition. + + The Commission will appreciate the courtesy of the statement in + duplicate. + + Very respectfully, + THOS. H. CARTER, + _President_. + + Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, + President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, + _St. Louis, Mo_. + + + ST. LOUIS, _November 26, 1902_. + + DEAR SIR: I beg to acknowledge receipt of a communication dated + November 26, signed by President Carter, requesting a detailed + statement of the financial obligations and expenditures of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company up to and including + October 31, 1902. + + Respectfully, + W.B. STEVENS, + _Secretary_. + + Hon. JOSEPH FLORY, + _Secretary National Commission, City_. + + + ST. LOUIS, U.S.A., _November 26, 1902_. + + DEAR SIR: I send herewith a statement of the disbursements and + liabilities of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, which, + I think, meets the request made by the National Commission. + + Respectfully, + D.R. FRANCIS, + _President_. + + Hon. THOMAS H. CARTER, + _President National Commission, St. Louis_. + + + ST. LOUIS, _November 29, 1902_. + + DEAR SIR: I send herewith the financial statement and duplicate + duly certified in accordance with the request of the National + Commission. + + Respectfully, + W.B. STEVENS, + _Secretary_. + + + FEBRUARY 5, 1903. + + DEAR SIR: Referring to conversation had with you this morning, + relative to the detailed statement of disbursements and + liabilities transmitted this Commission each month, I wish to + say that the statement does not furnish all the information + requested. + + By reference to letter addressed President Francis by President + Carter under date of November 26, 1902, on the second page of + which you will note this Commission desires a statement showing + the contract obligations for the several buildings, the name of + the contractors, the dates fixed for payment, the amounts + heretofore paid, and the date for final completion of each + structure. Also all contracts existing requiring the payment of + money for the acquisition of grounds and improvements to be made + thereon, and for services rendered or to be rendered, together + with the amounts heretofore paid on the respective contracts, + and the names of the contractors to whom payments have been or + are to be made, giving the substance of each and every contract + for the payment of money made by the Exposition Company prior to + November 1. If you could have the statement include the months + of November, December, and January it would be appreciated. + + You will also note that it is desired that the statement should + embrace an approximate estimate of the cost of all contemplated + construction, improvements, and necessary expenditures connected + with the exposition, as contemplated by the plan and scope + thereof heretofore approved. + + This Commission will meet on March 10, and I will appreciate it + if you will have the statement furnished at your earliest + convenience. + + Thanking you in advance for your kindness, I beg to remain, + + Yours, very truly, + JOSEPH FLORY, + _Secretary._ + + + W.B. STEVENS, Esq., + _Secretary Exposition Company, Building._ + + + ST. LOUIS, U.S.A., _February 19, 1903._ + + DEAR SIR: The information asked for in your letter of the 5th + instant, namely, "A statement showing contract obligations for + the several buildings, names of contractors, dates fixed for + payment, amount heretofore paid, and dates for final completion + of each structure," is being prepared and will be forwarded to + you. + + Respectfully, + W.B. STEVENS, + _Secretary._ + + + Mr. JOSEPH FLORY, + _Secretary._ + +The statements furnished by the Exposition Company following this +correspondence did not seem to the Commission to be sufficiently +explanatory of the financial condition of the exposition, and with a +view of obviating this difficulty, and of insuring better results in the +future, the Commission on March 13, 1903, appointed a special auditing +committee, consisting of Messrs. Scott, Thurston, and Miller, to audit +the books and accounts of the Exposition Company up to April 1, 1903. +Mr. Scott, as chairman, was authorized by the following resolution to +make the audit: + + Copy of Resolution. + + _Resolved_, That the special auditing committee heretofore + appointed be, and said committee is hereby, directed to inquire + into and report to the Commission at its earliest convenience + the true situation concerning the financial condition of the + Exposition Company in the matter of cash receipts from different + sources, including receipts for admissions and concessions and + other sources; also all disbursements of any nature made by the + Exposition Company. They will also examine all advertisements + for bids; also all competitive bids submitted by contractors + under each advertisement, and compare the accepted bids with the + rejected bids, and determine if the accepted bids are reasonable + in comparison with the material and service rendered. They will + also prepare a comparative statement showing all bids submitted, + and a copy of all contracts as finally awarded. + + It is the wish of the Commission that you, as chairman of the + special auditing committee, proceed with as much expedition as + possible to make the examination and secure the information as + set forth in above resolution. + +Owing to the magnitude of the work of auditing the books of such an +immense enterprise, Mr. Scott engaged the services of Jones, Caesar & +Co., expert accountants, of St. Louis, to make the investigation under +supervision of the committee. + +On June 23, 1903, the special auditing committee made a report to the +Commission, and at various times thereafter submitted other reports of +the financial standing of the Exposition Company, based upon the +findings of the above-named firm of expert accountants, all of which are +in the files of the Commission. + +The last report of the expert accountants employed by the Commission, +containing a statement of receipts and disbursements of the Exposition +Company from date of its incorporation to date of April 30, 1905, +together with a condensed statement compiled by said expert accountants, +showing their estimate of the financial result of the exposition, which +they state has been prepared from the accounts of the company to May 3, +1905, and from an estimate of future receipts and expenditures, +furnished by the president of the Exposition Company, is herewith +submitted as a part of this report as "Appendix No. 1." + +The Commission was compelled from time to time to call the attention of +the Exposition Company to the apparently excessive number of free +admissions in comparison with the total attendance at the exposition. + +On May 10, 1904, the Commission wrote to the Exposition Company, +pointing out that for the first seven days of the exposition, with the +exception of the opening day, the number of free admissions compared +with paid admissions was in the ratio of 7 to 6. On several subsequent +occasions the Commission insisted that prompt action should be taken to +check the indiscriminate use of passes. + +On May 24, 1904, the Commission adopted the following resolution: + + _Resolved_, That Mr. Thurston, as a member of the judiciary + committee present, call upon Judge Ferris, general counsel for + the Exposition Company, and indicate to him the condition of + correspondence with reference to free admissions to the fair + grounds, and to suggest to him that in the absence of any + disposition on the part of the Exposition Company to take notice + of the protests of the Commission, he has been authorized to + prepare the case for submission to the Attorney-General of the + United States, with request that action be taken in the courts + to prevent further violation of the law and rules as agreed upon + by the joint action of the company and the Commission. + +On the same day Mr. Thurston, in a conference with Judge Ferris, general +counsel of the Exposition Company, brought the said action of the +Commission to his attention and insisted that the Exposition Company +should at once take immediate steps to put an end to the excessive and +improper issuance of free passes. Mr. Thurston was assured by Judge +Ferris that he would immediately consult with the exposition officials +and endeavor to secure such action on their part as would meet the views +and wishes of the Commission. + +As there was no apparent cessation in the distribution of passes, the +president of the Commission, on May 31, addressed the following +communication to the president of the Exposition Company: + + MAY 31, 1904. + + SIR: Under date of May 26 Secretary Stevens transmitted to the + National Commission what he denominated "The rules and + regulations governing and restricting the issuance and use of + passes," as adopted by the company and now in operation. This + communication, with the rules referred to attached, was + obviously intended as an answer to the communication of the + Commission to the company on that subject under dates of May 10 + and May 19. + + I am directed by the Commission to call your attention to the + following sentence contained in my letter of 19th, above + referred to, to wit: + + "Persons not entitled to admission to the grounds under article + 5 of the rules and regulations can only be legally and properly + admitted by the Exposition Company with the approval of the + National Commission." + + With that proposition the answer of the executive committee of + your company takes issue by submitting what you evidently deemed + a sufficient answer through rules and regulations adopted by the + company and now in operation, without the approval of the + Commission. + + The Commission understands that the following issues arise from + this letter and the correspondence to which it refers, to wit: + + First. That the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company asserts + and is exercising the asserted right to formulate and put into + operation rules and regulations governing and restricting the + issuance and use of free passes to the exposition grounds, + without submitting such rules and regulations to the Commission + and obtaining its approval thereof. + + Second. That the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company asserts + and is acting upon the assertion of its alleged right, through + its officers and agents, to issue free passes to the exposition + grounds without the concurrence or approval of the National + Commission, expressed through general rules or regulations or + otherwise. + + In reply to these asserted rights, and the exercise thereof by + the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition Commission denies the right of the company + to promulgate and put into operation rules and regulations + governing and prescribing the issuance and use of free passes to + the exposition grounds without submitting such rules and + regulations to the Commission, and without obtaining its + approval thereof, and denies the right of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company to issue free passes to the exposition + grounds without the concurrence or approval of the National + Commission, expressed through general rules and regulations, or + otherwise. + + Upon the two issues here presented the Commission invokes the + judgment of the board of arbitration, provided for in section 4 + of the act of Congress, entitled: + + "An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary + of the purchase of the Louisiana territory by the United States + by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, + manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and + sea, in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, + approved March 3, 1901." + + For convenience a copy of the correspondence referred to is + hereunto attached. + + Hon. John M. Allen and Hon. John M. Thurston, the members of the + Commission appointed to act for this body on the board of + arbitration, will hold themselves in readiness to meet the + members of that board appointed by the company at their + pleasure. + + Yours, very respectfully, + THOS. H. CARTER. + + Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, + _President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company._ + +On June 14 the Exposition Company submitted certain rules and +regulations governing the issuance of passes. The Commission gave due +consideration to the proposed rules, and on June 25 returned them to the +Exposition Company with certain modifications, which the executive +committee of the Exposition Company refused to adopt. Whereupon, on July +7, the Commission, by resolution, demanded immediate arbitration on the +matter and protested against the issuance of free admissions pending a +decision by the board of arbitration. + +Mr. Joseph Flory, secretary of the Commission since its organization, +resigned from that office on July 1, 1904. Mr. Lawrence H. Grahame, of +New York, assistant secretary, was elected as secretary to succeed Mr. +Flory. + +On July 13, 1904, the board of arbitration of the Commission and the +Exposition Company finally met, and the question of free passes was +discussed. Another meeting of the arbitrators was held on July 18, and +rules and regulations governing the use of passes were drafted. + +These rules were subsequently adopted by the company and approved by the +Commission on July 20, 1904. The rules read as, follows: + + _Resolved,_ That the rules and regulations governing free + admission to the exposition grounds, prepared by the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition Company, governing the corporation are fixed + and established by said company to read as follows: + + The official badges of the officers and directors of the + company, directors of divisions, and chiefs of departments of + the exposition, duly approved by the board of directors of the + company; the official badges of the officers and members of the + National Commission, duly approved by said Commission; and the + official badge of the board of lady managers, duly approved by + said board, shall entitle the officers and members wearing the + same to free admission to the exposition grounds. + + Card passes for the entire period of the exposition will be + issued to the following officials and their wives, to wit: + + The President of the United States. + + The Vice-President of the United States. + + Members of the Cabinet. + + Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States. + + The Secretary to the President of the United States. + + Members and officers of the National Commission. + + The directors and officers of the Exposition Company. + + The mayor of the city of St. Louis. + + Card passes for the entire period of the exposition will be + issued to the following persons, to wit: + + Members of both Houses of Congress, and the chief officers + thereof. + + The Diplomatic Corps. + + The diplomatic representatives of the United States abroad. + + The governors of States, Territories, Districts, and + dependencies of the United States, and the Commissioners of the + District of Columbia. + + Commissioners of foreign countries accredited to the exposition. + + Commissioners of States, Territories, Districts, and + dependencies of the United States accredited to the exposition. + + Directors of divisions and chiefs of the departments and bureaus + of the exposition. + + The widows of deceased directors of the Exposition Company. + + The members of the board of lady managers. + + Members of the United States Government board. + + The commander of the Jefferson Guards and his official aides. + + The members and chief officers of the municipal assembly of the + city of St. Louis. + + The heads of departments of the municipal government of the city + of St. Louis. + + The chief of police and the chief of the detective force of St. + Louis. + + Limited admission passes will be granted, under such rules and + regulations as the Exposition Company may prescribe, to the + following classes of persons whose duties require their presence + upon the exposition grounds, to wit: + + The judges and jurors of awards. + + Employees of the Exposition Company. + + Employees of the National Commission. + + Employees of the board of lady managers. + + Officers and employees of the United States actually in charge + of or connected with the Government exhibits, or otherwise + officially engaged within the exposition grounds. + + Agents and employees of foreign governments actually in charge + of or connected with their exhibits or buildings. + + Duly accredited press representatives. + + Private exhibitors and their employees. + + Concessionaires and their employees. + + The term "employee" as herein used shall be construed as meaning + only such persons as are actually and necessarily employed + within the exposition grounds, and when in any case such + employment ceases the pass shall be taken up and canceled. + + A vehicle may be admitted to the grounds upon payment of 50 + cents, but the driver and occupants thereof shall be subject to + the general rules governing admissions. + + _Provided,_ That all official vehicles and the vehicles of + officers and directors of the Exposition Company, of officers + and members of the National Commission, and the members of the + board of lady managers shall, with the driver thereof, be + admitted free upon presentation of official permit. + + Any person entering the grounds upon a badge or card pass shall + be required to deposit with the gate keeper a personal card with + pass number thereon. + + In exceptional cases the president of the Exposition Company may + issue passes to persons not included in the foregoing + classification, when such action is deemed for the best interest + of the exposition. + + Passes will not be replaced during the period for which same may + have been issued. When a pass is lost, prompt notice should be + given to the department of admissions in order that notice of + same may be posted and the pass taken up if presented. + + When an employee is discharged or resigns, a pass will not be + issued to his successor until the original pass is returned to + the department of admissions. + + The Louisiana Purchase Exposition reserves the right to call in + and revoke or cancel any pass at any time. + + Passes are void and will be forfeited if showing any evidence of + alteration or erasure. All passes are nontransferable, and will + be forfeited if presented by any other than person named + thereon. + + Any person holding a pass may be required to prove his identity + by signature or otherwise. + + All passes will be issued subject to the conditions printed + thereon. + + All passes issued in conflict with the foregoing rules and + regulations shall be recalled and canceled. + + The Exposition Company shall furnish the National Commission a + complete list of all card passes and a statement of all other + passes issued prior to July 1, classified as to departments, + divisions, and bureaus, as accurately as may be done from the + books of the company, and hereafter the company shall keep an + accurate record by departments, divisions, and bureaus, showing + all passes issued by each under the foregoing rules, and shall + furnish a copy of such record to the National Commission with + each monthly financial statement, and such statement shall + contain a list of all card passes issued during the month to + which the financial report refers. + +Prior to the approval of the rules and regulations governing free +admissions to the exposition grounds, the president of the Exposition +Company exercised a free hand in the distribution of passes. + +On April 30, and during the month of May, 1904, of the 1,841,275 total +admissions only 667,772 were paid admissions, thus making the free +admissions substantially two-thirds of the total. + +In June, 1904, the total admissions were 2,448,519, and of this number +1,382,865 were paid. + +In July an improvement occurred. Of the 2,498,265 admissions during that +month, 1,514,743 were paid. Thenceforward less than one-half of the +total admissions were free. But notwithstanding the effort to check this +abuse it was indulged to such an extent that the final totals make a +remarkable showing, as follows: + +Total admissions during the entire period + of the exposition ....................... 20,066,537 +Total paid admissions during the entire + period of the exposition ................ 12,804,616 + +The total attendance and the paid admissions at the exposition do not +compare favorably with those of the Columbian Exposition of 1893. The +Columbian Exposition was conducted during a period of great financial +depression, while the St. Louis Exposition was held during a period of +remarkable prosperity. The Government aid extended to the latter was far +greater in every respect than was given the former. + +The method of advertising the exposition adopted by the company was a +subject of constant and almost universal criticism, and complaints were +made to the Commission and in the public press that exploitation of the +fair was inadequate. On every possible occasion members of the +Commission personally brought the matter to the attention of the +exposition officials and suggested that steps be taken to give the +enterprise wider publicity. + +The Commission received communications and personal visits almost daily +from persons interested in the success of the exposition, urging that +some official action be taken to improve the existing advertising +arrangements. So insistent became the demand for greater publicity that +the president of the Commission addressed the following letter to the +Exposition Company, suggesting the importance of properly advertising +the exposition throughout the country. + + JULY 20, 1904. + + DEAR SIR: By direction of the National Commission, I + respectfully call your attention to the apparent need for an + extension and enlargement of the publicity feature of the + exposition. + + The zeal and efficiency of the press of the city of St. Louis + has demonstrated what may be done in the creation of active + interest by enlightened exploitation through the public press. + Within the range of the general circulation of the papers + published in this city all features of the fair have been made + known; but, unhappily, the journals of this city, like those of + all other cities, enjoy general circulation only in a limited + area. Beyond the line of the special influence of the local + press the extensive proportions and interesting details of the + fair do not appear to the Commission to have been made known to + the general public, to the extent or in the manner calculated to + inspire the interest and secure the attendance warranted by the + extraordinary merits of the great educational force here + installed. In the opinion of the Commission this delinquency + does not arise from any lack of devotion to the public welfare + by the press of the country at large. + + The munificent recognition of the fair by the General Government + attracted national attention. The invitation extended by the + President of the United States, under authority of law, to the + nations of the earth to participate in the exposition, + supplemented by the cordial cooperation of our diplomatic and + consular representatives abroad, secured the most extensive + foreign participation ever accorded to any like undertaking. + Moved thereto by the example of the National Government, the + States, Territories, and dependencies of the United States + joined in the exposition with unparalleled generosity and + enthusiasm. The groups of palatial buildings erected by the + foreign governments and by the States and minor subdivisions of + our country, together with the exhibits installed in the + exhibition palaces provided by the company, bear the amplest + testimony of their earnest desire to make the exposition a + pronounced success. The splendid exhibit installed here by the + government of the Philippine Islands rises to the proportions of + an exposition on its own account. + + The buildings are completed, the exhibits are installed, and the + exposition has been in progress for substantially three-sevenths + of its allotted period. The faith of the management in the + merits of the exposition has been justified by the approving + judgment of all who have entered the gates; but the daily + attendance has been far short of what it should be from any + point of view. + + Unhappily, the magnificent proportions and the numberless + attractions of the exposition do not seem to be fully understood + by the masses of the people throughout the United States, whence + attendance must be chiefly expected. The results obtained from + the territory commanded by the press of St. Louis warrants the + belief that the unsatisfactory conditions prevailing would be + overcome if the country at large could be adequately advised of + what is to be seen, learned, and enjoyed within these grounds. + + All the National, State, Territorial, and District governments + participating in the exposition are quite as much interested as + the company in the diffusion of knowledge concerning the merits + of the exposition and securing the attendance of the largest + number of people who may find it possible to enjoy the benefits + and the pleasure of a visit to the grounds. It appears to the + Commission that the company may well call to its aid the forces + referred to. The details through which publicity may be widely + extended might wisely be made the result of a conference by a + committee made up of persons appointed by the Exposition + Company, the National Commission, and the representatives of + Governments, States, Territories, and Districts having duly + accredited commissioners appointed to represent them. It is + probable that such a conference would find the representatives + of each Government, State, and District anxious to cooperate by + furnishing detailed information along well-considered lines + concerning the participation of each in the fair. For example, + the people of New York will be interested in a well-prepared + description of the exhibits of that State, whereas the same + subject-matter would not be of like interest to the people of + California; but, on the contrary, the people of California would + be interested in a graphic description of California exhibits. + + The newspapers of the respective States will, without doubt, + cheerfully give space to descriptive matter directly relating to + the exhibits and achievements of their readers. + + One instance has been called to the attention of the Commission + where the names of visitors to the fair, registered at a State + building, are being forwarded to the leading daily papers of the + State, and published as a matter of news in their columns. The + papers in question not only publish the list of arrivals at the + exposition, but have called for any other matter of interest + occurring here relating to the people or affairs of the State. + This method of publicity pursued by the commissioners of one + State might, as the result of conference, become generally + adopted. The Exposition Company could well afford to aid and + assist in the preparation of descriptive articles, accompanied + by plate matter, relating to different localities, because it is + evident that the creation of interest in any locality will + contribute to the general purpose. But it is not the intention + to here attempt to detail the many ways of securing merited + publicity which would undoubtedly evolve from a general + conference by representatives of all the interested forces. + + The commissioners representing the various States and + governments are persons of wide experience and broad + intelligence; and they are all, in their respective spheres, + undoubtedly as anxious to contribute to the success of the + exposition as the directors and officers of the Exposition + Company are known to be. + + It is far from the intention of the Commission to interfere with + the operation of any of your own matured plans; but it is + respectfully submitted that the failure of expected and + necessary attendance at the exposition is a matter of such + supreme importance as to warrant the employment of every + available force connected with this enterprise in the work of + calling public attention to the exposition through the press of + the whole country, and such other agencies as may be suggested + and adopted. + + Very respectfully, + + Thos. H. CARTER, + _President_. + + Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, + _President Exposition Company, Building_. + +The exposition management did not elect to avail itself of the +cooperation of the National Commission in the matter of exploitation, +but very shortly after the foregoing letter was delivered the +advertising department became more active by advertising in the +newspapers and by the use of billboards in St. Louis and the adjacent +territory. + +The National Bill Posters' Association, which met in St. Louis about +this time, observing the inadequacy of the provision made for +advertising, volunteered to cooperate with the Exposition Company by +posting bills on their boards free of charge throughout an extensive +area. + +A cursory examination of reports of the daily attendance will show a +very perceptible increase of receipts at the gates in consequence of the +effort made about this time to call the attractions of the exposition to +the attention of the people. Unhappily the exploitation work thus +commenced was practically one year behind time. Undoubtedly the paid +attendance at the exposition could have been very largely increased by +an efficient system of exploitation initiated one year before the gates +were opened and vigorously prosecuted until the close of the exposition. + +In order to increase the attendance at the exposition, as well as to +increase the revenues of the Exposition Company at certain periods, the +National Commission at different times cheerfully approved the +modifications of the rules proposed by the Exposition Company +authorizing the sale of season tickets, also of special tickets for +limited periods, at reduced rates. Such modifications proposed by the +Exposition Company were in all instances, except one, approved by the +National Commission substantially as proposed; but in one instance the +Commission was impelled from a sense of its duty to the Government to +decline to approve a rule proposed by the company providing for the sale +of special coupon tickets good for 50 admissions to stockholders of the +company only. + +It is proper to say that prior to the submission to the Commission of +the proposed rule, or modification of the rules, announcement had been +made in the newspapers of St. Louis that such tickets would be sold by +the company, and, in fact, the sale of the proposed tickets had already +begun. + +The following letter contains the proposal of the company to authorize +the sale of such special tickets to stockholders only: + + MAY 18, 1904. + + DEAR SIR: I am directed by the executive committee of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to inform the National + Commission that the committee has approved the following + resolution: + + _Resolved_, That a ticket, photographic, nontransferable, having + 50 coupons good for admission at any time during the World's + Fair shall be sold to stockholders at the rate of $12.50; this + privilege to continue to and including June 15, to be open to + all who shall be stockholders up to and including that day. + + I am directed by the executive committee to ask favorable action + upon the resolution by the National Commission. + + Respectfully, + + WALTER B. STEVENS, + _Secretary._ + + Mr. JOSEPH FLORY, + _Secretary National Commission._ + +It was the opinion of the National Commission that the sale of the +proposed tickets to stockholders alone at the reduced price proposed was +in the nature of a dividend or pecuniary benefit in which the United +States Government could not participate, and therefore contrary to law; +and in view of the fact that the people of the United States had +contributed through the Government appropriation for the exposition an +amount of money equal to that which had been furnished by the +stockholders of the company it seemed to the Commission that no special +privilege respecting the purchase of tickets should be given such +stockholders that was not given equally to all citizens of the United +States. + +This view was especially enforced by the consideration that stockholders +of the company had subscribed for such stock in the belief that the +citizens of the city of St. Louis would reap large local benefits from +the holding of the fair in that city, while it was obvious that the +other citizens of the United States could not in any degree participate +in such benefits. + +The Commission, believing that the sale of special coupon tickets at +that time would increase the revenues of the company at a time when such +increase seemed to be especially desirable, submitted to the company a +modification of the proposed rule, as set forth in the following letter: + + MAY 19, 1904. + + DEAR SIR: I am directed by the National Commission to inform you + that they have had under consideration the resolution contained + in your esteemed favor of 18th instant, reading as follows: + + "_Resolved_, That a ticket, photographic, nontransferable, + having 50 coupons, good for admission at any time during the + World's Fair, shall be sold to stockholders at the rate of + $12.50; this privilege to continue to and including June 15, and + to be open to all who shall be stockholders up to and including + that day." + + The Commission respectfully declines to approve the resolution + as presented, but, being in hearty accord with the laudable + purpose of the company to offer inducements tending to insure an + extensive sale of admission tickets before the 15th of June, + approves that feature of the resolution by modifying the same so + as to read as follows: + + "There shall be sold to the public up to and including June 15 + at $12.50 a photographic, nontransferable ticket with 50 coupons + thereunto attached, each good for one admission to the fair at + any time prior to August 31." + + In the judgment of the Commission the use of the tickets + proposed should be restricted by a time limit, inasmuch as a + failure to provide such a restriction would be equivalent to a + reduction of admissions to 25 cents each. Moreover, limiting the + time for use of the tickets, as proposed, would tend to + stimulate attendance at the fair during the summer months. + + The Commission is not insensible to the natural desire of the + Exposition Company to give some privilege to the stockholders + who subscribed to the capital stock of the corporation, but, + while appreciating the generous motive of the executive + committee, the Commission feels constrained to withhold its + approval for the reason that approval thereof would, in the + judgment of the Commission, violate the letter and spirit of + section 20 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, which, + in so far as applicable, reads as follows: + + "That there shall be repaid into the Treasury of the United + States the same proportionate amount of the aid given by the + United States as shall be repaid to either the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition Company or the city of St. Louis." + + The proposal to give to stockholders of the Exposition Company + tickets of admission good until December 1 at half price confers + upon the stock a special privilege not contemplated by the act + of Congress, and is apparently in the nature of a dividend or + pecuniary benefit in which the United States can not + participate. + + I am also directed by the Commission to say that if, in the + opinion of the company, the best interests of the fair would be + advanced by making the proposed tickets good for the entire time + of the fair the Commission would view such action with favor, + providing the price of the ticket should be fixed at $15. + + Yours, very respectfully, + JOSEPH FLORY, + _Secretary_. + + Mr. WALTER B. STEVENS, + _Secretary Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, Building_. + +On May 23, 1904, a conference was held between the National Commission +and a committee on conference appointed by the Exposition Company. At +such conference the National Commission insisted that the proposed +special coupon tickets be sold to the public, while the conferees on the +part of the company urged the acceptance of the original rule proposed +by said company, limiting the sale of stockholders only. Finally, upon +the proposal of the conferees of the company, and in order to reach an +agreement, the National Commission assented to a rule whereby the +company should be authorized to sell such tickets to its stockholders, +also to any person presenting an order from the National Commission +therefor, as is set forth in the following copy of the conference +agreement: + + At a conference between the officers and members of the + executive committee of the Exposition Company and members of the + National Commission, held at the office of President Francis on + Monday, May 23, it was agreed, after a full and free conference, + that the disagreement existing between the Exposition Company + and the Commission with reference to the sale of 50-coupon, + photographic, nontransferable tickets to stockholders of the + Exposition Company, at $12.50 each, on or before June 15, such + tickets to be good during the period of the fair, was settled by + the adoption of the following addition to article 5, to wit: + + "That any stockholder of the Exposition Company, or any person + presenting an order from the National Commission to the + treasurer of the company, may, at any time prior to June 15, + purchase for $12.50 one photographic nontransferable ticket with + 50 coupons attached, each coupon good for one admission to the + fair at any time on or before December 1, 1904." + + To which addition to the aforesaid article 5 full assent was + given by the company and the Commission. + + D.R. FRANCIS, President, + W.H. THOMPSON, Treasurer, + FESTUS J. WADE, + _Chairman Ways and Means Committee, + Committee Representing Louisiana Purchase Exposition Co_. + + Thos. H. CARTER, + JOHN M. THURSTON, + GEO. W. MCBRIDE, + PHILIP D. SCOTT, + JOHN F. MILLER, + FREDERICK A. BETTS, + _For the National Commission Louisiana Purchase Exposition_. + +The Commission, desiring that the public should have the amplest +opportunity to participate in the purchase of these special tickets at +reduced rates, and in order that the knowledge of such privilege should +have the widest publicity, addressed and sent to the Associated Press +the following notice: + + _To the Associated Press_: + + Some days ago the Exposition Company proposed to issue a + nontransferable photographic coupon ticket good for 50 + admissions for the sum of $12.50, that amount being half rate. + This proposal was disapproved by the National Commission, + because deemed in the nature of a dividend on the stock. The + Commission insisted that if the price of tickets was reduced in + the manner proposed, they should be presented to the public for + sale without preference as to purchasers. As the result of a + conference it was agreed that the Exposition Company might sell + to its stockholders nontransferable tickets at the rate of + $12.50 each for 50 admissions, and that at the same time any + person not a stockholder presenting an order from the National + Commission to the treasurer of the company would be entitled to + the same privilege. The Commission desires to announce that any + person not a stockholder of the Exposition Company may, upon + application to the Commission, procure an order on the treasurer + of the Exposition Company for the delivery of one of the tickets + referred to upon the payment of $12.50. The privilege of + purchase can not be exercised after June 15. Applications for + orders may be made in person or by letter addressed to the + National Commission, Administration Building, St. Louis. Payment + for tickets to be made to William H. Thompson, treasurer, + Laclede Building, St. Louis. + + JOSEPH FLORY, + _Secretary_. + +The sale of these tickets was larger than had been expected either by +the company or the Commission, and that it was satisfactory to the +company was indicated by its proposal, under date of June 7, 1904, to +extend the sale of such tickets from June 15 to and including July 1, +the price being increased to $15. This proposal was promptly approved by +the National Commission, and the sale resulted in materially increasing +the revenues of the Exposition Company. + + +JURORS AND AWARDS. + +It will be perceived that rules and regulations governing the +appointment of jurors and the awarding of premiums were presented by the +company and adopted by the company and adopted by the Commission on May +2, 1903. These rules required that the nominations of all proposed +jurors be submitted to the Commission on or before August 1, 1904. + +Believing that the approval of the jurors by the Commission should not +be merely perfunctory, but that the nominations should be scrutinized +with care before approval, the Commission, on the 18th day of May, 1904, +addressed the Exposition Company the following self-explanatory +communication: + + ST. LOUIS, _May 19, 1904_. + + Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, + _President Exposition Company_. + + MY DEAR SIR: Inasmuch as objections may be urged to the + appointment of certain persons upon juries of awards, it is the + intention of the National Commission to give public notice, + allowing reasonable time for the filing of any objections that + may be offered to the appointment of any individual on the jury. + As this proceeding will necessarily consume time, it is + desirable that the names of persons proposed for the respective + juries be transmitted to the Commission from time to time as the + respective groups are completed by the company. It is believed + that final action can be reached in a more orderly and + satisfactory manner by taking up the names proposed for each + jury separately rather than to have the entire membership of all + the juries submitted for consideration simultaneously. + + Yours, very respectfully, + THOS. H. CARTER, _President_. + +A communication on the same subject was addressed to the president of +the Exposition Company on May 23, as follows: + + MAY 23, 1904. + + DEAR SIR: By direction of the Commission, I have the honor to + call your attention to section 6 of the act of Congress making + an appropriation for the exposition, and for other purposes, + approved March 3, 1901, which provides that the appointment of + all judges and examiners for the exposition shall be made by the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, subject to the approval + of the Commission created by section 2 of the act. + + Some days ago a gentleman reported to the Commission that + certain jurors had been appointed and were actually discharging + their duties as judges and examiners. This rumor seemed to the + Commission utterly incredible, but this morning the director of + exhibits confirmed the rumor informally by admitting that + certain jurors had been at work for a considerable length of + time in certain departments of the exposition. + + The Commission does not desire to assume a position at all + hypercritical, but I am directed to say that an utter disregard + of provisions of the law can not be countenanced. + + To the end that no question may arise concerning the legality or + regularity of the action of any jury or board of examiners, I + have the honor to request, in behalf of the Commission, that the + names of jurors be forwarded to the Commission for consideration + before there is any pretense to giving them authority to act. + + Inasmuch as an infraction of the law has heretofore occurred + according to the director of exhibits, I can but request that + the names of the jurors who have heretofore been commissioned to + act be forwarded for consideration without delay. We are not + unmindful that free and full consideration of the names of + persons thus empowered to act without full authority will be + somewhat embarrassing in view of their having been employed for + a considerable length of time before the Commission will have + been advised of their designation by the company. + + Yours, very respectfully, + + Thos. H. CARTER, + _President_. + + Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, + _President Exposition Company, Building_. + +As indicated by correspondence hereinafter set forth, the company did +not present the names of jurors to the Commission on or before August 1, +and indeed did not advise the Commission of the names of many of the +jurors until long after the time had elapsed for the performance of +their duties. + +After the group juries had performed their duties certain persons, +feeling aggrieved by the awards made, undertook to appeal to the +Commission for redress. The Commission disclaimed jurisdiction to +consider the matter until the awards were submitted to it for approval. +Upon inquiry growing out of these attempted appeals, it was ascertained +by the Commission that the Exposition Company questioned the right of +the Commission to inquire into or in any manner to pass upon the justice +or regularity of any award made. The company having submitted certain +proposed amendments to the rules and regulations, the Commission +undertook by further amendments to settle the question as to the right +of the company to refuse to submit awards made to the Commission for its +approval, as required by law. The right of the Commission to even +inquire into charges of fraud, bribery, or corruption in connection with +awards the company steadily denied and never conceded. + +In the records of the Commission filed with this report will be found +charges under oath against a division chief, alleging that he was a +party to negotiations for a bribe of $2,000 to be paid on the awarding +of the grand prize to a certain manufactured article, and that when the +matter was brought to his attention his only explanation was that he had +declined to be the stakeholder or custodian of the money because of +possible criticism in case the transaction should become public. This +individual was a member of the group jury, a member of the department +jury of his department, and a member of the superior jury. + +The Commission felt that investigation of such serious charges was +absolutely necessary to guarantee the integrity of the awards. + +On October 18, 1904, Commissioner Allen, as acting president of the +Commission, set forth the existing status of the case in a letter to +Hon. D.R. Francis, president of the Exposition Company, reading as +follows: + + OCTOBER 18, 1904. + + SIR: On October 11 the National Commission sent to the local + company a communication suggesting certain amendments to an + amendment to the rules and regulations governing the system of + awards sent us by the Exposition Company. To date we have not + received reply to the communication referred to, nor have we + heard from your company, excepting a visit from Judge Wilbur F. + Boyle, a member of your executive committee, who called on the + Commission on Friday, October 14, in relation to this matter. + + The amendments suggested by this Commission were to carry into + effect the law as we understand it, and what we have been + assured was so understood by your company, to wit: That the + awards, before becoming final, should be approved by the + National Commission. We infer from what was said by you to Mr. + Scott, a member of this Commission, and what was said by Judge + Boyle to the Commission, that the position of your company is + that the approval of the National Commission only refers to the + system of making the awards, and not to the awards of the + juries. While we do not agree to this contention, we desire to + call your attention to what we consider a number of violations + of the rules and regulations governing the system of awards, as + agreed upon by the local company and the National Commission. In + the first place, in paragraph 3 of the special rules and + regulations providing for the appointment of jurors and + governing the system of making awards, it is set forth "that the + nominations for group jurors shall be made not later than August + 1, 1904, except that nominations made to fill vacancies may be + made at any subsequent time." It is also provided "that + nominations of group jurors and alternates, when approved by the + president of the Exposition Company, shall be transmitted to the + National Commission for the approval of that body." "These + nominations, having been considered and confirmed by the + authority provided by section 6 of the act of Congress, relating + to the approval of the awarding of premiums, the appointment to + the international jury shall be made in accordance with section + 6 of article 22 of the official rules and regulations of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company." + + You will remember that the nominations of group jurors were not + made until long after the time specified in the rules and + regulations, which left but a brief time to notify the jurors + and allow them time to get here to begin the performance of + their duties by the 1st of September. + + You will doubtless remember that the writer, Mr. Allen, had an + interview with you and Mr. Skiff, in which he protested on + behalf of the National Commission that no time was given the + Commission to investigate the character of qualifications of the + jurors thus nominated, and that it was placing in the hands of + the chiefs of the different departments the power to fix up + juries and make the awards conform to their own wishes, if they + desired to do so. + + You will also doubtless remember that Mr. Skiff, in your + presence, said to Mr. Allen, as he has said to the Commission + frequently before and as he assured us he had said to hundreds + of exhibitors, that after the action of the group juries these + awards would have to pass the department juries, then the + superior jury, then the local company, and finally be approved + by the National Commission, and that if anything wrong was done + by the group juries thus selected ample opportunity would be had + to right such wrong. Acting on this assurance the National + Commission went ahead and approved such jurors as were sent them + for their approval. + + Paragraph 4 of said rules and regulations provides that each + group jury shall choose its own officers, consisting of a + chairman, vice-chairman, and secretary. It came to the knowledge + of the Commission that when the group juries were being + organized this rule was being violated, and in most, if not all + instances, the officers of the group juries were being selected + by the chiefs of the departments. We went to see the secretary + of the exhibit department, who had charge of the matter of + juries in that department, and informed him of this violation of + the rules. We were informed by him that he did not know the + chiefs had gone to the extent of informing the juries who their + officers should be, but that they had been instructed to make + suggestions that they might keep the chairmanship of the juries + in the hands of the Americans. + + We find that a large number of group jurors have been appointed, + have participated in making awards, have been paid off, and have + gone home without their names ever having been submitted to the + National Commission for approval. + + We are informed that the course adopted by the chiefs in the + organization of the group juries was pursued when it came to the + organization of the department juries, and in this way the + chiefs, in violation of the rules, have selected the main body + of the superior jury. We were also informed that the department + juries were instructed to pass the matters that we think would + properly belong to that body up to the superior jury; + consequently the principal duty performed by the department jury + was to enable the chiefs to select two members for the superior + jury. We have been informed that the chiefs in some departments + have taken it upon themselves to forbid the jurors from + considering certain matters that were proper subjects for their + consideration. + + In paragraph 15 of said rules and regulations it is provided + that if for any reason an award is not satisfactory to an + exhibitor he may file notice to that effect with the president + of the superior jury within three days after the official + notification of the award; this notice shall be followed within + seven days by a written statement setting forth at length his + views as to wherein the award is unjust. We see now that the + superior jury has been disbanded within three or four days after + most of the exhibitors received their official notification, + thus cutting off the opportunity of exhibitors who were + dissatisfied with the awards to present their cases as provided + for by the rules. + + We are also informed that instead of the superior jury hearing + any protests or complaints of the awards, these were referred to + subboards or subjuries made up in the main of jurors who had + been brought up by the chiefs from the various group juries to + the superior jury by the methods heretofore described. + + We have also been informed by a gentleman who attempted to make + a protest and get a hearing before these subcommittees so + organized with the superior jury that he was informed he could + only make his complaint to the chief of the department from + which the exhibit referred to came, and when one chief was + approached he said he would not permit the matter complained of + to be investigated by the superior jury. He then appealed to the + full superior jury to hear him, and he was informed that they + had agreed that no one should be heard. So that it occurs to us + that the thing we sought to warn you against has been + practically accomplished, and the assurance given us that the + method by which these things might be corrected has been denied, + so that if we understand your contention that we were only to + approve the system of making awards instead of the awards we + claim the system that we approved has been violated from start + to finish. + + We also find that some jurors who were appointed and approved + for certain departments had been transferred to other groups and + departments without the knowledge or approval of the National + Commission. + + We are not thoroughly familiar with the character of all your + chiefs for integrity or impartiality, but from some things that + we have heard we are unwilling for some of them to make up a + list of awards without the National Commission's performance of + the duty that devolves on us by the act of Congress and by + section 6 of article 22 of the rules and regulations of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition, adopted in pursuance of an act of + Congress of the United States, and we again wish to protest as + we have had occasion to do several times before, against the + apparent disposition on the part of the local company to ignore + the National Commission, and disregard the powers vested in this + body by the act of Congress, under which this exposition is + held. + + We see from the papers that your company, without any reference + to the National Commission, is proceeding to publish the list of + awards made as heretofore described in this communication. We + wish to enter a protest against this being done, and to inform + you that under section 4 of the act of Congress a board of + arbitration is provided for, "to whom all matters of difference + arising between the Commission and said company concerning the + administration, management, and general supervision of said + exposition, including all matters of difference arising out of + the power given by this act to the said company, or to the said + National Commission to modify or approve any act of the other of + the two bodies, shall be referred for determination," and to + notify you that we insist upon such arbitration if your company + insists upon its refusal to submit these awards to the National + Commission for approval. + + The matters to be submitted to said arbitration board are as + follows: + + First. The right of the National Commission to have submitted + for its approval the awards found under the jury system and + ready to be promulgated by the superior jury. + + Second. If our contention as to our rights in this matter be + found by said board of arbitration against us, then as to + whether or not the rules and regulations adopted by the local + company and the National Commission governing the system of + awards have been so complied with as to bind the National + Commission to any approval of the system by which the awards + have been made. + + Third. Whether or not, under the rules and regulations, it is + necessary for the president of the National Commission to sign + the diplomas or certificate of awards; and if so, can his name + be put on such diplomas or certificates without his consent. + + We trust any further announcement of the awards of the superior + jury may be withheld until this matter shall have been + arbitrated. + + Respectfully, + + THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION, + JOHN M. ALLEN, _Acting President_. + + Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, + _President Exposition Company, Building_. + +A formal acknowledgment of this letter was received from Secretary +Stevens, with the advice that the same had been placed before the +executive committee for consideration. + +At about this time there appeared in several St. Louis newspapers +advertisements of prominent firms of St. Louis, setting forth the +alleged fact that they had been awarded grand prizes on their exhibits, +and in connection with such advertisements was displayed a cut of an +official award ribbon, bearing the facsimile signature of the president, +the director of exhibits, the secretary of the Exposition Company, and +the chief of the department in which the exhibit was made. + +The fact that the awards were being advertised broadcast in this manner +before they had been approved by the Commission was called to the +attention of President Francis by Mr. Allen, acting president, by a +letter under date of November 4, as follows: + + NOVEMBER 4, 1904. + + SIR: If the inclosed advertisement is published by authority of + the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, it seems to be + directly in conflict with the understanding had with the + National Commission that before awards be announced officially + they were to be submitted to the National Commission for + approval. This advertisement purports to be by authority of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, signed by David R. + Francis, president, and F.J.V. Skiff, director of exhibits. No + final action on awards by the superior jury have been submitted + to the National Commission, but nearly all the exhibitors in the + exhibit buildings are advertising what purports to be the + official awards. + + We most earnestly submit that this action on the part of the + exhibitors is in direct conflict with the law and with the + agreement had with you by the National Commission, and if it is + being done with the approval of your company, we desire again to + protest against it. We understood after our demand for + arbitration on the construction of the law as to the right of + the National Commission to approve or disapprove of awards, that + your company agreed to our contention, and that these awards + were to be submitted to us before being published. If your + understanding does not accord with ours, we again ask for + arbitration. If it does accord with ours, we insist that the + spirit of this agreement be adhered to. + + Very respectfully, + + JOHN M. ALLEN, + _Acting President_. + + Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, + _President Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Company, Administration Building_. + +The following communication was received from President Francis, in +reply to Mr. Allen's letter: + + NOVEMBER 4, 1904. + + DEAR SIR: I am in receipt of contents of your letter of this + date concerning the advertisement of the Brown Shoe Company of + their awards. It surprised me as much as it did you. I have + instituted inquiries, and as soon as I ascertain by whose + authority the announcement was put in the papers, I shall advise + you. Of course you know that the exposition authorities had no + knowledge of such an advertisement until it was given to the + public. These ribbons are sold by a concessionaire, who was + instructed weeks ago to sell none of them until the awards are + officially announced. + + Very truly, yours, + + D.R. FRANCIS, + _President_. + + Hon. J.M. ALLEN, + _Acting President National Commission, St. Louis, Mo_. + +Shortly after the receipt of the foregoing letter from President Francis +another letter bearing the same matter was delivered to the Commission, +as follows: + + NOVEMBER 4, 1904. + + DEAR SIR: Since writing you a hurried note this morning, I have + read your letter more carefully, and desire to state in addition + that, referring to that portion of your letter relating to what + you term an "agreement" between this company and the National + Commission that no award can be made without being approved by + the Commission, I beg to say I am not advised of such an + agreement or understanding having been made. It was our + understanding that, before official notification to exhibitors, + a list of the awards made by the superior jury would be + furnished by the secretary of said jury to the Commission and + also to this company for their information and for the purpose + of giving to the Commission and to this company an opportunity + to call the attention of the jury (or the committee of five now + acting as such) to any errors which the Commission or this + company might discover, so that the same might be considered and + corrected before giving official notification to the exhibitors. + My understanding is that the committee of five are sending these + lists as fast as its clerical force can make them out. + + Yours, truly, + + D.R. FRANCIS, + _President_. + + Hon. JOHN M. ALLEN, + _Acting President National Commission_. + +On November 5, Mr. Allen addressed another communication to President +Francis, as follows: + + NOVEMBER 5, 1904. + + SIR: The National Commission is in receipt of your two letters + of the 4th instant, in reply to one of same date sent to you. + The first of the two letters recognizes our contention. Your + second letter is one of the most surprising communications we + have ever had from the local company. You seem to have mended + your hold after your first letter of the 4th instant and for + some reason repudiated what Mr. Miller, Mr. Betts, and the + writer clearly understood to be an acquiescence in and an + agreement to the contentions as to the rights of the National + Commission contained in our letter to you of October 18. We + inclose herewith a copy of said letter of the 18th instant for + the purpose of refreshing your memory without the necessity of + looking it up. + + You will see that in that letter we defined the contention of + the National Commission as to its right to approve or disapprove + of the awards of the juries, and it concludes with a demand for + arbitration unless this right is conceded by your company. + + You will remember that instead of answering this letter you + invited Mr. Betts and the writer into your office, where we sent + for Mr. Miller, to discuss this question. You should remember + that when you broached this subject the writer said to you, "We + are not looking for work, nor are we looking for trouble, but we + think Congress has imposed this duty of approving and + disapproving these awards on us, and we will not shirk it." + There was considerable discussion in your office that day, but + no intimation from you or anyone else that there was still + opposition to our contention. You went on to say that the lists + that you were getting out were not official in any sense and + would not be until we said so. + + You will recall that this interview between us was at your + suggestion and intended, we supposed, as an answer to our + communication of the 18th of October, in which we had demanded + arbitration on this very question. You say in your second letter + of the 4th instant that "It was our understanding that before + official notification to exhibitors a list of awards of the + superior jury would be furnished by the secretary of said jury + to the Commission and also to this company for their information + and for the purpose of giving the Commission and this company an + opportunity to call the attention of the jury, or the committee + of five now acting as such, to any errors which the Commission + or this company might discover, so that the same might be + considered and corrected before giving official notification to + the exhibitors." We can not understand where you could have + gotten that understanding. I know that there was nothing said + about the National Commission having a list submitted to it for + any other purpose than the purpose of approval or disapproval. + We never asked for a list for information, nor was anything ever + said about referring anything back to the committee of five. + What was ever said by the members of the National Commission + then present to indicate to you that we withdrew or abandoned + our demand for arbitration if the right of approval or + disapproval was not accorded the National Commission? And if + nothing was said by us evidencing such an abandonment of the + demand, what answer have you ever made to such a demand? If your + conversation with the members of the National Commission in your + office that day was not intended to make the impression on them + that you assented to sending the awards to the National + Commission for approval or disapproval, it was as misleading a + conversation as I ever listened to, and both the other gentlemen + of the National Commission who were present agree with me in + this view. + + Right here let me suggest that in the future our written + communications be answered in writing. We will then at least + have a record in writing. + + We reiterate that we are not looking for trouble or work, but as + the representatives of the Federal Government we do not propose, + if we can prevent it, to acquiesce in having the awards of this + exposition promulgated without our approval when we think the + law devolves this duty upon us. If your second letter of the 4th + instant, in which you state your understanding, is the course + your company proposes to take about this matter, we reiterate + our demand for arbitration as contained in our letter of October + 18. We suppose it will not be contended that we have lost the + right of arbitration. We insist that there be no official + promulgation of the action of the superior jury until such + arbitration shall have been concluded. + + Awaiting your early reply, + Very respectfully, + + JOHN M. ALLEN, + _Acting President_. + + Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, + _President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, + Administration Building_. + +Under date of November 8, President Francis replied to the foregoing +letter as follows: + + NOVEMBER 8, 1904. + + DEAR SIR: Your communication of Saturday, November 5, was not + read by me until yesterday, Monday, November 7, and was + submitted to the executive committee to-day. I can not say + whether the tone and spirit of the letter, or the statement that + you misunderstood the position of the Exposition Company, was + the more surprising. I desire to state emphatically that at no + time have I ever told you or said anything that would justify + you in believing that the Exposition Company accepted the + contention that the National Commission has the right to approve + or disapprove the awards of the superior jury before they are + final. It is true I did invite you into my office after the + receipt of your letter of October 18, and also true that I + stated to you I regretted the view taken by the National + Commission of its prerogatives or its duty, but none the less + true that I also said that, inasmuch as the rules governing the + system of awards had been promulgated and acted upon after + approval by the Exhibition Company and the National Commission, + that neither the Exposition Company nor the National Commission + has the right to review the awards or overturn them. I did state + that no official announcement of awards would be made until the + Exposition Company and the National Commission should be advised + of what they were, to the end that, if there had been any + irregularity in the awarding, any errors or omissions, or any + fraud, the same might be corrected; but at no time have I ever + said anything that would justify you or anyone else in the + conclusion that either the Exposition Company or the National + Commission had the right to review the action of the superior + jury with the power to overturn the awards on the ground that + they were not justly made on the merits of the exhibits. It was + certainly my understanding when we parted after the conference + in my office that the situation was clear to you, and I have a + distinct recollection, as does Judge Ferriss, who was present at + the conference, that Mr. Betts accepted the situation. You + offered no definite objection, but did state in an interrogatory + tone that you were not yet ready to relinquish the right of the + National Commission to approve the awards. I have had no + conversation with you since that date on the subject, but Judge + Boyle tells me that in conversation with Mr. Betts on the + subject, after the interview in my office, he told Mr. Betts + that the superior jury was progressing with its work and had no + objection to any member or members of the National Commission + being present at its sessions; and further, that as fast as the + work progressed the results would be informally communicated to + the National Commission, so that if the Commission should find + any errors it could call the committee's attention to same, so + that corrections could be made before an official announcement + of awards. His impression, from the conversation with Mr. Betts, + was that this arrangement was entirely satisfactory to the + Commission, and would obviate any further controversy as to the + right of the Commission to approve or disapprove the awards + before they became final. + + I therefore not only deny any intention to mislead you or the + National Commission concerning the position of the superior jury + and the Exposition Company, but state emphatically that I have + said nothing that justifies any belief or impression on the part + of anyone that either the superior jury or the Exposition + Company admitted the contention of the National Commission that + it had the right to approve or disapprove awards finally made by + the superior jury in pursuance of the rules and regulations + adopted by this company and approved by the Commission. + + I made two replies to your letter of November 4, and my reason + for doing so was explained in the second letter. My first letter + was dictated immediately on receipt and on a cursory reading of + your communication inclosing the advertisement of an award in + the morning papers of November 4, and was hurriedly made through + earnest consideration for and extreme courtesy toward the + National Commission. It merely advised that I was investigating + the advertisement and would report as soon as I could learn upon + what authority of the Exposition Company or superior jury, if + any, it had been inserted in the daily papers. Upon a rereading + of your letter and a reference of same to members of the + superior jury, my attention was called to the fact that a + failure to reply to that portion of your letter claiming the + right of the National Commission to approve or disapprove awards + made on their merits might be construed as an acknowledgment of + such contention, whereupon I sent to you the second + communication. Until the receipt of your letter of the 5th, I + was under the impression that the situation as it exists was + accepted by the National Commission, as it has been by the + Exposition Company. + + I note the request in your letter "that in future our (your) + written communications be answered in writing," and it will be + complied with. Furthermore, if this request is made by authority + of the National Commission, as such, I desire that all + communications of the National Commission to the Exposition + Company shall hereafter be in writing. + + As to your request for an arbitration, if you still insist on + having it the Exposition Company will interpose no obstacle. + + In this connection, I desire to inform you that the diplomas or + certificates of award provided for in the rules and regulations + are being engraved, and the facsimile signatures of the + president, secretary, and director of exhibits of the Exposition + Company, and of the president of the National Commission placed + thereon. If the National Commission is unwilling to have the + name of its president engraved on these diplomas until or unless + the awards are approved by the National Commission, the fact + should be made known at the earliest possible moment, so that + there may be no unnecessary expense incurred. + + This letter has been submitted to the executive committee of the + Exposition Company and has been approved by it. + + Yours truly + + P.R. FRANCIS, + _President_. + + Hon. JOHN M. ALLEN, + _Acting President National Commission, + Administration Building._ + +Informal conferences were held with the exposition officials from time +to time, but no agreement was reached, and on November 11 the Commission +submitted the following draft of suggestions to the Exposition Company +for the finding of the board of arbitration: + + First. The awards as made by the superior jury are final and + binding upon the Exposition Company and the National Commission, + unless the same are impeached for fraud, or unless misconduct + amounting to fraud is proven. + + Second. The lists of awards as made by the superior jury are to + be transmitted to the Exposition Company, and certificates of + awards shall be authorized by said company, and thereafter said + lists are to be transmitted to the National Commission and + certificates of award authorized by said Commission, all without + further question or investigation, unless the said awards are + impeached for fraud or misconduct, as hereinbefore stated. + + Third. No complaint or protest as to any of said awards will be + received or considered, either by the Exposition Company or the + National Commission, unless the same is made in writing over the + signature of some competing exhibitor and substantiated by + affidavit or other sworn testimony establishing a prima facie + case of such fraud or misconduct in procuring or making of said + award. + +The arbitration committee of the Exposition Company replied to the +foregoing propositions as follows: + + NOVEMBER 11, 1904. + + DEAR SIR: After consulting Judge Boyle I find that the + suggestions you have presented for a finding by the board of + arbitration will be acceptable to both of us if the following + amendments are made: + + First. Change in the first clause, so as to read as follows: + + "The awards as made by the superior jury are final and binding + upon the Exposition Company and the National Commission, except + as to any award or awards which are impeached by said company or + Commission for fraudulent conduct on the part of said jury in + making the awards." + + Second. Omit entirely the third clause. + + We are of the opinion that ample provision is made in the rules + and regulations for having any fraud or fraudulent conduct on + the part of any subordinate jury or juror fully considered and + determined by appeal to the superior jury, and that no further + precaution or provision is needed unless the conduct of the + superior jury is shown to have been fraudulent. + + Our purpose in striking out the third clause is that a charge of + fraud against the superior jury should be made only when + supported with the character and dignity pertaining to the + Exposition Company or the National Commission, and that the + provision made in the third clause for affidavits is wholly + unnecessary because the charge would not be made by either of + those bodies except upon such evidence as they would be + satisfied warranted making the charge. + + Yours, very truly, + + CHAS. W. KNAPP, + _Member Board of Arbitration_. + + Hon. JOHN M. THURSTON, + _Member Arbitration Board, National Commission._ + +On November 12, 1904, the Commission addressed the following +communication to the President of the Exposition Company, forbidding the +use of the signature of the president of the Commission to any +certificate of award until the matter at issue was determined. + + NOVEMBER 12, 1904. + + SIR: Your letter of November 8 received and contents noted. The + statements contained therein as to what occurred in your office + on the 19th of October in your interview with Mr. Betts, Mr. + Miller, and the writer do not accord with the distinct + recollection or understanding of any of the three parties + mentioned. + + I am glad to know that our communications will hereafter be in + writing, that these misunderstandings may be avoided. The + National Commission is in entire accord with this position, and + we will try and observe our part of this understanding. + + The informal conferences between the members of the National + Commission and representatives of your company seem to have + resulted in no definite understanding, and the Commission + therefore insists that arbitration be had to determine the true + effect and meaning of section 6 of the act of Congress approved + March 3, 1901, as affecting the rights and duties of the + National Commission to approve or not approve the awards. + + In the meantime and until this question is determined the + Commission can not authorize the use of its president's + signature on any certificate of award. + + In any arrangement preliminary to the settlement of this + controversy the writer will be pleased to confer with your + arbitration committee at any time. + + Very respectfully, + + JOHN M. ALLEN, + Acting President. + + Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, + President Exposition Company, Building. + +After many futile efforts to reach an agreement as to the subject-matter +to be submitted for arbitration, it became obvious to the Commission +that it was the intention of the Exposition Company to ignore the right +of the Commission to finally consider or approve the awards of the +superior jury. Under these circumstances the president of the Commission +was directed, on November 22, 1904, by resolution, to forward to the +president of the Exposition Company a communication summing up the +controversy and stating clearly the stand taken by the Commission. + +The communication is as follows: + + St. Louis, November 22, 1904. + + Sir: To the end that an understanding may be reached as to + issues involved in correspondence between your company and the + National Commission, extending from the month of May, 1904, + almost to the present date, relative to the appointment of + jurors and the awarding of premiums, it appears desirable and + necessary that the law and the facts be briefly stated and the + relative position of your company and the Commission clearly + defined. + + In so far as applicable to the subjects referred to, section 6 + of the act of Congress making an appropriation for the + exposition, and for other purposes, approved March 3, 1901, + reads as follows: + + "That the allotment of space for exhibitors, classification of + exhibits, plan and scope of the exposition, the appointment of + all judges and examiners for the exposition, and the awarding of + premiums, if any, shall all be done and performed by the said + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, subject, however, to the + approval of the Commission created by section two of this act." + + Under and in conformity with the provisions of law above cited, + certain general and special rules and regulations providing for + an international jury and governing the system of making awards + were submitted by the company and approved by the Commission in + the year 1903. + + The general rules applicable read as follows: + + ARTICLE XXII. + + AWARDS. + + SECTION 1. The system of awards will be competitive. The merit + of exhibits as determined by the jury of awards will be + manifested by the issuance of diplomas, which will be divided + into four classes--a grand prize, a gold medal, a silver medal, + and a bronze medal. + + SEC. 2. No exhibit can be excluded from competition for award + without the consent of the president of the Exposition Company + after a review of the reasons or motives by competent + authorities hereafter to be provided. + + SEC. 3. In a fixed ratio to the number of exhibits, but + reserving to the citizens of the United States approximately 60 + per cent of the jury membership, the construction of the + international jury will be based upon a predetermined number of + judges allotted to each group of the classification and upon the + number and importance of the exhibits in such group. + + SEC. 4. A chairman of the group jury will be elected by his + colleagues in each group, this chairman to become, by right of + his position, a member of the department jury, which department + jury shall in turn elect its chairman, who shall thereupon + become a member of the superior jury. + + SEC. 5. Special rules and regulations governing the system of + making awards and determining the extent to which foreign + countries may have representation on the juries, will be + hereafter promulgated. + + SEC. 6. Allotment of space for exhibitors, the classification of + exhibits, the appointment of all judges and examiners for the + exposition, and the awarding of premiums, if any, shall be done + and performed by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, + subject, however, to the approval of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Commission. + + The special rules provide for the appointment of three graded + juries, designated as, first, the general organization of group + juries; second, department juries, and, third, the superior + jury. + + At the conclusion of the recital of the manner of selecting the + jurors a paragraph in section 3 of the rules provides that "all + the above nominations shall be made not later than August 1, + 1904, except that nominations made to fill vacancies may be made + at any subsequent time." + + In conclusion, the section last referred to reads as follows: + + "The nominations of group jurors and alternates, when approved + by the president of the exposition, shall be transmitted to the + president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission for + approval of that body. + + "These nominations having been considered and confirmed by the + authorities as provided by section 6 of the act of Congress + relating to the approval of the awarding of premiums, the + appointment of the international jury shall be made in + accordance with section 6 of Article XXII of the official rules + and regulations of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company." + + Section 6 of the aforesaid special rules provides that-- + + "The work of the group juries shall begin September 1, 1904, and + shall be completed not later than twenty days thereafter." + + Section 15 of the special rules and regulations provides that-- + + "The superior jury shall determine finally and fully the awards + to be made to exhibitors and collaborators in all cases that are + formally presented for its consideration." + + Section 16 of the special rules and regulations provides that-- + + "The work of the superior jury shall be completed on October 15, + 1904, and, as soon as practicable thereafter, formal public + announcement of the awards shall be made. A final complete list + of awards shall be published by the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company, in accordance with the provisions of section + 6 of the act of Congress, and section 6, Article XXII, of the + rules and regulations." + + Sec. 27 of the special rules and regulations provides that-- + + "The diplomas or certificates of award for exhibitors shall be + signed by the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Company, the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Commission, the secretary of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Company, the director of exhibits, and the chief of the + department to which the exhibit pertains." + + The foregoing rules clearly required the submission of the names + of all proposed jurors to the Commission for its approval or + disapproval prior to August 1, 1904, except as to nominations to + fill vacancies. + + Realizing the necessity for the exercise of great care on the + part of the Commission in the discharge of its duties in the + premises, and the necessity for ample time for investigation as + to the fitness of persons and their willingness to serve as + jurors of awards, the Commission addressed you a letter under + date of May 18, 1904, reading as follows: + + "SIR: Inasmuch as objections may be urged to the appointment of + certain persons upon juries of awards, it is the intention of + the National Commission to give public notice, allowing + reasonable time for the filing of any objections that may be + offered to the appointment of any individual on a jury. As this + proceeding will necessarily consume time, it is desirable that + the names of persons proposed for the respective juries be + transmitted to the Commission from time to time, as the + respective groups are completed by the company. It is believed + that final action can be reached in a more orderly and + satisfactory manner by taking up the names proposed for each + jury separately rather than to have the entire membership of all + the juries submitted for consideration simultaneously. + + Yours, very respectfully, + + THOS. H. CARTER, + _President."_ + + + Our files do not show any recognition of this communication by + your company. A short time thereafter the Commission was + unofficially advised that certain jurors had been selected by + the company and were actually exercising the functions of judges + and examiners without notice to or approval by the Commission, + and on the 23d of May, 1905, this fact was duly called to your + attention by letter. Some time later the director of exhibits + appeared before the Commission and admitted that certain + examiners and jurors had been selected, without reference to the + Commission, to pass upon exhibits of a perishable character. In + three communications, each bearing the date of June 3, 1904, you + transmitted the names of the jurors referred to, and in the + light of the explanations made by the director of exhibits and + in your communications, the Commission, with many misgivings as + to the regularity of the proceedings and solely to avoid + embarrassment to the exhibitors and to the company, approved the + names submitted as of the date of their selection by the + company. + + Aside from the few jurors thus irregularly selected for + emergency work, no jurors were nominated or submitted to the + Commission as required by the rules and regulations prior to + August 1. + + The first list of group jurors was transmitted in your + communication bearing date of August 10, delivered to the + Commission about August 15, and the last list was transmitted to + this Commission on October 27. + + The respective dates of your letter transmitting nominations of + group jurors and the respective dates of the receipt of the same + by the Commission are as follows: + +------------------------------|------------|------------- + | | + | Date of | Date same + | letters of | letters + | Exposition | received + | Company. | by National + | | Commission. +------------------------------|------------|------------- + _Department._ | | + | | +Education and Social Economy | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15 + | Sept. 6 | Oct. 3 +Art Department | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15 + | Aug. 23 | Aug. 26 + | Aug. 26 | Aug. 28 + | Aug. 27 | Aug. 29 +Liberal Arts | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15 +Manufactures | Aug. 25 | Aug. 29 +Machinery | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15 + | Aug. 16 | Aug. 20 + | Corrected list + | Oct. 18. + | Sept. 7 | Sept. 10 +Electricity | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15 + | Sept. 9 | +Transportation | Aug. 9 | Aug. 15 + | Sept. 8 | Oct. 3 +Horticulture | June 3 | June 6 + | Aug. 18 | Aug. 19 + | Aug. 23 | Aug. 24 +Agriculture | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15 + | Aug. 13 | Aug. 22 + | Aug. 31 | Sept. 3 + | Sept. 2 | Do. +Fish and game | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15 + | Aug. 31 | Sept. 1 + | do | Sept. 3 +Mines and metallurgy | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15 + | Sept. 6 | Oct. 3 + | Sept. 13 | Oct. 27 + | Corrected list + | Oct. 18. +Anthropology | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15 +Physical culture | do | Do. +Livestock | Aug. 4 | Aug. 19 + | Aug. 11 | Aug. 18 + | Sept. 1 | Sept. 14 +Poultry | Sept. 26 | Oct. 3 +Dogs and pigeons | Oct. 17 | Oct. 27 +Rabbits | Oct. 22 | Do. + | | + _Country._ | | + | | +Austria | Aug. 12 | Aug. 15 + | Sept. 7 | Sept. 12 +Argentine | Aug. 23 | Aug. 26 +Brazil | Aug. 17 | Aug. 22 + | Aug. 31 | Sept. 1 +Belgium | Aug. 12 | Aug. 15 +Bulgaria | Aug. 31 | Sept. 1 +Ceylon | Aug. 12 | Aug. 15 +China | do | Do. + | Aug. 31 | Sept. 1 +Cuba | Aug. 12 | Aug. 15 +Egypt | Aug. 14 | Aug. 18 +France | Aug. 12 | Aug. 15 + | Sept. 1 | Sept. 12 +Germany | Aug. 24 | Aug. 26 + | Aug. 31 | Sept. 1 + | Sept. 1 | Sept. 12 + | Sept. 4 | Do. +Guatemala | do | Do. +Great Britain | Aug. 12 | Aug. 18 + | Aug. 24 | Aug. 26 + | Sept. 1 | Sept. 12 +Hungary | Aug. 31 | Sept. 1 + | Aug. 16 | Sept. 18 +Holland | Sept. 8 | Sept. 15 +Haiti | do | Sept. 12 +India | Aug. 24 | Aug. 26 +Italy | Aug. 12 | Aug. 18 + | Aug. 31 | Sept. 1 + | Aug. 26 | Aug. 30 + | Aug. 31 | Sept. 1 + | Sept. 7 | Sept. 12 + | Sept. 16 | Sept. 17 +Japan | Aug. 23 | Aug. 26 + | Sept. 7 | Sept. 8 +Monaco | Sept. 2 | Sept. 12 +Mexico | Aug. 12 | Aug. 18 + | Sept. 6 | Sept. 12 +Netherlands | Aug. 23 | Aug. 26 +Nicaragua | do | Do. +Porto Rico | Aug. 26 | Aug. 30 +Portugal | Aug. 24 | Aug. 22 +Russia | Aug. 31 | Sept. 1 +Sweden | Aug. 12 | Aug. 19 + | Sept. 3 | Sept. 13 +Siam | Aug. 12 | Aug. 18 +Venezuela | Aug. 16 | Do. + | Sept. 1 | Sept. 2 +------------------------------|------------|------------- + + On the morning of October 3 thirteen letters of transmittal + signed by you, bearing dates between August 31 and September 27, + were delivered to the Commission, inclosing twenty nominations + to fill vacancies in group juries, and on October 6 the + secretary of the superior jury delivered to the Commission what + purported to be a corrected list of group jurors who had + actually served. Thereafter, in your letters of October 17, 22, + and 24, delivered to the Commission on October 27, you + transmitted what you assume to be "a roster of those who served + as group jurors in the various departments of the exposition." + + This last series of names transmitted by you does not agree with + the list delivered by the secretary of the superior jury on + October 6, but by checking and comparison we find that the + several lists delivered to the Commission between October 3 and + October 27 show the names of over sixty persons who served as + group jurors without having been submitted to the Commission for + approval, and these have not been approved. Other names appear + on the lists referred to which were originally approved by the + Commission for service in one group who were, without notice to + the Commission, assigned to service in other groups. Upon this + point it is believed by the Commission that the names should + have been resubmitted for approval in order to make the + appointments valid, it being evident that the Commission might + regard a person as a competent judge of live stock, but + incompetent to pass upon the merits of a mineral exhibit or of + electrical appliances. + + It is obvious from the foregoing record that the rules were not + observed by the Exposition Company in the nomination of jurors, + and it is further clear that through the failure of the company + to observe the rules the Commission was in all instances + deprived of opportunity to give notice or to take reasonable + time to make proper investigation as to the fitness of nominees, + and their willingness to serve, and in many cases no opportunity + whatever was allowed for the purposes indicated, and, finally, + as to a large number of the jurors, the Commission was not + advised of their selection until they had exercised their + functions and departed from the grounds. + + Disregard of the rules and regulations in this behalf not only + defeated the purpose of the law in providing for the exercise of + the powers of approval or disapproval on the part of the + Commission, but left insufficient time for notice to the persons + appointed to enable them to appear and discharge their duties + within the allotted period, and in consequence a large number of + those approved by the Commission on short notice, being unable + to appear within the time stated, were set aside by the company + and substitutes named, of whose competency the company could + not, in the nature of things, be advised, and of whom the + Commission had no knowledge whatever. + + Notwithstanding the violation of the rules, and manifest + irregularity in the formation of the group juries, we understand + you to inform us that the power of approval or disapproval of + awards vested in the National Commission by section 6 of the act + of Congress shall not be exercised as to any award made in + connection with the exposition. To the end that there may be no + misunderstanding upon this point, the following quotation from + your letter to the acting president of the Commission under date + of November 8 is incorporated: + + "I desire to state emphatically that at no time have I ever told + you, or said anything that would justify you in believing, that + the Exposition Company accept the contention that the National + Commission has the right to approve or disapprove the awards of + the superior jury before they are final. * * * That neither the + Exposition Company nor the National Commission had the right to + review the awards or overturn them." + + The Commission understands your contention to be that the + judgment of the superior jury is not only final but conclusive, + and that the rule under which this contention is made operates + to nullify the language of the act of Congress, which provides + that "The awarding of premiums, if any, shall be done and + performed by said Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, subject + to the approval of the Commission created by this act." Even if + such construction could be accepted as plausibly tenable, which + the Commission denies, it could only be so regarded by virtue of + previous conformity to the rules providing for the nomination of + jurors by the company and their approval by the Commission. To + commit the Commission to the approval of the conclusions reached + by jurors, with whose selection they had nothing whatever to do, + can not be accepted as even a colorable compliance with the law. + The Commission holds that the judgment of the superior jury is + final in so far as the juries are concerned, but that above and + beyond the superior jury the Exposition Company and the National + Commission have certain statutory duties to perform which they + could neither delegate nor ignore. + + The files of the National Commission are to-day encumbered with + complaints and affidavits which amply vindicate the wisdom of + the law in providing for final approval of awards before their + promulgation. It is not the intention to here assume that any + charge of fraud or misconduct on the part of any person + connected with the awarding of premiums has been established, + but the fact must be stated that reputable persons have filed + charges with the Commission in the form of affidavits and + otherwise, alleging such grave misconduct on the part of certain + persons who acted in connection with the awards as to bring + about an unavoidable necessity for a reasonable investigation + before final approval is given to the acts of the persons + charged with fraud and misconduct. + + The value of each award is dependent upon the credit to which + the action of the juries, the company, and the Commission may be + entitled at every step from the beginning of the examination to + the final approval of the award. + + At an informal conference in the course of an attempt to reach a + basis for action, three members of the Commission suggested to + your executive board the propriety of submitting for the + approval of the board of arbitration the following: + + First. The awards, as made by the superior jury, are final and + binding upon the Exposition Company and the National Commission, + unless the same are impeached for fraud, or unless misconduct, + amounting to fraud, is proved. + + Second. The lists of awards, as made by the superior jury, are + to be transmitted to the Exposition Company, and certificates of + award shall be authorized by said company; and thereafter said + lists are to be transmitted to the National Commission and + certificates of award authorized by said Commission, all without + further question or investigation, unless the said awards are + impeached for fraud or misconduct, as hereinbefore stated. + + Third. No complaint or protest as to any of said awards will be + received or considered either by the Exposition Company or the + National Commission unless the same is made in writing over the + signature of some competing exhibitor and substantiated by + affidavits or other sworn testimony establishing a prima facie + case of such fraud or misconduct in procuring or making of said + award. + + Your representative did not entertain the proposition for + arbitration, according to the suggestions submitted, but + proposed to change the first clause so as to confine the + impeachment of an award or awards to fraudulent conduct on the + part of the superior jury, and thus to exclude inquiries + concerning fraud, if any, practiced on any jury by successful + competitors, or misconduct on the part of individual jurors, or + misconduct on the part of any officer or representative of the + Exposition Company, amounting to fraudulent influence and + affecting the character of an award, or the course of procedure + in reference thereto. The representatives of the Exposition + Company declined to consider the third clause suggested. + + A communication was received from Mr. Knapp, a member of your + arbitration board, under date of November 11, submitting + amendments to the suggestions transmitted by the Commission + under the same date, as follows: + + (1) Change in the first clause so as to read as follows: + + "The awards as made by the superior jury are final and binding + upon the Exposition Company and the National Commission, except + as to any award or awards which are impeached by said company or + Commission for fraudulent conduct on the part of said jury in + making the award." + + (2) Omit entirely the third clause. + + The restrictions thus sought to be placed upon the investigation + of charges of fraud or misconduct as proposed by the amendment + were unsatisfactory. + + First. Because the impeachment of an award, as construed by your + Mr. Knapp's letter, was to be confined exclusively to the + company and the Commission, whereas in the judgment of the + Commission any party feeling aggrieved, and having knowledge of + the fraud or misconduct complained of, should be permitted to + come forward with the charges and proofs. + + Second. In confining the investigation of alleged fraudulent + conduct to the superior jury alone, the proposed amendment would + obviously operate to preclude any inquiry into any charge of + fraud or misconduct on the part of any group or department jury + or jurors, or any person or persons not connected with the + juries, who might, through fraud, bribery, or misrepresentation + have illegally or wrongfully influenced or procured an award, + the facts concerning which may not have been brought to the + attention of the superior jury for investigation. + + Third. In confining the investigation to the action of the + superior jury your proposed amendment practically precluded the + possibility of any investigation, for the reason that the good + faith of the superior jury is not regarded by the Commission as + open to question, nor has the Commission contemplated as + possible any necessity to question the findings of the superior + jury on any subject properly and fully presented to, and decided + by, that body on the merits. + + It has been, and is, the contention of the Commission that fraud + or corruption at any stage of the proceedings, whether + discovered before or after action by the superior jury, if not + investigated and adjudicated by that jury on the merits, should + be open to the freest and fullest investigation by the Company + and the Commission before final approval of the award. + + In conclusion we briefly recapitulate the following points of + law and fact, which we hold to be beyond dispute: + + First. The law provides that the appointment of all judges and + examiners for the exposition shall be approved by the + Commission. + + Second. The rules provide that all nominations of group jurors + shall be made not later than August 1, 1904, except that + nominations made to fill vacancies may be made at any subsequent + time. + + Third. That the nominations of jurors were not made to the + Commission prior to August 1, as required by the rules. + + Fourth. That no appointment of a juror could be legal or + effective until approved by the Commission. + + Fifth. That a large number of jurors were not nominated to the + Commission until after they had performed their functions and + repaired to their homes. + + Sixth. That nominations of jurors were not made to the + Commission in time to permit of any reasonable notice or + investigation as to their fitness or willingness to serve. + + Seventh. That in contemplation of law the Commission in + approving or disapproving of an award would be called upon to + exercise a quasi-judicial rather than a mere ministerial + function, or, in other words, that the approval was not + contemplated as a perfunctory act, and that, therefore, under no + theory of construction can it be held that the Commission, not + having been consulted in the appointment of jurors, as provided + by the rules, is estopped from investigating charges of fraud or + misconduct in procuring or making the awards. + + Eighth. That before approval, it is the right, and is, + therefore, the duty of the Commission, under the law, where the + charges are of a character sufficiently grave and adequately + sustained by affidavits, or otherwise, to investigate any charge + of fraud made at any stage of the proceedings, either in the + selection of the jurors or in procuring or making the awards. + + Ninth. That under special rule No. 27 neither the superior jury + nor the Exposition Company has the right to issue or promulgate + any diploma, certificate, or other evidence of award for + exhibitors without the signature of the president of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission having been previously + attached thereto by authority of the Commission. + + Holding these views and representing the Government of the + United States in these important transactions, the Commission + can not permit the use of its name, nor the name of any of its + officers or members, in connection with any diploma, + certificate, or other evidence of award while any part of the + proceedings rest under adequately supported and uninvestigated + charges of bribery, attempted bribery, corruption, fraud, or + misconduct amounting to fraud. + + In view of the position of your company, as announced in your + letter of November 8, from which quotations are herein made, by + direction of the Commission, I hereby notify you to refrain from + using the name of the Commission or of any of its officers or + members in or connected with any diploma, certificate, or other + evidence of award for any exhibit or under special rule No. 27, + until such time as the proposed award shall have been by you + submitted to the Commission for approval, as provided in section + 6 of the act of Congress and rule 6 of Article XXII of the + general rules and regulations, which rules we hold to have the + effect of law until modified or repealed by the consent of the + Commission. + + Respectfully, + THOS. H. CARTER, + _President_. + + Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, + _President Exposition Company_. + +A formal acknowledgment of the receipt of the foregoing communication +was received from the Exposition Company on November 30, 1904. + +No reply has ever been made to the letter or the subject-matter thereof +on the merits. The allegations therein contained of flagrant violation +of the rules and regulations in the selection and organization of the +juries are strongly supported by the records and the silence of the +officials of the Exposition Company. The charges of fraud and corruption +in connection with certain awards, referred to in the letter, have never +been denied nor explained. + +The fact that there was a disagreement between the National Commission +and the Exposition Company regarding awards became known through the +public press, and thereupon the files of the Commission were quickly +supplied with letters from exhibitors charging fraud and favoritism, and +asking for information as to the status of the awards in the event of +certificates of award being issued without the approval of the +Commission. + +The situation was aggravated by the fact that a concern known as "The +Official Ribbon Company," acting under a concession from the Exposition +Company, was disposing of ribbons certifying over the signatures of the +president and the director of exhibits of the Exposition Company that +awards had been made to the holders for the specific exhibits therein +named. + +Judging from the letters received by the Commission, these ribbons were +disposed of indiscriminately and regardless of the fact as to whether or +not the purchaser was entitled to the award set forth on the ribbon. +Thus exhibitors who had been awarded silver medals by the jurors could +and (the Commission is informed in some cases) did buy and display for +advertising purposes ribbons certifying that they had received higher +awards. + +The relations of the Official Ribbon Company to the Exposition Company +were based upon a contract, under the provisions of which the Exposition +Company received 60 per cent of all moneys paid by the purchasers of the +said ribbons. + +The Official Ribbon Company carried on its correspondence under the +letter heads of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, bearing the +names of the president and other officers of said company. + +Notwithstanding these communications, the ribbons continued to be +advertised and sold, and, at the date of writing this report, they are +prominently displayed in the place of business of a director of the +Exposition Company, who was an exhibitor at the exposition. + +The ribbons were sold to a large number of exhibitors before any awards +were legally made, and bore notice that the holder thereof had received +the award shown thereon. + +Litigation has arisen between the Exposition Company and various +exhibitors, seeking redress of wrongs or investigation of alleged fraud, +which is now pending in the courts. + +Within a few days of the time for filing this report under the +provisions of the law, a director of the Exposition Company requested +the Commission to specify the awards it would approve without +investigation, to the end, presumably, that unchallenged awards might be +submitted for approval. The Commission declined to enter upon the matter +in this form for four reasons: + +First. Because in its judgment every award should be subject to +challenge on account of fraud, or misconduct amounting to fraud, at any +time before the approval thereof. + +Second. Because, through the means suggested, awards made by the company +which were under charges of fraud and corruption would escape +investigation, and the guilty parties would thereby be relieved from +probable prosecution on account of criminal connection therewith, should +the subject to be investigated disclose criminal action. + +Third. The proposal did not come officially from the Exposition Company. + +Fourth. That the proposition was made at so late a day as to preclude +the possibility of investigation during the life of the Commission. + +Thus it unhappily occurs that the awards must be made, if made at all, +without the approval necessary to give them legal effect. This approval +the Commission could not give without investigation, in the presence of +unexplained charges of irregularity and fraud in certain cases. + +By means of procrastination and evasion in the preparation of the +subject-matter, in disagreement for arbitration, and finally by the +issuance by authority of the company of official ribbons for a money +consideration without the knowledge or approval of the Commission, the +whole subject of the awarding of premiums is left without final action +by the Commission at the date of the termination of its existence. + +No list of the awards made has been submitted by the company to the +Commission for approval, nor has the Commission ever been advised of the +reasons for the persistent refusal of the company to submit the awards +for its examination, save and except as set forth in the correspondence +on the subject embodied in this report. + +The whole matter turns upon the insistence of the Commission to +investigate the charges of fraud made and fortified by affidavits in +certain cases. + +The company was notified that the Commission would accept the findings +of the superior jury as conclusive in all cases excepting those in which +fraud or misconduct amounting to fraud was charged. Under these +circumstances, for the apparent purpose of avoiding such investigation +and for no other reason known to the Commission, the company elected to +decline agreement upon the matter to be arbitrated and to withhold all +of the awards from the Commission. At the time of writing this report +the Commission is not advised of any award made by the superior jury, +nor does any award seem to have been promulgated, except through the +Official Ribbon Company herein referred to, whose operations and whose +relations to the Exposition Company should be inquired into by some +competent authority. + +At midnight on December 1, 1904, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition +closed, and thereafter the disposition of the salvage was called the +attention of the Commission by a communication from an attorney in St. +Louis, which set forth charges of irregularity and discrimination on the +part of the company in awarding a contract for the wrecking of the +exposition buildings and the sale of the salvage. The attention of the +Commission was called to statements from various contractors who had bid +on the salvage of the exposition, that their bids had been ignored, and +that favoritism had been shown to the wrecking concern which eventually +obtained the salvage contract. The Commission decided that in view of +the seriousness of the charges the subject required attention, and that +statements supported by affidavits should be received setting forth all +the facts in connection with the transaction. Prior to taking this step, +however, the president of the Commission addressed the following +communication to the president of the Exposition Company: + + WASHINGTON, D.C., _February 28, 1905_. + + SIR: I am directed to advise you that in the judgment of the + National Commission the interest of the United States in the + disposition of the property of the Exposition Company is + manifest from a perusal of section 20 of the act of Congress + approved March 3, 1901, making an appropriation for the + exposition and for other purposes. + + In the proceeds of the sale and disposition of the property + purchased with the funds supplied by the General Government, the + city of St. Louis, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Company, the United States is interested to the extent of + one-third. Believing that this view of the law is correct, the + Commission feels called upon not only to report the amount + received from the sale or sales of the property of the + exposition, but likewise where the bona fides of transactions is + called in question to ascertain and report to the President of + the United States the facts and circumstances therewith + connected. + + These suggestions are called forth by certain statements + presented to the Commission, which, if true, affect the + interests of the United States as defined by section 20 of the + aforesaid act of Congress. These statements relate to the + specifications and instructions dated October 1, 1904, signed by + Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works, under which bids were to + be received for wrecking buildings and structures on the + exposition grounds, together with a certain contract bearing + date November 30, 1904, between the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company and the Chicago House Wrecking Company, said + to be of record in the office of recorder of deeds in the city + of St. Louis, book 1811, page 195 and following pages. + + There is obviously a marked variance between the property + referred to in the specifications and instructions and the + property enumerated in the recorded contract. The specifications + seemed to require that 50 per cent of the amount of the bid + should accompany the same in the form of a check certified by + some banking institution in the city of St. Louis, and that the + remainder of the amount bid should be paid upon the execution of + the contract. + + Further, the specifications required that a bond should be filed + with the Exposition Company in an amount equal to the bid to + guarantee faithful execution of the terms of the contract by the + bidder. The specifications expressly reserved copper wire, the + intramural railway, the railroad tracks in the buildings, all + machinery, etc., whereas the contract executed on November 30 + seems to include all the items referred to and many other pieces + of property not mentioned in the specifications. + + The contract as executed seems to call for the payment of + $450,000, of which only the sum of $100,000 was to be paid in + cash and the remainder at stated periods in the future. Instead + of requiring a bond equal to the amount of the bid the bond + called for in the contract is less than 10 per cent of the + amount of the bid. + + It is alleged: + + First. That secrecy was observed in handling the bids for the + wrecking of buildings. + + Second. That the Chicago House Wrecking Company was favored from + the beginning. + + Third. That the exposition officials rejected higher bids than + that of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, so that the latter + might have further opportunity to raise its figures. + + Fourth. That only a partial list of the property, which did not + include many valuable articles, was submitted to bidders outside + of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, and that a complete list + was refused other bidders. + + Fifth. That a written offer of $400,000 cash, and more if lists + could be secured, was ignored. + + Sixth. That a bid of $450,000, half cash, was presented to the + Exposition Company after the announcement of the sale of the + salvage to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for $386,000. + + Seventh. That the contract was eventually given to the Chicago + House Wrecking Company for $450,000, with contract provisions + inferior to the former $450,000 bid made by a party outside the + Chicago House Wrecking Company. + + Eighth. That the contract with the Chicago House Wrecking + Company does not adequately protect the Government, the city of + St. Louis, and the stockholders, the $40,000 bond being out of + all proportion to the size of the sale. + + Ninth. That the sale of the salvage to the Chicago House + Wrecking Company was consummated over the protests of some of + the directors of the Exposition Company. + + Tenth. That the specifications were misleading, in that one item + of copper wire, valued at $650,000, was omitted; also 5,000 + electric lights, 5,000 tons of iron piping, 3,500 tons of other + piping, the railway system on the exposition grounds, the fire + apparatus, etc., were omitted. + + Eleventh. That, according to an estimate made by several + reputable contractors, the property sold was of the reasonable + value of $1,955,000. + + Twelfth. That the Chicago House Wrecking Company, through undue + advantage, obtained inside information as to the extent and + value of the property to be sold, and thereby, to the material + injury of the United States, secured a contract with the + Exposition Company insuring a profit of more than $1,000,000. + + The above matters have been called to the attention of the + Commission by Mr. Frank E. Richey, attorney and counselor at + law, Oriol Building, Sixth and Locust streets, St. Louis, Mo., + who accompanies his statements with copies of the contract and + specifications referred to and many statements which he believes + corroborate the charges he presents. + + As the Commission may feel called upon to refer to this + important transaction in its final report, it desires to afford + the Exposition Company an opportunity to submit such statement + or to take such action as it may deem proper in the premises. + + Respectfully, + + THOMAS H. CARTER, + _President._ + + Hon. DAVID R. FRANCIS, + _President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, + St. Louis, Mo._ + +To the foregoing communication the secretary of the Exposition Company +made the following reply: + + ST. LOUIS, U.S.A., _March 7, 1905._ + + SIR: At a meeting of the executive committee of the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition Company held this day the secretary, in the + absence of the president, was instructed to prepare and to + forward at once a response to the inquiries embodied in the + letter of the National Commission bearing date of February 28, + as regards the disposition of the salvage of the exposition. + + At a meeting of the board of directors of the Exposition Company + held September 13, 1904, on the recommendation of the executive + committee a special committee on disposition of salvage was + provided for "to consider and report at a date as early as + practicable a plan for disposing of the property of the + Exposition Company." Records and correspondence of the + Exposition Company upon the disposal of the property are + voluminous and definite. They show frequent meetings of the + salvage committee, together with progress reports, + consideration, and action by the executive committee and by the + board of directors at almost every meeting, until, on the 13th + of December, the salvage committee reported its recommendation, + with the approval of the executive committee, to the board of + directors that the property, with certain exceptions, be sold to + the Chicago House Wrecking Company for $450,000. From this sale + were excepted the intramural cars and equipments, the property + of the General Service Company, and certain other items, which + are specified in the contract of sale. + + For the cars and equipments the Exposition Company, as shown by + the report of the auditor forwarded monthly to the National + Commission, has received about $150,000. The property of the + General Service Company, including buildings, horses, vehicles, + and other physical property, is still in the possession of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. + + At the meeting of the board of directors held December 13, + fifty-four members of the board being present, the + recommendation of the committee on salvage, approved by the + executive committee, that the physical property be sold to the + Chicago House Wrecking Company for $450,000, was approved. Not + only was the vote unanimous, but the terms of the sale were made + the subject of much congratulation by directors. No word of + protest or of adverse criticism by any director of the + Exposition Company is of record in the proceedings of the board + and of the several committees or has come to the knowledge of + the officers of the Exposition Company. + + The salvage committee, before arriving at terms of sale, as the + records show, held many meetings and resorted to various methods + to elicit proposals for the property. Early in October sealed + bids were invited for the wrecking and removal of the exhibit + buildings. These advertisements were published in daily papers + and in technical journals not confined to St. Louis. In addition + to the advertising, circular letters were sent out to a long + list of addresses of persons who had from time to time addressed + letters on the subject of the salvage or parts of it to the + exposition. Correspondence was taken up by the director of works + with persons and firms in various parts of the country who were + known to be in the wrecking business. Specifications were + prepared and furnished to all who desired them. + + On the 10th of November bids were opened by the committee on + salvage. They were of very unsatisfactory character. Most of the + bidders selected single exhibit buildings or small groups of + minor buildings. The highest bid for all of the exhibit + buildings opened that date was $50,000. One bid of $325,000 was + made for "buildings, structures, salvage of all kinds, and all + property owned by the Exposition Company." On the 12th of + November the salvage committee rejected all bids. During the + following two weeks the salvage committee held frequent + meetings. Hearings were given by officers of the exposition to + all persons desiring to negotiate for salvage. By wire and by + mail persons and firms who might be interested were advised that + the property was being offered for sale. Proposals were invited + for all physical property of the company, except the intramural + cars and equipments and the general service outfit. + + The salvage committee waited for proposals in response to this + invitation, covering the physical property generally, until + nearly the end of November. Three bids were received. The + highest was $420,000; the next highest was $300,000. After + careful consideration and much negotiation with the various + bidders, the salvage committee proposed to the highest bidder, + namely, the Chicago House Wrecking Company, which had bid + $420,000, to recommend the sale of the physical property to the + board of directors, with the exceptions mentioned, for $450,000. + This, after some delay, was accepted by the Chicago House + Wrecking Company on the 30th of November, and was reported to + the board of directors on the 13th of December, and was ratified + unanimously. + + The records and correspondence showing the proceedings + throughout are on file in the office of the secretary, and are + ready for inspection and investigation. + + The allegations set forth in the letter of the National + Commission as having been made to that body and the answers to + be given to such allegations are: + + First. That secrecy was observed in handling the bids for the + wrecking of buildings. + + Answer. It was the judgment of the salvage committee that better + results could be obtained if secrecy was observed, in so far + that the amounts of bids were not made public until the sale was + accomplished. The wisdom of this judgment was vindicated in the + amount realized for the salvage when compared with the lower + bids. + + Second. That the Chicago House Wrecking Company was favored from + the beginning. + + Answer. This is utterly false. + + Third. That the exposition officials rejected higher bids than + that of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, so that the latter + might have further opportunity to raise its figures. + + Answer. No higher bid was received either before or after the + sum of $450,000 had been agreed upon to be recommended by the + committee on salvage. + + Fourth. That only a partial list of the property, which did not + include many valuable articles, was submitted to bidders outside + of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, and that a complete list + was refused other bidders. + + Answer. No complete list was submitted to the Chicago House + Wrecking Company or to any other bidder. The Exposition Company, + through the salvage committee and the executive committee, with + deliberate intent refused to furnish any list purporting to be + complete. + + Fifth. That a written offer of $400,000 cash, and more, if lists + could be secured, was ignored. + + Answer. No such offer was received. + + Sixth. That a bid of $450,000, half cash, was presented to the + Exposition Company after the announcement of the sale of the + salvage to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for $386,000. + + Answer. No such bid of $450,000 was received; the Chicago House + Wrecking Company did not make a bid for $386,000. + + Seventh. That the contract was eventually given to the Chicago + House Wrecking Company for $450,000, with contract provisions + inferior to the former $450,000 bid made by a party outside the + Chicago House Wrecking Company. + + Answer. This statement is not true. There had been no bid of + $450,000 on any terms when the sale was closed. The contract + provisions were superior to any made in the bids. + + Eighth. That the contract with the Chicago House Wrecking + Company does not adequately protect the Government, the city of + St. Louis, and the stockholders, the $40,000 bond being out of + all proportion to the size of the sale. + + Answer. The bond of $40,000 was not taken to secure the payment + of the $450,000, or any part of it. The first payment of + $100,000 was made on the signing of the contract of sale. The + remaining $350,000 was secured adequately by a mortgage on the + property covered by the bill of sale. The $40,000 bond was + required to enforce other conditions of the contract, namely, + those relative to the wrecking and removal of the property under + conditions of leases upon which the property stood. A part of + the contract required that property be kept insured for the + benefit of the Exposition Company until all payments were made. + The bond covered these provisions. The Chicago House Wrecking + Company made its second payment of $100,000 on February 1. The + third payment will be due March 15. The company holds a mortgage + on the property to secure the remaining payments, and only + releases the property to the Chicago House Wrecking Company as + the payments are made. + + Ninth. That the sale of the salvage to the Chicago House + Wrecking Company was consummated over the protests of some of + the directors of the Exposition Company. + + Answer. On the contrary, as the records show, the board was + unanimous in approval of the contract of the sale and, as + stated, there is no record anywhere of objection on the part of + any director. + + Tenth. That the specifications were misleading, in that one item + of copper wire, valued at $650,000, was omitted; also 5,000 + electric lights, 5,000 tons of iron piping, 3,500 tons of other + piping, the railway system on the exposition grounds, the fire + apparatus, etc., were omitted. + + Answer. The first specifications, probably those referred to in + this paragraph, related only to exhibit buildings. Subsequently + the salvage committee informed bidders when bids were taken on + all of the physical property that the intramural cars and + equipments were to be excepted, and also the property of the + General Service Company, which was owned by the Exposition + Company. Quantities of wire had been purchased under the + contracts permitting return on a percentage of the price paid. + As regards the iron piping, bidders were informed of the clause + in the ordinance authorizing the use of Forest Park which + declared that "sewers, drains, conduits, pipes, and fixtures + shall become and be the property of the city." By reference to + the contract of sale to the Chicago House Wrecking Company it + will be observed that the company sells "subject to whatever + rights the city of St. Louis may be entitled to in certain + underground pipes, sewers, and conduits in Forest Park." Some of + the fire apparatus was loaned or rented to the Exposition + Company, and was not owned by it. Many things used by the + Exposition Company were sold to it with the privilege of return, + or with a contract to return at stipulated amounts or + percentages. The exposition officers and the salvage committee + answered inquiries, as far as were in their power, made by + bidders regarding the property, but from first to last refused + to furnish an itemized list. By reference to the contract of + sale it will be observed that no list is contained therein, but + that the company sells and transfers "the interest, or right, or + ownership in or to any and all physical property purchased, + constructed, or acquired by the said Exposition Company, + excepting as hereinafter mentioned." + + Eleventh. That according to an estimate made by several + reputable contractors the property sold was of the reasonable + value of $1,955,000. + + Answer. The Exposition Company has no knowledge of such + estimates. If contractors did place such estimates upon the + value of the physical property they were singularly lacking in + enterprise when they did not come forward with higher bids. The + amount realized was the highest bid made for the property. + + Twelfth. That the Chicago House Wrecking Company, through undue + advantage, obtained inside information as to the extent and + value of the property to be sold, and thereby to the material + injury of the United States secured a contract with the + Exposition Company insuring a profit of more than $1,000,000. + + Answer. The Chicago House Wrecking Company obtained no + information that was not accessible to and obtainable by any + other bidder. + + Very respectfully, + WALTER B. STEVENS, + _Secretary_. + + Hon. THOMAS H. CARTER, + _President National Commission, + _Louisiana Purchase Exposition_. + + + ST. LOUIS, _March 7, 1905_. + + MY DEAR SENATOR: I send herewith, by direction of the executive + committee, a reply to the letter from the Commission of February + 28. President Francis is absent from the city, having gone last + week to New Orleans. I think I should add something from my + personal knowledge. Mr. Richey is well known to me, and has been + for years. He must have been badly misinformed to have made such + allegations as are contained in the letter. I have all of the + minutes of the various meetings and a collection of + correspondence which go to show that many of these allegations + are without foundation. Some of them, I can see, are inferences + drawn from misstatements of the facts and from misunderstandings + of the real situation. + + I have never so much as heard an intimation that any director of + the company, or anyone else who knew of the transactions, + protested against the sale or adversely criticised the amount + realized. On the other hand, the general impression among + directors and on the part of the public seems to be that the + Exposition Company realized more than was to be expected. The + salvage of the World's Fair in Chicago sold for $80,000, that of + Omaha for $37,500, and that of Buffalo for $67,000. + + Before the exposition closed the management had begun to dispose + of salvage in a small way, but the results were very + discouraging. It looked much as if the property of this + exposition would go as had that of previous expositions, for a + very small fraction of the cost. At one time the directors of + the company thought it might be necessary to organize a company + and carry the salvage through a series of years in order to + realize on it. But the best that could be figured from such a + course was from $300,000 to $350,000 for the same property sold + to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for $450,000. + + The only persons who raised any question about the sale and the + amount realized were two disappointed bidders. These bidders + were given all of the time they asked. They were furnished + information in reply to their inquiries. They could not be given + lists of the property of the exposition because, after careful + consideration of such lists, it was deemed inadvisable by the + exposition to attempt a sale on that basis. It was the + conclusion that more could be realized by selling all right and + title to the physical property of the exposition. I believe that + more was realized than would have been obtained on bids if an + inventory had been furnished. + + The Chicago House Wrecking Company was doing business on the + grounds during the exposition and previous thereto. The officers + of that company have been in the wrecking business for years. + Looking forward to the time, they saved, as I happened to learn, + clippings from the newspapers showing contracts let by the + exposition; also clippings showing purchases of various kinds. + In fact, for months they were gathering through outside sources + all the information they could as to the character of the + company's property. In this way they obtained their information + as to this property. They were given no list from the company. + They were given no advantage over other bidders. I know it to be + a fact that the Exposition Company did all in its power to + induce other bidders to come from other cities, and stimulated + competition. The correspondence and telegrams passing through my + hands show this. There was a great deal of property that the + exposition had the use of and did not own. This applied to fire + apparatus, to electric switch boards, to machinery, to street + sweepers, to watering carts, and to a great variety of things + that were of utility and were loaned by the manufacturers or + dealers, who wished to have them in service for the advertising + to be gained thereby. + + The city is claiming, under the ordinance from which I have + quoted in the other letter, the piping on that part of the + ground included in Forest Park, and only to-day wrote asking to + know when this pipe could be taken up by the city. + + It will afford me pleasure to answer any inquiry or to forward + to you any document relating to this salvage matter which you + may desire to see. + + Can you advise me how long you expect to remain in Washington? + + Very truly, yours, + WALTER B. STEVENS, + _Secretary_. + + Hon. THOMAS H. CARTER, + _President National Commission, + Louisiana Purchase Exposition_. + +Having been elected a Senator of the United States from the State of +Montana, Mr. Thomas H. Carter, president of the Commission, resigned his +office as member of the Commission on March 9, 1905. At a meeting of the +Commission held on March 20, 1905, the following letter was received +from Mr. Carter, and his resignation as president of the Commission was +duly accepted: + + WASHINGTON, D.C., _March 9, 1905_. + + GENTLEMEN: Finding that my duties as United States Senator, + assumed on the 4th of this month, will so far require my + attention as to render it difficult to longer continue a member + of the Commission, I have determined to hand my resignation to + the president, and preliminary thereto I respectfully resign the + position of president of the Commission. + + In tendering my resignation I can not refrain from expressing to + the Commission jointly, and to the members separately, my + grateful appreciation of the unfailing confidence and cordial + support with which I have been favored at all times by the + members of the Commission, without exception. + + It is questionable whether any like body of men, selected from + the country at large, has ever acted more harmoniously in the + discharge of any public duty. + + With deep regret, and only from a sense of duty, I sever my + relations with the Commission, and in doing so wish each of my + associates on the Commission long life and prosperity. + + Respectfully submitted. + THOS. H. CARTER. + + The honorable LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION, + _Washington, D.C._ + +Mr. Carter also addressed a letter to the President of the United +States, tendering his resignation as a member of the Commission, which +reads as follows: + + WASHINGTON, D.C., _March 9, 1905_. + + SIR: My election to the Senate of the United States from the + State of Montana imposes upon me duties which render it quite + impracticable for me to devote the time and attention necessary + to a proper discharge of my duties as a member of the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition Commission. I therefore respectfully tender + you my resignation as a member of the Commission, and in doing + so I thank you sincerely for the cordial and unfailing support + and consideration you have always extended to me as a member of + that body. + + Very respectfully, your obedient servant, + THOS. H. CARTER. + + The PRESIDENT, + _Washington, D.C._ + +Mr. John M. Thurston was thereupon unanimously elected to succeed Mr. +Carter as president of the Commission. + +At this meeting Mr. John D. Waite, of Lewistown, Mont., recently +appointed by President Roosevelt as a member of the Commission to fill +the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr. Carter, appeared and took +his place on the Commission. + +At the same meeting the secretary of the Exposition Company requested +the privilege of making a personal explanation with reference to the +disposition of the salvage. + +From his statement it appears that he was not connected personally with +the transaction, which was conducted by a committee, of which the +president of the Exposition Company was chairman. The secretary did not +leave any written statement or explanation, but in general terms said +the exposition officials were entirely satisfied with the amount of +money received for the salvage; that it was more than they expected, and +that they thought the result of the sale was a subject for +congratulation. + +Upon the suggestion of the Commission the secretary of the Exposition +Company on March 23 addressed a communication to the Commission on this +subject, of which the following is a copy: + + MARCH 23, 1905. + + DEAR SIR: By way of supplement to the letter forwarded to the + National Commission March 7, and in accordance with suggestion + made verbally by the Commission at the meeting Monday, March 20, + I submit this statement relevant to the tenth allegation on page + 3 of the letter from President Carter, dated February 28, 1905. + + Tenth. That the specifications were misleading, in that one item + of copper wire, valued at $650,000, was omitted; also 5,000 + (500,000) electric lights, 5,000 tons of iron piping, 3,500 tons + of other piping, the railway system on the exposition grounds, + the fire apparatus, etc., were omitted. + + Answer. The Exposition Company purchased under contract with the + American Steel and Wire Company, dated April 3, 1902, copper + wire to the amount of $320,160.33. The estimated salvage under + this contract as furnished by the electrical engineer of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company on or about November 14, + 1904, was $121,753.68. Of this estimated salvage the sum of + $46,700 was based on the presumption that the Exposition Company + could sell in the open market the copper wire in its storehouse + that had never been used. The contract with the American Steel + and Wire Company, as read to the National Commission, provided + that wire in good condition should be taken back by the American + Steel and Wire Company at 55 per cent of its original cost. + Owing to changes in the head of the electrical department, Mr. + Rustin being compelled to give up his position on account of + sickness, and owing to changes made in the plans for electric + lighting, the Exposition Company at the opening was in + possession of this quantity of unused wire, estimated in the + salvage to be worth $46,700, if sold at the market value, but + worth to the Exposition Company $23,860 if it was returned to + the American Steel and Wire Company under its contract at 55 per + cent of the original cost. The Exposition Company claimed that + this unused and unpacked wire should not be returned under the + contract and endeavored to sell it. The company was prevented + from making sale by an injunction taken out by the Chicago House + Wrecking Company. The Wrecking Company had purchased the Steel + and Wire Company's rights of salvage under the contract of April + 3, 1903. This injunction was pending in court at the time the + sale of salvage was negotiated in November. If the contention of + the Chicago House Wrecking Company was sustained it would have + reduced the estimated salvage on the copper wire to $97,893.68. + The purchase of the general salvage by the Chicago House + Wrecking Company ended the injunction proceedings. Copies of the + contract with the American Steel and Wire Company and of the + contract between the American Steel and Wire Company and the + Chicago House Wrecking Company, which are of record in the + office of the recorder of St. Louis City and in the office of + the county clerk of St. Louis County, will be forwarded to the + National Commission if desired. The reason that the copper wire + could not be included in the original specifications was the + pending injunction proceedings. + + The Exposition Company purchased electric light bulbs referred + to in the tenth allegation, of different sizes and under + different contracts, to the amount of $65,688. The estimated + value of lamps not used at the time of the close of the fair was + $16,890. + + As regards the fire-fighting apparatus it may be explained that + most of this material was procured by the exposition on a rental + or loan basis. The Exposition Company owned one second-hand La + France fire engine, one second-hand Silsby fire engine, one fuel + wagon, and four combination chemical hose wagons. The total cost + of this apparatus to the Exposition Company was $5,325. + + As regards the piping it can be stated that the Exposition + Company had no unused piping; the company did not buy pipe and + carry it in stock, but paid under contract for the pipe of + various sizes after it was laid in the ground at so much per + foot. This was the general practice by the company as regards + the piping. By reference to the letter of March 7, it will be + observed that the answer to the tenth allegation explains why + the company could only sell the piping "subject to whatever + rights the city of St. Louis may be entitled to in certain + underground pipes, sewers, and conduits in Forest Park." It can + be stated that this complication of title to the piping applied + to two-thirds if not three-fourths of all of the piping which + had been laid at the expense of the Exposition Company. + + Because the copper wire was involved in the injunction + proceedings, because the electric lights constituted a minor + item as shown by the figures given above, because the piping was + involved in the construction of the city ordinance, because the + greater part of the fire apparatus was not owned by the + Exposition Company these items were not mentioned in the + original specifications. + + As stated in the former letter, the intramural cars and + equipments were excepted from all offers of sale because the + company had already contracted for the sale of them. + + After the first bids received under the specifications referred + to in the tenth allegation had been rejected because they were + in the opinion of the salvage committee wholly insufficient, new + bids were asked for all of the salvage of the company including + such right and title as it might have in the copper wire, in the + electric lights, in the iron piping, in the fire apparatus, + etc., with the exceptions of the intramural cars and equipments + and the property of the General Service Company. From that time + to the acceptance of the proposition to sell the Chicago House + Wrecking Company the negotiations proceeded on the plan that the + Exposition Company would sell all right, title, and interest to + its property with the exceptions of the cars and equipments and + property of the General Service Company. + + Under the original specifications a certified check for one-half + of the amount of the bid was required and the terms were half + cash, but this requirement and these terms did not enter into + the negotiations following the rejection of the first bids. All + bidders showing a disposition to bid for right, title, and + interest of the Exposition Company to all salvage except as + stated were treated alike. Certified checks were not required on + these later bids. The negotiations were carried on verbally with + the bidders in turn, it being understood that the company would + insist upon what it deemed to be an adequate cash payment when + the contract of sale was concluded. + + The secretary of the company is authorized to say that the + executive committee courts the fullest investigation of all + circumstances connected with the sale of the salvage and that if + the National Commission shall deem it necessary to include in + its report mention of the allegations contained in the letter of + the president of the Commission, dated February 28, the + committee asks that in justice to the Exposition Company such + investigation shall be made and the conclusions of the + Commission shall be given. + + Very respectfully, + WALTER B. STEVENS, + _Secretary._ + + Mr. LAURENCE H. GRAHAME, + _Secretary National Commission, Washington, D.C._ + +Another communication bearing on the disposition of the salvage was +received from Mr. Stevens, as follows: + + MARCH 23, 1905. + + DEAR SIR: At a meeting of the National Commission on the 20th + the suggestion was made by a member of the Commission that the + answer to allegation third did not fully cover the ground. The + allegation and the answer were: + + That the exposition officials rejected higher bids than that of + the Chicago House Wrecking Company, so that the latter might + have further opportunity to raise its figures. + + Answer. No higher bid was received either before or after the + sum of $450,000 had been agreed upon to be recommended by the + committee on salvage. + + The purpose was to answer that no higher bid than that made by + the Chicago House Wrecking Company was received either before; + at the time, or after the sum of $450,000 had been agreed upon + to be recommended by the committee on salvage. + + On the 30th of November, early in the day, the Chicago House + Wrecking Company made a bid for $420,000. Up to that time and + during that day the next highest bid was under $400,000. Late in + the day, the 30th of November, the salvage committee, after + conference with all bidders who presented themselves, made the + proposition to the Chicago House Wrecking Company that if it + would raise its bid from $420,000 to $450,000 the committee + would recommend acceptance by the executive committee. + + Respectfully, + WALTER B. STEVENS, + _Secretary._ + + Mr. LAURENCE H. GRAHAME, + _Secretary National Commission, Washington, D.C._ + +As a result of the inquiry instituted by the Commission into the +disposal of the salvage, statements supported by affidavits were +received and the same are appended to this report and marked "Appendix +No. 2." + +Under the act of Congress the Commission had no power to undertake a +more thorough investigation of the charges and allegations made in +respect to the manner in which the salvage of the exposition had been +disposed of. + +Without authority to send for persons and papers, to administer oaths, +or to compel witnesses to testify, any further attempt upon the part of +the Commission to inquire into the salvage matter would have been futile +and ineffective. If any further action is to be taken to ascertain +whether or not the financial interest of the United States has been +sacrificed by the manner in which the salvage was disposed of, the +inquiry must be conducted by some committee or official having these +powers, which the Commission did not possess. + +A careful perusal of the law under which the Commission was appointed +will show the narrow limits of its legal authority, and the records +disclose the policy of the Exposition Company not only to confine the +Commission strictly within the narrowest limits of the law, but also to +question and resist the exercise of its authority in many instances +where the law seemed to place such authority beyond question. + +From the very beginning the Commission sought to establish harmonious +relations with the company, and at all times refrained from contention +with its officials as to all matters not vitally affecting the interest +of the Government, and endeavored in every possible way to cooperate +with the company in promoting the exposition and insuring its success. + +It is pleasant to turn from disagreements to achievements. From the +scientific, the artistic, and the industrial points of view the +exposition was a pronounced success. The munificent and unfailing +support given the enterprise by the Government of the United States +guaranteed that it would be a great exposition. + +Considering the primary appropriation of $5,000,000, the loan of +$4,600,000, and the contributions by the direct appropriations and by +indirect means through the assignment of officers paid from other +appropriations, together with the exhibits from Districts, Territories, +and dependencies of the United States, and for the Government exhibit, +the aggregate contributions, direct and indirect, to the success of the +fair approximated substantially $15,000,000 on the day the gates were +opened to the public. + +In addition to this proclamations were twice issued by the President +inviting foreign nations to participate in the exposition; the consular +and diplomatic representatives of the Government were inspired to aid +the exposition to the extent of their ability, within the limits of +official propriety; the army transports and the vessels of the Navy were +generously employed in furtherance of the project, where such employment +was found consistent with duty. Never in history has any Government done +so much in aid of any like enterprise. With such support from the +Government failure was impossible under any rational management. + +[Transcriber's note: The easiest way to explain the garbled nature of +the following paragraph, is that the first line beginning with St. Louis +is a misplaced duplicate of the third line below it, replacing some +other typeslug.] + +Fortunately the construction of the main exhibit buildings was +placed by the directors of the Exposition Company in charge of two +gentlemen deserving of special mention on account of the devotion +and exceptional ability displayed by each. As chairman of the +committee on grounds and buildings, Mr. William H. Thompson, of +St. Louis, discharged the duty of director of works. To the united +ous devotion to the task assigned him. With rare ability and commendable +persistence Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, the talented architect of +St. Louis, discharged the duty of director of works. To the united +efforts of these gentlemen the exposition and the country are indebted +for the magnificent architectural creations which adorned the +exposition grounds. Their relations to the work of construction +and to the affairs of the company enabled them to act with a necessary +degree of self-reliance and independence on their own initiative. + +Among the many contributions made by the Government of the United States +to the success of the exposition, the exhibit from the Philippine +Islands deserves marked attention. This exhibit was so extensive, +interesting, and unique that it became the center of predominating +interest. Through its various departments a most valuable and accurate +knowledge of the Philippine Archipelago was diffused, not only +throughout the United States, but throughout the world. + +By a fortunate coincidence it occurred that the Secretary of War, who +had most to do with the marshaling of this exhibit, had been prepared +for the work by his experience as governor of the Philippine Islands. +Hon. William H. Taft, as president of the Philippine Commission, and +subsequently as governor of the Philippine Islands, manifested a +sympathetic interest in the condition of the people, the resources of +the islands, and in the proper adjustment of both to their new +relationship with the United States. About the time the exposition was +projected Governor Taft, whose long and faithful service in the +Philippines had endeared him to the inhabitants, was called by the +President to accept the portfolio of war. His familiarity with the +people and the resources of the islands proved of inestimable value in +the preparation of the representation and exhibits at the exposition. +Through his efficient Chief of the Insular Bureau, Col. Clarence R. +Edwards, the Secretary, with great zeal and effectiveness, addressed +himself to the task of securing appropriate representation for the +Philippine people. + +The administrative work was placed in charge of Dr. W.P. Wilson, of the +Philadelphia Museum. A more appropriate selection of an executive +officer could not have been made. Industrious, painstaking, and devoted, +Doctor Wilson threw all his energy and superior ability into the task +assigned him. + +In Dr. Gustavo Neiderlein and Mr. Edmund A. Felder, Doctor Wilson had +able and faithful lieutenants. Through the combined efforts of such +competent and devoted men the Philippine exposition was developed into a +revelation of world-wide interest. + +The extremes of civilization found in the Philippine Islands were +exhibited upon the grounds. The industrial conditions existing in the +islands in their various stages of progress were clearly set forth. The +millions of visitors who were interested and instructed by this +remarkable exhibit must have been deeply impressed with the importance +and extent of our new possessions in the Orient. + +It is quite impossible to compute the value to the American people of +this Philippine exhibit. In giving to the country the basis upon which +to form a just conception of the character and possibilities of our new +possessions the Philippine department alone fully justified the interest +of the nation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. + +The official report of the Philippine exhibit, filed with the records of +the Commission, is replete with interest and will justify careful +perusal. + + +REPORTS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. + +The response of foreign governments and peoples to the invitation of the +President of the United States was in every way most gratifying. For an +adequate description of the manner and extent of foreign participation +in the exposition, reference must be made to the reports of the +respective commissioners to their governments, copies of which are filed +with this report. + +The Commission, desiring to tersely review the exhibits of the various +countries, called upon their several representatives for a brief +statement of the nature and extent of their exhibits. The responses +received convey but a meager idea of the great display made, but a +perusal of the epitomized reports will serve to convey an outline of the +exhibits made and the buildings constructed. + +Condensed summaries of these reports have been prepared and are +submitted as a part of this report, marked "Appendix No. 3." + + +REPORTS OF STATES, TERRITORIES, AND DISTRICTS. + +Inspired by the example of the General Government, and stimulated by the +extent of foreign participation, in response to the invitation of the +President, the several States, Territories, and Districts of the United +States contributed to the success of this exposition in a far greater +degree than on former occasions of like character. + +As in the case of foreign countries, the Commission called upon the +representatives of the various States, Territories, and Districts for a +brief statement of the extent and character of the exhibits made by +them. The reports of the representatives to the authorities by which +they were appointed have been collected as far as practicable and are +filed with this report. + +Condensed summaries of these reports have been prepared and are +submitted as a part of this report, marked "Appendix No. 4." + + +THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. + +The board of lady managers appointed by the Commission proved themselves +eminently qualified to perform the exacting and comprehensive duties +assigned them. Their organization was one of the most popular and +successful instrumentalities of the exposition. + +These distinguished and representative women of our country were quickly +recognized as organizers and leaders of the many public and semiofficial +entertainments and functions, which all must agree were so necessary and +contributed so greatly to the success of the exposition. + +It is undoubtedly true that their efforts in enlisting the sympathy and +support of the women of the United States not only made possible an +adequate presentation and exploitation of woman's work and woman's +sphere, but also secured the attendance of thousands upon thousands of +the best people of the land who otherwise would have remained away. + +It is not too much to say that the money appropriated for and expended +by the board of lady managers was, from the standpoint both of national +interest and financial success, one of the wisest expenditures made in +connection with the exposition. + +This board of lady managers was fortunate in the selection of Mrs. +Daniel Manning as its president. Mrs. Manning, in addition to her +experience in public life and affairs, and her well deserved general +popularity, proved herself possessed of rare executive ability, and the +management of those features of the exposition coming under the +supervision and direction of the board won the respect and admiration of +the exposition officials and of all the representatives of our own and +other governments having connection with or participating in the +exposition. + +It is but fair to say that this tribute of the Commission to the +efficiency of the board of lady managers is given not in compliment, but +in justice. + +The vast amount of work performed by the lady managers and the delay in +the completion by the company of authoritative reports necessary to +enable the board to complete their final report to this Commission have +delayed the closing and presentation of this report by the Commission +beyond the period of six months from the close of the exposition. + +The final report of the board of lady managers is now presented in +connection with the report of the Commission, and is herewith filed, +marked "Appendix No. 5." + +The Commission calls particular attention to the excellence and the +interesting features of the report of the board of lady managers, and +suggests that its publication and distribution as a document is +especially to be desired. + + +GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT. + +The exhibit made by the Government of the United States will long stand +as monumental in the history of Government exhibits. Not content with +the exhibition of special features of governmental activity in the +various departments of the exposition, Congress provided for the +erection of a Government exhibition palace, which was confessedly the +most striking and successful architectural triumph upon the exposition +grounds. + +The Government Building was located on an eminence at the eastern +termination of "Louisiana Way," the principal avenue on the exposition +grounds. From its commanding position all portions of the exposition +grounds could be seen. Within the building every department of the +Government was represented by an appropriate exhibit upon a liberal +scale. + +This great Government exhibit was under the direction and control of a +board, consisting of the following-named gentlemen: + +_Members United States Government Board_.--Mr. Wallace H. Hills, +Treasury Department, chairman; Mr. William H. Michael, Department of +State; Mr. John C. Scofield, War Department; Mr. Cecil Clay, Department +of Justice; Mr. John B. Brownlow, Post-Office Department; Mr. B.F. +Peters, Navy Department; Mr. Edward M. Dawson, Department of the +Interior; Mr. S.R. Burch, Department of Agriculture; Mr. Carroll D. +Wright, Department of Commerce and Labor; Dr. F.W. True, Smithsonian +Institution and National Museum; Mr. W. de C. Ravenel, Bureau of +Fisheries; Mr. G.W.W. Hanger, Department of Labor; Mr. Williams C. Fox, +Bureau of the American Republics; Mr. Roland P. Falkner, Library of +Congress; Dr. A.C. True, Agricultural Colleges; Mr. William V. Cox, +secretary; Mr. William M. Geddes, disbursing officer; Mr. C.S. Goshert, +clerk of board. + +The members of this board cooperated in a united effort to install a +Government exhibit in every way representative and creditable. To their +success the millions of visitors bore cheerful witness in expressions of +unbounded satisfaction. The board was at all times harmonious within +itself, and it is pleasing to note that its relations with the National +Commission were always of the most cordial character. From the report of +the Government board a fair but an inadequate estimate may be formed of +the extent and brilliant success of this feature of the exposition. + +Under the law the life of this Commission expires on the 1st day of +July, 1905. The Commission has delayed closing its final report to the +last day of its existence in the hope that before that time a full and +final report might be received from the Exposition Company. +Unfortunately, however, no such report has been received, and therefore +the Commission is unable to submit the same to the President. + +The monthly financial reports of the Exposition Company have been +received up to and including the month of April, 1905, and have been +transmitted as received to the President in accordance with the act of +Congress. + +After repeated and urgent requests for a complete report from the +Exposition Company the following final answer was received: + + [Telegram.] + + St. Louis, _June 17, 1905._ + Hon. John M. THURSTON, + _President National Commission,_ + _Portland, Oreg.:_ + + Think it will be several weeks before report of two divisions + can be completed, and several months before president's report + will be ready. Impossible to close up as rapidly as desired. + + WALTER B. STEVENS, + _Secretary._ + +It will at least be seen that the Commission has exhausted all its +powers and made every effort possible to comply with the act of Congress +in the making and transmission of this, its final report, and the +failure to accompany this report by full and complete reports from the +Exposition Company is in no wise due to any lack of endeavor on the part +of the Commission. + +According to section 3 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, +the National Commission was allowed the sum of "ten thousand dollars per +annum, or so much thereof as may be necessary," for the purpose of +defraying the clerical, office, and other necessary expenses of the +Commission. Including the year 1901 the amounts thus allowed aggregate +the sum of $41,923.36. The expenditures for the entire term of the +Commission's existence amount to $32,763.22. This includes an investment +of $952.16 in furniture, which has been delivered to the Secretary of +the Treasury. + +Total unexpended balance reverting to credit of Exposition Company, +$9,160.14. + +The expenditures made by the Commission from April 23, 1901, to June 30, +1905, are set forth in a statement, submitted herewith as Appendix No. +6. + +This report can not fairly be concluded without commendatory reference +to the zeal and devotion of the people of the city of St. Louis toward +this great enterprise. With great generosity and hospitality their +beautiful homes were thrown open to visitors; constant and delightful +entertainment was provided, and there can be no doubt that the millions +who came to see the exposition took away with them abiding and +affectionate remembrance of the universal consideration and courtesy +shown them. + +The directors of the Exposition Company, comprising ninety-odd +representative business men of the city, devoted time and attention to +the affairs of the exposition with unfailing interest and fidelity. They +not only contributed as subscribers to the stock of the Exposition +Company, but in cases of emergency volunteered advances from their +private fortunes and freely loaned their credit to the exposition. + +The daily newspapers and other publications of the city were tireless in +their efforts to sustain the enterprise, and to set forth its unusual +attractions. + +The residents of the Louisiana Purchase in particular, and the people of +the whole country in general, are indebted to the people of St. Louis +and the press of that city for the commendable and stupendous efforts +made in behalf of the exposition. + +As a landmark in the world's progress the Louisiana Purchase Exposition +well deserves and will doubtless be accorded a conspicuous place in +exposition history. + +Portland, Oreg., June 30, 1905. + +THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION, +By JOHN M. THURSTON, _President._ +The PRESIDENT. + + + + + +APPENDIXES. + + + + +APPENDIX I. + + +REPORT ON ACCOUNTS AND STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS + +FROM INCORPORATION OF COMPANY TO APRIL 30, 1905. + + +The following is a copy of letter received from the firm of Messrs. +Jones, Caesar, Dickinson, Wilmot & Co.: + + St. Louis, June 5, 1905. + + DEAR SIR: We are duly in receipt of your telegram, reading as + follows: "Send statement liabilities Exposition Company to June + 1, showing cost of restoring grounds and approximate cost of + matters in litigation," and beg to send you herewith a statement + of the estimated financial position of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company, made up as at May 3, 1905, which we have + just received and which we understand has been approved by the + president of the Exposition Company. In his statement are + included the estimated future liabilities of the company, + including $200,000 for the restoration of Forest Park, and after + providing therefor there appears an estimated surplus of assets + of $467,211.45, subject, however, to possible liabilities on + suits and claims pending against the Exposition Company. + + With regard to the estimate of $200,000 for the restoration of + Forest Park, it may be well to mention that the company is under + obligation to restore the park without any limit as to cost. + Moreover, the company has given the city of St. Louis two bonds + aggregating $650,000, which we understand is the amount of an + estimate made on behalf of the city of the probable cost of + restoration. Of the bonds given, one is for $100,000, secured by + guarantee of certain directors of the Exposition Company, and + the second for $550,000, secured as to $100,000 by personal + guarantees, and as to the balance by a mortgage on the Art + Building. We understand that an effort is now being made to + effect a settlement of the company's liability to the city, but + we are of course unable to say whether the estimate of $200,000 + now taken into account will eventually prove sufficient or, if + not, by how much the estimate will be exceeded. + + With regard to the suits now pending against the Exposition + Company, it is of course impossible to make any estimate of the + eventual liability to fall on the company. + + We would call your attention to the note made in the statement + as regards the cash in trustees' funds and would point out that, + as the liability of the company as principal under the various + bonds is included in the statement of liabilities, this cash may + practically be regarded as an available asset. In other words, + if the cash is excluded from the assets, the liability falling + on the company under the various bonds should be correspondingly + reduced. + + We should be glad to be advised whether there are any further + points in connection with this statement with which you would + desire us to deal, either by letter or in our final report, and + would add that, on hearing from you, we are prepared to send in + the signed report. + + We are sending a copy of this letter to the secretary of the + Commission, in case it should not reach you at Portland. + + Yours, faithfully, + + JONES, CAESAR, DICKINSON, WILMOT &, CO. + + Hon. J.M. Thurston + President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, + Portland, Oreg. + + + STOCK EXCHANGE BUILDING, + St. Louis, June 8, 1905. + + GENTLEMEN: We beg to inclose herewith statement of receipts and + disbursements of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company from + the date of its incorporation to April 30, 1905, and to report + as follows on the audits which we have from time to time made, + and which together cover the whole of the period above + mentioned. For your convenience we propose to deal in this + report with the accounts for the whole period, and therefore to + repeat some of the comments contained in our previous reports. + + Receipts. + + Collections on account of sales of capital stock: + The total subscriptions to capital stock, as shown by the + treasurer's record, amount to ................ $5,294,490.00 + Of this sum there had been collected, in cash, + to April 30, 1905 ................ $4,821,456.11 + + In a number of cases where the liability on + subscriptions was disputed, compromises + were effected, and under these compromises + the company waived claims amounting to 48,952.09 + ------------ + 4,870,408.20 + + Which would leave a balance uncollected on + April 30, 1905 of ............................. 424,081.80 + + We have been furnished with detailed statements of claims in the + hands of attorneys for collection, amounting in the aggregate to + about $25,000 more than the balance shown above as outstanding. + We are informed that this difference represents principally + receipts by the company which were credited as capital stock + collections, but in respect of which no certificates were ever + issued, though it is also due to some extent to clerical errors + in the treasurer's books, which have not yet been located and + adjusted. + + The greater part of the balance now outstanding is expected to + prove irrecoverable, owing to deaths, removals, etc., of + subscribers, and to repudiations of liability in some cases. In + this connection, it may be mentioned that the number of + subscribers exceeded 20,000. + + It should be added that it is not yet possible for the + treasurer's department to prepare any final report and + adjustment of the capital stock accounts, and that such a report + will necessarily be deferred until the whole, or at any rate the + greater part, of the suits now pending can be disposed of. + + Proceeds of Sale of City of St. Louis Bonds. + + In accordance with an amendment of the charter of the city of + St. Louis, approved at a general election held on November 6, + 1900, the city sold, in the month of June, 1902, its 3-1/4 per + cent bonds to a par value of $5,000,000. The price realized for + these bonds was $1,000.01 for each $1,000 bond, and the proceeds + were turned over to the treasurer of the company on the + following dates: + + June 26, 1902 ............................... $1,800,018.00 + July 2, 1902 ................................ 3,200,032.00 + ------------- + 5,000,050.00 + + A question arose whether the sale price included accrued + interest on the bonds to the date of sale, and as the city + officers and the purchasers of the bonds were unable to agree on + this point, the company, in order to avoid the delay and loss + that would have resulted from a second offering of the bonds, + decided to pay the accrued interest, amounting to $35,901.34. + The net realization to the company from the issue of the bonds + was therefore-- + + 5,000 bonds, at $1,000.01 ................... $5,000,050.00 + Less accrued interest paid .................. 35,901.34 + ------------- + 4,964,148.66 + + United States Government Aid. + + Of the total sum of $5,000,000 appropriated by act of Congress + approved March 3, 1901, there has been received by the company + the sum of $4,752,968.45, of which sum $250,000 was in the form + of souvenir gold coin. We understand, however, that amounts have + also been paid by the United States Treasury out of this + appropriation which have not been reported to, or included in + the accounts of, the company. + + United States Government Loan. + + Pursuant to an act of Congress approved February 18, 1904, there + was advanced to the company from the United States Treasury, by + way of loan, the sum of $4,600,000, repayable by semimonthly + installments, commencing June 15, 1904, and equivalent to 40 per + cent of the receipts from admissions and concessions during the + half month immediately preceding the date of payment, it being + provided that each installment after July 1 should amount to not + less than $500,000. The whole of this loan was duly repaid on + the following dates: + + June 16 ................................. $195,057.04 + July 1 .................................. 213,092.15 + July 15 ................................. 500,000.00 + August 1 ................................ 500,000.00 + August 15 ............................... 500,000.00 + August 31 ............................... 500,000.00 + September 14 ............................ 500,000.00 + October 1 ............................... 500,000.00 + October 15 .............................. 500,000.00 + October 31 .............................. 500,000.00 + November 15 ............................. 191,850.81 + ------------ + 4,600,000.00 + + Loan on Security of Capital Stock Subscriptions and Premium on + Souvenir Coins. + + On August 22, 1903, the company entered into a contract with the + Mississippi Valley Trust Company, the Lincoln Trust Company, the + Mercantile Trust Company, and the St. Louis Union Trust Company, + as trustees, under which it assigned all subscriptions which + were at that date wholly or partly unpaid, together with all + further subscriptions which might be received, and the premium + to be received on the sale of $239,000 souvenir gold coin, in + consideration of the sum of $600,000, with a provision that when + the trustees should have received the full sum of $600,000, + together with interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum and + expenses of collection and management, they would reassign the + subscriptions and rights to the company. + + Prior to the completion of the loan there was received by the + company from the sources assigned upwards of $162,000, and this + amount was deducted from the loan, making the net amount + received by the company $438,000. Payments were subsequently + made on account of this loan out of the receipts from the + above-mentioned sources, and on March 15, 1904, the balance then + outstanding of $92,515.25 was paid out of the general funds of + the company, in anticipation of receipts from the sources + assigned and with a view to effecting a saving of interest + charges. + + It should be added that the subsequent receipts from capital + stock subscriptions have amounted to more than the amount + temporarily advanced out of the general funds of the company. + + + + Admissions. + + + We have agreed the figures of receipts shown by the books of the + auditor and the treasurer with those of the admissions + department. + + We have agreed the receipts from sales of tickets with the + ticket custodian's record, and have verified the tickets + appearing on that record as unsold. We have also satisfied + ourselves that the system in the admissions department was such + as to provide adequate safeguards for the collection by the + company of the admissions receipts derived from other sources. + + It would appear that the total loss of the company in this + department through shortages of employees, counterfeit and + mutilated coins, etc., amounted to about $1,250, about one-third + of which is probably recoverable from the bonding company, so + that the final loss to the exposition will be very small. + + The total receipts for admissions are distributed as follows: + + Exposition period: + Admissions of individuals ................ $6,042,746.65 + Vehicles ................................. 5,671.50 + ------------- + $6,048,418.15 + Pre-exposition period ..................................... + 175,906.25 + Post-exposition period .................................... + 16,156.50 + + ------------ + + 6,240,480.90 + + The details of the attendance and revenue during the exposition + period are as follows: + +--------------------------------------+-----------+---------------+--------- + | Number. | Receipts. |Cents per + | | |admission +--------------------------------------+-----------+---------------+--------- +Adults: | | | + General admission .................. | 11,180,996| $5,589,715.50 | 50.00 + Season and other commutation tickets | 961,175| 291,827.00 | 30.32 +Children: +-----------+---------------+--------- + General admission .................. | 621,640| 155,634.25 | 25.04 + Season and other commutation tickets | 40,805| 5,569.90 | 13.65 + +-----------+---------------+--------- +Total paid attendance ............... | 12,804,616| 6,042.746.65 | 47.19 +Free: | | | + Adults ............................. | 6,480,267 | ............. | ........ + Children ........................... | 409,972 | ............. | ........ + +-----------+---------------+--------- + Total exposition days ........... | 19,694,855| ............. | ........ +Sundays (free) ...................... | 371,682| ............. | ........ + +-----------+---------------+--------- + Grand total ..................... | 20,066,537| ............. | ........ +--------------------------------------+-----------+---------------+--------- + + It may be of interest to add that the attendance by months was + as follows: + +-------------------------------+------------------------+---------+----------- + | Exposition days. | | + Date. +------------------------+ Sundays | Total. + | Paid. | Free. | (free). | +-------------------------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------- +April 30 and May ............. | 667,772 | 1,102,656 | 70,847 | 1,841,275 +June ......................... | 1,382,865 | 1,016,281 | 49,373 | 2,448,519 +July ......................... | 1,514,743 | 928,224 | 55,298 | 2,498,265 +August ....................... | 1,992,248 | 1,096,498 | 45,477 | 3,134,223 +September .................... | 2,683,511 | 968,262 | 52,182 | 3,703,955 +October ...................... | 2,758,149 | 864,180 | 64,107 | 3,686,436 +November and December 1 ...... | 1,805,328 | 914,138 | 34,398 | 2,753,864 + +------------+-----------+---------+----------- + Total .................... | 12,804,616 | 6,890,239 | 371,682 | 20,066,537 +-------------------------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------- + + + Concessions. + + + We have agreed the amount of collections reported by the + treasurer, together with the amount of bills still outstanding, + with the amount of bills rendered (after deducting allowances + and rebates), as reported by the concessions department. + Inasmuch as all bills originated in the concessions department + and the collections were made by the treasurer, we think this + reconciliation affords a satisfactory check on the receipts + reported by the treasurer. + + We have also looked into the system in this department, and + believe that it was well calculated to secure, as far as + possible, the proper collection of revenues accruing due to the + exposition. + + The net receipts of this department, as shown by its records, + are as follows: + + Pike rentals .................................. $218,187.50 + + Concessions revenue: + Exposition period ............................ 2,812,995.59 + Pre-exposition period ......................... 32,366.06 + Post-exposition period ........................ 1,855.54 + ------------ + 3,065,404.69 + + The difference between this figure and the total of + $3,076,958.69, shown in the inclosed accounts, consists of + refunds of $15,554, which are treated in the statement as + disbursements, less $4,000 rents collected by the concessions + department, credited in the statement against the rent paid by + the company, as the latter practically acted only as agent in + the transaction. + + Under the lease of the Catlin tract, on which the greater part + of the concessions were built, sureties were required, and for + the protection of these sureties and of sureties under other + bonds it was arranged that all ground rentals received from + concessions on the "Pike" should be paid into a special fund for + the purpose of securing such sureties against loss in respect of + the bonds given by them. Upon the books of the company, + therefore, the above figure of "Pike rentals" has been credited + to a separate fund account, together with an amount of $2,580.68 + interest allowed on this fund. + + There was withdrawn from this fund the sum of $100,000 on + account of payment of rentals of the tract, and the fund now + amounts to $120,768.18, as shown among the cash balances in the + inclosed statement. + + The total earnings accruing due to the company + under concession contracts amounted to ................... + $3,803,724.53 + Of this total there has been collected + (as above) the sum of ..................... $3,065,404.69 + There was waived by the company under various + compromises the sum of .................... 434,204.36 + And there still remain uncollected bills + amounting to .............................. 304,115.48 + ------------- + 3,803,724.53 + + We have seen authorizations from the executive or concessions + committee for all the important compromises effected. + + Intramural Railway. + + We have agreed the receipts shown by the general books of the + company with the report of the manager of the railway. The + number of passengers carried and the amount of revenue + therefrom, by months, were as follows: + + Date. Passengers Revenue. + carried + + April 30 and May .......................... 295,152 $29,515.20 + June ...................................... 861,409 86,140.90 + July ...................................... 815,034 81,503.40 + August .................................... 1,018,195 101,819.50 + September ................................. 1,394,444 139,444.40 + October ................................... 1,273,207 127,320.70 + November and December 1 ................... 617,297 61,729.70 + + Total ..................................... 6,274,738 627,473.80 + + It is not possible to arrive at the cost of operating the + railway, as the power was furnished from the general power + plant, and the cost thereof can not be ascertained separately. + + Service, Power, Light and Water, Transportation. + + We have agreed the collections from these sources with the books + of the treasurer, and as regards the principal items we have + also agreed the accounts shown on the general books with those + of the departments in which the charges originated, subject to + some inconsiderable differences which are now being investigated + and will be adjusted by the company as soon as possible. + + Music Department. + + We have agreed the receipts shown by the auditor with the report + of the bureau of music. + + The total receipts are made up as follows: + + Music furnished German Tyrolean Alps Company .......... $67,220.25 + Music furnished other parties ......................... 300.00 + Receipts from admissions to Festival Hall and sales of + reserved seats ...................................... 77,078.23 + Total earnings ...................................... 144,598.48 + Add refund on expenses credited this account .......... 1,940.00 + Total as per statement .............................. 146,538.48 + + We have verified the receipts from the German Tyrolean Alps + Company with the contract. + + Premium on Souvenir Gold Coin, less Expense. + + This total represents the premium of $2 per coin on $67,176.00 + 33,588 coins sold + Less expenses ....................................... 13,506.67 + Total ............................................. 53,669.33 + + We have agreed the number of coins sold with the difference + between the number originally received and the number now + certified to be on hand. + + Photo-Pass Receipts. + + The system in regard to the collections in this department + appeared to be such as to insure the full amount of collections + being received by the company. + + Photographic passes were charged in some cases at $1 and in + others at $2, and many were issued without charge, and it is not + therefore possible, without a very great amount of work, to + check the collections against the number of passes issued. + + Interest on Deposits. + + This total represents the amount of interest received on + balances from time to time remaining on hand in the company's + bank. We have included therein the amount of $2,580.68 received + In respect of the Pike rental fund and credited on the books of + the company to that fund. + + Miscellaneous Collections. + + This total is made up as follows: + + Insurance premiums refunded .................... $63,983.17 + Refrigerating plant receipts ................... 20,178.99 + Garbage coupon books ........................... 11,506.80 + Miscellaneous revenues ......................... 31,230.52 + Refund account, overpayments ................... 4,715.96 + Personal damage account, receipts .............. 2,572.50 + Uniform special fund ........................... 2,514.89 + Damage to property, receipts ................... 72.50 + ----------- + Total ........................................ 136,775.33 + + We have checked the insurance receipts with the report of the + agents of the policies canceled and of the amount of return + premiums due the company thereon. + + We have agreed the receipts from the refrigerating plant, which + represent the company's proportion of the profits on the + operation thereof, with the report of the manager. A final audit + of the books of the plant is now being made by the Exposition + Company, and it is possible that a small further sum will be + received on this account. + + We counted the garbage books remaining on hand and satisfied + ourselves that the number thereof, together with the number + reported as sold, made up the total number originally received. + + The remainder of the receipts included under this head consists + of various incidental receipts which it is not possible to + verify completely. + + Salvage. + + This amount is made up as follows: + + Contract price for salvage sold to Chicago House + Wrecking Company ............................ $450,000.00 + Less amount not yet due or paid ............... 150,000.00 + ------------ + 300,000.00 + Resale of cars and motors under original + purchase contract with St. Louis Car Company 158,667.25 + Miscellaneous sales ........................... 4,198.03 + ------------ + Total ....................................... 462,865.28 + + We have verified the two large items with the original + contracts. + + Special Fund. + + We have not been able to obtain a detailed statement of the + badge fund, which represents deposits made by employees in + respect of badges issued to them, and it is probable that the + greater part of this sum has been refunded and charged through + various departments to other accounts. + + The pay-roll fund represents unclaimed wages and has been agreed + with a detailed list submitted to us. + + + Disbursements. + + Properly approved vouchers have been produced to us for all + disbursements except as regards two payments aggregating + $252.45, the vouchers for which have, we understand, been + mislaid. + + The only items calling for special comment are, we think, the + following: + + Special Installation of Exhibits. + + This sum represents the purchase price of the whole of the + capital stock of the General Service Company, which held a + concession for hauling and storage. From a balance sheet of that + company, recently prepared, it would appear that the amount to + be realized by the Exposition Company in respect of this + investment will be about $104,000. We are advised by the + president that in spite of the apparent loss of $21,000 + involved, this transaction is regarded by the Exposition Company + as an advantageous one, inasmuch as, at the time it was + effected, there were serious controversies and substantial + claims in question between the two companies, and by the + purchase these claims were, of course, completely disposed of; + and, moreover, the installation of exhibits was much expedited + and serious inconvenience to exhibitors avoided. + + Money Advanced. + + The principal item included under this head is an amount of + $152,000 advanced to the emergency exploitation committee from + time to time to meet the expenses incurred by that committee. + Practically the whole of this amount has been expended, but up + to the date of our audit vouchers for the expenditures had not + been turned in by the committee or put through the general books + of the company. We understand that this is now being done. + + Board of Lady Managers. + + Included under this head is the full amount of $100,000 + appropriated for the board out of the Government loan of + $4,600,000. This sum was paid by the company into a special + account, subject to the order of the board, and no details as to + the disbursement thereof appear on the books, owing, as we are + informed, to the fact that no report of such disbursements has + yet been made by the board to the Exposition Company. + + Cash Balances. + + Certificates of deposit have been produced to us, and we have + been furnished with a certificate from the bank as to the + balance on current account. + + The cash immediately available for the general purposes of the + company amounts to $668,754.36, the remaining $182,846.41 being + deposited in a special account to secure the sureties under + various bonds given on behalf of the company. + + Of this total of $182,846.41, the sum of $120,768.18 is derived + from Pike rentals, as hereinbefore explained. The balance of + $62,078.23 consists of receipts of the music bureau, which were + originally paid into a separate fund because of a difference + between the bureau of music and the division of concessions as + to the policy in operating Festival Hall. Subsequently the + president recommended that this fund be added to the fund held + for the protection of the sureties, in accordance with the + authority granted to the executive committee by the board of + directors to make such provision as might be deemed advisable to + protect these sureties, and the president informs us that this + suggestion was approved by the executive committee. + + It will of course be understood that the maintenance of the + separate funds would become a matter of practical importance + only in the event of the funds of the company proving + insufficient to meet its liabilities, a condition which is not + now deemed likely to arise. + + General Financial Condition of the Company. + + We have been furnished by the president of the Exposition + Company with a statement of the estimated assets and liabilities + of the company on May 3, 1905, a copy of which we append hereto. + From this statement it will be seen that, subject to whatever + liability may eventually result in respect of suits and disputed + claims now pending against the company, it is estimated that the + assets will exceed the liabilities by $467,211.45. + + In arriving at this figure, the liability of the company in + respect of the restoration of Forest Park is estimated at + $200,000. In this connection it may be well to point out that + the company is under obligation to restore the park without any + limit as to cost, and has, moreover, given the city of St. Louis + two bonds aggregating $650,000, being the amount of an estimate + made on behalf of the city of the probable cost of restoration. + Of the bonds given, one is for $100,000, secured by guarantee of + certain directors of the Exposition Company, and the second for + $550,000, secured as to $100,000 by personal guarantees and as + to the balance by a mortgage on the Art Building. + + Legislation is now pending looking to the acceptance by the city + of a fixed sum in settlement of the company's liability and the + carrying out of the work of restoration by the city itself, but + it is not, of course, possible to say at the present time + whether the estimate of $200,000 now taken into account will + eventually prove sufficient. + + It is not at present possible to estimate the liability on suits + and claims pending. + + In conclusion, we would state that every facility was extended + to us by the officials of the company in the course of our + audits. + + Yours, faithfully, Jones, Caesar, DICKINSON, WILMOT & Co. + + LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION, _Washington, D.C._ + + + + +_Statement of receipts and disbursements from the incorporation of the +company to April 30, 1906 (inclusive)._ + +RECEIPTS. + +Capital liabilities: + Collections on account of sales of + capital stock ........................... $4,821,456.11 + Proceeds of sale of city of St. Louis + bonds .................................... 5,000,050.00 + United States Government aid ............... 4,752,968.45 + ------------ $14,574,474.56 + +Loans contracted: + United States Government ................... 4,600,000.00 + Loan on security of capital stock + subscriptions, etc ....................... 438,000.00 + ------------ 5,038,000.00 +Revenue: + Admissions collections (Exhibit A) ......... 6,240,480.90 + Concessions collections (Exhibit B) ........ 3,076,958.69 + Intramural railway receipts ................ 627,473.84 + Service, power, light, and water receipts + (Exhibit C) .............................. 655,684.00 + Transportation collections (Exhibit D) ..... 218,207.20 + Music Department collections ............... 146,538.48 + Premium on souvenir gold coin + (less expenses) .......................... 53,669.33 + Photo pass receipts ........................ 51,469.00 + Interest on deposits (Exhibit E) ........... 131,407.83 + Miscellaneous collections (Exhibit F) ...... 136,775.33 + Salvage .................................... 462,865.28 + ------------ 11,801,529.88 +Special funds + Badge ...................................... 6,830.00 + Pay roll ................................... 5,769.04 + ----------- 12,599.04 + ------------- + 31,426,603.48 + +DISBURSEMENTS. + +Preliminary expenses ...................................... $37,418.78 +Construction (Exhibit G) .................................. 16,729,755.48 +Rent of grounds and buildings (Exhibit H) ................. 1,240,113.80 +Maintenance and operating (Exhibit I) ..................... 1,070,537.51 +Special installation of exhibits .......................... 125,000.00 +Exhibits division (Exhibit J) ............................. 2,189,125.93 +Exploitation division (Exhibit K) ......................... 1,327,337.11 +Protection--Fire, police, insurance, etc. (Exhibit L) ..... 1,089.992.35 +Concessions and admissions division (Exhibit M) ........... 564,112.28 +Executive and administrative division (Exhibit N) ......... 440,874.46 +Transportation bureau (Exhibit O) ......................... 321,074.58 +Money advanced (Exhibit P) ................................ 167,350.14 +Sundry disbursements (Exhibit Q) .......................... 114,920.78 +Board of lady managers: + Government appropriation .................... $100,000.00 + Miscellaneous disbursements ................. 16,831.20 + Furnishing rooms ............................ 2,558.31 + ----------- 119,389.51 + ------------- + 25,537,002.71 +Loans repaid .............................................. 5,038,000.00 +Cash balances: + Cash in bank, general fund .................. 5,067.22 + Local treasurer's cash ...................... 24.58 + Certificates of deposit ..................... 663,662.56 + ----------- + 668,754.36 + Certificates of deposit, D.R. Francis and + W.H. Thompson, trustees (Exposition + Company sureties) ......................... 182,846.41 + ----------- 851,600.77 + ------------- + 31,426,603.48 + + + We have examined the above statement of receipts and + disbursements, with the books of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company, and certify the same to be correct. + Satisfactory evidence has been produced to us as to all + payments made, and proper certificates have been furnished + as to the balance of cash in bank, on deposit, and on current + account. + + JONES, CAESAR, DICKINSON, WILMOT & Co., + _Certified Public Accountants_. + + St. Louis, _June 9, 1905_. + + + Estimate of current assets and liabilities at close of business, + May 3, 1905. + +ASSETS. + +Cash on hand with treasurer ............................... $199,888.36 +Cash on hand with local treasurer ......................... 508.33 +Cash on hand with paymaster ............................... 1,500.00 +Cash on hand with police court ............................ 300.00 +Bills receivable, S.W. Bolles ............................. 153.10 +Due from Alexander on account of insurance ................ 2,040.80 +Due from bonding company on account of gatemen ............ 335.20 +Estimated revenue from admissions, three months ........... 3,750.00 +Estimated collections from concessions, + balance due ................................. $281,252.98 +Estimated collections from Pike rentals, + balance due ................................. 23,862.00 + ------------ 20,000.00 +Estimated collections from service bills, + balance due ................................. 109,211.01 10,000.00 +Estimated collections from capital stock, + balance due ................................. 473,741.69 20,000.00 +Estimated collections from other sources .................. 5,000.00 +Salvage, per certificates of deposit 463,662.56 +Salvage, per bills receivable 150,000.00 + ------------ 613,662.56 +Assets of General Service Company + (excluding bills against Louisiana + Purchase Exposition Company) ............................ 40,000.00 +Cash in hands of trustees, on account of + ground rent .................................. 120,768.18 +Cash in hands of trustees, on account of + music ........................................ 62,078.23 + ----------- 182,846.41 + ---------- + $1,099,984.76 + + (See note.) + +LIABILITIES. + +Warrants unpaid ................................ $43,863.60 +Less warrants payable to General Service + Company ...................................... 13,706.33 + ----------- 30,157.27 +Special and trust fund .................................... 12,599.04 +Vouchered accounts, no warrants drawn .......... 56,664.66 +Less General Service Company vouchers .......... 26,255.93 + ----------- 30,408.73 +Ground rent ............................................... 9,500.00 +Tesson heirs' claim ....................................... 5,300.00 +Unvouchered accounts: + Division of works-- + Electrical department ...................... $31,257.10 + Mechanical department ...................... 12,702.44 + Civil engineering .......................... 7,723.56 + Director's office .......................... 2,994.24 + ----------- 54,677.34 + Concessions and admissions-- + Woodward & Tiernan ......................... 2,945.15 + J.E. Allison ............................... 39.28 + David L. Grey .............................. 456.00 + ----------- 3.440.43 + Division of exhibits-- + Director's office .......................... 2,140.50 + Awards ..................................... 1,784.50 + Art ........................................ 262.87 + Live stock ................................. 59.25 + Electricity ................................ 30.25 + Education .................................. 4.10 + Manufactures ............................... .25 + Physical culture ........................... $30.70 + Anthropology ............................... 387.40 + Machinery .................................. 76.00 + Mines and metallurgy ....................... 200.00 + Model street ............................... 30.70 + Salary, three days in May .................. 107.46 + ----------- $5,113.98 +Park restoration, three days' salaries and wages .......... 448.41 +Park restoration, Art Museum, salaries and wages .......... 117.17 +Transportation, salaries and wages ........................ 29.04 +Legal department, salaries and wages ...................... 112.11 +Secretary's office, salaries and wages .................... 426.20 +Auditor's office, salaries and wages ...................... 128.61 +Collector and local treasurer, salaries and wages ......... 54.40 +Treasurer's office, salaries and wages .................... 27.76 +Care of buildings (janitors), salaries and wages .......... 17.91 +Report of Congress of Arts and Sciences ................... 4,213.91 +Diplomas .................................................. 44,000.00 +Unmatured liabilities: + Administration expenses during liquidation of + Exposition Company (estimated) ........................ 100,000.00 + Publication of president's report ....................... 10,000.00 + Publication reports Congress of Arts and + Sciences .............................................. 18,000.00 + Publication of physical-culture reports ................. 5,000.00 + Restoration of Forest Park (estimated) .................. 200,000.00 + Restoration of leased tracts and additional + rental thereon (estimated) ............................ 50,000.00 + Taxes for three years on leased tracts, in litigation + (estimated) ........................................... 25,000.00 + Contingent fund ......................................... 20,000.00 + Administration expenses of superior jury ................ 4,000.00 +Excess of current assets over current liabilities, + which is exclusive of contingent liabilities in the + shape of suits pending versus Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company, and other items as per memorandum + below ................................................... 467,211.45 + ---------- + $1,099,984.76 + +CONTINGENT LIABILITIES. + +Suits pending against Exposition Company: + Exposition Water Company ................................ 63,000.00 + Fraternal Identification Company ........................ 50,000.00 + Charles Holloway ........................................ 2,000.00 + Star Bottling Company ................................... 235,449.79 + Do .................................................... 30,600.00 + Gardner T. Voorhees ..................................... 25,000.00 + Exposition Water Company ................................ 63,000.00 + Bessie M. Liggett (two suits), action for rent + of New York office .................................... 1,500.00 + Willis .................................................. 15,000.00 + John Culligan ........................................... 100.00 + ------------- + $562,849.79 + + + (In addition to the above there are a number of claims made by + concessionaires, aggregating a large amount, which have not yet + been put in suit.) + +CONTINGENT ASSETS. + +There may be an appropriation made at next session of Congress + to pay amount due Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company on + account of Philippine exhibit, which amounts to ............ $100,000.00 + +(This is so uncertain that it can not be counted as a probable asset.) + + NOTE.--In the assets is listed trustees' fund, $182,846.41. This + amount is not at present an available asset, for the reason that + it is a trust fund placed to secure bondsmen for ground rent and + other purposes, and may be partially or totally absorbed for the + reimbursement of bondsmen who may be defendants in suits that may + be instituted. + + * * * * * + +EXHIBITS TO STATEMENTS OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS, APRIL 30, 1905. + +EXHIBIT A.--_Admissions collections, April 30, 1905_. + +Admissions collections: + Preexposition ........................................... $175,906.25 + Exposition .............................................. 5,704,846.15 + Postexposition ......................................... 16,156.50 +Chicago day tickets ....................................... 270.00 +National Commission season tickets ........................ 28,637.50 +November tickets .......................................... 4,870.00 +St. Louis day admissions .................................. 39,536.00 +Season tickets ............................................ 94,030.00 +Single admission tickets .................................. 14,651.00 +Special August tickets .................................... 1,410.00 +Stockholders' tickets ..................................... 160,167.50 + ------------- + Total ................................................. 6,240,480.90 + +EXHIBIT B.--_Concessions collections, April 30, 1905_. + +Concessions revenue: + Preexposition ........................................... $32,366.06 + Exposition .............................................. 2,808,995.59 + Postexposition .......................................... 1,855.54 +Concessions receipts, subsequently refunded (contra) ...... 15,554.00 +Catlin tract Pike rentals ................................. 218,187.50 + ------------- + Total ................................................. 3,076,958.69 + +EXHIBIT C.--_Receipts account of service, power, light, and +water bills, etc., April 30, 1905_. + +Miscellaneous, prior to September 3, 1902 ................. $434.45 +Animals, care of .......................................... 55.00 +Bags ...................................................... 1,971.30 +Blacksmith shop ........................................... 121.35 +Building permits .......................................... 1,015.58 +Cinders ................................................... 142.50 +Coal sold ................................................. 1,040.70 +Cleaning closets .......................................... 263.50 +Cord wood ................................................. 3,020.94 +Cremating animals ......................................... 141.30 +Damages ................................................... 11.41 +Dam in Arrowhead .......................................... 3,068.93 +Draft returned ............................................ 1,000.00 +Electric connections, various service ..................... 686.00 +Electric power service .................................... 7,609.09 +Force account ............................................. 21,798.14 +Freight charges ........................................... 119.11 +Garbage cans .............................................. 465.00 +Gas connections and inspections ........................... 530.00 +Hauling garbage, etc ...................................... 871.54 +Light service ............................................. 7,639.57 +Miscellaneous ............................................. 5,264.41 +Miscellaneous hauling ..................................... 22.75 +Paving .................................................... 138.60 +Permits other than buildings .............................. $830.59 +Piling .................................................... 589.10 +Rebates on collections .................................... 15,011.58 +Removing garbage .......................................... 1,767.85 +Removing rubbish .......................................... 435.60 +Rent of cross arms ........................................ 438.95 +Rent of conduits .......................................... 1,108.04 +Repairs ................................................... 24.12 +Salvage ................................................... 87.26 +Sawmill ................................................... 950.42 +Alternating currents ...................................... 26.26 +Amperes oven service ...................................... 41.25 +Compressed air service .................................... 1,310.50 +Electric heater service ................................... 533.31 +Fan power service ......................................... 1,948.36 +Furnace service ........................................... 5.71 +Gaslight service .......................................... 5,799.75 +Arc light service ......................................... 13,112.32 +Incandescent service ...................................... 243,578.64 +Miscellaneous service ..................................... 17,246.36 +Changing electric service ................................. 150.00 +Miscellaneous electric service ............................ 81,425.68 +Miscellaneous light service ............................... 3,907.45 +Picture machine service ................................... 27.50 +Searchlight service ....................................... 202.20 +Motor service ............................................ 82,597.25 +Steam service ............................................. 1,661.02 +Telephone service ......................................... 540.56 +Water service ............................................. 68,023.74 +Water applications and inspections ........................ 14,672.50 +Sewer applications and inspections ........................ 6,240.00 +Plumbing applications and inspections ..................... 5,436.00 +Compressed air connections ................................ 35.00 +Electric heater connections ............................... 40.00 +Fan power applications and connections .................... 150.00 +Gas connections ........................................... 1.059.40 +Gas inspections ........................................... 211.00 +Arc light connections ..................................... 170.64 +Incandescent light connections ............................ 5,780.32 +Miscellaneous electric connections ........................ 116.85 +Miscellaneous light connections ........................... 210.00 +Light applications, etc. .................................. 413.00 +Miscellaneous connections ................................. 60.64 +Miscellaneous inspections ................................. 6.50 +Motor applications and connections ........................ 2,556.43 +Picture machine connections ............................... 5.00 +Plumbing applications ..................................... 1,202.75 +Plumbing inspections ...................................... 1,055.50 +Sewer applications ........................................ 647.00 +Sewer inspections ......................................... 420.00 +Sanitary sewer applications ............................... 1,820.00 +Sanitary sewer inspections ................................ 1,530.00 +Steam pipe connections .................................... 7.50 +Steam sewer connections ................................... 191.35 +Water applications ........................................ 2,702.35 +Water inspections ......................................... 1,605.00 +High pressure applications ................................ 3,125.00 +High pressure inspections ................................. 1,047.50 +Various direct currents ................................... 26.00 +Force account, post-exposition ............................ 78.33 +Arc light service, post-exposition ........................ 591.41 +Gas connections, post-exposition .......................... 10.00 +Gaslight service, post-exposition ......................... 92.16 +Crane service, post-exposition ............................ 19.50 +Incandescent light service, post-exposition ............... 112.93 +Miscellaneous service, post-exposition .................... 89.98 +Water service, post-exposition ............................ $1,333.02 +Removing garbage, post-exposition ......................... .40 +Gas inspections ........................................... .50 + ------------- + Total ................................................... 655,684.00 + +EXHIBIT D.--_Transportation collections, April 30, 1905._ + +Switching: + Exposition period ....................................... $135,087.12 +Postexposition period ..................................... 71,169.34 +Car service ............................................... 5,148.30 +Parking private cars ...................................... 2,506.00 +Drayage ................................................... 5.32 +Miscellaneous ............................................. 4,291.12 + ------------- + Total ................................................... 218,207.20 + +EXHIBIT E.--_Interest receipts, April 30, 1905._ + +Interest on deposits ...................................... $116,356.03 +Interest on Government loan ............................... 3,926.63 +Washington University, special fund ....................... 8,544.49 +Pike rental, special fund ................................. 2,580.68 + ------------- + Total ................................................... 131,407.83 + +EXHIBIT F.--_Miscellaneous collections, April 30, 1905._ + +Refunds prior to September 3, 1902 ........................ $4,870.46 +Admissions, exposition .................................... 201.61 +Admissions department ..................................... 102.66 +Ceremonies, dedication .................................... 22.40 +Conscience fund ........................................... 31.25 +Drafts returned ........................................... 186.00 +Freight charges refunded .................................. 367.70 +Miscellaneous collections ................................. 2,411.98 +Interest on stock notes ................................... 1,260.04 +Interest on stock of estate ............................... 3.90 +Interest and costs, delinquent subscriptions .............. 111.52 +Janitor service ........................................... 1,650.62 +Lost property ............................................. .50 +Miscellaneous sales ....................................... 9,516.84 +Percentages, Bell Telephone Company pay stations .......... 1,363.51 +Postage ................................................... 5.39 +Redemption of horses and vehicles ......................... 86.00 +Rent ...................................................... 13.00 +Sale of buildings ......................................... 50.00 +Sale of property .......................................... 3,248.78 +Geo. F. Parker, resident representative, London ........... 145.03 +Intramural railway maintenance ............................ 180.55 +Concessions department, ticket account .................... 47.50 +Concessions ............................................... 10.50 +Ticket sellers, change account ............................ 40.00 +Impounding vehicles ....................................... 1.00 +Force account, postexposition ............................. 228.00 +Miscellaneous, postexposition ............................. 75.62 +Postage, postexposition ................................... 2.85 +Physical-culture fund ..................................... 3,495.31 +Aeronautics entry fees .................................... 1,500.00 +Insurance premiums refunded ............................... 63,983.17 +Refrigerating plant receipts .............................. 20,178.99 +Garbage coupon books ...................................... 11,506.80 +Refund account, overpayments .............................. 4,715.96 +Personal damage receipts .................................. 2,572.50 +Property damage receipts .................................. 72.50 +Uniform account, special fund ............................. 2,514.89 + ------------- + Total ................................................... 136,775.33 + +EXHIBIT G.--_Construction, April 30, 1905._ + +Architecture, department of ............................... $138,395.61 +Architects' commissions ................................... 81,000.00 +Architects' fees and expense .............................. 94,019.88 +Agriculture Building ...................................... 524,185.51 +Approaches to Government Building ......................... 34,585.90 +Art Building .............................................. 945,849.45 +Athletic field ............................................ 16,000.00 +Band stands ............................................... 25,793.00 +Barracks buildings ........................................ 26,925.75 +Bridges, permanent ........................................ 102,785.07 +Bridges, temporary ........................................ 1,666.78 +Building, engineers ....................................... 11,578.85 +Cascades and terraces, excavating ......................... 142,629.08 +Civil engineers ........................................... 308,031.74 +Dairy barn building ....................................... 27,570.08 +Day nursery building ...................................... 6,035.82 +Drainage .................................................. 100,813.86 +Drinking fountains ........................................ 898.00 +Director's office ......................................... 224,008.48 +Electricity and Machinery ................................. 444,553.70 +Electricity and machinery department ...................... 122,589.49 +Electric and power plant .................................. 2,868,047.38 +Electrical subway ......................................... 23,494.33 +Emergency installation .................................... 13,746.91 +Engine house .............................................. 41,152.18 +Exhibitors' exposition power plant ........................ 201,099.93 +Exhibitors' pre-exposition power plant .................... 16,989.63 +Entrances ................................................. 31,736.00 +Finish on bridges, lagoons, and cascades .................. 155,488.72 +Festival Hall ............................................. 221,999.45 +Fire department, temporary building ....................... 220.71 +Fire plant ................................................ 370,622.09 +Forestry, Fish, and Game Building ......................... 174,317.38 +Fences .................................................... 37,325.16 +Filtration plant .......................................... 11,689.20 +Freight platforms ......................................... 14,298.51 +Furniture and fixtures .................................... 19,727.83 +Garbage crematory ......................................... 8,746.90 +Grading ................................................... 269,454.94 +Gas piping ................................................ 44,665.62 +Horticulture Building ..................................... 225,408.27 +Horses, harness, and vehicles ............................. 7,069.30 +Hospital building ......................................... 20,508.38 +Hauling and piling up soil ................................ 1,720.80 +Implements and tools ...................................... 9,271.02 +Intramural railway ........................................ 498,393.90 +Landscape gardening ....................................... 500,566.59 +Louisiana Purchase Monument ............................... 7,593.93 +Liberal Arts Building ..................................... 475,370.95 +Live stock exhibit buildings .............................. 147,464.55 +Machinery Building ........................................ 497,408.35 +Manufactures Building ..................................... 710,284.49 +Mines and Metallurgy Building ............................. 491,802.41 +Mural decorations ......................................... 41,467.88 +Philippine Commission ..................................... 198,442.15 +Police station ............................................ 6,646.17 +Preparing grounds ......................................... 738,508.51 +Press building ............................................ 4,899.32 +Pump well, pavilion, and conduit .......................... 37,845.24 +Plumbing .................................................. 129,834.02 +Refrigerating and ice plants .............................. 37,177.84 +Restaurants and colonades ................................. 174,106.80 +Reservoirs ................................................ 3,013.53 +Roadways .................................................. 441,676.12 +Sculpture ................................................. 518,039.87 +Sculpture Hall Building ................................... $39,388.99 +Service building .......................................... 41,743.81 +Shelter houses ............................................ 4,924.35 +Stables ................................................... 6,167.01 +Sewers .................................................... 62,700.14 +Sawmill ................................................... 6,781.24 +Street railway, private right of way ...................... 12,788.98 +Supplies, miscellaneous ................................... 9,053.73 +Temporary boiler house .................................... 1,808.50 +Textiles Building ......................................... 381,446.85 +Ticket booths ............................................. 6,940.00 +Turnstiles ................................................ 25,416.15 +Town Hall Building ........................................ 15,398.34 +Transportation Building ................................... 675,586.39 +Triumphal causeway ........................................ 7,885.00 +Uniforms .................................................. 1,054.42 +United States life-saving exhibit ......................... 925.25 +Varied Industries Building ................................ 733,831.21 +Warehouse Building ........................................ 24,446.87 +Water mains ............................................... 159,650.94 +Waterways ................................................. 34,643.38 +Water rent ................................................ 72,207.50 +West pavilion ............................................. 5,722.50 +Widening and straightening river Des Peres ................ 115,159.78 +World's fair terminals .................................... 454,824.81 + ------------- + Total .................................................. 16,729,755.48 + +EXHIBIT H.--_Rent of grounds and buildings, April 30, 1905._ + +Washington University tract ............................... $750,000.00 +Other tracts west of Skinker road ......................... 230,250.00 +Catlin tract .............................................. 200,000.00 +Sundry ground rents ....................................... 25,403.36 +Coliseum .................................................. 18,666.66 +Offices ................................................... 15,793.78 + ------------- + Total ................................................... 1,240,113.80 + +EXHIBIT I.--_Maintenance and operating, April 30, 1905._ + +Care of buildings ......................................... $89,251.97 +Electric and power plant .................................. 675,462.29 +Electric power rentals .................................... 28,438.91 +Fuel not yet distributed .................................. 2,299.43 +Gas-light buildings ....................................... 1,474.16 +Garbage cremation ......................................... 5,083.08 +Maintenance of-- + Grounds ................................................. 77,902.63 + Roads ................................................... 20,228.49 + Lagoons, cascades, and basins ........................... 2,408.33 + Fire plant .............................................. 3,499.69 +Operating expenses: + Buildings ............................................... 11,914.50 + Landscape gardening ..................................... 24,365.86 + Lavatories .............................................. 583.83 + Waterways ............................................... 1,405.87 + Miscellaneous ........................................... 5,308.30 +Repairing buildings ....................................... 46,672.38 +Refrigeration ............................................. 14,735.53 +Removal of garbage and rubbish ............................ 21,227.60 +Sewers, water supply system ............................... 1,824.17 +Special police ............................................ 7,034.94 +Telephone rentals ......................................... 29,102.97 +United States Life-saving station ......................... 312.52 + + Total ................................................... 1,070,537.51 + +EXHIBIT J.--_Exhibits division, April 30, 1905._ + +Aeronautics ............................................... $42,405.98 +Agriculture ............................................... 77,382.24 +Agriculture, live-stock section ........................... 281,275.37 +Anthropology .............................................. 76,443.95 +Art ....................................................... 131,138.89 +Director's office ......................................... 145,899.05 +Education ................................................. 49.684.59 +Electricity ............................................... 52,934.65 +Fish and game ............................................. 27,664.88 +Forestry .................................................. 13,409.84 +Horticulture .............................................. 91,174.48 +International congresses .................................. 131,842.43 +International jury of awards .............................. 109,882.62 +Liberal arts .............................................. 45,094.44 +Machinery ................................................. 61,686.62 +Manufactures .............................................. 86,487.23 +Mines and metallurgy ...................................... 85,042.23 +Music ..................................................... 494,984.48 +Physical culture .......................................... 87,876.53 +Social economy ............................................ 42,376.81 +Transportation ............................................ 54,438.62 + ------------- + Total ................................................... 2,189,125.93 + +EXHIBIT K.--_Exploitation division, April 30, 1905._ + +Argentina ................................................. $29,958.08 +Australia ................................................. 4,452.20 +Alabama ................................................... 22.30 +Arkansas .................................................. 98.41 +Bureau of information ..................................... 9,728.37 +Brazil .................................................... 16,789.30 +Central American States ................................... 12,643.84 +Cuba ...................................................... 5,503.48 +California ................................................ 600.20 +Colorado .................................................. 61.91 +Connecticut ............................................... 689.77 +Director's office ......................................... 22,865.10 +Domestic office ........................................... 36,415.86 +Domestic incidentals ...................................... 32,722.72 +Delaware .................................................. 125.43 +Dutch manufacturers in Holland ............................ 1,012.33 +Egypt ..................................................... 5,432.26 +Europe .................................................... 43,773.46 +Eastern headquarters ...................................... 9,310.59 +Emblem account ............................................ 1,035.38 +Emergency exploitation .................................... 872.27 +Fourth of July celebration ................................ 8,561.24 +Florida ................................................... 1,019.40 +Germany ................................................... 10,724.77 +Georgia ................................................... 191.61 +Foreign incidentals ....................................... 18,232.25 +India ..................................................... 4,949.36 +Italy ..................................................... 11,011.31 +Idaho ..................................................... 80.60 +Illinois .................................................. 22.05 +Incidentals, various States ............................... 3,696.96 +Indiana ................................................... 35.75 +Indian Territory .......................................... 755.43 +Iowa ...................................................... 164.03 +Kansas .................................................... 15.00 +Kentucky .................................................. 1,524.99 +London ................................................... 17,807.78 +Maine ..................................................... $94.25 +Maryland .................................................. 671.66 +Massachusetts ............................................. 264.14 +Michigan .................................................. 1,339.55 +Minnesota ................................................. 959.58 +Mississippi ............................................... 193.05 +Municipal exhibits ........................................ 52.55 +Nebraska .................................................. 417.41 +New England States ........................................ 78.00 +New York .................................................. 657.19 +New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island .................... 455.90 +North Carolina ............................................ 1,499.92 +New Hampshire ............................................. 150.25 +North Dakota .............................................. 317.96 +Netherlands ............................................... 45.00 +Oriental countries ........................................ 46,388.68 +Ohio ...................................................... 429.80 +Paris ..................................................... 11,229.17 +Portugal .................................................. 1,384.62 +Press representative to Europe ............................ 14,144.79 +Pan-American Exposition Building .......................... 15,826.09 +Press and publicity ....................................... 435,118.82 +Pennsylvania .............................................. 241.10 +Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela .............................. 17,652.97 +Rhode Island .............................................. 965.80 +Russia .................................................... 600.00 +South Carolina ............................................ 1,826.18 +Southern States ........................................... 3,737.28 +South Dakota .............................................. 123.85 +South Africa .............................................. 945.33 +Spain ..................................................... 2,261.23 +Special Commissioner Buchanan ............................. 25,070.45 +New York and Massachusetts ................................ 159.50 +Special Commissioner Hayward .............................. 3,000.73 +Sweden and Norway ......................................... 12,318.15 +South Carolina and Interstate and West Indian Exposition .. 11,948.82 +Saengerfest subscription .................................. 5,000.00 +Tennessee ................................................ 697.51 +Texas ..................................................... 159.00 +Transportation day ........................................ 7,908.22 +Vermont ................................................... 10.00 +Virginia .................................................. 1,122.80 +Windward Islands and Trinidad ............................. 1,200.00 +World's Fair Fraternal Association ........................ 2,945.00 +Dedication ceremonies ..................................... 233,341.16 +Ceremonies ................................................ 2,744.13 +Bureau of ceremonies ...................................... 39,693.86 +Entertainments ............................................ 70,583.36 +Receptions and entertainments ............................. 8,736.73 +Competitive drills ........................................ 7,500.00 +Pike day expenses ......................................... 9,190.57 +Promotion ................................................. 5,928.26 +Firemen's convention and tournament ....................... 2,814.60 +Good roads conventions .................................... 2,286.35 + ------------- + Total ................................................... 1,327,337.11 + +Exhibit L.--_Protection, April 30, 1905._ + +Fire department ........................................... $162,471.26 +Medical department ........................................ 37,559.01 +Jefferson Guards .......................................... 471,245.74 +Custodian of buildings .................................... 2,354.07 +Fire-fighting exhibit: + Preexposition ........................................... 16,500.00 + Exposition .............................................. 25,000.00 +Insurance: + Accident ................................................ $86,174.33 + Boilers ................................................. 541.28 + Buildings ............................................... 260,172.35 + Contents of buildings ................................... 24,607.07 + Miscellaneous ........................................... 1,404.90 +Premium on Fidelity bonds ................................. 1,962.34 + ------------- + Total ................................................... 1,089,992.35 + +EXHIBIT M.--_Concessions and admissions division, April 30, 1905._ + +Advance payments, concessions ............................. $27.00 +Admissions department ..................................... 280,337.55 +Concessions department .................................... 222,664.57 +Collector's office ........................................ 36,756.99 +Ticket account ............................................ 138.00 + ------------- + Total ................................................... 564,112.28 + +EXHIBIT N.--_Executive and administrative division, April 30, 1905._ + +Auditor's office .......................................... $61,025.11 +Collector's office ........................................ 36,756.99 +Incidental expenses ....................................... 24,341.83 +Legal department .......................................... 87,598.15 +Local treasurer's office .................................. 12,703.22 +President's office ........................................ 9,963.17 +President's contingent fund ............................... 1,413.63 +Secretary's office ........................................ 155,687.16 +Supply department ......................................... 21,430.07 +Treasurer's office ........................................ 29,954.53 + ------------- + Total ................................................... 440,874.46 + +EXHIBIT O.--_Transportation bureau, April 30, 1905._ + +Director's office ......................................... $12,003.04 +Equipment ................................................. 805.00 +Intramural Railway: + Operating ............................................... 59,578.81 + Maintenance ............................................. 5,694.39 +Operating department ...................................... 210,976.38 +Traffic manager ........................................... 15,449.05 +World's Fair terminal, maintenance ........................ 16,567.91 + ------------- + Total ................................................... 321,074.58 + +EXHIBIT P.--_Money advanced, April 30, 1905._ + +Board of lady managers .................................... $3,000.00 +Bolles, S. W .............................................. 153.10 +Buchanan W. I ............................................. 71.02 +Chase, C.A., paymaster .................................... 1,500.00 +Emergency exploitation committee .......................... 152,986.49 +Kurtz & Watrous ........................................... 8,000.00 +Money changers at entrances ............................... 665.20 +Moore, Thomas M ........................................... 1,100.37 +Thompson, J.C., jr ........................................ 16.00 + ------------- + Total ................................................... 167,350.14 + +EXHIBIT Q.--_Miscellaneous, April 30, 1905._ + +Accrued interest, city of St. Louis bonds ................. $35,901.34 +Band contests ............................................. 500.00 +Bond for rent of land ..................................... 540.00 +Disbursement agent, United States Government .............. $8,500.38 +Interest on bills payable and advances on capital stock ... 15,625.55 +Inside Inn ................................................ 147.49 +National Civic Federation ................................. 73.13 +Operating expenses, sanitation ............................ 400.44 +Press parliament .......................................... 1,132.90 +Personal damages .......................................... 6,171.70 +Postage ................................................... 21.64 +Refund: + Admissions .............................................. 405.20 + Concessions collections ................................. 15,554.00 + Grounds and buildings collections ....................... 1,656.97 + Photo pass account ...................................... 1,154.00 + Transportation collections .............................. 502.53 +Sanitation ................................................ 430.90 +Supervision of sanitation ................................. 382.19 +Telegrams ................................................. 2,254.46 +Refund, overpayment of capital stock ...................... 1,816.33 +Ways and means committee .................................. 65.26 +Million Population Club ................................... 20.00 +Park restoration .......................................... 9,527.35 +Park restoration, Art Museum .............................. 1,043.39 +Salvage expense ........................................... 240.31 +Damage to property ........................................ 5,269.00 +Refund, season tickets .................................... 75.00 +Special exhibit, Agricultural Hall ........................ 5,509.32 + ------------- +Total ..................................................... 114,920.78 + + + + +Condensed statement showing estimated financial result of the exposition. + +RECEIPTS. + +Subscribed funds: + United States Government ................................. $4,752,968.45 + City of St Louis ......................................... 4,964.148.66 + Individual subscriptions ................................. 4,839,867.28 + -------------- $14,556,984.39 +Loans: + United States Government ................................. 4,600,000.00 + Loan on stock subscriptions, etc. ........................ 438,000.00 + -------------- + 5,038,000.00 + Less repaid .............................................. 5,038,000.00 + -------------- +Revenue: + Admissions ............................................... 6,244,544.65 + Concessions .............................................. 3,081,406.78 + All other sources ........................................ 1,931,571.35 + -------------- + 11,257,522.78 + -------------- + 25,814,507.17 + + +DISBURSEMENTS. + +Expenditures: + Construction .............................................$16,729,755.49 + Less salvage 625,680.90 + -------------- + 16,104,074.59 + Rents of grounds and buildings ........................... 1,279,913.80 + All other expenses ....................................... 7,713,307.34 + Estimated liability for restoration of site .............. 250,000.00 + ------------- + $25,347,295.73 +Surplus, subject to liability on pending suits and claims 467,211.45 + -------------- + 25,814,507.18 + + The above condensed statement has been prepared from the + accounts of the company to May 3, 1905, and from an estimate of + future receipts and expenditures furnished us by the president + of the Exposition Company. + + JONES, CAESAR, DICKINSON, WILMOT & CO. + + ST. Louis, _June 12, 1905_. + + + + + + + + +APPENDIX 2. + + + +DISPOSAL OF SALVAGE OF LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. + +State of Missouri, _City of St. Louis_, ss: + +Before me, this the 16th day of March, 1905, personally appeared H.S. +Albrecht, who, being duly sworn, on his oath says: + +My name is H.S. Albrecht. I reside in St. Louis. Have lived here the +past twenty-five years. I am engaged in business in St. Louis. In regard +to the sale of the salvage of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company +I herewith make the following statement: + +When I saw by the papers that bids were requested for the wrecking and +removal of certain exhibit buildings now on the World's Fair grounds I +decided that I would make a bid on same. I submitted a bid on that part +of the salvage to be disposed of as shown in the specifications prepared +by Director of Works Taylor and on following buildings: + +Mines and Metallurgy; Liberal Arts; Education and Social Economy; +Manufactures; Electricity; Varied Industries; Machinery; Transportation; +Forestry, Fish, and Game; Agricultural; Horticulture; four dairy barns, +octagonal; live-stock forum; Live-Stock Congress Hall; stock barns; +Steam, Gas, and Fuel Building, and cooling towers; Festival Hall; +terrace of States, including pedestals and statuary; two pagoda +restaurant buildings on Art Hill; four fire-engine houses; five +toilet-room buildings; five band stands. + +The time limit set for the removal of the buildings and debris was +short--namely, three months--and no one could make a reasonable bid. I +made my bid in the sum of only $50,000 for that reason, and accompanied +same by a certified check for $25,000, as required by the Exposition +Company. + +The bids were to be opened at 12 o'clock noon of November 10. I, with a +number of other bidders, was present in an anteroom adjoining the office +of Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works. The bids were not opened at +the appointed hour, and we waited there for three hours and until 3 +o'clock. We expected the bids to be opened in public, as is done by the +United States Government and the city when they dispose of large +properties. We were called into Mr. Taylor's office and were informed by +President D.R. Francis that the bids would not be opened in public, but +in private. I immediately arose and offered an objection to this mode of +procedure, as I did not think it was the proper way to handle the +matter. I told them what I thought of the whole proposition. My protest +was a vigorous one. A Mr. Harris, a representative of the Chicago House +Wrecking Company, immediately arose and stated that he desired to have +his bid kept secret. Mr. Francis overruled my objection and sustained +Mr. Harris. Mr. Francis asked the other bidders present what they +desired as to the manner of handling the bids, and they all stated that +the bids should be opened in public and not in private. Not only as a +contractor, but as a stockholder of the Exposition Company, I demanded +that the bids be opened publicly, in a straightforward manner. We were +instructed to go out into the anteroom and remain until called for. +About fifteen minutes later I was recalled alone to the meeting room of +the salvage committee, where President Francis questioned me in regard +to the $50,000 bid, and asked whether I could remove the property in the +time limit set. I informed the gentlemen that I could make my bid +considerably higher if I was granted more time in which to remove the +debris. President Francis asked me how much more I could bid, and I told +him I could not state offhand. The conditions as to the removal of the +wreckage in the specified time, namely, three months, were somewhat +prohibitive, as it would be impossible to fulfill the requirements +without an enormous expense. It would be well-nigh impossible to get +sufficient men and teams on the work to complete the same in the +specified time. President Francis stated to me that it was probable that +all the bids would be rejected. I requested him to ask for new bids, +which were to be opened in public, or that the property be sold at +public auction. I saw by the newspapers a few days later that all bids +had been rejected, and my check for $25,000 was returned to me. I later +saw by the papers that the Exposition Company contemplated forming a +company among the directors and wreck the buildings themselves and +dispose of the salvage. Later on I saw in the papers that the Chicago +House Wrecking Company was figuring to buy all the World's Fair +property, and was about to close a deal for the purchase of the salvage +in the sum of $386,000. + +No further information as to the sale of the salvage was ever furnished +me, nor was any notice given me that further or additional bids would be +received. + +I had never at any time been furnished a list of the property for sale, +and made my bid on the buildings as shown by the specifications prepared +by Mr. Taylor, director of works. I requested a list of the property for +sale, but was never able to get one. + +As soon as I heard that the property of the exposition was to be sold to +the Chicago House Wrecking Company for the sum of $386,000 I wrote a +letter to President Francis as follows: + + DECEMBER 5, 1905. + + GENTLEMEN: Noticing in the daily papers that you will sell the + entire property owned by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, + including railway tracks, exhibit and other buildings, fencing, + furniture, wiring, lamps, piping, plumbing, machinery, etc.--in + fact, everything owned by the company. If this is the fact we + can pay you about $400,000 and perhaps more. Will you kindly + furnish us a complete list of everything that you have for sale + and specified time of removal, so we can give you an intelligent + bid or proposition? + + Very respectfully, + SCHOELLHORN-ALBRECHT REAL ESTATE CO., + Per H.S. ALBRECHT, _President_. + + President D.R. FRANCIS and + BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON SALVAGE, + _Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis._ + +I failed to receive a reply to the above letter or to receive a list of +the property to be sold, and was not notified that further bids would be +received therefor. As far as I know, none of the former bidders, nor any +one else, for that matter, were given the slightest opportunity to bid +on the whole property, except the Chicago House Wrecking Company. + +There seemed to be a disposition on the part of the salvage committee to +observe the greatest secrecy in procuring the bids and the awarding of +the contract. The property was not properly advertised and lists were +not furnished to bidders, as is customary in public sales, where large +amounts of valuable property is to be sold. + +From the contract between the Exposition Company and the Chicago House +Wrecking Company, now a matter of record here, I have noticed the nature +of the material and property sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Company, +and had I been furnished a list of that property I would have bid +$750,000, all cash, and would have made a great profit on it at that +price. If the property had been properly listed and widely advertised, +much higher bids would have been made. If the property had been properly +advertised and had been sold at public auction, in detail, I am safe in +saying that the Exposition Company would have realized more than +$1,000,000 out of the salvage. In my opinion the property delivered to +the Chicago House Wrecking Company was of the market value of fully +$1,500,000. + +H.S. ALBRECHT. + + + +Subscribed and sworn to before me this 16th day of March, 1905. My +commission expires on the 22d day of July, 1909. + +[SEAL.] IRA C. MONEY, +_Notary Public, City of St. Louis, Mo._ + + + + + + +STATE OF MISSOURI, _City of St. Louis, ss:_ + +Before me, this the 16th day of March, 1905, personally appeared Charles +L. McDonald, who, being duly sworn, on his oath says: + + +My name is Charles L. McDonald. I reside in the city of St. Louis. Am +connected with the St. Louis Steam Forge and Iron works. I saw by the +St. Louis Globe-Democrat of October 17, 1904, that Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, +director of works of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, had requested +sealed proposals addressed to the "Committee on Salvage and Sale of +Buildings," for the wrecking and removal of certain exhibit buildings +now on the World's Fair grounds, and that specifications and +instructions for the above-mentioned work and drawings and +specifications of the buildings to be wrecked could be seen at the +office of Mr. Taylor. All bids were to be in Mr. Taylor's office by 12 +o'clock noon of Thursday, November 10, 1904. + +The specifications and instructions as prepared by Mr. Taylor for the +wrecking of the buildings, and for which sealed proposals were +requested, only applied to the following buildings: Mines and +Metallurgy; Liberal Arts; Education and Social Economy; Manufactures; +Electricity; Varied Industries; Machinery; Transportation; Forestry, +Fish, and Game; Agriculture; Horticulture; four dairy barns, octagonal; +live stock forum; Live Stock Congress Hall; stock barns; steam, gas, and +fuel buildings and cooling towers; Festival Hall; terrace of States, +including pedestals and statuary; two pagoda restaurant buildings on Art +Hill; four fire-engine houses; five toilet-room buildings; five band +stands; and excluded, or rather did not include, all electrical wiring, +piping, plumbing, roadmaking machinery, fire hose in the various +buildings, two hospitals complete, Jefferson Guards' uniforms and +accouterments, railroad tracks in the various buildings, the Intramural +Railway, which included all the equipment (except the cars), hothouses, +horses, wagons, and vehicles of all kinds, and many other valuable +items. + +I submitted a bid on one of the buildings only. However, I was +associated with Mr. Albrecht and others when he submitted a bid on all +the buildings as shown by the printed list, and was also concerned with +him in his proposition of December 5, wherein he offered $400,000 cash +for the property, and more if a list of all the property could be +secured. + +The conditions embodied in the specifications and contract, with +reference to the time limit for the removal of all the debris from day +to day as the work progressed were too exacting, in that they did not +allow sufficient time, and if the same were strictly enforced by +Director of Works Taylor would materially add to the expense of the +contractor. The time was too short for the amount of work to be done. + +On November 10, at the hour called for the opening of the bids, I was +present and appeared with other bidders before the committee on salvage. +I, with a number of other bidders, waited until after 3 o'clock for the +committee to get together and open the bids, and was very much surprised +when President Francis announced that all bids would be opened in secret +by the committee. This procedure was not in accordance with the custom +of the Government and city in the handling of its property when same is +for sale under bids. Mr. Albrecht objected to the bids being opened in +secret session and demanded that they be opened before the bidders. +President Francis asked me what I had to say about the way in which the +bids were to be handled, and I answered that I could do nothing more +than emphasize the protests of Mr. Albrecht. + +I have been a bidder at many sales of both Government and city, +property, and the method employed at such sales provided for the opening +of bids in public in the presence of such bidders as desired to be +present. + +A few days later I saw by the papers that the Exposition Company had +rejected all bids. After the rejection of our first sealed bids, I +learned through another bidder, with whom I was interested, that the +World's Fair officials had announced that it was probable that they +would wreck the exposition buildings themselves. Upon this information I +dropped the matter and heard nothing further about the bidding until it +was announced that the Chicago House Wrecking Company had secured the +contract. When I heard that the Fair Company proposed to do its own +wrecking I thought it a good plan. + +The carrying on of the bidding through private negotiations, as +President Francis terms it, was not, I contend, the most advantageous to +the Exposition Company and its stockholders. If they had given all the +bidders an equal show in the matter, and had furnished a list of the +property to be sold, much higher bids would have been obtained. + +The secrecy with which the contracts were handled did not give the +bidders a fair opportunity, and was, I believe, an injustice to the +thousands of stockholders of the exposition. The United States +Government, the city of St. Louis, and the stockholders were partners in +the exposition, which made the fair unquestionably a public institution. +Why, then, were not the bids opened in public, thus securing the largest +amount for the exposition and for the stockholders? This was not done. +If it had been the bidding would have been greatly stimulated, bringing +results quite different. The salvage committee refused to allow the bids +to be opened publicly before the contractors, but held them for their +eyes only. This is not in accordance with the manner of handling bids on +big public works. When the partial list of property was given out the +requirements in the specifications almost made the bidding prohibitive. +The Exposition Company demanded a check for half of the amount of the +bid. In all my experience I have never before been asked to meet such a +requirement. In itself that was almost enough to drive off the bidders. +The Chicago House Wrecking Company put up less than one-fourth of the +price to be paid, or $100,000. + +I am of the opinion that had the Exposition Company properly prepared a +list of its properties and holdings and furnished the prospective +bidders with such lists and an opportunity for the examination of the +articles mentioned therein, together with a reasonable period of time +for removal of the buildings and debris, they could easily have obtained +$750,000. + +I have obtained a more comprehensive knowledge of the amount and +character of the material and property since put into the hands of the +Chicago House Wrecking Company, and am of the opinion that at the time +the contract was made with the Chicago House Wrecking Company the +property sold represented a value in excess of $1,000,000. + +There was present in the office of Mr. Taylor, director of works, at the +time the bids were to be opened the following members of the salvage +committee: President Francis, Director of Works Taylor, John A. Holmes, +Mr. Samuel Kennard, and Mr. John Scullin. + +Had I been furnished with a list of all the properties that I have since +learned was acquired by the Chicago House Wrecking Company I would have +gladly submitted a bid in the amount of $500,000. + +C.L. MCDONALD. + +Subscribed and sworn to before me this 16th day of March, 1905. My +commission expires on the 22d day of January, 1909. +[SEAL.] IRA C. MONEY, +_Notary Public, City of St. Louis, Mo._ + + + + +STATE OF ILLINOIS, _County of Cook, ss_: + +Before me this the 28th day of March, 1905, personally appeared Mr. S. +Krug, who, being duly sworn, on his oath says: + + +My name is S. Krug. I am a resident of Chicago. Have resided here for +the past thirty-seven years. For the past twenty-seven years I have been +engaged in the excavating and sand business. During this time I have +also been engaged on contracts for wrecking large buildings. I wrecked +the First National Bank Building, the Metropolitan Building, the Montauk +Block; Hibbard, Spencer & Bartlett store, and numerous other large +buildings in Chicago. + +In regard to the sale of the World's Fair salvage at St. Louis I will +make the following statement: + +I was told by a friend of mine that bids had been requested for wrecking +and removal of certain World's Fair buildings at St. Louis, and that +specifications and instructions could be obtained from Mr. Isaac S. +Taylor, director of works. For business reasons I did not wish the +Exposition Company to know that I wanted to figure on the contract. I +asked a friend of mine to procure a copy of the specifications for me. +It was necessary for him to deposit $10 for the specifications. He sent +the specifications to me. Mr. John M. Dunphy, who is in my employ, and I +went over the specifications at length and studied them pretty +thoroughly. The specifications only referred to exhibit buildings, band +stands, fire-department houses, live-stock barns, dairy barns, Festival +Hall, fuel building, terrace of States, and toilet-room buildings. On +October 24, 1904, some ten days after we read over the specifications +and instructions, Mr. Dunphy, Mr. Powers, and myself went to St. Louis +to look over the plans to see the nature of the material and the +construction of the various buildings. We went to Mr. Taylor's office +and were informed that Mr. Taylor was busy and could not see us. Mr. +Taylor's secretary, Mr. Carl Hoblitzelle, took us into an adjoining +room. He did not ask our names, and we did not tell him who we were. +While we were waiting in this room--I presume we were there about five +minutes--Mr. Frank Harris, a member of the Chicago House Wrecking +Company, came into the room. It looked to me as if he had been posted as +to our, being there and came to see who we were. Mr. Harris remained +there three or four minutes and then left. We asked the clerk in charge +of the office there for the plans of the various buildings to be +wrecked. He handed us two sets of plans--one for the Agricultural and +one for the Horticultural Building. We requested more plans of him, but +he said he was too busy to take them down and immediately left the room +and remained out all the time we were in there. We went to the shelves +and took out the plans ourselves and looked them over. After we had +looked over the plans for a couple of hours we went out on the +exposition grounds, and spent the rest of that day and the next on the +grounds, and on the following day we returned to Chicago. The bids were +to be in Mr. Taylor's office by 12 o'clock noon Thursday, November 10, +1904. Mr. Schmitt, my bookkeeper, and myself went to St. Louis on +November 9 and were present at Mr. Taylor's office in the Administration +Building before the hour of 12 o'clock noon, November 10. I had prepared +my bid. At this time I only bid on the stock barns, live-stock forum, +Congress Hall, Agricultural and Horticultural buildings. I also had a +separate bid prepared for the Transportation Building, which I +submitted. I took my bids and handed them to Mr. Carl Hoblitzelle, Mr. +Taylor's private secretary. He placed them in his desk and said he would +bring them to the attention of the committee when the time came to open +the bids. Mr. Schmitt and I then went into an anteroom, where the other +bidders were gathered. There were present at the time Mr. H.S. Albrecht, +of the firm of Schoellhorn & Albrecht, St. Louis; Mr. Charles McDonald, +of the St. Louis Steam Forge Company, St. Louis; Mr. W. Ware, of the +Columbia Wrecking Company, St. Louis; a Mr. Schaeffer and son, of St. +Louis, and Mr. Frank and Abraham Harris, who represented the Chicago +House Wrecking Company. There were one or two other gentlemen present, +but I can not now recall their names. Some middle-aged man came in with +the Harris Brothers. He seemed to have free access to the room where the +salvage committee was in session, and ran back and forth two or three +times and held a conversation with the Harris Brothers in the hall. We +expected the bids to be opened at 1 o'clock. It was now some time after +1 o'clock. We were all waiting there when President Francis came in and +announced that they were going to lunch, and for us to come back later +on. We all left the room and I with several other gentlemen went to get +a little lunch. We were back in the anteroom of Mr. Taylor's office by +2.30 p. in. We waited there until 4 o'clock when Mr. Taylor's secretary +came into the room and requested all the bidders to go into the room +where the salvage committee was in session. The committee met in Mr. +Taylor's office. President Francis, Mr. Taylor, Samuel Kennard, Mr. +Holmes, and some other gentleman, I can not call his name now. President +Francis arose and said: "Gentlemen, the bids are all there on the table +and we will open them shortly." He asked how we wished the bids +handled--that is, whether we wanted them opened in our presence or in a +secret session of the Committee. Mr. H.S. Albrecht, of St. Louis, +immediately arose and stated that he wanted the bids opened in the +presence of the bidders present, as he wanted everything to be open and +above board. All the other bidders present requested that the bids be +opened in their presence, except Mr. Abraham Harris, president of the +Chicago House Wrecking Company, who arose and offered an objection to +the bids being opened in public, and stated that he did not want his bid +to be opened in public, but wanted it opened in private, for the reason +that he did not want everybody to know what his bid was; that if he was +the successful bidder his bid would be published and everybody would +know what it was, but if he was not the successful bidder he did not +want it known what amount he bid. President Francis held a whispered +conversation with several members of the committee and then turned to +the bidders and said: "Gentlemen, we have decided to open the bids in +secret session." He thus favored Mr. Harris and ignored the demand of +the other bidders. Mr. Albrecht again demanded that the bids be opened +in our presence. We were then told to repair to the anteroom and wait +until called for. While we were waiting in the anteroom Mr. Taylor's +secretary called Mr. Abe Harris into the committee room, where the +salvage committee was opening the bids. He remained in there some little +time. As soon as Mr. Harris came out Mr. H.S. Albrecht was called in. He +told me when he came out that he had entered a vigorous protest as to +the way the bids were being handled, and that he as a stockholder and a +bidder had again demanded that the bids be opened in the presence of the +bidders. Mr. Schmitt and myself were next called into the room where the +salvage committee was in session. Mr. Taylor asked me if I knew a Mr. +Schluetter, of Chicago. I told him that I was well acquainted with the +gentleman, that I had done considerable work for him in Chicago, and +that he had always paid me for it. When I made this remark President +Francis looked at Mr. Taylor and laughed in rather a sneering way. I +presumed from his actions that the Exposition Company had had some +trouble with Mr. Schluetter. President Francis said to me, "Mr. Krug, +you have some excellent recommendations here from prominent people and +banks of Chicago." I told him that I was well able to carry out any +contract I undertook, as I had good financial backing and understood my +business. He said to me, "Mr. Krug, your bid is very satisfactory, but +why have you not submitted a bid on all the buildings shown in the +specifications?" I told him I had taken into consideration the insurance +on the various buildings and that I was afraid I might have trouble in +getting insurance on all the buildings, and therefore submitted a bid on +buildings that were quite a distance apart and less liable to fire. I +told President Francis at this time that I was willing to submit a bid +for $76,600 on all the buildings shown in the specifications prepared by +Mr. Taylor. My first bid did not include all the buildings shown in the +specifications. I made this offer offhand. He asked me if I wanted to +figure on wrecking the buildings for the Exposition Company on a +percentage basis, they to own all the material and sell it and I to get +a per cent for doing the work. I told him I would take it by contract +for an agreed figure or would do the work for him on a percentage basis, +and that I would be glad to do anything for him I could. President +Francis said to me, "Mr. Krug, you put in your bid for $76,600 in +writing and have it in this office to-morrow morning." We were then +asked to wait out in the anteroom. We waited there until about 6 +o'clock. At about 6 o'clock Mr. Taylor's secretary came in and announced +that the meeting had adjourned until the next day. We all left the room +then. At 10 o'clock the next morning, November 11, 1904, Mr. Schmitt and +myself went to Mr. Taylor's office, where I filed my bid in writing for +$76,600 to cover all the buildings shown in the specifications. We +waited there until about 4 o'clock, expecting some decision from the +salvage committee. About 4 o'clock Mr. Taylor's secretary came in and +announced that the meeting of the salvage committee had adjourned until +the following Monday. + +The conditions embodied in the specifications as to the time allowed for +removal of the wreckage were so prohibitive as to render it almost +impossible to carry them out. The time limit--namely, three months--was +too short. It would entail an enormous expense and waste of material to +try to comply with the time conditions stated in the specifications. + +The amount required by the specifications to be deposited in the form of +a certified check, payable to the Exposition Company, viz, 50 per cent +of the amount of bid, was very exorbitant. This check was to be +forfeited to the Exposition Company in the event the successful bidder +failed to enter into a contract with the salvage committee within five +days after they accepted the bid. I consider the amount demanded, 50 per +cent, very excessive, and it had the effect of frightening bidders away. +A 5 to 10 per cent deposit is usually the amount required by the +Government and the city. + +The specifications also stipulated that the full amount of the contract, +less the amount of the certified check, held and to be appropriated by +the Exposition Company, must be paid to the Exposition Company at the +time the contract is signed. I consider this out of all reason, and in +itself would have a tendency to prohibit bidding. + +The time-limit clause, namely, three months, from March 1 to June 1, +1905, in which all the buildings must be torn down and the grounds +cleared, was entirely too short a time, and out of all reason, as it +would be physically impossible for any contractor to do the work in the +time specified, and no contractor would attempt it under the terms of +the specifications unless he knew he would be favored with an extension +of time later on. + +The specifications appear to me to have been drawn up with the intent +and purpose of discouraging bidders. In all my experience I have never +encountered such requirements as set forth in those specifications. + +I told Mr. Taylor and President Francis that the time limit was too +short, and that I would be glad to make a much higher bid if they would +extend the time. They said, "We cannot extend the time one day--the +grounds must be cleared by June 1, 1905." + +On the following Monday, November 14, 1904, I went to Mr. Taylor's +office at 10 a.m. I was informed by Mr. Taylor's private secretary that +all bids had been rejected, and that I would be notified if further bids +would be requested. I returned to Chicago that night, and awaited some +advice from the Exposition Company as to what disposition was to be made +of the property, and if new bids would be requested. For fear that +something might happen that I would get slipped up on, and the contract +be given to some one else, I sent my agent, Mr. John M. Dunphy, to St. +Louis, so that he would be on the ground and be in touch with what was +going on, and told him to watch the papers to see if new bids were +requested. Mr. Dunphy was in St. Louis from November 20 to 26, +inclusive, and he informed me that during all this time he was unable to +get any information as to what the Exposition Company was going to do +with the property or whether new bids would be asked for. Mr. Dunphy was +compelled to return to Chicago on the night of November 26. He asked a +friend of his, a Mr. William H. Ranstead, who lives in St. Louis, to +look out for news in regard to the wrecking of the World's Fair +buildings, and if new bids were requested to notify him immediately by +telephone or by telegraph. On November 28 I received a telegram from Mr. +Ranstead, as follows: + + ST. Louis, _November 28._ + S. KRUG and John Dunphy, + _167 Dearborn street, Chicago, Ill._: + + Salvage committee met at 2 p. m. At the adjournment Mr. Taylor + and President Francis called me in and wished me to wire you to + come on first train. Everything looks well. Meet me at the + Lindell Hotel before you go to the grounds. Also wire me in care + Lindell Hotel when you leave. + + W.H. RANSTEAD. + +This message was received by me at about 8.40 a. m. November 29. Mr. +Dunphy and I took the first train out to St. Louis. We left here at +11.03 a. m. and arrived St. Louis at 6 p. m. November 29. We met Mr. +Ranstead at the hotel and talked matters over. The next day, November +30, Mr. Ranstead, Mr. Dunphy, and myself went to the fair grounds and +called at office of Mr. Stevens, secretary of the Exposition Company. +This was about 10.30 a. m. At about 11 a. m. Mr. Stevens took us to the +room where the salvage committee was holding a meeting. Mr. Stevens did +not remain in the room during the meeting. There were present President +Francis, Mr. Taylor, Mr. Kennard, and Mr. Holmes, members of the salvage +committee. After a short preliminary talk, we were told by Mr. Francis +that we would have to put in our bid for all the buildings shown in the +specifications, including copper wire and railroad iron, and that we +would have to have the bid in by 4 o'clock that afternoon. It was then +about: 12 o'clock. We protested against such short time for figuring on +all the property shown by the specifications. I requested more time and +told them I would be able to make an intelligent bid if granted more +time. I asked President Francis to give me the figures on the steel +rails and the copper wire, and stated that he should have the figures +showing the amount on hand, as it was all bought by weight; that if I +could get an idea of the amount of wire and rail I could get my bid in +all right in time. He stated he could not give me the figures on the +rail and the wire. Mr. Kennard then stated that I could put in a bid for +the buildings that were shown in the specifications, including the +intramural stations, the fences, and the bridges by 4 o'clock that day, +and that I could have until Friday, December 2, to put in my bid on the +railroad iron and the copper wire. I asked if it would be possible for +me to get an extension of time in which to do the work, providing I +secured the contract. President Francis stated that the time could not +be extended one day. I then asked for a list of the property so I could +figure on all of it. President Francis stated that they did not have any +lists and that it would be necessary for us to go over the ground and +get our own data. He stated to me then that there were 2,000 tons of +steel rails. We then left the office and walked over the grounds and +looked at the buildings, the intramural stations, the fences, and +bridges, on which we were asked to submit a bid that afternoon. We did +not look over the rail and the wire, as we thought we would have more +time the following day for that. We went back to Mr. Taylor's office at +4 o'clock p. in. We waited there in the anteroom until about 5.30 p. in. +While we were waiting in the anteroom Mr. Frank and Mr. Abe Harris, of +the Chicago House Wrecking Company were closeted with the salvage +committee in Mr. Taylor's office. While we were waiting there they came +out of Mr. Taylor's office without their overcoats or hats on. They had +left them in the room where the salvage committee was in session. Mr. +Dunphy, Mr. Ranstead, and myself were then requested to enter the room +where the salvage committee was in session. Mr. Frank and Abe Harris +waited outside until we got through. The same members of the salvage +committee present at the morning session were present at this meeting, +including Mr. John Scullin, but Mr. Scullin only remained a few minutes +after we entered the room. There was another gentleman present, but I do +not know who he was. President Francis told me later that he was an +insurance agent and that he held insurance on all the buildings then. I +handed the bid, or rather Mr. Dunphy handed the bid to President +Francis, who in turn handed it to Mr. Kennard, who opened it and read it +aloud. The bid was for $101,000 for the buildings mentioned in the +specifications, the intramural stations, the fence around the grounds +(except the stadium fence), and the bridges. Mr. Francis held a +whispered conversation with Mr. Taylor, and then turned to us and said +that the committee had decided to let the contract that day, and that +they would not wait until Friday for the bid on the other material, that +is the rails and the copper wire, and that it would be necessary for me +to put in my bid that night, as they would be in session until 11 p. m. +I stated that I could not make an intelligent bid on such short notice, +unless I was furnished with figures showing amount of rail and wire +purchased by them. Mr. Taylor spoke up and asked me if I knew a man by +the name of Evans, of Chicago, who was in the wrecking business, I told +him that I did not know a Mr. Evans, of Chicago, who was engaged in the +wrecking business, and that I was well acquainted with all the prominent +wrecking concerns and contractors in Chicago but had never heard of or +met Mr. Evans, the gentleman referred to. Mr. Taylor asked me why I +could not get in a bid in the same time that Mr. Evans got his in, and +stated that Mr. Evans had submitted a bid on all the property from +Chicago by wire in three hours. I stood up then and spoke to President +Francis and said, "President Francis, how do you know but that this bid +of Mr. Evans may be a dummy?" President Francis arose from the table and +stood opposite me, and, scratching his head, said: "Well, Mr. Drug, you +have got me a guessing. There may be something in that." + +President Francis said to me, "Mr. Drug, I made a mistake this morning +in giving you the number of tons of steel rail; there are 4,000 tons +instead of 2,000 tons of rail." I then told him that it would be +impossible for me to give him any kind of an intelligent bid without +some kind of a list of the property to figure on. President Francis +stated that the matter would be settled that night and that I had until +11 p. m. to bring in my figures on all the property to be disposed of as +shown by the specifications, and including the intramural stations, the +bridges, the fence around the grounds, the copper wire, and the railroad +rails. We then left the room, and as we were passing out President +Francis asked our names and where we were stopping as they would call us +up later on that day. + +As soon as we walked out of the room Mr. Frank and Abe Harris of the +Chicago House Wrecking Company went in. + +We left the fair grounds immediately and went to the Lindell Hotel, +where we prepared a new bid. About 7.30 p. m. we decided to put in our +bid by telephone. Mr. Dunphy called up Mr. Taylor's office and was +informed by the party who answered the telephone that the salvage +committee had adjourned at 7 o'clock p.m. Mr. Dunphy told me that the +salvage committee had adjourned, and I supposed they had adjourned to +get something to eat and would be back shortly. I told him to call up +again. About 8.30 p. in. Mr. Dunphy called up Mr. Taylor's office and +was told that the salvage committee had adjourned at 7 p. m. and would +not be back that night. About 10 p.m. he called up President Francis's +residence and was inform that President Francis was not at home, and +also received the same reply when he called up Mr. Taylor's house, and +when he called up Mr. Holmes's residence he was informed that Mr. Holmes +had gone to bed. We were unable to reach any of the salvage committee. +were not called up that evening, nor did we hear anything from the +salvage committee that evening, although we waited in the corridor of +the Lindell Hotel until after 12 o'clock midnight. + +During our conversation with the committee nothing was said about fire +engines, office furniture and furnishings, hose carriages, fire hose, +horses, buggies, wagons, steam rollers, roadmaking machinery, three +steel greenhouses, with plants of every description, surveying +instruments, engineering tools, two hospitals complete, 2,000 folding +cots, 2,500 opera chairs, 400 revolving chairs, 25,000 kitchen chairs, +200 roller-top desks, 300 flat-top desks, 200 typewriter desks, the +brick in the roadways, and the various buildings, or numerous other +valuable articles and pieces of property. + +About 8.30 a. m. Thursday, December 1, Mr. Dunphy, my agent, called up +Mr. Holmes's residence to find out what Mr. Holmes knew about the +disposition of the bids. He was told by some lady who answered the +telephone that Mr. Holmes was on his way to his office. He came and told +me that Mr. Holmes was on his way to his office. I requested Mr. Dunphy +to go to Mr. Holmes's office and try and ascertain what the committee +had done about the bids. Later in the day Mr. Dunphy came to me and told +me that Mr. Holmes had told him that the contract had been awarded to +the Chicago House Wrecking Company between the hours of 6 and 7 p. m. of +November 30. + +On December 3, 1904, I addressed a letter to President Francis in which +I offered him $199,000 for all railroad iron and ties and all wire in +and about the exposition grounds. I also, in the same letter, offered to +pay him $101,000 for the buildings, fences, bridges, and intramural +stations on the exposition grounds, which would total $300,000. + +On December 5 I addressed a letter to President Francis as follows: + + St. Louis, _December 5, 1904._ + + Dear Sir: Since I have made an examination of the property + belonging to the Exposition Company I find a great deal more + property than was stated to me at your meeting last Wednesday. + If you will furnish me with a correct list of the property I + think now that I can make you a bid of from $400,000 to $450,000 + for same, half cash, balance to be paid when property is turned + over. I am prepared to make my bid in three hours after I + receive a list of the property. Should my proposition meet with + your consideration call me up at the Lindell Hotel and I will + call for the copy at once. + + Yours, truly, + S. Krug. + + Hon. D.R. Francis, + _President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, + St. Louis, Mo._ + +I never received a reply to either of the letters referred to. + +In the specifications as prepared by Mr. Taylor it was stipulated that a +charge of $6 per car would be made for switching empty cars into the +exposition grounds, while I notice the contract between the Chicago +House Wrecking Company provides that only $3 per car shall be charged +for this service. + +The specifications as prepared by Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of +works, provides that-- + + All bids must be made out upon blanks furnished by the director + of works, and with each bid there shall be deposited a certified + check, payable to the exposition, upon a responsible bank doing + business in St. Louis, for the amount of 50 per cent of the + amount of bid submitted, the sum indicated in said check to be + forfeited to the Exposition Company in case the party or parties + to whom award is made does not enter into contract with the + Exposition Company within five days from date of said award for + the work called for in these specifications and instructions-- + +while I see by the contract between the Exposition Company and the +Chicago House Wrecking Company, which is of record in office of recorder +of deeds, city of St. Louis, in book 1811, page 195 and following pages, +that the bid of the Chicago House Wrecking Company was accompanied by a +check for $100,000, which amount represented less than 25 per cent of +the amount of their bid, viz, $450,000. + +The specifications further stipulate that "A contract will be written by +the Exposition Company for the faithful performance of this work, and +upon the signing of same by the parties thereto, the full amount of said +contract, less the amount of the certified check held and to be +appropriated by the exposition Company, must be paid to the said +Exposition Company by the contractor," while the contract between the +Chicago House Wrecking Company and the Exposition Company, which is of +record, provides that the Chicago House Wrecking Company shall execute +and deliver to the said Exposition Company at the time the contract is +signed four promissory notes three for $100,000 each, and one for +$50,000, making a total, all told including the certified check, of +$450,000, and allows them six months in which to make the payments. + +The specifications further required-- + + That a surety company's bond for an amount equal to the amount + of contract must also be given to the Exposition Company by the + said contractor to protect the said Exposition Company from loss + during the execution of the work and for faithful performance + contract-- + +while the contract referred to shows that the Chicago House Wrecking +Company furnished a bond in the small sum of $40,000, or less than +one-tenth the amount required by the specifications. + +From the above it is my belief that the Chicago House Wrecking Company +was shown favoritism and that they were favored from the beginning of +the deal. + +I was never furnished a full list of the property to be disposed of by +the Exposition Company. I personally requested a list two or three +times, as did Mr. Dunphy, but we were unable to get one. Had I been +furnished a list of the property that I learn has since been turned over +to the Chicago House Wrecking Company under their contract I would have +gladly bid $800,000, and would have made a very handsome profit on the +deal at that price. + +I consider the value of all the property turned over to the Chicago +House Wrecking Company on November 30 was more than $1,000,000. + +I consider the manner in which the bids were handled was very irregular +and not the usual custom in that the bids were opened in secret and not +in the presence of the bidders, as requested by a majority of the +bidders present, but as requested by Mr. Abraham Harris, who represented +the Chicago House Wrecking Company. This is not the customary procedure +when bids are called for by the city or the Government. + +From what I saw there in the anteroom and in the presence of the salvage +committee the several times we were there I am convinced that the +Chicago House Wrecking Company was furnished inside information and that +they were shown favoritism. + +Mr. W.B. Stevens, the secretary of the Exposition Company, was not +present in the committee room at any time while I was there talking over +the bids and he does not know what was going on in there, except what +has been told him and what he has gained from the papers he handled. + +The contract between the Exposition Company and the Chicago House +Wrecking Company, which is of record in St. Louis, bears date of +November 30, 1904, while I note by a letter dated March 7 and signed by +Mr. W.B. Stevens, he states the contract was not closed until December +13, 1904, on which date the board of directors of the exposition met. +This was eight days after my letter of December 5 was delivered to Mr. +Stevens in person by Mr. Ranstead. + +If the sale of the exposition buildings and the property to be disposed +of had been properly advertised there would have been much more +competition in the bidding. If a list of all the property to be disposed +of had been furnished the bidders much higher bids would have been made. +If the property had been sold at public auction, building for building, +and other property in detail, so anyone could have bought what he wanted +and had use for, I am confident that the Exposition Company would have +received more than a million and a half dollars. + +I consider the manner in which the salvage committee handled the bids +very irregular in that great secrecy was observed, and will state that +the awarding of the contract to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for +the sum of $450,000 was unjust to other bidders, and detrimental to the +interests of the United States, the city of St. Louis, and the +stockholders of the Exposition Company. + +S. KRUG. + + +Subscribed and sworn to before me this 28th day of March, 1905. My +commission expires on the 15th day of October, 1905. +[SEAL] HARRIET A. Dumas, +_Notary Public._ + + + + + + +STATE OF ILLINOIS, _County of Cook, ss_: + +Before me, this, the 28th day of March, 1905, personally appeared Mr. +George J. Schmitt, who, being duly sworn on his oath, says: + +My name is George J. Schmitt. I reside in Chicago, Ill.; have resided +here for the past thirty-five years. Am employed as clerk and bookkeeper +in office of Mr. S. Krug, contractor, of Chicago. I have been in Mr. +Krug's employ for the past eight years. On November 9 I left Chicago for +St. Louis with Mr. Krug, to look after his bids and do any clerical work +that he might want done. We arrived St. Louis on morning of November 10, +1904. Mr. Krug had his bid made up, and upon arrival at St. Louis we +immediately went to the National Bank of Commerce, where Mr. Krug wanted +to have his draft cashed and his check certified. We then went to the +Administration Building and called at the office of Mr. Isaac S. +Taylor, director of works, where Mr. Krug handed his bid to Mr. Taylor's +clerk. This was about 12 o'clock noon on November 10. We were requested +to go into the anteroom and wait until called for. There were present in +the anteroom at the time Mr. Albrecht, Mr. McDonald, Mr. Schaeffer and +son, Mr. Ware, of the Columbia Wrecking Company. One or two other +gentlemen were present. I do not now recall their names. After we had +been there some little time, Messrs. Frank and Abraham Harris, of the +Chicago House Wrecking Company, came in. We all waited there until about +2 p. m. About this time President Francis passed through the room and +went into Mr. Taylor's office. He came back shortly and said to us to +come back in about an hour, as the salvage committee was going to lunch +then. We went back again about 3 p. m. The same crowd of bidders present +in the room. There, was some gray-haired gentleman who came in with the +Harris brothers. When I first saw him I thought he was a member of the +salvage committee, on account of his running back and forth into the +room where the salvage committee was in session. I learned from Mr. +Albrecht later on that the gentleman referred to was working for the +Harris brothers. While we were waiting there to be called in he made two +trips into the room where the salvage committee was in session, and came +back each time and went and held a whispered conversation with the +Harris brothers in the hall. + +We waited in the room there until 4 o'clock, when Mr. Taylor's private +secretary requested all the bidders to go into Mr. Taylor's office, +where the salvage committee was in session. We all went in there. +President Francis asked the bidders how they wanted the bids handled, +whether opened in their presence or opened in secret session of the +salvage committee. All the bidders present requested that the bids be +opened in their presence, except Mr. Abe Harris, who got up and told +President Francis that he did not want his bid opened in the presence of +the bidders, as he did not want everybody to know what he had bid, and +that if he was the successful bidder we would all know later on what he +had bid, and if he was not the successful bidder he did not want his bid +to be known. Mr. Albrecht got up and stated that he wanted his bid to be +opened in the presence of the bidders, as he wanted everything to be +open and aboveboard. President Francis then held a whispered +conversation with Mr. Taylor and some other gentleman there, and then in +a few minutes turned to the bidders and said, "Gentlemen, we have +decided to open these bids in secret session of the salvage committee." +and requested us to go into the anteroom and wait until called for. We +all went back into the anteroom. In a few minutes President Francis +requested the Harris brothers to come in the room where they were +holding the meeting. They did so, and remained in there about ten or +fifteen minutes. As soon as they came out Mr. Albrecht went in, and when +Mr. Albrecht came out Mr. Krug and myself went in. President Francis +spoke to Mr. Krug and said, "Mr. Krug, you seem to have some very good +letters of recommendation here, and from the letters I judge you have +done considerable work." Mr. Taylor asked Mr. Krug if he knew a Mr. +Schluetter, of Chicago. Mr. Krug said that he was acquainted with Mr. +Schluetter, had done considerable work for him, and had always been paid +his money. I inferred from their actions that they had had some trouble +with Mr. Schluetter. President Francis said, "Mr. Krug, your bid is very +satisfactory." Mr. Krug had only submitted a bid on part of the +buildings, as shown by the specifications. President Francis asked Mr. +Krug if he could not put in a bid on all the buildings, and why he had +not done so. Mr. Krug said that he was afraid he would have some trouble +getting insurance on all the buildings, and for that reason only +submitted a bid on buildings that were more isolated and less liable to +fire. President Francis told him it would be an easy matter for him to +get insurance, and he asked Mr. Krug what he would bid on all the +buildings, according to the specifications. Mr. Krug said that he would +be willing to bid $76,600 on all the buildings as shown in the +specifications. President Francis asked Mr. Krug what he would wreck the +buildings for on a percentage basis, or if he would take the work on a +contract at a figure to be agreed upon, and they to own and dispose of +all the material themselves. Mr. Krug studied awhile and said that he +would be willing to do the work for President Francis, but it would take +him some time to figure on the proposition so as to submit an +intelligent figure. President Francis said that if they decided to wreck +the buildings themselves on a contract that he would let him know when +his bid would be wanted. At this time President Francis requested Mr. +Krug to submit in writing his bid for $76,600 and have it in by 10 +o'clock the next morning. We then left the room, and they requested us +to remain in the anteroom. We were there until about 6 o'clock. During +that time they called in other bidders. About 6 o'clock Mr. Taylor's +secretary came into the room and announced that the salvage committee +had adjourned until the next day at 2 p. m. We then left the grounds and +went to the Lindell Hotel. When we reached the hotel that night we made +up a revised bid. The next day we went to Mr. Taylor's office about 10 +a. m. and gave to Mr. Taylor's clerk the bid in writing for $76,600, and +he said he would bring it to the attention of the committee when they +met. We waited there from 10 a. m. until 2 p. m. In the meantime Mr. +Krug sent in his card to Mr. Taylor's office and asked if any action +would be taken on the bids that afternoon. We were informed that nothing +would be done with the bids that day, and that the salvage committee had +adjourned until the following Monday. I left St. Louis that night for +Chicago. I returned to St. Louis on Monday, November 14, 1904, arriving +there at 10 a. m. Mr. Krug remained in St. Louis all the time. When I +returned to St. Louis Mr. Krug and I went to Mr. Taylor's office. We +reached there about 10 a. m., Monday, November 14. We waited there until +about 2.30 or 3 p. m. While we were waiting in the anteroom Mr. Taylor's +private secretary came in and told us that all bids had been rejected. +We then left the grounds, and Mr. Krug and I returned to Chicago that +night. + +I never saw by the papers or otherwise where new bids were requested +after the announcement that the first bids had been rejected. I watched +the papers very closely, as we were desirous of submitting a new bid +when called for. + +From what I saw while I was in the anteroom and in the committee room I +am fully convinced that the Chicago House Wrecking Company was given +inside information as to what property was to be sold, and I consider +that they were given privileges and favored from the beginning of the +deal, in view of the fact that a majority of the bidders desired their +bids opened in public, while the Harris brothers protested against such +procedure, and they were sustained in their protest by the salvage +committee. + +I have had considerable experience in handling bids and being present +when bids are opened, and I never before saw such proceedings as took +place in the meeting room of the salvage committee on November 10, 1904. + +I am sure that had the Exposition Company properly advertised the sale +and furnished a list of the property to be disposed of, which I have +since seen published in a catalogue gotten out by the Chicago House +Wrecking Company and listed in the contract between the Exposition +Company and the Wrecking Company, was turned over to the Chicago House +Wrecking Company, that much higher bids would have been made, and +considerably more money realized from the sale than they received from +the Chicago House Wrecking Company. + +Between the 15th and 20th of December, 1904, I came in possession of one +of the catalogues that the Chicago House Wrecking Company sent out, +showing all the property they had for disposal. It contained cuts and +descriptions and computations that would take at least one month or more +to compile and print. I have had considerable experience in getting up +catalogues of material and property, and am confident that they could +not have compiled all the figures, secured all the cuts and +descriptions, and had the catalogue printed and on the market in a +month's time. + +I consider the manner in which the bids were handled very irregular, and +that the awarding of the contract to the Chicago House Wrecking Company +for $450,000, in view of the amount and value of the property turned +over to them, as shown by their catalogue and their contract, to have +been detrimental to the interests of the United States, the city of St. +Louis, and the stockholders of the Exposition Company. + +GEORGE J. SCHMITT. + +Subscribed and sworn to before me this 28th day of March, 1905. My +commission expires on the 9th day of November, 1908. + +[SEAL.] S.E. KELLOGG. + + + + + +STATE OF ILLINOIS, _County of Cook, 88_: + +Personally appeared before me this 28th day of March, 1905, Mr. John M. +Dunphy, who, being duly sworn, on his oath says: + +My name is John M. Dunphy; I reside in the city of Chicago; I have +resided here for the past forty-seven years. I was city treasurer of +Chicago for one term; was commissioner of buildings for one term in this +city; I have been engaged in the contracting business for the past forty +years; I have been in the employ of Mr. S. Krug, contractor, of Chicago, +for the past three years; I am very familiar with construction and +wrecking work. + +In regard to the sale of the salvage of the St. Louis Exposition I +desire to make the following statement: + +Through a friend, Mr. Krug received specifications and instructions for +the wrecking and removal of certain buildings at the St. Louis +Exposition. These specifications were obtained from Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, +director of works of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. After we had +looked over the specifications Mr. Krug suggested that we go to St. +Louis and look over the plans and the buildings, with a view of +submitting a bid on the work. Mr. Krug, Mr. Powers, and myself arrived +in St. Louis on October 24, 1904. We called at Mr. Taylor's office that +day. I asked for Mr. Taylor, but was informed by some clerk there that +Mr. Taylor was too busy and could not see us. I talked with his +secretary, Mr. Carl Hoblitzelle, in the presence of Mr. Krug and Mr. +Powers. He told us he could answer all questions. I told him I wanted to +look at the plans, as we desired to figure on some of the buildings that +were to be disposed of. He took us into another room where the plans +were stored and introduced us to some gentleman in charge there. I +requested the plans from this gentleman. I asked for the plans for the +Agricultural and Horticultural buildings. After we had finished looking +these two plans over I looked around for the young man to ask for more +plans, but could not find him, and we went to the shelves and got down +the plans ourselves. + +While we were there looking over the plans some gentleman came into the +room and spoke to Mr. Krug. Later on I asked Mr. Krug who the gentleman +was, and he told me it was a Mr. Frank Harris, of the Chicago House +Wrecking Company. Mr. Krug further stated that Mr. Harris was a resident +of Chicago, but was then interested in the Ferris Wheel at the +exposition. We remained in St. Louis for two days longer looking over +the plans and buildings, and then returned to Chicago. I never saw any +notice in the newspaper requesting sealed proposals for the wrecking and +removal of the exposition buildings. The first I knew about it was when +Mr. Krug received the specifications from his friend. We talked over the +matter of submitting bids on the work. On the 9th of November, 1904; Mr. +Krug and Mr. Schmitt, a bookkeeper for Mr. Krug, went to St. Louis to +submit a bid on the work, according to the specifications and +instructions prepared by Mr. Taylor, director of works. The bids were to +be in Mr. Taylor's office by 12 o'clock noon Thursday, November 1 1904. +Mr. Schmitt returned to Chicago on Friday night. Mr. Krug remained in +St. Louis. Mr. Schmitt went to St. Louis again on Monday, November 14. +On Tuesday, November 15, Mr. Krug and Mr. Schmitt returned to Chicago +and told me that all the bids had been rejected. Mr. Krug desired that +some one be on the ground to look after his interests, and suggested +that I go to St. Louis and keep in touch with affairs there and try and +ascertain what was going on. I left Chicago for St. Louis on Sunday, +November 20, 1904, and arrived at St. Louis morning of November 21. +After I was informed that all bids had been rejected I did not see any +published notice requesting additional or new bids, although I watched +the papers pretty close and tried to keep in touch with what was going +on. I went to Mr. Taylor's office several times while I was there and +sent in my card, as agent for Mr. Krug. I was informed each time by some +clerk in the office that Mr. Taylor was busy and could not see me. I +remained in St. Louis until the evening of November 26, when I was +compelled to return to Chicago. I requested Mr. Wm. H. Ranstead, a +friend of mine who lives in St. Louis and who was in pretty close touch +with what was going on, to look after matters there for me during my +absence, and to keep me advised of what went on, and if new bids were +requested to telephone or telegraph me. On the morning of Tuesday, +November 29, 1904, I received a telegram from Mr. Ranstead requesting +Mr. Krug and myself to go to St. Louis at once, as Mr. Taylor and +President Francis desired to have a talk with us. We left Chicago for +St. Louis on the first train out--11.03 a. m.--and arrived St. Louis at +6 p. in. November 29. We met Mr. Ranstead at the Lindell Hotel. We +talked over matters that evening. The next morning, November 30, Mr. +Krug, Mr. Ranstead, and myself went to the office of Mr. W.B. Stevens, +secretary of the Exposition Company. We waited in Mr. Stevens's office +some time. After a while Mr. Stevens took us to Mr. Taylor's office. The +salvage committee was in session in Mr. Taylor's office. There were +present at the time President Francis, Mr. Taylor, Mr. Samuel Kennard, +and Mr. J.A. Holmes. We talked with the salvage committee, and asked +them how they wanted us to submit a bid, and what they had to sell that +they wanted us to bid on. President Francis said that he wanted us to +bid on all the buildings shown in the specifications, and to include the +intramural stations, the bridges, and the fence around the grounds; also +the railroad rails and the copper wire. President Francis said that the +bid must be in by 4 o'clock that afternoon. It was then about 12 o'clock +noon. Mr. Krug said that he could not make an intelligent bid on such +short notice and asked for more time. Mr. Kennard then spoke up and +said: "Mr. Krug, you can give us a bid on the buildings, including the +intramural stations, the bridges, and the fence this afternoon, and have +it in by 4 o'clock, and we will give you until Friday, December 2, to +put in your bid on the rail and the copper wire." President Francis then +stated, "Mr. Krug, there are 2,000 tons of steel rail to be disposed +of." Mr. Krug asked for a statement showing the amount of rail and +copper wire, and stated he would be able to put his bid in before Friday +if he was furnished the statement. President Francis stated they could +not furnish such a statement. We then left the office and walked around +the grounds looking over the stations, the bridges, and the fences. We +did not look over the rail and wire that afternoon, as we thought we +would have more time for that the following day. After we had gone over +the ground we went and figured out a new bid and returned to the office +of Mr. Taylor about 4 o'clock. The salvage committee was in session at +the time. Mr. Frank and Mr. Abraham Harris, of the Chicago House +Wrecking Company, were holding a conference with the committee at the +time. About 5.30 p.m. the Harris brothers came out of the committee room +without their overcoats and hats on. They had left them in the room +where the committee was meeting. As soon as they came out we went in. We +were asked if we had prepared our bid. I handed the bid to Mr. Francis, +who in turn handed it to Mr. Kennard, who opened it and read it aloud. +The bid was for $101,000. This was only for the buildings, as shown by +the specifications, and on the intramural stations, bridges, and fences, +it being agreed during the talk in the morning that these latter items +should be included. President Francis then told Mr. Krug that he could +not wait until Friday for the bid on the railroad steel and the copper +wire; that it would have to be in by 11 p.m. that night, and that the +salvage committee would be in session until that hour. He said, +"To-morrow is the closing day of the Fair--Francis Day--and I will be +very busy." During our talk there then, President Francis told Mr. Krug +that he had made a mistake that morning in saying there were 2,000 tons +of steel rail; that there were 4,000 tons. Mr. Krug then asked for a +list of the rails and wire, or rather for a statement of the amount they +had purchased, so he could figure on it, but he was unable to get same. +We then left the fair grounds and went to the Lindell Hotel. As we were +leaving the room President Francis asked our names and where we were +stopping, and stated they would call us up over the telephone during the +evening. When we arrived at the hotel we held a conference and agreed on +a new bid. I went to the telephone at about 7.30 p.m. and called up Mr. +Taylor's office. I was informed by the party who answered the telephone +that the salvage committee had adjourned at 7 o'clock. I presumed they +had adjourned to get something to eat and would return shortly. About +8.30 p.m. I again called up Mr. Taylor's office and was informed that, +the salvage committee had adjourned at 7 p.m. and would not be back that +night. Shortly after this I called up President Francis's house and was +informed that he was not at home. I then called up Mr. Taylor's house +and was told that he was not at home. About 10 p.m. I called up Mr. +Holmes's residence and was informed that Mr. Holmes had gone to bed. I +tried every way I could to reach some member of the salvage committee, +but could not. The next morning, December 1, about 8.30 a.m., I called +up Mr. Holmes's house and was informed that Mr. Holmes was then on his +way to his office. I told Mr. Krug this, and he suggested that I go to +Mr. Holmes's office and see him. I went to the office of Mr. Holmes and +waited there some time. I think I was there about thirty minutes before +he came in. When he came he invited me into his private office. I asked +him what the salvage committee had done about the bids. He asked, "Did +they not call you up?" I said "No; nobody called us up." He said, "Why, +that is singular; it was understood that they would call you up before +doing anything." I told him that I had telephoned the office of Mr. +Taylor the night before, and was informed that the salvage committee had +adjourned at 7 o'clock. I asked him if the contract had been awarded, +and he told me that it had been given to the Chicago House Wrecking +Company before they adjourned at 7 o'clock on the evening of November +30. I went back to the hotel and told Mr. Krug and Mr. Ranstead that the +deal had been closed and that the contract had been given to the Chicago +House Wrecking Company. I asked him for what amount the contract was +closed and he refused to tell me. I came back to Chicago the next day, +December 2. + +While we were in the salvage committee room talking about the bids I +asked President Francis for a list of all the property to be disposed +of, so that we would know what to figure on and make an intelligent bid. +He said that they were not furnishing lists to anyone; that they were +only giving out the specifications, and that we could go out on the +grounds and gather our own data. I never saw, by the papers or +otherwise, that new bids were requested after I was informed that the +first bids had been rejected. + +I consider the manner in which the bids were handled very irregular, in +that the bids were opened in secret, and not in public, as demanded by a +majority of the bidders, and as is customary on large contracts. The +manner in which the bids were handled was not in accord with the way the +Government and the city handle bids. + +I have had a great deal of experience in the past thirty years in +figuring on specifications for the construction and wrecking of +buildings, and never before saw specifications drawn up in the manner in +which these specifications were drawn up. They required such a large +deposit to accompany the bid and made the time limit too short, namely, +three months. The usual amount required to be deposited with a bid runs +from 5 to 10 per cent of the amount bid. + +I have seen a list of the property acquired by the Chicago House +Wrecking Company under the terms of the contract, and will say that I +consider the market value of all the property at the time it was turned +over to the Chicago House Wrecking Company, on November 30, 1904, to +have been at least $1,000,000. + +I will say further, that had the Exposition Company properly advertised +the sale of the property, and had disposed of same in piece lots, they +would have realized at least $1,200,000. + +It was very apparent to me that the Chicago House Wrecking Company was +being furnished inside information, and it was also evident that they +were being favored in the deal. + +I consider the awarding of the contract to the Chicago House Wrecking +Company for the sum of $450,000 was detrimental to the interests of the +United States, the city of St. Louis, and the stock-holders of the +exposition. + +JOHN M. DUNPHY. + +Subscribed and sworn to before me this 28th day of March, 1905. My +commission expires on the 15th day of October, 1905. +[SEAL.] HARRIET A. DUMAS, +_Notary Public_. + + + + + + +APPENDIX 3. + + + +REPORTS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. + + +THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. + +In November, 1903, the organization commission was appointed by the +President as follows: Señor Francisco Sequi, president; Señor Ricardo +Pillado, secretary; Señor Luis Suberbuhler; Señor Antonio Lanusse; Señor +Francisco de Souza Martinez; Señor Manuel G. Llamazares. + +Dr. Jose V. Fernandez, commissioner-general; Señor Eduardo Schiaffino, +commissioner of fine arts; Señor Horacio Anasagasti, commissioner of +liberal arts and mines; Señor Guillermo A. Puente, commissioner of +manufacture and electricity; Dr. Damian Lan, commissioner of live stock; +Señor Ernesto Nelson, commissioner of education; Señor Enrique M. +Nelson, commissioner of agriculture and forestry; Señor Jose de +Olivares, commissioner of press and propaganda; Miss Ernestina A. Lopez, +Ph.D., delegate of the National Board of Education; Mrs. Sara C. de +Eccleston, delegate to the Women's Congress; Dr. B. del Castillo, +delegate of the Argentine Press Association; Dr. Luis A. Sauze, honorary +commissioner; Dr. Vicente Casares, jr., honorary attaché; Señor Ricardo +Fernandez Guerrico, honorary attaché; Señor Jorge Newbery, delegate of +the municipality of Buenos Aires to the Congress of Electricity. + +In the extent and importance of its participation the Argentine Republic +ranked among the greatest foreign exhibitors at the International +Exposition of 1904. The total amount of money expended, including the +national appropriation by Congress, the contributions of the various +ministries of the Government and of the art, industrial, and scientific +institutions of the country, represented more than $300,000 gold. The +total space covered by the Argentine exhibit sections, independent of +the site occupied by the national pavilion, was about 20,000 square +feet. + +The Argentine commission constructed an elegant pavilion at the northern +extremity of the grounds in the renaissance style, which was a copy, +although reduced in dimensions, of the two higher stories of the central +part of the "Casa Rosador," or "Pink Palace," the principal Government +building in Buenos Aires. In the pavilion was installed the offices of +the Commission, a reception and a reading room. On the second floor was +exhibited an excellent archaeological collection. + +Numerous photographs distributed on the walls, in albums, and in +stereoscopic apparatus almost equaled a visit to the principal cities of +the country. The principal exhibits of the Argentine Republic were found +in the palaces of Agriculture, Mines, Liberal Arts, Manufactures, Fine +Arts, Education, and Electricity. The art façades constructed about each +of the exhibit spaces in the greater palaces of the exposition were +universally admired. + +The Argentine Republic, being a country essentially agricultural, its +section in the Agriculture Building revealed the productiveness of the +country and its vast agricultural resources. Wool was displayed in +numerous samples. That obtained from the Merino and Lincoln sheep was +noticeable. The first species was of a short and exceedingly fine +thread; the other, longer, coarser, and adapted for the manufacture of +"cheviot." + +The Argentine Republic is reputed to be the greatest producer of wool in +the world, having outrivaled Australia in its annual output. It is said +to have 120,000,000 sheep, or as many as Australia and the United States +combined. Besides wool, there was a magnificent display of sheepskins +and hides. The industry of footwear and harness was excellently +displayed. + +The Argentine section in the Palace of Agriculture showed the enormous +development of the dairy industry, including the manufacture of butter +and cheese. Two large Argentine establishments exhibited natural milk, +pasteurized, sterilized, and maternized. Both of these companies each +day produced 6,000 gallons of milk, for which 5,000 cows are milked +daily. In eight years the export of butter has multiplied twelve times. +The product exhibited was excellent, having been tested by examination +and analysis made in various colleges of agriculture in the United +States. + +Numerous samples of wheat, corn, and cotton were shown also. There were +samples of wheat weighing 67 pounds to the bushel. Statistics show that +the annual harvest of wheat reaches 120,000,000 bushels. Argentine +linseed also deserves consideration in this description, the Republic +producing almost one-third of the linseed consumed in the world. Flax in +abundance indicated the existence of an important textile industry in +connection with the enormous production of linseed. + +There were exhibited also various fibers extracted from native plants, +and excellent samples of cordage showed what industry can get out of the +rich Argentine textile material. + +The Argentine section of the manufactures offered many interesting +exhibits, among which figured a large variety of tanned leathers. In the +same section was exhibited foundry work executed in the Arsenal de +Guerra, of the city of Buenos Aires. There were also artistic medals, +ornamental shields, and munitions of war. One of the industries of +Buenos Aires is the manufacture of wax matches. The exhibit in the +section of manufactures spoke eloquently in favor of the position +reached by the industry in Buenos Aires. Exhibits of this industry +showed that Argentina is rapidly passing into the rank of industrial +nations. This suggestion was confirmed by the display of the other +manufactures exhibited in the Argentine section, which consisted of +furniture, textiles, hats, footwear, etc. The Republic also displayed an +interesting collection of minerals, which generally are shown in the +Departments Nacional de Minas Geologia, in the city of Buenos Aires. +There were samples of gold, silver, and copper on exhibition; also an +excellent display of coal. + +Another Argentine section of great interest was that in the Liberal Arts +Palace, where an extensive collection of plans and relief models were +displayed, showing notable works undertaken by the Argentine Republic to +facilitate river as well as ocean navigation. One of the models showed +the harbor of Buenos Aires, which now occupies the second place in the +South American continent. + +An interesting exhibit representative of the Argentine Republic was that +of the national press, which in the number of publications presented and +extent of space covered was one of the most important displays of the +kind in the exposition. + +In consequence of the size and importance of the exhibit, it was found +necessary to install it in a special section. The credit for the +collection of the press exhibit was due principally to the Circule de la +Prensa, or National Press Association of the Argentine Republic, one of +the principal literary and journalistic institutions in the southern +continent. Models of dams, as constructed in the interior of the country +to facilitate irrigation, were also shown. The same section contained +excellent lithographic and engraving work. + +The Argentine Republic had two rooms in the west wing of the Palace of +Fine Arts. The Argentine paintings received as many awards in this +department as any other country in proportion to the number of +exhibitors. + +The intellectual development of the country revealed itself in the +Palace of Education. A graphic statistical exhibit in the Argentine +section showed that that country spends as much money per capita in +public education as any other nation in the world. Another statistical +display demonstrated the number of teachers employed. A diagram showed +that the Argentine Republic comes next to France and among the Latin +countries in respect to the number of students attending schools. The +scholastic works, especially the needlework, ranked well with that in +many of the advanced schools of the United States. + + +AUSTRIA. + +_Austrian commission._--Mr. Adalbert R. Von Stibral, +commissioner-general; Mr. Victor Pillwax, assistant commissioner; Mr. +Dominik Fetz, secretary; Mr. Emil S. Fischer, commercial secretary. + +_Austrian commercial commission._--Count Johann Harrach, president; Mr. +Oskar Edler Von Hoefft, first vice-president; Mr. Franz Hiess, second +vice-president; Mr. Charles M. Rosenthal, executive commissioner; Mr. +Johann Peterka, commercial director; Mr. Adolph Taussig, commercial +representative and assistant commissioner. + +One of the most interesting and, as far as the interior scheme of +decoration is concerned, the most artistic of the various foreign +buildings in the World's Fair grounds, was that of the Austrian Empire. +It was most prominently situated at the western end of Administration +avenue, immediately opposite the Administration Building of the World's +Fair. The garden at the west end of the pavilion, though small, +attracted a great deal of attention on account of its artistic beauty. +Morning-glory and other vines had been planted around the building, and +before the close of the fair had covered the walls and added much to the +beauty of the structure. + +The Austrian Government Building was of impressionistic architecture. It +was 60 meters long, 35 meters wide, and built in the form of a T. From +the transepts a middle aisle, 24 meters broad, extended to the building +line. On either side of the aisle exits led to the loggias and to the +lawns. The pavilion was built of wood and all the rooms had skylights. +The style of architecture and decoration was modern, with a classical +toning. The exterior of the building was faced with a grayish, +yellow-colored gypsum, shaded with gold, dark blue, and light green. Two +groups of figures, above life size, adorned the main porch of the +central building. The imperial coat of arms, with a crown surrounded by +a large wreath, was raised above the center of the pavilion, and to the +right and left two sphinxes crowned the gables. The center building +(garden front) was finished with two enormous square pylons, with +festoons and masks and decorated with all the coats of arms of the +Austrian crown lands. Four stela-bearing gilded busts were symmetrically +placed along the front of the flower beds, in which monumental fountains +had been erected. The interior of the building was divided into fifteen +rooms. To the left and right of the entrance hall, which was adorned +with a marble bust of the Emperor, were the official apartments, one of +which was meant as a library and reading room and the other as a +reception room. Beyond the entrance hall was the technical exhibition of +the ministry of railways, which likewise occupied the room on the +left-hand side for an exhibition, "Sceneries and People of Austria." The +hall to the right was devoted to the department of the ministry of +commerce for the building of waterways. At the back part of the middle +aisle a large hall was devoted to the exhibits of the professional art +schools, and two smaller ones showed interiors executed by the schools +for arts and crafts in Vienna and Prague. The fine-arts exhibits of the +Vienna Artists' Association and of the association called "Hagenbund" +were on the right of the transepts; pictures by Bohemian and Polish +artists on the opposite side. + +The artists and artisans who took part in building and decorating the +Austrian Government pavilion were as follows: The plans of the whole +building, the entrance hall, the two halls of the ministry of railways, +and the hall containing the exhibition of waterways were designed by the +chief architect, Oberbaurat Ludwig Bauman, Josef Meissner substituting +him in the superintendence of the works; contractor J. Lecoeur. + +The library was designed by Leopold Bauer, architect, and the architect +Joseph Pleonik designed the reception room. + +The plastic on the outside of the building was delivered by the sculptor +Othmar Schimkowitz. The figurate frieze in the library was the work of +the painter Josef Engerhart. The painter Ferdinand Andri executed the +frescoes on the facade and Meinrich Tomec those in the department for +waterways. The Emperor's bust, which was made of Lassar marble and which +had been executed in the workshop of the Tyrol Marble and Porphyry +Company (Fritz Zeller), Laas (Tyrol), was a copy of Professor Strasser's +model. + +The relief "Empress Elizabeth" (allegory) in the reception room was by +the late Rudolf Weigl, sculptor. + +Sandor Jaray had been intrusted with the interior decorations and +fittings. The carpets were delivered by J. Ginskey, Maffendorf, and the +ornamental locksmith work by Alexander Nehr. + +The mosaic and artistic work was done by Max Freiherr von Spann and +Johann Kappner; the fancy needlework by Carl Giani; the inlaid work +(intarsia) by Michael Kehl, Josef Duchoslav, and Franz Makienec, and the +bronze works by Johann Hastach, Carl Kratky, J. Schubert, and A.T. +Lange. On account of the beauty of its furnishings and the harmonious +color schemes of the interior the pavilion was especially attractive to +women visitors to the fair. + +Austria is the home of the European alpine railways. The oldest, the +Semmering Railway, constructed in 1848-1854, lies on the South Railway +main line from Vienna to Trieste and is the first mountain railway +conducted exclusively on the adhesive principle. Then followed the +Brenner Railway (1864-1867), the shortest railway communication between +central Germany via Tyrol to Italy (Verona), and the Arlberg Railway +(1880-1884), which opened up the route via Tyrol and Vorarlberg to the +west (Switzerland and France). Four great panoramas in the exhibition +showing the above-mentioned alpine railways were witness to Austria's +prominence in this special field of railway technique. One room in the +pavilion was devoted to the models of alpine railways. There were also +plans of the lines, photographic views of buildings and of the tracks of +the first three mentioned lines, which are in full working order. The +lines in course of construction were further illustrated by models of +tunnels, scaffoldings, foundations of arched bridge (with span of 80 +meters) over the Isonzo (littoral lands of Austria), with statistical +calculations and charts of the largest vaulted bridges ever built, and +photographic views of the working in the Karawanken and Wocheiner +tunnels. Among the other exhibits in this department may be mentioned a +model of the groundwork of the Austrian State railways for express +trains, photos of the imperial court train and of the newest locomotives +and passenger carriages of the Austrian State railways, as well as plans +for iron bridges, groundwork, locomotives, and passenger carriages of +the State railways. The work published for the Emperor's jubilee, +"History of the Railways of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy," together +with a number of other publications on the statistics, pedagogy, and +technique of railways, were exhibited. Finally, there was a chart of the +railways of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy on a scale of 1:1000000. + +For a long time the Austrian ministry of railways set itself the task of +drawing the attention of the traveling public to the beauties of the +scenery and the ethnographical charms in which Austria abounds, and thus +inducing them to visit the country. To gain this end the ministry issued +various publications, opened inquiry offices, and arranged exhibitions. +The exhibition "Sceneries and People of Austria" in the Government +pavilion was arranged, with the cooperation of several artists, for the +same object. The exhibit principally consisted of a collection of views +of the most beautiful parts of Austria, especially the Austrian Alps, +and pictures of Austrian national life. Photographs taken by the best +photographers, as well as a number of artistic amateur photos, +representing important traveling districts in Austria (99 in all), were +enlarged and reproduced as pigment prints or linographs. Two series of +photographic prints were exhibited also, one consisting of Austrian +castles and strongholds and the other of various favorite alpine +resorts. Further, a selection of alpine and traveling works in luxurious +editions were shown. + +The whole exhibition was finished off with a collection of 14 pictures +of costumes and sport, arranged like a frieze and illustrating special +Austrian national scenes. Four bronze statuettes, viz, "Chamois-hunter," +"Alpine tourist," "Ski sportsman," "Alpine dairy woman," had been placed +in the room as decorations. + +The exhibition of models, plans, and photographs of the existing and +projected canal for deep-draft ships, arranged by the department of the +ministry of commerce for the building of waterways, offered a general +view of the whole network of the Austrian waterways, comprising those of +the Danube, Moldau, and Elbe rivers, together with the system of canals. + +The beautiful landscape of the river sides was shown by means of views +of the Danube, contained in an album, while the plans, photographs, and +models exhibited by the Danube Regulation Commission showed the river +courses, the harbor in lower Austria and Vienna, as well as the +construction for regulating the water level in the Vienna-Danube Canal. +A map of Prague showed the harbor and canal construction works, some +finished and others projected, in the precincts of the town. The +drawings and photos exhibited in a corner of the hall by the +Aussig-Teplitz Railway Company illustrated the position and traffic of +the harbor of Aussig, the most important inland harbor of Austria. The +charts, in addition to giving a view of the position of the canals and +rivers, with canals projected, showed also longitudinal sections of the +Danube-Oder Canal. + +The exhibitions of the State professional art schools, arranged by the +imperial royal ministry of public instruction, Vienna, gave an idea of +the work done by these institutions. The exhibition was arranged in +three divisions, the first two containing the exhibits of the schools +for arts and crafts in Vienna and Prague (the largest of their kind in +Austria) and the third the work of the other professional art schools. + +The decoration of the two interiors of the schools for arts and crafts, +Vienna (Director Felizian Freiherr von Myrbach) and Prague (Director +Georg Stibral), as well as all the objects exhibited in these divisions, +were designed at the above institutions and executed by the pupils. The +organization of the "collective exhibition" of the other professional +art schools was intrusted to the inspector of these schools and Hofrat +Arthur von Scala, director of the Austrian Museum, Vienna. The interior +and the exhibits themselves were executed in the workshops of 46 +different professional art schools, with the cooperation of the pupils. + +The amount of money appropriated by the Austrian Government for the +participation of the Austrian Empire at the exposition was 1,100,000 +crowns (about $220,000). The appropriation, however, was almost +exclusively made for the display of Austria in connection with the +Austrian Government Pavilion. The appropriated amount had to cover the +expense for the erection of the pavilion and its installation, as well +as the installation of two rooms in the Fine Arts Building, where the +Vienna Artists' Association had an additional display. The appropriated +amount had also to cover the transportation of the Austrian Government +exhibits as well as the expense of the reshipment of same. The +Government provided the 1,100,000 crowns not only for the erection of +the pavilion and its sculptural works, but for the expenses of +installation, transportation, etc. Part of this money was used by the +various Government participants, viz: + +(1) The imperial royal railroad ministry. + +(2) The imperial royal department of waterways of Austria. + +(3) The imperial royal ministry of education. + +(4) And finally by four fine art associations. These fine art +associations were: (1) the Vienna Artists' Association, (2) the +"Hagenbund" Artists' Association of Vienna, (3) the Bohemian artists, +and (4) the Polish Artists. + +The fine art associations had their display each in one room of the +thirteen contained in the Austrian Government Pavilion. The Vienna +Artists' Association had also two rooms covering the Austrian section in +the Fine Arts Building. + +In reference to the commercial exhibit, a number of prominent +individuals of Austria organized an exhibition of the manufacturers of +Austria. They secured a number of participants, mostly glass and +porcelain manufacturers as well as leather and jewelry merchants of +Austria. Their exhibits representing Austria were displayed in the +Manufactures Building, Varied Industries Building, Liberal Arts +Building, and in the Agricultural Building. + + +BRAZIL. + +By decree No. 4897 of July 21, 1903, the President of the Republic of +Brazil sanctioned the act of Congress making an appropriation of +$600,000 giving the Government authorization for the representation of +Brazil at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. + +On the 27th of the same month the following commissioners were +appointed: + +Col. F.M. De Souza Aguiar, president; Maj. J. Da Cunha Pires, secretary +and commissioner; Mr. J. Da Motta, assistant commissioner; Mr. Antonio +Olyntho, commissioner; Mr. J.C. Alves de Lima, commissioner; Dr. A. Da +Graca Couto, commissioner; Commodore J.C. Do Carvalho, commissioner; +Commodore A. Correa, commissioner; Mr. J.A. Dos Santos, commissioner; +Mr. A.J. Da Costa Couto, commissioner; Mr. Ferreira Ramos, commissioner; +Capt. J. Cordeiro da Graca, commissioner; Mr. Eugenio Dahne, assistant +commissioner; Mr. E. Da Rocha Dias, aide; Air. Ricardo Mardock and Mr. +A.C. Lopes Goncalves, commissioners from State of Amazonas. + +One of the most attractive exhibits at the World's Fair was offered by +Brazil. That country showed itself so rich and diversified in resources +as to astonish the public, and in keeping with its large exhibit erected +a building which soon became one of the features of the fair. + +The Brazilian Building, which was designed and personally supervised by +the commissioner-general, Col. F.M. de Souza Aguiar, was located in the +southwestern part of the section occupied by the foreign governments, +having on its north the Belgian, Cuban, and Chinese buildings, and on +the east that of Nicaragua, on the south those of France and India, and +on the west the Forestry, Fish and Game, Italian, and Administration +buildings. + +In the center of the grounds, surrounded by lawns with flower beds and +wide gravel walks, stood the Brazilian Building in the French +renaissance style of architecture. The main cornice, 80 feet high, was +supported by eight groups of three columns each at the corners and sides +of the two entrances of the building, and by six single columns at each +loggia. These thirty-six columns were of the corinthian style of +architecture, without the fluting ordinarily used with this particular +column, and were ornamented only at the lower third of the shaft with +the Brazilian coat of arms between floral festoons. Projecting above the +roof of the building were three domes, two of which, on either loggia, +were spherical in form, being 44 feet in diameter, while the apex of the +central dome attained a height of 135 feet. The dome was octagonal in +shape, having at each corner an exterior buttress, adorned with a large +statue at its top. Encircling the same was a gallery from which could be +viewed the greater part of the exposition grounds and the surrounding +country. Above the cornice of the building was a balustrade decorated +with shields, showing the coats of arms of the twenty-one States of +Brazil. + +The main floor was reached by means of a flight of nineteen granitoid +steps on either the north or south side of the building, which led +through two spacious porticoes. The second floor formed one large room +only, the ceiling of which was divided into rectangular panels, +supported by thirty-two Doric columns. The second floor was reached also +by a majestic double staircase, where a spacious reception room, two +apartments for ladies, and the offices of the commission were situated. +In the center of the reception room was a marble statue representing +"the Feast," mounted on a large pedestal and encircled by an upholstered +settee. Above this statue the large central dome opened, supported by +eight columns, which formed an interior gallery. + +In simplicity, stateliness, and beauty of outline the Brazilian Pavilion +was equal to any of the foreign buildings on the grounds. Its dome rose +90 feet above the main structure, which covered 191 by 132 feet, and it +soon became known as a landmark in the foreign government section of the +fair. + +The interior decorations of the building were entirely in keeping with +the magnificent exterior. The apartments were sumptuously furnished and +decorated with rare statues. The colored glass which ornamented the +central dome gave a soft tint to the furnishings beneath. On the walls +were hung interesting photographs and charts illustrating the chief +industry of the country-coffee culture. This industry was further +demonstrated by machinery of the most improved pattern, showing the +process of preparing coffee for the market. In sacks, in glass jars, and +cases, coffee beans ranging in size from furled grains as small as peas +to flat beans as large as cocoa beans were displayed. To illustrate the +abundance of the product Brazil had built here a fountain which poured +forth coffee beans instead of water. At night rows of electric lights, +outlining the same, took the place of the Brazilian and American flags, +which ornamented it by day. There were fifteen hundred of these lights +distributed throughout the building, some clustered in rich chandeliers +from the center of the reception halls and loggias, others placed in +rows to outline galleries and dome. + +In addition to the appropriation of $600,000 made by the Federal +Government, many of the States contributed all the expenses toward +propaganda, collection and transportation of exhibits from their own +individual territories. The installations and booths (ten in all) in the +exposition building were made at the expense of the Brazilian Government +at a cost of $70,000. The cost of the main building, complete with its +furnishings and improvement of grounds, was $135,000. The cost of +transportation of exhibits from Brazil to St. Louis was $30,000. In all, +Brazil had 2,400 exhibitors in 14 departments out of 16. + + +CANADA. + +The government of the Dominion of Canada was represented at the World's +Fair by the exhibition branch of the department of agriculture of +Canada. This branch was organized some years ago for the purpose of +collecting, installing, and maintaining exhibits at expositions where +the government of Canada was officially represented. The personnel of +the exhibition branch is as follows: Hon. Sidney A. Fisher, minister of +agriculture; William Hutchinson, exhibition commissioner; W.A. Burns, +secretary and assistant to the commissioner; W.H. Hay, decorator; S. +Anderson, superintendent of installation. + +The government and products of Canada were represented at the fair in +several exhibits, viz, an official building or pavilion; a collection of +minerals and mining products in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy; a +display of the grains, grasses, and the agricultural products in the +Palace of Agriculture; an exhibit of all the various fruits grown in the +Dominion in the Palace of Horticulture; a special exhibit of the forest +products of Canada showing the great variety of timber, bark, pulp wood, +etc., in a building erected especially for the purpose; also a varied +collection of the larger and smaller game, fish, etc., together with +specimens of all the numerous varieties of wood produced in the forests +and inland waters of the Dominion, exhibited in the Forestry, Fish, and +Game Building, and in a special exhibit of live beaver in the same +building. + +As an appropriation for the installation of these exhibits the +government of Canada made a preliminary grant of $150,000, which was +supplemented by further appropriations for maintenance aggregating +$175,000, making a total of $325,000. + +The official pavilion was a structure built after the fashion of a +clubhouse, located near the north entrance to the Palace of Agriculture, +costing, with forestry building in rear, about $35,000. This building +was furnished throughout with the products of Canadian factories and +decorated with the work of Canadian artists, all suggestive of the +natural wealth, progress, and enterprise of the country. + +The mining exhibit occupied a space of 10,000 square feet, and comprised +large quantities of coal and all the coarser metal ores, together with +an extensive collection of all the finer metals minerals, building +stones, and every product of the mines known to science and commerce. + +The agricultural exhibit occupied a space of 12,000 square feet, and +consisted of a large central figure in the form of an octagonal trophy +rising to a height of 60 feet, in which were artistically worked over +three hundred grasses, grains, and plants, all grown in Canada, and +decorated with landscape views of the various breeds of cattle raised in +the Dominion. On either side of this central figure was a pedestal of +maple sugar and honey, respectively, and in the rear other products of +tobacco, grain, flour, breadstuffs, etc. + +The horticultural display consisted of a varied collection of all the +fruits grown in Canada, comprising ninety-four varieties of apples in +their natural state, taken from cold storage, and a large collection of +pears, peaches, plums, grapes, currants, gooseberries, strawberries, +cranberries, raspberries, and everything included in horticulture, +presented in glass jars as well as in their natural state throughout +their respective seasons. + +The special exhibit of forest products consisted of sections of the +great fir trees, pines, cedars, oaks, hemlocks, birch, ash, walnut, +cherry, etc., and specimens of rough and polished lumber from every +variety of wood grown in the Dominion, together with a large pyramid of +pulp wood, of which Canada possesses millions of acres, railway ties, +tan bark, etc. + +In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building the exhibit consisted of an +unique arch or bridge structure with a double span covering 80 feet, and +on this structure and under it were numerous specimens of moose, deer, +elk, buffalo, mountain goat, polar, grizzly, and brown bears, and every +fur-bearing animal to be found in America. There was also a fine +collection of game birds and water fowls, fish, etc. In this bridge +structure was worked over three thousand varieties of wood, all grown in +Canada. In another section of the building was shown a pool containing a +family of live beaver, an interesting animal common to the streams and +lakes of Canada. + +Besides those already enumerated, Canada made a very creditable display +of figure and landscape paintings in the Palace of Fine Arts, as well as +a collection of various subjects in water colors. + +Later in the season Canada made a very successful exhibit in the +live-stock department. Her display was especially large in sheep and +swine classes and almost equally good in poultry and pet stock. + +In addition to those enumerated in the foregoing list, Canada is +entitled to credit for a number of individual exhibits of various kinds +scattered over the exposition grounds; for example, in the Building of +Mines and Metallurgy there was an exhibit of natural and wrought nickel, +every pound of the raw material coming from the Sudbury mines, in the +Province of Ontario. The exhibit occupied a large space in the Mining +Building and consisted of a varied and comprehensive display of nickel +and nickel goods, from the natural ore to the finest and most polished +culinary and domestic utensils. Every pound of raw material used in this +display was from the mines situated in Denison Township, Sudbury +District, Ontario, Canada. + +In Machinery Hall there was an exhibit comprising a great variety of +corundum products, every pound of whose raw material came from Canada. +The exhibit showed corundum in bulk, in large wheels, small wheels, +hones, and every variety of grinding and sharpening specialties. The +amount of raw corundum used annually by the company reaches nearly 1,000 +tons. In the Machinery Building, also, was an exhibit of asbestos and +its products, the raw material of which came from Canada. The display +consisted of steam-pipe coverings, mattings, packings, and everything of +that nature required in heating and steam machinery; also asbestos +mattings and fire screens, heavy papering and cardboards, and other +things that asbestos can be worked into. All the asbestos came from the +Shedford and Black Lake mines, in the Province of Quebec. + +In the Manufactures Building was a very fine assortment of stones, etc., +from different parts of Canada. Among the assortment were garnets from +the Stikine River and also from the Province of Quebec; amethysts from +Thunder Bay; labradorite, finest in the world, from the Isle of St. +Paul; spinel from Ottawa County, Quebec; sodalite from British Columbia; +pitanite, Litchfield, Quebec; lercon and perthite from Quebec; sunstone +and lebra stone from Perth, Ontario, and crown sunstone from Renfrew +County, Ontario. + +Besides the exhibits mentioned there were in the Mines Building an +exhibit of mineral water from Abenakis Springs, Quebec; in the +Philadelphia exhibit in the educational department a fine display of +asbestos and pulp. + + +CEYLON. + +Consequent on the visit to Ceylon of Hon. John Barrett, commissioner of +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in the latter part of 1902, Hon. W.H. +Figg was dispatched as advance commissioner to St. Louis to investigate +the conditions of the proposed World's Fair of 1904 and to make +preliminary arrangements for the representation of the colony thereat. +Mr. Figg's report, dated New York, February, 1903, was followed by the +appointment of a commission composed of the following members: + +Hon. Stanley Bois, commissioner-general; Mr. R. Huyshe Eliot, assistant +commissioner; Mr. P.E. Pieris, assistant commissioner; Mr. Russell +Stanhope, assistant commissioner; Mr. Peter De Abrew, commercial agent; +Hon. J. Ferguson, C.M.G., Mr. F.C. Roles, Mr. H. Van Cuylenberg, and Mr. +D. Obeyesekeri, official visitors. + +By vote $150,000 was placed at the disposal of this commission, and a +further sum of $10,000 was contributed by the Planters' Association. + +The scheme finally adopted for the exploitation of the products of +Ceylon at the World's Fair was that all articles of artistic interest +should be displayed in a special court and those of commercial +importance in the various palaces. It was agreed that the practical +demonstration of the use of tea should be carried on in the court and +made as attractive as possible to the American public. A concession was +accordingly obtained from the Exposition Company for the sale of tea in +the cup at a nominal price, and an excellent site was allotted to the +Government of Ceylon immediately west of and adjoining the lake, where +the United States Life-Saving Service had its daily display and facing +the north end of the Palace of Agriculture. The building (which was +designed in Ceylon by Mr. Skinner) was rectangular in form, 120 feet +long and 60 feet wide, and two stories in height. + +Broad verandas, so characteristic a feature of oriental houses, ran +round each floor, and there tea was served daily by 20 Cingalese +servants. These tea servers dressed in spotless white, and with long +hair fastened with big tortoise shell combs, made a most picturesque +appearance and gave a touch of reality to the Cingalese pavilion. + +From the center of the building sprang an octagon 75 feet high, +reproducing the building where the kings of Ceylon used to show +themselves to their subjects at their ancient capital of Kandy. Smaller +octagons rose from the four corners. The ornamentation was +characteristically Cingalese. Broad friezes painted by native artists +represented the various birth stories of the Buddha. The door panels and +quaint capitals were such as may be seen at many a temple in Ceylon and +formed an appropriate setting for the impassive images of the Buddha. +The building was constructed by Messrs. Broderick & Wind, contractors of +New York, under the general supervision of Mr. Russell Stanhope, +representative at St. Louis of the commissioner-general, at a total cost +of $30,000. + +Downstairs were the offices of the commission, while on the upper floor +the greater portion of the fine art exhibit of Ceylon was situated. The +native artist was seen at his best in the magnificent jeweled caskets of +carved ivory and the exquisite reprousse work in silver, representing an +art which has been handed down from father to son for twenty-five +centuries in the caste of Cingalese silversmiths. + +The department of manufactures was represented by massive furniture in +calamander, ebony, and satinwood, carved with the most elaborate +devices, dainty laces made by the nimble fingers of village women, +beautiful productions on tortoise shell and gold, heavily embroidered +cloths of gold, and a large collection of the various curios for which +the East is famous, besides a display of tanned hides and jewelry of +exceptional merit. There was a further display of art work in the +international room of the Palace of Fine Arts. More than 100 exhibitors +were represented in this building, the total value of their exhibits +exceeding $50,000. Outside on the lake was an outrigger canoe of full +size, such as is still in use among the fishermen of Ceylon. + +The chief commercial exhibit of the country was to be found in the +Palace of Agriculture, where a space of 2,000 square feet had been +allotted to it. First and foremost was the great industry of tea +cultivation. Thirty years ago the island exported a million tons of +coffee annually, and tea was an unknown article; last year the quantity +of the leaf which was exported to all parts of the world exceeded +150,000,000 pounds (of which 18,000,000 was sent to the United States), +while coffee hardly figures on the customs returns The industry is +almost exclusively in the hands of Europeans. All the chief producers +were represented at the exposition, their interests forming the special +province of an assistant commissioner. + +The cocoanut palm and its cultivation was fully represented. The nut +itself, the various fibers, matting and ropes made from its husk, the +copra or dried kernel, from which is extracted the oil now so largely +used in the manufacture of best soaps and hair oils; the desiccated and +"shredded" cocoanut, the demand for which among confectioners is rapidly +increasing; cocoanut butter, an excellent emollient and substitute for +lard; the arrack, distilled from the "toddy" extracted from the flower, +a valuable liquor after a few years in cask; the vinegar and "jaggery," +or molasses; down to the brooms, made from the "ekels" or midrib of the +leaves, were shown in infinite variety. + +Rice, the staple food of the country, was represented in a few of its +350 varieties, and cinnamon in bark or oil, cloves, nutmegs, mace, +cardamoms, pepper, vanilla, and citronella oil, cocoa and coffee, +rubber, cinchona bark, from which quinine is prepared, croton seed, and +annotto dye might also be seen. The fibers included those of the Kitul +and Palmyra palms and the silky niyande (sansevier zeylanical). One +hundred and twenty exhibitors were represented, and the value of the +collective exhibit was $5,000. + +The educational exhibit, which had been prepared under the direct +supervision of the director of public instruction in Ceylon, illustrated +the procedure adopted by the British Government in dealing with races +with an advanced literature of their own, to whom a certain knowledge of +English is a necessity. The present conditions of education--elementary, +advanced, and technical--were well depicted, and the exhibit contained +in addition a collection of the various scientific journals issued by +the Colombo Museum and the department of the botanical gardens in +Ceylon. + +Graphite, locally known as plumbago, the only commercial mineral of the +country, might be seen in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. More than +600,000 hundredweights of this valuable commodity were exported in 1899, +the greatest demand being in the United States, where the article is +employed in the manufacture of crucibles, for stove polish, and for +lubricating purposes. A few of the choice rubies and sapphires, for +which the island is so famous, were on view in the Ceylon court. Thirty +firms and private individuals were represented in this department, the +exhibits exceeding $12,000 in value. + +In Liberal Arts the government of Ceylon snowed the admirable work +turned out by its printing offices, and various private firms of +printers and photographers were represented. The large model of the +artificial harbor of Colombo was of particular interest as illustrating +the position of the city as the tenth port in the world for tonnage +entering and clearing. There was also a good private collection of coins +found in Ceylon and covering a period of nearly two thousand years. The +space occupied in the Palace of Liberal Arts was 600 square feet, and +the value of the total exhibit was $1,000. + +The musical instruments of the country, chiefly consisting of drums and +the varied equipment of the "devil dancers," were shown in the Ceylon +Building. + +In the Palace of Forestry a space or 600 square feet was occupied by +Ceylon. The chief exhibit there consisted of the massive trunk of a +satinwood tree, hollowed out so as to form a receptacle for "books," +which consisted of blocks of all the various trade timbers of the +country. An exhibit prepared by the marine biologist illustrated +everything connected with fishing in the Ceylon waters, from the crude +fish trap of the villager to the latest addition to knowledge regarding +the origin of the lustrous oriental pearl. Models of the various kinds +of boats employed in the country were also shown. The wild animals of +the country, its beautiful birds (including the swift, which builds the +edible nest), and gorgeous butterflies, were well shown. The exhibit +represented a value of $3,000. + +Finally, in the department of anthropology there were shown, in the +Ceylon Building, types of the various races found in Ceylon, +illustrations of their pre-Christian civilization, the utensils of brass +and wood still used in their houses, and all the accompaniments of their +philosophic religions. + +A special handbook was prepared by a subcommittee in Colombo containing +information for the use of the American people regarding the trade and +resources of the country. + + +CHINA. + +The participation of China at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was +authorized by an imperial decree issued in January, 1903. The same +decree appointed an imperial commission, as follows: + +His Royal Highness Prince Pu Lun, imperial high commissioner; Sir Robert +Hart, Bart., G.C.M.G. (inspector-general of customs), president +ex-officio; Mr. Wong Kai-Pah, imperial vice-commissioner; Mr. Francis A. +Carl, imperial vice-commissioner; Mr. D. Percebois, secretary of Chinese +imperial commission; Mr. J.A. Berthet, assistant to secretary of Chinese +imperial commission. + +The amount set apart by the Chinese Government to meet the expenses +connected with China's participation in the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition was 750,000 taels, or, roughly speaking, $500,000 gold. As +with all previous expositions in which China has taken part, the +collecting of exhibits was intrusted to the imperial Chinese maritime +customs service, under the control of Sir Robert Hart, Bart., G.C.M.G., +inspector-general of customs. This service, with its numerous branches +and ramifications throughout the Empire and an experienced staff +acquainted with both native and foreign tastes was in an exceptional +position to succeed in making a representative collection of the best in +Chinese arts, manufactures, and products. The commissioners of customs +at the principal trading centers took the work in hand, selecting such +exhibits as were suitable when offered by merchants, and purchasing +outright such articles as could not be procured otherwise. The +collections were made at the following treaty ports: Newchang, Tientsin, +Chefoo, Chungking, Hankow, Kiukiang, Wuhu, Nanking, Chinkiang, Shanghai, +Hangchow, Ningpo, Wenchow, Foochow, Amoy, Swatow, Canton, Pakhoi, +Kiungchow, Mengtse, Lungchow, and Szemao. + +Besides the Government exhibits from the foregoing-mentioned places, the +provincial authorities of Hupeh, Hunan, Kiangaan, and Fukien also made +collections. This is noteworthy, as it was the first time on record that +the regular Chinese officials have taken any interest in a foreign +exhibition. In addition to the Government participation, fifty-three +firms and private individuals sent their quota of exhibits. The +following table gives the kind, class, and approximate value of exhibits +installed by each: + +Porcelain curios, cloisonne, carpets, art work in metal, + tapestries, furniture, silks, ivory, fans, and jade ...... $510,200 +Furs and skins ............................................ 6,500 +Cement and fire bricks .................................... 1,000 +Fancy articles, wood carvings, paintings, and drawings, etc 11,600 +Collections of butterflies ................................ 100 +Preserved meats, fish, vegetables, and fruit .............. 100 +Chinese postal stamps and coins ........................... 5,000 +Silverware and lanterns ................................... 2,750 + ------------ + Total ................................................... 537,250 +Government exhibits ....................................... 40,000 +Provincial ................................................ 61,000 + ------------ + Grand total ............................................. 638,250 + +The collection made by the twenty-two treaty ports comprised such +articles as were not offered by the mercantile class. In nearly every +case the ports' collection included samples of products and manufactures +typical to the district, models of the prevailing architecture and of +any special costume worn by the people, models of the types of boats in +use, carriages and wheelwrights' work, agricultural implements and farm +machinery, appliances and methods used in agricultural industries, +agricultural seeds, equipment and method employed in the preparation of +foods, minerals and stones and their utilization, musical instruments, +chemical and pharmaceutical arts, gold and silver ware, weights and +measures, coins and medals, and photographs of the port. The collections +made by the provincial authorities comprised art work in jade, crystal, +porcelain and bronze, Chinese books and publications, lacquered ware and +fancy articles. + +The total approximate value as given above was $638,250, but this sum +included the cost of transportation and installation. It represents in +fact the market value in the United States. There was in the +neighborhood of 2,000 tons of shipments from China to St. Louis--800 +tons from the south of China, and 1,200 from the north of China. The +rate from the south of China, i.e., Hongkong, was $8 per ton, while from +the north of China, i.e., Shanghai, or nearly 900 miles shorter trip, +the rate was $14 per ton. The amount paid for transportation was more +than $20,000, to which must be added some $2,000 for terminal and +switching charges. The cost of installation for the entire exhibit was +about $7,500. The exorbitant wages necessary for all work done at the +exposition accounts for this heavy expenditure. Another large item of +expense, according to the Chinese commissioner, was the 5 per cent rate +charged in this country for fire insurance. Most of the foreign +countries taking part in the exposition effected insurance in home +companies at about half the above rate. + +The total cost of the Chinese Government Pavilion amounted to $75,000. +It was partly a reproduction of a portion of Prince Pu Lun's palace at +Peking. Models were sent from China and copied in this country, the +large arch at the entrance being a "Pai-Lou," or memorial arch, common +in China as entrances to palaces, temples, and tombs. A small octagonal +pavilion or tea house was shown. They are always at some beautiful spot +in the gardens of the wealthy. Two flagstaffs outside were also copies +of Chinese models. The wood carvings were very expensive, and good +examples of what the Chinese workman can do in that line. Special men +from China were imported to carry out the designs of the building and to +do the painting in the Chinese style. + +The space occupied by the Chinese in the Liberal Arts Palace was 28,000 +square feet, and, with the exception of another 1,500 square feet in the +Educational Department, China was not represented in other buildings of +the exposition. The small exhibit in the Educational Palace was not an +attempt to illustrate the Chinese system of education. It was intended +simply to give the world an idea of the work being done by foreign +societies--missionary and otherwise--in the educational line in China. + +The maintenance of the staff looking after exhibits was about $30,000. +The expense connected with the repacking and return of freight and +unsold exhibits was about $15,000. + + +CUBA. + +On July 20, 1903, the Cuban Congress passed the following resolutions +authorizing the participation of that country at the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition: + + + The Executive is hereby authorized to dispose of $80,000 from + the public treasury to meet the expenses which the + representation of the Republic of Cuba will incur at the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition which will take place at St. + Louis, Mo., in the year 1904. + + Of this amount $30,000 shall be set aside to meet the expenses + of a special commission whose object is to study the advancement + which may have been realized in agriculture, chemistry, and + mechanical industries applicable to the industries of Cuba, also + public instruction in hygiene. + + The commission will report the results of their investigation to + the Executive, which reports will be duly published. + + The expenses incurred in the publication of the reports will be + met by the public treasury and will not be included in the above + allowed sum. + + +On the 15th of July, 1904, the Congress voted $50,000 as an additional +sum for the same purpose. + +The Cuban Pavilion at the exposition was constructed on a lot 140 by 170 +feet. The building was 100 feet by 80 feet surrounded by a garden +containing more than five hundred native plants. It was one story high. +At its front was a beautiful terrace, and there were extensive porticoes +on the sides. Access to the building was gained by a 32-foot stair on +the front, and by lateral stairs of smaller size. + +Five rooms surrounding a central court. Access to the roof was obtained +by a winding stair placed on a tower. The style of architecture on the +building in its exterior court and entrances was Florentine-Renaissance, +from the last half of the fourteenth century. The other salons were +decorated in the modern style, called "New Art." The building was +lighted by more than four hundred incandescent lamps, arranged in such a +manner that they formed part of the decorations. The cost of erecting +the building was $31,050. + +The members of the Cuban commission were as follows: + +Mr. Gonzalo de Quesada, honorary president; Mr. Esteban Duque Estrada, +commissioner-general; Mr. Antonio Carillo, secretary of the Cuban +commission; Mr. Eduardo Morales de los Rios, commissioner of education; +Mr. Sixto Lopez Miranda, technical commissioner of education for Cuba; +Dr. J.J. Luis, commissioner of social economy; Mr. Enrique B. Barnet, +sanitary commissioner; Mr. J.W. Flanagan, honorary commissioner; Mr. +J.E. Bernal, Mr. Fernando Mesa, Mr. Francisco de Armas, assistant +commissioners; Mr. Antonio E. Trujillo, disbursing officer; Mr. John R. +Taylor, assistant sanitary commissioner. Technical commission: Dr. +Enrique Jose Varona, doctor in philosophy and letters; Dr. Carlos de la +Torre, doctor of natural sciences; Señor Carlos Theye, chemical +engineer; Señor Manuel D. Diaz, civil engineer; Señor Ramon Jimenez +Alfonso, agronomical engineer; Dr. Gaston Alfonso Cuadrado, doctor of +sciences and pharmacy. + +The exhibit of Cuba in the Department of Education comprised the whole +educational system from the kindergarten to the university. For the +organization of this exhibit the secretary of public instruction, Dr. +Leopolds Cancio, appointed a committee of seven. The committee issued +several circulars inviting the teachers to contribute to the educational +exhibit. + +Toward the beginning of March the first contributions began to arrive, +and in the early days of April the first shipment was made. This was +followed by others, and by the 25th of April all the educational +exhibits were in the various booths and ready for display. + +This exhibit was classified in groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8, which left +the only two groups, 5 and 7, in which it was not represented. + +In group 1 it was represented by the normal school of kindergarten of +Habana, and by kindergarten public schools of Habana, Guanabacoa, +Matanzas, Gardenas, Sagua la Grande, and Cienfuegos, by elementary +public and private schools from most of the school districts of the +country, by a teachers' academy, and by training and correctional +schools for boys and girls. + +In group 2 the six public secondary schools of the country were +represented by photographs, reports, collections of shells and +butterflies, pupils' work and reports. + +The "San Alijandro" School of Painting and Sculpture of Habana appeared +with a report and photographs in group 4. + +In group 6 the School of Arts and Trades of Habana had a very good +display of manual training and photographs. + +Correspondence schools, the Academy of Science, meteorological and +magnetical observations of the Belen Observatory, geological +collections, text-books, school appliances, and a collection of the +text-books used at the present and of those used under the Spanish +Government in the public schools were all classified in group 8. + +One of the most important features of the exhibit was the display of +photographs showing over 500 views of schoolrooms, school buildings, +groups of teachers and children, institutions of secondary education, +institutions of special education, and the university. + +In these photographs the department showed the best schools, such as +"Luz y Caballero," of Habana, and the "Eseulen Modelo," of Santiago de +Cuba, and the least advanced rural schools located in thatched-roof huts +20 or more miles from the nearest town. + +The exhibit showed not only the great increase in the last few years in +the number of schools and in the school expenditures, both of which have +increased about tenfold, but the great change undergone in the methods +of teaching, which at present accord with the most modern standards, the +old methods having been entirely abolished from the public schools. + +The superior board of health of Cuba was represented at the exposition +by Dr. Federico Torralbas, as medical inspector of the sanitary +department of Habana; Dr. Emilo Martines, as assistant professor of +pathology of the National University, and member of the commission for +infectious diseases of the sanitary department of Habana; Dr. Juan H. +Davalos, as chief of the section of bacteriology of the laboratory of +the island of Cuba, who is considered the leading authority on +bacteriological subjects in Cuba; Dr. Enriqui B. Barnet, as the +executive officer of the sanitary department of Habana and acting +secretary of the superior board of health of Cuba; Mr. John R. Taylor, +as preparator of the laboratory of Las Animas Hospital, of Habana, +having a thorough knowledge of the transmission of diseases by the +medium of the mosquito. He was one of those who voluntarily allowed +himself to be bitten with infected mosquitoes known to be capable of +transmitting yellow fever, recovering after a severe attack of the +disease. + +In the Department of Mines and Metallurgy, Cuba's exhibition consisted +of Portland cement and its products, asphaltum (crude and refined), +iron, manganese, copper, zinc, tin, gold, and silver ores, and a +collection of marbles of the Isle of Pines. + +In Liberal Arts Cuba's exhibition consisted of photographs, engravings, +periodicals, perfumes, soaps, and other manufactured articles. + +In the Department of Art Cuba had a room where about one hundred and +fifty pictures were hung, consisting of oil paintings and water colors. + +In the Department of Agriculture Cuba's exhibit consisted of +manufactured cigars, chocolate, jellies, beer, preserved fruits of all +descriptions, cotton, hemp, coffee, sugar, and various other +agricultural products of Cuba. + +In the Department of Forestry, Fish, and Game Cuba's exhibition +consisted of samples of woods used in construction and for furniture, +house decorations, etc. The collection of woods at the Forestry Building +was given to the Yale University Forestry Schools at the close of the +fair. The mineral collection at the Mines Building was subsequently +donated to the United States National Museum, at Washington, D.C. + + +DENMARK. + +The Government of Denmark, while making no appropriation for a +participation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, appointed William +Arup as commissioner-general to look after the interests of the Danish +exhibitors. At the same time the Government appointed a committee, +consisting of the following-named persons, to assist him in his work: +Charles Ambte, director of State railways; Mr. N. Anderson, councilor of +state, P.D.; Arnold Krog, professor in arts, P.D.; Admiral Richeleu St. +Kors, of D.; Philip Schon, councilor of state. Of these gentlemen only +Admiral Richeleu visited the fair. + +Commissioner-General Arup personally bore the total expenses of +transportation and installation, which amounted approximately to +$25,000. + +Denmark had no official building on the grounds but confined her space +to the principal exhibition palaces. Her principal displays were +installed in the Palace of Varied Industries, where she occupied about +5,000 square feet of space. + +Twenty exhibitors displayed goods in the Palace of Varied Industries. +Their displays consisted principally of porcelain, silverware, art +pottery, cabinet works, embroideries, photography, ship models, and a +ship model of the free port of Copenhagen. The last-mentioned model was +subsequently donated to the Chicago Municipal Museum. + +In the Palace of Electricity, the Agricultural Building, and the Palace +of Fine Arts Denmark occupied smaller spaces, but her exhibits attracted +general attention on account of their universal excellence. + + +EGYPT. + +The amount of Government appropriation for Egypt's participation at the +Louisiana Purchase Exposition was approximately $50,000. The principal +exhibit made by the Government of Egypt consisted of a representation of +antiquities in the Anthropology Building; an exhibit by the Sudan +Government in the foreign section, comprising ivory, gum, rubber, +various cereals, and a variety of ancient weapons and curious articles +in use by the natives of Sudan. In the same section were exhibited some +heads of wild animals including hippopotamus and the buffalo. In the +Liberal Arts section was displayed a large relief map showing the system +of irrigation in use in Egypt with the canals clearly marked. This +exhibit was made by the administration of the Daira Sanich, which forms +part of the Government, and in the same section the public works +department of the Government exhibited various models of the Delta +Barrage and other irrigation works existing in various parts of Egypt. + +In the Agricultural Building, through the Khedivial Agriculture Society +and the Produce Association of Alexandria, a complete collection of +cotton and cereals and every kind of agricultural product grown in Egypt +were shown, in addition to which the Campagnie des Sucreries of Egypt +had a very fine display of sugar, and the Port Said Salt Association +sent samples of various kinds of salt. + +The commissioners appointed by the Egyptian Government were Herman E. +Lawford and Abdel Hamid Abazza. The latter was in charge of the +agricultural section. He is connected with the Khedivial Agriculture +Society of Egypt, and was requested by the Government of Egypt to make a +report on the cotton industry in this country, particularly with regard +to diseases of the cotton plant. Mr. Lawford has resided in Egypt for +several years and has been connected with various land and industrial +companies. Mr. Quibell, who was attached to the commission, is an +inspector of antiquities in the employ of the museum at Cairo, and has +been in Egypt for a number of years, his time being devoted to +scientific researches. + + +FRANCE. + +The French Government, at the time when the general commission to the +Louisiana Purchase Exposition was appointed, appropriated a sum of +600,000 francs for its expenses and a sum of 600,000 francs for the +participation of the fine arts. Later on an appropriation of 350,000 +francs was made for the educational exhibit and several other exhibits +over which the Government had immediate and direct control. The entire +charge of putting up the French commercial exhibits in the various +palaces, except Fine Arts and Education and National Pavilion, had been +granted, in April, 1902, to a permanent committee on foreign +expositions, which worked under the supervision of the French general +commission. The committee raised from private sources a sum of 5,000,000 +francs. + +Aside from the above sums, an appropriation of 100,000 francs was made +by the department of the colonies for the participation of the different +colonies at the exposition. + +Another appropriation of the same amount was made for the social economy +exhibit. + +The approximate amount of money spent by France for its participation in +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was 7,750,000 francs. The contract for +building the French Government Pavilion was let to a general contractor +in Paris, who undertook to build it for the sum of 500,000 francs. + +In addition to the above sum, an appropriation of 100,000 francs was +made for the painting of the building; 10,000 francs for the statuary +over the roof. An appropriation of 150,000 was made for the gardens. + +The commission appointed by the Government of France was as follows: + +Mr. Alfred Picard, special envoy of the French Republic; Mr. Georges +Gerald, commissioner-general; Mr. Jules Boeufvé, assistant +commissioner-general; Mr. Felix Lamy, secretary of the French +commission; Mr. Robert Delaunay-Belleville, private secretary to the +special envoy; Mr. Max Ferlaud, private secretary to the +commissioner-general; Mr. Emile Heurteau, private secretary to the +special envoy; Mr. Marcel Estieu, attaché; Mr. André Artoine, attaché. +French commercial section: Mr. Ancelot, president; Mr. Gustav Kester, +vice-president; Mr. Perdoux; Mr. Maurice Estieu, treasurer. Fine arts +section: Mr. André Saglio, commissioner; Mr. Horteloup; Mr. Delestre, +attaché. + +The National Palace of France, as erected at the St. Louis World's Fair, +was a reproduction of the Grand Trianon, at Versailles. It was located +at the west end of the Louisiana way, one of the main avenues on the +fair grounds; at the other end of the avenue was located the United +States Government Building. + +The French Pavilion consisted of three rectangular buildings bordering +on a main state court. Large pilasters of white and pink marble were +arranged as the frame work for high windows, topped with decorative +arches. An outside flight of stairs and porphyrolite sills of imitation +marble gave that impression of luxury and good taste which is +characteristic of all productions of the Louis XIV period. + +Two large wrought-iron brackets supported lanterns in the same style and +gave a more animated appearance to the main entrance at the end of the +court. Part of the arch decorations were reserved for the entrances; the +balance of the arches used in the arrangement of windows with balcony +were fitted with wrought-iron balustrade railings, in the general style +of the palace. + +Only one change was made in the otherwise exact reproduction of the +Grand Trianon. According to documents published in the seventeenth +century, and especially to the tentative drawings made by Lepautri +himself, the Grand Trianon architect, that monument was originally to be +decorated over its high balustrade railings with some artistic devices +and groups of children, each to be found in the present French monument. +The architects of the St. Louis Palace, Messrs. Gustave Umbdenstock and +Roger Bouvard, conceived the happy thought of making that restoration +complete, and thus contributing a more lifelike appearance to the whole +palace. + +On the other hand, a large allegorical medallion was arranged over the +central decorative device, which was indicative of the national +character. The medallion bore the coat of arms of the French Republic +topped with the "Phrygian" cap, being flanked on either side by two +allegorical female figures, one of which was symbolic of the Armed Peace +protecting herself with a sword, and the other was intended to represent +French trade. Over the allegorical medallion was the mainmast used to +display the French flag. Owing to the arrangement of the palace itself +the flag was thus displayed in the continuation of the center of the +main monumental avenue of the fair. + +From the entrance to the French Concession, which covered an area of +about 150 meters in width by 250 meters in depth, a large monumental +grill in the style of Louis XIV covered the entire front of the grounds +separating the garden from the avenue which bounded it at the right +corner. The grill included three large gates supported by four metal +towers which were topped by lanterns and decorated with allegorical +panels, producing the finest effect. The grills were devised on the same +lines as those exhibited at Versailles and on the Place Stanislas, at +Nancy. + +A large garden, laid out in French style, was arranged in a border on +the central path leading to the palace. The latter, with flower beds in +the border, was ornamented with vases and statuary on pedestals. + +The interior arrangement of the palace was such that the public would +visit it regularly in its entirety without the necessity of passing +twice through the same rooms. Double doors were provided so as to permit +a continuous circulation for entrance and egress. + +The building at the farthest side of the state court was devoted to the +large state room, the decoration of which was intrusted to the National +"Garde-Meuble," or "Historical Furniture Depot." The size of the room +was 30 meters in length by 9 meters in width, and it was lighted by +seven large windows; its height was 7 meters to the ceiling. The +entrance stairs on the outside and the entrance hall were paved with +imitation marble of pink and white. The carved ceiling was arranged as a +framing for three large decorative paintings executed by Mr. George G. +Roussel. The subject selected by the artist was Liberty, Equality, +Fraternity. The Liberty allegory represented France placing her sword in +1772 at the service of America for the conquest of the latter's +independence. + +In "Equality" the figures were personifications of the commerce and +industry of both nations. + +"Fraternity" represented America receiving the France of 1904 in a +symbolic group. + +In the corner of the ceiling were a child uniting the flags of both +nations and goddesses personifying Fame hovering over a globe +representing Earth in glorification of that cordial understanding. + +The large state room contained fine Gobelin tapestries reproducing +scenes of the reign of Louis XIV, as follows: + +(1) Audience of Cardinal Chigi (July 29, 1664). This was a tapestry +woven of wool and silk set off with gold manufactured at the Gobelin +factory in the seventeenth century. It was one of a series illustrating +the history of King Louis from Van der Meulen et de Charles Le Brun. It +had a very rich border by Yvart. + +(2) Entrance of the King into Dunkerque (December 2, 1662). A wool and +silk woven tapestry set off with gold, made at the Gobelin factory in +the seventeenth century; one of the series of the history of King Louis +XIV from Van der Meulen et de Charles Le Brun drawing. A rich border by +Yvart. + +(3) The Siege of the City of Douai (July, 1667). A wool and silk woven +tapestry with gold, made at the Gobelin factory in the seventeenth +century; one of the series of the history of King Louis XIV from Van der +Meulen et de Charles Le Brun drawing. A rich border by Yvart. + +(4) A piece of tapestry. This was woven from wool and silk and made at +the Gobelin factory in the seventeenth century; one of the series of +hangings (portieres) of the Triumphal Chariot and bearing the coat of +arms of France and Navarre; made from the drawings of Charles Le Brun +(the final drawings). + +The right wing of the palace was used first by the National Factory of +Sevre, with a room 12 meters by 8 meters and a hall in front which +measures 8 meters by 3.50 meters. + +The decoration of this room was subdued to enhance the appearance of the +vases and bisques exhibited. The walls were hung with watered silk to a +height of 4.50 meters, the tone of the silk being well adapted to set +off the whiteness of the china. Above this hanging a painted frieze was +decorated with gray and blue leaves set off with medallions of +crystallized pink stone work. The application of ceramics to decorative +purposes was again found in the trimmings of the portieres in the shape +of pendentives. + +The objects exhibited in these rooms were especially selected with due +consideration to the place they were to occupy and with a view to making +up a complete decorative whole. + +In the main room the place in the center of the longest sides were +occupied by Houdon's bust of Lafayette, with a small statue of Liberty +by Aube in front, and by a Puech's bust of President Loubet, with a +small statue of De la Paix by G. Michel in front. + +On either side of these busts were seen four pink vases of the so- +called "Cleremont" class and four vases of the "Chelles" class +representative of the four seasons in floral decorations. + +At the corners of the main room in niches especially provided for them +were four Blois vases, decorated with hollyhocks, Chinese lilies, and +magnolias. On either side of the window were two d'Auxerre "Flambets" +(signed) vases. + +The city of Paris occupied three rooms in the right wing of the National +Palace. + +There were in the exhibit many statues, pictures, objects of the Paris +municipal council and of the council-general of the Department of Seine, +the insignia of councils, engravings, reproducing the most important +decorative works in the Paris Hotel de Ville (city hall); also work done +by pupils of the professional and industrial art schools, such as the +Germain Pilon, Bernard, Palissy, Dorian, Diderot, Estienne, Boulle, +etc.; such work includes ceramic pieces, modeling, bookbinding, +furniture, chasing work, pottery, etc. The architectural service was +represented by plans and drawings illustrating some types of the main +edifices in Paris, such as the Sorbonne, Palais des Beaux Arts de la +Ville de Paris, the barracks, mayoralty buildings, professional schools, +primary schools, etc. + +The departments of public highways, public lighting, water and health +exhibited some graphical and statistical information in reference to +their undertakings. + +The Metropolitan Underground Railway sent most complete information +covering its most interesting work. + +The department of public charity exhibited water colors which gave +useful information in reference to its various branches and modes of +operating. + +The department of historical work and the committee of ancient Paris +showed a collection of publications covering the history of the city and +of its several transformations. The general decorations included views +of Paris, public gardens, and two large panels by de Grinberg, showing +the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Pavilion de Fiore, in the Tuilleries. + +There were also frontispieces and escutcheons by the master decorator +Jambon. Elaborate middle pieces and a beautiful chandelier in the middle +of the main room attracted considerable attention. + +There was a small horizontal show case containing a collection of +objects employed by the teacher in lecturing on civic instruction. These +objects included various kinds of tickets, stamps, tax bills, receipts, +official postals, etc. + +Agricultural education occupied an extensive area, showing the +importance attached in France to that department. A very remarkable +collection, filling seven volumes, showed the really wonderful result +that an inspector of the Brittany region was able to obtain in a +district consisting of some hundred townships. There was also an +"experiment case," which was to be found again in the normal school +graduate's outfit, and a set of small instruments made by the country +teachers. + +The series, drawings, samples of manual work, of sewing, etc., showed +how republican schools in France care for the workman's interests. + +Other superior schools were represented in adequate manner through the +aggregate exhibits. That at Onzain showed a few peculiarities of the +rural type. + +Superior primary schools for girls only showed a few specimens of +several collections of work. The department of technical education, as +represented by practical, industrial, and commercial schools, gave a +fair idea of what is done in France in that branch. + +The aggregate display gave a fair idea of what is going on in France in +the normal schools, where teachers of both sexes are being prepared for +their work. + +Attention was particularly directed to manual work, especially to the +scientific training that the girls of the normal school receive on +leaving school. + +A show case in one of the compartments contained a complete collection +of documents relating to primary education in France. Several displays +of that kind were attached to the walls, such as the six graphical +tables made by Levasseur, which are summaries of statistical documents. + +The Museum of Pedagogy had collected in similar summary form the most +important results obtained for the past twelve years in the work done in +promoting special work as a complement to school education. + +Enlarged photographs representing scenes of school life were placed +practically everywhere throughout the exhibit of French primary schools. +They were prepared by the school administration as a reproduction, on a +smaller scale, of the exhibit which proved such a success at the Paris +Exhibition Fair in 1900. + +The exhibit of higher education included displays from universities and +scientific institutions, the leading ones being the College of France, +the Museum of Natural History, the Practical of Highest Studies, the +School of Charters, the School of Living Oriental Languages. + +An inquiry was instituted in 1883 in academic councils and faculties in +reference to drafting a plan for the constitution of universities that +should administer and manage themselves under the supervision of the +State. + +Many had been impressed with the inconvenience caused by a lack of +cohesion in the work. Attention was called to those many common +interests of which the faculties should have been the guardian, but of +which they could not take care on account of their isolation. Inquiry, +begun in 1883, made the necessity of a reform obvious. It ended in the +rendering of the decrees of July 25 and December 28, 1885. These decrees +may be divided into two distinct parts--one covering the interior life +of faculties, the other providing for a grouping of faculties +established in each academic center and the general council of faculties +to be the representative organ and executive power of the new faculty +life created. + +Appreciable results were derived from these reforms. However they were +incomplete, and it was thought, in consequence, that genuine unity +should be given to a superior education. The establishment of the new +universities had been a legal consequence of that express wish. + +The law of July 10, 1896, gave the name of university to each body of +faculties, substituting the university council for the general council +of faculties, the duties and powers of such university council being +regulated by the decree of July 21, 1897. The rector of the university +is president of that council by right, and is the legal representative +of the university before the courts. + +In the Department of Machinery the French exhibit included according to +the general classification groups, steam engines, various motors and +engines, sundry general machinery, machine tools, and shipyard +machinery. All of these several groups and classes were united in order +to form a collective exposition for the whole department. + +To the above groups there were added the following: Spinning and +rope-making machinery and weaving machinery and materials. The latter +groups included machinery that could also have been placed in the +department of general machinery. + +In compliance with a suggestion made by the head of the engineering +service at the fair, all machines and mechanical appliances exhibited in +the Palace of Machinery were distributed, not in accordance with the +nationality of exhibitors, but in accordance with the character and +nature of the machinery. + +French manufacturers had nothing to fear from the fact of their +machinery having been placed in the immediate vicinity of other similar +machines made by foreign manufacturers. On the contrary, a closer +contact only resulted in setting off in a better light those particular +qualities that have made France so successful in that branch of industry +on previous occasions. + +Outside of the Palace of Machinery there were exhibited in the boiler +buildings five steam generators made by French manufacturers. These +boilers contributed to the generation of the steam required for the +power houses of the fair. + +The distribution of exhibits all over the Palace of Machinery has made +it impossible to arrange any decorative devices for the whole group of +French exhibitors. + +Another manifestation of the French mechanical industry was found in a +pavilion which was built on ground between two of the main gates leading +to the main entrance to the Hall of Machinery. + +The French department of electricity was located on the left of the main +entrance to the Palace of Electricity, occupying an area exceeding 2,000 +square meters. In the center of the exhibit there was a space 350 square +meters in area, used as a resting room for visitors. There were to be +seen in a circular arrangement the show cases that made up the +retrospective and modern exhibits sent by the French department of +commerce, industry, post, and telegraph. + +The decorative frieze arranged around the room bore, between laurel +wreaths, the name of the most illustrious French physicians or +electricians from the eighteenth century to this date. + +The French exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture occupied an area of +nearly 2,800 square meters. It was located in the northern corner and +next to one of the main gates, fronting the French National Palace. + +The French exhibit extended along the front of the palace on the +northern and eastern sides. + +The French exhibit of social economy occupied an area of 700 square +meters in the Palace of Education. The main entrance formed one of the +largest avenues in that palace, giving access to a main hall 50 meters +in length by 12 meters in width, both front sides of which were +subdivided into a score of small rooms 3 by 5 meters. The front sides of +these small rooms were made up of partitions 4 meters high, decorated +with mural paintings, and topped with a decorative frieze that bore the +titles and subtitles belonging to the group of exhibits represented in +the room. A shelf 0.50 meter wide, with a ledge, was arranged all along +the rooms at the height of 1 meter from the ground, and supported all +pamphlets, books, and other documents that supplemented the information +supplied by the exhibits on the walls. + +A show case and bookcase were put in the center of each room, containing +the documents placed in view by the several exhibitors who were +represented through publications only. + +The individuality of each of the several groups was evident by titles or +medallions of a decorative character, which also included a subtitle and +index, arranged with as many particulars and in as methodical manner as +possible, of all exhibitors, in order that the visitor might be saved as +much labor as possible in his inquiries. + + +GERMANY. + +_Members of commission._--Dr. Theodor Lewald (privy councilor), imperial +German commissioner-general; Dr. Eugene Wagner (superior Government +councilor), vice-commissioner; Mr. Otto Zippel (imperial councilor), +treasurer; Mr. Heinrich Albert, assistant commissioner; Mr. Paul A. +Zilling, commercial attaché, department of arts and crafts; Dr. Fritz +Kestner, attaché; Dr. Hugo Hardy, attaché; Fritz Von Bardeleben, +attaché; Dr. F.C. Rieloff, imperial consul; Baron von Reden, imperial +vice-consul; Count Limburg-Stirum, general commissioner education +department; Dr. Leopold Bahlsen (professor), substitute to the general +commissioner education department; Mr. Herman Albert, commissioner +mining department; Mr. Alard Scheck, commissioner of forestry +department; Dr. Ludwig Wittmark (privy councilor), agricultural +department; Dr. Hugo Kruss, scientific instruments; Dr. Johannes Breger, +hygienic department; Dr. Otto Zwingenberger, chemical exhibits. + +By order of the German Emperor, the German House (das Deutsche Haus) was +erected on a prominence in the center of the World's Fair near the +Cascades. It was a replica of one of the German castles most celebrated +in history and art, and the most prominent German architects reproduced +it in St. Louis and equipped it with the best products of modern art +industry. + +In the year 1902 the great question arose as to what kind of style and +which building should be erected in America as a symbol of Germany. The +Emperor decided that Charlottenburg Castle should be used for this +purpose, as one of the most aristocratic and characteristic monuments of +the first epoch of the Prussian Kingdom. The location of the German +House on a towering hill and its purpose called for a different +architecture from that of the Charlottenburg Castle, which is situated +in a plain and which at the same time serves as a dwelling house. So the +two wings of the Charlottenburg Castle were omitted, one of them to give +room to the Pergola and the German Wine Restaurant. The place of a court +of honor was here taken by the massive stairway and there were new ideas +produced in the cupola, the exterior ornamentation, and in some of the +interior apartments. The erection of the building was awarded to Prof. +Bruno Schmitz, of Berlin, who in Germany has built some great monuments, +and who is no stranger to the American public. + +The equipment of the interior rooms was awarded to a number of the first +German manufactories in the line of art furniture, the art of weaving +and illuminating, and was finished by the most skillful artisans. The +German House was on the same level as the Palace of Fine Arts and +Festival Hall. Its base was 47 feet higher than the Mining Building. +From the State buildings in the southern divisions of the World's Fair a +wide path led through artistic garden spots to the rear entrance of the +German House and from the Mining Building large stairs led up to the +German Restaurant. Ascending the hill of the German House, the first +impression was that of a castle front. The dimensions of the castle +were: Length, 150 feet; depth, 69 feet; the height of the building to +the apex of the cupola was 160 feet; it covered an area of 10,000 square +feet, while the complete site with the terraces amounted to 174,931 +square feet. + +The castle consisted of a two-story gable, the front of which was almost +exclusively occupied by the high windows and two by-parts with four +axes, each with three-quarter Corinthian columns. Of the three stories, +the uppermost--the mezzanine story--served only as a storeroom. The +gable above the center part bore in large letters the inscription "Das +Deutsche Haus." Groups at the corners of the gable represented Power and +Wisdom. The capitals of the columns were molded from the original and +the balustrades of the cornices were made from designs. The roof of the +house was a platform like the original in Charlottenburg, surrounded by +a cast-iron balustrade. + +As at the prototype, in front of the German House the two Borghesian +gladiators with sword and shield kept guard. The death masks on the +sentry houses were Schluter's work and were erected after models taken +in Charlottenburg. The dark color of the building and the patina of the +roof accentuated the historical character of the building. + +Around the building on the broad terraces, surrounded by a balustrade in +modern Baroque, were long rows of laurel trees and rhododendrons which +were brought over from Germany. + +In the lower story was a circular center hall, the flat ceiling of which +was supported by 8 columns, a true copy of the entrance hall of the +Charlottenburg Castle. In the two wall niches, between high laurel +trees, were placed busts of the Emperor and Empress. The pedestals were +done in gray, specially prepared oak wood. Behind the busts were two +stucco reliefs molded from the originals in Charlottenburg, representing +scenes from Roman history. + +A room with modern escritoire equipment served as reading and writing +room for the members of the German press. + +Off the center hall and facing the front was the extensive reading hall, +likewise a copy of the room of the Charlottenburg Castle. + +Noticeable in the room was a picture of the capital of the German +Empire, Berlin, showing the bridge across the Spree, with the renowned +statue of the Great Elector; behind this the great Royal Palace; also a +picture of the "Hohkonigsberg," in olden times a mighty castle in German +Alsatia, which for centuries has been a desolate ruin, but now is built +anew in its old pomp and splendor. The series of pictures was concluded +by a view of a plaza in the Hansa Town Lubeck. + +In addition to these views, around the hall were the busts of eminent +scholars, artists, poets, musicians. Besides other pieces of ornament, +the reading room contained choice pieces of the royal porcelain +manufactory, as well as a series of artistically finished groups +representing the different countries of culture. Finally, to symbolize +the character of the reading room, on the right table a bronze figure +was placed showing the greatest German historian of all times, Theodore +Mommsen, who only a short time ago died in extreme old age. + +In the rear of the reading hall a broad terrace led down to the garden +plots, embellished by the group by Professor von Uechtritz, Berlin, "The +Crown is the safeguard of peace." + +At both sides of the reading hall the office rooms were situated; to the +right a large office room of the imperial commissioner or his +representative, very tastefully equipped in modern style. The walls were +wainscoted in oak and had capacious book shelves. From the ceiling, the +beams of which were ornamented, numerous lamps and large candelabra were +suspended. The room was completed by a comfortable fireplace, and to the +left side of the room, or reading hall, were office rooms. + +The upper center hall, with its eight columns, was a copy of the center +hall of the Charlottenburg Palace, and in its quiet dignity highly +characteristic of the Prussian development of the art of the Baroque. + +In front of the nether window, between two columns, was placed the bust +of the German Emperor in the uniform of the Gardes du Corps, with the +eagle helmet, from the royal porcelain manufacturer in Berlin. + +Another interesting feature of the German Building was the Gobelin hall. +The rich ceiling in its pure plastic was modeled after the Elizabeth +hall in the royal palace of Berlin, the stucco figures, as well as the +decorations of the ceiling, likewise the golden medallions at the four +corners, representing a procession of bacchantes, while the rich door +panelings were modeled in the royal palace and placed here. The walls +all around were wainscoted with palisander. But the main interest in +this room centered in the four mighty gobelins. These gobelins were, by +the charm of their colors and the delicacy of the composition, a source +of enjoyment to every lover of art. + +The Gobelin hall was laid out with a gorgeous modern carpet from the +carpet works at Barmen. Of surprising delicacy were the curtains and the +golden hangings above the windows, all masterpieces of the modern art of +weaving, as were those all over the house made by the concern Hertzog in +Berlin. The great candelabra of bronze and mountain crystal were lighted +by wax candles. + +Off the Gobelin hall was one of the richest rooms of the castle, the +Bradenburg chamber. This red-velvet chamber was used for one of the most +brilliant ceremonies in the royal palace, the solemn decoration of the +Knights of the Order of the Black Eagle. + +Adjacent to this rich room was the main hall of the Deutsche Haus, the +famous oak gallery, 115 feet long and 20 feet broad. The oak gallery +forms in Charlottenburg the most important apartment of the castle and +is characteristically German. The combination of the simple oak wood +with the delicate gold carving produced a most original and most restful +effect. The wonderful dimensions, the beautiful material, the harmony of +colors, and perfection of artistic details all combined to impress the +observer. The entire length of the long wall was divided into niches by +pilasters. Each niche contained a mirror and over that a picture from +the ancient classics. Along the walls of the hall were placed on marble +pedestals the busts of former Prussian rulers. + +The series of state rooms was concluded by one of the very finest rooms, +the Tressen Saal (galloon room), also a copy from the Charlottenburg +Castle. In contrast to the substantial splendor of the oak gallery, this +apartment showed the whole delicacy and refinement of the Baroque. The +name "Tressen Saal" was given to this room in consideration of the gold +interwoven bands (tresses) which were sewn on to the red damask. + +The harmony of the oak carvings, of the gilt stucco, the red damask, and +the gold galloon composed one of the most delicate decorations of +Prussian castles. This was finished by the ceiling, where were seen +allegories painted and mounted on linen in imitation of the Tressen Saal +in Charlottenburg Castle. + +There was no special act authorizing the German exposition. In +accordance with the general principles of the German constitution, the +sum required for this purpose was entered in the budget. After an +approval of the budget by the Bundesrath and the Reichstag the +participation of Germany became a law. The fire insurance of the +combined German exhibits covered $4,000,000, and this sum may be +regarded as the approximate value of the exhibits. The aggregate cost of +the organization, installation, and transportation paid by the +Government was $1,300,000, of which the Imperial Government paid +$900,000, the Prussian government $250,000, and the other Federal States +$150,000. + + +GREAT BRITAIN. + +_Members of commission_.--His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, K.G., +president of the royal commission; the Right Honorable Viscount Peel, +chairman of the royal commission; Col. Charles M. Watson, R.E., C.B., +C.M.G., commissioner-general and secretary of the royal commission; Mr. +J.H. Cundall, general superintendent; Mr. Edmund H. Lloyd, general +superintendent; Mr. Lucien Serraillier, secretary to the +commissioner-general and for juries; Mr. C.D. Barrett, accountant; Mr. +Herbert Langridge, in charge of correspondence and catalogue. Clerical +assistants: Mr. R. Grant Dalton, Mr. S.G. Hutchinson, Mr. J. Perrin +Harris. Department of education: Capt. P.H. Atkin, representative of the +education committee; Mr. C.E. Down, assistant superintendent. +Department of art: Mr. R.S. Hunt, representative of the art committee; +Mr. Alfred A. Longdon, representative of the applied art committee. +Department of liberal arts: Mr. J.E. Petavel, scientific manager of low +temperature exhibit; Mr. H. Payne, assistant. Assistant superintendents +of exhibits: Mr. J.F. Barrett, mines and metallurgy; Mr. John E. +Blacknell, manufactures; Mr. J.T. Christie, liberal arts; Mr. Harold +Darby, transportation; Mr. Joseph Devlin, agriculture, fish, and game; +Mr. Edward Dixon, electricity; Mr. H. Werninck, liberal arts; Mr. W.C. +Forster, Queen Victoria's jubilee presents; Mr. W. Brown, in charge of +the British Pavilion garden; Mr. Arthur Smith, general foreman. + +On April 23, 1903, the royal commission of King Edward VII was issued at +Whitehall under His Majesty's royal sign, appointing the following +commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition: + +The Prince of Wales; Arthur Wellesley, Viscount Peel; Victor Albert +George, Earl of Jersey; Richard George Penn, Earl Howe; Bernard Edward +Barnaby, Baron Castletown; George Arbuthnot, Baron Inverclyde; Richard +Barnaby, Baron Alverstone; John, Baron Avebury; Horace Cruzon Plunkett; +Charles Napier Lawrence; Sir Charles William Fremantle; Sir George +Hayter Chubb; Sir Edward John Poynter; Sir Charles Rivers Wilson; Sir +Edward Maunde Thompson; Sir William Henry Preece; Sir William Turner +Thiselton-Deyer; Sir Herbert Jekyll; Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema; Sir +Caspar Purdon Clarke; Sir George Thomas Livesey; Henry Hardinge; Samuel +Cunyghame; Edward Austin Abbey; Charles Vernon Boys; Thomas Brock; +George Donaldson; Clement Le Neve Foster; John Clarke Hawkshaw; Thomas +Graham Jackson; William Henry Maw; Francis Grant Ogilvie; William +Quiller Orchardson; Boverton Redwood; Alfred Gordon Salamon; Joseph +Wilson Swan; Jethro Justinian Harris; Teall, and Francis William Webb. + +Col. Charles Moore Watson was appointed secretary to the commission. +Subsequently, on the 6th of June, 1903, Sir John Benjamin Stone, M.P., +was appointed additional commissioner. + +At the first meeting of the royal commission, held at Marlborough House +on the 28th of April, 1903, His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, K. +G., made a speech showing the interest that was felt in the exposition +generally throughout Great Britain. + +The interest taken in the exposition by Great Britain was exemplified +strikingly in the amount of space which she occupied in the various +exhibition buildings, amounting in the aggregate to no less than 206,642 +superficial feet, of which only 8,000 feet was occupied by the Royal +Pavilion. An idea of the vast scope of the exhibit may be learned from +the following table, which gives the amount of space in each of the +various exhibit palaces occupied by Great Britain's display: + + Superficial feet. +Education ...................... 6,500 +Social economy ................. 810 + ------- 7,310 +Art .................................... 20,872 +Liberal arts ........................... 35,500 +Manufactures ........................... 58,000 +Electricity ............................ 5,960 +Transportation ......................... 33,500 +Agriculture ............................ 20,400 +Horticulture ........................... 500 +Forestry, Fish, and Game ............... 3,900 +Mines and Metallurgy ................... 11,700 +Physical Culture ....................... 1,000 + +In making choice of an interesting type to be followed in the British +Royal Pavilion at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, it was felt that +the Orangery of the Royal Palace of Kensington would be representative +of English domestic building at one of its happiest periods, and a +tribute also to the memory of the great architect, Sir Christopher Wren. +In the Orangery of Kensington was found a building that could be +strictly reproduced to its real size. The Orangery was 170 feet long +and had a range of sash windows uninterrupted by doorways, the central +and end windows having stall boards under them, making the entrances. +The long line of roof was broken only by the three brick parapets or +pediments, the center one being carried on half-round columns and +pilasters of gauged brickwork. The walls were of red brick and stock +brick spaced out with design, imitation white stone being sparingly +introduced in cornices or keystones to give a note of white in the +color scheme. The long hall ended in circular anterooms. In the +replica, at St. Louis, of Wren's building, the only departure from the +original was the introduction of an enriched plaster ceiling, such as +would be found in a house of the period; the real Orangery was left +bare and whitewashed. + +The architects used the Orangery as the principal front to a +quadrangular building, the necessary offices and accommodation for royal +commissioners and executive staff being provided in wings that led from +the two circular anterooms. The fourth side of the open court was made +by a colonnade, the royal arms being above the central opening. The +character and details of the Orangery were carried through as far as +possible, so that harmony and unity was given to this pleasant +composition. + +In the garden surrounding the pavilion an attempt was made to reproduce +on a small scale the style of garden that was generally attached to the +mansion residences in England during the reign of William III and Mary, +in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and at the time of Queen +Anne, in the early part of the eighteenth century. The old-fashioned +garden with characteristic features of shady terraces of "peached +alleys," as they would be called, inclosed by hedges clipped into shapes +and embellished with topiary work with the forms of animals and birds +cut out of yews and boxes attracted much attention. The garden was +filled with old-fashioned flowers. A water basin and fountain, typical +of the old English gardens, were there, as also were stone statues and +lead urns and vases. The garden became one of the sights of the +exposition and was usually crowded with interested and delighted +sightseers. + +His Majesty King Edward VII was graciously pleased to lend the Queen +Victoria jubilee presents to the exposition. The valuable and unique +collection was placed in the upper story of the Hall of Congresses, one +of the permanent stone buildings, now a part of the Washington +University, and, according to the terms of loan, admission was free to +the public. The royal presents included in the collection chiefly +consisted of gifts made to Her Majesty the late Queen Victoria on the +occasion of the jubilee celebrations of 1887 and 1897. Of these, the +greater number came from India, where native princes of all grades and +representatives of all nationalities and religions vied with each other +in offering to her majesty the splendid tribute of her Indian Empire. + +These Indian presents were of great interest, not merely on account of +the precious metals and rare woods in which they were worked, but as +showing how in recent years European ideas have influenced native Indian +art, which, in many instances, was represented in its most +characteristic and unaffected form. + +The remainder of the collection included gifts offered by the +representatives of the British colonies, many of them richly illuminated +addresses, inclosed in caskets handsomely worked in metal or in native +woods, or, as in the case of Cape Colony, which was represented by a +magnificent screen of ostrich feathers, by objects recalling an +important industry of the colony. These presents formed only a small +proportion of the thousands sent from every part of the British Empire. + +The presents were guarded night and day by members of the constabulary +force of the city of London. Policemen from the same body patrolled the +British Pavilion and grounds. The uniform courtesy of these men and +their patience in answering the many questions put to them by a curious +public spoke well for the corps which they represented. + +The grant voted by the British Government for participation at the +Louisiana Purchase Exposition was £150,000. Private exhibitors bore all +the expense connected with the collection, installation, and maintenance +of their exhibits. + + +GOVERNMENT OF GUATEMALA. + +The small but artistic pavilion erected by the Government of Guatemala +was situated at the extreme northern end of the World's Fair grounds, +just east of the Administration Building and beside the pavilion of the +Argentine Republic. It was intended as an exhibit palace, with the +object of installing all the Guatemalan exhibits, as well as being a +bureau of information. + +In its exterior facade appeared an extensive, semicircular peristyle, +sustained by columns of the renaissance style, and in front two doors +leading to the two rooms into which the building was divided. In the +upper part of the middle of the doors was placed the national shield, +with the American flag on the right and the Guatemalan ensign on the +left, both surrounding the bust of Extrada Cabrera, the present +President of this wealthy and prosperous section of Central America. + +The salon to the left was decorated with pictures by Guatemalan artists +and had other artistic features, such as native pottery, statuettes, +etc. Here every afternoon the coffee for which Guatemala is so justly +famous was served to visitors. In the same room also were placed an +extensive collection of newspapers and a series of literary works, +scientific and didactic, by Guatemalan authors. + +In the department to the right, arranged very tastefully and skillfully, +were samples of valuable products, demonstrating the agricultural and +mineral wealth of Guatemala. Among the exhibits was a collection of +specimens of all classes of coffee, arranged in 160 receptacles and two +small crystal columns. A magnificent collection of 186 specimens of +cabinet work wood, beautiful in construction and coloring, attracted +much attention by its wonderful variety. + +The mineralogical section was not so extensive as that devoted to wood, +but it showed magnificent specimens from the gold mines, also samples of +silver, copper, lead, isinglass, coal, marble, kaolin, etc. Another +installation showed some samples of native beer of excellent quality. +There were also samples of rum and brandies, distilled from sugar cane +and native fruits, among these products being the "banana whisky," a +delicious liquor, exhibited for the first time to the public. The +manufacture of this whisky is a new industry, and promises an excellent +future. + +The cereal and grain section was notable for the great variety of corn, +frejols, wheat, barley, etc. The famous cocoas known by the name of +"Socomusco," and which since the earliest time have been recognized as +among the best produced on the continent, were also represented in this +section, as well as sugar, which is being produced in the country in +respectable quantities. The attention of visitors was attracted by the +silk (or "ceiba") cotton, installed in the same section. It is +remarkable for fineness, softness, and special color. It is locally +known as "Algodon de Cajeta." + +The extensive and variegated collection of roots, barks, and medicinal +plants constituted a special section. Among them were different kinds of +quinine, sarsaparilla, ipecacuana, and other herbs. Elastic or "india +rubber," stearin, gums, vanilla, etc., made up an interesting exhibition +of native products. Tobacco, similar to the kind grown in Cuba, which is +produced in great abundance in Guatemala, was presented in its various +processes of development, from the native leaf to the finished cigar or +cigarette. Samples of fibers, grasses, flowers, roots, and palms were +shown in abundance. From the palms of Guatemala are manufactured the +so-called "Panama hats." Visitors were much interested in their extreme +lightness and the uniformity of tissue of the Guatemalan hand-made straw +hats. + +The building was erected at a cost of $10,000. This sum included +ornamentation and the landscape gardening. The cost of the exhibits, +freight, and installation was approximately $10,000, and the expenses of +the commission extant during the exposition was estimated at $5,000. +This brought up the expenditure to the amount appropriated by the +Guatemalan Government for the expenses of the exhibit. + +The exhibit was authorized by a decree issued by the President of +Guatemala appointing the commission to represent the Government at the +St. Louis Universal Exposition, dated the 7th of April, 1904, which +reads as follows: + +The constitutional President of the Republic has resolved that the +official representation of Guatemala at the Universal Exposition of St. +Louis shall be in charge of the legation of this Republic at Washington, +D.C., and designates Mr. Carlos F. Irigoyen as special commissioner to +be in charge of the exhibition, and appoints Mr. Manuel M. Jiron as +attendant to the commission and to have charge of the degustation of our +coffee. Mr. Jiron shall receive orders from the special commissioner, +who in turn shall receive his instructions from the minister of fomento. + + +HAITI. + +_Members of Haiti commission._--Mr. J.N. Léger, president; Mr. Edmond +Roumain, commissioner-general; Mr. Joseph Duque, commissioner; Mr. Price +Mars, commissioner. + +The participation of the Government of Haiti in the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition was decided by the deliberation of the ministerial council, +presided over by the President of the country. The decision was taken +previously in 1901, under the former government of Gen. Tiresias Simon +Sam, and maintained by the actual government of Gen. Nord Alexis, in +February and March of this year. The amount of the appropriation by the +Haitian Government spent in its exhibit was $50,000. + +Haiti unfortunately arrived too late at the fair to construct a special +building, but installed excellent exhibits in the Forestry, Fish, and +Game Building and in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. + +The Haitian exhibit at the World's Fair was located in the southwestern +section of the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, next the California +exhibit, and covered a space of 30 by 75 feet. In the center was a +beautiful pavilion in which the following species of native woods were +represented: Mahogany, Santa Maria, tacha, rosewood, and tavernon. The +woods most used in the construction were mahogany and Santa Maria. Most +of the panels and all of the columns were made of these two woods, and +they blended in such a manner that they looked as if they were one and +the same wood. The other varieties were used in the smaller decorations. +The object in making the pavilion was to show the native cabinet woods +of Haiti, especially that of Santa Maria, a wood which very much +resembles mahogany. Four columns of the pavilion were made of Santa +Maria, one of mahogany, and one partly of each. In the pavilion were +served coffee and cocoa, native products. + +Just at the rear of the pavilion was a display of imported liquors and +sirups from the land of Haiti, including anisette, maraschuino, repikes, +creme de menthe, sirup d'orfeat, sirup de granadine, and crême de cocoa; +also triple-distilled bay rum and rum of good quality from four +distilleries in Haiti. On either side were glass cases in which were +shown other interesting exhibits. First a collection of cigars and of +beeswax in molds. Next a sectional case containing, samples of cotton +mapon, used for the filling of mattresses and pillows. Then the cocoa +bean; also coffee taken from the cherry, peanuts, sugar from the sugar +cane, and bottled honey. In the next case were hides, leather, and a +collection of fine shoes made in Haiti. Next to this case was a display +of coffee beans and an interesting exhibit of hats made from palm leaves +and corn husks. The chairs were made from the osier, or water willow. In +the rear was a cabin made from the natural woods imported from Haiti. +The roof was covered with palm leaves. The entrance was draped with an +American flag on the, left and the red and blue flag of Haiti on the +right. This Haitian; flag was made entirely by hand. In the interior was +a fine collection of hand-carved vases, pedestals, mortar and pestles, +bowls, urns, and tobacco boxes. + + +HONDURAS. + +_Members of Honduras commission_.--Mr. Salvador Cordova, +commissioner-general; Mr. Howard S. Reed, executive commissioner; Mr. +Alejandro Bauer, assistant commissioner. + +In the Palace of Agriculture, surrounded by a tropical bower of graceful +palms and thousands of yards of long gray Spanish moss, was shown a +collective exhibit of the wondrous and little known country of Honduras, +Central America. Upon all sides the visitor was confronted by most +curious and interesting samples of its varied resources. Crowds were +constantly gathered about the rubber tree with its white, milk-like sap, +and everyone seemed interested in the great bales of dried raw rubber, +while questions, opinions, and discussions were many regarding this +little known raw product. Even the great scarlet and blue macaw, from +his high perch overhead, joined in with wild screeches when the crowds +got too noisy. + +Curious bales of sarsaparilla wrapped in white cowhide, great clusters +of cocoanuts in their thick hulls, long tables with hundreds of +specimens of dug plants and medicinal barks and roots, attracted curious +crowds. The banana bulbs and stalks, 20 feet high, eleven months' +growth, with the fruit which they had produced, gave the visitor an idea +of what is possible by systematic culture, as a banana plantation with +the proper care will produce fifty-two crops a year, which means a +cutting every week. The consumption of the banana has increased with +greater rapidity than any other fruit, and it occupies a position second +to none as a food and fruit. The sarsaparilla in its original packing +case was unique, and it represented its share in the country's +exportations. Honduras sarsaparilla has taken the highest award at the +last five expositions. + +The cocoanut in its fibrous hull was a surprise to many, as the market +shows them only clear of the hull. It is said that each cocoanut tree in +Honduras averages about 365 nuts a year, or a nut each day. Brazil nuts +were shown, with their hard outside shell, in which some 15 to 20 of the +nuts are closely packed. + +Of the 400 specimens of cabinet woods which were displayed, only about +100 are known to commercial uses; the rest are awaiting development. In +this exhibit were the woods which neither burn nor float. Lignum-vitae, +which is one of the heaviest woods known to science, and used +extensively in the manufacture of mallets, etc., was displayed; also the +San Juan wood, which has lately been discovered, and is found +extensively on the coast. This wood is practically non-combustible, and +is said to be the coming wood for car building, furniture, and interior +finishing, being susceptible of a high polish. The mahogany, for which +Honduras is noted, was shown in many varieties, as were rosewood, +redwood, hard pine, cedar, etc. + +The exhibit of native drug plants received special recognition. Among +other herbs were the Peruvian and cinchona-bark quinine, rhubarb, +vegetable wax, and many others unknown to science. Sugar planters were +astounded at the cane only three months old and 12 feet high, grown +without cultivation, and stalks were exhibited 24 feet high of twelve +months' growth. At present there is not a sugar refinery in the country. + +The ores exhibited were many specimens of quartz and placer gold, +silver, lead, copper, and magnetic iron, of which there is practically +an inexhaustible supply. The work of the natives was shown in hats, +baskets, hammocks, etc., being of a high order of perfection. Many of +the finest panama hats are made by the Indians in Honduras. The +different kinds of sisal and hemp shown were pronounced by manufacturers +to be of the very highest grade. + +Many people, when the name Honduras, Central America, is mentioned, +think of a far-away land untrodden by man. As a matter of fact, it was +pointed out that it is not as far from New Orleans to Honduras as it is +from St. Louis to either New York or Boston. + + +HUNGARY. + +Several causes prevented an appropriation by Parliament for Hungary's +participation at the Universal Exposition held in St. Louis; +consequently the royal Hungarian minister of commerce, anxious that +Hungary should be represented at the Congress of Nations in St. Louis, +decided to furnish a sufficient sum out of funds at his disposal to make +this participation possible. + +Acting upon this decision, he appointed George de Szogyeny, LL.D., at +that time commissioner of commerce, and accredited to the State +Department in Washington, D.C., as commissioner-general, and +commissioned the Hungarian Society of Fine Arts and the Hungarian +Society of Applied Arts to arrange the exhibits in the Fine Arts +Building and to arrange for the exhibit of applied arts. + +The Hungarian Society of Applied Arts sent Paul Horti as its +representative. Mr. Paul Horti is a well known art critic of Hungary. +Mr. R.E. Rombauer was also a member of the commission. + +The cost of Hungary's participation was approximately 200,000 crowns. +The value of exhibits was as follows: + +Fine arts, 150,000 crowns; applied arts in the Manufactures Building, +600,000 crowns. There were other individual exhibits scattered through +the palaces of Agriculture, Mines and Metallurgy, and Education, but +they represented only a small value. + + +EAST INDIA. + +The government of India and the provincial governments of Bengal, Assam, +and Mysore jointly contributed the sum of 105,000 rupees (equivalent to +about $35,000), and the Indian Tea Association, Indian Tea Cess +Committee, and the United Planters' Association of southern India, +contributed 90,000 rupees (equal to about $30,000) for the erection of a +building and expenses attendant on the work of the exhibition proper, +which was designed to promote and encourage the use of India tea and +coffee in America. When it was decided that India should take part in +the exhibition, exhibitors of Indian manufactures, for whom no space had +been reserved in the exhibition palaces, were referred by the government +of India, the exhibition authorities, and by the British royal +commission to the commissioners in charge, and their exhibits, together +with those made of tea, coffee, cardamoms, and pepper, were installed in +the government building and formed practically the entire exhibit from +India. + +Mr. R. Blechynden was the only executive officer appointed for East +India. F.C. Williams, of New York, was subsequently appointed as +honorary assistant commissioner. + +The exhibit would not have been made but for the urgent request of those +representing the tea interests, through the Bengal Chamber of Commerce, +and it was intended primarily and mainly for the exploitation of Indian +teas in America, thus finding a wider market for their use. In addition +to the erection of a building and the serving of tea in liquid form to +the visitors at a nominal charge, a considerable fund was set apart for +advertising the merits of these teas in the Middle West. Part of this +sum was expended during the continuance of the exhibition, and the work +was all coordinated and in the hands of the commissioner. The +exploitation may continue for several years. Advertisements have +appeared in newspapers in St. Louis, Omaha, Chicago, Columbus, +Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Louisville, and many other smaller towns. The +aggregate of expenditure in the next few years will be much more than +set apart for the exhibition. + +All of the East India exhibits were contributed by individuals and were +confined to the East India Building, but were grouped under the heads of +art, liberal arts, manufactures, and agriculture. + + +ITALY. + +_Members of Italian commission_.--His Excellency Baron E. Mayor des +Planches, honorary commissioner-general; Mr. Giovanni Branchi, +commissioner-general; Mr. Adolfo Appoloni, commissioner of fine arts; +Chev. Vittorio Zeggio; Mr. Guido Pantaleoni; Mr. Alberto Alfani, Mr. +Tullio Giordana, Mr. Cesare Della Chiesa, Mr. Jerome Zeggio, +secretaries; Mr. Giuseppe Sommarauga, architect of the pavilion. + +The Italian pavilion was one of the most artistic and beautiful, if not +one of the smallest, foreign buildings on the World's Fair grounds. It +was a construction of Roman travertine stone, ornamented with bronze and +marble sculptures. It was an architectonic fancy, Graeco-Roman, on the +style of the ancient villas of the emperors of the Caesarian age, with +garden and fountains. + +The front colonnade ended in two stout lateral "pillars," crowned by two +"victories" of gilded bronze (a work by Bialetti, of Milan), one of +which bore the Italian laurel and the others the olive branch, as a +token of peace and welfare. + +After ascending the first stairs, about 90 feet wide, and passing +through all the colonnade of ionic style, was the garden where the +ancient Romans used to grow their laurel, an image of glory. + +The building was erected on a strong base more than 15 feet high, with +another flight of stairs more than 45 feet wide. + +The front was formed by a central body of the Corinthian style of the +best epoch, flanked by two lower parts ornamented by marble and bronze +works. The caryatides of the three latticed windows were authentic +copies of the ancient caryatides of Greek origin now in the Castle of +Abano, near Rome. + +In the hall, together with cases and various ancient works, there was a +faithful copy of the famous Etruscan vase called "Of François," +belonging to the gallery of Florence, and a good copy in marble of the +Roman group of wrestlers. Also in the same halls, in the cavities at the +end under the frieze, with the inscription in Roman characters, "Italia +lux alma preevit," were two great oil paintings of their Royal Majesties +the King and Queen of Italy. + +This monument of art was the work of Giuseppe Sommarauga, architect, of +Milan, who had also the task of originating and directing all the +principal decorations made and shipped from Italy. + +The participation of Italy at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was +authorized by a law of the Italian Parliament dated December 27, 1903. +The participation was prepared by the department of agriculture, +industry, and commerce, under the direct supervision of the minister, +Hon. Luigi Rava. A special committee was appointed for that purpose by +the King, and the Hon. Angelo Pavis, a prominent member of the Italian +Parliament, was elected chairman of the committee. The Italian +ambassador to the United States, the Baron Edmondo Mayor des Planches, +who advised the Italian Government to let Italy appear officially at the +exposition, was appointed honorary commissioner-general, and Hon. +Giovanni Branchi, the Italian consul-general in New York, was appointed +commissioner-general. Adolfo Appoloni, one of the members of the royal +commission in Rome, was appointed special commissioner for fine arts, +and Mr. Branchi chose as members of the commission Guido Pantaleoni, +electrical engineer, of St. Louis, and Chev. Vittorio Zeggio, who was +special delegate from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, to promote the +participation of Italy to the World's Fair. Besides these members of the +commission four secretaries and several assistants helped the commission +in the work of arranging and distributing the different exhibits. + +The appropriation of the Italian Government for the exposition was +650,000 lire ($130,000), but this appropriation was raised in progress +to 800,000 lire ($170,000). A small fee of $4 per square meter was +assessed to the exhibitors, but the artists and the schools had nothing +to pay. No private contributions were accepted by the Government. The +Government paid the cost of transporting and maintenance of exhibits, +which amounted to about $30,000. The number of exhibitors was about +1,100. Many more firms would have sent their products to this exposition +had they had time to arrange a fitting display. For this reason the +Italian display was not a full demonstration of what Italy produces. + +The largest Italian displays were in the Fine Arts, the Manufactures, +and the Agriculture buildings. The paintings and the sculptures +exhibited were sufficient to give an idea of the modern art in Italy. +They were all quite recent, with the exception of some pictures +exhibited as loan, which were painted before the Chicago Exposition. The +largest and most important art societies of Italy took a great interest +in the exposition, but lack of time prevented the artists from preparing +special works to be exhibited. The spirit of modern Italian art was +individual, all working for the development of a national art. Among the +sculptures were Monteverde, Fontana, Origo, and Romanelli. Among the +painters, Previati, Rizzi, Mancini, Gioli, Morbelli, Dall'Oca Bianca +Laurenti, Ciardi, Fattori de Karolis, Nomellini, Gelli, etc. + +In the Manufactures Building the exhibits of carved wood furniture was +displayed, together with ceramics, pottery, marble, bronzes, silks, +textiles, laces, embroideries, paving bricks, and many other exhibits of +great importance. Among the show cases was a large and artistic one, in +which was exhibited the silk factories' display. + +In the Agriculture Building Italy had a large display of samples of the +many kinds of wines and olive oils it produces, and there was a large +display of seeds sent by the department of agriculture. + +In the Mines Building a beautiful collection of marbles and sulphur +showed the wealth of the under-soil resources of Italy. + +The photographs, the plans, and the maps of the electrical power houses +and diverting works for the production of electricity in the Electricity +Building attracted many visitors. + +In the Transportation Building the Rete Mediterranes, one of the +railroads that operates in Italy, exhibited the electrical system used +on some of its lines. + +One of the best and most important Italian exhibits was in the +Educational and Social Economy Building. In both these lines Italy stood +among the most progressive nations in the world. The results of the +schools, the people's banks and savings banks, and the mutual help +societies were an excellent demonstration. + +In the Liberal Arts were to be seen musical instruments, books, and +products of the paper factories. + +Corals, cameos, and mosaics were exhibited in the Varied Industries +Building, and some of them were remarkable works of art. + + +JAPAN. + +On July 10, 1903, an imperial ordinance for the organization of the +imperial Japanese commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was +issued by the Mikado to the effect that the imperial commission to the +Louisiana Purchase Exposition should be under the supervision of the +minister of state for agriculture and commerce, and should deal with all +the matters relating to the participation of the Japanese Empire in the +Louisiana Purchase Exposition; that the imperial commission should +consist of the following: + +Nonresident: Baron Keigo Kiyoura, president; Baron Masanao Matsudaira, +vice-president. Resident: Mr. Seiichi Tegima, commissioner-general; Mr. +Hiromichi Shugio; Mr. Ushitaro Beppu; Mr. Naozo Kanzaki. Nonresident +commissioners: Mr. Hajime Ota, Mr. Haruke Yamawaki, Mr. Masanao +Hanihara, Mr. M. Isobe, Mr. J. Koyama, Mr. M. Oka, Mr. Okamoto. +Resident: Mr. Keisuke Niwa, director of works; Mr. Yukio Itchikawa, +landscape architect; Mr. Saizo Tajima; Prof. Yoshitaro Wantanabe; Mr. +Mosuke Matsumura, secretary education department; Mr. Kannosuke +Miyashima, expert home department. Secretaries (resident): Mr. Harukazu +Miyabe, Mr. Michio Hattori, Mr. Toyozo Kobayashi. Attachés (resident): +Mr. Shun Suzuki, Mr. Kiro Harada, Mr. Teiichiro Gejyo, Mr. Risaburo Ota. + +Beginning with the international exposition held at Vienna in 1873, and +including the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Japan has participated in +twenty-seven world's fairs. Her participation in the exposition at St. +Louis was more memorable in many respects than at any preceding +exposition. In the first place, the exhibits never before occupied such +an extensive area. It was three times as large as that occupied by Japan +at the Chicago World's Fair of 1893 and the Paris Exposition of 1900, +respectively. In each department where Japan took any part at the fair +her location was excellent. The enthusiasm of Japanese manufacturers and +traders in their desire to participate in the exposition was so intense +that despite the effort of the Government to discriminate between +numerous applicants the quantity of exhibits was swelled to such an +extent that it was a matter of no small difficulty to find places for +all the articles sent in for exhibition. Notwithstanding the fact that +there was only a short period of nine months between Japan's decision to +participate and the opening of the fair, and that in the course of that +comparatively short period the rupture of friendly relations between +Russia and Japan greatly handicapped the latter's endeavors concerning +the exposition, the officials and exhibitors pursued their preconceived +plan without an interruption. In view of such disadvantages, the +promptness and accuracy with which articles were brought into their +destination, arranged, and displayed seasonably in proper form may well +be regarded as remarkable. By the time the gates of the fair were thrown +open to the public the display had been well-nigh completed, to the +gratification of the Exposition Company and the Japanese exhibitors. + +When Japan was first invited to take part in the exposition she was +busily engaged in preparing for the Fifth National Exhibition held in +the city of Osaka. For that reason she declined reluctantly to accept +the invitation; but as the inauguration of the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition was consequently postponed until the 1st day of May, 1904, +Japan was later enabled to accept the invitation. + +Early in the year 1904 the imperial Government sent a corps of officials +to St. Louis to select a suitable location for the Government buildings, +and to apply for space in the various departments of the exposition. Due +to the prompt attention of the Japanese Government and the courtesy of +the managers of the exposition, the desired arrangements were +accomplished without the slightest difficulty. A bill appropriating +$400,000 to be expended for the exposition was passed by both houses of +the legislature, and in July, 1903, the Government formally notified the +Exposition Company at St. Louis that Japan would be represented at the +fair. + +The Japanese commission for the exposition took great care not to accept +for exhibition any articles which had mere virtue of novelty, without +practical value, or any articles not produced in large volume. The idea +of the Government in employing such discrimination was to so plan the +exhibition that it would leave some lasting effects after the exposition +upon the world's trade and commerce. The exhibition of matters relating +to education was executed under the direct supervision of the department +of education, and was so planned as to make it represent a complete +system of the education now in vogue in Japan. In regard to the +exhibitions of mines, fish, forestry, agriculture, and horticulture, the +department of agriculture and commerce exercised the authority of +deciding what articles should be displayed. The arrangement of articles +exhibited in various departments of the exposition was made so that +those independent of the Japan Exhibits Association were arranged by +individual exhibitors under the supervision of the Japanese commission, +while others were set out in proper order by the association. + +There was no department or palace in which Japan did not exhibit. +Displays on an especially elaborate scale, however, could be found in +the following eleven palaces, namely: Palaces of Education and Social +Economy, Fine Arts, Liberal Arts, Manufactures, Varied Industries, +Transportation, Mines, Forestry, Fish, and Game, Electricity, and +Agriculture. The total area of space of the Japanese sections in these +departments was distributed among different sections as follows: + + Square feet. +Palace of Education ............................... 6,299 +Palace of Fine Arts ............................... 6,825 +Palace of Liberal Arts ............................ 400 +Palace of Industry ................................ 27,384 +Palace of Manufactures ............................ 54,737 +Palace of Transportation .......................... 14,160 +Palace of Electricity ............................. 1,100 +Palace of Mines ................................... 6,903 +Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game ................ 2,982 +Palace of Agriculture ............................. 8,667 + ------- + Total ...................................... 129,457 + +Besides the above areas in the various departments, a garden of a +genuine Japanese style covered an extensive space of ground, in which +stood the Government building. Attached to it was a reception hall and +several artistic mansions. Displays of Japanese garden and floricultural +arts were exhibited in the garden. In the reception hall were exhibited +various data showing the growth and present status of the Red Cross +Society of Japan. Altogether, the dimension of space taken by Japan for +the garden aggregated approximately 148,361 square feet. Artistically +distributed within the precincts of the garden were the reception hall, +the office building, the Formosa tea house, the Kinkaku tea house, and +several cottages and a bazaar. Hills and waterfalls, ponds and bridges +were presented in miniature scale. In the verdant lawns flowers of +different colors were all harmonized into an artistic unit in unique +landscape gardening. Beautifully trained dwarf trees, centuries old, +were brought from Japan for the special purpose of ornamenting the +garden. There were also the drooping wisteria and gay peony, the scented +lily and blushing maple. + +The building materials for the reception hall, the office building, and +resting cottages were brought from Japan. The reception hall was built +entirely by native carpenters, after the style of a daimyo's goten +(palace of feudal lord) of some six hundred years ago. The architectural +style of the building was what is termed Heike, a style prevailing at +the time when a military family called Heike held a paramount power. The +artistically curved roofs, projecting one upon another, were a modest +representation of architectural accomplishment already attained in Japan +several centuries ago. Hanging on the inner wall of the hall was the +portrait of Her Majesty the Empress of Japan, and occupying a section of +the room were the exhibits of the Red Cross Society of Japan, in which +the Empress takes a keen interest. The resting cottage was modeled after +a cottage in a shogun's (military magistrate) garden, two or three +centuries ago. Close to the south bank of the lake was a small +reproduction of Kinkaku Temple. Close to the right of the front gate of +the garden stood the Formosa mansion, a fair representation of +characteristic native dwellings. The Kinkaku Temple was built under the +auspices of the Japan Tea Traders' Association, and the Formosa mansion +by the initiative of the Formosa government. + + +MEXICO. + +_Members of Mexico commission_.--Engineer Albino R. Nuncio, +commissioner-general; Mr. Benito Navarro, assistant to the +commissioner-general; Mr. Juan Renteria, assistant to the commissioners +general; Engineer Lauro Viadas, chief department of agriculture; Mr. +Daniel R. De la Vega, assistant to the chief; Mr. Isidoro Aldasoro, +chief department of art and ethnology; Mr. Leopoldo Tell and Mr. Octavio +Andrade, assistants to the chief; Mr. Maximiliano M. Chabert, chief +department of liberal arts; Mr. Alberto Ocampo, assistant to the chief; +Mr. Julio Poulat, chief department of education; Mr. Manuel Costa, +assistant to the chief; Mr. Enrique Garibay, chief department of +forestry, fish, and game; Mr. Jorge Salazar, assistant to the chief; +Mr. J. Alberto MacDowell, chief department of horticulture; Mr. J.M. +Nuncio, chief department of manufactures; Mr. Antonio Sierra Cruz, +assistant to the chief; Engineer Eduardo Mantinez Baca, chief department +of mines and metallurgy; Mr. Miguel Peinado, assistant to the chief; +Maj. S. Garcia Cuellar, chief department of transportation; Lieut. +Manuel Garcia Lugo and Lieut. Jose Ortiz Monasterio, assistants to the +chief; Mrs. Laura M. De Cuenca, Dr. Plutarco Ornelas, Prof Teofilo +Frezieres, Mr. E.H. Talbot, Mr. Jose M. Trigo De Claver, Mr. Roberto +Garcia, Mr. Jose A. Bonilla. + +The amounts voted by the Mexican Congress, according to dates since the +organization of the work, for the participation of Mexico at the +Universal Exposition of St. Louis, were as follows: + +October 22, 1901 ............................... $50,000 +July 1, 1902 ................................... 70,000 +November 23, 1902 .............................. 15,000 +July 1, 1903 ................................... 90,000 +December 3, 1903 ............................... 250,000 +July 1, 1904 ................................... 100,000 +November, 1904 ................................. 300,000 + -------- + Total ....................................... 875,000 + +The Mexican exhibit in the department of education, as a whole, +demonstrated the remarkable development of public instruction from +primary to scientific, and at the same time the progress made by +adopting new plans and systems. The exhibit as a whole could also be +studied in detail by looking over the regulations, plans of study, +statistics, texts, etc., which were displayed there. + +The Gallery No. 94 of the west pavilion of the Fine Arts Building was +the one assigned by the Exposition Company to the exhibition of fine +arts from the Republic of Mexico. This small gallery contained 38 oil +paintings, 2 pen drawings, and 2 sculptures. The paintings belonged to +11 exhibitors. + +The importance of the exhibition as relates to the art cultivated in +Mexico was represented by the famous works of the Artist Fabres, which +attracted a great deal of attention. + +In the Palace of Liberal Arts Mexico exhibited technical works and +diversified industrial products. Among the most important were those of +official character, such as geographical maps, the system used for the +illumination of the seashores, the construction of buildings for special +works, etc. Also plans and constructions of architectural character +from' prominent architects of Mexico. + +Displayed here were exhibits from the manufactures of drugs and chemical +products, perfumes, paper, printing and binding companies, and many +others comprised in the extensive official classification. One most +important exhibit was that of chemical products and pharmacy. + +Another very important branch of liberal arts, and very well developed, +was that of photography. Very remarkable works of the most expert +photographers of the country were exhibited. + +In the Department of Manufactures the industrial concerns from Mexico +were represented as follows: The cotton and woolen mills, which have +greatly developed in the Republic; the leather and shoe industry was +well demonstrated by a number of factories which exhibited their +products; there were also shown a number of samples from the manufacture +of furniture and decorating fixtures for buildings and residences. + +Full information about the railroad lines, general railroad map, and +great number of photographs of the most important points on the lines, +plaster models of the Tehuantepec Railroad connecting the two oceans, +and statistical information of the railroad development were exhibited +in the Transportation Building. Models of light-houses and original +light-houses that will be used in the Vera Cruz Harbor were displayed +also, as well as models of the harbors of Mazanillo, Salina, Curz, +Coatzacoalcos, and Tampico. Tools, bags, scales, etc., used in the mail +service, and statistical information of the development of the service +were shown, as were carriages, harness, saddles, and all kinds of +implements used for driving and riding. + +The war department had a general display of educational methods used in +the military and naval academies, and maps, military library, +improvements invented by some member of the army and samples of +materials made by its factories. + +In the Electricity Building were maps and reports of the most important +electrical installations of the country. + +In the Machinery Hall were displayed machines made in the factories of +the army for the manufacture of cartridges, and antiscaling substance. + +Among the Mexican exhibits at St. Louis, the largest number was in the +Agricultural Building, where the display occupied over 900 square feet +of space. The exhibits made by the three leading breweries of Mexico was +noticeable as to elegance and artistic good taste. Great importance was +attached to the exhibits of leaf and manufactured tobacco. The coffee +exhibit attracted general attention. + +The exhibit of fibers, especially that of Henequen, from Yucatan, was +very important and complete, the last named being the cause of +flourishing trade with the United States. The exhibit of sugar showed +the great resources of Mexico in this product. A splendid exhibit of +Mexican vanila attracted the attention of all visitors. The exhibit of +agronomical maps by the Mexican Commission was of much scientific value, +and the collection of insects and injurious parasitical plants was also +worthy of attention. + +The Mexican exhibit in the Department of Forestry, Fish and Game +consisted of 600 specimens, arranged and classified by the Medical and +National Institute of Mexico, and attracted considerable attention. The +magnificent exhibit of animals and stuffed birds was also admired. The +exhibit was arranged and presented by the Geographical Commission of +Mexico. The collection of woods presented by the governments of the +States of Colima, Durahgo, Mexico, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Michoacan, +Yucatan, and the department of fomento was noticeable for the diversity +of kinds of woods forming the collection, amounting to 800. The exhibit +of broom root from Mexico was the only one of its kind in all the +Department of Forestry, and concerning which the largest number of +inquiries was made. + +In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy Mexico occupied 13,000 square feet +of space. A great variety of ores and minerals was displayed, viz, gold, +silver, lead, iron, copper, antimony, zinc, etc. The number of +exhibitors amounted to 330. The Geological Institute of Mexico presented +maps, geological plans, mineral rocks, publications, etc. Among the +latter a very interesting study of the veins of the mines of Pachuca and +Real de Monte, also another of the Rhyolitas of Mexico. + +The social and economical conditions of the Republic of Mexico were +splendidly represented in the Department of Social Economy by numerous +official and private publications and photographs. The wise steps taken +by the Government, which have changed the economical conditions of the +country, constituting an intellectual, material, and positive +development, were logically collected according to the department of +state to which they belong. The exhibit was completed by a numerous +collection of photographs of cities, ports, public buildings, monuments, +residences, etc., showing how Mexican cities have been improved and +beautified and how the Republic of the south has progressed from a +material and artistical standpoint. + + +NEW ZEALAND. + +_Members of commission_.--Mr. T.E. Donne, representative; Mr. Frederick +Moorhouse and Mr. Thomas Clarkson, attachés. + +When the New Zealand government received the invitation of the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition executive to be represented at the World's Fair the +colonial parliament gave the utmost publicity to the proposal and +offered to allow any of its business firms a share of the space that was +to be placed at its disposal. The tariffs of the United States, however, +proved a serious obstacle, as the chief business houses of the young +nation failed to see how their interests would be served by advertising +in a country which placed a heavy tariff on their goods. However, the +executive of the government, recognizing the cordiality of the +invitation and with a desire to emphasize its wishes for the closest +relationship with the American people, decided to be represented +directly by one of its own departments--the department of tourist and +health resorts. The chief of that branch of the public service, Mr. T. +E. Donne, was therefore authorized to prepare an exhibit setting forth +the attractions of New Zealand to tourists and the work the department +is doing in that connection. When compiling the exhibit Commissioner +Donne represented to his government that it would be advisable also to +include a few of the country's general products, and it therefore +extended the original idea in this direction. + +In the Department of Forestry, Fish, and Game New Zealand had a unique +and tastefully arranged display that attracted keenest interest. A +collection of Scotch red deer and fallow deer heads testified to the +magnificent hunting that is obtained among the virgin forests of New +Zealand, and specimens of trout--rainbow, salmon, fario, and +fontinalis--taken from the mountain-fed streams that intersect the +country from one end to the other appealed to the fishing enthusiast. + +Pictures and paintings around the walls were fascinating in that they +served to indicate to visitors the character of a country which nature +has blessed, when judged from a point of view of the beautiful and +picturesque. Mount Cook, majestically rising to a height of nearly +13,000 feet, was shown in paintings and photographs. Lakes Taupo, Te +Anau, Wakatipu, Manawapouri, Waikaremona, and others, whose clear, +glassy waters, surrounded by verdure-covered hills, gave some idea of +the loveliness of New Zealand lakes. The Wanganui River, Milford Sound, +one of the world's wonderful fiords, and the canyons known as the Otira +and Buller gorges were some of the features that interested the +visitors. + +The thermal districts were chiefly represented by the great Waimangu +geyser and its crater, 21/2 acres in extent, which throws up boiling +water, mud, and stones to a height of 1,500 feet, claiming a place as +one of the "wonders of the world." + +Forestry was represented by beautifully finished ornamental wood and a +splendid exhibit of the famous Kauri gum. This gum, which is used +principally in the manufacture of varnish, takes an important place +among New Zealand products, no less than five million dollars worth +being exported last year. Of special interest to ornithologists were the +native wingless birds of New Zealand. + +The ancient habits of that interesting and progressive race, the Maori, +who preceded white people in New Zealand, were shown in some remarkably +realistic and unique carvings and paintings. The Maori has long since +passed the savage state and has shown his ability to attain the highest +stages of modern civilization. The contrast between the position of the +Maori in 1840 and in 1904 constitutes a remarkable progress in racial +development. Formerly the Maori was a savage, clever and enterprising, +but ferocious, cruel, and a cannibal. To-day he tills the soil, speaks +English, and sends his children to school and college, where they study +for the highest professions, such as medicine, law, teaching, etc. +Contact with a highly civilized community has diverted the natural +intelligence of the Maori to useful channels, while Christianity has +developed the best instincts of a fine race of people. In the to-day the +Maori stands side by side with the white man, a welcome comrade in the +building of a new nation. Six Maoris occupy positions in the New Zealand +legislature, and one is a cabinet minister. + +In the Agricultural Building a score of sacks containing wheat, oats, +peas, beans, clover, grass seed, etc., paid tribute to the climate and +soil of New Zealand. The extreme interest shown by all visitors +constituted a very high compliment to the country. The demand by farmers +for samples of wheat and oats was great. The attention bestowed by +farmers and grain merchants upon the New Zealand grain display had its +counterpart in the attitude of women visitors toward the exhibit of +woolen rugs and blankets. Its exceptional soil and climate enable the +New Zealand farmer to rear sheep with a grade of wool that can seldom be +obtained elsewhere. Factories that have been established in the +principal cities weave the wool into clothing, rugs, and blankets of an +excellent strength and quality. Fleeces, both scoured and greasy, +afforded wool experts an opportunity of closely examining the staple in +raw material. Other products shown in the Palace of Agriculture were +bales of hemp manufactured from New Zealand flax, a very fine sample of +hops grown in the Nelson district, rabbit skins packed and ready for +export, kegs of tallow, crude petroleum, etc. These served to indicate +partially the resources of a wonderfully rich and productive country. + +A chief attraction of the New Zealand exhibit was the opportunity it +provided Americans for personally interrogating the New Zealand +representatives concerning the government of their country. Political +economists in America, as in other parts of the world, have in recent +years been pointing to New Zealand as a country where a government +fulfills its proper functions in caring for the welfare of the whole of +the people, where each man and woman takes a recognized and effective +part in the making of the laws which govern them, and where high ideals +of modern civilization are lived up to. + + +NORWAY AND SWEDEN. + +The Norwegian Storthing (Parliament) on the 20th of January, 1904, +failed to pass a bill appropriating funds for Norway's participation in +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The Government, however, being aware +that there would be some individual exhibitors, decided to accept the +invitation from the American authorities to have a commission appointed. + +By resolution of the Crown Prince Regent on March 25, Frederick L.M. +Waage, vice-consul for Sweden and Norway to St. Louis, was appointed +commissioner-general for Norway. No Government appropriation and no +money was raised by private subscriptions. + +Three individual exhibitors displayed goods: + +David Andersen, Christiana, in the Varied Industries Building, +silverware and enamel. Cost of exhibit, $40,000; installation, $500, +transportation, $800. + +Chr. Knag, Bergen, furniture of the old Norwegian style in the east wing +of the Fine Arts Building. Cost of exhibit, $3,000; transportation, +$125. + +Nordenfjeldske Kunstindustrimuseum, Dortheim, tapestries, old and new +Norwegian patterns and designs by Gerhard Munthe. Cost of exhibit, +$10,000; transportation, $35. + +Sweden's participation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was +authorized by the following decree addressed by King Oscar, of Sweden +and Norway, to A.R. Akerman, director-general and president of the +board of trade, which decree appointed Mr. Akerman commissioner-general +to the exposition. The decree gives fully an account of the Swedish +participation and was as follows: + + +Greetings, etc. + +Since the President of the United States has invited the governments of +other states, including Sweden, to participate in a Universal Exposition +in St. Louis, originally intended to be held in 1903, but now being +decided to be open during the period from May 1 to December 1, 1904, and +we, through gracious proposition, of which a copy is herewith attached, +suggested to the Riksdag to appropriate, on an extra budget for 1904, an +amount of 120,000 kronor for Sweden's participation in the art and +educational exhibits of the exposition has the Riksdag in a +communication of May 22, 1903, with reference to the arrangements of +expenses of the State budget, eighth section, communicated the +following: + + The Riksdag had considered the advisability that Sweden be + officially represented at the Universal Exposition in St. Louis + 1904, especially as this could be supposed as being in line with + the desire of the Swedes residing in the United States and + serving to strengthen the ties that still unite them with their + Fatherland, and in accordance with the expression of the chief + of our ecclesiastic department in the minutes of our ministry + had the Riksdag embraced the opinion that the official + participation of Sweden should embrace the departments of art + and education, in which sections our country seems to have + especially good possibilities successfully to compete with the + greater countries of culture. + + In a letter to the Academy of Fine Arts, incorporated in the + minutes of our ministry, the three societies of artists had + expressed the desire that from the collections of art belonging + to the State works of art should be contributed that might be + required in order that the exposition in question should give a + complete illustration of the development of art in our country. + In consequence of this, the Riksdag had considered it necessary + to point out the fact that as it has occurred that works of art + contributed from the collection of the States to be exhibited at + other places at the return of the same were more or less + damaged, and that as in consequence of the transport that would + be necessary in this case absolute guarantee for the restitution + of these works of art in an undamaged condition could hardly be + had, doubts seemed to meet as to such a contribution as had been + suggested by the societies of artists. + + Calling attention to what has just been pointed out, the Riksdag + stated that the Riksdag, with consent to our proposition in + question regarding the participation of Sweden in the art and + educational departments of the Universal Exposition in St. Louis + 1904, had appropriated on an extra budget for the year 1904 the + sum of 120,000 kronor. + + Having had this presented before us, we have, accepting on + Sweden's behalf the above-mentioned invitation as far as + concerns the art and the educational departments of the + exposition, resolved to appoint a committee, who is hereby + empowered to take all measures necessary for the participation + of Sweden in these departments of the exposition and to transact + all business belonging to the same which is not of a nature to + be submitted to our gracious consideration; and we have + appointed you as president of the committee and as members of + the same selected the principal of the technical school of + Stockholm, Bror Viktor Adler; the inspector of the common + schools at Stockholm, Carl Gustaf Bergman; the vice-general + consul, Bror Axel Fredrik Georgii; the assistant professor at + Ostermalms public secondary school, Stockholm, Nols Gerhard, + Eilhelm Lagerstedt, and the superintendent of the art section of + the National Museum, Carl Ludvig Looström. + + We, intending to appoint in the future, on the recommendation of + the committee, a commissioner for Sweden at the exposition, + herewith empower the committee to appoint a secretary and + necessary assistants and in as far as it is found necessary to + secure the cooperation of persons whose insight and ability can + secure for Sweden a successful and honorable representation at + the exposition. + + Finally, we authorize the committee to collect after the + beginning of 1904, at our exchequer department, the + above-mentioned amount appropriated by the Riksdag to be used as + demands require for the purpose intended, with the obligation to + account for same and with the understanding that the committee + assumes the responsibility that this amount under no + circumstances is exceeded; and we have ordered the exchequer + department to pay from moneys on hand in advance, on requisition + and to be deducted from the mentioned appropriation, what is + necessary to carry on the work of the committee during the year + 1903, not exceeding an amount of 20,000 kronor. Which we + herewith communicate for your knowledge and abeyance as far as + you are concerned, at the same time as a gracious letter is sent + to the exchequer department. + + +PERU. + +For the representation of Peru at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the +Peruvian Government appropriated approximately $100,000. The President +of Peru appointed Mr. Alexander Garland, a distinguished Peruvian +and noted writer of international and economical matters, +commissioner-general. Mr. Garland, it is said, has always been noted in +his country as a strong upholder of favorable trade relations with the +United States. Mr. Miguel Miro-Queseda, a newspaper man of Peru, was +appointed secretary to the commission. Subsequently Mr. Ernest H. Wands, +of New York, and Wilfred H. Schoff were appointed commissioners and Mr. +Manual C. Velarde secretary. + +A variety of samples of cotton and woolen goods manufactured by +factories lately established in Peru, at La Victoria, Vitarte, La +Providencia, San Jacinto, Malastesta, etc., was displayed in the +Peruvian section of the Agriculture Building, together with abundant +samples of different qualities of Peruvian cotton. In the same building +were exhibited excellent samples of sugar cane from Grande, Cartavio, +Roma, and Chiquitoy. Samples of other products of the soil, as cotton, +coffee, cacao, cocoa, cocaine, rice, etc., which figure under the +exports of Peru, were also exhibited. In the same section were samples +of Peruvian maize, white, yellow, and red, at least double the size of +the corn raised in other parts of the world, as well as other specimens +of the agricultural products of Peru. + +The mines section showed the mineral resources of the country. Gold, +silver, copper, lead, cinnabar, manganese, and all kinds of minerals +were represented by a large variety of rich samples. Large blocks of +lignite, anthracite, etc., gave an idea of the importance of the coal +fields of Peru. Mineral oils, mineral waters, sands from placers, and a +variety of salts samples were exhibited demonstrating that Peru is well +endowed in minerals. There was also a mineral map of Peru made under the +direction of the Sociedad Nacional de Mineria. + +The Peruvian section in the Forestry, Fish, and Game Palace had samples +of rubber of the Peruvian varieties in large quantities. Samples of wood +gave an idea of the inexhaustible amount of raw materials that are +contained in the vast forests of Peru, valuable for civil and naval +construction and cabinetwork. Barks, resins, nuts, roots, seeds, and +leaves for medical use and dyeing and tanning purposes confirmed the +richness of Peruvian soil. + + +RUSSIA. + +_Russian Commission._--Mr. Edward Grunwaldt, executive commissioner; Mr. +Jacob Godberg, Mr. Max Berkowitz, Mr. L.A. Robinson. + +Russia was at different times invited to participate in the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition of 1904, but no definite acceptance was received +until Mr. Thomas H. Cridler, the foreign representative of the +Exposition Company, made a personal visit to the Emperor. His Majesty +was heartily in favor of the proposition, and in proof of his good +feeling toward the American people, ordered an appropriation of 450,000 +rubles be set aside to meet the preliminary expense of the Russian +exhibit. + +A commissioner-general was appointed. He was instructed to proceed to +St. Louis and secure the necessary space for exhibits and a site for +Russia's pavilion. + +Committees were appointed for the purpose of collecting exhibits and to +look after the work of installation and maintenance. + +On the outbreak of the Russia-Japan war it was deemed advisable to +withdraw the Government exhibit. This was a cause of considerable +concern to the Russian Emperor, who had been anxious to show his +appreciation of the friendship that existed between Russia and the +United States. + +The commissioner-general then made a report that was unfavorable to +Russia's participation at the exposition, and he was then informed +through the minister of finance of the withdrawal of Russia as a +Government exhibitor. + +The question of having Russia represented at the exposition by private +exhibitors was then considered. The minister of finance informed Mr. +Grunwaldt that the Government would offer no objection to individual +participation. + +The Exposition Company allotted space to Mr. Grunwaldt in the various +buildings. Exhibits were installed in the Fine Arts, Liberal Arts, +Manufactures, Varied Industries, and Agricultural buildings. The +exhibits were very extensive in all the departments. + +The entire cost of collecting, transportation, and installation of +exhibits, and the maintenance of same, was borne by Mr. Grunwaldt. + + +SIAM. + +While making an extended tour of the United States in 1902, His Royal +Highness the Crown Prince of Siam visited St. Louis and was the guest of +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. His entertainment was so +generous and his reception throughout the entire country so cordial that +he decided to use his influence toward inducing His Siamese Majesty to +participate in the exposition of 1904. The plan, consequently, that +suggested itself as to the character of Siam's display was to send to +St. Louis the most interesting articles and the best examples of Siamese +industries. + +The National Siamese Pavilion, a typical specimen of the architecture of +the country, was a reproduction of the Wat (or temple), Benchamabopit, +now in the course of erection at Bangkok. The plans were closely +followed, thus creating a type of Siamese architecture which in itself +was an exhibit of interest and instruction. The building cost $25,000. + +Within the pavilion were placed many objects from the Royal, Museum, +notably a large collection of ancient weapons, drums, cymbals, temple +gongs, howdahs, some wonderful examples of mother-of-pearl work, +hammered silver of antique designs, old lacquer, enormous elephant +tusks, ancient theatrical costumes and properties, and portraits of +Their Majesties the King and the Queen and His Royal Highness the Crown +Prince. + +In the Agricultural Building were displayed models of farming implements +of all kinds and examples of the agricultural products of the land. +Especially noticeable was the large collection of rice, the most +important of Siam's exports. + +The exhibit in forestry, fish, and game showed the great variety of +woods that grow in Siam, the appliances that are used for fishing, skins +of the many wild animals of the country, and a large collection of +forest products. + +Teak, for which Siam is famous, was shown in a number of ways--cross +sections, longitudinal cuts, and portions of the outer surface. + +In the Transportation Pavilion were shown models of boats, panniers, and +carts, howdahs, a buffalo cart, and a buggy in full size. The boat +models were especially interesting. Because of the many navigable rivers +and canals a greater part of transportation is by water; consequently a +large variety of boats has been evolved to meet the various conditions. + +The collection of spinning and weaving appliances in the Manufacturers' +Building was large and instructive. Here, too, were many fine examples +of mother-of-pearl work, pottery, hammered silver, and lacquer; also a +collection of mats and textiles, both cotton and silk. + +In the Mines and Metallurgy Building were displayed samples of the many +minerals that are found in the country and models of the appliances used +to secure them. + +Altogether nearly six thousand individual articles were on exhibition +and represented more completely the industries and resources of Siam +than has any previous collection. In each State or Province of Siam a +local committee was appointed with instructions to gather and forward to +Bangkok at least one example of every article produced either for home +use or sale. From these consignments a selection was made by the +Commission and forwarded to St. Louis. In this way objects representing +every section and all the arts and industries were shown. The total cost +of the exhibition of the Government of Siam was approximately $120,000. + +Although the trade of Siam has developed very rapidly during the past +few years, the exhibits sent did not have for their purpose the +extension of commerce with this country. The relations between the +United States and Siam are most cordial. The latter recently accredited +to the United States a minister, and Congress very promptly elevated the +rank of the United States representative to that of minister +plenipotentiary. Thus when the invitation to participate in the +exposition was accepted, prospects of commercial gain were not in +contemplation. The one idea was to contribute in every conceivable +manner to the attractiveness of the exposition and add to its +educational possibilities. The invitation was looked upon by the Siamese +Government as a compliment, and the unselfish manner in which its +acceptance was shown proved conclusively that the compliment was +appreciated. + +On the occasion of the exposition there was published by the Commission +a richly illustrated book entitled "The Kingdom of Siam." This work was +presented to the educational institutions of this country, to public +libraries, and to all persons who were known to be interested in Siam. +The book, written by experts, will be an authority for years to come +upon Siam, its climate, resources, people, institutions, and industries, +and will doubtless supplant the writings of hurrying traveler and +transient visitor. + +The commissioners appointed by the King of Siam were as follows: His +Royal Highness the Crown Prince, president. Vice-presidents: His Royal +Highness Prince Devawongse Varopakar, minister of foreign affairs; His +Royal Highness Prince Mahisra Rajaharudhai, minister of finance; His +Excellency Chow Phya Devesra Wongse Vivadhna, minister of agriculture; +Mr. A. Cecil Carter, M.A., department of education, secretary-general. +Members: His Royal Highness Prince Sanbasiddhi Prasong, His Royal +Highness Prince Marubongse Siribadhna, His Highness Prince Vadhana, His +Excellency Phya Vorasiddhi Sevivatra, His Excellency Phya Sukhum +Nayavinit, His Excellency Phya Amarindra Lujae, His Excellency Phya +Surasih Visisth Sakdi, His Excellency Phya Kamheng Songkram, His +Excellency Phya Sunthorn Buri, His Excellency Phya Rasda Nupradit, His +Excellency Phya Kraibej Ratana Raja Sonkram, His Excellency Phya +Vijayadibadi, Phra Phadung-Sulkrit. Prof. James H. Gore, Columbian +University, commissioner-general. + + +SPAIN. + +The only Spanish exhibits at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition were +shown in the Agricultural Building. There were but three displays, one +being of pure sherry brandy, another of wines, and another of olive oil. + +D. Mauricio Mandil was the only exhibitor from Spain, and he had the +brandies, wines, and olive oil analyzed by well-known analytical +chemists. The brandy exhibit consisted of a pyramid of ten barrels, well +finished and varnished, placed on a fancy stand in the center of a +well-polished platform, in the corners and sides of which were piled up +polished pine cases of pure brandy distilled from sherry wine. On the +top box of each pile were pyramids of bottles of different fancy +packings artistically located. + +The wine exhibit occupied a square 20 feet on each side. It represented +a vine in full growth, being 18 feet high. The four corners were the +trunks, on which were painted life-size figures of Spanish girls +surmounted by the vine, bearing grapes. This square was covered by a +silk awning made in the Spanish colors. In the center of the tent and on +a platform was located a pyramid 15 feet high, composed of barrels and +bottles artistically placed. The wines exhibited were mostly of old +vintages, dating as far back as 1809, and among these was a special +brand brought to America for the first time, and called Solera Lincoln, +it being of the vintage of 1865, the year of Lincoln's assassination. + +The olive-oil exhibit was made by one of the largest exporters of olive +oil in the world. + + +TURKEY. + +The Imperial Government of Turkey with great regret decided, for +financial reasons, not to participate officially in the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition, and therefore no official pavilion was built. The +three functionaries appointed for the Turkish commission were instructed +to aid and to give advice to private exhibitors only who were Turkish +subjects and who could be accommodated in exhibit buildings. + +The three officials appointed were Chékib Bey, envoy extraordinary and +minister plenipotentiary to the United States, commissioner-general; Dr. +Hermann Schoenfeld, consul-general in Washington, associate +commissioner-general; George Eli Hall, consul-general in San Francisco, +secretary-general of the commission. + + +VENEZUELA. + +The participation of Venezuela in the St. Louis Exposition was +authorized in the month of October, 1903, immediately after the end of +one of the most sanguinary civil wars known in the history of the +country. The following-named gentlemen were appointed as commissioners +of the Venezuela Government: Gen. Cipriano Castro, honorary president; +Eugenio M. Ambard, commissioner-general; Dr. H. Lameda, attaché; H. +Meinhard, secretary. + +The amount of the Government appropriation was at first $25,000, but +this amount was soon exhausted and smaller amounts were subsequently +sanctioned for the maintenance, transportation, and installation of +exhibits. The total amount of appropriation was $30,000. There was +absolutely no private contribution in cash. The approximate value of the +exhibits was about $105,000. + +Some of the most interesting features of the exhibition were: + +First. A collection of over 200 varieties of fibers prepared under +different processes and taken from different altitudes. Nearly all were +prepared by a machine invented by Dr. J. Lameda, who collected and took +the greatest interest in the fiber exhibit. From the coarsest to the +finest were to be found among these fibers. The longest was of the musa +variety, a coarse fiber which grows to the length of 10 feet. The +_Annanassa sativa_, a fine fiber, grows to the length of 5 feet. This +was the only collection of the kind at the exposition or which has ever +been shown at any other exposition. + +Second. The magnificent collection of hard woods from the Government +States of Carabobo, Zulia, and Guayana, each comprising over 600 +specimens of native logs, woods for cabinetwork, for building +construction, lumber, staves, dyewoods, tanning, resinous, oil, rubber, +and fragrant woods. + +Third. A most unique and complete collection of forest plants, roots, +herbs, leaves, barks, seeds, fruits, resins, gums, and dyeing and +flavoring materials used by herbalists and pharmacists. These were +collected, prepared, and classified by E.M. Ambard. + +Fourth. A complete collection of all the minerals and precious stones +(uncut) found in South America, prepared, collected, classified, and +catalogued by Dr. Louis Plazard, who devoted nearly all his life to this +work. + +Fifth. A collection of cocoa beans from different regions, which is +considered to be one of the best and most nutritious cocoas in the +world, and has always obtained a far higher price than any other cocoa; +also a collection of coffee from different altitudes, considered by +authorities to be of very fine flavor and high grade. + +The Venezuela Government had no special building. The exhibits were +shown in the various exhibit palaces on the grounds. + + +VATICAN. + +The Holy See having been requested to take part in the Louisiana +Purchase Exhibition, accepted the invitation and sent to St. Louis, Mo., +as its commissioner, Mr. Francis Cagiati, of Rome. + +The exhibits sent by the Vatican to the fair were phototypical +reproductions of the most valuable manuscripts existing in the Vatican +Library, as well as some excellent specimens of works in mosaic, +manufactured by the Studio del Mosaico Vaticano. + +No special building was erected for the Vatican exhibit, but as the +special nature of the objects required, the entire exhibit was placed in +the Administration Building. + +The exhibits sent by the Holy See to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition +were as follows: + +Copies of valuable manuscripts, codes, and documents from the Vatican +Library. + +The Roman Virgil (fifth century), the miniatures of the Greek Palatine +Balter (twelfth century), the famous Greek Vatican Bible (fourth +century), the Vatican Virgil (fifth century), the miniatures of the +Bible of the Patricins Leo (tenth century), selected pages from the +Papal Letter Book (eleventh century), Papal letters regarding Greenland +(ninth century), earliest Papal documents regarding America (sixteenth +century), the miniatures of the Ottobonian Pontifical (fifteenth +century), the Palmipsett manuscript of the (de republica) of Cicero +(fifth century), the ivories of the Christian, Museum of the Vatican +Library. + +Many phototypical and photographical reproductions of the Borgia rooms, +Sistine Chapel, Raphael's Stanze. + +Forty-one different pieces of mosaic work. + +The death mask of Leo XIII. + +Cast of the right hand of Leo XIII. + + + + + + +APPENDIX 4. + +REPORTS OF STATES, TERRITORIES, AND DISTRICTS. + + + +ALABAMA. + +Committee on Birmingham district exhibit: Fred M. Jackson, president; J. +B. Gibson, secretary; J.A. MacKnight, special representative; Rufus N. +Rhodes, Culpepper Exum, F.H. Dixon, George H. Clark. + +The legislature of Alabama failed to provide any funds for an exhibit of +the resources of that State. A commission which had been appointed by +the governor to attend to the business for the State was powerless to +act and gave up the undertaking. In consequence of this failure the +Commercial Club of Birmingham decided, when it was almost too late to +arrange for any kind of an exhibit, to make a display of the State's +mineral resources by means of a fund raised by popular subscription. The +actual amount of money raised was approximately $20,000. + +After considerable discussion the Commercial Club decided, upon a +suggestion made by J.A. Mac Knight, to build a colossal statue of +Vulcan, god of fire and metals, in iron. F.M. Jackson, president of the +club, and J.B. Gibson, secretary, took a deep interest in the matter, +and as a result the work was commenced in October, 1903. Great +difficulty was met with in securing the services of a competent sculptor +who was willing to build the model for such a statue, which was to be of +a height of at least 50 feet. Mr. Mac Knight was appointed special +representative of the club to promote this work and finally secured the +services of Mr. G. Moretti, a sculptor residing in New York, who +undertook to perform the task and to complete it in time for the +exposition. + +The model of this colossal statue of Vulcan was first built in clay at +Passaic, N.J., where Mr. Moretti carried on the work under adverse +circumstances and through the zero weather of the winter of 1903-4. It +was then cast in plaster of Paris in sections, which were braced and +stayed with scantling on the inside of the shell, to be used as patterns +in the foundry. The entire model was shipped to Birmingham, Ala., on +seven flat cars, its bulk rendering it impossible to put it in box cars. +As soon as it reached Birmingham the work of casting the figure in iron +was begun in the foundry of the Birmingham Steel and Iron Company. + +Mr. Moretti went to Birmingham to keep the patterns in condition during +the process of casting, and it was well that he did so, because the +extreme cold had frozen the plaster casts before they were dry, +rendering them so brittle that many of them were broken in handling, and +the head itself was crumbled into a hundred pieces and had to be +entirely remodeled. + +Iron manufacturers from all parts of the world have said in regard to +this statue that it was the most remarkable piece of iron casting they +had ever seen. An agent of the Japanese Government was present at +Passaic to watch the building of the model, and followed the work to +Birmingham to make notes on the methods of casting it in iron. He also +went to St. Louis and remained during its erection in the Mines Palace, +and made an extended report to his Government on the subject. + +The statue was successfully completed and set up in the exposition +within three weeks after the day of opening. At the close of the +exposition it was taken down and removed to Birmingham, where it is to +be set up in a public park. Its height is 56 feet, and its weight a +little more than 60 tons. The head was cast in one piece and weighed +over 17,000 pounds. There were 20 casts in all, including the anvil and +anvil block. The statue, which was intended to show forth the colossal +iron deposits of Alabama, representing primitive man at the time he +discovered the method of hardening iron into steel. Vulcan held aloft in +his right hand the finished spearhead as a result of his knowledge and +handicraft. It is the largest cast statue in the world, and it could not +be duplicated for less than $40,000. + +The space occupied by the exhibit collected and installed by the +Commercial Club was 62 by 32 feet on the south side of the Mines +Building, and contained approximately 2,000 square feet. The statue of +Vulcan stood in the center of one side of the space facing the center of +the Mines Palace. It was placed on a platform built upon nine heavy +piles, which were driven to bedrock. The figure was perfectly poised +when set up, but as an additional safeguard anchor bars were run down +through the legs and through a heavy timber, which was bolted to the +piles. These passed through plates on the inside of the timber and were +screwed up tight. The rest of the space was occupied by a complete +exhibit of raw mineral products from all parts of Alabama and especially +iron and coal from the Birmingham district. The raw materials embraced +the following: Brown hematite iron ore, soft red ore, hard red ore, +bituminous coals, building stone, gray iron, limestone, dolomite, +kaolin, clays, cement rocks, gold ores, copper ore, lignite, and glass +sand, and a long list of other minerals which have not been developed. +The products of coal and iron were coke and pig iron. The finished +products were as follows: Open-hearth steel rails, bar and angle iron, +car wheels, bar steel, steel plate, sewer pipe, and vitrified brick. +This entire exhibit was displayed in an attractive manner and was the +object of a great deal of comment by visitors to the exposition and by +newspapers throughout the country and Europe. + +A display of Alabama marble was made in the form of a head of Christ, +which was carved by Moretti, while he was at work on the Vulcan statue +at Birmingham. This marble is of exceedingly fineness and whiteness. +Moretti gave it as his opinion that this marble is equal to the best +Carara or Parian marbles, and it is believed that the making of this +exhibit will lead to the development of the marble deposits of Alabama, +which are believed to be very extensive and of superior quality. The raw +materials displayed offer to capital and enterprise a number of splendid +opportunities. The glass sands are probably destined to place Alabama in +the front rank in glass making in the future, while the following +resources were displayed in such abundance and were of such excellent +quality as to offer the greatest inducements to capital and skill: + +An exhibit of porcelain clays and kaolins, which should lead to the +establishment of the manufacture of all kinds of crockery and pottery +ware near these deposits. + +The cement rocks, which formed a principal part of the exhibit, have +already attracted capital, and Portland cement of the highest quality is +now being manufactured to a limited extent. Large industries in this +line are to be located near these deposits, which are among the finest +in the world and in inexhaustible quantity. + +The beds of lignite, of which samples were on exhibition, are said to be +of very superior quality. No artificial binder is required to make this +material up into briquettes for fuel. It is understood that very +profitable enterprises in this line are to be built up near these +deposits. + +The marble deposits, gold and copper ores, and other mineral deposits +were sufficiently exhibited to warrant the assertion that they were +worthy of the fullest investigation. The large deposits of low-grade +gold ore in the eastern part of Alabama, according to exhibitors, will +undoubtedly prove immensely profitable to anyone who may establish a +system to extract the gold economically. + +Owing to the failure of the State to make an exhibit, the authorities of +the exposition recognized the Birmingham committee as the State +commission of Alabama and extended to them the courtesies due to a State +commissioner. The exhibit was maintained through the period of the +exposition, and many thousands of souvenirs of the great statue of +Vulcan were sold at the exhibit. An electric picture machine was +installed, which gave a large series of moving pictures representing the +scenery and life of the Birmingham district. The business of the exhibit +was under the direction of J.A. MacKnight, of Birmingham, throughout +the exposition, and he had his office at the exhibit. + + +ALASKA. + +Members of the Alaska commission.--Thomas Ryan, First Assistant +Secretary of the Interior, chairman; Governor John F. Brady executive +commissioner; Joseph B. Marvin, resident representative; Mrs. Mary E. +Hart, hostess. Honorary commissioners: M.E. Martin, mayor of Ketchikan; +Peter Jensen, mayor of Wrangell; O.H. Adsit, mayor of Juneau; Frank +Bach, mayor of Douglas; John Goodell, mayor of Valdez; L.S. Keller, +mayor of Skagway; D.B. Miller, mayor of Eagle City; W.H. Bard, ex-mayor +of Nome; Anthony Tubbs, mayor of Treadwell; H.P. King, mayor of Nome. + +The district of Alaska appeared at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as +an exhibitor in a national exposition for the first time. The conception +of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and its plans were presented for +the consideration of the Congress of the United States at a time when +the reports of the committees of Congress sent to Alaska to investigate +its resources and needs had aroused the Congress to the duty of enacting +legislation for the development of this great region. In appropriating +the large sum of $50,000 for an Alaska Building and an Alaska exhibit at +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition it was the purpose of Congress to +afford an object lesson as a means of education to the millions of +people who should attend the exposition as to the extent and resources +of this country or territory. The sequel showed that the money was +wisely expended, as the Alaska exhibit had the distinction of being +regarded by the thousand of its visitors as forming one of the most +interesting, instructive, an surprising exhibits shown at the great +World's Fair. + +When the United States, thirty-seven years ago, paid to Russia the sum +of $7,200,000 for the almost unknown territory of Alaska, the purchase +was not generally approved; and even members of Congress denounced it, +regarding the acquisition as a region of icebergs and glaciers. Later, +when gold was discovered in Alaska, the region was regarded as being one +of ice and almost inaccessible gold, and few had the hardihood to +venture within its precincts, even with the possibility of finding gold +as an inducement for the venture. + +Still later, after the reports of the Revenue-Cutter Service and the +recognizances of army officers and naval commanders, the United States +Geological Survey sent men into Alaska to investigate its resources. The +Department of Agriculture tested its capacity for agriculture, the +Bureau of Education established schools and introduced reindeer from +Siberia, the Signal Service began to build telegraph lines and to +inspect the country as to the availability of its rivers and harbors for +navigation, and it became known by the Government that Alaska was richer +in resources by far than had been supposed. This knowledge was not +common to the public, and emigration to that region was tardy. + +The United States could hardly have done more for the furtherance of the +development of the great rich district of Alaska, with its untold wealth +in minerals and its great possibilities in agriculture, than it did by +securing to the people of Alaska an opportunity to display their +resources and products to the inspection of the millions who have +visited the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The exhibits shown by them +excited the utmost wonder and surprise in the minds of many witnessing +them, who had been in ignorance of the resources of their country. +Thousands have been led to investigate and seek further information. The +effect of the Alaska exhibit will undoubtedly be far-reaching and +permanent; nor can it be doubted that Congress will supplement this +contribution to Alaska's welfare in the near future by legislation which +shall secure the one great need of Alaska--inland transportation. + +An appropriation of $50,000 for the Alaskan exhibit at the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition was made by act of Congress March 3, 1903, as +follows: + + To enable the inhabitants of the district of Alaska to provide + and maintain an appropriate and creditable exhibit of the + products and resources of that district at the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition in the city of St. Louis, Missouri, in + nineteen hundred and four, and to erect and maintain on the site + of said exposition a suitable building to be used for the + purposes of exhibiting the products and resources of said + district, the sum of fifty thousand dollars, to be subject to + the order of the Secretary of the Interior, who is hereby + authorized to expend the same in such manner as in his judgment + will best promote the objects for which said sum is appropriated + in accordance with the rules and regulations to be prescribed by + him. + +After the passage of the act of Congress which made appropriation for +the Alaska exhibit, providing that the sum appropriated should be +expended by the Secretary of the Interior in such manner as in his +judgment would promote the objects for which the sum was appropriated, +in accordance with rules and regulations prescribed by him, one of his +first acts was the appointment of Hon. Thomas Ryan, First Assistant +Secretary of the Interior, chairman of the Alaska commission, to have +immediate charge at the Department of the elaboration of the exhibit. +Later Governor John G. Brady was appointed executive commissioner, and +entered upon the task of gathering together and forwarding to the +exposition such collections of exhibits as would best represent and +illustrate the products and resources of Alaska. + +Still later Mr. Joseph B. Marvin was appointed special agent of the +Alaska exhibit and was sent to St. Louis in December, 1903, to +superintend the construction of the Alaska Building, to attend to all +accounts with the Department, and to arrange for the installation of the +exhibits as they arrive. + +Mrs. Mary E. Hart was employed January 1, 1904, to assist in the +securing of the exhibits in Alaska, especially in the Department of +Education, and upon the opening of the exposition Mrs. Hart was directed +to proceed to St. Louis, where she was designated as hostess and placed +in charge of the bureau of information in the Alaska Building. At the +same time attendants were selected, whose duty it was to explain the +exhibits to visitors. + +The executive commissioner, the honorary commissioners, the hostess, all +of the attendants, and those employed in collecting exhibits in Alaska +were all Alaskans, the attendants being especially selected because of +their acquaintance with Alaska and its products. + +It was the desire of the executive commissioner that the utmost +hospitality should be shown to all visitors at the Alaska Building, and +the commodious and homelike parlors on the second floor of the building +were free to the public, maids being employed for special attention to +the wants of ladies and children. + +The principal exhibits in the Alaska Building related naturally to the +mining interest of the country. + +One of the most impressive and significant exhibits was a gilded cube, +about 3 feet in diameter, representing the size of a block of gold worth +$7,200,000, which was the amount paid by the United States to Russia for +Alaska, and beside it, inclosed in a brass railing, a gilded pyramid of +blocks representing the amount of gold taken each year since 1882 from +the Treadwell mine in Alaska, aggregating $21,800,000, a sum which is +three times the amount paid for Alaska taken from one mine. + +The ore exhibit, especially of gold and copper ores, was very large, +filling a glass case 75 feet long and 5 feet high. These ores were +collected by an expert mineralogist employed by the Alaska commission, +and included specimens from nearly all the mines in Alaska. + +Following is a list of exhibits, showing the principal industries the +country, as displayed throughout the building: Marble, canned goods, +furs, coal, oils, guano, vegetables and fruit, Indian basketry and +curios, and mounted specimens of game and fish. + +An interesting exhibit of Alaskan ethnology was made, twenty totem poles +and two native houses and one war canoe being located about the +building. The totem poles came from different places on Prince of Wales +Island and from two different tribes. At an old village called Tuxekan +four were obtained. These represented the totem or heraldic sign of each +family, and the back part of the totem was excavated to receive the +charred bones of friends and ancestors of the man who raised it. The +Thlingits were in the habit of burning their dead, but carefully +preserved all the charred embers from the funeral pile. These totem +poles were always erected on great occasions, and the bones were usually +carefully wrapped in a new blanket and incased in the back part of the +totem. + +The Commission was fortunate in securing for the exhibit a fine +collection of samples of grains raised at the experiment stations at +Alaska, consisting of the grains in the straw and thrashed grains, +including wheat, rye, barley, and oats. These samples were handsomely +displayed, some of the grains and straw being tastefully arranged on the +walls, covering a space 10 by 40 feet, and the balance in a pyramid some +10 feet high and 8 feet in diameter. The thrashed grains were displayed +in glass jars. The grasses were shown in bales of hay. The display of +cereals and grasses was one of the most important, instructive, and +surprising to visitors of any display in the Alaska Building, for it +demonstrated the fact that agriculture is possible in Alaska, and +seekers of the treasures of the mines may always feel sure of +subsistence. + + +ARIZONA. + +Arizona commission.--A.J. Doran, chairman; B.F. Packard, treasurer; +H.B. St. Claire, secretary; Mrs. J.A. Black, commissioner; R.N. +Leatherwood, superintendent of exhibits. + +The Arizona Building stood near the southeast entrance of the grounds. +Its architecture was Spanish, belonging to the sixteenth century. It +contained seven rooms, elegantly furnished and decorated. The cost of +the building was approximately $5,000. During the exposition period a +large amount of literature descriptive of the Territory and its various +resources was distributed. + +The exhibits in the Arizona State Building other than those placed +therein by the board of managers were a prehistoric collection loaned by +Mrs. M. Aguria, of Tucson, Ariz., valued at $5,000; an oil painting of a +mountain scene in southern Arizona, loaned by Mr. A.J. Scofield and +valued at $4,000; a collection of Indian baskets, rugs, and blankets +(Navaho), valued at $600; an exhibit of cactus picture frames, loaned by +F.E. White, of Florence, Ariz., valued at $250. + +The Territory made exhibits in the departments of Mines and Metallurgy, +Education, Agriculture and Horticulture. The exhibit in the Palace of +Mines and Metallurgy occupied a space of 80 feet frontage by 20 feet in +depth. In all, nearly 300 mines were represented by characteristic ores +showing actual values rather than specimens, including in nearly every +exhibit the inclosing and country rocks in which the vein matter +occurred. These exhibits were arranged in two tiers, running the full +length of the space, each mine having its distinctive ore placed on +wooden mounts, appropriately labeled, giving the county, district, +owner, name and character of ore, and its value per ton in gold, silver, +copper, or lead. The exhibit also showed free gold, native silver, +native copper, copper bars, lead-silver bars, copper ingots, onyx (rough +and polished), marble (rough and polished) building stone of various +kinds, lithographic stone, petrified wood in rough and polish, meteoric +iron, etc.; also photographic views of many of the mines, mills, +reduction works, and localities from which the exhibits were taken. The +value of the exhibit was approximately $20,000 and the cost of +installation $1,900. + +The educational exhibit in the Education and Social Economy Building +represented the school work of the Territory from the kindergarten to +the academic grade, showing the educational system and the progress made +in Arizona. The value of the exhibit was approximately $2,500 and the +cost of installation $750. + +The agricultural exhibit in the Agricultural Building showed the various +products of the soil of the Territory. Wheat, oats, barley, corn, Kaffir +corn, sorghum, millet, alfalfa seed, alfalfa, hay, vegetables, olives, +olive oil, preserved fruits, dates, etc., were displayed The exhibit +cost approximately $875. The cost of installation was $1,500. + +In the Horticultural Building there were maintained throughout the fair +from 130 to 160 plates on the table, which held the following: Valencia +late oranges, Washington navel oranges, Mediterranean sweets, lemons, +limes, grape fruit, citronella, tangarines, grapes, plums, quinces, +apricots, plum grabites, pears, cantaloupes, melons, olives, olive oil, +pickled olives, etc. The value of the exhibit was approximately $2,500 +and the cost of installation $950. + +The amount appropriated by the legislative act for the participation of +Arizona was $30,000 in bonds, which were sold for 7 per cent. premium, +thus making available from that source $32,000. No other funds from any +source came into the hands of the board of managers. + + +ARKANSAS. + +_Members of Arkansas commission_.--George R. Belding, president; J.C. +Rembert, secretary; Thomas W. Milan, manager; George T. Lake; John P. +Logan, superintendent horticultural department; A.H. Purdue, +superintendent mines; H.T. Bradford, agriculture department; Miss +Lizzie Cage, assistant lady manager. + +In May, 1901, the legislature of the State of Arkansas enacted a bill +appropriating the sum of $30,000 for the erection and maintenance of a +State building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and for the +installation and maintenance of the exhibits of the State. Subsequently, +in 1903, the State legislature appropriated a further sum of $50,000 for +the purpose of the State exhibit. There were no private subscriptions, +the entire cost of the State building and maintenance thereof being +borne by the State appropriation. + +The cost of the installation and transportation of the different +exhibits made by the commission was $18,102, besides the cost of +returning the exhibits. + +The Arkansas Pavilion at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was a fine +specimen of Georgian architecture, of the type so much used throughout +the South in antebellum times. The adaptation of the colonial features +to the purpose for which the building was used was most admirable. The +location, with its foreground of grass and forest trees, produced an +effect suggesting age and permanency that few buildings on the ground +possessed. In fact, on coming upon the building unexpectedly, one would +presume that it had occupied its site for two generations at least. The +building was arranged for the entertainment of the Arkansans visiting +the fair, and served the purpose of a clubhouse and general headquarters +for thousands of people. + +The principal feature of the plan of the building was the large +reception hall in the center, connecting through wide openings two +reception rooms, one on either side, and an exhibit room in the rear. On +this floor there were also four smaller rooms used as commissioners' +headquarters, manager's office, post-office, and lady manager's +headquarters; also wide hallways at right angles to the principal axis +of the building. + +The second story of the building contained the library, auditorium, +headquarters of the State Bankers' Association, and ladies' parlor, four +sleeping rooms, together with the general toilet rooms. + +The three exterior porticos were connected with wide terraces, affording +over 3,000 square feet of floor space. The building was constructed +entirely of Arkansas timber, and was designed by Frank W. Gibb, A.I.A. +A., architect, Little Rock, Ark., and constructed at a cost of +$19,944.05. + +At the conclusion of the fair the building was sold to a citizen of +Arkansas, where it is to be reerected as a residence. + +In the building were exhibited many handsome pieces of art and +fancywork, burnt-wood plaques and panels, china work, a large silk map +of the United States, showing States, rivers, railroads, principal +towns, etc.; oil paintings, pictures, and portraits, and miscellaneous +exhibits. + +In the main exhibit hall of the building was a composite exhibit made by +the land department of the Iron Mountain Railroad, consisting of a +collection of minerals found in the State, samples of the various woods +of the State, a wooden library of seventy-five volumes, each book being +made of a different kind of Arkansas wood, paintings and pictures of +Arkansas scenes, and a historic clock made in Germany in 1763 for the +Duke of Saxony, and samples of mineral waters of Montgomery County. + +The Arkansas State commission maintained five exhibits in the exhibition +palaces, viz, Agriculture, approximate value, $7,500; Horticulture, +approximate value, $9,300; Forestry, approximate value, $3,500; Mines +and Metallurgy, approximate value, $6,500; Education, approximate value, +$3,600. In addition to these State exhibits, the city of Hot Springs +maintained in the Government Building a unique exhibit in the nature of +a cave or grotto made of quartz, crystals. + + +CALIFORNIA. + +_Members of California commission_.--Frank Wiggins; J. A Filcher; George +A. Dennison, secretary; Lewis E. Auburg, chief department of mining; +George C. Roeding, chief department of horticulture; W.H. Mills, chief +department of forestry; Robert Furlong, chief department of education. + +On March 25, 1903, the legislature of the State of California passed a +bill appropriating the sum of $130,000 for the purpose of adequately +exploiting California's resources and progress at the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition, and providing for two commissioners--one to have had one +year's residence in the southern half of the State; both to have had +experience in installing and managing exhibits at former, expositions. +In addition to this appropriation, there was about $120,000 raised by +the various counties of the State for exclusive county displays to be +installed in the Agricultural Building. These displays were intended to +set forth the possibilities of California in an agricultural and +horticultural way. The cost of installation of said features was about +$40,000. The transportation of all the exhibits, including those of the +counties, which were paid by the State, amounted to, approximately, +$15,000. + +The California State Building was located on "The Trail" in the vicinity +of the buildings erected by Georgia and other Southern States, and was +always an object of interest to sightseers at the fair. The pavilion was +built after the Mission style of architecture, modeled after the houses +in which the old Spanish settlers in California used to live. The front +of the building was an exact copy in reduced proportions of the Mission +at Santa Barbara, which was erected by the Franciscan monks in 1786. The +pavilion contained no special exhibits, but its furnishings and +decorations were entirely of Californian material, manufactured by +Californian labor. The cost of the building complete was about $17,000, +the balance of the appropriation by the State being consumed in the +collection of the exhibit, its maintenance, and in general +demonstration. + +In the Forestry Pavilion California showed altogether 73 varieties of +commercial and cabinet woods. A separate exhibit in the same place +displayed an exhibit of the fish and game of the State. Just outside of +the building there was an exhibit of forestry containing five logs, or +timbers, which were too heavy to be placed on the Exhibition Building +floor. + +In the Agricultural Building the State made a distinctive feature of +wine, dried fruits, canned fruit, processed vegetables, honey, hay, +hops, canned fish, seeds and cereals, grasses and vegetable fibers, etc. +A façade was erected in this department and decorated most artistically. +The counties made separate displays. Altogether 23,300 feet of space was +occupied by the State in agriculture, exclusive of aisles. + +In the Horticultural Building the State occupied 9,000 square feet of +space and made a strong showing of processed fruits, fresh fruits, nuts, +and a panoramic scene illustrating methods of orchard irrigation. There +was also shown a cabinet containing the insects that prey on California +orchards, and their parasites. + +An operating mill and concentrators were displayed in the Mining Gulch, +and in the Palace of Mines the State occupied 5,200 feet of floor space +with an exhibit showing all the commercial minerals of California. +Altogether there were forty-odd varieties. + +In education a strong showing of the university work was made in one of +the alcoves, 40 by 40 feet, and 2,000 feet of floor space was occupied +for the general artistic exhibit of school work from the kindergarten to +the high school. This was inclosed within a characteristic façade of +California redwood, finished in natural color. + +A handsome display was a butter feature in the refrigeration department +of agriculture with a beautiful modeled goddess of California, draped in +fruits. Incubators were shown in the proper department, and on the +grounds and in the conservatory were exhibited about 600 rare plants and +shrubs and some tropical fruit trees. + + +COLORADO. + +The Colorado legislature of 1901 appropriated $50,000 for the purpose of +making a display of Colorado products and resources at the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition and provided for the appointment by the governor of +the State of a board of five commissioners, of which the governor should +be a member and ex officio president. In 1903 an additional $100,000 was +appropriated and the board was increased from five to seven members. + +The following-named persons composed the Colorado commission: + +Governor James H. Peabody, president; T.J. O'Donnell, vice-president; +Paul Wilson, commissioner in chief; I.N. Stevens, secretary; Harry +Cassady, treasurer; Mrs. Lionel Rose Anthony; William F. Sperry; John A. +Wayne, assistant to commissioner in chief; Maria W. Stewart, assistant +treasurer. + +The appropriation by the legislature of 1903 unfortunately was placed in +the fifth-class appropriation, and not all of the sum was available for +the use of the board; but by arrangement of other departments of the +State government and with the State institutions of Colorado $80,000 of +the $100,000 was made available for the State's participation in the +exposition. + +The work of the board was divided into six departments, all under the +direction of Commissioner in Chief Paul Wilson, as follows: + +Mining Department, Mr. I.N. Stevens, chairman; Horticultural +Department, Mr. Paul Wilson, chairman; Agricultural Department, Mr. +Harry Cassady, chairman; Educational Department, Mrs. I.R. Anthony, +chairman; Forestry, Fish, and Game Department, Mr. T.J. O'Donnell, +chairman; Fine Arts Department, Mr. W.F. Sperry chairman. + +The exhibits of the resources of the State were collected from every +portion of the State in these various departments. + +The value of the mining exhibit placed by the State of Colorado on +exhibition in St. Louis was $500,000; the value of the agricultural +exhibit, $10,000; horticultural exhibit, $8,000; educational exhibit, +$15,000; forestry, fish, and game exhibit, $7,500. + +The approximate cost of installing and caring for these exhibits was as +follows: + +Mining Department ........................ $25,000 +Horticultural Department ................. 10,000 +Agricultural Department .................. 15,000 +Educational Department ................... 12,000 +Forestry, Fish, and Game Department ...... 10,000 + + +CONNECTICUT. + +The legislature of Connecticut appropriated $100,000 for the +participation of that State at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The +following commissioners were appointed by the governor of Connecticut, +according to an act of the legislature passed April 2, 1903: + +Frank L. Wilcox, president: Charles Phelps, vice-president; J.A. Vail, +secretary-treasurer; Edgar J. Dolittle, Isaac W. Birdseye, Phelps +Montgomery, Mrs. Louis R. Cheney, Mrs. George H. Knight, Miss Anne H. +Chappell. National commissioners: Frederick Betts, Mrs. John M. +Holcombe. Resident commissioner, Hobart Brinsmade. + +The Connecticut State Building was intended to represent colonial +design. In its main exterior features it was a replica of the Sigourney +mansion in Hartford, built about 1820 by Charles Sigourney, whose wife +Lydia Huntley Sigourney, was highly regarded as a poet in her time. In +later years it was the home of Lieut. Governor Julius Catlin. The +architect of the Connecticut building was Edward T. Hapgood, of +Hartford. The interior plan was designed to combine colonial ideas with +modern requirements, which were carried out to such extent as to make it +one of the most attractive and homelike structures on the exposition +grounds. It was erected by The H. Wales Lines Company, of Meriden, +Conn., at a cost of about $31,000, and official inspectors pronounced it +the best-built edifice at the exposition. The walls of the rooms on the +first floor and the upper hall were hung with five different designs of +exquisite silk tapestry, the gift of the Cheney Brothers, of South +Manchester. These added a "finishing touch" that found no comparison +elsewhere on the grounds. The furnishing of the building was in +excellent harmony with its colonial design. Highboys and lowboys, +Chippendale, Hepplewhite and Windsor chairs, Sheraton and +thousand-legged tables, flax wheels and warming pans were associated +with canopied high-post bedsteads, while corner cupboards revealed rare +copper-luster china of almost untold value. As a colonial exhibit it was +unique, and had it been entered in competition for reward would most +surely have been given the grand prize. The souvenir catalogue issued by +the Connecticut commission contains a list of 514 articles, most of them +loaned from various Connecticut homesteads. The catalogue also contains +a list of oil paintings and water colors, all by Connecticut artists, +which embellished the walls of the building, the selection being made by +Charles Noel Flagg, of Hartford, chosen by the commission for that +service. + +The collective exhibits of Connecticut were in the following-named +departments: Education, farm products, tobacco, dairy, horticulture +(including pomology), herbarium, public parks and residential grounds +(photographs), and shellfish. The grounds surrounding the Connecticut +Building form part of the State horticultural exhibit. + +On account of the limited appropriation it was necessary to abandon the +live exhibit of Connecticut in the Fish and Game Building. With the +limited amount of stock which the oystermen had, owing to the lack of +"set" for a number of years, they considered it a detriment to +advertise, and it was only through a regard for the commission that any +of the larger cultivators would contribute to the exhibit. + +The exhibit was advantageously placed in the center of the Forest, Fish, +and Game Building and attracted a great deal of attention from visitors +and will undoubtedly prove of material advantage to an immense State +industry. + +On one side of the booth the strictly State exhibit was placed, showing +in the cases the oysters of all ages, their enemies, and various +curiosities in growth and development. Over the cases were maps of the +oyster grounds, with photographs showing the oyster houses, docks, and +steamers. On the opposite side were individual displays of several of +the larger cultivators. + +Connecticut made a good display. Fifty-eight different specimens of nuts +attracted much attention, many of the varieties shown now growing in the +West and South, and being seen for the first time by many of the +visitors. + +Much interest was manifested in flint (Yankee) corn, as it was called by +people of the West and South, and many samples were given to people from +all parts of the United States and to some from foreign countries. + +Samples of grass taken from a field yielding 121 tons to the acre far +surpassed any yield of alfalfa claimed from the rich soil of California +or any other Western State. + +Exhibit of tobacco leaf and the continuous and frequent favorable +comment demonstrated clearly that its reputation as a State growing fine +quality of wrapper leaf is confined to no small area. + +Connecticut has the credit of being the only New England State which +made any dairy exhibit, and in this exposition Connecticut did what she +has never before attempted. An entry was made for the permanent exhibit +as well as for the butter sent for scoring. The lower part of this space +was filled with packages of butter, both tubs and prints, handsomely +arranged so as to make an artistic display. + +This was surmounted with a form like a large open book, on one page of +which was the coat of arms, and the other the Charter Oak, both made +from the butter from Connecticut and from true models. + +The coat of arms and the Charter Oak were exact reproductions. + +These spaces were kept at low temperature by refrigeration, and the +exhibit lasted until the end of the fair. + +Connecticut was the first State to have her exhibit completed. + +About 775 square feet was assigned to Connecticut in Horticultural +Building, and some time before the opening of the exposition, this space +was fitted with tables and other needed appliances. The space assigned +came within the section where only low installation was allowed. As a +result, those in charge were enabled to install the exhibit at much less +expense than anticipated, which accounts for much of the unexpended +portion of the appropriation set apart for this display. The location +was very desirable, being open, airy, and very accessible from all parts +of the hall. + +The exhibit was opened the first day of the fair and was one of the very +few that had the tables fully occupied the opening day of the +exposition. The display, mostly of apples, but including pears and +cranberries, was kept up from stock in storage, using from 5 to 10 +barrels per week until about July 15, when the first apples of 1904 and +some small fruits were available. Soon after that regular supplies were +sent forward, but not until September 15 was the storage stock fully +disposed of and the tables wholly filled with fruit of 1904 and kept in +that condition until the close of the exposition, making the exhibit of +great credit to the State, and the only one from New England. + +During the season all cultivated fruits grown in the State, except +blackberries and raspberries, were shown, even the so-called tender or +perishable fruits being sent in large lots, and usually arriving in very +satisfactory condition. It was expected, at first, that apples and pears +would constitute the exhibit, but a trial shipment convinced the +committee that it was perfectly feasible to send the finer fruits, and +this was continued as long as they were to be obtained. + +In horticulture, Connecticut, after careful consideration, decided to +make only so much of the exhibit of living plants as was needed for the +decoration of the grounds around the Connecticut Building. This was done +apparently to the satisfaction of those interested in the fair and to +the pleasure of people who visited the exposition, for uniformly it was +spoken of as being one of the best planted and decorated grounds around +any State building. + +The collection of the herbarium was most successful. The botanists of +the State gave a great deal of gratuitous labor that it might be +completed. It was exhibited on revolving screens, the first attempt ever +made to so exhibit the flora of a State. It was so arranged that every +specimen was readily available for examination and study. This exhibit, +after the close of the fair, was presented to Trinity College, Hartford, +at the request of the college authorities, they paying all expenses of +its return and agreeing to give it suitable location for exhibition in +their Natural Science Building, where it can be seen and studied by all +interested. + +The parks and public grounds of the State were well represented by +photographs, as were also the private grounds. These photographs have +been returned to Hartford and are now stored in the capitol, awaiting +final disposition. + +In school-garden work Connecticut was a leader, having one of the best +equipped school gardens in the country. Believing that a knowledge of +what this State has done in this work should be known and recognized at +the fair, a committee was created to arrange for a school garden and +conduct the same during the World's Fair, and their work was most +excellent. + + +GEORGIA. + +_Members of Georgia commission_.--Governor J.M. Terrell, ex officio +chairman; O.B. Stevens, commissioner of agriculture; Col. Dudley M. +Hughes, commissioner-general; Glascock Barrett, assistant +commissioner-general; Hugh V. Washington, vice-commissioner-general; F. +B. Gordon, commissioner; H.H. Tift, commissioner. Advisory board: John +M. Egan, Col. P.A. Stovall, E.L. Rainey, I.P. Cocke, Dr. L.H. +Chappell, Harry Fisher, Oliver Porter, Dr. J.H. Turner, W.J. Kinkaid, +A.H. Shaver, W.J. Neal, Dr. T.H. Baker, McAlpine Thornton, James M. +Smith, Dr. J.F. Erwin, H.M. Franklin, E.B. Hook, Col. J.F. De Lacy, +W.S. Humphries, John A. Cobb, R.C. McIntosh, James B. Gaston. + +Situated on one of the main avenues of the exposition, known as "The +Trail," and immediately north of Virginia and opposite Tennessee and +Ohio, was a replica of the home of the late Gen. John B. Gordon at +Kirkwood, near Atlanta, erected by the Georgia State commission as the +official headquarters of Georgia. The building was paid for by a fund +raised by public subscription, at an approximate cost of $16,000. The +house was furnished entirely with Georgian manufactures. The cost of +furnishing the building was approximately $3,000. + +Although the appropriation made by the State of Georgia was only +$30,000, the amount was largely increased by popular subscription from +counties and cities. The $30,000 appropriated by the legislature was +designated as a basis for increasing the State's museum. + +Owing to the lateness of the date that the work of preparing for the +exposition was begun--October, 1903--Georgia did not make so complete +and comprehensive an exhibit of her natural, educational, and +manufacturing advantages as she would otherwise have made. + +In the Forestry, Fish, and Game, Georgia contributed a very fine +exhibit, at a cost of $3,500, of which much the larger part was composed +of Georgia pine. In this department there was a complete exhibit of +naval stores, beginning at the pine tree, showing in detail the +different methods of boxing, gathering the crude products, tools used, +distillation, turpentine, different grades of resin, and its different +by-products. This was donated by the Board of Trade of Savannah, Ga., at +an approximate cost of $2,000. + +In the Agricultural Building, one of the most interesting exhibits +contributed by Georgia was that of the manufacture of the celebrated +Georgia cane sirup, which was demonstrated by two negro women serving +waffles and sirup from a miniature log cabin. Sirup and cabin and +expenses were donated by the Georgia Sirup Growers' Association, and +cost approximately $1,700. There was also a complete display of +sea-island cotton in bales and types, together with threads and the +various cloths manufactured from same, the cost of installation and +maintenance being $2,400. + +Possibly the most interesting and complete exhibit made by Georgia at +the fair was the display of its cotton industry. This consisted of a +pyramid containing cotton-seed hulls, meal linters, crude oil, +surrounded by commercial packages of meal and hulls, refined oils and +lard compounds manufactured from cotton seed. The material and +maintenance cost $12,000. An exhibit of cotton products showing in +detail cotton seed, cotton on the stalk and in bales, cotton-seed oils, +crude and refined, and oil products, lard compounds, food cooked with +cotton-seed oils, and cotton-seed hulls and meals for cattle feeding +showed some of the many uses to which the cotton plant can be put. The +most interesting display in this connection was that of a fountain +flowing cotton-seed oil and surrounded by illuminated columns containing +manufactured products of oils, such as soaps, etc. This display cost +$10,000. + +Georgia being to a certain extent a tobacco State, samples of the "weed" +indigenous to the State and said to be equal to the very best Cuba and +Sumatra tobaccos were shown in the raw leaf and in cases. The exhibit +cost approximately $2,900. + +In the block immediately adjoining the cotton exhibit were displayed 86 +commercial packages of forage grasses donated by farmers throughout the +State, valued at $500; an exhibit of the silk industry, valued at $400; +wheat, oats, field peas of seventy-odd varieties, rye, rice, barley, +flour, bran, peanuts, pecan nuts, corn meal, and all of the varied +agricultural exhibits. These were donated by farmers of Georgia. The +freight, installation, and care of them was provided by public +subscription. The cost of installation, freights, and care, including +the proper show cases and glass containers, which belonged to the State +museum, was estimated, in addition to the amounts enumerated above, at +$12,000. Besides the above items, nearly every city of importance made +appropriations to cover expenses of having prepared for distribution +books and pamphlets calling the attention of the public to the many +advantages of their several localities, at an estimated cost of $10,000. + +Subsequently the Georgia commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition +donated the entire furnishings of the State building to the Georgia +Industrial Home at Macon, Ga., the only nonsectarian orphanage in the +State. + +The resolution creating the appropriation for the installation and +exhibit of Georgia products, which was approved August 17, 1903, +provided-- + + That the sum of thirty thousand dollars should be appropriated, + to be expended in collecting and permanently preserving + specimens of minerals, granite, clays, kaolin, marble, iron, and + such other minerals and precious stones as may abound in or are + found within the State; to further collect specimens of the + field and forest, mills and mines, orchards and vineyards of + this State, and such other matters and things pertaining to the + character and the productiveness of the soils of Georgia; that + when the specimens aforesaid were collected they should be + deposited in the State museum, there to be safely kept and + displayed; and that the exhibit thus collected should be + displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, + Missouri. + + +IDAHO. + +_Members of Idaho commission_.--Gov. J.T. Morrison; James E. Steele, +president; R.W. McBride, vice-president; Mrs. W.H. Mansfield, secretary; +Martin J. Wessels, Idaho section Forestry Building; Dr. Harold J. Read; +Clarence B. Hurtt, executive commissioner; Miss Anne Sonna; Miss +Genevieve Vollmer. + +Idaho was represented by a State building and by exhibits in four of the +great exhibit palaces of the exposition. The building was situated upon +the elevated ground east of the Palace of Agriculture, and the +surroundings made it one of the most attractive spots of the exposition. +The Idaho Building was not big or imposing, but there were few State +buildings on the World's Fair grounds that excited more interest or +inquiry. The building was a bungalow with an open court, in which were +grass and bright flowers. The structure, which was 60 feet square, was +but 1 story high and contained ten rooms. The roof was of red tile and +the exterior of cream-colored staff. The interior finish served to show +the utility of Idaho woods for this particular use. Transparencies and +mounted photographs illustrated the vast forest resources of the State. +Around the court a row of heavy columns supported the overhanging roof, +and a wide cloister behind the columns, paved with brick, afforded a +charming resting place. At the close of the exposition the building was +sold to a citizen of Texas, who is to have it reerected on his ranch, +and it will still bear the name of "Idaho." + +The exhibits of the State were shown in the departments of Education, +Mining, Agriculture, and Horticulture. The State appropriation for the +World's Fair was $25,000. + +While not boasting a large acreage under cultivation, Idaho was a +competitor at the World's Fair with the best of her sisters in the +quality of her field products. The exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture +was impartially chosen and fairly represented all parts of the State +where agricultural interests have a foothold. In the exhibit were 47 +varieties of wheat, 41 varieties of oats, 32 varieties of flax--the only +specimen of white flaxseed known to exist, from the farm of Alonzo +McWillis, of Rosetta, who received a gold medal for his exhibit. Wheat +was shown weighing 62 to 64 pounds to the bushel in comparison with the +standard of 60 pounds. Idaho barley weighs 53 to 54 pounds to the +bushel, while the standard is but 48. A bunch of alfalfa of the second +cutting was received early in October and was more than 6 feet high. +Displays of beans of many varieties, peas, corn, alfalfa, and clover +seed all indicated the resourcefulness of Idaho soil. + +It was not practicable to show Idaho melons, strawberries, and small +fruits in fresh condition, but a display with a showy array of canned +fruits and dried fruits of favorite sorts attracted attention. Idaho +potatoes of the 5-pound class were a part of the exhibit, along with +turnips, carrots, parsnips, onions, and other vegetables. There was a +small showing also of popcorn, sweet corn, and the field varieties. + +The effort to make a complete fruit exhibit on behalf of Idaho had its +justification in the wide advertising its fruit and agricultural lands +would receive from an effective presentation of the products of the many +fine orchards of the State. The exhibit contained many surprises, such +as the soft-shell almonds. Idaho's grape display was a surprise to many +of the States. In the exhibit were about a dozen varieties that are new +in this country, the vines of which were brought from Persia and other +eastern Mediterranean countries. Among these were the Hunisa, a dark +grape which is regarded as a distinct gain to the Pacific slope +grape-growing interests because of its fine flavor and sweetness and +good keeping qualities. + +The educational exhibit was collected by Miss May Scott, State +superintendent of public instruction, installed at State expense, but +maintained at the personal expense of Mrs. S.M. Harris, of Silver City, +and Mrs. C.J. Johnson, of Pocatello. The Boise exhibit showed the work +of all grades, elementary, secondary, and high school pupils doing +themselves and the State credit in comparison with other States. +Lessons, drawings, photographs, and maps were displayed in 37 bound +volumes, besides 5 volumes of district school work and 33 card mounts of +lessons, embracing the 8 grades of the primary schools. Silver City +exhibited graded work from the first to eighth grades, inclusive, very +attractively mounted on cards. Credit is due the Weiser schools, also, +for all-around good work. The schools contributed to the general display +a fine collection of mounted cards in elementary work, and the +Industrial School sent a good display of the work in manual training, +including needlework and photographs of buildings. Moscow made a good +general display of school work, and particularly in composition and +writing. Every community was shown to be alive to the importance of +having good schools. A part of the space in the exhibit was devoted to +photographs of the University of Idaho, about which a great many +questions were asked. The work of the Mountainhouse School was +handsomely bound in a burnt-leather cover. + +The Pocatello public school work was delayed and reached the exhibit so +late that it could not be judged. The display consisted of photographs +of the children and schoolhouses and the work of the schools from the +kindergarten to the high school. The Shoshone County exhibit was +displayed in 79 volumes, embracing the work from the first grade to the +high school work. A number of mounted cards of kindergarten work were +also shown. The Wallace schools were commended for several excellent +examples of map drawing contributed. Kendrick made a good display in 11 +bound books. Coeur d'Alene sent a dozen volumes of bound work. Bonners +Ferry and Sandpoint contributed good work in a number of bound books and +photographs. Idaho County made a good display of raffia work and Indian +pictures, besides the school-work exhibit. The Albion State Normal +School made a large display of photographs showing the institution and +its equipment. Oro Fino sent a collection of drawings, and Council and +Harrison both made good displays of what their schools are doing to keep +up with the times. The work of the Lewiston schools, which would have +formed a conspicuous and very creditable part of the Idaho educational +display, was lost in transit. + +The mineral exhibit of the State at the World's Fair at St. Louis +embraced specimens from every county and mining district. Hundreds of +mines contributed specimens of ore and they were all labeled and +displayed to the best advantage possible in the Idaho booth. The largest +specimens were huge nuggets of lead ore weighing several tons each, +almost pure lead, which occupied a central place in the exhibit and +served to draw attention to the vast collection of other mineral +specimens. Boise, the seat of government, was represented by specimens +of gold-bearing rhyolite from the granite slopes north of the city, as +well as by samples of fire clay of high quality; found partly within the +city limits. From the Black Hornet and Curlew Creek districts came +quartz specimens containing gold and silver. From Bear Creek were +cuttings from the dike formation of low-grade ores that may mean much to +Boise if they be profitably handled. + +There were specimens of lead ores from Halley and Wood Rivet district, +where lead to the value of $20,000,000 has been taken out. These ores +run high in silver, and the revival of interest in the workings there is +a matter of comment. These specimens included some of the Minnie Moore +deposits, the most famous mine in Idaho's history, whose best ores show +70 per cent lead and 110 ounces of silver to the ton. A few specimens of +gold-bearing quartz from the Boise basin were shown, although these +deposits are but partly developed, more interest attaching to the placer +mining, which has produced a hundred million dollars' worth of gold in +the history of this region. The Pearl district contributed good +specimens of oxidized quartz and granite gangue, iron and arsenical +pyrites with zinc blend, and a showing of galena and copper sulphides. +Monaxite, a heavy yellow sand, the ore of thorium, is found here, and is +in considerable demand on account of the new discoveries in the radio +activity of certain minerals. + +From the vicinity of Pocatello were fine specimens of copper and lead +ores having gold and silver veins, iron, and manganese oxide ores. These +came principally from the workings on Rabbit Creek, Pocatello Creek, and +the Hovey group. Coal specimens were shown from the vicinity of +Blackfoot and Idaho Falls. From Bear Lake County were ores carrying +copper, gold, and silver. Coal specimens were shown from the Goose Creek +Mountains and the ranges in the southern part of Cassia County. The +mines all about Silver City, the county seat and mining center, were +well represented. The South Mountain district, south of Silver City, was +represented by ores from some of the reopened mines which had been idle +for many years. + +Ores from the Rocky Bar, Atlanta, Pine Grove, Black Warrior, Neal, Lime +Creek, and Dixie districts made a good representation for Elmore County, +which, on account of its nearness to Boise and railroad facilities, has +been better developed than many other parts of the State. The Yankee +Fork, Loon Creek, and Stanley basin districts of Custer County were all +contributors to the State exhibit of gold and silver ores. The +lead-silver ores of Custer County came from the Bayhorse, Squaw Creek, +Clayton, Poverty Flat, and Slate Creek districts. Copper ores from the +Big Lost River Valley were convincing proof of the richness of mines in +that newly developed part of the State. Fremont County sent specimens of +coal from the rich mines opened a year ago in the eastern part of the +county. + +Shoshone County was represented by huge nuggets of lead-silver ore. Gold +ores from Shoshone County showed the wide distribution of the yellow +metal, which appears in every county in the State. Copper ores from +Shoshone County were an indication of future possibilities in copper +production in the State. + +It was the earnest endeavor of the Commission to make the most of the +opportunities and the means at their disposal to give Idaho and her +resources a thorough advertisement. The press of the country was +interested in Idaho's development, with the result that hundreds of +articles have been printed about the State's large showing at the +exposition in the newspapers of all States. The large number of gold, +silver, and bronze medals awarded to the exhibitors bore evidence of the +success of the work. + + +ILLINOIS. + +To Illinois belongs the distinction of having held the first and, until +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the greatest World's Fair. Naturally +the State of Illinois at that time had a more immediate pride in its +showing and spent a vastly greater sum to gather and shelter its +exhibits than it could afford for an exposition outside of its own +borders; but it is not the opinion of any that Illinois has been +outclassed in any respect at the World's Fair of 1904. With +comparatively a small appropriation, when the $800,000 appropriated by +Illinois in Chicago in 1893, or the $1,000,000 spent by Missouri, in St. +Louis is considered, Illinois has taken a leading part in the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition. It has not only furnished its large share of the +attractions, but it no doubt sent to the exposition the largest number +of visitors from any one State outside of Missouri. + +Only exhibits of a public character were installed at the expense or +through the efforts of the commission. Private enterprises, many of +which took exhibits from this State, were not assisted at the expense of +the commission; but the State exhibits were gathered, prepared, +installed, and cared for wholly or in part at the expense of the State, +authorized by an act of the Forty-second general assembly in 1901, which +appropriated the sum of $250,000 for the purpose. + +The law provided for the appointment of a commission of 15 members. The +members of this commission as originally appointed were: + +Samuel Alschuler, C.F. Coleman, F.M. Blount, I.L. Ellwood, D.M. Funk, +Jos. P. Mahoney, J.N.C. Shumway, H.C. Beitler, C.C. Craig, H.M. Dunlap, +J.H. Farrell, J.H. Miller, P.T. Chapman, C.N. Travous, C.N. Rannals. + +The commission organized by the election of officers, as follows: +President, H.M. Dunlap; vice-president, C.N. Travous; second +vice-president, J.P. Mahoney; treasurer, P.T. Chapman; secretary, John +J. Brown. + +Of the members originally appointed the following afterwards resigned, +viz, I.L. Ellwood, P.T. Chapman, H.C. Beitler, C.N. Rannals, Samuel +Alschuler, F.M. Blount, and were succeeded by John H. Pierce, Albert +Campbell, Walter Warder, W.L. Mounts, T.K. Condit, William J. Moxley. + +The advantage of nearness to the seat of the World's Fair which made +possible the great displays of Missouri was enjoyed and made use of +almost as fully by the sister State of Illinois. In every department of +the exposition the great resources of Illinois were shown. + +The State House was, with possibly two exceptions, the most pretentious +of all the State buildings, and certainly its location was the most +commanding. From the intramural cars this great white structure, with +its generous verandas and its wealth of ornament, could be seen at +several points. It was not on the Plateau of States, but was the +important member of another State group on The Trail, directly west of +the Cascade Gardens. Across the way were the beautiful gardens of Japan, +and the Lincoln Museum was directly north. + +The building was designed along the lines of the French renaissance, but +it was entirely modern in treatment. For instance, in the relief +ornament of frieze and cornice the fleur-de-lis was replaced by the ear +of corn motif. This was Illinois renaissance and was something more than +cut and dried ornament. It was symbolic of the State. + +The two great statues that greeted the visitor were those of Lincoln and +Douglas. The grand central reception hall was done in tones of ivory, +green, and gold, with floor of tile. The medallion center of the tile +was the great seal of the State. At one side of the broad staircase was +a raised platform, on which stood a grand piano. The elevated apartment +served as a reception and music room. + +Opening from the great hall were reading rooms, rest rooms, and the +office of the commission. On the floor above were the suites of +apartments for the governor, the commissioners, and the officers of the +building. The wives of the commissioners served as hostesses, each doing +the honors for a period of ten days at a time. + +One of the most noteworthy features of the Illinois State Home was its +verandas. From these every part of the exposition grounds could be seen, +and the night view was especially glorious. The building was designed by +Illinois architects, erected by Illinois labor, and furnished, for the +most part, by Illinois firms. Hence it was really an expression of the +State it represented. Its cost was $90,000. + +Aside from the State House, the most remarkable exhibits of the State +were those in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy and the Palace of +Agriculture. In the former there was abundant evidence that Illinois is +primarily a mining State, while the latter wholly contradicted this +notion. As a matter of fact, Illinois ranks second to Pennsylvania in +the production of coal, and its quarries yield a fine quality of both +sand and lime stone. The booth in the Palace of Mines contained the +largest block of soft coal ever removed from a mine. It was 6 by 7 by 8 +feet in size and was hoisted 335 feet from the shaft. In the coal +exhibit there were specimens of the product of over 50 mines, with +chemical analyses showing their respective heating elements. + +There was a large display of the clay industry of the State, including +bricks, tile, and pottery. In addition there were shown splendid +specimens of fluorspar, lead, and zinc. + +In the Palace of Horticulture there was an extensive table exhibit of +fresh fruit, especially of apples and the more ephemeral fruits, such as +berries and plums. However, the best display of all was in the Palace of +Agriculture. In the cold-storage case in the dairy section were two +exceptionally good pieces of butter sculpture. They were the busts of +those two great Illinoisans--Lincoln and Grant. + +The most striking feature of the great corn pavilion was an enormous +broom, that was typical both of the production of broom corn and of the +State's broom industry. In the corners were small ornamental booths made +entirely of the native woods of the State. One of these was used as an +office by the secretary. There were several excellent pictures made of +various grains. Among the grain pictures were three that were worthy to +stand together. They were President Lincoln, Governor Yates, and the +great seal of the State. + +By far the largest and most significant part of the exhibit was the +collection of samples of corn planted, cultivated, and harvested by +boys. The League of Corn Growers numbered 8,000 members, and there were +1,100 prizes each year, the first being $500. Each boy submitted 10 ears +of corn from his own patch, together with an account of his experiences +and method. The prize winners attached their photographs to the little +pyramids of 10 ears of fine corn. For the farming industry of the State +it was felt that nothing could possibly be better than this annual +contest. The boy is taught to look upon the scientific cultivation of +the soil as something worthy his best effort. That in which he takes a +personal pride ceases to be drudgery. As a result of this corn contest +much of the danger that all the farmer boys will seek the great cities +may be averted, and it was felt that the great exposition should +encourage the boys in their worthy enterprise. + +There were installed by the Illinois commission 14 separate and distinct +exhibits, including that of live stock. Each exhibit was in charge of a +superintendent and a committee of the commission. + +As soon as the Illinois commission had been appointed the members of the +Illinois State Historical Society felt that the society should make an +exhibit. As the appropriation of $2,000 was small and the time brief for +the preparation of the exhibit, the trustee decided that no better and +more appropriate exhibit could be made than a manuscript and pictorial +life of Abraham Lincoln, these manuscripts and pictures to be arranged +so plainly that they could be understood and appreciated by all. + +The plan of the exhibit was to utilize all the space possible, and as +this was the only exhibit in the Illinois Building it was made as +handsome in appearance as possible. Accordingly 16 large wall frames +handsomely labeled in gold letters were prepared. The labels read as +follows: + +(1) Ancestry of Lincoln. +(2) Youth of Lincoln. +(3) Lincoln at New Salem. +(4) Lincoln as a Surveyor. +(5) Lincoln in the Black Hawk War. +(6) Lincoln as a Lawyer (two cases). +(7) Lincoln in Congress. +(8) Domestic Life of Lincoln. +(9) Lincoln and Douglas. +(10) Lincoln and Douglas Debates. +(11) Lincoln and the Foundation of the Republican Party. +(12) The Campaign of 1860. +(13) Lincoln in Washington, The Cabinet. +(14) The War of Rebellion. +(15) Assassination and Death. + +The titles indicate the character of the contents. + +The agricultural committee was organized, and the scope and character of +the exhibit to be made by Illinois was carefully considered. + +It was determined to devote entire attention to the exploitation of +those products which can be grown most successfully and profitably +within the limits of this State. While the interests of Illinois were, +of course, always given the first consideration, such an exhibit was of +just as much interest and value to adjoining States, or, in fact, to any +countries of the Temperate Zone where similar conditions of climate and +soil exist as in the State of Illinois. + +Accordingly it was determined to exploit the principal crop of the +State, which surpasses all other in value--that of corn. + +It was also planned to exhibit choice specimens of wheat, oats, rye, +millet, sorghum, Kaffir corn, clover, broom corn, and other grains and +grasses, and did exhibit those varieties that can best be raised in the +different sections of the State. The grains were shown both in the sheaf +and thrashed. There were collected over one hundred varieties of native +woods from different sections of the State. + +The installation and exhibit was completed early in May, soon after the +fair opened, except the soil exhibit, which was not finished in all its +details until about a month later. A company of Chicago donated to the +committee an assortment of some thirty new by-products of corn, which +have been manufactured by them in the last few years, including +different varieties of glucose, starch, proteins, and different +varieties of sugar, rubber, dextrine, corn oils, sirups, etc., which +were exhibited in large jars arranged in the form of a pyramid. The +entire agricultural exhibit covered 10,000 square feet of space. + +During the fair additions were made from time to time as the season +progressed, and specimens of grains and corn from the crop of 1904 were +added. + +The exhibit as completed showed the variety and character of Illinois +soil and also showed the elements which they contain and which they lack +in various portions of the State. The proper treatment, cultivation, and +fertilization necessary to bring each kind of soil to the standard and +keep it there; the products that could be raised to best advantage on +these soils; the method of raising them, and the appearance and +characteristics of these crops at various stages of their growth; the +best seed to plant, and, finally, the grown and ripened products and the +various articles manufactured therefrom, and the uses to which they +could most successfully and profitably be put. Attendants were engaged +who were able to fully explain the various features of the exhibit, and +as there were so many things that had never been exhibited or shown +anywhere before the exhibit appealed strongly to those interested in +farming. + +And in this connection it might be stated that thousands of +schoolteachers from every State came to the Illinois section to study +corn in a more scientific manner than they had ever studied it before. +This was especially true of the teachers of the East and South. + +There was no effort made to collect every known grain or grass or seed +that grows upon the farm, but to display such products as were +considered most valuable to the different sections of the State. Only +the leading standard varieties were installed and such valuable +varieties were exhibited in such proportion and in such profusion as to +demonstrate their value in different sections of the State. Large +displays of wheat, oats, grasses, and grains of all kinds, in sheaf and +thrashed, were exhibited, and it was intended to show both the growth of +the root and the stalk, as well as the grain. As an example, more than +thirty varieties of oats were exhibited, showing root growth, stalk +growth, size and length of head, and beside each variety was 1 peck of +the oats thrashed. + +In one corner of our exhibit was erected a triangle of grain pictures, +three in number, each 8 by 10 feet, and made entirely of seeds. One +picture was that of Abraham Lincoln, another Governor Richard Yates, and +a third represented the State seal. + +Upon seven large tables were displayed more than 500 glass bottles of +seeds, ranging from 8 ounces to 1 gallon each. + +But the feature of the agricultural display that attracted more +attention than anything else was the immense display of corn grown by +the farmer boys of Illinois. The commission from the very start +determined to make this display by the farmer boys a strong feature of +the exhibit, and how well their efforts were rewarded is now known by +millions of people who visited the Agricultural Building. The +superintendent solicited special premiums to the amount of $3,500. +Circulars describing the farmers boys' corn contest were placed in the +hands of 120,000 farmer boys in Illinois. Eight thousand entered the +contest. + +Above the two vast pyramids of white and yellow corn, each 20 by 30 +feet, was a handsome banner inscribed "Grown by the farmer boys of +Illinois." + +One of the most attractive and interesting sections of the dairy exhibit +was that installed by the Illinois commission. The statuary in this +exhibit consisted of a full-length ideal statue representing "Illinois," +holding the shield of State with one hand, while the other grasps the +shaft holding the streamer reading "Illinois" in large, clear, golden +letters. On either side of this figure were large busts of Lincoln and +Grant. These busts and the full-length figure were made of pure Illinois +creamery butter. + +The background for the statuary was arranged with the banner won by the +Illinois creameries and two large United States flags, which were in +keeping with the historical character of the two men represented. + +At the sides and in front heavy draperies separated the statuary from +the commercial exhibits, which consisted of print butter from the Elgin +district and from the University of Illinois, arranged in various +designs; also samples of condensed milk, malted milk, and evaporated +cream. + +There were also jars with samples showing the amounts of water, butter +fat, casein, albumen, and other ingredients entering into the +composition of a 30-pound tub of butter. + +Tables showing the value of the great dairy industry of Illinois, the +production of butter and cheese in the Elgin district, the butter and +cheese market of Chicago, and large photographs portraying typical +Illinois dairy cows and Illinois creameries and the condensing plants +occupied prominent positions among the exhibits. Several bulletins from +the University of Illinois agricultural experiment station, showing the +importance of clean milk and pure butter and other information of value +to dairymen, were distributed from the superintendent's desk. The cheese +exhibited consisted of samples made by students at the University of +Illinois, and a large collection installed by M. Uhlmann & Co., of +Chicago, occupied a space in the cheese case directly opposite the +butter exhibit. + +The refrigerator which contained these exhibits had a glass front formed +of three thicknesses of plate glass, with air spaces between. The +temperature inside the case was kept close to the freezing point by an +ice-making machine in constant operation. + +The Illinois commission set apart $15,000 to make a duplication as far +as possible of premiums won by the breeders of live stock exhibited in +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, less than $1,000 of which was +reserved to provide for the necessary expenses incident to printing, +allotting, and distributing the said prize fund. + +The live stock from the State of Illinois won one-twentieth of the +entire premiums offered by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. + +Five thousand square feet of space was secured in the Palace of +Horticulture at the exposition for the exhibit and installation and +fixtures placed thereon prior to the opening of the exposition, May 1, +1904, upon which date the exhibit was put in place and maintained with +apples from storage of 1903 crop until the crop of 1904 began to mature +about June 1. From this latter date fruits of all kinds were supplied as +they matured during the period of the exposition. Among the most popular +varieties of apples exhibited were: For early apples--Yellow +Transparent, Red June, Benoni, Wealthy, Duchess, Maiden Blush. For fall +or early winter--Grimes Golden and Jonathan. Winter varieties--Wine Sap, +Willow Twig, Rome Beauty, Ben Davis. Peaches--Reeves, Elberta, Diamond. +Pears--Bartlett, Tyson, Sechel, Duchess. + +_Mines and metallurgy exhibit._--The mines and metallurgy exhibit +covered a space 25 by 75 feet facing on two of the main aisles near the +southeast entrance to the Mines and Metallurgy Building. + +The installation was uniform with that of the other exhibits of the +State. The object of the exhibit was to show particularly the mineral +and to some extent the mineral industries. + +The most important branch of production, according to its value, was +that of coal. After this came the various materials used in the +manufacture of brick and ceramics. + +The building stone, although limited to a few varieties of limestone and +sandstone, was of great importance, as was also some stone and gravel +used for road material, railroad ballast, concrete, and flux for iron +reduction. + +The exhibit of coal consisted of a series of large blocks intended to +show the character and thickness of the veins; the largest block, +weighing 15 tons, is the largest single piece ever hoisted from a mine. +There are 11 of these blocks from different mines, ranging from the +largest down to one block of 1 ton. + +In clay products the importance of the industry could only be shown by +statistics, as common brick, which is made all over the State in such a +uniform character, are so well known that exhibits are not necessary. + +Neither the geology nor topography offer many opportunities for the +development of stone quarries, but such stone as is extensively used was +displayed. The limestones of the Silurian series are the principal +sources of supply, the quarries about Joliet being among the largest in +the United States. The limestone is generally used in the form of rubble +or rock-faced ashler. + +The exhibit at the United States Fish Commission Building was in the +large aquarium situated in the southeast corner of the building and the +two smaller aquaria immediately adjoining on the right and left. + +In the large aquarium the commissioners decided to show the commercial +fishes of the State--that is, such fishes as were commonly used for +shipping and found in greatest abundance, namely, the carp, buffalo, the +coarser catfishes, and dogfish. The dogfish in the last few years has +become a very important factor in the food supply, having been +previously thrown away as worthless, but is now extensively used by a +class of people in the larger cities and sold alive under the name of +grass bass. In this aquarium has been carried, for a period of seven +months, perhaps the largest amount in weight ever carried in an aquarium +for that length of time with so small a percentage of loss. + +In the smaller aquaria were shown the game fish of the State, a list of +which comprises the black bass, crappie, sunfishes, yellow perch, white +perch, warmouth bass, and the two varieties of striped bass. + +These aquaria have attracted a great deal of attention, particularly +among those who were interested in the subject of fish propagation and +distribution, and gave people a better idea of what Illinois produced +than could have been obtained by any other method. + +The exhibits of the common schools and the five State normal schools +were installed under the direction of the State superintendent of public +instruction. The material of the exhibits was furnished, except that +from the normal schools, by the school districts, without expense to the +commission, and in substantial conformity to the following suggestions, +sent to the schools about November 1, 1903: + +_Classification of schools._--Group 1. Elementary education.--Class 1. +Country schools. Class 2. Semigraded schools. Class 3. Graded schools. +Group 2. Secondary education.--Class 4. High schools. Class 5. Normal +schools. + +Under this classification it is desired to exhibit: (1) Legislation, +organization, general statistics; (2) buildings, photographs, plans, +models; (3) administrative methods; (4) results obtained by methods of +instruction. + +The educational exhibit of the university of Illinois occupied a space +30 by 45 feet, or an area of 1,290 square feet, open upon an aisle on +its long dimension. Against the back and the two side walls were +glass-inclosed cases 7 feet high, and above these were many enlarged +photographs in frames, showing the main buildings, views of the campus, +etc., together with numerous pictures from the department of art and +design, also a set of finely colored plates of the food and game fish of +Illinois. Other cases occupied a part of the central area of the space, +with room for seats and a writing table. + +The exhibits were classified according to general subjects illustrative +of the equipment and work of the colleges of the university from which +they came. An attendant was on hand to supply published documents and +information to visitors. + +The exhibit of the college of science contained diagrams and photographs +and a set of bound volumes of the contributions to science published by +the members of the college faculty, but was otherwise almost wholly +illustrative of the work of only one of its eight departments, that of +chemistry, and in this it was confined to the results of two line of +investigation, which have for some years been closely associated with +the work of the department; first, a study of the chemical composition +and heating value of the coals of the State, and, second, a sanitary +survey of Illinois waters. The importance of the first is emphasized by +the fact that Illinois ranks second among American States in tonnage +output, with a valuation in the aggregate of $35,000,000 annually. + +The agricultural portion of the university exhibit was designed to show +the comparative produce of Illinois soils expressed in terms of both +crops and animal products. The yields shown were of corn, wheat, oats, +beans, potatoes, apples, tomatoes, milk, butter, cheese, port, mutton, +and beef. + +The actual amount of corn, wheat, apples, and other crops shown was the +normal yield of one-hundredth of an acre of standard fertile soil of +Illinois. The milk shown was the amount that should be produced from the +same amount of land when growing crops suitable for milk production, and +the butter and cheese shown were such as could be made from this milk. + +A mounted steer, which when living weighed 750 pounds, represented the +amount of beef that should be produced from an acre of soil in one year. +The same land would produce 10 such sheep as shown, weighing in all +1,100 pounds, or 100 pigs like the roaster shown, or their equivalent, +with a total weight of 1,400 pounds. + +Incidentally the work in soil improvement was shown by a number of +yields from soils naturally deficient in fertility, taken both before +and after treatment, and thus showing the benefit of intelligent methods +of soil restoration. + +The articles contributed by the College of Engineering were arranged in +an alcove, partly inclosed by cases of books and for folding frames, on +which were placed photographs and diagrams mounted on large cards. A +larger case contained the more bulky specimens of the work of students +in the engineering shops. Above these cases were placed on the walls +enlarged views and some original designs by architectural students. + +A large series of good photographs arranged for convenient examination +presented views of all buildings occupied by the College of Engineering, +especially of their interiors, showing class and drawing-rooms, shops +and laboratories, incidentally illustrating much of the equipment of +machines and apparatus. A series of large diagrams and tables afforded +full information concerning the very remarkable increase in the number +of students in attendance during recent years. + +The exhibit of the College of Medicine consisted of a large series of +normal and pathological specimens and dexterously executed dissections +of various portions of the human body. These were mounted so as to show +to best advantage the special peculiarities in each case and so as to +secure permanent preservation. + +_Closing up_.--The closing up of the business of the commission, the +sale of the building, furniture, and exhibits involved considerable +work. The commission on two separate occasions advertised the building +and furniture for sale, advertisements to that effect appearing in the +St. Louis, Chicago, and Springfield papers. Opportunity was given for +the people to bid for the building and furnishings as a whole, for them +separately, or for any part. About sixty separate bids were received, +some for one article only, many for a few pieces of furniture, and a +very few for the building or furniture as a whole. Four bids were +received for the building, viz, $200, $500, $750, and $1,000, the bids +on the building including a provision that all debris from the wrecking +of same should be removed and the ground cleared and left as it was +originally, all of which involved considerable expense. The bid of the +Southern Illinois Construction Company, of East St. Louis, was the +highest, including building, furniture, and furnishings, and amounted to +$4,250. This bid was accepted. Articles in other exhibits not included +were afterwards disposed of and are included in the financial statement, +bringing the amount of salvage to over $5,000. This amount seemed small, +but was in line with the results of all expositions. At Chicago, with a +net appropriation of $662,000 and with a building and furnishings +costing $277,000, the total amount realized from the sale of buildings +and furnishings was $3,926.50. At Omaha and Buffalo the amounts realized +were less than $1,000. + + +INDIANA. + +On March 9, 1903, the legislature of the State of Indiana appropriated +the sum of $150,000 for the necessary expenses of the participation of +Indiana at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. At the same time the +governor of the State was authorized and directed to appoint a +commission of fifteen persons, not more than nine of whom were to be of +the same political party. + +Newton W. Gilbert, president; Henry W. Marshall, vice-president; James +W. Cockrum, secretary; A.C. Alexander, assistant secretary; W.W. +Wicks, W.W. Stevens, W.H. O'Brien, Crawford Fairbanks, D.W. Kinsey, +N.A. Gladding, Frank C. Ball, C.C. Shirley, Fremont Goodwine, Joseph +B. Grass, Stephen B. Fleming, Melville W. Mix. + +The State made altogether seventeen exhibits in the various exhibit +palaces, the total value of which was approximately $60,000. The +exhibits consisted of needlework and lace work in the Manufactures +Building, decorated china in the Varied Industries Building, coal and +stone exhibits in the Mines and Metallurgy Building, horticultural +exhibit in the Horticultural Building, special corn and dairy exhibits +in the Agriculture Building, and general educational, library, college, +State board of health, juvenile courts, department of inspection, school +for feeble-minded youths, and State board of charities exhibits in the +Educational Palace. + +The Indiana Building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was located in +the center of the State group, on one of the most artistic spots within +the exposition grounds. It was designed in the spirit of the French +renaissance, and was intended to be a resting place for all visitors to +meet friends and enjoy social and musical entertainments. + +The building was surrounded by a broad terrace, with balustrade +embellished with flowers and pedestals supporting vases with flowers and +vines. The approach was through a spacious portico, on either side of +which were candelabra of monumental character. A large lounging hall, 30 +by 58, was furnished with heavy leather upholstered furniture. On either +side were men's and women's resting rooms, 19 by 37, back of which were +commodious toilet and retiring rooms. The toilet rooms had tile floors +and walls and partitions made of "novus" sanitary glass, manufactured at +Alexandria, Ind. The resting rooms were wainscoted 7 feet high with +paneled oak, and were luxuriously furnished with rugs, upholstered +furniture, and each was furnished with an upright piano. + +In connection with the lounging hall were a secretary's office, a +post-office, check room, registry desk, and bureau of information. The +broad, spacious stairway in the center led to a landing with Corinthian +columns supporting an art-glass dome. + +Midway was a large landing and on either side were wide stairs leading +to the floor above. This landing merged into a large music room, 25 by +50, superbly furnished with oriental rugs, Louis XIV furniture, and +containing two grand pianos. + +The art-glass decorations throughout the building and in the dome +represented a material whose quality is said to be unexcelled in the +world. + +On the second floor was a large library, or reading room, in which were +kept on file all the State newspapers and magazines; also all the +principal daily papers and monthly magazines. + +At one end of the building was the governor's reception room; at the +other, the commissioners' reception room and private office. In +connection with this latter was the art and literary department of the +State, which contained copies of books by prominent Indiana authors and +original manuscripts and drawings. The paintings which adorned the walls +of the building were the product of Indiana genius. Her artists were +lavish of their time and thought in contributing to the effect sought. +The color scheme of the building was the result of educated taste. + +The electric lighting was a special feature. A multitude of +4-candlepower lamps were used, distributed on the ceiling in pleasant +form, that harmonized the decorative plaster panels. The woodwork +throughout the building was stained and finished in bog oak. Most of the +furniture was of the Mission style, stained to suit the interior finish. + +The building was furnished and decorated luxuriously and in a quiet +character, making an interior that offered comfort and quiet environment +to the weary visitor. At the very beginning it was determined that this +building and the things associated with it and housed in it should speak +the culture and artistic development of Indiana life, and so it has +gathered within its walls the best offerings of literature and art--the +trophies of civilization. + + +INDIAN TERRITORY. + +_Members of Indian Territory commission_.--Thomas Ryan, chairman; F.C. +Hubbard, executive commissioner; H.B. Johnson, honorary commissioner; +A.J. Brown, honorary commissioner; W.L. McWilliams; H.B. Spaulding; +J.E. Campbell; J.J. McAlester; William Busby; Miss Olive Blentlinger, +clerk. + +A fund of $50,000 was expended for the Indian Territory participation in +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Of this amount, $25,000 was +appropriated by Congress and $25,000 was raised by popular subscription +in the Territory. The expenditure, according to the provisions of the +Congressional appropriation, was made under the direction of the +Secretary of the Interior. It was the purpose of the commission to make +the Indian Territory exhibit one that would primarily set forth the +actual condition that existed in the Territory and to advertise the +developments and resources of the same in a comprehensive manner. The +same general lines that were adopted by other States and Territories in +similar work were followed as closely as practicable. + +Because of its limited funds the Territorial commission deemed it +advisable to make exhibits only in the following departments: In the +Mines and Metallurgy Building were displayed the coke and coal, marble, +granite, and oil exhibits. The corn and cotton exhibits were shown in +the Palace of Agriculture. In the Horticultural Building exhibits of the +orchards and gardens of Indian Territory were maintained, and all other +exhibits, such as educational, photographic, mineral specimens, etc., +were installed in the Indian Territory Building. + +The Indian Territory Building was completed and exhibits installed on +the opening day of the exposition, April 30, 1904. It was located on a +beautiful site in the Plateau of States, near the southeast entrance to +the grounds. The building was a two-story colonial structure, 109 by 72 +feet. The first floor contained, besides the large lobby room, two +exhibit rooms. In one of these rooms was displayed the art and +educational exhibit; in the other the photographic exhibit. These two +exhibits--one setting forth the artistic, the other the commercial +development of the residents of the Indian Territory--went far toward +dispelling the somewhat prevalent idea that the Indian Territory is a +wilderness, where progress and civilization are unknown. + +In the art and educational room were displayed many beautiful paintings, +studies, laces, fine needle and bead work, and industrial work, all the +products of Indian Territory students and residents. In the photographic +room were arranged 500 large photographs suitably framed and mounted, +taken from all parts of Indian Territory, and representing the actual +status and present commercial condition in the Indian Territory. + +In the main lobby on the first floor of the Territory Building were +displayed the collections of old Indian pottery, beadwork, etc. These +collections belong to J.E. Campbell, of the Cherokee Nation; Mr. and +Mrs. J.S. Murrow, of the Choctaw Nation; Mr. Thomas P. Smith and Miss +Alice M. Robertson, of the Creek Nation, and were all especially fine +and very valuable, many of the articles being more than a hundred years +old and representing in the highest type the work of the old Indians. +The paintings of Jefferson and his descendants, the work of Mrs. +Narcissa Owen, of the Cherokee Nation, as well as the tapestries by the +same artist, were admired by the many thousands who visited the +Territory pavilion. Mention should be made also of the 100 wild flowers +of the Indian Territory, mounted and framed, the collection of Mr. J.B. +Bushyhead, of the Cherokee Nation. + +The second floor of the Territory Building contained a large reception +hall, ladies' parlors and resting rooms, and the offices of the +executive commissioner. An especially attractive feature about the +pavilion were the large stair landing and the five big windows, two +transparencies being set in each and representing typical scenes from +the Territory. + +The Indian Territory was also represented in three of the exhibit +palaces of the exposition, maintaining booths in the Palace of Mines and +Metallurgy, the Palace of Horticulture, and the Palace of Agriculture. + +The coal fields of the Indian Territory, especially in the Choctaw +Nation, have for years been operated successfully, and within the past +two years the development of the coal industry has been immense. +Petroleum is also found in many parts of the Indian Territory. This +industry, though new, is developing into gigantic proportions. Hundreds +of wells are going down in both the Bartlesville and Muskogee fields, +and the majority of those already opened are good producers. The crude +oil in the Bartlesville field is in grade about the same as the Kansas +oil, while the grade of the Muskogee field is somewhat better. +Railroads, pipe lines, and refineries are being built for handling this +product, which promises to be in such abundant supply. In the Indian +Territory booth in the Mines and Metallurgy Building were shown many +samples of Indian Territory coals and oils. Beside the four large cubes +of the four separate grades of bituminous coal found in the Territory, +there were arranged cases of the finest samples of egg coal, nut coal, +and pea coal, and pyramids of coal and coke were erected. Samples of the +oil from 27 flowing wells, together with samples of the oil sands, were +arranged in glass and formed the background of the booth. Cubes of the +Chickasha granite and the Cherokee marble and many blocks of building +stone, filtering rock, colite, etc., were shown in this booth. A large +relief map, costing more than $2,000, of the Choctaw coal fields and +many pictures and plates of the top works of coal mines, oil wells, and +asphaltum works were attractively placed in this booth. + +A comprehensive display of the corn and cotton products of the Indian +Territory was made in the two booths maintained in the Palace of +Agriculture. The Indian Territory is particularly a cotton country. No +finer staple is sold on the Liverpool market than that which grows in +the bottoms along the Arkansas, Verdigris, Canadian, Washita, and Red +rivers. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, and, in fact, all grains and products +that flourish in such States as Kansas, Iowa, and Illinois do equally +well in Indian Territory. With practically an unvarying temperature and +abundant rainfall the "Indian lands" will, within a few years, be +converted into agricultural domains rich and beautiful. + +Though not the largest, one of the very prettiest displays in the Palace +of Horticulture was that of the Indian Territory. Occupying the very +center circular space in the building, this booth was kept constantly +supplied with Indian Territory products of the orchard and flower +gardens. Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, and plums seem to grow to +perfection in the Indian Territory, and the many thousands who saw the +fruit display at the exposition can attest the fact that wonderful are +the products from Indian Territory orchards and gardens. + + +KANSAS. + +The legislature of the State of Kansas in 1901 appropriated the sum of +$75,000 for the purpose of having the State represented at the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition. Subsequently, in March, 1903, a second +appropriation of $100,000 was made. There were no subscriptions of any +kind for this purpose. + +In 1901 the governor of Kansas appointed the following-named gentlemen +as commissioners: + +John C. Carpenter, president; J.C. Morrow, vice-president; R.T. Simons, +treasurer; C.H. Luling, secretary; W.P. Waggener, commissioner. + +Kansas made exhibits in the Agriculture, Horticulture, Education, and +Social Economy buildings and in the Dairy Department. The State also +made large exhibits in live stock of horses, cattle, swine, sheep, and +poultry. + +In the Agricultural Palace the corn steer, corn eagles, corn Indian, and +several other striking features of installation, made exclusively of +agricultural products, were greatly admired and favorably commented +upon. In this department a grand prize was given to the State. + +Although known principally as an agricultural State, the exhibit made by +Kansas in the Mines and Metallurgy palaces was such as to astonish all +who saw it. Besides its other large and varied resources and fine +installation of lead, zinc, coal, salt, gypsum, stone, shale for +manufacture of brick, cement, etc., Kansas is known as one of the +greatest oil and gas fields in the United States. + +The floor space assigned to the Kansas educational exhibit in the +Educational Building was 45 by 30 feet. The walls were 15 feet high, +thus giving for display purposes a surface of 2,100 square feet in +addition to the floor space. All the wall space was used to show drawing +maps, charts, photographs, and work in manual training. Thirty cabinet +cases were used to exhibit miscellaneous work, mainly in drawing, +kindergarten, sewing, and in photographic representations of various +kinds. + +The total cost of the booth was about $1,230, and of the furnishings +about $600. The transportation of the educational exhibits cost +approximately $100. The total cost of the educational exhibit in the +Kansas booth was about $6,000. + +In the Kansas school exhibits the work of the common schools was made +conspicuous. There were on the tables in the booths between three and +four hundred bound volumes of written work, comprising spelling, +writing, composition, arithmetic, geography, grammar, United States +history, map drawing, kindergarten. But while the work of the elementary +schools was given the most important place in the Kansas exhibit, higher +education was kept well in the foreground. The University of Kansas +effectively showed its work through 50 large framed photographs in which +all the buildings and many of the class rooms made the work of the +institution visible to all. + +There was work of some kind from 104 cities and about 400 country +districts. The exhibits from many of the smaller cities did not appear +separately on the catalogues, because they were included in county +displays. + +The Kansas Pavilion in the Agricultural Palace occupied a space 92 by 62 +feet on the main aisle, near the center of the building. On each side +were pillars 16 feet high decorated with ears of corn and corn husks. +Upon each of these rested a Grecian vase made of corn husks and +festooned with rosettes and garlands of corn husks, the whole being very +attractive. + +Standing at the main entrance, between the two high corn columns, were +two eagles with wings spread for flight--one made of corn husks and +kernels of corn, the other made of wheat straw and kernels of corn. They +were the work of an artist. + +One of the most striking features was the large center pyramid, +surmounted by a monster steer of the Hereford type, 7 feet in height, +fashioned of red and white shelled corn. At the top of this pyramid the +word "Kansas" was worked in corn. + +At the north entrance stood a pyramid of native grasses, upon which was +a vase made of oat heads, 7 feet high. Directly opposite stood a pyramid +of tame grasses, upon which rested a vase made of the heads of grains +and grasses, 7 feet high. + +The Kansas State Agricultural College, at Manhattan, exhibited alfalfa, +corn, cane, Kaffir corn, oats, buffalo grass, and big blue-stemmed +grass, showing the plant and root growth. Besides these there were 25 +varieties of wheat sheaves, 10 varieties of cane 14 feet in length, 4 +varieties of Kaffir corn, 3 of broom corn 15 feet, stalks of corn 16 +feet, and millet 6 feet high. + +The State Agricultural College Experiment Station, Hays, Kans., had a +collection of wheat, rye, barley, speltz, oats, and flax. + +The total cost of the various installations of the agricultural exhibits +of Kansas was $17,750. + +The Kansas exhibit in the Horticultural Department fully and completely +represented that branch of industry in the State and was highly +commented upon by the people generally from all sections of the country. +Kansas was given space covering 2,000 square feet. The commission +appropriated $9,000 for this exhibit, which covered all expenses. + +The fruits, especially apples, placed Kansas high in rank as one of the +leading apple-growing States of the Union. Kansas also ranked close +along with the leading States in peaches, plums, grapes, and small +fruits and was the banner State in the production of cherries. + +The Kansas commission secured an 8-foot square space in the butter +pavilion, Palace of Agriculture, at a cost of $500 for the season. The +cost of placing and maintenance was $2,500. + +Kansas did very well in her live-stock exhibit, for which an +appropriation of $10,000 was used. More than two hundred entries won +prizes, aggregating $313,800. + +In the art exhibit, in the Kansas Building, the total number of articles +entered and shown was 537. The total value of the same was $20,247, +classified as follows: Sculpture, paintings in oil, paintings in water +colors, pastels and other drawings, miniatures, etchings, etc., +paintings on china, art needlework, embroideries, etc., tapestries, etc. + + +KENTUCKY. + +The legislature of 1902 refused to make an appropriation for a State +exhibit. The organization of the Kentucky Exhibit Association to raise a +fund by private subscription followed. For fourteen months an active +canvass was conducted, resulting in $30,000 and a sentiment so unanimous +for the State's representation at the fair that in January, 1904, the +general assembly supplemented this amount with $75,000. The Kentucky +Exhibit Association had several hundred members, with a board of 15 +directors. Upon the passage of the appropriation act, Governor J.C. +Beckham, who signed the measure, appointed the following commissioners, +all to serve without compensation: + +A.Y. Ford, president; Charles C. Spalding, vice-president; R.E. Hughes, +secretary; W.H. Cox, W.T. Ellis, Clarence Dallam, W.H. Newman, Sam P. +Jones, Samuel Grabfelder, M.H. Crump, J.B. Bowles, Charles E. Hoge, A.G. +Caruth, B.L.D. Guffy, Garrett S. Wall, Frank M. Fisher, Mrs. Bertha +Miller Smith, hostess. + +Mr. Hughes, as secretary, was in charge of the building, and as director +of exhibits maintained supervision over Kentucky's entire representation +in the exhibit palaces. He was Kentucky's member of the Executive +Commissioners' Association of the fair. Mr. Hughes had a most capable +secretary in Mr. Frank Dunn, who was connected with the work from the +organization of the old Kentucky Exhibit Association. Mrs. Bertha Miller +Smith, of Richmond, Ky., held the position of hostess of the building. + +Besides erecting a State Building, Kentucky collected, installed, and +maintained 16 different exhibits; a collective display of minerals, a +separate display of coal, a separate display of clays, in the Mines and +Metallurgy Building; a collective display from the schools and colleges +of the State and two separate displays in the blind section in the +Palace of Education and Social Economy; two collective displays--one +exterior, the other interior--of forestry in the department devoted to +Forestry, Fish, and Game; a collective display of general agricultural +products in the Palace of Agriculture; and displays of paintings and +sculptures by Kentucky artists and sculptors, of fancy needle and drawn +work by women, and of the works of Kentucky authors and composers in the +Kentucky Building. + +The displays in the exhibit palaces occupied 15,000 square feet of +space, the tobacco display with 4,000 square feet having the largest +space assigned any one product. Four thousand square feet were devoted +to minerals, 1,200 to education, 3,000 to a general agricultural +exhibit, 1,200 to forestry and its manufactured products, and 1,200 to +horticulture. + +In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy the general display combined both +State and individual effort. Its 3,400 square feet of space faced on +three of the main aisles of the building. Facing on three aisles the +exhibit had three entrances, an arch of cannel coal, an arch of white +limestone, and an arch of terra cotta burned in St. Louis from clay +taken from Waco, Madison County. The arches were connected by a 3-foot +wall of minerals, forming an inclosure for the exhibit. In this wall +were shown, as approaches to the clay-entrance arch, building brick, +tiles, paving brick, fire brick, plain and decorated pottery, etc.; as +approaches to the cannel-coal arch, both bituminous and cannel coal, and +as approaches to the stone arch, building stones and cement building +blocks. + +Oil and its future development was found in a collective petroleum +exhibit from the several oil horizons. Large blocks of coal, +representing the different veins of Kentucky, several full lines of +broken coals, and a very complete display of coke were also displayed. A +very elaborate display of kaolin--plastic, vitrifying, and refractory +clays--was made. + +In all, there were 114 different specimens of clay attractively +displayed in glass cases and in convenient corners; also plain and +decorated pottery, white and cream-colored wares, terra cotta, +earthen-ware, building brick, firebacks, coke-oven sundries, paving +brick, fire brick, tiles, etc. The Kentucky display contained also zinc +ore and sphalerite, lead ore and barite, lead and zinc ore, and fluarite +from the mines in Chittenden County; zinc and lead ores and metallic +zinc from "the Joplin district of Kentucky;" sphalerite and galena from +Marion, galena (in barite) from Lockport, Henry County, and large lumps +and ground fluorspar and lead concentrates from Marion, Crittenden +County. There were 138 samples of iron ore shown as a collective State +exhibit, and in addition to this there was ore from Edmonson County, ore +from Nelson County, ore from Allen County, ore from Carter County, and +ore from Hart County. One of the unique displays was a sample bottle of +oil from the old American oil well in Cumberland County. This well, +begun September 10, 1827, was the first oil well in America. Collective +State exhibits of oynx marble, paint earths, polished earths, sands, +silicious earths, road materials, fluorspars, barite calcite, cement +materials, salt, lithograph stone, lime, potash, marl, asphalt rock, +etc., were also to be found in Kentucky's general mineral exhibit. + +The State made a fine display in forestry, fish, and game. The +collection embraced displays from all parts of Kentucky. The forestry +exhibit not only showed Kentucky's timbers in the rough and polished +state, but hundreds of samples of the manufactured products. One of the +exhibits was a full-sized log wagon, carrying three large logs 10 feet +long, one each of oak, poplar, and hickory. The idea of showing the +timber from which the product was made was carried out as far as +possible throughout the exhibit. + +Kentucky's educational exhibit occupied 1,100 square feet, every foot of +which was utilized to advantage. The public schools, Catholic +institutions, commercial branches, and colleges were given due +prominence, while special attention was given to mountain school labors. +One part was devoted to public schools and another to Catholic +institutions. The school work of the totally blind pupils occupied six +display cabinets. These cases showed the entire course, from 8 years to +18. The display from the Kentucky School for the Deaf at Danville, +illustrating the work done in its manual-training department, was shown +also. This school was the pioneer in the manual-training movement in +Kentucky, and for over half a century every graduate has left its halls +equipped with a knowledge of some useful handicraft. More than a year +was consumed in the collection of Kentucky's educational exhibit. + +Kentucky made a good showing agriculturally, and had a creditable and +attractive representation in the Palace of Agriculture. Raising more +than 90 per cent of the hemp of the United States, Kentucky made one of +the really distinctive exhibits of the Agricultural Building at the +exposition. The exhibit occupied more than 2,000 square feet. An +experiment station showed 50 varieties of grasses and 15 varieties of +wheat, both in the seed and in the sheaf Another interesting feature was +an entire case of insects injurious to fruit trees and staple products. +An interesting feature was an obelisk, 12 feet high, made of blue grass +from the experiment station The apex was of ripened blue grass; the +shades leading up to it, formed the base, beginning with the grass in +its green state. The bluish tint that gives the grass its name could be +seen. Various stages of hemp culture and harvest were shown also. These +include the seed, the stalk intact, broken and dressed hemp. Practically +100 different places were represented in this Kentucky exhibit. There +were in all 242 exhibitors. Fifty-two of these showed tobacco, 108 corn, +18 wheat, 6 oats, 8 seeds, 5 hemp, and the others miscellaneous. + +The display of tobacco was conceded to be most instructive. Occupying an +entire block--4,628 square feet of space--it covered more floor area +than any other display in the 1,240 acres of the exposition devoted to a +single product. There was shown in miniature or by pictures tobacco in +every phase of its culture and manufacture. A box of plug tobacco 3 feet +square, the largest ever made, was shown here. To show to good advantage +the successive steps in the culture, harvesting, curing, and marketing +of the tobacco, two platforms, each 31 feet long by 8 feet wide, were +utilized. They were on opposite aisles of the space, running parallel +with the 89-foot sides. On one platform were shown the plant beds and +fields, on the other the curing barns and warehouses. + +The State Pavilion was dedicated as the "New Kentucky Home." By a +careful study of the visitors' register with the total attendance at the +exposition it was found that 1 out of every 18 visitors to the fair +visited the "New Kentucky Home." The registers showed for one day alone +citizens from 35 States and 11 foreign countries. Its walls, hung with +more than $20,000 worth of the paintings of Kentucky artists, the most +important collection in the State Building; a score of glass cases +holding one of the exhibits of fancy needlework and a display of relics, +with a library of the works of Kentucky authors and an art-design piano +with Kentucky-written music, the "New Kentucky Home" was most +interesting. With four sides, and every side a front, its doors were +always wide open and no restriction was placed upon visitors. Its 582 +lights at night spoke an invitation to all. + + +LOUISIANA. + +_Members of commission._--Governor Newton C. Blanchard, president; Dr. +W.C. Stubbs, State commissioner; Maj. J.G. Lee, secretary; Gen. J.B. +Levert; Col. Charles Schuler; H.L. Gueydan; Robert Glenk, assistant to +State commissioner; Charles K. Fuqua, assistant secretary. + +The legislature of the State of Louisiana in 1902 passed an act +providing that a board of commissioners, to be known as "The Board of +Commissioners of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition," be created, +consisting of the governor, who should be ex officio president thereof, +and four other members to be appointed by the governor. The sum of +$100,000 was appropriated by the same act for Louisiana's participation +in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. + +In the city of New Orleans is an old Spanish building, erected in 1795, +used during the Spanish reign as a cabildo or court building. In this +building the actual transfer of the Louisiana purchase from Spain to +France and from France to the United States occurred, the first on +November 30 and the last on December 20, 1803. + +The commission wisely determined to reproduce this building as it was at +that date on the exposition grounds at St. Louis and to use the same as +a State building. It was determined also to furnish it with furniture +and pictures of that date. On account of the prominence of the State of +Louisiana in the original purchase, she was accorded first choice in the +selection of a site for her State building. A beautiful spot overlooking +Government Hill and directly south of Missouri's handsome State Palace +was selected. The building was completed in October, 1903, at a cost of +$25,000. On account of its historic interest and rich antique +furnishings, the State building attracted much attention, and the +visitors that passed through its portals numbered perhaps nearly a +million. + +In front of the building was reproduced the "Place d'Armes" of the +French and Spanish regimes, now Jackson square, in the center of which +was erected an equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson, modeled upon the one +erected to the hero of Chalmette in the square in New Orleans by the +grateful citizens of Louisiana. + +In the room known as Sala Capitular, in which the transfer occurred, was +exposed throughout the exposition a facsimile of the treaty signed by +Livingstone, Monroe, and Marbois. In the jails in the rear of the +Cabildo were placed the original stocks used by the Spanish in +punishment of their criminals. + +Besides the Cabildo, which was a veritable museum of curios and +interesting relics, Louisiana had 15 exhibits in 10 buildings. + +In the Agricultural Palace she had 8,500 feet of space, of which 2,000 +was devoted to sugar, 2,000 to rice, 2,000 to cotton, and 2,500 to +general agriculture. + +In the sugar exhibit was a field of cane made of wax, with negroes +cutting the same, and from this field there was a train of cars carrying +cane to the sugarhouse. On reaching the sugarhouse the cane was unloaded +by machinery and crushed by a complete sugar mill with crusher. +Surrounding the sugarhouse were 500 small barrels of sugar and 100 +barrels of molasses; also in the same space were commercial samples of +plantation and refined sugars and a life-sized model of "Miss Louisiana" +made of sugar. Samples of 100 varieties of cane were shown and samples +of sugarhouse products were also, displayed. There were also to be seen +beautiful samples of paper Of all grades made from the cane. + +In the rice exhibit were to be found, first, large shocks of each, +variety of rice in the sheaf. A field of growing rice, made of wax, with +a harvesting machine cutting and binding the same, was in evidence. All +stages of growing rice were represented, from the sprouting seed to the +fully matured grain. Samples of commercial rice were tastefully +exhibited. + +In the cotton exhibit were to be found 15 commercial bales of cotton +specially prepared for the exhibit by patriotic citizens of Louisiana. +Over these bales was a platform, upon which was erected a "Carnival King" +in cotton. A roller and saw gin, a square and round bale cotton press, +and a complete cotton-seed oil mill made up the display of machinery in +the cotton exhibit. Nearly 100 varieties were shown in small, neat +bales, weighing 3 or 4 pounds each. + +In the agricultural exhibit every crop growing in the field and the +garden was exhibited. Hay from the grasses and legumes, all kinds of +grain, both clean and in the straw; all kinds of fiber plants, in the +stock and in the fiber; all kinds of tobacco, yellow-leaf cigar leaf, +cigars, and the famous Perique were to be found. Vegetables of all +kinds, both fresh and in wax, were handsomely displayed. + +In the Palace of Horticulture two exhibits were made. Pecans, oranges, +grapefruit, peaches, plums, pears, pomegranates, Japan persimmons, and +many other subtropical fruits were shown. + +In the conservatory were two carloads of plants brought from New +Orleans. In it were 28 varieties of palms and many varieties of oranges, +pecans, figs, pineapples, bananas, pomegranates, etc. + +In the Forestry Building there were two exhibits from Louisiana. In the +first were to be found timbers of valuable forests and their products. +In the same building were found the birds, fishes, and animals of +Louisiana. + +In the Educational Building there were also two exhibits from Louisiana. +One was the regular State exhibit, illustrating the work done in the +schools, colleges, and universities. + +In the same building and in the exhibit from the experimental stations a +complete sugar laboratory made by the sugar experimental station at +Audubon Park, New Orleans, was shown. + +In the Mines and Metallurgy Building were exhibits of sulphur and salt, +crude and refined petroleum, marble, and iron ore, all fresh from the +mines of Louisiana. + +In the Liberal Arts Building were topographical maps showing the levees +of Louisiana, and showing also the city of New Orleans in 1803 and New +Orleans in 1903. There were also in this exhibit 200 maps of the Gulf +coast from 1500 up to the present time, some rare old books, a section +of the palisades that surrounded New Orleans in the year 1794, and +copies of all the books of the authors of the State. + +In the Transportation Building was represented transportation on the +Mississippi River, past and present, beginning with the Indian canoe and +on through the evolution of transportation up to the monster ocean liner +of to-day. + +In the Anthropology Building was a very fine collection of Indian +relics, including a number of baskets of rare and beautiful type. + + +MAINE. + +The State of Maine erected one of the most noteworthy buildings of the +ground and one that attracted universal attention. The building +represented accurately the popular conception of what a sportsman's +clubhouse should be. The building was made entirely of Maine lumber and +was in the form of a log cabin, exaggerated in size and equipped with +all the comforts of a country clubhouse. In this connection it is +interesting to note that the Maine Pavilion was subsequently sold for +$2,000 for the purpose of a sportsman's clubhouse in the country. The +spacious, cool verandas and the odor from the fresh pine logs made the +log house of Maine a favorite rendezvous during the heated days of the +summer. The building was furnished throughout with furnishings from the +manufacturers of Maine. The walls were decorated with moose heads and +specimens of the game and fish to be found in Maine. The walls of the +building were hung with pictures of various scenes in the State. The +total cost of the building was $22,361.40, and the furnishings cost +$159.80. + +The legislature of the State appropriated $40.000 for the purpose of +erecting the building and making the display. There was no money given +by individuals. The total cost of the exhibit was $1,893.19. + +The commissioners appointed by the legislature were as follows: + +Louis B. Goodall, Sanford, chairman; Lemuel Lane, Westbrook; Frank H. +Briggs, Auburn; Charles C. Burrill, Ellsworth; Henry W. Sargent, +Sargentville. Edward E. Philbrook was elected secretary. + +The purpose of the commission was primarily to advertise they resources +of the State of Maine as a vacation and sporting State. The only exhibit +made by the State, beyond that described above, was a small display of +potatoes and apples. + + +MARYLAND. + +In the legislature of the State of Maryland in 1902 an item of $25,000 +was provided in the general appropriation bill "for the use of the +commissioners to the St. Louis Fair, hereby authorized to be appointed +by the governor." The amount of this appropriation was less than the +friends of the measure desired, but it enabled the work to be +inaugurated. Governor Smith appointed the following commissioners: + +Gen. L. Victor Baughman, chairman; Francis E. Waters, vice-chairman; +Frederick P. Stieff, treasurer; Frank N. Hoen, William A. Marburg, +William H. Grafflin, Wesley M. Oler, Thomas H. Robinson, Jacob M. +Pearce, Orlando Harrison, Mrs. Frances E. Lord, Mrs. Parks Fisher, F.P. +Cator, H.J. McGrath; Samuel K. Dennis, secretary. + +A further appropriation of $40,000 was made, giving the commission a +total of $65,000. Through the systematic, scientific work of the +Maryland geological survey the commission had at hand the basis of an +excellent exhibit for the Palace of Mines. After vicissitudes of various +kinds, chiefly those occasioned by the great fire in Baltimore, the +Maryland Building was finished and opened on June 8. The total cost of +the building was $18,402.70. It was of a modern classic design, very +boldly treated. In plan it was a parallelogram 100 feet long by 40 feet +wide, with a recess on the front 10 by 55 feet, forming a loggia, which +was richly decorated in color (the only such external color scheme on +the grounds), supported by six columns of the composite order 25 feet +high, carrying a cornice and balustrade above. The Maryland State arms +were the central feature over the main entrance. At either end there +were large semicircular porches, supported on Ionic columns, which made +the total length of the building over all 140 feet. The site was an +ideal one, close to the New York and other State buildings and on the +direct route from the Inside Inn to the center of the grounds. The +building was surrounded by a beautiful oak grove, and was on gently +rising ground. Inside the classic feeling was maintained. On entering +through the loggia one found an imposing hall 55 feet long by 25 feet +high. The color scheme of this room was golden brown, with a lighter +shade of the same for the vaulted ceiling. Portraits of great value, +taken from the statehouse at Annapolis, as well as one of his eminence +Cardinal Gibbons, lent an air of dignity. Other rooms on the ground +floor were: On the left a picture room, where a large number of framed +photographs of Maryland scenery, buildings, and objects of interest were +hung, and back of this a lunch room and pantry, for use on reception +days. At the other end of the building there was a drawing room, with a +room at the back which was used as a men's smoking room, with toilet +attached. A stairway led from this part of the building to the ladies' +boudoir, which also had toilet attached, and to a ladies' drawing-room. + +The second story, at the other end of the building, had a good room +fitted up for the gentleman in charge of the building. Mr. Albert Jones, +of Baltimore, and Mrs. Parks Fisher, of Baltimore, dispensed hospitality +in true Maryland style, and made many friends for the State among the +many visitors who came daily to the building. Upon Mrs. Fisher devolved +much of the responsibility of making the building popular, and she was +careful to have a few representative ladies of old Maryland families +established in St. Louis to assist her in entertaining those who came. +To Mrs. Fisher is due much of the credit for the taste and judgment used +in furnishing the building. + +The exhibit of Maryland's mineral resources in the Mines and Metallurgy +Building covered an area of nearly 3,000 square feet of floor space, +together with about 4,000 square feet of wall and window space. The +mineral products were as follows: + +Coals, building and decorative stones, ores, clays and clay products +(including pottery, tile, terra cotta, fancy and common brick, fire +brick, enameled brick, retorts and stove linings), limestones, sands, +cement rocks, flints, feldspars, marls, tripoli, barites, soapstones, +etc. All of the leading operators and manufacturers in the State took +part in the display, some of them supplying large collections of +materials. In addition to the exhibit of mineral products there was an +extensive systematic collection representing the geology, mineralogy, +and paleontology of the State, displayed in a series of plate-glass, +cases on the walls. In this exhibit the numerous materials found at the +various geological horizons were displayed, the object of the exhibit +being to show the great variety of geological formations represented in +Maryland. + +The Maryland agricultural exhibit occupied a space 90 by 20 feet. A +feature intended to illustrate the varied conditions, crops, and methods +found in the northern and southern sections of the State, quite foreign +to each other, were the two barn scenes, located at each end and on the +wall side of the block. The corn exhibit, consisting of samples of ten +ears each, was displayed in a handsome case 4 by 12 feet, protected by +plate glass. Each sample was tied with orange and black ribbon, with the +names and addresses of the growers attached. A second corn exhibit was +made in a special exhibit in the, middle aisle of this mammoth building. +Here were displayed the four staples--tobacco, sugar, cotton, and corn. + +The tobacco exhibit was displayed in a case of like construction and +proportions to that occupied by the corn, and located at the opposite +end and in front of the "Southern Maryland Barn." It made an attractive +showing of the planters' tobacco from both southern Maryland and +Frederick County. A special tobacco exhibit was also made in the middle +aisle on a space 20 feet square. In the center stood a giant Indian on a +pedestal over 7 feet high, with a long-stemmed pipe in his mouth and a +horn of plenty on his left arm, from which the manufactured products of +the weed fell to the ground. The whole was apparently built of tobacco. + +The canned-goods industry was in evidence in this section to the right +and left of the "Springhouse." Placed against the wall, which was +covered with black cloth, were three pyramids of cans of peas, corn, and +tomatoes. + + +MASSACHUSETTS. + +That Massachusetts might be creditably represented at the St. Louis +Exposition the Commonwealth appropriated $100,000. + +Governor Bates appointed as the board of managers having the +appropriation in charge Dr. George Harris, of Amherst; Mrs. Sears and +Mrs. May Alden Ward, of Boston; Thomas B. Fitzpatrick, of Brookline, and +Hon. Wilson W. Fairbank, of Warren. Doctor Harris was elected president +of the board; Mrs. Sears, vice-president, and Mrs. Ward, recording +secretary. To Mr. Harris was assigned the department of education; to +Mrs. Sears, art; to Mrs. Ward, history, and to Messrs. Fitzpatrick and +Fairbank, finance. Mrs. Sears, Mrs. Ward, and Mr. Fairbank were chosen +to serve as the building committee. The board appointed James M. +Perkins, of Boston, secretary and George E. Gay, of Malden, educational +director. + +The State Building at St. Louis was designed by C. Howard Wattset., of +Boston, and the cost, including the furnishings and the grading of the +grounds, was about $32,000. The building was of colonial style, +embodying as many features as possible of the Bulfinch front of the +Massachusetts statehouse. The reception hall on the first floor +resembled in part the old senate chamber in the statehouse, and the room +above, the historical hall, was like the present senate chamber. Most of +the furniture in the building was secured from the statehouse by Senator +Fairbank, to whom a large part of Massachusetts's success at the fair +was due. + +In the historical room of the building was a very fine collection of +historical relics. Mrs. Ward, who was assisted by Miss Helen A. +Whittier, of Lowell, had charge of this exhibit. There were no other +exhibits in the State Building, but Massachusetts was well represented +in the different exhibit palaces, and in the Educational Building had an +exhibit that cost $30,000. + + +MICHIGAN. + +The governor of the State of Michigan appointed the following named +persons as commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition: + +Governor Aaron T. Bliss, ex officio member; Frederick B. Smith, +president; Austin Farrell, vice-president; Roy S. Barnhart, treasurer; +Hal H. Smith, secretary; William A. Hurst, assistant secretary; D. Aaron +R. Ingram, Charles P. Downey. + +The act which authorized the governor to appoint the commission +authorized also the expenditure of $50,000 for the purpose of Michigan's +representation at the exposition. + +The Michigan State Building was situated at the corner of Federal avenue +and Government terrace. The building occupied 80 by 130 feet, and was of +colonial renaissance architecture. It rose to the height of two stories +and was surrounded by wide porches and terraces. Immediately in front +and center four fluted stately columns supported the porch around the +entire building. French windows were used on both floors, and their +effect was emphasized and enhanced by the use of arches on the lower +porch. The whole was painted white and colonial cream. + +The interior of the building was divided into a large reception hall, +which was flanked on either side by double parlors. The decorations were +of green and yellow in quiet tints. From the center of the main assembly +hall an imposing staircase was raised to a landing and then to the +second floor. The second floor was arranged in a large assembly room, +which was decorated with scenes in green and filled with light wicker +furniture. At the one side was a writing room, finished in weathered or +mission furniture, and decorated with scenes of the resort sections of +Michigan; on the other side were the private apartments of the +commissioners. + +The hangings of the rooms were in quiet tones, harmonizing with the wall +tints. The floors were of hard maple throughout, and were covered with +attractive and beautiful rugs. The building was erected at a cost of +$14,000. The furniture and fittings cost approximately $5,000. + +The agricultural exhibit comprised an extensive collection of samples of +different varieties of pease and beans; a large exhibit of seeds; an +exhibit of grains in stalk, tastefully arranged; an exhibit of grains +and corn; also a cabinet of pickled goods; a large exhibit of salt; +condensed-milk products; a complete exhibit in season of vegetables from +different counties of Michigan. The sugar-beet industry was represented +by samples of beets and of sugar in its various processes. The +maple-sirup industry of Michigan and the pepper industry were likewise +represented by cabinets containing samples of the products. This exhibit +was installed, complete, on a space 40 by 40 feet. + +The horticultural exhibit comprised a space covering 2,500 square feet +of tables. For its first installation there were used 100 bushels of +apples grown in 1903, which had been kept in cold storage for this, +purpose. It comprised a collection of over 100 varieties of Michigan +fruit. With the coming of 1904 fruit, a complete exhibit of fresh apples +was installed from time to time, comprising over 150 varieties of +apples, requiring as many as 1,500 plates at one time, with many +varieties of grapes, peaches, plums, pears, quinces, and cherries. A. +large exhibit was also made of small fruit, raspberries, strawberries, +currants, and huckleberries. The exhibits were made by individuals, by +counties, and by local fair associations of the State. + +The forestry exhibit was collected through the generosity and +contributions of a committee. It was a complete exhibit of Michigan +lumber, showing the rough log and the finished board, both in lumber and +in transverse sections. There were also displayed samples of the +different products which are manufactured from the log, such as +shoe-last blocks, wooden utensils, paper, paper pulp, etc., and there +was also an extensive collection of photographs of forestry scenes and +lumber camps, together with a complete collection of blueprints for the +construction of lumber mills. It was installed in a space 50 by 20 feet, +and was surrounded by natural cedar railings. + +The mines and metallurgy exhibit comprised exhibits of the iron, copper, +and salt products, cement, manufactures of lime and sand, brick, and an +extensive collection of specimens of various minerals found in Michigan. +The copper mines were represented by samples of rock, minerals, and +tailings, models of shaft houses, and manufactured copper. The iron +industry was represented by upward of 100 samples of ore of various +ranges. These were classified and shown in the various ranges and stages +of their production from the rock to the finished product. The cement +industry was well represented. Coal of the Saginaw Valley was installed +in a 6-foot wall in the booth. An extensive and very valuable collection +of over 1,500 specimens were shown in cases. Three large geographical +maps showed the location of the different ranges, and photographs of +mining scenes supplemented the exhibit. + +In the educational exhibit the University of Michigan was represented by +a main exhibit in the Education Building and by a small exhibit of the +physical-culture work of women in the Physical Science Building. In the +Educational Building a space 22 1/4 by 30 feet was assigned to the +university, having frontage on two aisles. On this space a booth was +erected, built of cypress and stained to resemble weathered oak. Within +the booth the floor was stained a dark color, and upon it were spread +carefully selected oriental rugs of strong coloring. The furniture was +of the "arts and crafts" style. It may be said that the chief motive of +the committee having charge of the exhibit was to provide a rest room or +social headquarters for the alumni and students of the university and +their friends. + +There were placed upon exhibition several hundred volumes containing the +chief publications of members of the various faculties, also reprints of +scientific articles, these and a series of books showing the work of the +university bindery. + +The engineering department was represented by numerous rolls of +large-scale blueprints, by an album of photographs specially prepared, +and by a large and attractive sample board of student shop-work. To +illustrate the equipment in marine engineering there were presented two +models of vessels and a model of the large marine tank which is now in +process of completion. + +In the Educational Building could also be found cabinets showing the +method of collecting vital statistics of the department of the State of +Michigan and cabinets exhibiting the work of the School for the +Feeble-Minded, of Kalamazoo, and a cabinet of the School for the Deaf +and Dumb, of Flint. + +A Michigan furniture company, interested in the exposition through the +efforts of the commission, expended over $25,000 in the installation of +a magnificent exhibit of furniture in the Department of Varied +Industries, making the most complete collection of furniture shown by +any American firm. + + +MINNESOTA. + +The matter of the participation of Minnesota at the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition was brought to the attention of the State legislature at a +special session in 1902, and it responded with an appropriation of +$50,000. This bill was chapter 87, and was approved March 11, 1902. In +January, 1903, Governor Samuel R. Van Sant appointed as the board of +three managers authorized by the law Mr. Conde Hamlin, of St. Paul, Mr. +Theo. L. Hays, of Minneapolis, and Mr. J.M. Underwood, of Lake City. + +At the time of the appropriation it was expected that the exposition +would be held in 1903. It, however, grew in magnitude and scope far +beyond the original designs of its projectors. The board organized by +the election of Mr. Hamlin as president, Mr. Underwood as +vice-president, and Mr. Hays as secretary. Charles S. Mitchell, of +Alexandria, was elected superintendent and executive officer, to have +immediate charge of exhibits and to carry out the plans of the board. + +A site for Minnesota's building was selected, and space was reserved in +the great exhibit palaces of Mines and Metallurgy, Education, +Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestry, Game, and Fish. + +Subsequently, on April 1, 1903, a further appropriation of $100,000 was +voted by the Minnesota legislature. + +The style of the Minnesota State Building resembled the Byzantine. It +was designed for a southern climate. The entire lower floor could be +thrown open by means of large glass doors opening upon corridors and a +wide promenade, which was protected by awnings. A low wall surmounted +this promenade, broken at intervals by abutments, on which were placed +large vases of flowering plants. This added color, and with the beds of +cannas, which extended along the base of this wall, and large beds of +brilliant scarlet geraniums on the lawn, made a handsome setting for the +building. These plants were Minnesota grown. The cannas grew to huge +proportions, and at the height of the season there were few landscapes +on the Plateau of States more effective than that of Minnesota. + +The building was ample for its uses. There was a reception room 30 by 50 +feet in size, with reading tables, the files of the State papers, a +post-office, check room, and superintendent's office. A men's room and a +women's room, each 20 by 20 feet, opened from the reception room. Two +pianos were free for the use of guests, and were a much-appreciated +feature. Every possible convenience was afforded to visitors. That the +general public, as well as visitors from Minnesota, appreciated the +building was shown by the hundreds who visited it daily and the many who +came day after day to write letters, read the papers, or merely to rest +and enjoy its coolness. The location gave it added prominence, as it was +near the southeast entrance, one of the most convenient for visitors, +close to the Inside Inn, and with the Massachusetts, New York, Iowa, and +Kansas buildings as neighbors. + +The financial statement shows that the construction of the building, +with furnishing, landscaping, maintenance, care, and salaries of +employees, cost a total of less than $29,000. + +In the agricultural display, while wheat was not neglected, especial +stress was laid on Minnesota's grasses, both tame and wild, and its +general forage crops. It was conceded by experts that no State made a +better display in that line of products. Corn was also made prominent. +Two elaborate butter models were shown, one in this department and one +in the exposition refrigerator. + +The State was fortunate in the location secured. It was on one of the +large central aisles and adjoining the great glass butter refrigerator, +where were shown all the competing fancy butter exhibits from the +various States. On the same aisle or near by were the most splendid +exhibits in this building, those of States that expended from $30,000 to +$100,000 in that department alone, the latter figure being the +expenditure of Missouri. That Minnesota was able with $10,000 to make a +showing that found credit and favor in comparison with these other much +more elaborate and costly displays was surely commendable. + +The central feature of the booth was a splendid piece of statuary in +butter. On a platform was placed an eight-faced glass refrigerator; it +was 8 by 10 feet on the floor and 15 feet high. The statue in butter +filled this. The square pedestal had at the four corners figures +representing Agriculture, Education, Mining, and Dairying. On the front +face was the seal of Minnesota, and on the two side faces medallions of +Alexander Ramsey and Samuel R. Van Sant. The crowning figure was that of +a mother giving to her little boy, who stood at her side, a piece of +bread and butter. Nearly a ton of the best creamery butter made in +Minnesota was used in this model. + +The butter refrigerator in the Agricultural Building was of triple-plate +glass, and was 90 feet long. Minnesota's space was 8 by 16 feet. The +subject chosen for its model was historical--a representation of Father +Hennepin discovering St. Anthonys Falls. The father, in his priestly +garb, was shown in the act of stepping from an Indian canoe to the +shore. An Indian was holding the canoe to the bank by grasping a small +bush, while the boat was steadied by a French voyageur with his paddle. +The three types--the aborigine, the priest, and the French +voyageur--were accurately reproduced in costume, expression, and +features, and were practically life-size. The swift-flowing river, with +a suggestion of the falls, completed the picture, in which nearly 1,500 +pounds of butter were used. + +In a space just east of the butter refrigerator was the exposition +refrigerator for displays of cheese. In this the board took a space 8 by +8 feet. + +The horticulture exhibit was placed in the hands of experts from the +State Horticultural Society. Here were shown large and small fruits, +preserved in many handsome jars. Apples which had been preserved in cold +storage from the crop of 1903 kept that feature of the exhibit +replenished, while the smaller fruits were shown as they matured, being +shipped from the growers in the State almost daily. + +In September, when the new apples became available, a second and larger +space was secured. Here was made a display which was one of the greatest +attractions in the building. It represented a Dutch windmill and tower, +done entirely in apples. + +During the final months of the exposition, when the live stock displays +were made, the board arranged with the State live stock association for +an exhibit of cattle, horses, and swine. The board appropriated $4,000 +to this department and paid it into the hands of representatives of the +association to be distributed to the exhibitors from the State in +proportion to the prizes awarded to them by the exposition. This plan +was very successful and resulted in a creditable exhibit of the State's +prize live stock. At this time also a very successful display of poultry +was made, and a great many prizes were won. + +In the Department of Education it was determined that Minnesota, should +retain its rank among the States and, if possible, should win new glory. +It was therefore made a leading department. The exhibit was especially +strong in rural school and primary and elementary education, and much +more attention than ever before was given to the secondary schools of +the State at large. The State department of education was consulted, and +the State Teachers' Association, the request of the board, named a +committee to advise with the board. + +This was the first exposition to devote a separate building and one of +the main group of exhibit palaces to education. The plan greatly +dignified the department. Minnesota was most fortunate in the location +assigned its display, as this exhibit had the first space at the +principal entrance and was the first seen on entering the building from +the main exposition thoroughfare. The space was 30 by 60 feet. The +booth, the cabinet, the furnishings, and the frames were of Mission +brown oak. The walls were covered by a deep-blue burlap. The mountings +of the wall and cabinet exhibits toned with these colors, as did the +hangings. The design, as a whole, was exceedingly simple, but in the +style, in harmony of tone, and general artistic merit it was given first +rank among all the exhibits in the building. Its prominent position +demanded this excellence, for it commanded the most critical dicta of +the visitors. + +In the arrangement of material, repetition and duplication were avoided. +All the written work and much of the drawing, designing, and drafting +was mounted in cabinets or bound in books. The arrangement showed the +State system as a unit, and every article in the booth was the work of +the schools, including the furniture, pottery, bric-a-brac, and +hangings. It was especially strong in manual training. In dividing the +space the manual-training exhibits were united as far as possible. The +first alcove of cabinet exhibits was devoted to the rural schools, the +second to the semigraded schools. The third and fourth sets of cabinets +contained the work of the secondary high schools and the grades in their +respective towns. The fifth set was given to the normal schools, while +the last two alcoves were devoted to the schools of St. Paul and +Minneapolis, the wall space being also apportioned to them. One cabinet +was filled with photographs of the university, the curricula, +statistics, etc. On the rear wall was a frieze of excellent photographs +of the university buildings, and around the outside of the entire booth +was a painted frieze, 5 feet deep, giving a panoramic view of the campus +and buildings, both of the academic and of the agricultural department. + +A cabinet was also devoted to statistics, which included the State +system of aid to rural, semigraded, graded, and high schools. This +cabinet also gave figures showing the State permanent school funds, the +special tax, and school apportionment based on attendance; school +attendance, value of school property, system of examination of teachers, +and State examination for pupils, etc. There were also very complete +sets of State examination papers. + +In the State Building the large reception room and the women's and men's +rooms were furnished by the pupils of the manual training classes of the +Minneapolis high schools, and of the Mechanic Arts High School of St. +Paul. + +While the exhibits of mining and building materials were kept separate +financially, they were practically combined in one exhibit in the Palace +of Mines and Metallurgy. No scientific display was attempted, and the +plan of installation was severely simple. + +Minnesota has but one mineral in such abundance as to be a great +financial asset, but in that one--iron--it produces over half the output +of the Lake Superior region, which alone of the United States iron +fields produces any considerable quantity of ore of a quality required +for manufacturing Bessemer steel. The analysis of the ores and names of +the mines were given on the samples, which were shown in nearly 100 +large glass jars. A chart of the Mesaba range; a large map of the State, +showing the location of the mineral lands; two groups of photographic +views of working mines and mining methods, in frames 3 by 10 feet in +size, with statistical charts. These constituted the wall display. On +the floor was a model, 11 feet square, of the Fayal, the greatest +producing mine in the world. This showed all the mining processes and +every detail of shaft house, ore dumps, cars, tracks, steam shovels, +telegraph lines, etc., in and about the mines. + +The stone exhibit was also a practical one. It showed the more +marketable varieties as they appear in actual use. There were five large +wall pieces of granite, one of Winona stone, one of pipestone, and one +of Frontenac stone. Inclosing two sides of the floor space, which was 36 +by 54 feet, was a low wall of stone, with two entrances. The shorter +wall was of polished granite from the St. Cloud quarries, showing all +the more distinct varieties--gray, mottled, black, red, and brown. The +wall on the longer side, beginning with a corner post and extending to +the entrances, was of polished red granite, with a panel of Minnesota +marble. On either side of the side entrance, were high posts of Kettle +River sandstone, handsomely carved, and the rest of the wall was of this +stone combined in part with the Twin City brick. + +An elaborate game and fish display was determined upon in the Game and +Fisheries Building. Every inducement was held out by the company, and an +especial effort was made for this exhibit. It pledged, among other +things, that pure refrigerated water would be furnished for the fish. +The board consulted in this department the State game and fish chief, +Mr. Samuel Fullerton, who extended all the assistance possible. +Eighty-four feet of aquaria were put in, and it is indisputable that +they were the best built, most practical, and best arranged in the +building. At the close of the fair the Pacific Coast Association offered +$1,000 in cash for them where they were, or nearly one-third of their +cost. They were planned to show not only the State's trout and small +fish, but the large game fish that are found there. As it was, splendid +specimens were shipped to St. Louis in the fish car of the Pennsylvania +commission, loaned without charge for that purpose. The fish arrived on +Minnesota Day under the personal care of Mr. Fullerton and one of his +wardens and of three Pennsylvanians, expert in such work. The fish were +in splendid condition, and they included wall-eyed pike, pickerel, +muskellunge, bass of all varieties, and great northern pike that experts +said were larger than had ever before been sent anywhere for exhibition +purposes. There were also rare specimens of trout, including the white +trout that are a Minnesota specialty. The fish, except the trout, were +successfully transferred to the State's tank that evening. By morning +only three were alive, and these died during the day. The trout were not +tanked at all, but were turned over to the United States authorities, +who were glad to get them because of their rarity. The responsibility +for this failure rests with the Exposition Company. The water supplied +was not from wells, but was the muddy Missouri River water clarified by +the alum process, which is fatal to fish. It was also entirely too warm, +no attempt to keep the promise of refrigeration having been made. After +this disaster the board refused to bring more fish until the company +should fulfill its pledge, which it never did. Minnesota's experience +was shared by Pennsylvania and Missouri, the only other States prepared +to make large live fish displays. + +The failure of the St. Louis Fair officials to provide proper water +caused a difference in the board finances of nearly $2,000. The board +had secured subscriptions from six different towns in the fishing +regions of the State toward the payment for the aquaria, the idea being +to stock the aquaria with fish from the lakes near the towns that +subscribed, and to give them proper individual credit. When the +possibility of keeping the fish alive was realized the board promptly +released them from their obligations, but it was too late to save the +appropriation made through reliance upon the plans and promises of the +exposition. + +The game exhibit had a large space adjoining that occupied by the +aquarium. It was at the principal entrance to the building. The larger +part of the space was covered by a realistic scene from the northern +woods--the State game region. A pine forest was shown with a rocky +embankment at the side, while opposite was a birch opening. Breaking +through this opening and represented as scenting danger were three +moose--two bucks and a cow--that were the finest specimens of the great +game animals in the building. Elsewhere in the scene was a family of +three red deer; also very handsome caribou, black bears, wolves, foxes, +porcupines, grouse, prairie chicken, owls, etc. The background of the +scene was a distant lake view, and with effective lighting it was +conceded to be among the most novel exhibits in the building. No other +scenic reproduction was more complete. Adjoining this scene was a +smaller space filled with moose and deer heads and mounted fish. The +walls were draped with fish nets, and a large map of the State showed +the railroads, summer resorts, and lakes. + + +MISSISSIPPI. + +In compliance with the very general demand of the press and people, the +legislature of Mississippi, in 1902, appropriated $50,000 for the +purpose of securing and installing the products, resources, industries, +and enterprises of the State at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. This +was the first appropriation ever made by Mississippi for a World's Fair. +The bill providing for the State exhibits created a State exposition +bureau of five members, specifying that the governor should be ex +officio president and name his four associates, the following being the +personnel of the bureau: J.K. Vardaman, ex officio chairman; Dr. O.B. +Quinn, chairman; Frank Burkitt, secretary; L.H. Enochs; V.P. Still. + +At the first meeting of the bureau Col. R.H. Henry, of Jackson, was +elected executive commissioner, and was charged with the duty of +canvassing the State, with a view of procuring the exhibits. He visited +all parts of Mississippi, delivered exposition addresses in the +different counties, and urged upon the people the importance of making +the best exhibit possible at the exposition. He devoted two years to the +work. + +The legislature of 1904 made an additional appropriation of $10,000 +under the administration of Governor James K. Vardaman, who succeeded +Governor Longino as president of the exposition bureau. Several counties +also made appropriations, as did some of the factories and mills of the +State, the total appropriation aggregating about $62,000. + +The Mississippi State Building was a reproduction of the last home of +Jefferson Davis, known as "Beauvoir." This home is located near Biloxi, +Miss., is of old-style southern architecture, massive in construction +and imposing in appearance, and from its broad porches may be seen the +"whitecaps" of the Gulf of Mexico. The house was built by James Brown, a +rich cotton planter of Madison County, and by him used as a summer home +until the close of the civil war, when it was sold to Mrs. Sarah A. +Dorsey, from whom Mr. Davis secured it. It contained a large historic +collection pertaining to the Davis family, much of the family furniture, +the bed upon which Mr. Davis died, and the suit of clothes he wore when +captured by General Wilson, in Georgia, at the close of hostilities +between the North and the South; the object of the exhibit being to +disprove the report that Mr. Davis wore a woman's dress when arrested. A +statement of Capt. J.H. Parker, of General Wilson's staff was attached, +contradicting the falsehood. The building cost $15,000 without +furnishings or pictures. It was built entirely of Mississippi lumber, +the contractor being J.F. Barnes, of Greenville, Miss. + +In the horticultural exhibit the State showed all varieties of sweet and +citrus fruits, pecans and edible nuts, together with a pecan horse. + +In the Palace of Agriculture two exhibits were shown, the special cotton +exhibit, including the 35-foot statue of "King Cotton," and the +collective agricultural exhibit--cotton, corn, cereals, grains, hay, +grasses, potatoes, peas, beans, sirups, honey, wines, cordials, +preserves, pickles, jellies, canned goods, vegetables, oysters, shrimps, +crabs, fish, etc. + +All the merchantable timbers of the State were displayed in the forestry +exhibit, which contained over 500 samples, highly polished and superbly +finished, one of the largest and best collections shown. + +In the Department of Fish and Game were exhibited all varieties of +native fresh and salt water fish, birds, and wild animals. + +In the Educational Building Mississippi showed the best work from the +colleges and high schools of the State. The Agricultural and Mechanical +College had a fine display in the general Agricultural and Mechanical +College section. + +Other displays were the following: A varied and attractive collection of +building stone, cement material, clays, phosphates, mineral waters in +the Mineral Building; buggies and wagons made in the State in +Transportation Hall; engines, sawmills, and other heavy machinery in the +Machinery Building; a rare old double plate-glass electrical machine was +exhibited in the Electrical Building, the contribution of the State +university. + +Mississippi was awarded over 30 prizes for her various exhibits, +including 2 grand prizes on cotton and timbers; 6 gold medals and 3 +silver medals on agriculture; a gold, silver, and bronze medal on fish +and game; 2 gold, 4 silver, and 5 bronze medals on education; 2 silver +and 3 bronze medals on minerals; a silver medal on wagons; a bronze +medal on machinery; a gold medal on fruits, and a gold medal on pecans. + +Less than $47,000 of the $60,000 appropriated by the legislature was +spent on the State building and on the collection and installation of +the exhibits, and from $10,000 to $15,000 of the appropriation was +turned back into the State treasury. The expenditure proved of +incalculable benefit to Mississippi, and good results are already being +felt. + +The executive commissioner, Col. R.H. Henry, is a native Mississippian. +He was born in Scott County, May 15, 1851, and received education in the +schools and academies of Mississippi. He engaged in journalism in early +life, has been an editor and publisher over thirty years, and is +regarded as the most successful journalist of his State. As the +executive commissioner and the State's only representative at the +exposition Mr. Henry designed and personally supervised the installation +of the different Mississippi exhibits, ten in number, and the award of +over 30 medals, including 2 grand prizes, abundantly attests and amply +proves the merit and value of the Mississippi products. + + +MISSOURI. + +The largest appropriation for exposition purposes by any State was by +Missouri, namely, $1,000,000. In every exposition building where a State +could have an exhibit Missouri's exhibit was found. In every building +where only exhibits by individuals, business firms, or corporations were +permitted, Missourians made display of the products of their industry +and skill. The Missouri State Building was among the finest upon the +grounds. The displays of the State in the Agriculture, Horticulture, +Education, Mining, Forestry, Live Stock, Poultry, Dairying, Fish and +Game, and Woman's Work were noted for artistic beauty and +comprehensiveness. + +The exhibit made by Missouri at the World's Fair was the result of the +labors of the board of commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition, appointed by Governor A.M. Dockery, under the direction of +which the $1,000,000 voted by the people of Missouri for an exhibit of +the State's resources were expended. At the general election in +November, 1900, the people adopted a constitutional amendment permitting +the legislature of this State to appropriate $1,000,000 for World's Fair +expenses. A bill appropriating the amount and providing for a commission +to direct its expenditure was passed by the next general assembly and +was signed by the governor April 17, 1901. The same bill was reenacted +in 1903 and was signed by the governor March 24, 1903. On the 28th of +May, 1901, Governor Dockery appointed as the board of commissioners: +M.T. Davis, of Springfield; F.J. Moss, of St. Joseph; B.H. Bonfey, of +Unionville; W.H. Marshall, of Morehouse; L.F. Parker, of St. Louis; D.P. +Stroup, of Norborne; N.H. Gentry, of Sedalia; J.O. Allison, of New +London, and H.C. McDougall, of Kansas City. Mr. McDougall resigned and +J.H. Hawthorne, of Kansas City, was appointed his successor. When the +law was reenacted in 1903 the board was reappointed. The board elected +M.T. Davis president, F.J. Moss vice-president, B.H. Bonfey secretary, +and W.H. Marshall treasurer. Later the ill health of Mr. Marshall caused +his temporary absence from the State, and J.H. Hawthorne succeeded him +as treasurer. + +The Missouri State building was erected at a cost, including +furnishings, of $250,000. The keynotes of the Missouri building were +public comfort, culture, and social enjoyment. A golden dome surmounted +by an emblematic statue of "The Spirit of Missouri" crowned the +building. Over the main entrance was this inscription: "Embracing within +her confines all the elements of an empire devoted to all the arts and +sciences that advance civilization, Missouri, the central State of the +Louisiana Purchase Exposition, greets her sister States and welcomes the +world." Around the building were the names of great Missourians: Thomas +Hart Benton, Francis P. Blair, B. Gratz Brown, David R. Atchison, David +Barton, Meriwether Lewis, Edward Bates, Lewis F. Linn, Lewis V. Bogy, +Aylett H. Buckner, John S. Phelps, James S. Green. The building +contained rooms adapted for various purposes, two large halls in either +wing, a commodious auditorium or State hall, in which conventions were +held, a handsome rotunda with brilliant electric fountain, the suite of +Governor Dockery, men's parlors, women's parlors, press room, and +executive offices. On the second floor were rooms fittingly furnished. +The building was warmed by steam in cold weather and refrigerated by +cold air in warm weather. The approaches and elevations of the building +were adorned with statuary, heroic figures of Thomas Jefferson and +Napoleon Bonaparte being placed at the main entrance. In the west hall +were placed a collection of paintings by Missouri artists and the fine +bell presented by the citizens of the State to the battle ship +_Missouri_. The mural decorations in the rotunda consisted of four +pendentives illustrating the prehistoric savage, developing and +productive eras in the State's history. The decorations in the dome +embodied a historical allegory, tracing the epochs in the development of +the Middle West. + +In the Palace of Horticulture the space allotted to Missouri was 6,600 +square feet--larger than that awarded to any other State, and filled +with Missouri fruits. More than 430 varieties of fruits grown in the +State were shown from 84 counties. + +In the Palace of Agriculture Missouri agricultural resources occupied +prominent position at the main entrance of the building and on the main +aisle. In the artistic facade, made, as all the decorative features of +the display, entirely of grain and grasses, was shown a series of thirty +pictures illustrating the marked contrast between the old and new +methods in agriculture. Corn was exhibited in many forms. A corn temple, +constructed of the great cereal, was in the main aisle, Missouri being +chosen by the exposition to represent the great corn States. + +In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy a display was made of the mining +resources of the State. Missouri's space was at the main entrance. The +exhibit consisted of typical products of Missouri mines and +quarries--coal, lead, zinc, iron, copper, tripoli, building and +ornamental stone, clay, sands--and mineral waters, crystals of all +types, mining machinery at work, laboratory specimens and equipment from +the School of Mines, and photographs of 1,200 mining views in a brief +comprehensive showing of all the mineral wealth of the State. Every +district was represented by adequate specimens. An outside mining +exhibit was made by Missouri in the Mining Gulch, where mining machinery +was shown at work and a Missouri mine. Special features were a zinc and +lead concentrating plant, model of shot tower, illustration of process +of making Babbitt metal and solder. A Scotch hearth furnace for smelting +lead ore was also in operation. + +Missouri was represented in several places in the Palace of Education +and Social Economy. Here was made the general exhibit of Missouri +schools. The main school exhibit consisted of showings of grades of the +work done in the twelve regular grades of the public schools and in the +kindergarten, of the work of the colleges and normal schools, of the +schools for negroes, and of special schools. Aside from the high school +and grade exhibit, private institutions had separate displays. The +public school exhibit was intended to show the work of the entire system +of the State public schools, each grade being represented by photographs +of typical children and school scenes by representative work of the +pupils. Over 300 photographs were shown. Mutoscopes presented in moving +pictures scenes upon the school grounds. By means of cabinets, tables, +and winged frames the exhibits were presented in compact form. Every +kind of school--city, town, village, and rural--was represented in the +exhibit, and the work of more than 200,000 children was on exhibition. + +The State University exhibit showed what that institution had been and +what it is doing. Bird's-eye views of the university at different +periods of its existence and a fine model of its present buildings and +grounds were shown. The various departments made exhibits of their work. + +In social economy were shown the work of the Industrial Training School +at Boonville, the School for the Deaf and Dumb at Fulton, the School for +the Blind at St. Louis, together with photographs of the Colony for the +Feeble-Minded at Marshall, the St. Louis Hospital, the Hospital for the +Insane at St. Joseph, the work of the Missouri board of charities and +correction, and other eleemosynary institutions. The work of the +Industrial Manual School was shown by an exhibit of the products of the +school--wagons, clothing, shoes, bricks, and other results of the +industry of the boys. In addition to an exhibit along similar lines of +the School for the Blind and the School for the Deaf and Dumb, showing +the pupils' proficiency in industrial training, classes from these +schools were at different times shown actually at work in class rooms in +the building. + +In live stock Missouri offered premiums supplementary to those offered +by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. The list of animals for +which prizes were offered included cattle, horses, asses, mules, hogs, +sheep, goats, and all domestic animals. The aggregate appropriation for +live stock was $93,000. + +In poultry, prizes for Missouri poultry of all kinds were offered on the +same lines as for other live stock, the total of $7,000 being set aside +for the purpose. + +The fish and game exhibit, located just outside of the Forestry, Fish, +and Game Building, was the only exhibit of live game at the exposition. +It was arranged in cages around a lake, the waters of which were stocked +with fish. A commodious hunter's lodge, furnished in rustic style with +the paraphernalia of the sportsman, was conspicuous upon the lake shore. +The exhibit showed live deer, wild cat, mountain lion or panther, +coyote, gray wolf, red fox, gray fox, opossum, raccoon, beaver, rabbit, +fox and gray squirrel, mink, wild turkey, wild geese, wild duck, quail, +black wolf, bald eagle, horned owl, and four varieties of pheasants, all +the varieties of game to be found in Missouri forests. As showing the +chief varieties of fish, were exhibited rainbow trout, lake trout, brook +trout, large-mouthed black bass, crappie, channel cat, buffalo, sunfish, +perch, eel, and carp. + +In the Agriculture Building was shown a model of the St. Joseph stock +yards, setting out all the buildings and grounds of that section of St. +Joseph. A working model of one of the great packing establishments was +exhibited, displaying the actual process of preparing cattle for the +market. + +The woman's-work exhibit had booths in the Varied Industry Building and +the Manufactures Building. In the first were shown specimens of fancy +embroideries, laces, and needlework by Missouri women. In the second +were displayed china painting, pyrography, and paintings in oil, water +color, and pastel, all by Missouri women. + +The forestry exhibit, located in the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, +showed the woods of the State available for commercial use rather than a +mere botanical display. More than 60 varieties of Missouri woods were +shown. The forestry exhibit was shown in two booths--one devoted to gum, +the other to Missouri woods. The gum booth showed furniture of black, +red, and tupelo gum wood. In the booths were shown hand-carved mantels, +tables, and chairs. + +The dairy interest of the State was represented in an exhibit in the +Palace of Agriculture. In this exhibit samples of the butter and cheese +products in Missouri were shown tastefully arranged. + +The Kansas City Casino showed a municipal exhibit attractively arranged +in a commodious building erected for that purpose. The casino consisted +of two wings, each 24 by 58 feet, and connected by an open court 62 by +67 feet, and located on the model street of the exposition. In the +casino were a relief map showing Kansas City in detail, a map of the +United States showing Kansas City's location with reference to the great +productive region, railroad map, assembly room, rest rooms, and library. + + +MONTANA. + +On May 20, 1903, the governor of Montana, Joseph Toole, appointed the +following-named commissioners from the State of Montana at the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition: Lee Mantle, Butte; Martin Maginnis, Helena; Paul +McCormick, Billings; C.W. Hoffman, Bozeman; B.F. White, Dillon; William +Scallon, Butte; F.A. Heinze, Butte; D. McDonald, Butte; Conrad Kohrs, +Helena; J.H. Rice, Fort Benton; W.G. Conrad, Great Falls; T.L. +Greenough, Missoula; C.J. McNamara, Helena; D.R. Peeler, Kalispel; H.L. +Frank, Butte, and William C. Buskett, special representative. + +The commission met and appointed the following officers: + +Lee Mantle, president; Martin Maginnis, vice-president; Paul McCormick, +secretary; C.W. Hoffman, treasurer. + +The legislature of the State appropriated the sum of $50,000 on May, +1903, and at the same time made appropriations of $7,300 and $14,290.99, +which could be utilized by the commissioners for the purpose of +Montana's participation in the exhibition at the World's Fair. Besides +the amount appropriated by the State, the sum of $20,000 was contributed +from private sources. + +The State building was erected at a cost of $20,000, and was maintained +throughout the period of the exposition at a cost of $6,000, $1,000 +additional being spent for entertainments. + +The Montana State Building was of fancy Doric design, and was +universally admired by the exposition visitors. One of the prominent +features in the interior of the building was the famous painting by +Paxton of the Custer Massacre. An onyx mantle from Montana was also +greatly admired. The State shield, in gold, copper, silver, and Montana +sapphires, was one of the most interesting features of the interior +decorations. + +The commission appointed as hostess to look after the personal welfare +of the visitors from the State of Montana Mrs. Addie McDowell, who was +ably assisted by an auxiliary committee consisting of Mary A. Cruse, +Mrs. W.W. Cheely, and Mrs. T.R. Carson. State officials and some of the +most prominent residents of the State were entertained at various times +in the building. + +Montana was represented in the following departments: Mines and +Metallurgy, Palace of Agriculture, Horticulture Pavilion, Forestry, +Fish, and Game Building, and the Educational Palace. + +In the Mines Building the grand prize was awarded to Montana. In the +Agricultural Building the State received 209 medals, and the exhibits in +all the other exhibit palaces were remarkably good. + + +NEBRASKA. + +On April 8, 1903, the Nebraska State legislature voted for the +appointment of a State board of commissioners by the governor and for +the appropriation of $35,000. + +The following-named commissioners were subsequently appointed by the +governor: + +Gurdon W. Wattles, president; Peter Jansen, vice-president; Matt Miller, +treasurer; H.C. Shedd, secretary. + +Although Nebraska had no State building on the grounds, it erected a +very large and commodious pavilion on the main aisle of the Palace of +Agriculture, where the State commissioners established their +headquarters. In the pavilion were reception rooms, reading and writing +tables, post-office, check room, lavatories, and all the articles and +conveniences found in the more elaborate State buildings on the grounds. +The pavilion covered nearly 8,000 square feet of space, and was +handsomely decorated with grains, grasses, and corn arranged in most +artistic form. In addition to the appropriation of $35,000 made by the +legislature to cover the cost of the exhibit, private subscriptions, +amounting in the aggregate to $25,000, contributed largely by +exhibitors, increased the amount expended by Nebraska at the fair to +$60,000. + +The principal exhibit made by Nebraska was in the Agriculture +Department. There sheaf grain, grasses, corn, vine products, and all +agricultural products were shown, including all varieties of field, +sweet, flint, and pop corn. + +In connection with the agricultural exhibit in the pavilion, the +commission maintained a small theater fitted up with opera chairs, +stage, electric fans, and all accessories of the modern playhouse. In +the theater a free stereopticon and moving-picture exhibition was given, +illustrating the resources and industries of the State. Another +attractive feature of the agricultural exhibit was the mounted steer +"Challenger," which won the first prize of the world at the +international stock show at Chicago, December, 1903. + +In the horticultural exhibit a display of Nebraska's choicest fruits +attracted much attention. + +The educational exhibit showed the work of the Nebraska schools from the +kindergarten through the colleges and universities. It also made a fine +display of the work of women's clubs in literary and musical lines. +Throughout the exhibit the fact that Nebraska ranked first in small +percentage of illiteracy was constantly emphasized. + +In the mineral exhibit samples of Nebraska's best building stones, +bricks, cement, and similar products were displayed, and a complete +collection of soils from different parts of the State was shown. Cases +of fossils from the university museum, specimens from the geological +department of the university, and typical photographs of Nebraska added +attractiveness to the exhibit. There was also an exhibit showing +Nebraska's dairy and creamery resources. + +Opposite the Nebraska Pavilion the State made its main corn display. +Nebraska had a larger exhibit of corn than any State making an +exhibition of cereals. There were more than 57 varieties, running from +the little "Tom Thumb" ears of popcorn to mammoth ears of field corn. +One species of corn which attracted particular attention was the result +of grafting experiments, whereby several varieties of corn of various +colors and shades were made to grow on one cob. This variety was known +as the "Evolution Species." + +During the exposition live-stock shows the Nebraska commission +transported free from Nebraska to St. Louis the prize-winning stock and +poultry of the State fair at a cost of several thousand dollars. The +choice and exhibition of this kind of stock and poultry were in charge +of the Nebraska live-stock and poultry associations. + + +NEW HAMPSHIRE. + +The New Hampshire Building was a reproduction of the birthplace of +Daniel Webster. The building was quaint and striking in appearance, with +high-pitched roof and an absence of eaves, small-paned, old-fashioned +windows, and weatherboarded sides, and an enormous chimney rising from +the center of the roof, exactly like the original at Franklin, N.H. In +every room was a wealth of old-fashioned furniture from New Hampshire +homes, much of it a hundred years old or more, as well as Webster +relics, davenports, massive polished-top mahogany tables and sideboards, +warming pans, antique sideboards, china closets, straight-backed +armchairs, grandfather clocks, china and pewter ware. The greater part +of the antique furnishings were from the very valuable collection of +Gen. William E. Spalding, of Nashua. The State Building was provided +with a lecture hall for stereopticon lectures, having a screen 16 feet +square. + +The State commission was composed of Gen. Charles S. Collins, president; +Arthur C. Jackson, vice-president and executive commissioner; Omar A. +Towne, secretary; Augustine R. Ayers, treasurer; J. Adam Graf; Orton B. +Brown; Mrs. Arthur C. Jackson, hostess. Mr. Brown contributed a carload +of lumber, and General Collins and Mr. Jackson individually bore all the +expense of construction and maintenance. + +The most elaborate of New Hampshire's exhibits was that of the largest +cotton mills in the world, in the Manufactures Building, although the +State was represented by individual exhibitors in the various exhibition +palaces. + + +NEW JERSEY. + +_Members of New Jersey commission_.--Foster M. Vorhees, chief +commissioner; Elbert Rappleye, Edgar B. Ward, C.E. Breckenridge, Edward +R. Weiss, J.T. MacMurray, Ira W. Wood, W.H. Wiley, Johnston Cornish, +Harry Humphreys, R.W. Herbert; Lewis T. Bryant, secretary. + +The object of the New Jersey commission for the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition was to provide visitors from the State with suitable and +homelike headquarters and to advertise the extensive resources of the +Commonwealth. The growth of the manufacturing interests of the State has +been so remarkable that from a purely agricultural center it has, within +a comparatively few years, obtained an indisputable position in the +forefront of the manufacturing States of the Union. The number and +character of individual exhibits compared favorably with other States +represented. They represented a variety of industries, and were among +the finest exhibits at the exposition. + +The State Pavilion was a practical reproduction of the old Ford Tavern +at Morristown, N.J., which was used as Washington's headquarters during +the winter of 1779-80. Alexander Hamilton made his home there that +winter, and there met the daughter of General Schuyler, whom he +afterwards married. Among other famous men who have been beneath its +roof were Green, Knox, Lafayette, Steuben, Kosciusko, Schuyler, "Light +Horse" Harry Lee, Old Israel Putman, "Mad Anthony" Wayne, and Benedict +Arnold. + +The location of the New Jersey Building was in the center of a grove of +trees, with an extensive lawn, and had every convenience for the comfort +of visitors. The furnishings were selected to harmonize in color as well +as with a view to comfort. + +Owing to the expense required to make shipments of fresh articles such a +great distance, the commission found it would be impossible to make such +agricultural and horticultural displays as would do justice to the State +with the amount of the appropriation placed at their disposal. + +The educational exhibit differed in some features from that of any other +State. For the display of books and various lines of work not readily +shown upon the walls or in the cabinets, drawers instead of shelves were +placed under the cabinets. This enabled the work to be put in convenient +form for inspection, and had the additional merit of keeping it clean. +Another feature entirely new and used for the first time at this +exposition was the index key. The exhibit was divided into sections +lettered from A to M, inclusive, and these were subdivided into units +numbered from 1 to 68, inclusive. Each unit consisted of a leaf cabinet +with six drawers directly underneath. The units from 15 to 21, +inclusive, served as an index to the entire New Jersey educational +exhibit. Unit No. 15 directed to first year's work. Unit No. 16 directed +to second and fourth year's work. Unit No. 17 directed to third and +fourth year's work, and so on. + +To find work from a particular school, the card containing work from the +county or city in which said school is located was first taken. That +card directed to the section in which all work of the school, except +that placed upon the walls, could be found. Different lines of school +work were bound in different colored volumes, as shown by index cards. +Another unique feature of the exhibit was the manual-training work of +each school shown in connection with its academic work. + +A combined exhibit of music and art was exceptionally fine and attracted +much attention. The work of a very large percentage of schools, both +rural and urban, was represented, and the Garden State ably maintained +the reputation won at former expositions. + +In the section of social economy of the Educational Building the State +was represented by comprehensive exhibits from the following: The State +board of health, Trenton, N.J.; bureau of statistics of labor and +industries, Trenton, N.J.; New Jersey School for Deaf Mutes; New Jersey +State Institution for Feeble-Minded Women, Vineland, N.J.; New Jersey +Training School for Feeble-Minded Boys and Girls, Vineland, N.J.; New +Jersey Children's Home Society, Trenton, N.J.; Woodbine Settlement, +Woodbine, N.J.; State Custodial Asylum for Feeble-Minded Women, Newark, +N.J., and the School for Nervous and Backward Children. + +The exhibit of the geological survey in the Mines and Metallurgy +Building was in many respects unique among the various exhibits in the +Mines Building. Geological surveys have been carried out under State +auspices for more than half a century, and, as a result, New Jersey was +in a position to illustrate to younger and less thoroughly studied +States how science and industry go hand in hand. + +New Jersey is the best-mapped portion in America. Therefore a salient +feature of the exhibit was a large relief map of the State, models of +typical sections of the State, and files of the position and elevation +of every portion of the State. The building stones of the State formed a +pyramid in the center of the exhibit, and alongside of it was a +microscope, with 70 sections of New Jersey rocks, showing how they are +studied to estimate their value for construction purposes. + +The New Jersey geological survey had two superb terra-cotta columns made +of New Jersey clay on enameled brick piers. Adjoining the entrance was +the New Jersey clay exhibit proper. In it were shown samples of all the +prominent clays, burned bricklets, which illustrated the way clay acts +when burned at various cones (temperatures), the air and fire shrinkage, +and various other properties and analyses of clays, all facts of +importance to the clay worker, as well as large photographs of the chief +clay banks and various steps in utilizing clay. + +A collection of New Jersey bricks was tested to determine the breaking +and crushing strength. The results of these tests were shown, together +with samples of the bricks classified according to the method of +manufacture and geological occurrences of the clay. A model of a New +Jersey clay refinery was shown, illustrating the manner in which +high-grade clays are prepared for potteries. + +The natural advantages found on the coast and mountains of New Jersey +have produced many fine and well-known resorts. In order to illustrate +some of the attractions there found, the exhibit in the Forestry, Fish, +and Game Building was prepared. It showed beautiful mounted specimens of +practically all the birds that frequent the State. In addition to the +mounted fresh and salt-water fishes there was displayed, in the largest +pool that has ever been constructed at an exposition, a number of the +live salt-water fish found along the coast. The oyster industry was +represented by an exhibit from the State bureau of shell fisheries. A +glass tank filled with salt water showed an oyster bed containing the +following variety of oysters, all of which are products of New Jersey: +Shrewsburys, Raritan, Barnegat, Maurice River coves, Absecon salts, and +the Cape May salts. The tank also contained a profusion of marine +vegetation, and a number of the varieties of clams and fish common to +the waters of the State. An interesting demonstration was made of each +stage of the progression from the spat to the prime oyster. + +Another very instructive and important feature was the mosquito exhibit, +which was intended to illustrate the work which has been done by +authority of the State of New Jersey in studying the life, history, and +methods of dealing with the mosquito pest. The work was in charge of +Prof. John B. Smith, the State entomologist, and the exhibit was +prepared under his direction. It consisted of a series of table cases in +which were shown the common species of mosquitoes, with their larvae as +well as their natural enemies. Enlarged drawings gave the character of +each species so far as they were not obvious on ordinary examination. + +At one end of the square was represented a marsh area divided into two +parts. One of these showed breeding pools, where the immense shore crop +develops. The other showed fiddler crabs and other creatures that +provide a natural drainage for the meadows inhabited by them. Areas +where fiddler crabs live are never mosquito breeders, and as a matter of +fact only a small percentage of the entire salt, marsh country is +dangerous. Illustrations showed drainage ditches, the methods of making +them, and also typical areas where the insects breed. + +New Jersey had an exhibit also of road building in the Model City, +showing the manner of constructing and maintaining the excellent +highways of that State. + +In the Palace of Liberal Arts interesting exhibits were displayed by +various business enterprises of the State. This included a variety of +printing presses, books, binding, and publications of different series, +musical instruments, philosophical and scientific apparatus, coins and +medals, as well as an exhibit of chemical and pharmaceutical arts, and +model plans and designs for public work. + +In the Palace of Manufactures and Varied Industries New Jersey exhibits +attracted considerable attention. The display included hardware, +carpets, tapestries, fabrics for upholstery, wearing apparel, silks, and +clothing. + +In the Palace of Electricity New Jersey displays ranked among the best, +as was also the case in the Palace of Machinery. + +In the Transportation Building and the Palace of Agriculture the +displays, while not large, were very commendable. + + +NEW MEXICO. + +The legislature of the Territory of New Mexico in March ,1903, +appropriated the sum of $30,000 for the purpose of adequately +representing the resources and products of the Territory at the +Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Shortly after the passage of the act the +governor of New Mexico appointed the following commission, which +subsequently met and elected its officers: + +Charles A. Spiess, president; Carl A. Dalies, vice-president; Arthur +Seligman, treasurer; W.B. Walton, secretary; Herbert J. Hagerman, +Eusebio Chacon, Fayette A. Jones, and H.W. Porterfield, managers; W.C. +Porterfield, assistant manager. + +The ten or eleven years that have elapsed since the Columbian Exposition +at Chicago have brought great changes to New Mexico, and the marked +advancement and progress made along all lines were emphasized in a +comparison of her exhibits at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition with +those at Chicago. The Territory had large and excellent exhibits, +displayed in a most attractive and interesting manner and showing many +of the splendid products of that country, as well as the educational +facilities and other interesting features, and it was felt that the +chance for statehood had much advanced by the excellent impression made +at the fair. + +Great irrigation enterprises within the last decade have reclaimed large +areas of fine agricultural land, providing happy homes for people in +that beautiful and delightful climate. + +The superior products shown in New Mexico's agricultural and +horticultural exhibits were a revelation to visitors, and demonstrated +that the very best results and most perfect development in fruits and +farm products are obtained by irrigation and sunny skies. The fruits, +grains, vegetables, and other products of the soil shown had few equals. +The exhibits were larger and better than have ever been made by the +Territory at previous expositions. + +New Mexico's exhibit in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy ably +presented the status of one of her most important industries, showing +the production of a vastly greater number of producing mines than it was +possible to show ten years ago, or when the Territory made an exhibit at +Chicago, and it also included a far greater range of minerals, +anthracite and bituminous coal, iron, zinc, lead, mineralogical forms, +besides mica, gypsum, salt, sulphur, asbestos, marble, onyx, and +building stone. A unique and most important product of the mines of New +Mexico was the beautiful blue gem stone, the finest and most valuable +turquoise found in any part of the world. The Territory had the only +turquoise exhibits at the exhibition. One was in the mineral exhibit in +the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, and a larger and perhaps the most +extensive exhibit of this stone ever shown was in the Varied Industries +Building. An exhibit of a turquoise mine and its products was shown in +the gulch, or outside mining exhibit, where a reproduction of the famous +turquoise mines of Porterfield, near Silver City, N. Mex., showed the +actual geological occurrence of the gem. This was accomplished by +bringing to the fair several tons of the rock from the mine with +turquoise embedded in it, just as it was when the chemical processes of +nature were preparing the beautiful jewels to delight the eye of man. + +New Mexico's greatest pride was her educational exhibit, which showed +results of splendid schoolroom work and by photographs recorded the +grand and stately school buildings, demonstrating that New Mexico was, +in proportion to her population, in no way behind the older States in +her public school system. At Chicago the school exhibit represented only +a few institutions, and these in a limited way; while at St. Louis a +very large number of splendid graded schools and country schools were +represented by fine exhibits. Besides the work of the colleges of +agriculture and mechanical arts, the Military Institute, a university, a +school of mines, two normal schools, and a number of denominational +schools of higher order were displayed. + +The beautifully arranged ethnological exhibit in the Department of +Anthropology consisted of a valuable collection, chief among which was +the wonderful Harvey collection, brought from Albuquerque. + +Among the numerous beautiful buildings which adorned the Plateau of +States, many of which were reproductions of historic structures or homes +of some of the nation's famous citizens, stood the pretty structure +erected by New Mexico, a gem in point of architecture and interior +decoration, and one of the ornamental features of the exposition. + + +NEW YORK. + +_New York commission_.--Edward H. Harriman, president; William Berri, +vice-president; Louis Stern, chairman of executive committee; Edward +Lyman Bill, treasurer; Lewis Nixon, Frank S. McGraw, Mrs. Norman E. +Mack, Frederick R. Green, John C. Woodbury, John K. Stewart, James H. +Callahan, John Young; Charles A. Ball, secretary and chief executive +officer; Mrs. Dore Lyon, assistant secretary. + +New York State's participation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was +calculated to exploit fully the wonderful resources of the State, as +well as to set forth what the Empire State is accomplishing in the +various lines of humanitarian work. The New York State commission +started out with the idea of making exhibits only in lines where New +York was preeminently the leader. On this account and for the reason +that the appropriation was relatively limited, exhibits were planned to +cover seven distinct departments. It was intended at the outset to make +these exhibits strong in every detail, and the commission believes that +the close of the exposition has demonstrated the excellent judgment +exercised. + +The most conspicuous feature of New York's participation in the +exposition was her State Building. An excellent site was chosen for this +structure, and a handsome building was erected in a conspicuous place on +the plateau of the States on the exposition grounds. The building +occupied the most commanding site on the State plateau of any of the +State buildings. It also enjoyed the benefits of Forest Park, both in +front and rear, which made it one of the coolest buildings on the +grounds. + +The building was simple, but dignified, in design; of Italian +architecture in the colonial treatment. Martini's Quadriga flanked the +dome, representing the progress or art and commerce, and Lenz's dancing +group was placed around the columns at the entrances. A very large hall +ran through to the dome, the lower part of which was treated in the +Doric order, and the whole was scholarly, dignified, and beautiful in +design. Another interesting feature in the hall was the organ case, +which was designed particularly for this place. This hall was flanked on +the northern side by a large assembly hall with a barrel ceiling running +up to the second story, and the treatment of this room in old gold, +Antwerp blues, and siennas was beautiful. The draperies were in green +velvet, and the chairs were of leather, treated to represent the old +Spanish illuminated leather. The floors were carefully made. There were +rooms for banquets or functions of any kind. On the westerly side were +the waiting rooms for men and women, writing rooms, and also retiring +rooms and toilets. + +The mural decorations of the large hall were done by Florian Peixotto, +and represented De Soto discovering the Mississippi, one showing the +French and Indian occupation of the land, and others showing New York in +1803 and New York in 1903. The pendentives, which supported the dome, +had four emblematic pictures representing the four States most benefited +by the purchase, the blue Mississippi in the background of each. + +The second story was divided into apartments for the commissioners and +the offices of the secretary, which were perfect in appointments. The +suites were composed of parlor, bedroom, and baths. + +A piano of great beauty, with inlays and paintings, was contributed by a +leading New York manufacturer, a picture of Niagara Falls being +particularly fine. A company of New York contributed the organ as an +exhibit, and concerts were given each afternoon of the fair. + +The grounds received careful consideration, and there were many beds of +flowers and shrubbery, such as lily ponds, poppy beds, hydrangeas, and +cannae. + +The amount of money appropriated by the State of New York for +participation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was $390,000. There +were no private subscriptions of any sort, but many exhibits were loaned +to the commission from the various departments of the State to be +displayed. The cost of installing the various exhibits was $10,755. This +did not include the cost of labor in placing the exhibit, as the work +was done by men who were employed by the State in the various +departments. The cost of transportation of exhibits was $12,342. The +State building cost $88,275.23 to erect. + +Upon the landscape gardening, which was one of the most admired features +of the exposition, was expended the sum of $4,465.75. The organ case +alone cost $3,500. Including that, the total amount expended for +furnishing the State building was $23,423.96. + +New York displayed her products in six of the exhibit palaces, namely: +Agriculture, Horticulture, Education, Forest, Fish and Game, Fine Arts, +and Mines and Metallurgy. In addition to this there was a very fine +exhibit of live stock. New York State was the only successful exhibitor +of a forest nursery. + +It is impossible to give an approximate value of the exhibits. In the +Fine Arts Department, New York had 1,112 out of a total of 3,524 +exhibits. They were selected after very careful scrutiny by a jury +appointed by the National Academy of Design, and consisted of oil +paintings, mural paintings, water colors, miniatures, illustrations, +etchings, engravings, lithographs, wood engravings, sculpture, +architecture, and applied arts. + +The commission made appropriations for the various exhibits as follows: + +Agriculture and live stock .................... $25,000 +Horticulture and floriculture ................. 20,000 +Forestry, fish, and game ...................... 18,000 +Fine arts ..................................... 10,000 +Scientific exhibit ............................ 7,500 +Education and social economy .................. 27,500 + +The education exhibit was composite in nature and was subdivided as +follows: Administration, kindergarten, elementary grades, high schools, +normal schools, training schools and classes, higher education, +industrial and trade schools, special schools, business colleges, Indian +schools, schools for defectives, summer schools, and extension schools. + +There were exhibits from both the State department of public instruction +and the University of the State of New York. In the public schools +exhibit contributions were received from 24 cities and various villages. +There was also a comprehensive exhibit from the rural schools of the +State. In the normal school exhibit contributions were received from +every normal school. The training schools and classes of the State were +very generally represented. Exhibits were in place from Hobart College, +Geneva; Manhattan College, New York City; Colgate University, Hamilton, +and Syracuse University. In the schools for defectives there were +exhibits from the New York State School for the Blind, Batavia; New York +Institution for the Blind, New York City; Western New York Institution +for Deaf Mutes, Rochester; New York Institution for the Improved +Instruction of Deaf Mutes, New York City, and the New York Institution +for the Deaf and Dumb, New York City. The exhibit from the Indian +schools contained work from all of the seven reservations in the State, +and was arranged by the State inspector of Indian schools. + +Owing to the plan of installation adopted by the exposition authorities, +the State exhibit in the Department of Social Economy was found in +several different places. The State commission in lunacy made an +interesting exhibit of the ancient and modern methods of caring for +insane patients. There was also a model showing the tent system for +treatment of tuberculosis. The State board of charities made a very +complete exhibit of the several State institutions under its +jurisdiction, first, by means of photography of exteriors and interiors, +and, second, by specimens of work carried on in the industrial +departments of the various institutions. They also made an elaborate +photographic exhibit of the almshouses in the State and of the +penitentiaries. The State labor bureau sent a series of 28 graphic +charts bearing on labor conditions in the State and comparisons between +New York and other States and countries. This was supplemented by a +series of the reports of the bureau. The State department of health +furnished an exhibit of the blanks generally used in the administration +of the department of health and graphically showed the work under its +jurisdiction. The State excise department furnished a series of graphic +charts upon the receipt and disbursement of the excise moneys of the +State. + +The New York agricultural exhibit differed from the other exhibits in +the Agricultural Building in that the object sought was educational +rather than spectacular. In wheat there were over 500 varieties and +about 1,000 samples; in corn, about 100 varieties and 300 samples; +beans, 75 varieties; peas, 50 varieties; oats, 20 varieties; barley, 8 +varieties; buckwheat, 50 samples, and other grains in proportion. There +were also exhibits of tobacco, salt, canned fruits of every variety, +canned meats and fish, hops, flour, maple sirup and sugar, including +varieties of potatoes. + +In the Cheese Department New York had over half of the exhibit. In the +Butter Department a facsimile of the Liberty Bell in butter, exact size, +with all the inscriptions. + +New York had the largest exhibit in the Horticultural Palace and also +had more than twice the number of varieties of any other State. New York +was the only State showing pears and grapes. + +In exhibiting the timber indigenous to the State in the Forestry, Fish, +and Game Building, two specimens of each species were shown in paneled +framework, showing both sides of the specimen. + +In connection with the specimens of timber were exhibited a series of +photographs of trees of New York, eight in number. Each tree was shown +in leaf and also as it appears in winter. A life-size photograph of the +bark of each tree was shown, and in most instances specimens of the +leaves, flowers, and fruit. In this connection there were in small glass +jars seeds of all the important forest trees of New York, also +by-products of the forest, such as nuts, sugar, pulp, wood alcohol, and +many other commodities. + +A collection of all the insects injurious to the trees of New York was +shown in an attractive manner in cases. + +The outside exhibit of New York consisted of a nursery and plantation of +forest trees. As a part of the inside exhibit were shown specimens of +substantially all the food and game fishes of New York. No attempt was +made to show abnormally large specimens; the purpose was to show the +average fish, true to color and size. The collection included both fresh +and salt water specimens of the fishes of New York. Some interesting +specimens of oyster growth and of the enemies of the oyster were also +shown. + +A part of the inside exhibit was a typical hunter camp. It was +constructed of spruce logs and roofed with spruce bark from the +Adirondack forest by Adirondack guides. + +An outside exhibit of forestry consisted of a nursery and plantation of +forest trees, showing the method by which the forest, fish, and game +commission of New York is foresting the denuded, nonagricultural lands +of the State. The plot was 120 feet by 60 feet and contained 80,000 +trees. + +In the Mines Building were displayed ten geological maps of the State of +New York, besides a relief map of the State, a hypsometric map, a road +map, and publications on mineralogical works besides photographs. In +metallic products there were iron ores, lead and zinc, and pyrites. In +nonmetallic products there were displayed garnet, emery, millstones, +infusorial earth, mineral paints, graphite, talc, mica, salt, gypsum, +land plaster, and plaster of Paris. In building stones there were shown +granite, diabase, morite, sandstone, bluestone, limestone, marble, +slate, and marl. + +A pavilion was erected in order to display the clay products of the +State. The collection was of type products rather than a great mass of +similar clays. New York State produces roofing tile, and several styles +were wrought into the roof of the pavilion. The brick were of several +styles and colors, from the classic roman dry-press brick to the rough +rock-face clinker which forms the base course of the structure. + + +NORTH CAROLINA. + +_Members of North Carolina commission_.--H.H. Brimley, +commissioner-general; T.K. Bruner and J.A. Holmes, resident +commissioners. + +In March, 1903, the legislature of North Carolina appropriated $10,000 +for the participation of the State at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. +Ten thousand dollars was also raised by subscriptions among citizens and +manufacturers of North Carolina, making a total of $20,000. The cost of +transportation, installation, and maintenance, and general expenses of +the State exhibit practically used up the total amount. + +North Carolina had no State building. + +The State had exhibits in the Departments of Mines and Metallurgy, +Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Fish and Game. The total cost of +the State's participation in the exposition was about as follows: + +Value of loan exhibits in the different departments ....... $9,000 +Cost of new specimens and cases ........................... 8,000 +Value of specimens and cases already on hand and withdrawn + from the State museum ................................... 30,000 +Installation and expenses ................................. 12,000 + ------ + Total .............................................. 59,000 + +In mines and metallurgy the exhibit covered a floor space of about 2,200 +square feet. It consisted of a full, systematic collection of the +minerals of the State, a representation of the ores of gold, copper, +silver, iron, nickel, and tin that are native to North Carolina, and a +very full exhibit of the economic minerals. Wherever possible, there +were shown specimens of the finished product alongside of the raw +material, and this feature added considerable value to the display. A +very beautiful and very comprehensive collection of cut gems and crude +gem material was perhaps the most attractive feature of the exhibit. The +collection of building and ornamental stones included a large variety of +granites, marbles, and sandstones, many of them of a very superior +quality. + +In agriculture the chief features of the exhibit were the special +tobacco display and the collection of grains and seeds in the main +space. A good line of commercial cotton samples and of the best +varieties of cotton seed were shown and some cotton-oil and cotton-mill +machinery in connection therewith. The late date at which any money +became available prevented any show of sheaf grains or grasses and cut +short the exhibit in many ways. + +In the Department of Horticulture the show was a small one, owing both +to the very poor fruit year and also, again, to the late date at which +the collecting had to be started. The space occupied was about 500 +square feet in size, while in the four different spaces in the +Agricultural Building the total floor area occupied was nearly 4,000 +square feet. + +The combined forestry and fish and game exhibits were among the most +complete of any of the State exhibits. The total floor space occupied by +these was 2,400 square feet. The display of native timber specimens was +most complete and systematic, and the specimens were shown in a way to +impart the most information in a condensed form. The main collection +consisted of planks cut the full length and width of the trees, 4 feet +long by 4 inches thick, with the bark left attached. One-half of each +was dressed and sandpapered, but not varnished; the other half filled +and varnished and given an oil-rub finish to bring out the beauties of +the grain and to show the best finish the different kinds of wood would +take. Wherever possible, two sections were shown in the form of disks +cut across the log. These brought out the character of the end grain and +the annual growth rings, as well as the size of the trees from which +each specimen came. A variety of finished wood products and a collection +of forest seeds and of medicinal plants completed the exhibit. + +In the Department of Fish and Game the State showed collections of +mounted food and game fishes, of oysters and clams, and of tools and +appliances used in their capture, including some very fine models of the +more typical of the fishing craft used in North Carolina waters. Fairly +complete collections of the game birds, wild fowl, and shore birds were +shown, as well as most of the prey-catching and fish-eating birds found +in the State. The game animals and those valuable for their furs were +also exhibited, and a very fine lot of furs, both raw and dressed, +occupied a case contiguous to that containing the fur-bearing animals. +Guns, traps, etc., were shown as well to illustrate the means used in +the capture of the different kinds. Collections of marine invertebrates, +of reptiles and batrachians, casts of fishes and cetaceans, an old +whaling outfit, and a lot of miscellaneous material completed the +exhibit. + +Considering the amount of money used, the exhibits were large, varied, +full, and of good quality all through, and in some cases unlimited funds +could hardly have bettered them. + + +NORTH DAKOTA. + +North Dakota had no State building on the grounds. The exhibits, which +comprised every variety of grain and species of grass grown in the +State, gathered from the very best samples obtained from the crop of +1903, were shown principally in the Agricultural Building, although +there was a very excellent exhibit in the Palace of Mines and +Metallurgy, showing the mineral resources of the State, and including +coal, clays, cement, building stones, etc. + +The State legislature, on March 17, 1903, passed an act authorizing the +participation of the State at the World's Fair to be held in St. Louis +in 1904, and at the Lewis and Clark Centennial and Pacific Exposition +and Oriental Fair to be held at Portland, Oreg., in 1905, and creating a +commission composed of the governor, the State auditor, the +lieutenant-governor, the commissioner of agriculture, and Warren N. +Steele, of Rolette County. The governor was made the president of the +commission and the commissioner of agriculture the secretary. + +This act appropriated the sum of $50,000 for the exhibits to be made at +the two expositions therein named. + +The commissioners appointed by the legislature were as follows: + +Governor Frank White, president; Commissioner of Agriculture R.J. +Turner, secretary; Lieut. Governor David Bartlett, executive +commissioner; Hon. H.L. Holmes, and Hon. Warren N. Steele. + +There was absolutely no private contribution or subscription. The cost +of the installation, including transportation and freight charges, etc., +was in the neighborhood of $25,000. + + +OHIO. + +In an act of the general assembly of the State of Ohio a bill was passed +May 12, 1902, creating a commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition +and appropriating $75,000 for the erecting and maintaining of a State +building. The act provided as follows: + +For the appointment of a commission to erect a building on the grounds +of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and to take charge of the building +and exhibits that might be placed therein, the governor was authorized +to appoint within thirty days after the passage of the act, a commission +of seven residents of the State of Ohio and one executive commissioner, +who should be ex officio a member of the commission. No more than four +of the commission were to be of the same political party. It was the +duty of the commission to decide upon plans and specifications for an +Ohio Building to cost not exceeding $35,000. Members of the commission +were not entitled to receive any compensation for their services except +their actual expenses for transportation and for subsistence for the +time they were necessarily engaged on the business of the commission. +The salary of the executive commissioner was $2,500 per annum, and in +addition to this salary he was allowed his actual and necessary +expenses. That there should be appropriated the sum of $50,000, $25,000 +to be available on and after the 15th day of February, 1903, for the +erection and equipment of the building and for other expenses provided +for in the act. + +An extra appropriation of $12,500 for the completion of the State +building was provided for in an act passed March 25, 1904, making an +appropriation for an Ohio Building on the grounds of the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Mo. + +The following commissioners were appointed: + +William F. Burdell, president; L.E. Holden, vice-president; Stacey B. +Rankin, executive commissioner; D.H. Moore, Edwin Hagenbuch, M.K. Gantz, +Newell K. Kennon, and David Friedman. + +As soon as the bill had been passed and the commissioners had been +appointed a meeting of the commission was held for the purpose of +deciding upon the plans for the State building. The building was erected +on the southeastern end of the fair grounds, on that part known as the +Terrace of States, at a cost of $35,000. The structure was designed +solely for the comfort and convenience of the people of the State, and +no effort was made to exhibit therein any of the resources of the State. +In an act of the general assembly of the State an additional bill was +passed March 24, 1904, appropriating $12,500 for completing and +furnishing the State building on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition. In this connection it may be of interest to mention that +President Francis especially complimented the commission for its +promptness in having the building erected, for on the opening day of the +exposition the Ohio Building was ready for occupancy and the president +himself was the first to register his name. At the close of the +exposition the commission advertised for the sale of the building and +disposed of it to the highest bidder. + +While Ohio as a State maintained only one exhibit in the Mines and +Metallurgy Building, consisting chiefly of clay and its products, over +150 private individuals and corporations throughout the State added to +the prominence and magnitude of the exposition by installing costly +exhibits, which were maintained by them at very great expense. These +miscellaneous exhibits showed to very good advantage the natural +resources of the State and its diversified products. In the Palaces of +Electricity, Machinery, and Transportation the State was represented +remarkably well by these private exhibitors, and much credit is due to +them for their attractive and interesting display. In the Liberal Arts +Building it may be correctly intimated that the Ohio exhibitors were +predominant. In the Department of Anthropology, also, Ohio took the +grand prize over all competitors. The display consisted principally of +relics taken from the historical mounds of the State, which in +themselves were very interesting. Not only was the grand prize awarded +for the display, but a special gold medal was presented to Prof. W.C. +Mills, librarian and curator of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical +Society, for his untiring efforts in revealing to the public of to-day +the mode of livelihood and the characteristics of the oldest and most +historical race of this continent. + + +OKLAHOMA. + +The Oklahoma World's Fair commission was appointed on April 19, 1901, +and organized ready for active work on May 1, 1901. Two days after it +was decided to hold the World's Fair in Forest Park, the Oklahoma +commission notified Secretary Stevens that Oklahoma was ready to select +her site for a building. + +Oklahoma was among the very first to select a site on the World's Fair +grounds, was first to lay a corner stone for the Territorial building, +and the first to accept her building complete from the contractor and +dedicate the same. + +By an act of the legislature of the Territory of Oklahoma, dated March +1, 1901, the sum of $20,000 was appropriated for the participation of +the Territory at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Subsequently, on +March 14, 1903, the legislature of the Territory enacted a bill +appropriating $40,000 additional for the erection and equipment of the +building on the grounds of the exposition, and for the transportation +and installation of the exhibits of the Territory. The following were +appointed by the legislature as a commission in charge of Oklahoma +exhibits: + +Joseph Meibergen, chairman; Otto A. Shuttee, treasurer; Edgar B. +Marchant, secretary. + +The Oklahoma Building was of semi-Moorish architecture, size 71 by 72, +with balconies above, below, and in front, the full width of the +building. It contained reception halls, parlors, toilet rooms, and +commissioner's office, 14 rooms in all. The building was two stories +high, with basement, provided with rugs and carpets of Wilton velvet. + +The total cost of the building, exclusive of furniture, including gas +and electric light fixtures, was approximately $15,500. + +All the plaster, inside and out, used in the construction of the +building was manufactured from Oklahoma gypsum. + +The educational exhibit was shown in the Palace of Education and +occupied 488 square feet. It contained representative work from the +kindergarten to the University of Oklahoma. All the seven colleges and +preparatory schools supported by the Territory were represented, and +many of the ten institutions of higher learning supported by +denominational and private enterprises. Work from the majority of the +2,192 district schools was shown in leaf cabinets, framed pictures, and +in other ways. Taxidermical work and modeling in Oklahoma plaster were +shown, together with specimens of the handiwork of the students in the +Agricultural and Mechanical College. There were more than 4,000 exhibits +contained in the collection, which was shown in cabinets and cases. The +total cost of collection, installation, and maintenance was $1,825.95. + +The agricultural exhibit was shown in section 42 of the Palace of +Agriculture, and covered 3,600 square feet of floor space. + +Specimens of all the agricultural products of the Territory were shown +in the exhibit and consisted of the following: + + Exhibits. +Thrashed grain: + Wheat ................................... 160 + Oats .................................... 65 + Rye ..................................... 5 + Barley .................................. 11 +Corn, shelled ............................. 19 +Miscellaneous, consisting of alfalfa seed, + timothy, speltz, castor beans, etc ...... 31 +Corn in the ear: + 1903 .................................... 159 + 1904 .................................... 300 +Potatoes: + Irish ......................... plates .. 150 + Sweet ........................... do .... 57 +Broom corn ................................ 20 + +The foregoing constituted the main body of the exhibit, which was +supplemented by corn in the stalk, wheat, oats, barley, and other grains +in exhibit bundles, native and tame grasses in profusion, water-melons, +the largest of which weighed 117 pounds; various field and garden +vegetables, cotton and cotton-seed products, flax, tobacco, etc. A +special feature was a loaf of bread baked from flour ground from wheat +of the 1904 crop. The total cost of collection, installation, and +maintenance was $4,072.80. + +In the Horticultural Department the exhibit covered 1,100 square feet of +floor space. The exhibit consisted of 250 jars of preserved fruits of +the various kinds produced in Oklahoma, 200 bottles of Oklahoma grape +wine, and about 400 plates of fresh fruits of the various kinds in their +season. Four hundred and fifty bushels of the choicest apples were +placed in cold storage in the fall of 1903 to keep the exhibit fresh. On +the 15th of November the exhibit had 1,800 specimens of apples from the +crops of 1904. The total cost of collection, installation, and +maintenance was $4,892.48. + +The mineral exhibit occupied 1,020 square feet in the Palace of Mines +and Metallurgy. Here were shown 186 exhibits of sandstone, limestone, +and other building stone, magnetite, brick (both burned and green), +transparent selenite, and various others from Oklahoma. It also +contained salt, oil, and glass sand testing 96 per cent pure. The +plaster resources of Oklahoma were shown from the raw material in a +solid block weighing 3,600 pounds, through the various evolutions of +plaster manufacture to the finished product in dainty statuettes. A +prominent feature of this exhibit was the relief map of the Territory, +made from Oklahoma plaster by Doctor Finney, of the University of +Oklahoma. The map weighed 1,600 pounds and showed every elevation and +depression, with the rivers, streams, lakes, gypsum deposits, and salt +reserves. The total cost of collection, installation, and maintenance +was $3,263.50. + + +OREGON. + +_Members of commission_.--Jefferson Myers, president; W.E. Thomas, +vice-president; Edmond C. Giltner, secretary; W.H. Wehrung, special +commissioner and general superintendent; F.A. Spencer, David Rafferty, +J.C. Flanders, G.Y. Harry, J.H. Albert, Richard Scott, Frank +Williams, F.G. Young, George Conser; Layton Wisdom, private secretary +to general superintendent. + +The legislature of the State of Oregon made an appropriation of $50,000 +for the participation of Oregon at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. +One of the main objects was to excite interest in the Lewis and Clark +Centennial Exposition to be held at Portland, Oreg., in 1905. + +The Oregon State Building was built of logs and was a reproduction of +Fort Clatsop, the fort in which Lewis and Clark and their companions +resided during their stay in Oregon in the winter of 1805-6. Two square +wings stood diagonally from each front corner of the building like the +old fortress abutments used in the days when it was necessary for +pioneer settlers to maintain such defenses against the hostile Indians. + +The cost of the erection and maintenance of the building was $9,000, of +which the Lewis and Clark Exposition Company contributed $3,500. + +Not including the exhibits in the Oregon Building, the State made +exhibits in six exhibit palaces, as follows: Agricultural Pavilion, +Horticultural Pavilion, Educational Pavilion, Forestry Pavilion, Mining +Pavilion, and Fish and Game Pavilion. + +In the Educational Department a very interesting display was made by the +State board of education and the public schools of approximately all the +towns in the State. + +In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building were exhibits by large lumber +corporations of the State and a very interesting display of mounted +specimens of fish and game, furs and rugs, also cannery displays from +the fish-canning concerns. The Oregon State experimental stations at +Corvallis and Union made very interesting exhibits of grains and grasses +in the Palace of Agriculture. The same classes of products were +exhibited by about 60 individual exhibitors, residents of the State of +Oregon. While grains and grasses formed the largest exhibit, there were +also interesting displays of wool, mohair, hops, milling stuffs, +evaporated cream, and vegetables and fruit, both evaporated and in jars. + +In the Horticultural Building about 50 exhibitors displayed specimens of +the fruits of Oregon. Apples, pears, and prunes were shown in +interesting variety and unexcelled quality. + +Four exhibitors made exhibits in the Live Stock Department. + +In the Mines and Metallurgy Building there was a very unique and +interesting display of mineral specimens, many of which were loaned to +the State of Oregon for use at the exposition. Among the specimens there +were collections of gold quartz and nuggets from the various gold mines +of the State. Besides the gold, there were shown collections of polished +pebble, copper ores, native silver, including cobalt and antimony ores, +crystals, opals, marble, jasper, asbestos, limestone, kaolin, asphaltum, +and tellurium ores. There were also displayed Indian curios, +ethnological, geological, and other specimens, all found in the State of +Oregon. The total value of the exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy +Building was estimated at $35,000. + +The cost of installing and maintaining the exhibits in the several +palaces were as follows: + +Agricultural Building ................. $7,117 +Horticultural Building ................ 6,148 +Educational Building .................. 3,800 +Forestry Building ..................... 3,200 +Mines and Metallurgy Building ......... 5,000 +Fish and Game Building ................ 2,300 + +The cost of freight and transportation from Oregon to the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition was, approximately, $4,400. Altogether the State of +Oregon expended $45,803.34 out of its appropriation up to the close of +the exposition. + + +PENNSYLVANIA. + +By a joint resolution of the legislature of Pennsylvania, on February 4, +1903, Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker appointed Lieutenant-Governor +William M. Brown, president of the senate; John M. Scott, speaker of the +house; Henry F. Walton, State treasurer; Frank G. Harris, auditor; Gen. +Edmund B. Hardenbergh, secretary of internal affairs, and Isaac B. Brown +as members of the Pennsylvania commission. Subsequently the governor +appointed the following additional members: William S. Harvey, Morris L. +Clothier, Joseph M. Gazzam, George H. Earle, Jr., Charles B. Penrose, +George T. Oliver, H.H. Gilkyson, Hiram Young, James Pollock, and James +McBrier. The president of the senate appointed John G. Brady, William C. +Sproul, William P. Snyder, J. Henry Cochran, Cyrus E. Woods, and the +speaker of the house appointed Theodore B. Stulb, John Hamilton, William +B. Kirker, William Wayne, John A.F. Hoy, Fred T. Ikeler, William H. +Ulrich, A.F. Cooper, Frank B. McClain, George J. Hartman. + +The commission organized on April 24, 1903, and nominated James H. +Lambert, of Philadelphia, executive officer; Bromley Wharton, secretary +of the commission and created an executive committee of nine members, +with H. George J. Brennan as secretary; Thos. H. Garvin, superintendent +State Building; Philip H. Johnson, architect. + +The State appropriation was $300,000. The only amount raised by private +subscription, which was used in the installation of State exhibits, was +$15,000, contributed by the anthracite coal corporations to make a +display of the process of mining and marketing anthracite coal. There +were no exhibits in the Pennsylvania State Building outside of the +portraits of distinguished Pennsylvanians, past and present, 42 of which +were displayed, and a collection of pictures loaned by the American Art +Society. Several mural paintings from the Women's School of Design, in +Philadelphia, and a series of nearly 100 photographs of the monuments +erected to Pennsylvania regiments on the field of Gettysburg. + +The State mining exhibit represented an expenditure of $60,000. + +The cost of the educational exhibit was $14,000; of the agricultural +exhibit $12,000; of the fish exhibit, $10,000. + +In the Department of Social Economy Pennsylvania's charitable and penal +system was fully demonstrated in an exhibit which received a grand prize +and which was installed at an expenditure of $2,500. In addition to +this, Pennsylvania's interests were represented in every department of +the exposition--in Manufactures, Liberal Arts, Varied Industries, +Electricity, Transportation, and Machinery. + +It was Pennsylvania-made machinery which furnished the power for the +electric light of the exposition, as well as for driving the machinery +and pumping the water for the Cascades. + +The Pennsylvania State Building occupied a conspicuous position on +elevated ground and was one of the finest and most costly in the State +group. The most imposing figure was the magnificently proportioned +rotunda, the roof of which was supported by a colonnade of Ionic +capitaled columns, which supported an entablature of great dignity, this +in turn being surmounted by a series of 12 semicircular arches or +lunettes, in each of which was placed an allegorical painting, +suggestive and typically illustrative of the very important industries +of the State. + +The principal color scheme of the architectural features was ivory +white, with the capitals and plinths of columns gilt, as also the +vaulted soffits above the paintings and the large Guilloche moldings on +ribs of the ceiling, and the other important details. + +The walls above the low wainscoting were painted in a rich shade of +turquoise blue, with paneled ornamental stenciled work of a very rich +ecru tone. + +The ceiling was finished in a rich yellow tint of a tone to harmonize +with the general surroundings. The general effect produced, aside from +the artistic result obtained, was Pennsylvania's State colors. The +ladies' room contained some beautiful furniture, consisting of some +large settees, tables, writing desks, and comfortably upholstered easy +chairs. The windows were draped with red silk curtains on which were +embroidered the coat of arms and other State emblems. + +The men's room, across the large stair hall, was similarly treated as +regards furniture and draperies, but in more masculine, taste, the +furniture being covered in leather, the draperies of heavier material, +and the color scheme and design throughout being more suggestive of the +sex. + +The second floor had three large, beautifully lighted and proportioned +rooms, known as "art rooms." + +The various rooms throughout the building were decorated murally and +otherwise in such color tones, draperies, etc., as to make one +harmonious with the other. Each department, in addition to its other +features, had specially designed Smyrna rugs in color and design to +match. + +Pennsylvania, in the allotment of space for her education exhibit, +received one of the most desirable plots in the Educational Building. +The booth was one of the most attractive in the building, and was in +harmony with its purpose. The exhibit was almost entirely from the +public schools, including work from the kindergarten, the grades, and +the high school. The normal schools and the soldiers' orphans schools, +which are a part of the public school system in Pennsylvania, were also +well represented. The work of all the kindergartens appeared together, +likewise the first grade, and so on through the grades. The high school +and normal school products were arranged by subjects, the papers from +one branch appearing in a cabinet. The display was made on the inside +walls of the booth in leaf cabinets, base stands, and special show +cases. + +In portfolios and on the walls were about 3,000 photographs of school +buildings, grounds, interiors with children at work and at play, manual +classes at sewing, basketry, weaving, in the shops and the gardens, +plans and drawings in full of model rural school buildings; evolution of +the schoolhouses, showing the first log building, its successors until +the modern school structure is reached, and noted places and buildings +in Pennsylvania history. The State soldiers' orphans schools had an +interesting and attractive exhibit of photographs of their buildings, +grounds, pupils, and shops with work going on. The industrial Indian +school at Carlisle had a number of most interesting photographs showing +the marvelous development in the pupils after they enter that school. +The normal schools of the State had about 300 photographs of buildings, +interiors, and students. + +Haverford College and Lehigh University had exhibits of photographs of +the college buildings, interiors, course of study, and students. The +Philadelphia School of Design for Women, the Pennsylvania School of +Industrial Art, and the Spring Garden Institute had most interesting +exhibits showing the best handiwork in the lines for which these schools +were severally noted. + +In the exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy it was designed to make an +exposition of the mineral wealth of the State in the crude condition of +its occurrences, and of her industrial advancement in the arts and +sciences as shown by the finished product. There were aggregated in the +exhibit statistical data, photographic views, transparencies and prints, +relief maps, specimens of crude, partly worked, and finished material. + +The central feature of the exhibit, an octagonal shaft about 30 feet in +height, surmounted by an ornamental frieze, dome, and golden eagle, bore +statistics relating to the most important mineral productions of the +State during the year 1903. Among the relief maps reproducing mining +regions one, 12 by 8 feet, covered the whole State of Pennsylvania, and +showed coal measures, including the Pottsville conglomerate, +oil-producing areas, and gas territory. + +Among the crude materials exhibited, coal, the greatest mineral product +of the State, was given preeminence. A piece of anthracite coal weighing +11 tons, said to be the largest unbroken piece of this coal ever taken +from the ground, was surrounded by pyramidal glass cases in which were +displayed anthracite coals of various kinds, quantities, and qualities +in all the marketable sizes, from lump to culm. Adjoining this display +was a working breaker illustrating modern methods of breaking, cleaning, +and assorting anthracite coal. Next to this display was probably the +most perfect and comprehensive coal-mine model ever constructed. It was +about 16 feet by 9 feet, and was accurately proportioned to the scale of +5 feet to 1 inch. The background of the model showed the surface plan of +a large mine, including a miniature breaker near the head of the mine +shaft to the breaker, small cars bearing slate and culm away from the +breakers, and coal cars upon a track which ran under the breaker for +convenience in loading the marketable product for shipment; also upon +the left hand, the fan supplying ventilation to the mine, the carpenter +shop, and the boiler room, and on the right hand, the men at work on +strippings (coal lying on or near the surface) with steam shovels. + +Mounted prints and transparencies showed interior and surface views of +mines, and a valuable collection of coal fossils completed the State +exhibit of anthracite coal. + +The bituminous coal of the State of Pennsylvania was represented by +twelve cross-sectional cuttings from well-known veins occurring in +different parts of the State and by models and views. Pennsylvania's +interest in iron mining and manufactures was represented by the crude +product only. + +In crude specimens, ores of manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, etc., +were displayed, as well as feldspar, corundum talc, asbestos, gypsum, +and mica. A pavilion built of old Bangor slate showed slabs of different +grades and varieties of finish. + +A handsomely mounted exhibit of crude and refined oils in 200 flasks +conveyed a conception of the variety and extent of the oil industry of +the State. The whole exhibit, so far as space would permit, was designed +upon a scale significant of the size, importance, and value of the +mineral wealth it represented. + +The general scheme of installation of Pennsylvania's agricultural +exhibit embraced an inclosing structure of show cases with plate-glass +tops. On either side of the four corners was a massive paneled port +surmounted by a glass sphere 6 inches in diameter and filled with some +farm products similar to that which was shown in the cases adjoining +them. + +Upon two of the keystones grains and seeds were displayed in glass jars, +while corn was shown in rows of ears. Upon another keystone were shown +fine specimens of fine tobacco, as also in the show cases adjoining the +pagoda. All the tobacco shown was grown in Lancaster County. Wool was +shown in the grease, or "unwashed," in small samples taken directly from +the sheep. These samples were arranged upon black velvet, which lined +the bottom of the cases in a large variety of beautiful forms, and +constituted one of the most attractive features of the exhibits. + +In the remaining show cases was found an unusually large collection of +the manufactured products of the farmers' crops, including meals, +flours, "breakfast foods," oils, liquors, pipes, etc. + +Pennsylvania's fish exhibit was divided into five groups, namely: Live +fish, mounted fish, birds and mammals, water colors and photographs of +fishery subjects, legally confiscated devices for catching fish and +angling materials. + +Naturally, it was designed that the live-fish exhibit should be the +prominent feature. Thirty-five aquaria were placed on two sides of the +main aisle. Only prominent examples of various groups were displayed, +consisting of game fishes, food fishes, the principal interior fishes +commercially valuable as food, representatives of types which have no +value either for game or food purposes and which were distinctively +destructive, and also minnows. + +The still exhibit was one of great beauty. The mounted groups were +separated into two divisions, mounted fishes of the larger size and the +mounted specimens of the birds and animals which prey upon fishes. + +The greatest interest was probably shown in the exhibit of legally +confiscated nets, draped in artistic fashion against a high board wall +stained to represent a natural fence. Among them were placed fish on +panels, which added materially to the effect. It was the only exhibit of +its kind in the World's Fair, and it apparently proved to be one of the +most attractive. + +Pennsylvania responded enthusiastically to the invitation to participate +in the general educational display in the Art Palace. Fully conscious of +the ethical influence of art as a factor in the progress of the +Commonwealth, the commissioners set aside funds to assist the +Pennsylvania artists in displaying the best of their works produced +since the Columbian Exposition--eleven years ago--and in a manner worthy +of the State, which possesses the oldest art institute in the country +and which gave birth to Benjamin West, Sully, Nagel, Rothemmel, and +Abbey. + +The State had important representation in all of the six groups in which +the department had classified its exhibits. + +The following table will show the extent of the participation: + +Paintings and drawings ...... 145 +Etchings and engravings ..... 7 +Sculpture ................... 36 +Architecture ................ 104 +Loan ........................ 14 +Applied arts ................ 107 + ---- +Total ....................... 313 + +Pennsylvania sculpture was a striking feature of the impressive +collection in the United States sculpture court of the Art Palace. The +late Edmund C. Stewartson's work, "The Bather," one of the best +productions of American sculpture, was installed here, and, among +others, important works were shown of Charles Grafly, to whom was +intrusted the designing of the official medal of awards for the +exposition; of Alexander Sterling Calder, and of Samuel Murray, who +exhibited many portrait busts of well-known Pennsylvanians. Architecture +had as its Pennsylvania representation many well-known individuals and +firms. + +To the splendid collection of foreign masterpieces forming the loan +collection of the United States section, borrowed from individual +collectors and art institutions, Pennsylvania made sumptuous +contributions. + +The Pennsylvania display in the Department of Art was of the highest +importance, and a comparison with the contributions of other States +disclosed the fact that Pennsylvania stood second to only one other +State in point of numbers. + + +PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. + +The Philippine exposition board was created by Act 514 of the Philippine +Commission, passed for the purpose of collecting and installing a +distinctively Philippine exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of +1904 at St. Louis, Mo. + +The original act carried an appropriation of $125,000, which was made +immediately available, and authorized the board to incur additional +obligations to the amount of $250,000 apart from such sum as might be +set aside by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company in aid of the +Philippine exhibit. The amount of such aid was $200,000 from the +appropriation made by Congress. + +Several amendments to Act 514 were made, notably Acts 765, 827, 1055, +and other acts carrying additional appropriations. + +The exposition board, as originally appointed, consisted of Dr. W.P. +Wilson, director of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum; Dr. Gustavo +Niederlein, chief of the scientific department of the Philadelphia +museums, and Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, of Manila, as members, and Dr. Leon +M. Guerrero, also of Manila, secretary. Mr. Carson Taylor was appointed +disbursing officer. + +Several changes in the authorized official organization have occurred. +Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, member, whose work had been confined to the +Philippine Islands, resigned in August, 1904, and was succeeded by Mr. +A.L. Lawshe, auditor for the Philippine Islands, who was appointed to +serve during a leave of absence from the Philippines. Dr. W.P. Wilson +resigned the chairmanship in October, 1904, the resignation to take +effect November 1 following. Mr. Lawshe was appointed to the +chairmanship to succeed Doctor Wilson, and Mr. Herbert S. Stone, +previously connected with the board as chief of publicity, was appointed +to the vacant membership on the board. + +The task of collecting the material for the exhibit devolved on Doctor +Niederlein, who, as director of exhibits, was given sole charge of this +work. He arrived in the islands for the purpose in October, 1902. + +Chairman Wilson made a brief visit to the islands in May, 1903, to +arrange plans for the work, and upon his return undertook the +construction of the buildings and the beautifying of the grounds. +Forty-seven acres of rolling country, lying for the most part on an +elevation of the southwestern section of the World's Fair grounds, were +assigned to the Philippine exhibit. The work of construction consisted +of building a miniature city, with streets and parks and complete +sewerage, water, and electric light, and fire-alarm systems. The ground +plan included a central park or plaza, the sides of the quadrangle being +occupied, respectively, by the cathedral or educational building, the +typical Manila house, the commerce building, and the government or +administration building, each of these beautiful structures being filled +with appropriate exhibits. In addition there were separate exhibit +buildings devoted to forestry, mines, and metallurgy, to agriculture and +horticulture, to fish and game, and to ethnology, all artistically +placed. A reproduction of the ancient walls of Manila commanded the main +approach to the Philippine grounds. After crossing a miniature +reproduction of the Bridge of Spain, which spans the Pasig River at +Manila, the visitors entered the Philippine reservation through the Real +gate. Villages typical of the Philippine life, from the lowest grade to +the better class, surrounded the main buildings, while on the south side +were the quarters, camps, and parade grounds of the Philippine +Constabulary and the Philippine Scouts. The Manila Observatory, with a +large outdoor relief map on the east and a hospital and office building +in a convenient space on the west part of the grounds, completed the +scheme. + +Each and every building constructed under Philippine auspices was +typical of the islands. Vast quantities of bamboo and nipa, brought from +the archipelago, were used in the construction of the native villages as +well as in the Forestry, Mines, Agriculture, and Fish and Game +buildings. + +While the expenditure for the exhibit far exceeded the amount originally +contemplated by the Philippine Commission, due to many causes and +conditions, it gave to the people of the United States a more intimate +knowledge of the resources and possibilities of the Philippine Islands +than they could acquire except by an actual and extended visit. + +The exhibit was an honest one. There were the least civilized people in +the Negritos and the Igorrotes; the semicivilized in the Bagobos and the +Moros, and the civilized and cultured in the Visavans, as well as in the +constabulary and scout organizations. In all other respects the exhibit +was a faithful portrayal. + +The official staff of the board was as follows: + +Dr. William P. Wilson, chairman; Dr. Gustavo Niederlein, member and +director of exhibits; Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, member; Dr. Leon M. +Guerrero, secretary; Mr. Edmund A. Felder, executive officer; Mr. Carson +Taylor, disbursing officer; Mr. H.C. Lewis, cashier; Rev. Jose Algue, +S.J., director of the Philippine Weather Bureau and director of the +Philippine Exposition Observatory; Capt. M.C. Butler, U.S. Army, +director of supplies; Capt. Llewellyn P. Williamson, Medical Department, +U.S. Army, medical director; Mr. Charles L. Hall, chief department of +agriculture; Mr. Charles P. Fenner, chief department of commerce and +manufactures and representative of the American Chamber of Commerce of +Manila; Mr. A.R. Hager, chief department of education; Dr. Albert E. +Jenks, chief ethnological survey for the Philippine Islands and chief of +the department of ethnology, Philippine exposition; Mr. Roy Hopping, +chief department mines and metallurgy; Mr. Herbert S. Stone, chief +department of publicity; Mr. Alfred C. Newell, chief department of +exploitation; Mr. William N. Swarthout, editor of the Manila Times, on +special duty; Mr. George P. Linden, curator of exhibits, in charge of +forestry; Capt. F.E. Cofren, P.C., chief of war exhibit; Mr. Antonio G. +Escammilla, assistant secretary; Capt. George S. Clark, purchasing +agent; Mr. A.E. Anderson, architect; Mr. James D. Lalor, chief engineer; +Miss Pilar Zamora, superintendent of model school; Mr. Jose Quadras, +chief department of fish and game. + +The forestry exhibit was installed in a handsome and characteristic +bamboo and nipa structure of the bungalow type. The interior of the +building was divided into four parts, of which two were utilized to show +the woods in the rough, planed, and polished states, a third being used +to display forestry by-products, while the last contained the finished +products made into furniture. + +The total number of exhibitors in this department was 1,294. The +superior jury approved the following awards: + +Grand prizes, 3; gold medals, 24; silver medals, 39; bronze medals, 32; +honorable mentions, 207; total number awards granted, 305. + +In the commerce and manufactures was a commercial exhibit showing the +articles of importation, their cost, method of packing, etc. Exhibitors +of samples of imports in this department were awarded suitable medals +and diplomas for their collaboration and the wisdom of the scheme has +been fully demonstrated. + +The commercial library, consisting of the Philippine tariff and customs +administrative act, public laws and resolutions passed by the civil +commission, and other books of interest, served excellently as works of +reference. + +The department of liberal arts and fine arts was installed in the two +wings on the ground floor of the Government Building, while the fine-art +exhibit was placed in the art gallery formed by the rear wing of the +building. Taking advantage of the available facilities, they were +arranged so as to give unity to the whole, notwithstanding their +variety, thus making the general effect pleasing to the eye. + +A collection of mollusks of great scientific value and a collection of +insects were placed, respectively, in the right and left wings of the +building. + +A large collection of books, pamphlets, newspapers, photographs, etc., +relating to the Philippines, the maps and public and private house +models, and the different exhibits of the insular government bureaus +were exhibited in the palaces above mentioned. The needlework in silk +cloth, pina, and cotton, together with work in leather, silver, and +gold, and musical instruments, noteworthy on account of perfect +workmanship, were equally well displayed for public inspection. + +The prizes awarded to this department were as follows: + +Grand prizes, 14; gold medals, 55; silver medals, 64; bronze medals, 45; +honorable mentions, 123. + +The main installation of fine arts was made in the reception hall of the +Government Building, both for paintings and sculpture. Of the first +mentioned there were 61, selected for special merit, and of the second, +28, notable for their artistic conception and execution. The remainder +were divided between the educational building and the Manila House, +there being 85 oil paintings aside from water colors and some drawings +in crayon; 35 pieces of sculpture, and 8 wood carvings. Among the pieces +of sculpture were included certain ancient pieces which, in some +respects, illustrate the history of this branch of fine arts cultivated +by the Filipinos, with special application to religious iconography. + +In July the paintings and sculptures were examined, and the following +awards were unanimously made: + +Grand prizes, 4; gold medals, 15; silver medals, 31; bronze medals, 38; +honorable mentions, 42. + +The Manila observatory took a special interest in the St. Louis +Exposition and exhibited a model of a first-class meteorological seismic +station equipped with the very latest instruments. This model, unlike +others that were on exhibition at the World's Fair, was in working +order, and all the recording instruments were continually kept in motion +by the head mechanic of the Manila central observatory. + +The work in the meteorological station consisted principally in taking +two daily observations of Green's mercurial barometer, of the maximum +and minimum temperature of the psychrometer, of the direction of the +winds and of the clouds and also the amount of rainfall. + +The educational exhibit was installed in a large, well-lighted building +which was a diminished model of the Manila Cathedral. Central walls and +alcoves, covered with green burlap, were erected to give wall space, and +220 square meters of space were thus provided. In preparing the exhibit, +the first step was to enlist the cooperation of the American and +Filipino teachers in the Government schools, about 2,000 in number, and +as many as possible of the teachers of private schools. To this end, +circulars were sent to every American teacher, and visits were made to +the school divisions near Manila. Supplies of school materials, uniform +paper for written work, etc., were sent by the bureau of education, +which gave every assistance possible to schools that requested such +material. Letters were written to a number of educators in America +requesting personal expressions as to what they would find most +interesting in a Philippine educational exhibit. In response many +helpful suggestions were received. + +The educational exhibit known as "Department A," of the Philippine +exposition board, contained collections sent by 438 exhibitors and +consisted of 8,542 exhibits. + +Labels of various sizes were freely used to give visitors information +regarding collections and conditions of school work in the Philippines, +particularly where these conditions differed from those of the United +States. + +Written work was displayed in flat-top wall cases arranged according to +school divisions, some of the typical work being shown open under glass. +These cases were arranged so that they might have been opened without +disturbing the displayed work to give access to other written work of +the division. + +The industrial exhibits and photographs filled 30 glazed show cases and +the wall space around these cases and were arranged by school divisions. +These show cases varied in size from one-half to 7 cubic meters. The +list of awards contained eight grand prizes, as follows: + +The secretary of public instruction and the general superintendent of +education, on the exhibit as a whole; the Philippine Model School; +Laguna High School; Liceo de Manila Secondary School; the Philippine +Nautical School; the Philippine Normal School, and the University of +Santo Tomas. + +Thirty gold medals, 71 silver medals, 110 bronze medals, and 323 +honorable mentions were also awarded. + +The Model School was in a typical nipa and bamboo schoolhouse especially +arranged for exhibition purposes. It was in charge of Miss Pilar Zamora, +a Tagalog, who is a teacher, in the Philippine Normal School. Two +sessions were held daily, to which visitors were admitted. + +The exhibits in the agricultural building represented agriculture, +horticulture, and land transportation. The material on exhibition +consisted of all raw and manufactured products of the soil, together +with crude native instruments and implements employed in the cultivation +of the land, as well as native machinery for the preparation of such +products for the market, illustrating in as complete a manner as +possible the old process of raising the various crops of the island. + +Among the cereals were large and interesting collections of rice, both +hulled and in the hull, representing hundreds of varieties and +subvarieties grown in the different islands of the archipelago. These +varieties were divided into two groups, namely, "palay de secano" or +mountain rice, which is cultivated without irrigation, and "palay de +regadio" or valley rice, which is cultivated in rice paddies and by +irrigation. There were also samples of wheat grown at some of the +experimental stations established by the insular bureau of agriculture. +Samples of corn or maize, millet, sorghum, pease, beans, and lentils +were also exhibited. + +There was also a large collection of tropical and European vegetable +seeds, together with seeds of various kinds of pumpkins, squash, +calabash, and cucumbers grown in the islands. The collection of oil and +oil-producing seeds consisted of samples of sesame, peanut, castor, +pili, palo, maria, tangan-tangan, tuba-tuba, copra, or dried cocoanut, +etc. + +The collection of wild and cultivated fruits, vegetables, and tubers +preserved in formaldehyde was a very interesting one, and undoubtedly +the first collection of its kind seen in America. Samples of unrefined +sugar of different grades, together with the preserved cane, were also +displayed, with the crude native machinery used in the extraction of the +sugar. + +Samples of alcohol, wines, and vinegar produced from the various palm +saps or grain and sugar were well represented. The collection of fibers +and textiles was very complete. It consisted of several varieties of +shrub cotton in white, yellow, and brown, together with the cloth made +of this cotton by the natives on crude hand looms, and the tree cotton +variety, which is principally used by the natives for filling pillows. +In the fiber exhibit were samples of hemp, maguey pina, and textile +barks of all kinds, together with samples of cloth and rope manufactured +from them. + +A conservatory built in the center of the building on the south side +contained a very interesting collection of orchids, cycas, and some tree +ferns from the Philippines. + +Exhibits were cared for in 93 show cases, 40 inches wide, 7 feet high, +and 1 foot deep; 4 show cases 6 feet wide, 7 feet high, and 6 feet deep. +Other exhibits too large to be placed in show cases were cared for on +420 feet of double shelving and on tables 80 feet long and 12 feet wide. + +The exhibits in this building numbered over 20,000 individual pieces, +the duplicates being exhibited under the same number. The following +number of awards was granted in the department of agriculture: + +Nine grand prizes, 4 gold medals, 179 silver medals, 145 bronze medals, +and 463 honorable mentions. + +The Fish and Game Building was situated in the extreme northern part of +the exposition grounds and overlooked Arrowhead Lake. The structure was +in the shape of the letter "T," and had a floor space of 4,400 square +feet and represented a "camarian," or Philippine warehouse. + +The building was divided into two sections; the first, containing a +floor space of 1,700 square feet, was devoted to the game exhibit, while +the second, containing a floor space of 3,200 square feet, was devoted +to fish, fishing apparatus, shells, etc. + +At the entrance was a fine specimen of the Tamarao, a species of wild +buffalo (_Bubalus mindorensis_ Heude); to the left a complete collection +of birds, well mounted and scientifically labeled, and to the right a +fine collection of the enormous fruit bats and some of the skins of +these bats, which are of great commercial value. Large collections of +birds' eggs, attractively displayed; numerous specimens of stuffed wild +boars and deer were displayed. Fine specimens of python, 21 feet long +and 1 foot in diameter, and a collection of crocodiles, large iguanas, +and lizards were prominent features in the collection of reptiles. + +A numerous collection of nets for fishing and hunting of deer and wild +boar, with some of the snares, game traps, bows, and arrows completely +covered and festooned the ceiling and walls. + +There was also a collection of corals, gorgonias or sponge corals, +having a spread of about 5 feet. + +The awards in this department, as approved by the superior jury, were as +follows: + +Fish and game: Grand prizes, 2; gold medals, 5; silver medals, 10; +bronze medals, 38; honorable mentions, 201. Water transportation: Grand +prizes, 2; gold medals, 3; silver medals, 3; bronze medals, 2; honorable +mentions, 33. + +A most interesting exhibit of the numerous mineral resources of the +archipelago was displayed for the inspection of the public in the mines +and mining exhibit. + +The most important exhibits were, first, the cases of iron ores, those +from Bulacan, Luzon, receiving a grand prize, 3 silver medals, and 2 +bronze medals. Second, a complete coal exhibit, that from Cebu and +Bataan Island each receiving a gold medal. Third, an exhibit of gold and +gold quartz, which filled five wall cases and two small table cases, and +which received three gold medals, six silver medals, and four bronze +medals. Gold medals were also given the exhibit of basalt for heavy +foundations and heavy construction, marble from Romblon Island, a +geological and mineralogical collection exhibited by the mining bureau +and Isuan mineral water from Los Banos, Laguna, Luzon. + +The ethnological collection was displayed in the ethnology building, +constructed around three sides of a square open court; the building was +119 feet long and 88 feet wide. It consisted of two long halls, one 88 +by 37, and one 88 by 39 feet long. Over one of these long halls were two +chambers about 30 feet square each. The building contained about 4,500 +square feet of surface behind glass cases, and about 9,400 square feet +of open wall and ceiling space covered with museum specimens, or a total +of about 14,000 square feet, where about 1,800 specimens were displayed. + +Some of the specimens exhibited were: Bontoc Igorrote head-axes, Bontoc +Igorotte basket work utensils used in the domestic and field activities; +Benguet and Banawi Igorrote carved wooden food bowls and spoons; Benguet +Igorrote baskets; wooden clay and metal pipes from northern Luzon; and a +collection of Benguet Igorrote copper pots and copper mining outfit. +Also Bontoc Igorotte spears, shields, and carved wooden human figures, +men's basket hats, women's headdress beads, men's boar tusk armlets, and +the earrings and ear plugs worn by both men and women. + +The ceilings and walls of the hall in which the exhibits were located +were covered with bark and cotton clothing made by the various Igorrote +people, such clothing as women's skirts and jackets, men's breechcloths +and shirts, and the various burial garments used by both men and women. +There was also a very large collection of shields and spears of the +various Igorrote people, a very exhaustive collection of Negrito +materials, and some excellent Kalinga, Ibilao, Tinguian, and Mangiyan +materials. + +One case contained a collection of Bagobo, Manobo, and Mandaya materials +and a collection of materials from the Tagakola, the Bilan, the Tiruray, +and the Subano. + +A good collection of materials from the little-known Tagabanua people of +the island of Paragua was displayed. + +The third hall contained, almost exclusively, materials from the various +Mohammedan people of the archipelago, commonly called "Moros," such as +Moro mats, saddles, and bridles made and used by the "Moros," crude +string and wind instruments gathered from many places in the +archipelago, and curious gongs used by the Moros as musical instruments +and for beating sound messages from place to place. + +A typical manial house attracted much attention. The building +represented a house of the wealthy class, with shell windows. The +exhibit contained therein consisted in the main of handsome handwoven +fabrics and embroideries, prominent among which are the famed jusi and +pina cloths and sinamy fabrics. There were, besides, many pieces of +hand-carved furniture and works of art. + +There were artificial flowers, cotton goods, fancy goods, embroidery, +jusi cloth, sinamay cloth, pina cloth, and silks. + +Besides the above, the walls, ceilings, and show cases were decorated +with hats, baskets, mattings, and pottery. In the rooms were 50 pieces +of carved furniture. A number of paintings was also on exhibition here. + +Following is the list of awards as approved by the superior jury: + +Grand prizes, 1; gold medals, 16; silver medals, 62; bronze medals, 213; +honorable mention, 1,200; total number of awards 1,492. + + +PORTO RICO. + +In the Agricultural Building, not far from the main entrance, was found +the Porto Rico section. It was in the nature of a pagoda of two floors. +The lower one was dedicated to agriculture, mines, forestry, and a few +of the manufactures exhibits. On the second floor were the liberal arts +and manufactures exhibits and the offices of the commission; also the +needlework display, which was collected and exhibited by the Women's Aid +Society, San Juan, and the Benevolent Society, Ponce. + +The commission that represented Porto Rico at the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition was composed of the following: + +Mr. Jaime Annexy, president; Mr. Gutsavo Preston, commissioner; Mr. +Antonio Mariani, commissioner; Mr. L.A. Castro, assistant secretary; +Mrs. R.A. Miller, honorary commissioner; Mrs. Hortensia Y. de Annexy, +honorary commissioner; Miss Maria Stahl, representative Women's Aid +Society of San Juan; Mrs. David A. Skinner, representative of Benevolent +Society of Ponce; Miss Pearl Magehan, superintendent of education; Mr. +Nicolas Hernandez, attaché. + +The president of the commission was for some months in personal charge +of everything concerning the exhibit. To his efforts the credit for the +Porto Rico exhibit is due. Mr. Annexy is an industrial engineer and +occupies a prominent position in his native country. Porto Rican coffee +was considered the most extensive exhibit and was awarded the highest +honors. The coffee produced in Porto Rico is almost all exported to +Europe. In the year 1902 to 1903 coffee was exported to European +countries to the value of $3,252,043, and the export to the United +States was only $718,531. The total exports of the same year to foreign +countries was $3,956,893 and to the United States $10,909,147. The +exhibition of coffee was the most important aim of the Porto Rico +commission, and it was distributed free in the Porto Rico Pagoda. It was +also given away green, roasted, and powdered, in bags of different +sizes. + +Sugar was the next most extensive display and was awarded a gold medal. +The export of sugar to the United States in the year 1902 to 1903 was +$376,757 and to foreign countries $2,543. Many millions of dollars have +been spent to import the latest machinery for the manufacture of sugar +and all modern improvements in transportation are rapidly being adopted. + +Tobacco leaf and manufactured tobacco comprised an excellent display. +Different American concerns have undertaken in the last seven years the +introduction of Porto Rican cigars and cigarettes into the United +States, and there are few places in America where they can not be found. +Porto Rican cigars and cigarettes are said to rank with those of Cuba. + +Porto Rican cotton was said to be of superior quality and attracted +attention. Cotton growers in Porto Rico are adopting the best machinery +that is made in the United States. The liquor exhibit also was +noticeable. Porto Rico received highest awards in straw hats, +needlework, rice, beans, pharmaceutical products, etc. + +In the Educational Building was the Porto Rican public school exhibit. +The development of this branch of the Porto Rico administration in the +last seven years was remarkable. The total number of schools is more +than twice the number maintained under the Spanish Government, although +it is said that the public schools are able to accommodate less than +one-fourth of the pupils, in spite of the fact that more than 25 per +cent of the revenues of the island, both insular and municipal, are +expended for educational purposes. In addition to the elementary schools +there are now established four high schools. Teachers are both natives +and Americans. + +An appropriation of $30,000 was made by the Porto Rican legislature for +the purpose of representation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The +Porto Rican Pagodo was designed by a native architect, Mr. Armando +Morales, and cost $5,000. + + +RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS. + +_Members of commission_.--Robert B. Treat, president; William F. +Gleason, vice-president; Edwin F. Penniman, treasurer; George E. Ball, +secretary; George N. Kingsbury, executive commissioner; Col. Patrick E. +Hayes, Frank L. Budlong, and George L. Shepley. + +The Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Building was beautifully +situated on an eminence on Colonial avenue, facing north, and adjoining +Indiana and Nevada. The design for the building was selected in open +competition by Rhode Island architects. The building in its general form +was a reproduction of the Stephen H. Smith mansion in the town of +Lincoln--a model distinguished among types of colonial architecture in +old New England. + +A distinctive feature of the design was the ogee gable, of which but one +other example is believed to exist in Rhode Island colonial +architecture. The Rhode Island Building imitated in cement the material +of which the old Smith mansion is constructed--seam-faced granite--taken +from the quarry on the estate. This material is curiously finished by +nature's handiwork in many colorings. The irregularity of the pieces and +the variety of the colorings in peculiar combinations gave a quaint +appearance to the building, and added much to its attractiveness. + +From the broad front piazza through an entrance the visitor was +introduced to State hall. The hall was set with lofty columns in +colonial style. A writing room was on the east and a reading room on the +west; between, a broad stairway led to the upper stories. The suite was +in Doric detail. Opening from the southerly section of the hallway were +the ladies' parlor, the smoking room, and information bureau. The +stairway was a reproduction of a notably beautiful construction in old +Providence Bank Building and the Brown-Gammell house. A curious feature +of its design were the balusters, which were fashioned in nine different +patterns. + +The finish of the second floor was from excellent models of the Ionic +order found in old colonial mansions in Newport and Bristol. On either +side of the hall were the executive and commissioners' rooms. Prominent +among the features of the building was the stained-glass window at the +second-story landing of the stairway. The design for this window was the +result of a competition by the students of the Rhode Island School of +Design. On either side, suitably reproduced as to design and coloring, +were the seals of the State of Rhode Island and the city of Providence. + +By an ingenious arrangement of the gable construction a roof garden was +provided, a broad stairway leading thereto from the second floor. A part +of the roof garden was set aside for a suite for servants' quarters, +breakfast room, kitchen, pantry, and storage. Apart from the sleeping +quarters the entire building was devoted to public use. The furnishings, +decoration, and equipment of the Rhode Island Building represented many +public-spirited contributions. The building cost $26,000, and the +furnishing and equipment, which were contributed, were estimated to have +cost $6,000. On July 4, 1904, the Rhode Island Building was purchased by +Mr. John Ringen, of St. Louis. It was the first building on the grounds +to be disposed of. Mr. Ringen transferred the building intact to his +country estate for a residence. + +In April, 1903, the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and +Providence Plantations enacted a measure providing for a State exhibit, +and appropriated $35,000 for the purpose of the same. It was +subsequently found that the sum appropriated would not be sufficient for +the purpose, and in April, 1904, the legislature passed another bill +appropriating the sum of $30,000. + +Besides the State appropriation of $65,000, the school committee of the +city of Providence subscribed $2,000 for an educational exhibit, making +the total amount available $67,000. There was absolutely no private +subscription or contribution. + +The cost of installation, including cost of transportation, was as +follows: + +Rhode Island State Building ......................... $26,000 +Furnishing and equipment, contributed (valued at).... 6,000 +Exhibit of inland fisheries ......................... 2,500 +Exhibit Department of Education ..................... 3,000 +Exhibit Department of Social Economy ................ 3,000 +Exhibit Department of Forestry, Fish, and Game ...... 1,000 +Exhibit Department of Agriculture and Horticulture .. 2,500 + +The State of Rhode Island was represented by exhibits in five of the +exhibition palaces as follows: + +United States Fisheries Building: By the commission of inland fisheries. +Palace of Education: State board of education, Rhode Island State Normal +School, Providence High School, and demonstration by exhibit of various +schools of all grades in public school system of the city of Providence, +Rhode Island School of Design, public schools of the town of Warwick, +public schools of the town of Cranston, public schools of the town of +Bristol, Miss Mary C. Wheeler's Private School for Young Ladies, +Providence, R.I. Social Economy: Board of State charities and +corrections, Sockanosset School for Boys, Oaklawn School for Girls, +department of factory inspection, bureau of industrial statistics, State +Sanatorium for Consumptives, State board of health, State board of +soldiers' relief. Forestry, Fish, and Game: James W. Stainton, of +Providence, R.I., exhibit of game birds and fish of Rhode Island. Palace +of Agriculture: State board of agriculture, Rhode Island College of +Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. + + +SOUTH DAKOTA. + +Under an act of the legislature approved March 11, 1903, South Dakota +appropriated the sum of $35,000 for the purpose of exhibiting the +resources, the products, and the industrial, commercial, and social +progress and general development of the State of South Dakota at the +Louisiana Purchase Exposition. A commission was also constituted, which +consisted of three persons appointed by the governor, selected entirely +with regard to their familiarity with the resources, arts, and products +of the State, their business experience and executive skill, and all of +whom were residents of the State. + +Shortly after the 1st day of July, 1903, when the law creating the +commission became operative, Gov. Charles N. Herreid, then acting +governor, appointed as commissioners, S.W. Russell, of Deadwood; L.T. +Boucher, of Eureka, and W.B. Saunders, of Milbank, who constituted the +commission throughout the entire period. S.W. Russell was elected +president; L.T. Boucher, vice-president; W.B. Saunders, treasurer, and +George R. Farmer, secretary. + +The commission at its first session determined that the State should be +represented not only by a building or home for its citizens, but +likewise in the Departments of Agriculture, Horticulture, Dairy, Mining, +and Education. To that end application was at once made to the chiefs of +the various departments of the exposition for space in the respective +exhibit buildings. Tentative locations were at once assigned to our +State commission in all these departments, with the exception of that in +the Palace of Education. + +Although one of the last of the States to procure ground for the +erection of our State building, the South Dakota Building was one of the +three State buildings ready to open its doors on the opening day of the +exposition. + +The State building was located at the top of Art Hill, a little to the +east of the colonnade of States and about 500 feet east of the Art +Palace. + +The South Dakota Building in its exterior and style of architecture was +unpretentious. The building was two stories in height, having two +commodious porches on the north and west sides; the outside walls were +covered with cement, finished in natural color. The building being +situated at the top of a small hill and entirely surrounded by large oak +trees presented a most inviting spot to the overheated, weary sightseer. + +It was to the interior construction of the building that time, care, and +expense were chiefly devoted. Upon entering the front door the visitor +stood in a hall 12 feet wide by 21 feet in length; to the right was the +writing room and general business office, to the left the parlor, and at +the rear of the building were the ladies' retiring room, reading room, +lavatories, and storage room. The walls and ceilings of all the rooms +described were covered with metallic sheeting with embossed designs, +beautifully tinted in colorings, each room different from the others. +The furnishings of these rooms were simple, yet serviceable and neat, +and in harmony with the colorings of the walls. + +It was "The Great Corn Room" that impressed the visitor with wonder at +its beautiful and fascinating designs, the interior walls being covered +with native grasses, straw, and grains, wrought in a hundred beautiful +and artistic designs. The word "Welcome," directly over the rostrum in +the center of the south wall, attracted the attention of the visitor +upon his first entrance to the building on account of the peculiar +shading, the letters, running from a pure white at the top to a dark +blue at the bottom, the shading being so gradual that it seemed +incredible that it was actual corn in its native coloring. + +The arch in the ceiling presented a beautiful appearance, with large +stars in crosscuts of red, white, yellow, and blue corn, a fantastic +background with festoons of grains in the natural colors, wheat, oats, +rye, barley, and flax straw being mostly used. There were two panels, +lettered with oat straw, that glistened like burnished gold under the +electric lights of the arch, describing the various products of the +State, viz, cattle, swine, horses, wheat, oats, barley, corn, flax, +gold, and silver. On the east wall wrought in corn upon a green +background was the State's motto, "Under God the People Rule." This +motto contained every conceivable color that corn is known to take on. + +The walls of the other rooms were adorned by a number of paintings in +oil and water colors. A number of enlarged colored photographs of +artesian wells, public buildings, and other scenes, were also displayed, +as well as pictures of prominent men of the State. + +During the exposition forty-three South Dakota people received attention +and care on account of illness or indisposition or accidents, and +thousands came there to rest, meet friends, and attend to business +matters. A post-office was maintained in the building, where thousands +of letters were received and delivered. + +The agricultural booth was similar in its construction to the "Corn +Hall" of the State building, although different in design. The place +assigned this exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture covered a space 35 by +45 feet 6 inches, with aisles on three sides. The façade fronted on the +three aisles and in its architectural lines presented a solidity +characteristic of the State's exhibits. Cane stalk and corn in red +colors were used to form the base of the façade, being put on in +transverse sections, which gave at a distance as well as by close +inspection a very pleasing effect. It was, however, to the interior +decoration and exhibit that great labor and skill were devoted in making +it especially attractive. Grains in the native straw, grasses, and +clover were worked out in many fantastic shapes and beautiful designs. +In the center of the booth, rising to a height of 15 feet, was a large +octagonal pyramid, used almost exclusively for the display of grain in +the straw; the bright yellow being in strong contrast with a red burlap +background, made it naturally attractive. On the south wall or side a +like exhibit of grains and grasses was shown; four large display tables, +also in pyramid shape, occupied the space surrounding the centerpiece +above described. On this table were several hundred glass jars, globes, +and bottles for the display of grains and seeds of every description +grown in South Dakota. It was, however, to the corn exhibits that +special care and attention were given. Twelve large show cases were used +for the display of this exhibit, besides a large quantity displayed in +bulk, both in the ear and shelled. Over 100 bushels of corn was used in +this exhibit alone. + +The exhibit attracted much attention from the corn growers of other +States, and was conceded to be one of great merit considering the +newness of the State, and, as one Illinois farmer said, "It is better +corn by long odds than I raised when I first went to Illinois." + +The display of horticultural products was in the Palace of Agriculture +instead of the Palace of Horticulture. Twenty-five barrels of apples of +some 15 different varieties were collected early in the fall of 1903 and +placed in cold storage at St. Louis, thus supplying a continual display +until the fruit season of 1904. The fact that 10 medals were awarded to +the horticultural display demonstrates the merit of this exhibit. + +The State's representation in the dairy department was both unique and +so different from that of other States that it attracted much attention. +The space assigned for this exhibit in the refrigerator section of the +Agricultural Building was 8 by 8 feet. The artistic feature, aside from +the display of butter in bulk, was a profusion of flowers, buds, leaves +in the form of bouquets, wreaths, garlands, and festoons made out of +butter. They were artistically displayed on plates, baskets, and various +sized vases, some of which were made of butter and others of painted +chinaware. At the back of the exhibit the name of South Dakota appeared +in leaf-work letters, as well as statistics of the annual production of +butter, milk, and cream, all worked out in butter also. + +About the 1st of June the educational exhibit was put in place. The +walls were covered with art work, maps, and industrial work. The +cabinets were filled with mounted specimens of written lessons, drawing, +music, maps, and industrial work. The bases of the cabinets contained +the remainder of the written work, neatly bound in volumes and labeled; +specimens of basketry and woodwork, and a collection of zoological and +botanical specimens. A number of the schools were represented by +photographs alone, others by written work, photographs, and industrial +work, and a few by written work alone. In subject-matter and original +thought, South Dakota's work compared favorably with that of other +schools of like age and conditions, especially in simplicity and +originality. + +The arrangement of the mineral exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy +Building was along practical commercial lines rather than on specimen, +spectacular, or on purely scientific lines, though rich specimens and +beautiful pictures were displayed, and the State School of Mines had a +most excellent scientific collection of ores, rocks, and fossils that +was awarded a gold medal. + +The location obtained for the exhibit was most favorable, and by many +was considered one of the choicest in the building, having three full +fronts on main aisles, two 44 feet and one 52 feet long, and was +surrounded by the most attractive State exhibits in the building. + +The installation was with stone walls 2 feet high, built of rough ashlar +and surmounted by a dressed coping. On the two 44-foot sides this was of +the celebrated Sioux Falls red jasper. The 52-foot wall was of Hot +Springs sandstone. + +On the face of each lintel the name of the State had been cut and +gilded. In the center of the exhibit on tables were two relief maps of +the Black Hills, one of these showing the whole geological uplift 120 +miles long north and south and 100 miles east and west, the other +showing the mineralized portion of the hills as now known, 55 miles +northwest and southeast and 25 miles wide. The larger was about 12 feet +long and 6 feet wide. + +Across the exhibit from east to west and above the heads were displayed +a series of panoramic views and pictures, transparencies on glass, being +reproductions in color of the finest photographs obtainable, showing the +scenic beauty and material conditions of our Black Hills country. The +varied ores were exhibited in large piles. + +_Financial statement._--Following is a brief review of the expenditures +made by this commission and a report of the disposition of its +properties: + +Salary State commissioners .................... $3,000.00 +Total amount expended ......................... 31,725.06 +Unexpended balance ............................ 274.94 + ----------- + Total ..................................... 35,000.00 + =========== +Received from sale of State properties: + State building .............................. 365.00 + Furniture ................................... 387.50 + Booths and fixtures ......................... 225.50 + ----------- + Total ..................................... 978.00 +Returned to the State treasurer unexpended + balance, salvage ............................ 978.00 + +The following properties have been turned over to the State Historical +Society, for the use of the same, or such purposes as the State may deem +advisable: + +Educational exhibit (cases and bases, glass and + cards), value ............................... $400.00 +Exhibit glass jars, globes, and bottles ....... 115.00 +Exhibit ores and specimens .................... 200.00 + ----------- + Total ..................................... 715.00 + + +TENNESSEE. + +_Members of commission._--Governor James B. Frazier, chairman; J.H. +Caldwell, Chas. A. Keffer, E. Watkins, John F. McNutt, J.M. Shoffner, +E.C. Lewis, John W. Fry, Hu. C. Anderson, Thomas W. Neal, I.F. Peters, +Mrs. J.P. Smartt, Mrs. Mary C. Dorris, Mrs. A.S. Buchanan; B.A. Enloe, +secretary and director of exhibits; D.F. Wallace, jr., assistant +secretary. + +The State of Tennessee made nine different exhibits at the World's Fair, +designated and located as follows: + +(1) Tennessee State Building, a reproduction of "The Hermitage," the +home of Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States. (2) +Collective agricultural exhibit, Palace of Agriculture. (3) Special +tobacco exhibit, Palace of Agriculture. (4) Palace of Horticulture. (5) +Palace of Forestry. (6) Palace of Education. (7) Palace of Mines and +Metallurgy. (8) Mining Gulch on Intramural Railway. (9) Administration +Building, section of anthropology. + +The idea of raising a fund for the reproduction of "The Hermitage" as +the Tennessee State building originated with the commission appointed by +the governor of Tennessee to take charge of the participation of that +State. The secretary of the commission was directed by the commission to +inaugurate the movement. He began the agitation through the newspaper +press, and delivered addresses on the subject to the commercial bodies +of Chattanooga, Knoxville, Memphis, and Jackson and to the +representatives of the commercial organizations of Nashville. +Intelligent zeal and persistent energy carried the enterprise to a +successful conclusion. The entire expense of constructing the building +and maintaining it was defrayed by voluntary contributions. It was +Tennessee's greatest single advertisement at the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition. "The Hermitage" was appropriately furnished with furniture +of the period in which Andrew Jackson lived, and a great many articles +of the original furniture owned by Jackson were exhibited in the +building. + +In the Educational Building exhibit were displays from the city schools +of Bristol, Knoxville, Memphis, Chattanooga, and Jackson, and the public +schools of Knox, Hamilton, and Shelby counties were represented also. +The University of Tennessee, at Knoxville; Buford College, at Nashville; +Burritt College, at Spencer; Columbia Institute, at Columbia; Memphis, +at Memphis; Mrs. Forest Nixon, Centreville; Roger Williams University, +at Nashville; Southern School of Photography, at McMinnville, and +Tennessee Industrial School, at Nashville, were all represented by +highly creditable exhibits. + +The entire forestry interests of the State were represented in the +forestry exhibit, which was collected from every portion of the State. + +There were 94 different producers represented in the horticultural +exhibit. The display of horticultural products was collected from every +part of the State, and Tennessee was surpassed by few in the character +and quality of her products. + +There were 266 contributors to the agricultural exhibit, representing +every strictly agricultural product, except tobacco, which was +represented in a special exhibit. There were 187 exhibitors represented +in the special tobacco exhibit, and these exhibits covered the tobacco +production and industry of every county in the State. The collective +exhibit in agriculture and the special tobacco exhibit were located in +and adjoining the central nave of the Palace of Agriculture. + +In the mineral display in Mines and Metallurgy Building there were 168 +different exhibits, representing every mineral in the State, and the +specimens were from the different localities where developments have +been made. This exhibit was one of the most beautiful in its +installation and general effect of the many splendid exhibits in the +Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. On account of the quantity of material +collected and the inadequacy of space inside the building it became +necessary to make a separate exhibit in the Mining Gulch, which was +confined to coal, iron, phosphate, copper, and marble. + +There were 12 different exhibitors in the Live Stock and Poultry +Department, who made their exhibits under the auspices of the +commission. + +The exhibit in the division of anthropology, Administration Building, +was one of the finest of its kind, and one which attracted the attention +of archaeologists from every part of the world. Gen. Gates P. Thurston, +of Nashville, collected and installed the exhibit, which was made up +from the private collection of General Thurston, the Hicks collection, +and the collection of the Tennessee Historical Society. + +During the life of the exposition large quantities of advertising matter +were distributed from the State building and from the State spaces in +the exhibit palaces. This advertising matter was furnished in part by +the State, in part by the different cities and counties of the State, +and in part by the railroad companies of the State. + + +TEXAS. + +On January 9, 1902, a corporation known as "The Texas World's Fair +Commission" was chartered under the provisions of the laws of the State +of Texas on application of citizens of Texas, and appointed Texas +World's Fair Commissioners by Hon. Joseph D. Sayers, then the governor +of the State. It was believed by the commission that with State aid to +the extent of $200,000 added to sums that had already been guaranteed by +subscribers, the State could make a creditable showing at the World's +Fair in competition with other States and Territories. Accordingly the +commission memorialized the twenty-eighth legislature for an +appropriation of $200,000. The bill which sought to authorize the +appropriation was reported to the house and was opposed by the governor +of the State on two contentions: First, that the constitution did not +authorize such an appropriation, and, second, that the limited revenues +of the State would not justify it. When the commission failed in this +direction, a meeting was held to determine whether the commission should +attempt to go ahead with the work or abandon the enterprise. The +commission decided by an overwhelming vote that Texas could not afford +to deny herself participation in a universal exposition where all the +States and Territories of the United States would enter in friendly +competition, and the executive committee and the general manager were +instructed to proceed with the organization. The task of reorganizing +the work by counties was resumed, but with limited success. The plan was +to call upon the counties for a sum equal to 2 cents on the $100 +property valuation, with which to create the Texas World's Fair +Commission fund. Out of 243 organized counties in the State the +following subscribed and paid the amounts set against them: + +El Paso, Tom Green, Tarrant, Dallas, Harris, Jefferson, Galveston, +Smith, Nueces, and Comal. + +Navarro, McLennan, Grayson, Travis, Harrison, Collin, Palo Pinto, +Fannin, Lamar, and Bexar counties endeavored to raise the assessments +set against them, but did not succeed in doing so, although their +subscriptions in the aggregate were generous. The subscriptions from the +counties mentioned amounted to $49,096.34. + +The railroads of Texas subscribed approximately $25,000. Early in the +organization of the commission the Texas Bankers' Association passed a +resolution calling on its members to assess themselves for the Texas +World's Fair Commission fund at the rate of one-tenth of 1 per cent on +their capital stock. About one-half of the banks of the State subscribed +and paid on that basis an amount in the aggregate of $11,672.65. The +State Lumbermen's Association gave $3,133. The Texas Cattle Raisers' +Association subscribed $2,150. + +The above sums, augmented by scattering amounts from different sources, +constituted a total fund to the commission of $126,780.14. + +The Texas commission was composed of the following-named persons: + +John H. Kirby, president; L.J. Polk, W.W. Seley, and Walter Tips, +vice-presidents; Royal A. Ferris, treasurer; Louis J. Wortham, secretary +and general manager; Paul Waples, chairman executive committee; A.W. +Houston, Barnett Gibbs, B.F. Hammett, Jesse Shain, E.P. Perkins, L.L. +Jester, Monta J. Moore; P.P. Paddock, executive commissioner; R.H. +Sexton, resident commissioner. + +The members of the board of lady commissioners were: Mrs. L.S. Thorne; +Miss Kate Daffan, Ennis; Mrs. B.F. Hammett, El Paso; Mrs. O.T. Holt, +Houston; Mrs. W.R. Roberts, Brownwood; Mrs. Fannie Foote Emerson, +McKinney; Mrs. J.B. Wells, Brownsville; Mrs. W.F. Beers, Galveston; Mrs. +C.L. Potters, Gainesville; Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas; Mrs. William +Cameron, Waco; Mrs. William Christian, Houston; Mrs. W.F. Gill, Paris; +Mrs. W.E. Green, Tyler; Mrs. J.F. Wolters, Lagrange; Mrs. F. Hufsmith, +Palestine; Mrs. I.H. Evans, Austin; Mrs. J.C. Lea, Dallas; Mrs. W.F. +Robertson, Austin; Mrs. Bacon Saunders, Fort Worth; Mrs. T.V. Sessions, +Nacogdoches. + +The Texas commission installed and successfully maintained exhibits in +the palaces of Fine Arts, Education, Transportation, Mines and +Metallurgy, Forestry, Agriculture, and Horticulture. The cost of the +installation was as follows: + +Fine Arts ................. $1,225.50 +Education ................. 948.00 +Transportation ............ 459.30 +Mines and Metallurgy ...... 10,577.85 +Forestry .................. 4,477.05 +Agriculture ............... 6,899.87 +Horticulture .............. 6,099.14 + +The contract price for the Texas Building, which occupied one of the +most admirable sites on the exposition grounds, was $45,562. +Expenditures in furnishings and in ornamenting the grounds were $12,000. + +The Texas Building contained exhibits of a character intended to +demonstrate the kinds of homes in which Texas people live, the kinds of +schools in which their children are educated, and the churches in which +they conduct their worship. These demonstrations were the conception and +work of the Texas Federation of Women Clubs. + +The work which the Texas commission did for Texas in forcing a +recognition of the rights of breeders of pure-bred cattle below the +Federal quarantine line, and the rights of breeders and raisers of beef +cattle, on the attention of the exposition management was noticeable. +The original ruling of the Live-Stock Department of the exposition was +to the effect that pure-bred cattle from below the Federal quarantine +line should not be allowed to participate in the live-stock show at the +exposition, and that none but halter-broke cattle should be exhibited in +any event. The effect of this ruling, the commission claimed, was, +first, to shut out from participation the breeders of pure cattle from +below the quarantine line, and, second, to prevent a demonstration that +should show what the immense cattle ranges of the Northwest and +Southwest are capable of producing. + +When the supplementary appropriation of $4,600,000 was under +consideration by Congress, the commission, through its general manager, +Louis J. Wortham, who acted also as the official representative of the +Texas Cattle Raisers' Association, succeeded in having a provision added +to the bill permitting an exhibition of pure-bred cattle from below the +quarantine line under such restrictions as the Secretary of Agriculture +might deem advisable, and, further, permitting the exhibition of range +cattle in carload lots. + +As a result of this action, the exposition provided for an exhibit of +cattle from below the quarantine line and of range cattle in carload +lots in November, and set aside $19,000 in prizes to be divided among +exhibitors. + + +UTAH. + +By a legislative enactment the State of Utah, on the 12th day of March, +1903, appropriated the sum of $50,000 for the participation of Utah at +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Subsequently about $10,000 additional +was received from the legislature for the expenses of the State at the +exposition. The act making the appropriation appointed Governor Heber M. +Wells, of Salt Lake City, as chairman of the State commission. The +governor appointed as his assistants Hon. H.L. Shurtliff, Ogden; Hon. +Willis Johnson, Salt Lake City; and the board elected S.T. Whitaker, of +Salt Lake City, as director-general and John T. Cannon as secretary. + +The Utah State Building was erected from designs of Director-General +Whitaker, and was a replica of a residence of the State of Utah. Mrs. +Inez Thomas was appointed hostess of the State building. + +The State had exhibits in the Mines and Metallurgy Building, Educational +Palace, and the Agricultural Pavilion. It received 3 grand prizes, 140 +gold medals, as well as several minor awards. + + +UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT INDIAN EXHIBIT. + +The United States Government Indian exhibit was opened June 1, and was +visited by hundreds of thousands of persons, who pronounced it one of +the most interesting and instructive exhibits at the World's Fair. + +Authority to establish and conduct the Indian exhibit at the exposition +was granted in the following letter from the Secretary of the Interior +to Mr. Samuel M. McCowan, superintendent of the Chilocco Indian School +in Oklahoma: + + Sir: In connection with the Department letter of May 22 last, + detailing you for duty as superintendent of the Indian exhibit + at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and on the recommendation + of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, you are hereby detailed + to erect the required building, perfect the details of the + transfer of Indian families and pupils from their homes and + schools to St. Louis, install and conduct the exhibit and supply + the Indians with necessary food, shelter, and medical + attendance. + + You are hereby authorized to disburse the funds appropriated by + act of Congress approved June 28, 1902 (32 Stats., p. 445), so + far as expenditures are required by your duties in connection + with the exhibit. + + You are hereby also authorized to pay your actual necessary + traveling expenses incurred in connection with the exhibit, + including transportation and sleeping-car fare, payable out of + $40,000 appropriation. + +The exhibit occupied a reservation of about 10 acres in the northwest +corner of the fair grounds, and its location at the extreme end of the +anthropological exhibit typified the advancement of a primitive people +toward civilization. Around the border of the reservation were arranged +in a semicircle the native dwellings of the "blanket" or uncivilized +Indians, as follows: Beginning at the western end of the semicircle, a +Kickapoo bark house; the Maricopa-Pima group in two kees, one tent and +summer houses; Arapaho group, one stockaded tepee; Geronimo, the great +Apache medicine man, one (decorated) tepee; Pawnee group, ceremonial +earth lodge or residence temple; Wichita group, grass lodge, summer +house, and one tepee; Pueblo group, two tents and two summer sheds; Pomo +group, one tent; Apache group, two tepees. These habitations were +erected by the Indians themselves. + +The Indians were grouped as follows: Six Pima, Arizona; 5 Maricopa, +Arizona; 23 Arapaho, 35 Cheyenne, 50 Pawnee, 35 Wichita, 5 Comanche, 9 +San Carlos Apache, 20 Osage, all from Oklahoma; 29 Pueblo and 23 Navaho, +New Mexico; 35 Sioux, Rosebud, S. Dak.; 2 Pomos, California; 8 Jicarilla +Apache; 25 Chippewa, Minnesota; a total of 310. + +The school building was a two-story structure of the old Mission style +of architecture, standing at the rear of the reservation and extending +the width of it. A hall ran the length of the building on either side of +which were the booths containing the exhibits. The idea was to show the +contrast between the civilized and uncivilized Indians, and to this end +the booths on the west side of the hall were occupied by the old Indians +working at their crude, primitive trades, and those of the east side by +the new Indians (pupils of the various Indian schools) pursuing the +up-to-date methods taught them by the white man. + +The exhibits were as follows: On the west side, beginning at the south +end of the building, Chilocco School exhibit, showing work in +agriculture and stock husbandry, methods of instruction and results; +Pueblo, San Juan, N. Mex., expert potters and weavers with needle loom, +primitive millers, and bakers of wafer bread; Pomo, California, makers +of fine baskets, mats, stone tools, and musical instruments; Pima, +Arizona, makers of coiled baskets and pottery; Maricopa, Arizona, makers +of fancy pottery and basket workers; Navaho, Arizona, famous blanket +weavers, workers in silver, shell, and turquois; Sioux, South Dakota, +decorative artists with porcupine quills, beads of buckskin, +manufacturers of bows and arrows, and the calinite pipes, axes, and +hammers; Apache, Arizona, expert weavers of blankets and makers of +pottery; Apache, New Mexico, makers of coiled basketry of a peculiar +type; Navaho, Sante Fe, N. Mex., Indian School, modern blanket weavers; +Navaho, reservation, N. Mex., workers in silver, shell, and turquois; +Pueblo, New Mexico, makers of pottery, blanket weavers and silversmiths. + +On the east side, beginning at the south end of the building; Chilocco +class in domestic science, model dining room, furnishings made by the +pupils of the Chilocco School, Chilocco, Okla. This class gave daily +demonstrations in cooking and serving food, Miss Peters in charge. +Laundry class from the Chilocco School, under the charge of Miss Peters. +Class in printing the Indian School Journal, printed daily by a class of +students from the Chilocco School, E.K. Miller in charge. Painting, +blacksmithing, and wheelwrighting classes from Haskell Institute, +Lawrence, Kans., K.C. Kaufman in charge. Manual training, Haskell +Institute, C.F. Fitzgerald in charge. Domestic art class, students from +Haskell Institute, Miss Taylor in charge. Harness-making class from +Genoa, Nebr., School, J. McCallum in charge. + +The halls were decorated with the work of the Indian pupils in +penmanship, literary composition, arithmetic, sewing, lace work, bead +work, and basketry. Every school in the service was represented in this +display, except Carlisle, Phoenix, and Riverside. The exhibit was +remarkable for its beauty and extent. In the model dining room the +tables, dishes, napkins, rug, floor, chairs, wall paper, and general +furnishings were all manufactured by pupils of the Chilocco School. + +In the rear-center of the building was the assembly hall, where were +held the daily classes, under the direction of Miss Harrison, and the +musical and literary programmes, under the direction of Miss Crawford. +There were in attendance at the school during the exhibit 150 boys and +girls. + +The following daily programme was observed: + +Reveille ................................................ 6.00 +Flag salute ............................................. 6.45 +Breakfast ............................................... 7.00 +Band concert ................................... 9.30 to 11.30 +Industrial work ................................ 9.00 to 11.30 +Literary class work ............................ 9.00 to 11.00 +Literary musical programme .................... 11.00 to 11.30 +Dinner ................................................. 12.00 +Band concert .................................... 1.00 to 3.30 +Industrial work ................................. 1.00 to 4.00 +Literary class work ............................. 1.00 to 3.00 +Literary musical programme ...................... 4.00 to 5.00 +Old Indian sports and ceremonies (on plaza in + front of school building) ..................... 5.00 to 6.00 +Flag salute and dress parade ........................... 6.00 +Supper ................................................. 6.20 +Taps ................................................... 10.00 + +The band concerts, under the direction of Mr. Lem Wiley, were always +well attended and heartily applauded. The feature that attracted more +attention, probably, than any other was the musical-literary programme. +At these entertainments the hall was always crowded, and the audience +never failed to be interested. The following programme, chosen at +random, will give an idea of the character of the exhibitions: + +1. Prelude --------------------------------------- Orchestra. + +2. Vocal solo --------------------------------- Dolly, Dolly. + Mary Leeds, Pueblo. + +3. Scarf drill ------------------------------ Kindergartners. + +4. Recitation -------------------------------- My Tambourine. + Ida Prophet, Seneca. + +5. Vocal Solo --------------------------- Hearts and Flowers. + Oscar Norton, Houp. + +6. Oration -------------------------- The Old and New Indian. + Richard Lewis, Pima. + +7. Vocal solo ------------------------------------ My Desire. + Bertha Johnson, Pottawatomi. + +8. Recitation -------------------------- Flag of the Rainbow. + Esther Parker, Comanche. + +9. Recitation ----------------------------- The Pawned Bible. + Stella Hall, Cherokee. + +10. Vocal solo --------------- When the Birds go North Again. + James Arquette, Puyallup. + +11. Recitation ------------- Why he Stole the Parson's Sheep. + Iva Miller, Shawnee. + +12. Pole drill ------------------------------- Sixteen Girls. + +13. Instrumental solo ----------------------------- Selected. + Gertrude Brewer, Puyallup. + +The dress parade in the evening was another feature that drew large +crowds, and was thoroughly enjoyed by the spectators. + +The average daily attendance was about 30,000. On some days it ran as +high as 50,000. + +Praise of the exhibit has been universal. Distinguished men of nearly +every nationality and profession have eulogized it in the highest terms. +It is believed that the Government, by bringing this exhibit to St. +Louis, has given a strong impetus to the work of the Indian Service. The +people of the country have seen the progress made by the Indian in the +Government schools, and will no longer refuse to give the work their +substantial support. It has been said that the true value of the +Government Indian exhibit can not be estimated until the years have +revealed its fruits. + + +VERMONT. + +The Vermont Building, 50 by 100 feet, was a reproduction of what is +claimed to be the second most interesting historic structure in the +United States--the old Constitution House at Windsor, where in 1777 the +constitution of the State was formulated, a constitution of intense +interest from the fact that it was the first in all history to prohibit +slavery. + +As this State building was a reproduction of a famous old tavern, it was +peculiarly appropriate that it should maintain a dining room, and here +between one and two thousand people were daily entertained. + +The minutes of the constitutional convention were for many years +supposed to have been lost, but were quite recently discovered in the +Congressional Library at Washington, and were elaborately reproduced in +facsimile by Senator Proctor. + +Thanksgiving Day was the Vermont and Hew Hampshire day at the +exposition. + +The State commission was composed of the following: + +Governor Charles J. Bell, ex officio chairman; W. Seward Webb, +president; Arthur C. Jackson, vice-president and executive commissioner; +Frederick G. Fleetwood, second vice-president; J.C. Enright, secretary +and counsel; F.W. Stanyan, treasurer; Miss Mary Evarts. + +The legislature having failed to make an appropriation, Mr. Jackson, a +native of Waitsfield, personally raised all the money required for the +construction and maintenance of the State building. + +Among the elaborate displays were those of private exhibitors in the +Machinery Building, marble in the Mines Building, and the granite +exhibit in the same building. + + +VIRGINIA. + +During the winter session of 1902 the Virginia legislature by enactment +provided $50,000 for an industrial exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition, with the condition that no portion of the sum should be used +for a State building. The act provided for three commissioners and five +assistant commissioners, one of whom was named principal assistant, with +duties of superintendent and treasurer. The State commissioner of +agriculture was named as one of the commissioners, and the appointment +of two was left to the governor, with power vested in the commission to +appoint the assistant commissioners. Governor Montague appointed Col. A. +M. Bowman, of Salem, Va., and J.L. Patton, of Newport News, Va., as +commissioners. This commission, in February, 1903, elected Hon. G.W. +Koiner, president, and appointed Hon. George E. Murrell, of Fontella, +Va., superintendent, treasurer, and secretary; Hon. W.W. Baker, +alternate and second assistant, and later appointed O.W. Stone, +Martinsville, Va., B.C. Banks, Bland, Va., Lyman Babcock, of Bay Shore, +Va., and J.C. Mercer, of Williamsburg, to complete the executive force. +Mr. Murrell immediately took charge of the work and assisted by J.C. +Mercer as his secretary and stenographer, with the aid of Mr. Baker, +planned the scope and took steps toward the collection of exhibits. +Later, as the force was strengthened, Mr. Stone was given charge of +tobacco and peanuts, Mr. Banks of minerals and timber, and Mr. Babcock +of fish and game. + +Exhibits were planned in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, fish and +game, mines, and education, and were executed as follows: + +In agriculture, exhibits of corn on the stalk, in the ear, and shelled, +to the extent of 1,000 bushels; grain in sheaf and threshed; peanuts +shelled and unshelled, to the extent of 5,000 pounds; wine, pickles, +vegetables, cowpeas, transparencies illustrating agricultural scenes, +cotton in bales, etc., tobacco in leaf and manufactured products. A +pavilion erected in the Agricultural Building was of Moorish +architecture, consisting of one central and eight subsidiary pavilions, +connected with corn festoons. Corn, tobacco, peanuts, and sheaf grain +entered into the decorations on a blue ground, the effect being +harmonious. It was accorded the honor of obtaining one of the four grand +prizes awarded in State agricultural exhibits. Tobacco was also used as +a special exhibit, and was featured by an Indian maiden standing on a +pedestal 23 feet high and holding in her outstretched hand a bundle of +tobacco. A miniature log cabin advertised a special brand of tobacco. +The horticultural exhibit consisted of an open, three-towered elliptical +pavilion and a horn of plenty, apparently pouring apples on a pyramid of +natural fruit below. This was made primarily an apple exhibit, more than +800 barrels being used for the purpose. Peaches, melons, pears, +cranberries, and other fruits were shown in season. + +The forestry, fish, and game exhibit was displayed by the use of +sectional disks and boards in the rough, dressed, and polished, and by +specimens of fish in natural skins and papier-mache, illustrating the +leading food fish of Virginia waters. Mounted animals and a very +complete collection of mounted water fowls and game birds were +displayed. There was also one of the largest collections of oyster +models ever made, illustrating by means of composition replicas in the +natural shell of all the leading types of the Virginia oyster. + +Transparencies 28 by 30 were used to illustrate forest scenes, while in +manufactured goods an interesting display was made. The exhibit booth +consisted of a rear façade with brown color scheme, relieved by +ornamentation in shells, fish scales, and forest products, the whole +forming an immense picture of Hampton Roads executed in colors. + +The installation for the mines and metallurgy exhibit was mediaeval in +architecture. A castellated gateway, veneered with copper ores, gypsum, +and slate was flanked by a balustrade of slate surmounted by onyx balls. +In the gateway appeared a coal exhibit, representing King Coal seated on +a throne and guarded on either side by gnomes. The windows in the rear +were screened with transparencies 28 by 34, illustrating scenery of the +State, while the floor space was occupied by pyramids of various ores. +The panels of the wall space were framed in coke, in which were +displayed, in colors, pictures of the upper works of the mines. Between +these panels were arranged upright cases containing ores of gold, +silver, lead, iron, asbestos, kaolin, mica, clays, zinc, manganese, +talc, etc., while exhibits of marble, rough and sculptured, together +with cubes of building stones and mineral waters were displayed. The +general color scheme was that of copper and iron pyrites. In these four +exhibits Virginia occupied a little less than 10,000 square feet of +floor, and her exhibits, both by award and public opinion, were adjudged +to be among the best. An award was won by every entry made. During the +spring of 1903 the Virginia assembly appropriated $10,000 to be expended +by the Commission in the erection of a State building. This sum was +augmented by private subscriptions of nearly an equal amount, and an +exact replica of Monticello, the home of Jefferson, was erected. In this +building, outside of the manual exhibit made in the Education and Social +Economy Building, by the Blind, Deaf and Dumb Institute of Stanton, all +of Virginia's educational exhibit was displayed It consisted of an +exhibit valued at over $10,000, made by the University of Virginia. A +comprehensive exhibit was made by the Randolph Macon system, and +exhibits were made by Roanoke College Hollins Institute, and a number of +other schools. The building, in addition to its social offerings, +provided an interesting historical study through its furnishings of +articles owned by Jefferson, and was classed among the most satisfactory +State buildings of the fair. + + +WASHINGTON. + +In March, 1903, Governor McBride, pursuant to the act of the +legislature, appointed the following-named gentlemen members of the +Washington State commission for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition: + +A.L. Black, Bellingham; Edward C. Cheasty, Seattle; Thomas Harrington, +Buckley; M.E. Hay, Wilbur; G.L. Lindsley, Ridgefield; G.W.R. +Peaslee, Clarkston; R.P. Thomas, Anacortes; W.W. Tolman, Spokane. + +At the first meeting of the commission, held in Tacoma April 2, 1903, +A.L. Black was elected president of the commission; G.W.R. Peaslee, +secretary; and Elmer E. Johnston, of Everett, executive commissioner. + +The type of structure selected for the Washington State Building at the +St. Louis World's Fair was an unique and attractive one, designed +primarily to demonstrate the quality, character, and exceeding +dimensions of the State's forestry product. It consisted of eight pieces +of fir timber 24 inches square and 110 feet long, placed on end at the +points of an octagon 90 feet in diameter at the base, five stories in +height, the eight timbers surmounted by an observatory carrying a flag +pole 60 feet in length. All the material entering into the construction +of the State Building was shipped from the State of Washington, and was +donated to the State by the Northwest Lumber Manufacturers' Association. +The market value of said material in Washington would be, in round +numbers, $8,000. The freight on the material from Washington to St. +Louis and the construction of the building amounted to $18,823.10. The +unique design and unusual construction features of this building +constituted it at the start one of the features of the exposition +construction. + +It was photographed by many thousand visitors, illustrated in railroad +guides as one of the attractions, featured by papers and magazines +everywhere, and will probably be distinctly remembered longer by a +greater number of people than any other building on the exposition +grounds. As a practical exhibit of the State's lumber products it was a +tremendous success, and together with its exhibit contents, representing +a composite collection of the State's natural products and resources, +was a colossal advertisement and demonstration of the State's natural +wealth. + +In addition to the State appropriation, heretofore mentioned, and the +donation of lumber material above referred to, various counties in the +State expended a total of $15,000 in the maintenance of individual +exhibits. + +The State of Washington installed and maintained throughout the period, +in the various classified exhibit palaces, comprehensive exhibits of its +mines, forestry, fisheries, game, horticulture, agriculture, education, +climate, and scenery, and in addition, and supplemental thereto, +maintained a composite showing of all these resources in its State +building: + + Horticulture: One thousand boxes of the best apples grown in the + State in 1903 were carried over in St. Louis in cold storage. On + May 1 the exhibit was opened with the 500 jars of miscellaneous + fruits preserved for this exhibit; on May 15 we began the + showing of fresh fruits, which showing was continued with all + varieties and ample quantities (both in Horticultural Hall and + in our State building) throughout the season, consuming four + carloads of this material received by freight, and 150 boxes + miscellaneous fruits in season expressed. Awards--Grand prize, + for "collective exhibit of fruits." Gold medals, Yakima County, + Chelan County, W.L. Wright, Geo. H. Farwell; silver medals, + Chelan County Horticulture Association, Chelan County Fair + Association, Clarkston Fruit Growers' Association, Orondo Fruit + Farm, Yakima Horticulture Association, Washington Irrigation + Company (Sunnyside), Wrightville Farm, to 38 individual + exhibitors; bronze medals, to 27 individual exhibitors. + + Forestry: A comprehensive collection of commercial woods, large + dimensions, rough, and a good variety of finish shown in our + various booths, counters, tables, etc.; also, a sample + collection of all our native woods, rough and finished, + exceeding in quantity (exclusive of the exhibit features of our + State building) the exhibit shown by any State. + + This exhibit was entered as "collection of commercial woods of + best quality and largest dimensions; and the greatest + educational exhibit of forestry shown at the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition, in that it teaches the youth and uninformed adult + more of the characteristics and extent of the wonderful forests + of the Northwest, and conveys to the residents of the treeless + areas of the North-Central States a better knowledge of the + quality and duration of their future lumber supply than does any + other forestry exhibit shown on the occasion." + + Awarded grand prize on "commercial woods." Collaborators--H. + McCormick Lumber Company, the Larson Lumber Company, Grays + Harbor Commercial Company, Pat McCoy Logging Company, St. Paul + and Tacoma Lumber Company, Clarke-Nickerson Lumber Company, the + Northwestern Lumber Company, the Northwestern Woodenware + Company, Panel and Folding Box Company (Hoquiam), E.K. Lambert + (Elma), and the American Portable House Company. + + Agriculture: In this department our space in Agriculture Hall + and the lower floor of our State building was crowded with an + exhibit of all cereals in straw and seed, forage grasses, + vegetables, hops, wool, dairy products, etc. + + Awarded grand prize on "collection of cereals, forage grasses, + and miscellaneous vegetables;" grand prize on "best one-farm + exhibit;" gold medals on various county exhibits, seven in + number; gold medals on various mill products, five in number; + gold medal on dairy exhibit, by Hazelwood Company; gold medal on + hops, wool, and flax; gold medal on beet sugar. + + Fisheries: Washington's exhibit in this department included + every native leading variety of food fish and game fish, + exceeding in numbers and quantity the showing of any other + State. The installation was also the most practical undertaken + here, considering the water and temperature, as all live + exhibits were failures, and the collective exhibit was awarded + first prize. + + Game: In this department was shown a comprehensive specimen + collection, in whole mounts, of the fur-bearing animals, animals + of prey, game animals, and game birds indigenous to the section; + one carload. Awarded silver medal. + + Mines: In this department was shown the most complete collection + of the State's minerals that has ever been made. Entered as "a + collection of ores, gold, silver, copper; minerals, fossil + collection, coal and coke; building materials, iron, lead, + antimony arsenic; roadmaking and cement materials, clay and clay + products, limestone and lime, soils, mineral waters, + illustrations." Awarded gold medal on "collective exhibit of + ores and minerals;" silver medals to various counties and + individual exhibits. + + Climate and scenery: Over 400 paintings and photographs were + shown in the State building. Not in competitive exhibit. + + Education: Photographic enlargements of all the State's normal + schools colleges, and city school buildings; also shown in the + State building. + + Literature: The "State Book" issued by the commission has been + distributed at the rate of 500 per day throughout the period; in + addition to which individual literature has been furnished by + Seattle, Spokane, Yakima, Everett, Walla Walla, Oregon Railway + and Navigation Company, Clarkston, Waitsburg, Tacoma, + Bellingham, Wenatchee, Olympia, Great Northern Railway, Northern + Pacific Railway Company, Chelan, Pullman, to the total number of + 800,000 pieces. + +The total expenses on account of participation in the Exposition were +$69,135.47, leaving a balance unexpended of $8,245. + + +WISCONSIN. + +The board of managers for the State of Wisconsin was appointed under an +act of the State legislature, and an appropriation of $104,000 was also +made for exploiting the State's resources, its educational advantages, +and for providing a State building. Of this amount $100,000 was for +general exploitation and the State building, and the $4,000 was for use +exclusively in showing the work of the State University, which ranks +among the leading educational institutions of the United States. + +The appropriation was apportioned by the board of managers as follows: + +Agriculture ............................ $5,000 +Dairying ............................... 6,000 +Horticulture ........................... 5,000 +Agricultural College ................... 1,500 +Mines .................................. 5,000 +Education .............................. 6,000 +State building ......................... 15,000 +Furnishings and maintaining ............ 10,000 +Forestry ............................... 5,000 +Live stock ............................. 10,000 +Special university appropriation ....... 4,000 + +The results obtained from the exploitation are shown in the large number +of grand prizes, gold, silver, and bronze medals awarded to the State. +The State building received a gold medal. The Wisconsin building was +erected at a cost of only $14,750. + +The Wisconsin State Building was located on Commonwealth avenue on the +brow of the hill above the United States bird exhibit. The building was +original in conception. The design of the building was what is known as +the "English cottage." It was a departure from the ordinary semiclassic +style of architecture prevalent in the exposition buildings. It gave the +impression that it was designed for the spot on which it was located, +and it fitted in the slope of the hillside and between the giant forest +trees as if it were a part of nature's plan. The structure with its +plastered walls and red gable roofs, amid the green foliage, was a +welcome relief from the general massive architecture of the surrounding +buildings. + +The building proper was 30 feet from the street. The semicourt was +flanked on the north and south by long and wide verandas and a veranda +extended across the front of the cottage. The semicourt was a profusion +of flowers and shrubbery. The keynote of the building was rest and +comfort. The decorative and color schemes were restful and quiet and +harmonious. The wainscoting and the grand staircase were finished in +Flemish oak, and the furniture was the "mission style," which harmonized +with the woodwork. Indian blankets in rich dull reds and blues hung from +the railing of the wall, which emphasized the "mission" effect. + +The second floor was devoted to the sleeping apartments of the hostess +and the board of managers and the governor's suite. The furnishings were +of mahogany. In the basement were the dining room, kitchen, and +storerooms. + +The personnel of the board of managers of the State of Wisconsin was as +follows: + +W.D. Hoard, president; A.J. Lindemann, vice-president; Grant Thomas, +secretary; S.A. Cook, treasurer; W.H. Flett, William A. Scott, Mrs. +Lucy E. Morris, Mrs. Theodora Youmans; Mrs. Emma I. Walsh, hostess. + +In the Palace of Education and Social Economy a comprehensive display of +the highly organized school system of the State of Wisconsin was +arranged; in the Palace of Agriculture a fine collection of the +agricultural and dairy products of the State, also the exhibit of the +Agricultural College; in the Palace of Horticulture a superb display of +the fruit; in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy an interesting exhibit +of the mineral wealth; in the Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game a +display of the commercial woods, and throughout the fall prize-winning +herds of cattle, sheep, horses, and other live stock were on show at the +live stock display grounds. The educational exhibit in the Palace of +Education was illustrative of the progress of Wisconsin's schools. The +exhibit embraced the kindergarten, graded schools, high schools, manual +training schools, optional study of the German language, public library, +the public museum in its connection with the schools, school for the +deaf, agricultural school, and barracks or portable schoolhouses for use +in the crowded districts of the city. The three free schools of +agriculture and domestic economy, located at Madison in connection with +the State University, and at Menominee, and Wassau were especially +noteworthy. The two latter are distinctly training schools in +agriculture and domestic economy, and are the only schools of their kind +in the United States. + +The public schools of Milwaukee made a separate display. The furnishings +of the entire exhibit, except the cabinets, were made by the pupils of +the high school manual training department. + +A unique feature of modern school work was illustrated by the +application of the graphophone in the instruction of the children, and +illustrations of the results obtained. Unique among the records were +those on which had been impressed the voices and declamations of +children who have been taught to speak at the public school for the +deaf. + +The Milwaukee public school exhibit embraced the entire school system, +from the enrollment of the student in the kindergarten to the graduation +by the high school, the salaries of the teachers, and the financial +statement of the school board. + +One booth was devoted to the work of the benevolent institutions and the +United States School for Indians. + +The exhibit of the State University was in the Palace of Social Economy. +It was mainly composed of photographs of the university buildings, +grounds, equipment, and of classes at work. + +Wisconsin made its best record in the display in the Agricultural +Palace, which was made up of agricultural products of the State and of +butter and cheese exhibits. The space that was allotted to Wisconsin was +utilized to the best possible advantage. Every grain grown in the Badger +State was exhibited in the stalk or sheaf and in the threshed state. +There were also, from time to time, fresh exhibits of seasonable +vegetables. + +The display in the Horticultural Palace was comprehensive enough to +include about all of the fruits produced in the State. Eighty-nine +varieties of Wisconsin apples were shown. There were shown 18 kinds of +Wisconsin grown strawberries; 5 varieties of crab apples; 47 kinds of +plums; 4 kinds of pears; 5 kinds of gooseberries, and 4 kinds of +cranberries. + +Wisconsin's fame as a cranberry-producing State was brought to the +attention of the visitors by a miniature representation of a Wisconsin +cranberry bog. + +Under the head of "mining interest," there were included all of the +various distinctive mining industries and the granite and other stone +productions of the State, and its clay development. All of this was +included in the State's display in the Mines and Metallurgy Building. A +clever representation of a cross section of a lead and zinc mine was +interesting. + +In the center of this exhibit was a pyramid of red hematite iron ore +from the famous Menominee, Baraboo, and Gogebic districts. + +In the display of metals, Wisconsin showed zinc, lead, iron, copper, and +graphite. The last was new in the State, and promised great results. + +The display of granite and building stones was of interest, and a +polished shaft of Montello granite was greatly admired. + +The display included samples of various clays for which the State is +famous, together with examples of the wares made from them. + +In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, Wisconsin made a comprehensive +display of its commercially important woods. There were 14 kinds of +timber suitable for commercial purposes, together with the furnishings +of the display, which were also of Wisconsin wood. Of the woods the more +important were white and red and curly birch. + +There were, in 4 large cases, lifelike specimens of the taxidermist's +art. Prominently displayed was the Wisconsin badger, and other cases +contained bear, deer, and porcupines in characteristic attitudes. + +The live stock exhibits of the State were very successful, although +handicapped by a small appropriation. + +The entries consisted of horses--Percherons, Clydesdales, hackneys, and +English coach animals. In cattle there were Guernseys, Shorthorns, and +Jerseys. In sheep, Shropshires, Bembouillets, and Cotswolds. In swine, +Tamworths, Berkshires, and Poland Chinas. Poultry, of all breeds, and +pigeons were also displayed. + + +WYOMING. + +By act of the seventh legislature of the State of Wyoming in 1903, +provision was made for the appointment by the governor of a commission +of seven members to secure a collection of the resources and products of +this State and to properly display and care for the same at the +Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis in 1904, celebrating the one +hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from +the Government of France. + +The same act appropriated $25,000 from the general revenues of the said +State of Wyoming, to be used in the purpose aforesaid. + +In pursuance of such act of the Wyoming legislature, Governor DeForest +Richards appointed the following commission: + +Clarence B. Richardson, commissioner in chief; Robert H. Homer, Bryant +B. Brooks, Willis George Emerson, George E. Pexton, Charles A. Badgette, +William C. Deming. + +Whereas the law provided that the said commission should meet at the +State capital and organize within fifteen days of the date of +appointment, a meeting was held upon the 20th day of March, 1903. The +following were elected: + +Robert H. Homer, president; Bryant B. Brooks, vice-president; William C. +Deming, secretary. + +In pursuance of the instructions of the commission, the commissioner in +chief and the secretary proceeded to St. Louis about the middle of +March, 1904, and installed Wyoming's exhibit in the Mines and +Agricultural departments, along general lines approved by the +commission. The exposition was formally opened on the 30th day of April, +1904, and Wyoming was one of the comparatively few States to have its +exhibit practically complete upon the opening day. + +Almost from the opening day of the exposition a surprisingly large +number of people from Wyoming visited the fair, and the expressions of +approval of the showing made by this State were highly encouraging to +the commission. It was shown by registration at the Wyoming headquarters +and at the various hotels that one person in every fifty in Wyoming saw +the World's Fair. + +In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, Wyoming's exhibits were very +favorably located on two of the most prominent aisles of the building +and occupied a floor space of 2,700 square feet. In addition to this, a +wall space of 2,100 square feet was utilized for a display of Wyoming +pictures, plats, maps, and drawings. The exhibit in this building was +quite extensive and weighed about 250,000 pounds, it being the purpose +of the commission to show all native products in commercial quantities. + +The oil exhibit, which Dr. F. Salathe kindly volunteered to prepare, +consisted of over 200 varieties of every grade of lubricating and +illuminating oil in this State, and was one of the most complete +exhibits of the kind shown at St. Louis. + +Whenever it was practicable, the commission endeavored not only to show +the crude material, but some article of utility manufactured from it. In +carrying out this idea, the iron exhibit comprised 32,000 pounds of the +crude ore, and around it were grouped nails, spikes, bolts, steel rails, +barbed wire, and pig iron manufactured from the ore. + +To illustrate the utility of our onyx and marble displays, a large +pyramid of the different varieties of onyx, weighing about 40,000 +pounds, was shown; also a beautiful mantel and fireplace manufactured +from this material. + +The mines exhibit was comprised of 156 varieties of mineral--a larger +number than was shown by any other State--and over 3,000 classified +exhibits. Being one of the most complete in extent and variety shown in +the Mines Building, the State received a gold medal on the general +collective exhibit. + +Great quantities of copper ore and copper products from the famous +Encampment district made up a large part of the State's display. One of +the exhibiting companies showed the mineral in all its stages and +processes of manufacture, from the crude ore to the finished product. + +Wyoming also exhibited one piece of natural soda, weighing 5,000 pounds, +taken from a natural soda lake near Laramie, in Albany County, while the +exhibit of refined sodas was on a par with that exhibited from any other +State. In bituminous and lignite coals, both in quality and quantity, +Wyoming's exhibit was one of the most prominent found at the fair. Cubes +of coal weighing as much as 10,000 pounds each, from which huge pyramids +were formed, towered high above their surroundings and immediately +caught the eye of every passer-by. These coal exhibits came chiefly from +the great mines at Cumberland, Rock Springs, and Kemmerer, and were +taken from veins 30 feet in thickness. + +Onyx in both its native and finished state was shown in large +quantities. A pyramid of gray onyx and beautiful mantels and polished +slabs from fields in northern Laramie County were a revelation to all +who saw them. + +Gold ore and refined gold from the famous South Pass district were on +exhibition, demonstrating that Wyoming may in the course of time rival +her southern neighbor, Colorado, as a gold-producing State. + +Marble and building stones were shown in great variety, both in their +native and finished states. Moss agates, lithograph stones, asbestos, +bentonite, gypsum, glass from native sand, and soda added to Wyoming's +collection, which in variety was as great as any exhibit in the Mines +Department. All told, there were 156 varieties of minerals, aggregating +more than 3,000 classified exhibits. The exhibit was reenforced by +beautiful color photographs of Wyoming scenes and resources, which +occupied a wall space in the Mines Building of 2,100 square feet. + +The commission was especially indebted to State Geologist H.C. Beeler +for his valuable assistance and advice in connection with this work. + +As the State's appropriation was so limited, the commission decided to +show all the agricultural, horticultural, educational, and forestry and +game exhibits in the Palace of Agriculture. In this building Wyoming +occupied a floor space of 2,100 square feet and a wall space of 1,400 +square feet. + +The agricultural display was prepared and installed under the direction +of Prof. B.C. Buffum, assisted by Mr. Elias Nelson, and consisted of +over 1,400 classified exhibits. The showing of grains was particularly +remarkable, and by actual competitive tests it was demonstrated that +Wyoming grown wheat weighed 66 pounds per bushel, and the heaviest wheat +from elsewhere was that of the Argentine Republic, which weighed 64 1/2 +pounds per bushel. Wyoming oats weighed 48 pounds per bushel, and the +heaviest oats from elsewhere were those from New Zealand, which weighed +46 1/2, and those from Idaho, weighing 46 pounds. Wyoming hulless barley +weighed 56 pounds, while the standard is 48 pounds per bushel. + +On all these products, as well as Wyoming grown alfalfa, Wyoming was +awarded grand prizes. + +The exhibit of Wyoming forestry products, which was prepared under the +direction of Mr. John H. Gordon, showed a number of trees from 5 to 7 +feet in diameter, and a variety of over 40 woods found in the State. +Owing to the great expense and disadvantage under which such a +collection must necessarily be made, it was impossible to reach every +section of the State and secure samples of the different woods, but this +was done wherever it was found to be possible, and an effort was made to +secure samples of all the woods of the State. + +A beautiful table manufactured by Mr. Gordon, made of over 35 varieties +of these woods, was a work of art and attracted more attention and +favorable comment than anyone thing shown in the exhibit. + +The exhibit of Wyoming grown fruits from Fremont county, as well as the +fruits grown in Laramie County, were especially praiseworthy. + +The educational exhibit, which was prepared and collected under the +direction of the superintendent of public instruction, T.T.T. Tynan, +consisted largely in showing pictures of school buildings of the State +and the school work of many of the pupils. Although only a small sum was +available for this purpose, the exhibit was quite complete and made a +very creditable showing. + +The commission printed and distributed over 500,000 pamphlets giving +information on the resources of Wyoming, and this was supplemented by a +large amount of literature which was received for distribution from +other sources. + +Wyoming exhibitors received 125 awards in the two departments of Mines +and Agriculture, where the Wyoming exhibits were shown, and the grand +prizes awarded Wyoming grown grains were the results of actual tests by +weight for the excellent quantity and size of the grain. Credit must be +given Prof. B.C. Buffum, of the State University, for his thorough work +in the preparation of these exhibits. + +The Wyoming Commission closed up its affairs February 1, 1905, showing +that its entire expenditures for all purposes was only $20,000, or about +four-fifths of the appropriation. + + +LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION HOSTESS' ASSOCIATION. + +In obedience to the call of Mrs. Parks Fisher, hostess of the Maryland +Building, the hostesses of the various State and Territorial buildings +of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition assembled at the Maryland Building +on the morning of June 16, 1904, for the purpose of forming an +organization, the object being mutual improvement and the bringing into +closer social relationship the members thereof. + +Preliminaries were discussed and the meeting adjourned to assemble on +June 30 at the Alaska Building, on which occasion the organization was +perfected and the following officers were elected: + +President, Mrs. Parks Fisher, Maryland; vice-presidents, Mrs. Mary E. +Hart, Alaska, Mrs. C.C. Monson, Connecticut, Mrs. Floyd Walton, +Mississippi, Mrs. Sallie Douglas, New Mexico, Miss Esther Wehrung, +Oregon; recording secretary, Mrs. Dore Lyon, New York; assistant +recording secretary, Mrs. G.L. Hall, New Jersey; corresponding +secretary, Mrs. W.N. Strother, Virginia; assistant corresponding +secretary, Miss Elizabeth Cage, Arkansas; treasurer, Mrs. Belle Hall +Small, Missouri; press representative, Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska. + +Many pleasant social functions took place under the auspices of this +popular organization, and its business and social meetings were +characterized by the greatest harmony. The organization is a permanent +one and is to be represented at all future expositions. Its officers are +to be elected annually, the next election to be held at the Lewis and +Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland, Oreg. + +The full list of membership is as follows: + +Mrs. Parks Fisher, Maryland; Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska; Miss Jessie +Drais, Arizona; Miss Elizabeth Cage, Arkansas; Mrs. Frank Wiggins, +California; Mrs. J.A. Filcher, California; Mrs. Josiah Hughes, +Colorado; Mrs. C.C. Monson, Connecticut; Mrs. John W. Hughes, Georgia; +Miss Anne Sonna, Idaho; Mrs. Floyd Walton, Mississippi; Mrs. Belle Hall +Small, Missouri; Mrs. Emma D. Nuckols, Missouri; Mrs. Addie McDowell, +Montana; Mrs. H.E. Freudenthal, Nevada; Mrs. G.L. Wall, New Jersey; +Mrs. Sallie Douglas, New Mexico; Mrs. Dore Lyon, New York; Mrs. E.B. +Marchant, Oklahoma; Miss Ethel Wehrung, Oregon. + + + + + + +APPENDIX 5. + + + +REPORT OF BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS TO THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION +COMMISSION. + +AUTHORIZED BY ACT OF CONGRESS MARCH 3, 1901. + + * * * * * + +NEW YORK, N.Y., _June_, 1905. + +I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of the Board of Lady +Managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which was appointed by +you as provided for by the act of Congress dated March 3, 1901. + +Very respectfully, +MARY MARGARETTA MANNING, +_President of the Board of Lady Managers +Louisiana Purchase Exposition_. +The LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION. + + + +Historical Data.[1] + +[Footnote 1: Compilation.] + +The territory originally known as Louisiana was taken possession of by +the explorer La Salle in 1682, in the name of Louis XIV, and the first +colony was founded by the French at Biloxi in 1699. The vast domain was +transferred to Spain, by secret treaty, in 1763, and remained in the +possession of that country until 1800, when the King of Spain, during +the assistance of Napoleon in the erection of the Kingdom of Etruria for +his son-in-law, the Duke of Parma, ceded the Louisiana Territory to +France in return for that aid. It was part of Bonaparte's policy and +earliest ambition to restore to France all her lost possessions, and by +the significant treaty of San Ildefonso, signed by Manual Godoy, the +Spanish minister of state (known as the "Prince of Peace"), and Marshal +Berthier, minister of France at Madrid, all that vast and vaguely +defined territory known as Louisiana, which France had originally +transferred to Spain, was reconveyed to France. + +Up to the end of the revolution the possession of the Louisiana +Territory by one foreign power or another had not touched Americans +closely, but now conditions changed. When rumors of the last treaty +finally reached the United States, the planters in the Mississippi +Valley became alarmed. The laws and customs regulations of the Spaniards +at New Orleans were arbitrary, and their business methods antiquated, +complicated, and irksome to the colonists, and there had already been +friction between them, the Spaniards being aided by Indians hostile to +the frontiersmen. The right of deposit was essential to the pioneers who +journeyed down the river in their flat-bottom homemade boats; they +required a place to store their goods at New Orleans while waiting the +arrival of trading vessels. In the early nineties the Spanish +authorities closed navigation and refused the right of way to the ocean, +but in 1795 a treaty was signed which gave the right of deposit, with +certain minor limitations, for three years, and the way to a market was +kept open for that period, and thereafter until 1802; that year the +Spaniards again withdrew the privilege, and therein lay a potent motive +for the acquisition of at least the mouth of the Mississippi River, and, +although the immediate demand of these early American settlers was +simply an open seaport and waterway to the sea, the Louisiana Purchase +was the direct outcome of our strained relations with Spain. + +A resolution was offered in Congress authorizing the President to call +out 50,000 militia and take possession of New Orleans, but the United +States sought security, and a substitute resolution was adopted +appropriating $2,000,000 for the purchase of the Floridas and New +Orleans, the Floridas being at first the entire cession contemplated, +even without the island of New Orleans. The chancellor, Robert R. +Livingston, had been appointed as our minister to France at a time when +the affairs of that country were in a somewhat precarious condition. +Napoleon, then only 34 years old, was dictator, surrounded by enemies. +President Jefferson wrote Livingston to make the best terms he could +with Napoleon, either for the mouth of the river, site for a city, or +place for deposit. He at no time spoke of acquiring the whole tract. +Livingston, with great tact and judgment, kept the matter before +Napoleon, realizing not only the importance of the small tract +originally involved, but the incalculable advantage that would be +derived by the United States could the accession of the whole territory +be accomplished. He was, therefore, greatly surprised by a question from +Talleyrand, in which he was asked "What we would give for the whole +tract?" This was followed by a proposition from Napoleon's +representative, Marbois, the state treasurer, in which he offered to +sell all the Louisiana Territory to the United States for 100,000,000 +francs ($20,000,000), with a provision that the United States should pay +the claims of American citizens against France for depredations by +French privateers, which amounted to 20,000,000 francs ($4,000,000). +This offer Livingston declined, and Marbois asked him to name a price. +Livingston, after a polite and politic disavowal of any anxiety to seek +a larger expansion of territory, cautiously remarked, "We would be ready +to purchase, provided the sum was reduced to reasonable limits," but +refused to make an offer, postponing the matter until the arrival of +Monroe, who, he was informed by the United States Government, had been +appointed minister with special powers to negotiate this purchase of New +Orleans. + +Talleyrand told Livingston that if they gave New Orleans, the rest would +be of little value, and Marbois dropped his price to 80,000,000 francs +($16,000,000) and the claims, and later said if we would name 60,000,000 +francs and take upon us the American claims to the amount of 20,000,000 +more, he would submit the offer to Bonaparte. Our minister declared that +sum was greatly beyond our means, and wished Bonaparte reminded that the +whole region was liable to become the property of England. The minister +of the public treasury admitted the weight of this possibility, but +said: "Try if you can not come up to my mark. Consider the extent of the +country, the exclusive navigation of the river, and the importance of +having no neighbors to disrupt you, no war to dread." + +The American minister was not long in deciding to accept Napoleon's +proposition to acquire the whole territory, but still waited to conclude +negotiations until the arrival in Paris of Monroe. + +The great treaty was, in its essential elements, the work of three days. +On April 11 Talleyrand asked Livingston "whether he wished to have the +whole of Louisiana?" On April 12 Monroe arrived, but was too ill to +attend a conference. Livingston again saw Talleyrand, and on April 13 +two conferences took place between Marbois and Livingston, lasting +several hours and ending at midnight, in which both negotiators agreed +upon a treaty of transfer and acquisition, leaving open the amount to be +paid. Upon this point they did not widely differ. Livingston's memorable +midnight dispatch, dated Paris, April 13, 1803, and finished at 3 +o'clock in the morning, gives the authentic official history of the +Louisiana purchase treaty. The Livingston letters tell that the decision +to sell Louisiana was reached on Sunday, April 10, after Napoleon had +had a prolonged conference with Talleyrand, Marbois, and others. The +idea of selling originated in the active brain of Napoleon. It was +opposed by Talleyrand, Berthier, and others, but Napoleon contemplated +war with England, and needed funds. The Louisiana Purchase tract was so +far away and would require so much money and so many men to protect it, +that, in his estimation, it was probably better to dispose of it at a +good price rather than hold, and he feared, in the event of war, which +was imminent, he would lose the colony of Louisiana within sixty days +after he took possession. The treaty of Amiens was at an end; Austria +was threatening; a British fleet was in the West Indies; he was +disgusted at the disastrous campaign in Santo Domingo, angry with Spain, +and desired to be free for new campaigns in Europe. The First Consul, +impressed by our minister's social rank in his own country, no less than +by his merciless logic and solid understanding, had given his promise +that debts due for the spoliation of our commerce should be paid. This +promise, of which he was again reminded, could only be kept by realizing +on sale of public lands, as he had no other resource. Small wonder that +he wished to be rid of the whole irritating subject of Louisiana. + +Monroe, on his arrival in Paris, found that the negotiations for the +purchase were already far advanced by Minister Livingston. Owing to the +illness of the special envoy, he was not presented to the First Consul +until May 1, and hence, as a negotiator, had nothing officially to do +with the treaty, which was virtually negotiated April 13, and finally +concluded April 30. On that day the treaty was signed in the presence of +Napoleon by Marbois and the two American representatives, and when the +negotiations were completed Napoleon made the following prophecy: "This +accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United +States. I have given England a rival." + +The agreement, in the form of a treaty, reached Washington July 14 for +ratification. Congress was called in special session October 17; the +treaty was confirmed by the Senate after two days of discussion; a +resolution was passed, to take effect immediately, but only after much +opposition. Many persons were strongly opposed to the purchase, +condemned the acquisition of a wilderness, and expressed their belief +that the territory was not worth the price to be paid, and that its +control would be difficult and unprofitable. + +The exact cost ultimately agreed upon was 64,000,000 francs in the form +of United States 6 per cent bonds, representing a capital of +$11,250,000. In addition to this, the American Government agreed to +assume and pay the obligations of France to American citizens for French +attacks upon American shipping. These were estimated at 20,000,000 +francs, or $3,750,000, making the total payment $15,000,000. The tract +comprised 554,000,000 acres. Napoleon sold the territory for 2 cents an +acre, or 10 acres for one franc. When the negotiations were pending, +Marbois expressed to Napoleon the difficulty of reaching a definite +conclusion as to boundary. When Talleyrand was questioned as to +boundaries, he returned evasive answers, and said he did not know, and +when pressed to be more explicit, said: "You must take it as we received +it." "But what did you mean to take?" asked Livingston. "I do not know," +replied Talleyrand. "Then you mean that we shall construe it our own +way?" said Livingston again, to which Talleyrand made final reply: "I +can give you no direction. You have made a noble bargain for yourselves, +and I suppose you will make the most of it." + +When we consider that Jefferson at one time was willing to give +$2,000,000 for New Orleans alone, we can marvel that so vast an empire +as the whole province should come to us for the price paid. We can +afford to overlook any defects in the treaty details and forever hold in +gratitude the illustrious men who, by their diplomatic skill, their +earnestness of purpose, and well-directed efforts, achieved one of the +greatest triumphs in the world's history. It well justified the +assertion of Minister Livingston as he placed his name to the treaty of +cession, and rising and shaking hands with Monroe and Marbois, said: "We +have lived long; but this is the noblest work of our lives." + +The Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held to commemorate this most +important event in the history of America--the purchase from France of +the vast Louisiana Territory--an event second only in importance to the +signing of the Declaration of Independence, which constituted the first +great advance of the United States toward national expansion, and at the +same time insured to them the control forever of the greatest natural +waterway on earth, the Mississippi River. + +The Missouri Historical Society was the first organization to take +formal steps toward the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of +the acquisition of this territory. In acknowledgment of the public +sentiment expressed, Governor Stevens, of Missouri, called a convention +of delegates to be appointed by the respective governors of the twelve +States and two Territories that had been created in the Louisiana +Purchase. Ninety-three delegates attended the meeting on January 10, +1899, and unanimously voted that an international exposition should be +held in St. Louis as a means of giving expression, by practical +demonstration, to the universal appreciation of what had been +accomplished within this vast region during the century. + +An executive committee was appointed, of which Hon. David R. Francis, of +St. Louis, was made chairman. The aid of the United States Government +was sought, and, after preliminary work on the part of the members of +the committee in raising the $10,000,000, which Congress had made a +condition should be secured before rendering material assistance, a bill +was passed March 3, 1901, appropriating $5,000,000 toward "celebrating +the one hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase Territory by the +United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, +industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, +and sea in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri." + +This enormous tract of land that for a century had been steadily +contributing to the material advancement of the world was now to show +that it was ready and able to assume its full share not only in +practical life and progress but in the deeper phases of science and art, +and to demonstrate the nature of its resources by participation in the +greatest universal exposition ever held. By this exposition it was not +only above all else to illustrate the marvelous development of the +territory whose acquisition it was meant to celebrate, but it was +likewise "to provide for a comparative display of the products, natural +and artificial, of the nations of the world, to be arranged in +classified groups, the exhibits of each nation in every class to be set +down by the side of those of all other nations, thereby better to insure +comparison and an intelligent verdict as to merit by the direct and +practical contrast thus secured." It was to demonstrate the feasible +combination of the artistic with the useful, the beautiful with the +enduring, the graceful with the strong. + +The three most significant dates historically connected with the +acquisition of the magnificent domain known as Louisiana are April 30, +1803, when the great treaty was signed; October 19, when the treaty was +ratified in the Senate of the United States by a vote of 24 to 7; and +December 20, of the same year, when our Government received formal +possession at New Orleans from the French prefect, Laussat. The council +chamber of the Cabildo (which building was so ably reproduced at the +exposition) and the balcony adjacent were the scene of the formal +retrocession of Louisiana from Spain to France, and also of the event so +much more momentous to us--the ceremony in which France delivered +Louisiana into the keeping of the United States. + +On August 20, 1901, by a proclamation of the President, "in the name of +the Government and of the people of the United States, all the nations +of the earth" were invited "to take part in the commemoration of the +purchase of the Louisiana Territory, an event of great interest to the +United States and of abiding effect on their development, by appointing +representatives and sending such exhibits to the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition as would most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, +their industries, and their progress in civilization." This invitation +was sent through the Department of State of the United States to the +chief magistrates of all civilized governments, from nearly all of whom +official acceptances were received in reply. + +It has become a matter of history that ground was broken for the site of +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition December 20, 1901, that day being the +anniversary of the one on which the jurisdiction over the Louisiana +Territory passed from France to the United States in 1803. The +dedication exercises were held on the afternoon of April, 30, 1903, and +were designed to commemorate not only the one hundredth anniversary of +the signing of the treaty by Livingston, Monroe, and Marbois, +transferring the territory from France to the United States, but also to +dedicate in a formal manner the grounds and palaces of the exposition +then rapidly advancing toward completion, though not to be opened before +the following spring. + +The exercises were participated in by representatives from nearly all +civilized nations, and the presence on April 30, 1903, of the President +of the United States, ex-President Cleveland, the Joint Committee of +Congress, the ambassadors and ministers of twenty-six foreign +governments, the governors and representatives of more than forty States +and Territories, conferred upon it the official indorsement of the +nations of the world, and added the weight and dignity which the +sanction of governments alone could give. + +When the treaty of cession was concluded in 1803 President Jefferson +represented less than 6,000,000 people and there were but 50,000 white +settlers in the Louisiana Territory. President Roosevelt in 1903 +represented 80,000,000 people, the Purchase contained 15,000,000 +inhabitants, and the 865,000 square miles which it comprised had been +geographically divided into twelve States and two Territories. It was an +area greater in extent and in natural resources than that of the +original thirteen States, and constituted the largest real estate +transfer ever known in the history of nations. + +The price of $15,000,000 paid for it was considered exorbitant by those +who were opposed to the purchase in 1803, yet the possibilities of the +country, then so vague and ill-defined, so amply justified the prophetic +faith of its advocates that a century later many millions of dollars in +excess of the purchase money were spent in commemorating the transfer of +a tract of land without which the present greatness of the United States +would not have been possible. The present value of the agricultural +products alone of the area for one year are a hundred times, and the +taxable wealth more than four hundred times, the purchase money. + +The board of lady managers was created pursuant to a clause in section 6 +of the act of Congress of March 3, 1901, empowering the National +Commission[A] of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as follows: + +[Footnote A: The creation of the National Commission of the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition was authorized by act of Congress, March 3, 1901, +and the members were appointed by President McKinley. According to +section 12 of an act approved June 28, 1902, the Commission will cease +officially to exist on the first day of July, 1905, at which time, also, +will expire the term of appointment of the members of the board of lady +managers.] + + And said Commission is hereby authorized to appoint a board of + lady managers, of such number and to perform such duties as may + be prescribed by said Commission, subject, however, to the + approval of said company. Said board of lady managers may, in + the discretion of said Commission and corporation, appoint one + member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such + exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by female + labor. + +The following is the complete list and order of appointment of the +members of the board of lady managers made by the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition Commission, acting under the authority conferred by the +aforesaid section 6 of the act of Congress of March 3, 1901: + +Name. Date By whom. + appointed. +Miss Helen M. Gould Oct. 16, 1901 Hon. P.D. Scott. +Mrs. John A. McCall Oct. 18, 1901 Hon. M.H. Glynn. +Mrs. John M. Holcombe do Hon. F.A. Betts. +Miss Anna L. Dawes do Do. +Mrs. William E. Andrews do Hon. J.M. Thurston. +Mrs. Helen Boyce-Hunsicker do Do. +Mrs. James L. Blair do Hon. John M. Allen. +Mrs. Fannie L. Porter do Hon. P.D. Scott. +Mrs. Frederick M. Hanger do Do. +Mrs. Richard W. Knott Nov. 19, 1901 Hon. William Lindsay. +Mrs. Washington A. Roebling do Do. +Mrs. M.H. de Young do Hon. Thomas H. Carter. +Mrs. Belle L. Everest do Hon. John F. Miller. +Mrs. Marcus P. Daly Nov. 20, 1901 Hon. Thomas H. Carter. +Mrs. William H. Coleman Nov. 21, 1901 Hon. John F. Miller. +Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter do Do. +Mrs. Lewis D. Frost do Hon. John M. Thurston. +Mrs. Finis P. Ernest Nov. 22, 1901 Hon. George W. McBride. +Mrs. James B. Montgomery Jan. 22, 1902 Do. +Mrs. John Miller Horton Sept. 30, 1902 Hon. M.H. Glynn. +Mrs. Daniel Manning Oct. 2, 1902 Do. +Mrs. Carl von Mayhoff do Do. +Mrs. James Edmund Sullivan do Hon. Thomas H. Carter. +Mrs. Annie McLean Moores Oct. 3, 1902 Hon. John M. Allen. +Miss Lavinia H. Egan Nov. 29, 1902 Do. + +OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS, LOUISIANA PURCHASE +EXPOSITION + +Mrs. Daniel Manning, president, Albany, N.Y.; Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter, +first vice-president, Springfield, Ohio; Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, second +vice-president, Denver, Colo.; Mrs. Helen Boice-Hunsicker, third +vice-president, Hoboken, N.J.; Miss Anna L. Dawes, fourth +vice-president, Pittsfield, Mass.; Mrs. Belle L. Everest, fifth +vice-president, Atchison, Kans.; Mrs. M.H. de Young, sixth +vice-president, San Francisco, Cal.; Mrs. Fannie L. Porter, seventh +vice-president, Atlanta, Ga.; Mrs. William H. Coleman, treasurer, +Indianapolis, Ind.; Miss Helen M. Gould, New York, N.Y.; Mrs. Richard W. +Knott, Louisville, Ky.; Mrs. John M. Holcombe, Hartford, Conn.; Mrs. +Frederick M. Hanger, Little Rock, Ark.; Mrs. James Edmund Sullivan, +Providence, R.I.; Mrs. Margaret P. Daly, Anaconda, Mont.; Mrs. Mary +Phelps Montgomery, Portland, Oreg.; Mrs. Carl von Mayhoff, New York, +N.Y.; Mrs. John Miller Horton, Buffalo, N.Y.; Mrs. Lewis D. Frost, +Winona, Minn.; Mrs. W.E. Andrews, Washington, D.C.; Mrs. Annie McLean +Moores, Mount Pleasant, Tex.; Miss Lavinia H. Egan, Shreveport, La. Miss +Julia T.E. McBlair, Washington, D.C., hostess of the building of the +board of lady managers. + +_Standing committees_.--Executive: Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairman; Mrs. +Holcombe, Miss Egan, Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Coleman, Mrs. Buchwalter, +Mrs. Moores, Miss Dawes, Mrs. Knott, Mrs. Hanger, Miss Gould. +Entertainment: Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairman; Mrs. Porter, Mrs. Everest, +Mrs. Sullivan, Mrs. Ernest, Mrs. de Young, Mrs. Horton, Mrs. von +Mayhoff, Mrs. Hunsicker. Foreign Relations: Miss Dawes, chairman; Mrs. +Knott, Miss Gould, Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. von Mayhoff, Mrs. Montgomery, +Mrs. Moores. Congresses: Mrs. Buchwalter, chairman; Mrs. Hanger, Mrs. +Andrews. Press: Mrs. Knott, chairman; Mrs. Hanger, Miss Egan, Mrs. +Moores. Woman's Work: Mrs. Montgomery, chairman; Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. +Daly, Miss Gould, Mrs. Buchwalter, Miss Dawes, Mrs. de Young. +Legislative: Mrs. Buchwalter, chairman; Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Coleman. +Awards: Mrs. Hanger, chairman; Mrs. Knott, Miss Egan, Mrs. Porter, Mrs. +Hunsicker. Auditing Committee: Mrs. Andrews, chairman; Mrs. Ernest, Mrs. +Montgomery. + +_Special committees_.--Hall of Philanthropy: Miss Helen M. Gould, +chairman. Creche: Miss Helen M. Gould, chairman; Mrs. Everest, Mrs. +Andrews, Mrs. Sullivan. House: Mrs. Ernest, chairman; resident members +of board and members of rotating committee on duty. Model Playground: +Mrs. Holcombe, chairman; Mrs. Hanger, Miss Gould. Editing Minutes: Mrs. +Hanger, chairman; Mrs. Ernest, Miss Dawes. House Furnishing: Mrs. Daniel +Manning, chairman; Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. Montgomery. + + +INTRODUCTION + +As it was designed that the St. Louis Exposition should afford an +opportunity of demonstrating to other nations the progress that the +United States had made in every branch of manufacture, agriculture, and +art, the enormous field that existed from which to draw the great +variety of material warranted the assumption that a wonderful display +would be made. The sponsorship of our Government, and its invitation to +other nations to participate, vested in the citizens of the United +States, not only as a nation but as individuals, the responsibility of +acceptably placing before the eyes of the world the achievements and +advancement not only of their own but of all civilized and semicivilized +nations. + +The importance of the event rendered it a fitting occasion for women +again to exhibit to the world the record of their increasing development +and progress. At the Centennial in Philadelphia the women's commission +brought together the exhibits shown in the Woman's Department, raised +funds necessary to build the Woman's Pavilion, suggested the Department +of Public Comfort, and originated and carried to completion other useful +and practical ideas. The board of lady managers at the World's Columbian +Exposition achieved a most wonderful success; at the Cotton Centennial +in New Orleans the women from each State and Territory did excellent +work, as did those at Atlanta, Nashville, Omaha, and Buffalo. All this +had thoroughly prepared the public mind for the cooperation of women in +further exposition work. + +The board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, was, +therefore, created as an official organization, acting under the +authority given it by the Government. Its most important duty--that of +appointing woman jurors--was prescribed by Congress, and all others were +secondary to it. The members realized the responsibility which rested +upon them and the necessity of making such a record that at the close of +the exposition they again might show that women's attainments and +achievements were a factor of sufficient importance to warrant their +participation in an exhibition of such magnitude; they must continue to +prove by practical demonstration that the rapid advancement and +increased usefulness of women, made possible by the educational and +other advantages that had been accorded them, rendered their work worthy +of the examination and attention of the world. + +Preparatory to accepting any responsibilities that might be required of +them in order to represent woman's work officially, a formal request was +made by the members of the board of lady managers to the National +Commission, to define the full scope of their appointment and the duties +to be assigned to the board, careful inquiry being made as to what +special and important work they would be expected to perform. + +Pursuant to this request, an informal meeting of the eighteen members +who had been appointed in the fall of 1901, was called by the National +Commission, in the city of New York, for December 5 of that year. Hon. +Thomas H. Carter, president of the National Commission, in an address on +that occasion, outlined their duties to a limited extent, and stated +that a meeting would be called in March, 1902, for the purpose of +perfecting their organization and determining the nature of their work. +This meeting was not called, as had been contemplated, however, and it +was not until September 30, 1902, that the members of the board were +again assembled, pursuant to a call of the Commission, the meeting place +being in the city of St. Louis. + +After formal organization of the board of lady managers they were again +addressed by Hon. Thomas H. Carter, who said, in part, as follows: + + The act of Congress left the number of lady managers optional + with the National Commissioners. + + Before the exercise of the discretion allowed by Congress + numerous persons suggested a great variety of ways whereby the + ladies of the country, and the world, if you please, might with + force and propriety participate in this coming exposition. The + agency or organized clubs was for a time suggested as a proper + method by which the assistance of womankind might be interjected + into this great work, but many difficulties appeared in an + effort to crystallize that thought in the proper shape. + + Owing to the confusion existing during the sessions of Congress, + the necessity as well as the desirability of allowing the + National Commission to appoint a board of lady managers became + from day to day more apparent, and, therefore, in pursuance of + that authority it was determined, with the consent and approval + of the local committee under whose auspices the exposition was + given, to appoint a board consisting of twenty-one persons; and + of the twenty-one nineteen members have now been appointed. * * + * It will rest with you ladies, and the two additional members + hereafter to be appointed, whether or not you wish to increase + the size of your board. * * * + + After or about the time of the New York meeting the National + Commission, acting under the authority of the law, prescribed + certain general limitations or rules within which this board of + lady managers would continue to exercise their functions. These + rules were, I think, made very general, and were submitted to + the local company for approval, as the statute requires. The + company has suggested certain amendments, which are not of great + importance and do not at this time limit your deliberations to + any considerable extent. * * * The rule upon which your + authority will rest reads: "The board of lady managers, + appointed as authorized by section 6 of the act of Congress, + shall have authority to exercise general supervisory control + over such features of the exposition as may be specially devoted + to woman's work." That rule is practically without any + limitation whatever. It places under your control and + supervision the work for the exhibits, whether appearing in the + manner of artistic, industrial, or other tangible production, or + whether appearing in the manner of woman's engagement in any + part or portion of the exposition work. I think it will rest + with you that girls under a certain age should not be permitted + to be employed in the exhibits, or in any manner made a part of + the coming exposition. * * * You will find in this rule the + amplest authority with reference to any subject-matter over + which you seek to exercise jurisdiction, composed in whole or in + part by woman's work. That is all the limitation you will find. + That rule the company has approved without amendment, and in + approving it * * * I believe that it is clearly the earnest + desire of the company to secure and at all times approve of your + cordial cooperation. + + In the matter of executing the duties before you, it will be + found necessary, I believe, at this meeting, after the election + of your officers, to secure such quarters as may, in your + opinion, be necessary for the convenient transaction of the + business committed to your charge. It will likewise be necessary + for you to begin to consider the scope of woman's work in + connection with the exposition, and likewise form proper rules + and regulations for the government of your officers and the + direction of the general task that you have before you. It is + needless to suggest that future success will, as you know, to a + considerable extent, be dependent upon the thought and + consideration given to your rules to start with. One feature of + the rules heretofore commented upon to some extent, and perhaps + both by the Commission and the company, has been subject to + criticism. That is the limitation upon the incurring expense. It + has been suggested that the board of lady managers at Chicago, + which consisted of over one hundred persons, spent $150,000 or + thereabout. They were limited, I think, and spent the limit. + Your expenses are not limited, except by a rule adopted by + prudence, and applicable to all bodies having money to expend + from the United States Government. The purpose of this rule, let + me say to you, ladies, was to preserve ordinary system in the + transaction of the business that must be dispatched very + rapidly, and must be dispatched under a system. + + The observations I have here made seem to about cover, for the + present, at least, the matters that will come up before you for + consideration: + + First. The scope of your work, unlimited by this Commission, + save in the particulars prescribed in the law, to that which is + in whole or in part made up of woman's work. + + Second. After determining the scope, the field within which you + will act, and the rules that govern your officers, you will be + called upon to determine other questions from time to time--the + matter of investment, the matter of a special building, which + shall be the ladies' home, and other questions such as may seem + to you to be meet and proper. + + I am quite sure that throughout this space of time--two or three + years--during which we are working together, you will find it + quite easy to get along with this Commission. * * * Let me make + this suggestion here, and one based upon an experience this + Commission has had: You will find, as far as our observation has + been extended, that you have here in the city of St. Louis and + the surrounding country a body of earnest people, charged with a + mighty work--the disbursement of the largest sum of money ever + collected on the globe for an exposition of any kind--larger + than Chicago, Buffalo, and Charleston combined--and the one + overwhelming, all-absorbing thought uppermost in the mind is to + make this exposition a success, commensurate with the mighty + means placed at the disposal of the company, the Commission, and + the board. The weather will be hot and difficulties will come, + tempers will become disturbed, and patience sorely tried, but + throughout it all bear in mind that the man who is somewhat + irritating has simply too much vim and enthusiasm for the + moment. + + President Francis, the general counsel, the treasurer, are all + devoting practically their entire time and attention to this + work, and the things already accomplished indicate that their + efforts have been well directed and their work well performed. + It is for you to say, you to determine in a general way, and + upon your good judgment and earnest efforts will largely depend + the extent to which women in this country and of the world at + large are to participate, directly or indirectly, in making this + exposition the most beneficent for women that has or can be made + in any age or ages. + +At the close of Senator Carter's remarks President Francis, of the +Exposition Company, said: + + I have only come to say, ladies, that if we can be of any + assistance to you we shall be more than glad to render that + assistance. If you have any suggestions to make us, we shall be + pleased to receive them and consider them by prejudging them in + your favor. I do not know what your plans are, but I wish to say + that if you desire permanent quarters, we will be very glad to + provide them in the Administration Building. That might be a + little inconvenient, perhaps, but we have all of our own offices + there, and have all the accommodations one can require. I do not + know if you propose to have a permanent secretary and establish + headquarters here or not. I take it for granted that you are + familiar with the provisions of the law. Of course, you know + that the board is nominated by the National Commission, of which + Senator Carter is president. All of the nominations that have + been made by the National Commission have been confirmed. I + believe the membership of your board is limited to twenty-one. I + have heard of the organization of that body. I wish to say, that + we think we have made adequate, if not liberal, provision for + the expense of the board in this way: We have decided to tender + you ladies, subject, of course, to your amendment, after first + acknowledging your generosity, we have decided to say to you + that we will allow you 5 cents per mile mileage from your homes + to St. Louis, and 5 cents per mile back to your homes, or to + your New York meetings, and in addition to that $6 per day for + subsistence during the time you are in attendance at such + meetings. If you do not think that sufficient, we are open to + suggestions from you. + + During your stay in cities where meetings will be held you are + allowed $6 per day subsistence, whether you choose to expend + that or not; if you do not think $6 per day sufficient, make a + suggestion accordingly. + + In regard to your duties, the law prescribed those. I suppose + the report which was made by the Commission to the local company + and approved by the local company, has been forwarded to the + board. You know that you have the right to appoint one member to + every jury of awards that passes upon work wholly or partly made + by women. I do not know what provision the law makes, if any, + for your duties, but this exposition, comprehensive as its scope + may be, can not be a success without the hearty cooperation of + the ladies, and that is what we wish. + + I do not know what plans you have about a Woman's Building. I + wish to say that any suggestions you have to make us we will + take under serious consideration. A great deal has been said + about permanent structures. We have no objections to permanent + structures, we rather court them, provided always some means are + furnished for the maintenance of those buildings after the + exposition is over. There is another condition that must be + observed, and that is in regard to the permission of the city + for these buildings to remain. You, of course, understand that + the exposition proper does not own any of the ground within the + site. We have 1,200 acres, which is much larger than any + exposition ever held, about 688 acres being the property of the + city. About 112 acres of the site is the property of the + Washington University, for which we pay it a specific rental; + that makes a total of 780 acres. In addition to that we have 410 + acres which we have leased from private owners. That property + must be returned to them free of all incumbrances. Therefore, if + a permanent structure be contemplated it must be erected on city + property. + + Ladies, I will be very glad to answer any questions you may + desire to ask in connection with the exposition, and, as I said, + any suggestions of yours I shall submit to our local company, + executive committee, and board of directors, and Senator Carter + will submit the same, I have no doubt, to the National + Commission. + +At a meeting of the Commission held the same day (September 30) the +resignation of Mrs. John A. McCall from the board of lady managers was +read and accepted by the Commission. + +The statements of Senator Carter, as well as those of President Francis, +stimulated the interest of the members of the board; they comprehended +anew that it involved not only a heavy responsibility, but constituted a +national trust to represent the women who to-day stand upon the advanced +but firm ground secured by the steady and persistent efforts of other +women in their long struggle to obtain intellectual advantages and +recognition. + +By reason of the sacrifices and endurance of those pioneers, every +opportunity is now afforded to women not only to acquire any trade or +profession, but also to practice it without hindrance; in many cases the +same money value is placed upon their labor as upon that of men for +similar work, and no longer is the line of demarcation rigidly drawn +between the woman of leisure and the self-supporting woman. It, +therefore, devolved upon the members of the board of lady managers to +advance, to the best of their ability, the conditions under which women +might continue to maintain their social, intellectual, and financial +independence. + +At this first formal meeting of the board of lady managers held in St. +Louis the president and board of directors of the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition Company tendered to the members a most delightful evening +reception at the Southern Hotel. This was the first official +entertainment given to the board of lady managers. + +On Wednesday, October 1, 1902, the election of the following officers +was effected: + +Mrs. James L. Blair, president; Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter, first +vice-president; Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, second vice-president; Mrs. Helen +Boice-Hunsicker, third vice-president; Miss Anna L. Dawes, fourth +vice-president; Mrs. Belle L. Everest, fifth vice-president; Mrs. M.H. +de Young, sixth vice-president; Mrs. Fannie L. Porter, seventh +vice-president; Mrs. Frederick Hanger, secretary; Mrs. William H. +Coleman, treasurer. + +Miss Helen M. Gould then offered the following resolution: + + _Resolved_, That it is the earnest desire of the board of lady + managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition that there be no + indecent dances or improper exhibits in the Midway during the + exposition, and that the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company + be urged to use the utmost care in awarding the concessions for + shows, in order that there may be no objectionable features. + +The motion was carried unanimously, and its observance by the local +company was largely instrumental in lowering to a minimum the number of +objectionable features on the "Pike." + +In a joint conference of the National Commission and President Francis +the latter consented that the Commission should make the number of lady +managers 24 instead of 21, and on October 2, 1902, the following +resolution was offered by the first vice-president, Mr. Glynn, and +adopted by the Commission: + + _Resolved_, That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition shall consist of 24 persons, including those + heretofore appointed, together with Mrs. Daniel Manning, of + Washington, D.C.; Mrs. A.I. von Mayhoff, of Monticello, Va.; + and Mrs. Josephine Sullivan, of Providence, R.I.; also the two + additional members to be nominated by Mr. Allen. + + _Be it further resolved_, That the appointments thus made now + fixes the membership of the board at 24, and that no vacancy + which may hereafter occur, on any account whatever, shall be + filled until the board is reduced below 21 members, and that at + no time shall any vacancy be filled hereafter so as to increase + the board above 21. + +After the election of officers, appointment of committees on woman's +work, rules and regulations, hall of philanthropy, and the transaction +of other routine work, the board of lady managers adjourned to meet in +New York, November 17, 1902. + +In response to a request from the board of lady managers for permanent +headquarters for their accommodation during the exposition period, to be +afterwards used as a hall of philanthropy, President Francis, on +November 5, 1902, referred to the fact that the Missouri State +Federation had instructed its delegates to the convention of the General +Federation of Women's Clubs to be held at Los Angeles to recommend such +a memorial of woman's work, but that the federation had failed to take +action in the matter. + +The Exposition Company afterwards offered to contribute $50,000 toward +the erection of such a building if the board of lady managers would +raise $150,000--$50,000 of which should be applied toward the building +and $100,000 as a permanent endowment fund. + +The meeting of the board of lady managers was called on November 17, +1902, pursuant to adjournment of the meeting of September 30, 1902, and +at that time the hall of philanthropy was fully considered, and the +above-mentioned proposition of the Exposition Company declined. + +At the session held on the 19th of November a motion was made and +carried that there should be an eighth vice-president, and Mrs. Daniel +Manning was elected to fill that office. + +President Carter, of the National Commission, was invited to be present +at this meeting, and again emphasized his views in regard to the +prerogatives of the members of the board in performance of the duties +which might be assigned them. He also spoke as follows: + + With the power comes the responsibility. This exposition, if the + general tone of business continues, ought to be, in the matter + of attendance and universal interest, a pronounced success. The + matter of interesting the world, securing attendance, securing + exhibits, attracting the attention of different classes of + people, would insure success. The law of Congress is pretty + thoroughly considered. It was pretty thoroughly debated in the + House of Representatives particularly. No part of the law was + more thoroughly considered than this part, which contemplated + the interesting of the women of the world in the exposition + about to be given. + + Determine at the earliest day practicable what the view of this + board is as to what part women are to take in the exposition. + That subject can not be too promptly considered or decided upon. + You are to plan the scope of women's work in this exposition. + Give the representation of women's work in this exposition a + national or international character. If of an international + character, will this board undertake to select the people who + are to go abroad to represent the women of this country in + appealing to the women of other countries? * * * It is a matter + of supreme consequence that the women of the country shall be + represented in a manner that will be approved by themselves at + least. * * * I think it rests with you to formulate plan and + scope, and transmit that formulated plan and scope to this + Commission, to be approved by the Commission and approved by the + local company, as a part of the programme of this exposition. It + was the intention when this board was appointed to get together + a body of representative women from all over the United States, + and that this body when assembled would become a directing force + along general lines. In the matter of women's work there is no + limit. You exercise "general supervisory control." I would say + that, in pursuance of authority granted the board of lady + managers, that this board adopt resolutions stating that no + woman shall be appointed to represent the exposition by either + the National Commission or the local company until the name of + such representative shall have been submitted to and ratified by + this board of lady managers. You will find in talking with this + company a keen anxiety to quickly adopt any suggestions that + will bring about success in any line. Claim whatever you think + in the form of a rule, assert your right to approve or confirm + if you please everyone appointed to push this woman's work + anywhere. In regard to a building, say what you want; submit + your plans to this Commission; place your wants in the form of a + resolution to be approved by the Commission and the local + company; the approval will carry with it the expense. We will + regard any expenditure which you may make as "legitimate + exposition work"--commissioners to go abroad, or whatever it may + be. + + There is a large amount of money available for this exposition. + It has been handled with the utmost care, skill, and excessive + prudence by the company, but that shows merely a good, sound + economical management; however, there is ample means, means that + will unquestionably apply to meet every want. + +At the session on November 20 the committee named to prepare resolutions +to be presented through the National Commission to the Exposition +Company offered the following, which were adopted, and copies forwarded +to the Commission and company: + + First. The board of lady managers respectfully call the + attention of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to the + act approved March 3, 1901, under which act this board has the + power to appoint one member of all committees authorized to + award prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in + whole or in part by women. The board of lady managers decline to + accept the amendment of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Company to this act of Congress expressed in a resolution of the + executive committee of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Company, as follows: "To nominate one member of all committees + authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as shall have been + produced in whole or in part by female labor." + + Second. The board protests against the appointment, without its + authority, of any representative at home or abroad connected + with work for which this board is responsible. + + Third. That the board of lady managers select, with the approval + of the local company, two of its members to awaken interest in + the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company among women in other + countries. + + Fourth. That the president of this board be authorized, at her + discretion, to appoint committees to visit each State to enlist + the cooperation of the women in securing the proper + representation of woman's work at the exposition in St. Louis; + and in furtherance that the governor of each State be formally + requested to name two women on the State commission. + + Fifth. That the local company be requested to appropriate + $50,000 for the erection of a woman's building on the fair + grounds to be used after the close of the exposition as a hall + of philanthropy. + + Sixth. The board of lady managers request the directors of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to provide money to meet + the current expenses of this board. They are further requested + to notify this board in writing of the amount appropriated for + this purpose. It is the sense of this board that an allowance of + 5 cents per mile and $10 per diem be allowed; the per diem to + cover the time from the day of departure until the day of + return. + + Seventh. That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition, acting in harmony with the local committees + appointed by the president of this board, shall have supervisory + control of the entertainments of all women's organizations + desiring to hold meetings in the building that will be + appropriated to the use of this board. + + Respectfully submitted. + + Mrs. JAMES L. BLAIR, _President_. + Mrs. RICHARD W. KNOTT, _Chairman_. + +To the copy of the above resolutions which was sent to the National +Commission, President Carter replied as follows: + + St. Louis, U.S.A., _November 29, 1902._ + + Dear Madam: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of a set of + resolutions adopted by the board of lady managers at their + meeting in New York City on November 20, 1902. + + You are informed that the resolutions have been transmitted with + proper recommendations to the local company for consideration + You are also informed that correction of objectionable rule in + the "rules and regulations governing the system of awards," to + which reference is made in the first subdivision of the + resolutions, has been made. The rule referred to, as corrected, + will embrace the word "appoint" instead of "nominate." + + You are also informed that the Commission deems it inexpedient + to apply to Congress for an appropriation to aid in the + construction of the proposed hall of philanthropy. The + Commission does not wish to be understood as being opposed to + this commendable enterprise, but instead favors the proposition. + The disinclination to appeal to Congress for aid arises from an + understanding with the company and leading members of committees + of Congress, that no further appropriation would be sought from + the General Government in connection with the fair. + + After a conference with the president and the secretary of the + Exposition Company, the Commission is gratified to be able to + inform you of the disposition of those officers to consult the + board of lady managers with reference to the appointment of all + persons intended to in any manner represent the board or its + work in the exploitation of the exposition at home or abroad. We + are also able to convey to you the assurance which has been + conveyed to the Commission by President Francis, that it is the + disposition of the Exposition Company to furnish the board of + lady managers adequate and comfortable accommodations upon the + grounds controlled by the company. The president of the company + will communicate with your honorable board with reference to + this and other subjects referred to in the resolutions. + + You are informed that, agreeable to an arrangement made nearly + twelve months ago, the accounts of the board of lady managers + will be paid direct by the Exposition Company. It is desirable + that your board should transmit all accounts direct to Mr. W.B. + Stevens, secretary of the Exposition Company, by whom all + settlements will be made. + + Yours, very truly, + + Thos. H. Carter, + _President._ + + Mrs. Apolline M. Blair, + _President Board of Lady Managers, St. Louis, Mo._ + +This meeting adjourned subject to the call of the president. + +The next meeting of the board of lady managers was called by the +president, Mrs. Blair, at the Murray Hill Hotel, New York City, N.Y., +February 16, 1903, at which time a letter was read that had been +received by the president of the board from the Exposition Company, in +which an offer was made to the board, for its exclusive use, of one of +the permanent buildings to be erected for the Washington University (and +subsequently to be used by it as a Hall of Physics), to be known during +the exposition period as the "Building of the Board of Lady Managers." +This structure appealed specially to the members of the board, from the +fact that it had been endowed by a woman, Mrs. Eliza Eads How, of St. +Louis, and the offer was accepted. The building was finished about the +middle of April, 1904, and thereafter remained the headquarters of the +board during the term of the exposition. While it was not perfectly +adapted for a woman's building, they made it as attractive as possible, +and it served for their entertaining and occupancy far better than had +been anticipated. Upon motion, it was decided that the furnishing of the +building for the board of lady managers be under the supervision of the +president of the board. + +On February 16, 1903, a communication was received from Mr. Corwin H. +Spencer, first vice-president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition +Company, stating that $3,000 had been appropriated by the executive +committee of the Exposition Company for the use of the board of lady +managers. + +Although the members of the board were not only willing, but anxious, to +settle upon some definite line of action, the vagueness of their powers +outlined by the members of the Commission, together with the obstacle +presented by the lack of funds, had caused them to be most conservative +in action; without the positive assurance of financial aid they were not +in a position to decide definitely upon a plan of future work. This +condition led to the appointment by the president, Mrs. Blair, of two +committees, one known as the "committee to confer with the National +Commission on matters pertaining to the board of lady managers," and +which consisted of Miss Lavinia H. Egan, chairman, Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, +Mrs. Helen Boice-Hunsicker, and Mrs. William E. Andrews; and the second, +known as a "committee on woman's work," consisting of Mrs. Mary Phelps +Montgomery, chairman, Mrs. John M. Holcombe, Mrs. Daniel Manning, and +Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter. Both of these committees were to confer with +the National Commission and the latter committee with the local company. + +Upon motion, duly seconded and carried, the meeting adjourned, to meet +in St. Louis April 29, 1903. + +A reception was given by the board of lady managers to the +president-general, officers, and members of the Daughters of the +American Revolution of the Twelfth Continental Congress, at the New +Willard Hotel, Washington, D.C., on February 26, 1903. The committee +consisted of Mrs. Horton, chairman, Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. +Andrews, Mrs. Moores, Mrs. Coleman, Mrs. Hunsicker, Mrs. Porter, and +Mrs. Hanger. Invitations were extended to the President of the United +States and his Cabinet, Diplomatic Corps, officers of the Army and Navy, +members of the Senate and House of Representatives, the Government +Board, the National Commission of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and +officials connected with the exposition resident in Washington. The +Exposition Company was most generous in allowing $600 for the cost of +this reception. The two committees appointed to confer with the National +Commission and local company on matters pertaining to the board of lady +managers, met at the Southern Hotel, St. Louis, March 11, 1903, and were +admitted to a conference with the National Commission on that day. The +subject in regard to the work and duties of the board was reopened by +the following questions: + + First. What special work does the Commission desire the board to + perform before the opening of the exposition? + + Second. What service will the Commission require from the board + between the opening and closing of the exposition? + +to which Senator Carter replied as follows: + + The plan and scope of your work must first be determined, and, + in an advisory or suggestive sense only, I venture to submit for + your consideration a plan and scope which would require your + board-- + + First. To make due preparation for the intelligent selection of + one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such + exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by female + labor. + + Second. To advise the Commission from time to time as to the + desired extent and the appropriate manner of woman's + participation in the ceremonies incident to the dedication, + opening, and conduct of the exposition. + + Third. To confer and advise with the officers and chiefs of the + exposition on the progress being made from time to time in + exciting the interest and enlisting the cooperation of women in + the several departments, and to appoint all committees necessary + to carry out the purpose, and to procure information on the + extent of woman's participation in the exposition. + + Fourth. To encourage the presentation of exhibits by women by + correspondence, advertising, or such other means as the company + may approve. + + Fifth. To collect statistics of women's work in connection with + the exposition for publication. + + Sixth. To encourage, by correspondence or otherwise, attendance + at the exposition of societies and associations of women and the + holding of conventions, congresses, and other meetings of women. + + Seventh. To maintain within the grounds during the period of the + exposition an organization for the relief of women and children + who may be found in need of aid, comfort, or special protection. + + Eighth. To receive and officially entertain women when requested + so to do by the Exposition Company and the Commission. + + Ninth. To commission members of the board or others, with the + approval of the Commission and the company, to travel in the + interest of the exposition, either at home or abroad. + + Tenth. To provide for the constant attendance, in rotation, of + at least three members of the board at the exposition grounds + from April 30 to December 1, 1904. + + Eleventh. To issue bulletins from time to time as the company + and the Commission may approve, for the special information of + women and the exploitation of their contributions to the success + of the exposition. + + These suggestions may be supplemented by others, and some of + them may be disregarded by you entirely. They will, however, + serve to convey to you the views of the Commission on the + general range of work you can, if you wish, undertake to + perform, subject only to the limitation that you submit your + plan when agreed upon to the Commission and the company for + consideration and approval, to the end that harmony may prevail. + + Let us not at any time lose track of this one important fact, + that the exposition will be enormously expensive at best, and + that it does not befit us to look up ways and means of expending + money exclusively but to have some regard for the income of the + Exposition Company. Widespread and indiscriminate entertainment + of societies will be quite impossible. Within the scope of your + work there should be some committee or subdivision of the board + to begin at once to ascertain what different societies, + organizations, and women's congresses could be assembled here, + and then bring them in within the scope of your work for + submission to the company. We will gladly submit to the company + a plan for the disposal of matters that will involve a + reasonable limit of entertainment, and have means placed at your + disposal for correspondence, exploitation, and entertainment. + Your committees ought to be at work now and continue diligently + at work until the exposition gates open. After that you will + have ample work to do in connection with carrying out the + projects you will have previously originated. + +The meeting set for April 29 was called by the president of the board +one day earlier, and the members met in the Administration Building, +exposition grounds, April 28, 1903. + +The announcement of the death on February 27, 1903, of Mrs. Washington +A. Roebling, the member of the board from New Jersey, was read and +received with regret, and a committee was appointed to draft suitable +resolutions, to be spread upon the minutes of the board. + +On that day the following rules and regulations were adopted by the +board, a copy being submitted to the National Commission and +subsequently approved by that body on April 29, 1903, and by the +Exposition Company January 12, 1904. + + Rules and Regulations. + + No. 1. _Meetings._--All the meetings of the board shall be held + in the city of St. Louis. The regular meetings shall be held at + such times as may be designated by a majority vote of the board. + Special meetings shall be subject to call of the president of + the board, the president of the National Commission, or written + request of five members of the board. The president shall + convene the board in accordance with the terms of the request. + + No. 2. _Officers._--The officers of the board shall consist of a + president, eight vice-presidents, a secretary, and a treasurer. + + No. 3. _Duties of officers._--The president shall preside at all + meetings of the board and shall sign all requisitions for funds + to be advanced to the treasurer, and examine and approve all + accounts to be paid by the treasurer. + + No. 4. _Duties of vice-presidents._--In the absence of the + president the vice-presidents shall preside alternately from + session to session, in the order of their official designation. + + No. 5. _Duties of secretary._--The secretary shall keep a + correct record of the proceedings of the board, and shall attend + to the giving or serving of all notices of meetings. She shall + conduct the official correspondence of the board of lady + managers, and shall perform such other duties as the board may + assign to her. She shall notify all committees of their + appointments, and also the work assigned to them. Previous to + each meeting she shall make out an order of business for the + chair, and also a list of standing and special committees. She + shall make her headquarters in the city of St. Louis. + + No. 6. _Duties of treasurer._--The treasurer shall have the care + and custody of all funds coming into the possession of the + board, and shall disburse the same only upon order of the board + and the approval of its president. At each regular meeting of + the board she shall render an itemized statement of all receipts + and disbursements from the date of the last report, and shall + whenever directed by the board deposit the unexpended balance + with the treasurer of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. + + No. 7. _Quorum._--Nine members of the board shall constitute a + quorum for the transaction of business. + + No. 8. _Executive committee._--The board shall elect an + executive committee of seven members. It shall be the duty of + the executive committee to devise plans relative to the work + within the legal jurisdiction of the board and submit, from time + to time, recommendations to the board for consideration and + action with the view of making arrangements to appropriate + committees. The executive committee shall elect its own chairman + and secretary. + + No. 9. _Standing committees._--The following standing committees + shall be constituted and shall be elected by ballot, unless + otherwise specifically provided therein: First, a committee on + rules; second, a committee on work; third, a committee on + awards; fourth, exposition rotating committee; fifth, an + auditing committee. + + No. 10. _Committee on rules._--The committee on rules shall + consist of three members, and shall prepare and present to the + board such amendments to the rules and regulations as may from + time to time be found necessary. + + No. 11. _Committee on work._--The committee on work shall + consist of five members, and shall prepare and present to the + executive committee a plan covering the scope of woman's work. + + No. 12. _Committee on awards._--The committee on awards shall + consist of three members, whose duty it shall be to collect and + report to the board such information as will enable the board to + execute intelligently the provision of section 6 of the act of + Congress approved March 3, 1901. + + No. 13. _The exposition rotating committee._--A committee of six + members of the board, to be designated by the executive + committee, shall be in attendance at the exposition from April + 30 to December 1, 1904, in the discharge of such duties as may + be prescribed by the National Commission, or may arise from time + to time within that period, and appropriately require + consideration and action of such committee. Four members of each + committee shall be appointed at the end of each calendar month, + beginning May 31, 1904. The appointments shall be so made that + no member shall serve more than two consecutive months. + + No. 14. _Auditing committee._--The auditing committee shall + consist of three members, elected by the board, and shall + examine and audit the accounts of the treasurer, and present to + the board a written report concerning each settlement, which + shall be made promptly upon the receipt of the treasurer's + itemized statement required by rule 6. + + No. 15. _Special committees._--Special committees may be + appointed by direction of the board to consider matters not + included within the jurisdiction of any committee provided for + herein. + + No. 16. _Amendments._--These rules and regulations may be + amended at any regular meeting of the board by a two-thirds vote + of the members present, written notice of proposed amendment + having been given at least one day in advance of action thereon. + + No. 17. _Order of business._--Reading of the minutes; reports of + standing committees; reports of special committees; unfinished + business; new business; adjournment. This order of business may + be suspended at any regular meeting by two-thirds vote of the + members present. + + No. 18. Roberts's Rules of Order shall govern the proceedings of + this board. + +Upon the centennial of the day the Louisiana Territory was sold by +Napoleon to the United States, the exposition, which embodied all that +the vast territory now represents, was consecrated to its purpose. In +the presence of 50,000 persons the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was +formally dedicated; 12,000 troops, the pick of the United States Regular +Army, and the best militia of the country, moved past a given point for +one hour and a half, under Maj. Gen. Henry C. Corbin, U.S. Army, grand +marshal. Governors and their staffs were loudly cheered as they appeared +at the head of their State troops. Gathered on the reviewing stand was a +notable assembly--our Chief Executive, President Roosevelt; ex-President +Cleveland, ambassadors and diplomats, cabinet officers, the +lieutenant-general of the Army, Nelson A. Miles; Cardinal Gibbons and +Bishop Potter, Senator, Representatives, governors, State and +Territorial representatives, Government officials, President Francis, +and the board of directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, and the board of lady +managers. + +At the meeting in the Liberal Arts Building following the parade, +President Carter of the National Commission addressed the great +assembly. The enthusiasm was unbounded when, in turn, the President and +ex-President spoke to the vast multitude. After the meeting an +adjournment was made to the Administration Building, where President +Roosevelt and ex-President Cleveland received many of their friends, and +the board of lady managers entertained a distinguished company at 5 +o'clock in their rooms in the Administration Building. Among the guests +present at the dinner tendered in the evening by Hon. David R. Francis +to President Roosevelt, in the building of the Hall of Congresses, were +several members of President Roosevelt's Cabinet, ex-President +Cleveland, Lieut. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, diplomatic representatives of +thirty foreign governments, governors, Senators, National Commissioners, +and the board of lady managers. + +The second, or "International Day," the procession was arranged as on +the first day, the introductory oration being delivered in the Palace of +Liberal Arts. President Francis extended greeting to representatives of +foreign governments and responses were made by Ambassador Jusserand, of +the French Government, and Señor Don Emilio de Ojeda, Spanish minister +to the United States. In the evening a reception was given at the St. +Louis Club in honor of the diplomatic corps, and a banquet was tendered +to visiting journalists in the Hall of Congresses on the exposition +grounds. + +The third, or "State Day," the visiting governors were specially +entertained, and the closing exercises held, after which the governors +and representatives of different States proceeded to the sites that had +been allotted their respective State pavilions and broke ground and laid +corner stones with appropriate ceremonies. + +In all of the exercises of the three opening days the members of the +board of lady managers, by their participation in the ceremonies, +represented the women of the country. + +On Saturday, May 2, 1903, the following resolution was offered by Mrs. +Edward L. Buchwalter, the first vice-president: + + Whereas the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition find it necessary to have funds at their disposal for + the proper conduct of the business of the board; therefore be it + + _Resolved_, That a committee of three be appointed to take the + necessary steps to secure such an appropriation from Congress at + the earliest possible date; that said committee be, and is + hereby, directed to take immediate action in such matter, and + that said sum shall not be less than $100,000. + +Upon the adoption of this resolution Mrs. Daniel Manning was made +chairman, and in accepting the appointment she asked the members of the +board to use their influence with the Senators and Congressmen of their +States for the passage of the bill. + +At this meeting (May 2, 1903) the president announced the appointment of +the following standing committees: Executive, entertainment, foreign +relations, women's congresses, and press, and the committee on women's +work was enlarged. + +An invitation was received from the Wednesday Club of St. Louis, in +which a reception was tendered by that organization to the board. The +courtesy was greatly appreciated and promptly accepted, and the occasion +brought together the intellectual women of that city. + +No further meeting was held until December 15, 1903, which was called by +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission and held in St. Louis, at +the Southern Hotel, Mrs. E.L. Buchwalter, first vice-president, +presiding. The following communication was then read by the secretary: + + St. Louis, U.S.A., _October 21, 1903_. + + LADIES: I herewith tender to you my resignation from the office + of president, to which you did me the honor to elect me. Begging + you to accept the same, with my best wishes for the welfare and + success of the board in the future, I remain, + + Always faithfully, yours, + APOLLINE M. BLAIR. + BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS, LOUISIANA PURCHASE. + +The resignation was accepted by the board, and a committee appointed to +prepare suitable resolutions. At the afternoon session Miss Dawes, +chairman of this committee, presented the following: + + Resolved, That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition accepts with regret the resignation of Mrs. + James L. Blair as president; that it places upon its records its + appreciation of her service to the board of the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition. Her large abilities and her experience in + social and public affairs have been freely given to this work, + and she has served the board and the exposition with unwavering + zeal and with conspicuous ability. Her enthusiasm for the + exposition, her far-reaching sense of its aims and scope, her + large conception of the possibilities of our connection + therewith as a board, and her interests in its needs inspired + her administration of its affairs and called for the recognition + and thanks of this board, whose head and representative she was, + and of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition which she served. + + Resolved, That this board of lady managers express its + recognition and gratitude by adopting these resolutions and that + the secretary be directed to send a copy to Mrs. Blair. + + ANNA L. DAWES. + HELEN MILLER GOULD. + FRANCES MARION HANGER. + JENNIE GILMORE KNOTT. + EMILY S.G. HOLCOMBE. + +On motion of Mrs. Manning, seconded by Mrs. Coleman, the resolution was +unanimously adopted. + +President Francis then appeared before the board of lady managers, and, +upon the request of the chairman, made an address, in which he said, in +answer to a request to give to the board some idea concerning the cost +of the exposition: + + I only can give you the comparisons with other of the largest + expositions ever held in this or any other country. I will state + as compared with the Paris Exposition, we are now nearer a state + of completion than that exposition was on the date of its + opening. That no exposition was ever so near completed four and + a half months prior to its opening. Of course we have a great + deal of work to do, and we must bear in mind that although we + use a vast amount of material, 90 per cent of the cost is put in + labor--not only the labor out on the grounds, but the labor in + the lumber districts, in the loading and unloading of the + lumber--and this comprises the greater part of our buildings as + they are built almost exclusively of lumber--the value of it is + comparatively small as compared with the cost of preparing it + for market and getting it here. + + Then the matter of wages--we have to pay 33 per cent higher + wages than were paid at the Chicago Exposition. At that time + carpenters got 35 cents per hour--you may remember that was the + year of the panic, 1893. When we first began carpenters in this + town were getting 45 cents an hour; they are now getting 55 + cents an hour, and when you bear in mind that we have 5,000 + carpenters at work there, an advance of 25 per cent in wages + means something. + + We broke ground on December 20, 1901, but we did that because it + was the anniversary of the transfer of this territory from the + French Government to the United States. But that was two years + ago, and in those two years wages have gone up in St. Louis from + 45 to 55 cents; plumbers' wages have advanced 25 per cent; + plasterers were getting $4.50 per day--we are now paying them + $6, and on last Friday they struck for $7. The hodcarriers who + carry plaster for the plasterers are getting $4 per day--count + twenty-five working days in the month, our hodcarriers are + receiving $100 per month, which is more than educated clerks + receive. A while ago these hodcarriers struck for $4.50 per day. + * * * This is an Universal Exposition--we do not want to take a + stand against union labor, but if it is to be a Universal + Exposition we must stand by the laws of the United States so as + to admit contract labor from abroad--men who work on erecting + the foreign exhibits. + + We were paying our day laborers 22 cents an hour and the + railroads throughout the country were giving them 22 1/2 cents + an hour; on the 25th of September they wrote that they had four + demands: One was the recognition of the union (no one ever knew + they had a union); second, that eight hours should constitute a + day; third, they should get 30 cents an hour, and fourth, time + and one-half for overtime. Well, in order not to stop our work I + told the men to pay them 25 cents an hour, but that we could not + limit our work to an eight-hour day; it was in the fall and we + had to take advantage of the fine weather--we would pay them 25 + cents an hour and work as long as we wished them to work--ten + hours. I said to the laborers this is not a commercial + enterprise; we are not running this for gain; we have put up + $10,000,000 or $16,000,000; we are doing a patriotic duty, + celebrating an historical event. * * * + + We have 50 per cent more of buildings under roof than Chicago + had at this time. We have 1,240 acres of ground space covered by + buildings, while Chicago had 679 acres, which is nearly twice as + much. When we say that the Chicago Company spent $22,000,000 I + think you will say that under the circumstances $19,500,000 is a + small amount for us to spend. Of course we have profited by + their experience, which should be valuable to us. + +A committee was appointed on December 16, 1903, to confer with President +Carter, and place before him the following resolution: + + _Resolved_, That the board of lady managers respectfully request + the National Commission to suspend its rules limiting the + further appointments upon the board, for the purpose of + appointing a representative from the city of St. Louis upon the + board of lady managers. + +On the same day the following communication was received in reply: + + DEAR MISS DAWES: The Commission has under consideration the + question propounded by you, understood to be substantially as + follows: "Is it the intention of the Commission and the + Exposition Company to suspend the rule heretofore adopted, + whereby it is provided that no appointment will be made on the + board of lady managers, until the number shall be reduced below + twenty-one?" + + In reply, I am authorized by the Commission to say that the + Exposition Company, speaking through its president, has + intimated that the executive committee of the company will + present a request to the Commission for the suspension of the + rule referred to, to the end that a lady residing in the city of + St. Louis may be appointed a member of the board of lady + managers, under such suspension of the rule. + + This request, we are advised, will be presented by the company + to-day, and the Commission is disposed to suspend the rule by + unanimous consent in conformity to the request when presented, + and to appoint the lady recommended by the executive committee + of the company. You will be advised of the action of the + Commission on the subject under consideration the earliest + practicable moment. + + Very respectfully, + THOMAS H. CARTER, _President_. + + MISS ANNA L. DAWES, + _Chairman of Committee, + Board of Lady Managers._ + +On December 18 the following letter was received from the president of +the National Commission on the same subject: + + ST. Louis, _December 17, 1903._ + + MADAM: By direction of the Commission I am authorized to + acknowledge receipt of your resolution recommending that the + Commission suspend the rule restricting the membership of the + board of lady managers, to the end that an appointment may be + made of a representative from the city of St. Louis. In reply + thereto you are informed that the rule referred to can not be + suspended, save by the joint action of this Commission and the + Exposition Company. The Commission feels indisposed to initiate + any movement looking to its suspension. If requested by the + Exposition Company to suspend the rule for the purpose of naming + some lady residing in St. Louis, recommended by the Exposition + Company, the Commission would probably, by unanimous consent, + suspend the rule for that purpose. + + Very respectfully, + THOMAS H. CARTER, _President._ + + MRS. DANIEL MANNING, + _President Board Lady Managers._ + +As no decision could be reached by the executive committee of the +Exposition Company in regard to a choice of representative from the city +of St. Louis on the board of lady managers, the board felt the necessity +of selecting a president from its existing membership, and at the next +session, on December 16, 1903, again held in the Administration +Building, Mrs. John M. Holcombe moved that "we proceed at once to elect +a president of this board." + +Mrs. Buchwalter, the chairman, stated that it was in order to proceed +with the election of a president of the board, and asked for +nominations. Miss Helen M. Gould spoke as follows: + + I would like to nominate Mrs. Daniel Manning for this office. + Mrs. Manning has had large experience in matters of this kind as + head of the Daughters of the American Revolution, having resided + in Washington as the wife of one of the members of Mr. + Cleveland's cabinet, and in representing our country abroad, + having been one of our representatives at the Paris Exposition. + I understand that Mrs. Manning is one of two women from this + country who received the decoration from the French Government, + and I take pleasure in nominating her for the office of + president of this board. This nomination was seconded by several + members, and, as no other nominations were made, the tellers + announced the result of the vote: For Mrs. Manning, 13 votes: + one blank, Mrs. Manning not voting. + +The chairman then thanked the members of the board for the sympathy and +help they had given her. + +In reply the secretary extended to Mrs. Buchwalter the sincere thanks of +the members of the board for the efficient work she had performed as +their first vice-president and honorable chairman, and Miss Dawes spoke +for the entire board in expressing her thanks to Mrs. Buchwalter for her +impartiality, confidence, good management, and elegance in presiding. + +Mrs. Daniel Manning, the newly elected president, then took the chair +and thanked the board for the honor conferred upon her. + +The order of business was then proceeded with, and, pursuant to a wish +expressed by the National Commission to meet the board of lady managers, +the members of the Commission were announced and Mrs. Manning said: + + Mr. President, and Gentlemen of the Commission: We understood + that you would graciously come over and talk with us a little + while. We are starting in on a new lease of life. We want to + work for the exposition to the best of our ability. We want your + advice and wish to consult you about a number of matters, but, + first, we would like to hear from you. + +President Carter responded as follows: + + Madam President and Ladies: We have come to say a few words to + you and to have you consult with us upon any subjects you desire + to bring up. I do not know how graciously we have come, but we + come very cheerfully. The subject of your remark has been under + consideration for a long time and we all regret that a more + definite conclusion has not been reached relative to the sphere + of your activity in connection with the World's Fair. I think + your report, the report of your committee, of which Mrs. + Montgomery is chairman, and which she recently submitted, + crystallizes into close compass about the line of action the + board might appropriately pursue. The report referred to dealt + not only with the conclusion reached, but the details whereby + those conclusions were reached. It included discussions, formal + and informal, and certain correspondence relating to the + subject. The Commission has approved that report in so far as it + prescribed in definite form the sphere of your work, and, with + the approval of the Commission, that report has been forwarded + to the local company. These resolutions or statements made by + your board, which in your judgment would constitute a proper + sphere of action, seem to embody a field sufficiently broad to + be worthy of your intentions. It was hoped by the Commission + that during the present session of the board, the members of the + local company, together with the Commission, would be present + for a conference--more informal than formal--which might result + in a correct and definite understanding as to just what you were + to do, and how you were to do it. + + The only conclusion which has been reached is that which gives + you a contingent fund, which seems to have been adequate for the + meager necessities of the past, but I believe that up to this + hour the exact part your board is playing in connection with + making this exposition a success, is far too indefinite to be + satisfactory to you, and it is certainly not satisfactory to the + Commission. Our Commission will adjourn to meet on the 10th of + January, and we hope by that time to be in receipt of some + communication from the Exposition Company announcing their + disposition of the report I have referred to, and the scope of + the work of the board of lady managers. Notwithstanding that + will be at a very late date, it is well to have it in sight. + + The ladies of your board have been engaged without much credit + being given to the board or to the ladies themselves, in the + work of exploitation. A number of the ladies have done most + efficient work in their respective States--and some, in the + adjoining States--calling the attention of the people at large, + and in some instances the legislative sessions, to the vastness, + scope, and policy of the exposition. It is unfortunate that your + board does not receive the credit which this line of meritorious + effort deserves. In the end, I doubt not, that in the final + reports you will be accorded full measure of credit for what you + have done individually and collectively. The past has been + devoid of results because of a lack of understanding to start + with. I think you are now beginning an era more promising than + any outlook you have had in the past. I congratulate you upon + having reached a condition of harmony within your own + organization, which speaks well for the future. The earnestness + of this board, the disinterestedness of its members, leading + them in the first instance to volunteer their services to this + great enterprise, has been an example to the whole country of + national devotion, which has been of great advantage to the + exposition management; your gratuitous and earnest effort has + been a means of making the exposition favorably known throughout + this country, at least. Your expenses have been very light--I + believe, up to this time, less than $20,000, in the neighborhood + of $20,000--which, considering the long distances traveled, and + the number of meetings, is a trifling sum in comparison with + what has been spent by similar boards of former expositions. + + As you are aware, the act of Congress, under which both the + Commission and your board find warrant for existence, granted to + the local company an appropriation of $5,000,000 for the + purposes of giving this exposition. We have probably in moments + of inconsiderate feeling been too prone to find fault--I speak + of the Commission, not of the ladies--prone to find fault with + the people here who have been doing the best they could. There + has been a disposition to assume the control, to the exclusion + of outside agencies; and this is but natural because it is + inseparable--or is in evidence with reference to all official + places in our Government--in fact, it has been noticed that a + man, who is ordinarily indolent, when placed in power will + become very energetic in this respect. + + The Exposition Company has assumed a full measure of the + responsibilities--and possibly some of our responsibilities as + well--for which we have not been duly grateful. Nevertheless, we + are not inclined to blame these people, because they have + contributed very largely and generously of local means to aid + this enterprise, which leads them to the desire to supervise + each and every detail in connection with this work. This desire + to assume full responsibility is possibly responsible for the + failure to assign to the ladies any particular work, and is also + responsible for the curtailing of the jurisdiction of the + National Commission. As the work progresses, however, I think + that the company realizes the necessity of drawing upon all the + forces available to make the exposition a success. + + This Commission had a long and pleasant interview with the + president of the exposition, at which time he brought out a + desire for cooperation and assistance that had not yet been + manifested. I believe now, as your body is organized, from the + harmonious work accomplished at these meetings, and its cordial + relations with the Exposition Company, and certainly with the + Commission, the future promises more than has been accorded to + similar organizations in the past. * * * We thank you, ladies, + for the privilege of being before you, and cheerfully extend our + salutations on the election of your president and upon the good + will and spirit of harmony which prevails among you. + +Mr. Lindsay then spoke as follows: + + The board of lady managers exists by operation of law, the same + that called the National Commission into existence. It was the + duty of the National Commission to create it. It was the duty of + the National Commission and of the local board to prescribe the + powers and duties of the board of lady managers. Of course, + these duties could not be accurately and technically laid out; + we could only confer the power, and that would suggest what + duties--what power within that general grant they should + exercise. It is not the duty of the board of lady managers to be + supervised by or to be subject to the local board. I was struck + when I read the report made by Mrs. Montgomery of her interview + with the local board, not by the gracious manner in which she + was received and the graceful questions that were asked, but by + the absolute failure in any particular to give definite reply or + take any action upon any of the recommendations made by that + committee. + + What I think this board ought to do is to outline or prescribe + the actual things it intends to do, report that to the National + Commission and the local board, and then go ahead, not waiting + to know whether this or that is within its powers or whether or + not this is expedient and whether it can be carried out. Let + some one take the responsibility of saying you can not do this + or can not do that. As long as you deal in generalities with the + National Commission, or agree to everything that is brought up + by the local company, this board of lady managers will never + become an active part or parcel of this great exposition. + + I do not agree with my friend, Senator Carter, on another thing, + and that is that these people are entitled to any consideration + on account of the money they have expended. They came to + Congress and asked Congress for authority to do this very thing; + they did not come to Congress for any benefit that they expected + to result to the country, but on account of their own local + interests and to glorify the Louisiana Purchase and the people + of the Louisiana Purchase, and, upon agreeing that they would do + these things, privilege was granted by Congress, and the + appropriation made. That appropriation is not part of their + fund--that is the fund of the United States which is being + distributed in the city of St. Louis, preeminently for the city + and generally for the United States. And was not this board of + lady managers created by the very act of Congress, and have you + not some rights in this matter, to the end that you may + accomplish the work that has been assigned to you? + + I say the time has come when we have got to talk plainly and + make some one responsible for your action or nonaction. If + either board considers that you are going beyond your powers + they will have the right to make restrictions, but as long as + you keep within these powers and what you think you ought to do, + I doubt if your work will be restricted in any way. + + It is now only four months before the exposition opens, and if + there is ever going to be anything accomplished by this board it + is none too early to begin. For instance, the act of Congress + provides that this board name a judge on all the juries that are + to pass upon the results of female labor; we agreed to it and + the local board agreed to it. Now, then, have you any notice of + on which juries you are to be allowed to name a juror? Have any + steps been taken to indicate on which of these committees you + are to make appointments? The time has come for this work and if + you are to have any authority, or if you are to do any of this + work, it will not be of credit to this board unless you are able + to make the proper preparations for these appointments. But if + you have three months to look around, you will be able to find + the proper persons and make these appointments intelligently. I + hope before the next meeting of the National Commission you will + have agreed specifically upon what you can do, what you desire + to do, and what you are ready to do, so that the scope of action + and authority of this board can be conferred upon it and + insisting that the local board here either approve or disapprove + of your action. + + I appreciate all the troubles and difficulties these people have + had, and it is my earnest hope that they will be able to give + the members of this board a decided answer within the next + month. * * * + +In reply to a statement made by a member of the board that in an +interview with the executive committee of the Exposition Company, Mr. +Skiff, the director of exhibits, had said he could not give a list of +exhibitors (or exhibits) until near the time of the opening of the +exposition, because he did not know what would be entered, and the lists +would not be completed until about that time. Mr. Lindsay further said: + + It was my opinion that when the lists of classification were + completed, there was nothing else to be inquired into; in that + list, everything which includes the result of female labor, + constitutes the class on which you are to appoint a juror. The + general classification forms a list that would be used for this + purpose. + + But referring to another matter, I think that there should have + been provided by act of Congress a fund set apart for the + ladies, to be used by them. Because, as long as you are + compelled to go to the Commission, or to go to the local board + to ascertain what you can spend or what you can not spend, just + so long you will not be able to do anything effectually. I know + that the local board is going to object to all this, but when + the local board finds that by consenting to your reasonable + wishes it is enhancing the interests of the exposition, it will + agree to a proper appropriation and other proper demands made by + your board which relieve that board of any further duties on the + subject. I believe that I have said all I care to say. But, + referring to the rules: That board and the Commission can advise + you not to enforce certain rules, when the enforcement of them + would lead you into difficulties, but just as long as the rules + you make for yourselves are within the scope of authority and + duties granted us and prescribed to you, you can take directions + from the board or from the Commission if you choose to, but you + do not need to do this unless you choose to. + +In response to the request of Mrs. Manning that Senator Thurston say a +few words, he responded: + + Perhaps everybody has been a little delinquent in getting this + board organized and in position where it can take up some proper + work that will be of benefit and be agreeable to the ladies. I + think, perhaps, without going into past history, that the board + of lady managers perhaps has failed to do what it might have + done in the way of formulating a plan for its own participation + in the exposition and that was growing out of circumstances + which no longer exist. I believe now this board is organized + with a president who is heart and soul for the success of the + exposition. Without being tied up to anything in the way of + local interests, it will be better able to compete with the + coming situation. There is, and has been a great deal of + hesitancy on the part of the National Commission about + attempting to outline a plan of action for this board of lady + managers. We provided for your appointment according to law, and + we fell into the belief, I hope it was not an error, that the + ladies on this board would know a great deal better what they + wanted to do, what they ought to do, and what would be best for + them to do than this board of men, who had never had anything to + do with these ladies' departments except to participate in the + enjoyment of them when so fortunate as to be present. + + Now, you have prepared and outlined and accepted your rules and + regulations which were approved by our Commission along in June, + I think. They were prepared in April--those rules and + regulations were more than regulations for the procedure of your + board, as I recollect them, they very largely outlined the field + of work for the board of lady managers. They were adopted and + modified a little by the National Commission and sent to the + local company. They were prepared in April, promptly sent to the + local company because we thought without their action they could + not go into effect and there they have been ever since. To a + limited extent it was never necessary to send them there, so far + as the organization and management of the board of lady managers + is concerned--but, when you step over that or attempt to outline + the scope of your work, and your participation in the affairs of + the exposition, that part must go to the National Commission and + be approved. + + Suppose, for instance, these ladies decided they would like to + participate in one of the National Congresses, that they would + take charge of a certain Congress out at the exposition, I do + not think any of them could do that without the sanction of the + local company. + + I am very positive in my views that when it comes to providing + for the legislation of this board for its participation in the + fair, it can not be done without the National Commission, and + especially without the permission of the company. I do not think + that they can decide to take up certain lines of work and go out + there to do it without having some agreement on the subject. + +At the meeting of the board on the day following, December 17, 1903, +Mrs. Hanger tendered her resignation from the office of the secretary of +the board of lady managers, and Miss Lavinia II. Eagan was unanimously +elected to fill the vacancy. Upon this occasion Mrs. Coleman presented +the following motion: + + That the resignation of Mrs. Hanger from the office of secretary + of this board be accepted with regret, and that Mrs. Hanger be + extended a hearty vote of thanks for her faithful, painstaking, + and efficient work for the board as such official. + +One of the most brilliant courtesies tendered the board of lady managers +was the reception given in its honor by the Woman's Club, at the club +house, on December 17. + +Up to this time the plans outlined by the members of the Commission, +such as sending representatives abroad to interest the women of foreign +countries in the exposition, and other "suggestions" made by the board, +designated by the president of the Commission as legitimate exposition +work, had been rejected by the company. The members of the board of lady +managers, therefore, were now of the unanimous opinion that they would +be most seriously embarrassed and their services rendered ineffective +and inoperative unless an appropriation could be secured from Congress +to defray the cost of meetings and other necessary expenses. If they +failed to secure funds of their own, their power and influence in +connection with the exposition would continue to be limited and +indefinite. + +Pursuant to the recommendations of the National Commission, therefore, +as expressed at their meeting December 16, 1903, a new legislative +committee was appointed on December 18, to take the place of the one +created under the resolution of May 2, 1903, with instructions to the +members to proceed immediately to Washington, which they did on January +5, 1904. The history and successful result of their work is given by the +chairman of that committee in her final report. + +At the meeting of the board of lady managers, held at its rooms in the +Administration Building, March 1, 1904, before the regular order of +business was taken up, Mrs. Andrews asked for and obtained unanimous +consent to speak to the members of the board, and said: + + In view of what has transpired at Washington since our last + meeting, the extent of which only members of our legislative + committee realize--for almost to a man the lower House was + opposed to the appropriation, and it was only by arduous, + strenuous, and noble work of our president and the members of + that committee that the results were attained--I offer the + following resolution: + + _Resolved_, That the thanks of the board are due, and are hereby + tendered, to the members of the legislative committee for + securing an appropriation to defray our necessary expenses and + thereby achieving the honorable emancipation of the board. + + _Resolved_, That the board extend a vote of thanks to itself for + the wisdom manifested in the selection of Mrs. Daniel Manning as + its president, who has so fully enlisted the best efforts of all + the members of the board and who has begun her work by showing + that deeds rather than words are of special value. + +The resolution was adopted by unanimous rising vote. + +On the following day President Francis addressed the board as follows: + + I am very glad to have this opportunity to talk to you. I desire + to congratulate you upon your getting the appropriation from + Congress for $100,000. I was very willing, indeed, as all the + members of the executive committee were, to do what we could + toward securing the money. After your worthy president waited + upon the executive committee and was informed of our plan to ask + a loan of $4,500,000 from the Treasury, she in turn informed us + that the board of lady managers had decided to ask for $100,000 + for their own use, we very readily came to an agreement to the + effect that we would join forces and see what we could + accomplish with Congress. As you are aware, it is a very + difficult matter to get money out of Congress at best, and when + the Government had already spent about $1,250,000 for its own + exhibit, and when we had promised that we would not apply to + Congress or appeal for any additional aid, the circumstances + under which we made that deal or presented that bill were + especially trying, and I think we all deserve to be + congratulated upon the outcome. + + When I went to Washington I found your president at the Capitol + with Mrs. Montgomery. They had all worked assiduously and had + made considerable headway in the Senate--in which body it was + our plan to introduce the bill in the shape of an amendment to + the urgent deficiency bill. + + While the matter was pending in the Senate the question of this + $100,000 was brought up. We very promptly assured the ladies + that this amount would be added to our bill asking for a loan of + $4,500,000. We preferred, of course, that we should not be + expected to repay it. However, the bill was presented and passed + and this $100,000 is to be paid over to the board of lady + managers upon their order, and for such purposes as they may + elect. The bill does not provide definitely out of which of our + payments this $100,000 should come. The bill provided that we + should get the money in four installments of $1,000,000 each, + and a final installment of $600,000 not being payable until May. + The bill does not provide out of which payment your $100,000 + shall be paid, but I wish to say, on behalf of the Exposition + Company, we are willing and ready to pay that whenever you + ladies request that it shall be paid. We do not know what plans, + if any, you have made or in what manner you are planning for the + disbursement of that money. * * * + + Now, with regard to your money, I am not going to give you any + gratuitous advice, but only wish to assure you that it is the + intention of the company--that the company is ready to give that + money to you in any form you may desire it. It will be given to + you in any installments you may designate or it will be set + aside in its entirety to be used for no other purpose than to + honor requisitions of the board of lady managers. + + In other words, it is possible for us to do this, and we will do + it to your satisfaction, and we will draw up a letter of + instruction and set aside as a special credit in the Treasury + the sum of $100,000 in accordance with our bill of Congress, + approved blank date. The auditor will draw his warrants without + the approval of the treasurer of this company, but merely upon + the requisition of the board of lady managers. The $100,000 + would be set aside in the treasury of the company and you would + have a written instrument and the treasurer would have orders to + honor checks made upon that $100,000 in satisfaction of + requisitions approved by the board of lady managers. + + Of course, as I said before, if you wish to take that money out + and put it in some depository in St. Louis or elsewhere it is at + your disposal. You could get a check for a portion of the money + or all of it if you wish. Our only obligation in connection with + that $100,000 now is to repay it, as we have no intention or + desire to avoid that part of it. + + Now, if you should take the money out and put it in some + depository in St. Louis or elsewhere to your credit you would be + put to the expense of organizing an auditing system, the same as + we have been. + + I am willing, speaking on behalf of the company, to give you the + benefit of the auditing system without your incurring any + additional expense, and, if you wish, in order to make you + doubly secure, I will get a letter from the treasurer stating + that he has, in accordance with the instructions of the + president, set aside $100,000 for the use of the board of lady + managers, and that the $100,000 can only be drawn by checks + signed by your treasurer and countersigned by your president. + + I only say this as a suggestion, because we all have become + interested, but if you choose to ask us for $25,000 of the + money, or for all of it, we will give it you. + + Now, with regard to other expenses you may incur or have + incurred--I find in my report made to me to-day, which was made + at your request--we have paid you up to this time for mileage + and per diem in attending board meetings $16,856. That includes + the $3,000 for which no vouchers have been turned in as yet. You + can keep that, with or without vouchers as you please. If you + want your business in the proper shape, however, it is more + businesslike for you to turn in the vouchers. However, that lies + with you. + + Now, previous to the appropriation of the $100,000 the executive + committee had appropriated $15,000 for the furnishing of the + Woman's Building, which building, as you know, cost us $100,000. + Of course, you could have gotten a building erected that would + have answered your purpose as well and cost less than $100,000, + but under the terms of our contract with the Washington + University that amount was paid out of the rental fund of + $750,000 which we paid for these buildings as they stand. + + Besides that $100,000, we promised to give you $15,000 for the + furnishing of that building. When we made that promise we did + not know you were going to get $100,000 from Congress which we + would have to pay back. * * * + + Now, in view of what I have said, we feel that we will give you + the $15,000 for your building if you insist upon it; that is, we + have made the appropriation of $35,000 for the creche. The + $15,000 toward the equipment of the Woman's Building, under the + circumstances--it seems to me, we should be relieved of that + $15,000. I thought when I returned from Washington that the + financial worry had been met, but I have realized within the + past forty-eight hours that we can not open the exposition + within the nineteen and one-half millions. We will not go back + to Washington, however. We are economizing in every possible + way. * * * + +An official communication was received by the president of the board of +lady managers stating that in the draft of the contract between the +Exposition Company and the Treasury Department-- + + It is provided that from the first payment of $1,000,000 there + shall be set aside by the Exposition Company $100,000 to be paid + to the board of lady managers according to the provisions of the + act and for no other purpose whatsoever. + +The attention of the Exposition Company was called to this provision, +and on March 5, 1904, the two following letters were received: + + ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, + _Office of the Secretary, March 5, 1904._ + + MADAM PRESIDENT: I am directed by President Francis to inform + you that the executive committee has approved the requisition of + the board of lady managers for $100,000, made available to said + board from the Government loan by special act of Congress, as + set forth in the resolution adopted by the board March 3, 1904. + + Acting in accordance with the instructions of the executive + committee, the president has this day deposited, out of the + Government loan, the sum of $100,000 with the treasurer, Mr. + William H. Thompson, said sum to be drawn out by the board of + lady managers in accordance with the resolutions adopted by the + board; that is to say, to be "subject to draft of the treasurer + of said board, countersigned by the president of the board." + + Very respectfully, + WALTER B. STEVENS, + _Secretary._ + + The PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS, + _Administration Building._ + + + ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, + _Office of the Secretary, March 5, 1904._ + + MADAM PRESIDENT: I have this day received by deposit from the + Government loan the sum of $100,000, made available to the board + of lady managers by special act of Congress. This sum will be + held by me subject to draft of the treasurer of the board of + lady managers, countersigned by the president of the board of + lady managers. + + Very respectfully, + W.H. THOMPSON, + _Treasurer._ + + To Mrs. DANIEL MANNING, + _President Board of Lady Managers._ + +The following is the provision made in the urgent deficiency bill, which +was passed on February 18, 1904, which secured to the board of lady +managers a sum sufficient to enable them to meet any obligations which +they might assume in the conduct of their participation in the affairs +of the exposition: + + _Provided_, That of said sums $100,000 shall be paid by said + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to, or on the order of, + the board of lady managers of said exposition for such purposes + as said board of lady managers shall approve, and at such times + as said board of lady managers shall request the same. + + FINAL REPORT OF THE LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE. + + Immediately after the election of Mrs. Daniel Manning to the + presidency of the board of lady managers, on December 16, 1903, + a new legislative committee was appointed to succeed the one + that had been created by Mrs. James L. Blair, the former + president. The committee was composed of Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. + Coleman, and Mrs. Buchwalter, chairman, and instructed to + endeavor to procure from Congress an appropriation of $100,000 + for the use of the board, in order that it might be enabled to + perform in a proper manner the purposes for which it had been + brought into existence. + + It had become evident that the Exposition Company would require + a much larger amount of money than was then at its command in + order to inaugurate and successfully continue the World's Fair. + The men who had engineered the magnificent undertaking to this + point in its development reasoned that, as they had already + expended a sum far beyond that ever given any other similar + project, they might not find a ready response to a request for + further gifts. They were so confident of ultimate success, + however, that they did not hesitate to ask Congress for a loan + of $4,500,000 in order to conduct the affairs of the exposition. + + The legislative committee of the board of lady managers appealed + to the Exposition Company and asked that the company add to the + amount of the loan for which it desired to negotiate the further + sum of $100,000, to be set apart for the exclusive use of the + board of lady managers. Receiving the promise that this fund + should be included, the members of the legislative committee + went to Washington to aid in every way in their power the + passage of the bill providing for said loan. + + Upon the arrival of the committee in Washington, on January 5, + the members found they had undertaken what eventually proved to + be a most arduous task against great odds. They found the most + deep-seated, persistent opposition to granting another dollar to + the fair, and were told President Francis had been advised to + defer his trip to Washington until the latter part of January, + as it would be hazardous to attempt the passage of the bill + until the strong feeling against it then existing had abated. + Many members of Congress strongly advised the legislative + committee to ask for a special appropriation, but it had been + agreed that one appropriation should cover the requirements of + both boards. + + Mr. James S. Tawney, of Minnesota, a member of the House of + Representatives, and chairman of the committee for this and + similar appropriations, when in St. Louis had listened with + interest to the representation of the subject setting forth the + needs of the board of lady managers, and kindly had promised his + good offices in helping to advance their cause. He promptly + granted an interview when informed that the committee had + arrived in Washington, and, while most courteous, did not + disguise the fact that there were grave dangers ahead for the + loan to the Exposition Company, which had been made a part of + the urgent deficiency bill. He examined the budget which had + been prepared, giving careful scrutiny to each item, and, after + some suggestions and minor changes, a budget was submitted to + him which was afterwards used. + + On January 29 President Francis went before the Senate + committee, and on February 1 appeared before the House + committee, on behalf of a loan for the Exposition Company. + + During the long interim preceding the arrival of President + Francis and those aiding him, those of the committee who had + remained in the capital were untiring in their efforts to make + friends for the bill, and as their cause was heartily indorsed + by their respective Senators and many members of their State + delegations, they became most hopeful of ultimate success. + + The unceasing energy of the members of the legislative committee + was admirably aided by the president of this board, who had been + untiring in her efforts to make friends for the bill, and had + used these efforts in a masterly manner. Her large acquaintance + among, and knowledge of, men of affairs in Washington, and her + clear statements as to the way in which this board had been + created, and her convincing argument that the work of the board + must of necessity be most inadequate and inefficient by reason + of lack of funds, gained many advocates for the bill, and to her + is due the credit for the success of the work which the + committee was appointed to do. She was always at work, + unresting, unhasting, and, although weary and worn with the + interminable delay, neither she nor any member of the committee + left any honorable means untried in order to secure what was so + vitally necessary to the very existence of this board during the + exposition. + + As the result of the combined efforts some who had affected + indifference became interested, and some who had previously + stoutly declared unalterable opposition finally yielded, not + only working and voting themselves in favor of the bill, but + persuading others to do so. It was naturally a source of great + satisfaction to the members of the legislative committee that + the strongest and most influential men of both Houses gave + recognition to the urgent claims which the board of lady + managers had upon Congress. It was these men who insisted upon + the incorporation of the specific clause providing for their + $100,000 as an amendment in the loan bill. This was eventually + done, and the amendment remained there until the passage of the + bill, thus becoming a part of the law governing the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition. + + A brief description of the manner in which the loan bill was + brought before Congress may be of interest. + + There is, in every session, what is called an urgency deficiency + bill, the object of which is to take care of the different + Interests which are likely to fail through inadequate + appropriation. The opposition to including the item of the loan + for the Exposition Company was found to be so powerful that it + could not be inserted in the bill when it was sent to the House. + This urgent deficiency bill passed the House and went to the + Senate. There the loan amendment was inserted, and finally our + amendment was added also. It passed the Senate and was then + returned to the House in order that that body might pass upon + the amendments which the Senate had added. In the meetings + before the two appropriation committees, as well as in the + discussion in the two Houses, the arguments for and against were + very forcibly expressed. One reason advanced as to why the loan + should be made was because other governments had been invited to + participate, and the company should be enabled to open its gates + in a manner befitting a national host. Among the main objections + set forth at length were: First, the alleged unconstitutionality + of the whole proceeding; second, the inadequacy of the security. + All those speaking against the measure affected a total + disbelief that the receipts would be sufficient to enable the + company to return the money advanced, and, of course, a spasm of + economy nearly rent these statesmen in twain. + + The exposition management was not spared. More than one speaker + waxed eloquent over what he declared was wanton waste of the + greatest amount of money ever intrusted to an exposition + management, which wanton waste had made the Exposition Company + bankrupt and again at the doors of the Treasury begging for + funds. Those working against the bill triumphantly quoted the + following clause, which is section 24 of the original bill, and + which authorized the creation of the exposition. It reads: + + "That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to create any + liability of the United States, direct or indirect, for any debt + or obligation incurred, nor for any claim for aid or pecuniary + assistance from Congress or the United States in support or + liquidation of the debts or obligations created by said + Commission." + + After postponement and delays, the bill of the 11th of February + passed the House 172 to 115--57 majority. On the 15th it went + back to the Senate and was promptly passed. + + The whole amount appropriated for the use of the board of lady + managers was placed in their custody by the Secretary of the + Treasury, and its expenditure has been most carefully guarded. + With this money at its command, it has always stood ready to + assist the Exposition Company in every way possible, and the + report of the treasurer will show that the disbursements have + been made in a manner befitting the greatest of all world's + fairs. + + Respectfully submitted. + C.B. BUCHWALTER. + MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY. + SALLIE D. COLEMAN. + +All of the members of the board of lady managers were inspired at an +early period of their official existence with a desire to accomplish +something that would be of lasting benefit to the interests of women, +and one of the first committees to be appointed by the president was on +woman's work, which seemed to offer great scope for the development of +earnest efforts and good judgment. They realized that upon their +activity would greatly depend the extent to which women in this country +and of the world at large would participate, directly or indirectly, in +making this exposition the most beneficent for women that had been, or +could be, attained in any age or ages. + +Specific action was restricted, however, by the Exposition Company, and +the committee on woman's work was not enabled to give an international +character to its work. While the life of its organization was in no way +affected, the board was not allowed to expend any money except under the +authority of the Exposition Company, and although the members believed +that whatever action they might take in regard to sending a +representative of the board abroad was legitimate exposition work and +would be promptly ratified by the National Commission and local company, +their request was denied by the executive committee of the company, and +they were not permitted to extend their work on the broad lines for +which they had hoped. + +An effort was made by two members of the committee on woman's work, in +conference with the heads of the departments in Washington, to secure +information as to the details of the work performed by women in the +various Government departments, and their salaries. This matter was +brought before the board at its session held February 18, 1903, and it +was believed by the members that if such a statement could be obtained +it would be helpful in the development and organization of woman's work +in connection with the board. As all arrangements had previously been +planned in Washington to have the work done if desired by the board, the +secretary was instructed to write to Hon. John R. Procter, president +United States Civil Service Commission, and ask for statistics. In order +to procure the data from all the departments, it was necessary to have +an Executive order from the President. Mr. Procter made this request, +and the President graciously issued the following: + + Executive Order. + + The HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS: + + The board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + desires a statement prepared, showing the work performed by + women in the departments, together with their official + designations, salaries, etc. It is requested that so far as it + will not inconvenience public work, such information may be + supplied. + + THEODORE ROOSEVELT. + + WHITE HOUSE, _March 21, 1903._ + +It may be said that the occupations in which women are now engaged in +the Departments, where their duties range from those involving mere +manual labor to skilled professional service, represent many of the +lines in which women are now so active everywhere. The salaries vary +from $240 to $1,800 per annum. + +It is believed that the citation of a few examples of the high positions +of importance and responsibility now held by women, compiled for the +information of the board of lady managers, may be a source of +encouragement to others by showing what natural ability, backed with +determination and industry, may accomplish. The following memoranda has +been taken at random from but four of the Departments: + + _Department of State_.--Miss ---- went into the service in 1893, + and was detailed to assist the Secretary of State, who was + engaged in negotiating reciprocity treaties. She served in the + capacity of confidential clerk to four Secretaries and one + Assistant Secretary of State. Served as stenographer and + typewriter in the Consular Bureau of the Department of State, + and was later confidential stenographer to the Third Assistant + Secretary of State, and assisted in the preparation of the + correspondence with the Alaska boundary question. + + Another was appointed as a temporary clerk for the purpose of + introducing the book typewriter for recording the correspondence + of the Department which formerly had been done by hand. After + installing the book typewriter and bringing the Diplomatic Notes + and Instructions up to date, she was detailed as stenographer + and typewriter to the Chief Clerk of the Department. Her duties + in the office of the Chief Clerk required her to be familiar + with the work of the bureaus of the Department and the many + intricate questions constantly presented to the Chief Clerk's + office. She was required to have expert knowledge of the cipher + used in the Department, and a considerable part of her time was + employed in enciphering and deciphering telegrams sent from and + received by the Department. + + One young woman was detailed for three months to serve as + stenographer and typewriter to the American Commission at The + Hague in the arbitration between the United States and Mexico, + where she assisted in taking stenographic report of the sessions + before the arbitral court. + + Miss ----, appointed under the civil service rules, was in the + Bureau of Foreign Commerce, where her duties required her to + prepare the consular reports for publication, translate extracts + from foreign commercial newspapers, etc. + + A clerk was appointed in the recorder of deeds' office, but + resigned to accept an appointment in the Department of State. + Her work at first was in the Diplomatic Bureau, where she was + engaged in preparing papers for signature, translating French, + Italian, and Spanish; engrossing treaties, proclamations, + drafting maps, pen and ink sketches, etc. Later she was detailed + to the Bureau of Indexes and Archives, where she was employed in + recording the Diplomatic Notes and Instructions of the + Department on the book typewriter. + + _Department of the Interior_.--Mrs. ---- held a law desk in the + General Land Office and decided many of the difficult problems + connected with the deeds and patents of land on the frontier. + Was first appointed in the Government Printing Office at $48 per + month, and later appointed in the Pension Office at an increased + salary, where her duties were copying pension certificates and + notifying pensioners of the allowance of their pensions. Upon + her second promotion, the work and pay being unsatisfactory to + her, she was, at her own request, transferred to the railroad + division of the General Land Office. Her duties were to copy + railroad decisions, and the work being merely routine clerical + work, she took up typewriting, hoping to advance herself + thereby. This caused her to be transferred to the contest + division, and later she was assigned to a desk requiring + original work, and her duties were to promulgate decisions of + the Department. From this time on the grade of her work was + raised until she was promoted to $1,400, by which time she had + become familiar with the entire work of the division. She soon + found that a knowledge of the law of Congress disposing of the + public domain and familiarity with the rules of practice and + decisions of the General Land Office and of the Department alone + were not sufficient to enable her to perform her work in a + manner satisfactory to herself, however satisfactory to the + Department, and she therefore took up a regular four years' law + course and graduated with credit to herself and her college. + + How satisfactorily she does her work is shown by the fact that + out of sixty appeals from her decisions rendered during a period + of six months, decisions involving thousands of dollars, only + one was reversed and one modified, and this because of new + matter being filed after the decisions were rendered by her. + + Mrs. ---- also enjoys the distinction of holding a law desk in + the General Land Office, having been transferred to it from the + Census Office, where she had been dealing with mathematical + problems. It was found that a $1,600 clerk was back in his work + with 300 cases which it was necessary to have adjudicated. The + bringing this work up to date was assigned to her. Prior to this + she had written a few decisions. She was at first appalled at + the decree, but went bravely to work with a determination to + succeed. How well she succeeded can be ascertained by the + records of the office. Later she was transferred at her own + request from the public land division to the contest or law + division. Her experience gained in the Land Office taught her + how to adjudicate contest cases, and she was often required to + bring up work of the principal law examiners when in arrears. + + Miss ---- was assigned to duty on Board of Pension Appeals to + typewrite decisions for signature of the Assistant Secretary and + act as his stenographer. Afterwards transferred to patents and + miscellaneous division of the Secretary's Office. Duties: + Stenographer and typewriting; indexing; in charge of issuing + authorities for open market purchases to the Geological Survey + and to Howard University, and issuance of permits for admission + to the Government Hospital for the Insane, and to Freedmen's + Hospital and Asylum; assistant in abstracting various reports to + be embodied in the Secretary's annual report to the President. A + knowledge of law was of considerable assistance in the work of + the division, and after entering the Government service she took + a three years' course in the Washington College of Law and was + admitted to the bar of the supreme court of the District of + Columbia. + + _Library of Congress._--The Library of Congress employs 135 + women in a force of 302 persons. The salaries range $1,500 to + $360 a year, and they are employed in almost all the divisions. + None of them, however, rate as laborers. + + At $1,500 there is one woman at work in the catalogue division + as an expert reviser of printed catalogue cards and proof + reader. At $1,400 three women serve as assistant readers of + catalogue cards and proof readers in the catalogue division, and + another is the chief reviser in the record division of the + Copyright Office. + + At $1,200 there are 11 women employees. Of these, 5 are in the + Copyright Office as translators, indexers, and cataloguers; 5 + are in the catalogue division as cataloguers of the first class, + and one is in charge of the reading room for the blind. + + _Post-Office Department._--One clerk of class 3, salary $1,600, + prepares correspondence for the signature of the + Postmaster-General and the Chief Clerk reads and refers the + Congressional and Departmental mail addressed to the + Postmaster-General; assists in the compilation of the estimates + of appropriations for the Department and postal service; also + assists in the compilation of the Postal Guides; in charge of + the distribution of the Postal Laws and Regulations and of the + Postal Guide throughout the postal service; stenographer and + typewriter. + + One clerk of class 2, salary $1,400, to whom is assigned the + duty of preparing the three lists of post-offices published each + year in the Official Postal Guide, and lists of changes in + post-offices published each month in the supplemental postal + guide. + + One clerk, assigned to the claims division. Duties: Preparation + of correspondence connected with claims of postmasters for + reimbursement for losses occasioned by burglary, fire, or other + unavoidable casualty, and for losses of money-order and postal + funds in transit to depositaries. + + Office of the topographer: One woman skilled as draftsman, at + $1,400, prepares the guides for the colors printed on the + post-route maps, and has supervision of the map sheets + transmitted from and to the photolithographer. Three other women + draftsmen note the reported changes in the postal service of a + group of States, revise and post-route map sheets of those + States, and correct monthly the corresponding diagram maps for + the use of officers and clerks of the Post-Office Department. + + Office Second Assistant Postmaster-General: One clerk, salary + $1,600, on work relating to ocean mail contract service; + occasional translating, indexing, and briefing. One clerk, + salary $1,400, on work relating to domestic statistics in + connection with the international service; stating accounts of + steamship companies for the sea conveyance of mails; occasional + translating, and assisting in general correspondence. One clerk, + salary $1,400, "corresponding clerk," whose duties consist in + the examination of applications for establishment of star and + steamboat service; changes therein; preparation of cases to be + submitted for decision; preparation of orders and correspondence + for official signature. + +In most of the examinations which women pass in order to be appointed in +the departments technical skill is required, as shown by the following +list of subjects: + +Artist, assistant microscopist, clerk stenographer and typewriter, +computer in Coast and Geodetic Survey, counter, Government paper mill, +industrial teacher, trained nurse, register and receiver's clerk, +compositor, public document cataloguer, assistant ethnological +librarian, scientific assistant, book typewriter, kindergarten teacher, +scientific aid, zoological clerk, Internal-Revenue Service, Philippine +Service, topographic draftsman, assistant to bookbinder, music teacher. + +The following is a compilation and table of comparison showing the +number of men and women employed in the various departments at +Washington, D.C. The figures are based upon the Official Register of +the United States, July 1, 1901, volume 1. Since that date there has +been a great many hundreds of new appointees of both sexes in all the +respective departments and bureaus below enumerated, and the accurate +figures down to the present time will show an increase accordingly: + +-----------------------------------+--------+--------+ + | Men. | Women. | +-----------------------------------+--------+--------+ +Executive Office (the President's) | 28 | | +Department of State | 92 | 17 | +Treasury Department | 3,234 | 2,313 | +War Department | 2,411 | 300 | +Navy Department | 2,292 | 85 | +Post-Office Department | 812 | 237 | +Department of Interior | 4,810 | 2,862 | +Department of Justice | 191 | 21 | +Department of Agriculture | 650 | 382 | +Government Printing Office | 2,623 | 1,068 | +Department of Labor | 74 | 10 | +United States Commission of Fish | | | + and Fisheries | 55 | 12 | +Interstate Commerce Commission | 133 | | +Civil Service Commission | 55 | 6 | +Industrial Commission | 10 | 7 | +Smithsonian Institution | 320 | 39 | +Bureau of American Republics | 13 | 9 | +-----------------------------------+--------+--------+ + +The first woman employed in the Government service was appointed by +General Spinner, of the Treasury Department, about 1864. + +On July 1, 1901, the clerical force in the Executive Departments in +Washington was approximately a force of 27,605 employees of both sexes. +Out of this number there were 7,496 females. The time, at this ratio of +increase of the respective sexes, when the gentler sex is to overcome +and pass the men, is merely a matter of arithmetic to those who wish to +ascertain this interesting data. The above table shows that the women +have between one-fourth and one-third of the appointments in Washington, +D.C. + +Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, the chairman of the committee on woman's +work, read her first report of the work of that committee at the meeting +of the board held Tuesday, April 28, 1903, and a copy was transmitted to +the National Commission. At the session held on December 17, 18, and 19, +1903, the following letter was received and read by the secretary: + + ST. LOUIS, U.S.A., _December 16, 1903_. + + DEAR MRS. HANGER: Replying to your esteemed favor of the 14th + instant, transmitting a copy of report of committee on woman's + work, which was adopted by your board at a meeting held in + April, 1903, you are advised that on motion the same was + approved to the extent that the report prescribes the scope of + your proposed field of activity. + + The Commission, at its session on the 15th instant, adopted the + following resolution: + + "Moved and seconded that in so far as the report of committee on + woman's work prescribes the line of work for the board of lady + managers, the same stands approved by the Commission. + + "Motion prevailed." + + Agreeable to your request, the report has been forwarded to the + Exposition Company for its action, with a copy of the resolution + passed by the Commission. + Very respectfully, THOMAS H. CARTER, + _President_. + + MRS. FREDERICK M. HANGER, + _Secretary of the Board of Lady Managers, + Administration Building, City_. + +Extracts from this report are embodied in the final report of the +committee on woman's work, which is as follows: + + September 30, 1902, the women appointed by the National + Commission as lady managers for the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition were called by the National Commission to meet in St. + Louis and effect an organization of the board of lady managers. + At this meeting the board of lady managers was organized and + Mrs. James L. Blair elected president. + + The first permanent committee appointed by the new president was + a committee on woman's work. The ladies appointed on this + committee were: Miss Anna L. Dawes, Miss Helen Gould, Mrs. + Marcus Daly, Mrs. M.K. de Young, and Mrs. Mary Phelps + Montgomery, chairman. Two members of this committee were not + present at the meeting. The president of the board impressed + upon the chairman of the committee that a large share of the + board's work must of necessity be performed by the committee on + woman's work. The chairman of the committee asked the president + of the National Commission for special instructions in regard to + the plan and scope of the work of the board of lady managers. + The president of the National Commission replied that the board + of lady managers must outline their own policy and perform their + own work to their best judgment. There was no work performed by + the committee on woman's work at this meeting. + + The second meeting of the board of lady managers was held in New + York City, November 17, 1902. The chairman of the committee on + woman's work asked to have added to this committee Mrs. John M. + Holcombe, Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter, Mrs. Daniel Manning, and + Mrs. Richard Knott. The chairman of the committee called a + meeting at that time, to which call only Miss Anna L. Dawes and + Mrs. Daniel Manning responded. At this second meeting of the + board of lady managers in New York the president of the board + instructed the committee on woman's work to proceed to St. Louis + not later than March, and there receive instructions from the + National Commission in regard to the line of work they should + take up at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. It became apparent + at this meeting that it would be necessary to specialize the + work of the board of lady managers, thus relieving the committee + on woman's work of much responsibility and labor. + + The chairman and Mrs. Daniel Manning, as members of the + committee on woman's work, spent January, 1903, in the city of + Washington, and during their stay endeavored to acquaint + themselves with the work performed by women in each and every + vocation in life. + + In accordance with the instructions of the president, Mrs. + Blair, at the meeting held on November 17, the committee on + woman's work met at the Southern Hotel, in St. Louis, March 10, + at 11 o'clock, Mrs. Montgomery, chairman. There were present + besides the chairman Mrs. Manning, Mrs. Holcombe, and Mrs. + Buchwalter, three members being unavoidably prevented from + coming, viz: Miss Gould, Miss Dawes, and Mrs. Knott. + + The interest that this committee felt in developing on broad + lines their part in the exposition is shown in the following + extracts taken from my report, which was not read, however, + until the meeting of the board held April 28, 1903: + + * * * * * + + According to appointment, the committee on woman's work met the + executive committee of the Exposition Company at the Laclede + Building, March 11, 1903. Mr. Corwin H. Spencer, acting and + first vice-president and chairman of the executive committee, + presided, and stated: "These ladies are here, gentlemen, upon my + invitation, and have some matters they wish to discuss with + you." + + Mrs. Montgomery, the chairman of the committee on woman's work, + then said: + + "Ever since we became members of the board of lady managers we + have been somewhat in the dark as to what we could and might do + to contribute to the success of this great exposition, and we + thought perhaps if we came and talked to you gentlemen upon the + ground that you could throw us a little light.' We, of course, + want to work in harmony with everything that has already been + outlined, and we feel that we are a very weak body, but we want + to add our efforts to those of the officers of this exposition, + and we came to ask you to please tell us how we can help you, + and to instruct us upon the line which we are to take up. We + feel that women of this country have become a very great factor, + but we also feel that the time has passed when we are to have a + separate exhibit of what women can do, and we thought perhaps in + some way we might be able to work in unison with the executive + committee and the various other committees of the exposition." + + Several subjects were brought up by members of the committee on + woman's work, such as the organizations of the country, the + congresses at this exposition, the dates of meetings, and + provision for the care of the women in attendance. It was + suggested by a member of the committee that in the largest + audience that the exposition would have the majority would be + women. The company had already taken steps to provide a place of + meeting, so arranged that meetings could be held without + admission fee. + + At this meeting a motion was made, and carried by the executive + committee, "that the director of exhibits, Mr. Skiff, be + instructed to formulate a programme suggesting the way in which + the board of lady managers can assist in inducing congresses to + come to the exposition." + + The chairman of the committee on woman's work then called + attention to the fact that almost the first thing done after the + organization of that committee was to ask that immoral dances be + excluded from the exposition, to which no reply had been + received. During the discussion which followed Mr. Stevens read + copy from his records, showing that a letter had been sent by + him to the president of the board of lady managers, reading as + follows: + + + "MADAM PRESIDENT: I am directed by the executive committee to + reply to your letter conveying the resolution adopted by the + board of lady managers on the subject of concessions. The + resolution was duly referred by the executive committee to the + director of concessions and the committee on concessions, with + request for careful consideration. The report of the director + and the committee on concessions has been received. The director + and the committee express the belief that, under the conditions + imposed in all the contracts the concessions will be so + regulated as to render it impossible to present any amusement + that can be classed as indecent or improper. + + "Very respectfully, + WALTER B. STEVENS, _Secretary_." + + + The committee on woman's work then stated to the executive + committee that this letter had never been read before the board + at their meeting. + + The matter was then considered of sending several members of the + board of lady managers abroad to exploit woman's work and to + excite an interest in woman's congresses throughout the world. + The chairman stated that she had a letter from Mr. Francis + saying he would send one with certain conditions, and the + committee wanted to know if that decision was final and what the + action of the executive committee would be on that point. It was + suggested that three women from the board should be sent + abroad--one from the East, one from the West, and one from the + Middle States--and the chairman of the executive committee said + that, if agreeable to the ladies, that committee would have the + matter taken up as soon as President Francis returned. The + executive committee was assured that if it would outline a + programme by which the board of lady managers could render + assistance to this great exposition they would be very glad; + they wanted to help do what the heads of the exposition had laid + out to be, done, and if there was anything that women could do, + let them do it. + + The meeting then adjourned, and the committee on woman's work + met with Mr. Skiff, the director of exhibits. In response to an + inquiry in regard to the question whether his committee had + taken the initiative in regard to educational and international + congresses, Mr. Skiff replied: + + "The exposition simply patronizes and assists without the + expenditure of money these stated congresses and conventions. + Those bodies already organized are in a hospitable way invited + here, and their executive management is aided more or less in a + hall in which they can meet a committee to receive them; but + they conduct their own conventions. + + "Now the international congresses are an entirely different + thing. They are patronized by the exposition. An appropriation + of $150,000 has been made for that purpose. Dr. Simon Newcomb is + president of the congress. There is no race or sex in a + universal exposition; it is the productive use of a man as a + unit. We have had great difficulty in convincing the scientific + people that so great a thing should come from so western a + point. We are going to do a very fine thing in a very large way. + The delegates will be selected and all expenses paid from their + homes and return, and whatever product of their thought they + present here at these congresses will be bound and fixed in + type. I can not say we are working on any plan; it is developed. + The congress is my idea. I am the director of exhibits, and it + did not seem proper for the director of exhibits officially to + approve the proceedings and the signatures of an office of an + international congress. So I suggested that Director Rogers + report to President Francis, so that I use President Francis's + name. In the meantime I have been appointed a member of the + advisory board on account of my position as a director of the + institute in Chicago. There is no opportunity for organizations + to participate in that international congress. There you come in + as individuals; but man or woman if they are great will be + invited. It is all one congress; it will only last one week. We + have not selected the exact date. It occupies a week; it is + divided into sections. Some days in the Congressional Hall there + may be 25 or 30 sections all working at the same time on + different subjects. It is a magnificent programme. Meetings of + these stated organizations are entirely different. The only + point about meetings of these clubs and organizations is that, + whether they are officered by men or women, or both, some one in + behalf of the exposition must make their way as easy as possible + for them and see that days do not collide." + + A member of the committee made the request that some provision + should be made for the care of trained nurses at the exposition, + and Mr. Skiff stated that the War Department was contemplating a + field hospital. "They want two things. I do not know what the + outcome will be. If you ladies could proceed sufficiently to get + these ladies interested in the trained nurse idea--to offer the + services of a certain number of 'changed' nurses (you + understand, double the number, so that they can change)--I have + no doubt that Doctor Laidley will be glad to avail of their + services." + + In answer to the questions as to the time the jurors would be + appointed, and whether he had a list of the things on which + women are to be appointed, and how long before they would be + known, Mr. Skiff replied: + + "The jurors will be appointed the first week of the exposition, + and the list of things on which women are to be appointed will + depend on whether the work is done in whole or in part by female + labor. We will know as soon as we get a catalogue. We can not + tell what the exhibits will be until they are exhibits. The + pamphlet of classification will be of invaluable assistance to + you, ladies, in your work. The jurors are to be paid $7 a day + and traveling expenses." + + In response to the inquiry whether the board should not begin to + look out for the women that would be capable for that sort of + work, Mr. Skiff said: + + "They will develop. There are 108 classes; a committee on each + class would be 1,200 jurors. We are not working women's exhibits + up any more than men's. It takes care of itself. We do not + specially promote, except in this way: An officer of a + department, if he understands his work, is given a + classification. That is his bible. He makes up his mind what is + possible to do in the way of an exhibit. They build up an + exhibit. In that way they find it necessary to touch what we + call 'individual promotion' on their broad lines. For instance, + in education, deaf, dumb, and blind; charity, philanthropy, and + education of mind; conveyance of thought; social economy, the + model city; machinery, that class of machinery that is most + ingenious; electricity, electric therapeutics, electric + magnetism; transportation, aeronautics, Santos Dumont, etc.; + forestry, fish culture, etc. They can add, and on broad lines + develop, the highest type of the condition of the times." + + Replying to the question whether an exhibit of laces by a woman + could be insured, Mr. Skiff stated: "We have no money for + insurance; we have no people to go on bond; she is an individual + exhibitor, and must get in her own exhibit in a general way." + + On the following day, March 12, I received from Mr. Stevens the + following letter, accompanied by a record of 1903 conventions of + organizations composed of women: + + + ST. Louis, U.S.A., _March, 13, 1903_. + + MADAM: In pursuance of the conference held by your committee + with the executive committee of the exposition the 11th instant, + the acting president, Mr. Spencer, directs me to send to you the + accompanying list of conventions and delegate meetings of women + to be held in the near future. It is desired to obtain action by + these bodies the coming year to meet in St. Louis during 1904. + The acting president instructs me to say that if your committee + or the board of lady managers will assist in obtaining such + action it will be highly appreciated. + + The exposition management, with a view to encourage the holding + of conventions and congresses, has arranged to have several + halls, the use of which can be given to conventions without cost + to them. Two or three convention halls will be so located with + approaches as to enable delegates to the conventions to reach + them without passing through the gates of the exposition. It is + also the purpose to afford hall room free to such bodies as may + desire to hold meetings downtown. + + The acting president directs me to say, further, that from a + very thorough canvass made of the city, and from information in + the possession of the exposition management, it is believed that + good accommodations can be assured at reasonable rates during + the exposition. It is the purpose of the exposition to maintain + an information service, which will enable delegates to secure + accommodations by mail previous to their arrival here. + + In other ways the exposition management will endeavor to make + the holding of conventions a prominent and satisfactory feature + of the World's Fair. If the board of lady managers will join in + the invitation to these bodies of women to hold their 1904 + conventions at St. Louis the board can help very materially. If + the members of the board of lady managers can attend some of + these gatherings of 1903, and by personal effort and + representation assist in bringing the conventions here the + following year, the management will be pleased to have them do + so. + + Very respectfully, + W.B. STEVENS, + _Secretary_. + + Mrs. MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY. + + + + Record of 1903 Conventions of Organizations Composed of Women. + + International Congress of Nurses, New York City; International + Board of Women and Y.M.C.A. Conference, Cleveland, Ohio; + Daughters of Liberty, National Council, Philadelphia, Pa.; + Daughters of St. George, Columbus, Ohio; Daughters of Veterans' + National Convention, Cleveland, Ohio; Ladies' Aid Society of the + United States, Providence, R.I.; P.R.O. Sisterhood Supreme, St. + Louis, Mo.; Ladies' United Veteran Legion National Convention, + Brooklyn, N.Y.; National Council of Women, New York City; + Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, Chicago, Ill.; National + League of Women Workers, Syracuse, N.Y.; Women's and Young + Women's Christian Association, St. Louis, Mo.; National Congress + of Mothers, Detroit, Mich., May 5-8; Daughters of the + Revolution, General Society, New York City, May 10; King's + Daughters and Sons, St. Louis, Mo.; Knights and Ladies of Honor, + St. Louis, Mo.; Knights and Ladies of Security, St. Louis, Mo.; + International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, St. Louis, Mo.; + P.E.C. Sisterhood, St. Louis, Mo.; Spanish-American War Nurses, + St. Louis, Mo.; United Daughters of the Confederacy, St. Louis, + Mo.; Woman's Christian Temperance Union, St. Louis, Mo.; Woman's + Relief Corps, St. Louis, Mo.; Council of Jewish Women, St. + Louis, Mo.; National American Woman Suffrage Association, New + Orleans, La.; Ancient Sons and Daughters of Jerusalem, Kansas + City, Mo.; Ladies of the Maccabees, Port Huron, Mich. + + In a letter from Mr. Howard J. Rogers, in charge of congresses, + which will be appended to this report, he says: + + "I beg to state that, in my opinion, the only feasible way is + for the secretary of the board of lady managers, acting in + behalf of the board, to communicate with the secretaries of the + various women's organizations, such as Federation of Clubs, + etc." + + Our committee suggests that a separate committee be formed to + take these congresses and other women's organizations in hand + and make it their duty to arrange for dates. We would also + suggest that a local committee of leading club women of the city + of St. Louis be appointed to act in harmony and in unison with + this committee of congresses from the board of lady managers. + + I herewith submit copies of letters from Mr. Skiff and Mr. + Rogers: + + + ST. LOUIS, U.S.A., March 07, 1903. + + DEAR MADAM: I have the honor to acknowledge your favor of March + 21, which has been noted. I beg to inform you, in accordance + with the instructions of the executive committee, that the + director of exhibits formulate a programme suggesting how the + board of lady managers can assist the Exposition Company in + obtaining congresses of women to meet in St. Louis. I referred + the matter to the chief of congresses, who has made a report, in + which I concur, and I respectfully submit it for your + information and assistance. + + I have the honor to be, very respectfully, yours, + F.J.V. SKIFF, + _Director of Exhibits._ + + MRS. MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY, + _3642 Delmar avenue, St. Louis, Mo._ + + + MARCH 24, 1903. + + DEAR SIR: Replying to your communication of March 23, in + reference to the director of exhibits 'formulating a programme + suggesting how the board of lady managers can assist in + obtaining congresses of women to meet in St. Louis,' I beg to + state that in my opinion the only feasible way is for the + secretary of the board of lady managers, acting in behalf of the + board, to communicate with the secretaries of the various + women's organizations, such as the Federation of Women's Clubs, + Daughters of the American Revolution, Colonial Dames of America, + United Daughters of the Confederacy, Young Women's Christian + Association, Ladies' Catholic Benevolent Association, United + States Daughters of 1812, and to second the invitation given by + the exposition to meet in this city in 1904, assuring them their + active cooperation in the matter of obtaining halls, + accommodations, and other matters. + + The Daughters of the American Revolution and the Federation of + Women's Clubs have already decided to meet in this city, the + former in June, the latter in May. + I return the letter, as requested. + Very respectfully, yours, + HOWARD J. ROGERS. + + Hon. F.J.V. SKIFF, + _Director of Exhibits' Building._ + + + In the resolution adopted by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Commission, in session assembled at the city of New York the 7th + day of February, 1902, certain rules were made governing the + board of lady managers. The first one recites the power given by + Congress to this board of lady managers to appoint "one member + of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits + as may have been produced in whole or in part by female labor." + + The committee on woman's work would suggest: + + First. That our board make due preparation for the intelligent + selection of one member of all committees authorized to award + prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in whole or + in part by female labor, and that we request from the local + executive committee a list of all work presented for competition + before the Louisiana Purchase Exposition produced in whole or in + part by female labor. + + Under the resolutions of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of + February 7, 1902, second, we are to "exercise general + supervisory control over such features of the exposition as may + be specially devoted to woman's work." + + This resolution is so vague in its phraseology that we are + unable to outline just what we may be permitted to do, and the + chairman wishes to call the attention of this board to the fact + that one of the subjects which we were instructed to take up + before the local executive committee was in regard to a + resolution passed by this board at its first meeting on + September 30, 1902, regarding indecent and immoral dancing. We + were instructed by the board of lady managers to inquire what + action had been taken in regard to this resolution, and were + informed that it was acted upon immediately, and the company's + attorney was instructed to make the contracts in the Midway + Plaisance so as to exclude immoral and indecent dancing. + + The third resolution, that we were "to take part in the + ceremonies connected with the dedication of the buildings of the + exposition, and in official functions in which women may be + invited to participate, and in any other functions, upon the + request of the company and Commission." + + From the very gracious manner in which this board of lady + managers has been provided for and permitted to participate in + the opening ceremonies of the exposition, it would appear that + the Government, Commission, and local company will see that we + are properly cared for on all future occasions. + + Fourth. That we confer and advise with the officers and chiefs + of the exposition on the progress being made from time to time + in exciting the interest and enlisting the cooperation of women + in the several departments, and to appoint all committees + necessary to carry out the purpose, and to procure information + on the extent of woman's participation in the exposition. + + Fifth. That we encourage the presentation of exhibits by women + by correspondence, advertising, or such other means as the + company may approve. + + Sixth. That we collect statistics of woman's work in connection + with the exposition for publication. + + Seventh. That we encourage, by correspondence, or otherwise, + attendance at the exposition, of societies and associations of + women, and the holding of conventions, congresses, and other + meetings of women. + + Eighth. That we maintain within the grounds during the period of + the exposition an organization for the relief of women and + children who may be found in need of aid, comfort, or special + protection. + + Ninth. That we receive and officially entertain women when + requested so to do by the exposition company and the Commission. + + Tenth. That we commission members of the board, or others, with + the approval of the Commission and the company, to travel in the + interest of the exposition, either at home or abroad. + + Eleventh. That we provide for the constant attendance by + rotation of at least three members of the board at the + exposition grounds from April 30 to December 1, 1904. + + Twelfth. That we issue such bulletins from time to time as the + company and the Commission may approve, for the special + information of women and the exploitation of their contributions + to the success of the exposition. + + After our board had adjourned and gone to their homes, the + chairman called upon President Carter, of the National + Commission, and had with him a most interesting talk in regard + to woman's work, and he promised to furnish the chairman + extracts from their minutes, containing such suggestions on the + plan and scope of woman's work in connection with the + exposition; and from these extracts our committee has outlined + for this board the work which may be done by the board of lady + managers, following in many instances the Commission's + suggestions verbatim. + + This committee desires to return their thanks for the courteous + manner in which they were received by the local executive + committee, and for the assurance of aid in any work which they + might undertake. They also desire to thank the National + Commission for its kind reception, advice, and suggestions on + the plan of woman's work. + + The board of lady managers, pursuant to a call, met in the city + of St. Louis, April 28, 1903, and, as has already been stated, + the chairman read before the board the report from which the + above extracts are taken, on the work of the committee on + woman's work performed in St. Louis. The president of the board + of lady managers at this April meeting created several new + committees, viz, an executive committee, an entertainment + committee, a legislative committee, and a committee for a day + nursery or creche. The creating of these committees practically + took from the hands of the committee on woman's work all special + work. + + A meeting of the board of lady managers was called in St. Louis + on December 15, 1903; at this meeting it became necessary to + elect a new president of the board, and conditions had so + changed that it became necessary to add several new committees + to those already formed, one being the committee on awards, to + further develop the work of the board of lady managers. + + The only money the board of lady managers had ever received to + conduct their work was an appropriation of $3,000 from the + treasurer of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, part of which + had been expended, so that all work of the board of lady + managers was absolutely suspended for the want of funds. It + became necessary for the legislative committee to proceed to + Washington to secure money to carry out their plans. The result + of the labors of the legislative committee has been ably told in + the report of the chairman of that committee, Mrs. Edward L. + Buchwalter. + + During the December meeting, and after the adjournment of the + board, the work which seemed of the most vital interest, and the + one which lay nearest to the hearts of every member of the board + of lady managers, was the construction, equipment, and + management of a creche or day nursery. The chairman of the + committee on woman's work remained with the president of the + board in St. Louis for ten days after the adjournment of the + board, meeting the executive committee of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition, endeavoring to arrange for the construction and + equipment of a day nursery. The Exposition Company assured this + committee that they would construct for the lady managers a + building that would cost $30,000, and give $5,000 toward + equipment, and that the day nursery would be self-sustaining + with the possibility of an income above the expense payable to + the Exposition Company. + + It now became evident that if the board of lady managers was to + have a day nursery, they must give up the idea of a purely + philanthropic institution and enter the field as money makers. + + After two weeks of patient labor, it was made apparent that if a + day nursery was built, all expenses for furnishing and + maintaining it must be paid for out of the funds appropriated by + Congress for the use of the board of lady managers in their + various works. The president of the board of lady managers + offered to contribute $15,000 for the furnishing and maintenance + of this day nursery out of the $100,000 set aside for the use of + the lady managers, if the Exposition Company would free them + from any further financial liability. This the Exposition + Company refused to do. + + The Exposition Company further informed us they had already let + a concession for a model playground which would practically + cover the work to be performed by the day nursery, and that this + concession had agreed to care for each child at the rate of 25 + cents per day, and that the board of lady managers could not + conduct a day nursery without charging a fee for the care of + each child. Thus the day nursery was taken out of the hands of + the committee on woman's work. + + As chairman of this committee, I can not bring this report to a + close without expressing the very deep and heartfelt + disappointment of the committee on woman's work, and I may add + the president and every member of the board of lady managers, + that circumstances over which we had no control forced us to + abandon this cherished project of a model day nursery. + + As the duties of the board of lady managers became more apparent + and diversified, and the work evolved and developed, it became + necessary to specialize. The work of the committee on woman's + work ceased to be performed by a large committee under this + name, but was carried on to the close of the exposition by + committees composed of the various members of the board. + + In closing this report it would appear at first that the + committee on woman's work stood for very little and had done + very little toward the success of the board of lady managers. + However, this committee, under other names, did successfully + perform a large amount of philanthropic and social work. + + There were on the exposition grounds State buildings constructed + by 44 States. These buildings were designed as clubhouses for + the citizens of the various States and were provided with rest + rooms, social halls, and other rooms to contribute to the + comfort of and promote sociability among the people of the + various States visiting the exposition. At the beginning of the + exposition it seemed one of the duties of the board of lady + managers would be to provide a hall for the meeting of women + visiting the exposition and also a rest room, but this want was + provided for by each individual State. + + MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY, _Chairman_. + Mrs. MARCUS DALY. + ANNA L. DAWES. + M.K. DE YOUNG. + Mrs. EDWARD L. BUCHWALTER. + Mrs. RICHARD W. KNOTT. + Mrs. JOHN M. HOLCOMBE. + +Miss Anna M. Dawes, chairman of the committee on foreign relations, read +the first report of that committee at the meeting of the board held in +the Administration Building on March 2, 1904. The final report of that +committee is as follows: + + The committee on foreign affairs was appointed by Mrs. James L. + Blair, the first president of the board, during the meeting at + the time of the formal opening of the exposition on May 2, 1903. + This committee consisted of Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairman; Miss + Dawes, Mrs. Knott, Miss Gould, Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. Montgomery, + Mrs. Moores, and Mrs. von Mayhoff. + + On December 17, 1903, Mrs. Manning having been elected president + of the board after the resignation of Mrs. Blair, Miss Dawes + became chairman of the committee, and has so continued. + + In pursuance of a policy inaugurated by Mrs. Manning, it was + determined to send a circular to the women of the different + countries of Europe, calling their attention to the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition, inviting their cooperation and presence, + and offering to do what we could toward that end. At the request + of the present chairman, Mrs. Manning conferred with the + officers of the exposition as to what had already been done, and + with the State Department in Washington as to what could be + done, and prepared the circular appended, the State Department + sending it out to its officials in the following countries: + + Berne, Switzerland; Bucharest, Roumania; Belgrade, Servia; + Brussels, Belgium; Constantinople, Turkey; Copenhagen, Denmark; + Athens, Greece; Berlin, Germany; Habana, Cuba; Lisbon, Portugal; + Rome, Italy; Paris, France; Madrid, Spain; Stockholm, Sweden; + St. Petersburg, Russia; Sofia, Bulgaria; Vienna, Austria; + London, England; The Hague, Netherlands; Egypt; Mexico; China; + Japan; Dominion of Canada. + + The cordial cooperation of the Government, through the State + Department, was a source of great satisfaction to the committee, + giving, as it did, not only currency to the circular, but + putting the weight and dignity of the Government behind our + action. For this, and for the extremely valuable circular so + finely adapted to the need, and so eloquently setting forth the + objects of the exposition and the aims and desires of this + board, we are, as in so many other things, indebted to the + experience and ability of Mrs. Manning. + + + His Excellency the MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF ----. + + EXCELLENCY: By an act of Congress of the United States, the + board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition is + directed to join with the other constituted authorities in + commemorating the great event in the history of the United + States when, a century ago, there was added to its territory a + new field which to-day is the home of many people, and where + earnest and sincere women, as well as men, are laboriously + working out the problem of the progress of humanity and the + advancement of the race. + + No single individual, no one people, no separate country can + supply that full knowledge from which may be fixed the + conditions of mankind, its development in the industries, the + arts, the sciences at the commencement of the twentieth century. + The entire world must contribute to this knowledge, and + therefore the entire world has been invited to take part in this + universal exposition and to bring hither the fruit of the lands, + the products of other soils, the articles manufactured by + foreign hands, and evidences of the achievements of the + intellect and intelligence in the higher fields of thought. + + While in gathering these things there is no distinction made + between the product of man's hand and of woman's hand, + nevertheless, it is the peculiar function of this board to act + as the channel through which women, as individuals, and as + organizations, may be brought into immediate communication with + the exposition at St. Louis. + + It is, therefore, with cordiality and eagerness that we invite + the women of your country to join with us in presenting to the + world the information of the condition, opportunities, + development, and promises of their sex in their own country and + to exhibit at the exposition specimens of their productions and + examples of their activities, manual and mental, scientific and + artistic. + + And coupled with this invitation, we would express the hope that + we may be permitted to be of personal service to such women as + may visit the exposition in person, or to give special attention + to the exhibits of such as may not be able to come. + + Requesting your excellency's good offices to the end that the + publicity may be given to the invitation in order that it may + come to the knowledge of the women of the country, we beg to + assure you of the high consideration with which we are, + + Your obedient servant, + MARY MARGARETTA MANNING, + President. + + + The honorable the SECRETARY OF STATE. + + SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith invitations which the + board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition have + addressed to the women of foreign countries, through the + respective diplomatic envoys, with a view to promoting women's + interests at the exposition. + + In view of the indorsement which the Congress of the United + States has given to the exposition, and the recognition it has + accorded to the board of lady managers, I should be pleased were + it found consistent with practice for the invitations to be + delivered by the diplomatic envoy of the United States, and if + they were instructed to give them their support. + + I have the honor to be, sir, + + Your obedient servant, + M. MARGARETTA MANNING. + + + MRS. M.M. MANNING, + _President Board of Lady Managers of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition, + The Arlington, Washington, D.C._ + + MADAM: I have to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 14th + instant transmitting invitations which the board of lady + managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition have addressed to + the women of foreign countries, through the ministers for + foreign affairs, with a view to promoting women's interests at + the exposition. + + In reply I have to inform you that these invitations, with + suitable instructions, have been sent to-day to the diplomatic + representatives of the United States in the countries mentioned + by you. + + I am, madam, + + Your obedient servant, + FRANCIS B. LOOMIS, + _Acting Secretary_. + + + Letters were received from most of these countries expressing + their gratification and cordial cooperation in the matter, a + fact which was evidenced by many letters from associations and + individuals with reference to exhibits, etc. For instance, a + committee of women at Berne, through its secretary, sent a very + remarkable consignment of pamphlets relating to the condition + and work--philanthropic and otherwise--of the women of that + nation. These were intrusted to the Department of Social + Economy. Also in Italy a national committee of women of great + consequence was formed. + + Circumstances prevented any further initiative on the part of + this committee outside the limits of the exposition itself. + Within those limits it has, in common with the whole board, done + much for the exposition, and for the country by social + courtesies extended to the representatives of foreign lands and + received from them--a service which has been performed by the + board with success and dignity, and with great value to the + interests of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. + + ANNA L. DAWES. + EMILY S.G. HOLCOMBE. + MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY. + ANNIE MCLEAN MOORES. + DECEMBER, 1904. + +Reaffirming the motion already made on February 16, 1903, providing that +the furnishing of the building of the board of lady managers be under +the supervision of the president of the board, on March 4, 1904, it was +moved that Mrs. Daniel Manning be made active chairman of the +house-furnishing committee and select her own committee. This motion +being carried, it was also decided that the committee on house +furnishing be limited to the expenditure of the sum of $20,000 for +furnishing the building. The report of this committee is as follows: + + The president of the board of lady managers having been elected + active chairman of the house-furnishing committee, with power to + select her own committee, named Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery and + Mrs. John M. Holcombe as the other members. + + At the same meeting of the board at which the chairman was + named, the sum of $20,000 was fixed as the maximum amount that + might be expended for house-furnishing purposes by the + committee. This sum was to cover all expenditures for electric + wiring and fixtures, electric bells, push buttons, and + annunciators; tinting of walls and staining of floors; water + connections, filters, water heaters, bath tubs, sinks, etc.; all + wooden partitions in dormitories; window shades, screens, and + awnings; arrangements for butler's pantry; rugs, carpets, + matting, and all floor covering; furniture, glass, china, and + kitchen utensils; table and bed linen, blankets--indeed, every + expenditure attending the fitting out and appointing of the + building. + + The committee was fortunate in arranging for part of the work, + in preparing the building for occupancy, by securing the workmen + that were employed by the Government on its building, and had + been brought from Washington for that purpose; these men could + contract for a longer stay at better rates than were obtainable + in St. Louis. The tremendous advance in the price of labor about + this time led the committee to be most cautious in its + expenditures, not knowing the extent of the demands that might + be made upon their fund before the arranging of the building was + completed. President Francis, in his address to the board on + December 15, 1903, has already given some of the difficulties + experienced by the Exposition Company on the question of the + cost of labor up to that date. By the time of the opening of the + exposition the members of this committee had to meet even + greater prices, as, instead of time and one-half for overtime, + the demands of the workmen had risen to double time for + overtime. This involved paying $1.50 per hour instead of 75 + cents for certain kinds of work necessary to be completed by + opening day. + + Most of the furniture, rugs, carpets, curtains, glass, and china + were purchased in New York City, but some interesting pieces of + antique furniture were obtained by one of the committee in + Connecticut, while others were secured in Albany, N.Y. + + Material and substantial aid was rendered the members of the + committee by the generous gifts and loans which added greatly to + the attractiveness and comfort of the building. + + Mrs. Roosevelt, wife of the President, by request, very + graciously presented a picture of herself, which was the only + picture hung in the salon of the building of the board of lady + managers. + + The committee is but echoing the sentiments of the entire board + in expressing their thanks and appreciation to the following + firms for their handsome and useful gifts, all of which were + most acceptably used by the members of the board and their + guests: + + Cheney Brothers, of New York and Connecticut, most generously + contributed one of their handsome pieces of silk damask for the + covering of the walls of the salon, also the material for the + curtains for that room, yellow silk curtains for the tea room, + and pink silk curtains and furniture covering for the + president's room. The thanks of the board can not be too warmly + expressed to this firm for their generosity in aiding the board + in such a substantial manner and beautifying their house by + their gifts. + + Steinway & Co., New York City: Manufactured for our use and + loaned to us one of the handsomest pianos they could make, with + beautiful Louis XV decorations in ormolu, which was used on + state occasions or when some well-known singer or pianist was + available. It was the admiration of all visitors. + + Chickering & Co., New York City: Loaned one of their beautiful + pianos, which was placed in the large hall in which was held + informal meetings and dances. + + Tiffany & Co., New York City: Silver-plated tea set, consisting + of tray, hot-water kettle, with lamp, teapot, coffeepot, + hot-milk pitcher, sugar bowl, cream pitcher, and slop bowl. This + set was used every afternoon on the tea table, and was greatly + admired by all who were the guests of the board at their + informal afternoon teas. + + Black, Starr & Frost, New York City: Gift of four silver-plated + candlesticks of attractive antique colonial design; also a set + of four silver-plated trays. + + Gorham Manufacturing Company, New York City: Gift of two + silver-plated candelabra of beautiful design, which were in + constant use at the afternoon teas and on the private table of + the board, and also at the more formal dinners and + entertainments where lights were used on the tables. + + Laycock & Co., of Indianapolis, Ind., generously loaned the + brass beds and mattresses used in the dormitories in the + building at a nominal price. + + Macy & Co., New York City: Gift of 10 dozen plates, cups, and + saucers, of Limoges china, specially decorated and of unique + design, that were very handsome and in constant use by the + board. + + Higgins & Seiter, New York City: Gift of set of creaming dishes + of most delicate pattern, in handsome white case. + + International Nickle Company, New York City: Gift of chafing + dishes, tea-kettles, and trays, of especially neat design, and + most useful. + + Mrs. Eva B. Leete, Guilford, Conn.: Loaned a rare antique + sideboard of semicircular shape, and a "pie-crust" table. + + Mr. Armand Hawkins, New Orleans, La.: Generously loaned many + interesting, historic, and useful pieces of furniture, which + were used in the building of the board of lady managers during + the exposition period. + + Standard Scales and Fixtures Company, of St. Louis, Mo.: Loaned + the useful and necessary adjunct to housekeeping--an unusually + fine and large McCray glass-lined refrigerator, which was in use + from the first days of the exposition period until a few days + after the close, and an aid to the comfort of all who resided in + the building and their guests. + + The gifts and loans to the board were most gratifying to the + committee, as they were an evidence of a strong interest in the + board of lady managers and their building. + + It was, undoubtedly, not the intention of the board, when + limiting the expenditure of this committee to $20,000, to mean + that this sum should cover an outlay beyond the time the + building was pronounced finished and furnished, and ready for + the occupancy of the board at the opening of the exposition. The + total expenditure given below, however, includes all additions + to furniture, repairs, both to building and furniture, and the + replacing of broken articles during the entire exposition + period. Such was the careful management of the committee that + they not only succeeded in accomplishing the payment of all + bills contracted by it prior to the opening, but at the close of + the exposition were still within the limit originally imposed of + $20,000. + + The Exposition Company agreed to pay $5,000 for the furnishing + of the building of the board of lady managers, $5,000 for its + maintenance, and $5,000 for entertainment. The demands upon the + Exposition Company at this time, however, were so great that the + board decided, at the meeting held on July 14, 1904, to take up + any outstanding bills, and passed the following resolution: + + _Resolved,_ That the board of lady managers assume the payment + of the now unpaid bills for entertaining and furniture for the + board that have been turned over to the Exposition Company, for + which the Exposition Company had pledged a certain sum. + + The following is an itemized account of amount expended for the + finishing and furnishing of the building of the board of lady + managers: + + + Bills paid Bills paid Bills paid + by the from the from the + Exposition $3,000 $100,000 + Company. appropriation. + appropriation. + + Furniture, china, + linen, expressage ...... $752.32 $652.25 $11,692.65 + Tinting walls, plumbing, + staining floors, heating + apparatus, electric + wiring, awnings, screens, + partitions, etc. ....... 1,460.99 64.30 2,263.32 + + Total ................ 2,213.31 716.55 13,955.97 + + + Total paid by Exposition Company ............ $2,213.31 + Total paid from $3,000 appropriation ........ 716.55 + Total paid from $100,000 appropriation ...... 13,955.97 + ---------- + + Total amount expended for house furnishing .. 16,885.93 + + MARY MARGARETTA MANNING, _Chairman._ + MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY. + EMILY S.G. HOLCOMBE. + +It was the earnest wish of some of the members of the board, at a very +early period of its existence, to establish and maintain, if possible, a +day nursery or crèche on the exposition grounds, in order that suitable +provision might be made for children whose parents might wish to have +them cared for during the day, and thus afford to those whose time and +means were extremely limited an opportunity to see as much of the +exposition in as brief a space as possible. Ways and means were +frequently discussed, but the absence of funds and the uncertainty of +the action of the company in regard to substantial aid were sources of +much anxiety and delay. Estimates were obtained of cost of building, +however, plans were drawn ready for work to be begun the first +practicable moment, and all information as to best methods and equipment +was secured, in order that no time might be lost should it later be +found possible to proceed with the enterprise. The idea was viewed with +much favor by both the president of the Exposition Company and the +director of exhibits, and it was hoped the Exposition Company would +regard this as one of the "suggestions" from the board which President +Francis had said the executive committee would "take under serious +consideration," but on the 15th of August, 1903, President Francis wrote +to the president, Mrs. Blair: + + My idea is that we should not permit any one State to have + charge of these day nurseries. I think the board of lady + managers should have entire charge, and hope they will be able + to raise the money without making inroads on the treasury of the + Exposition Company. + +Subsequently, however, the Exposition Company agreed to appropriate +$35,000 for the purpose of erecting the building, but later granted a +concession for a similar enterprise on the grounds. When the board +eventually obtained its appropriation of $100,000 it was thought that +the work might be begun immediately, but as some misunderstanding had +arisen in the minds of the members as to the terms of the original +proposition of the one who was to conduct the crèche for the board, upon +close investigation it was found that, whereas in the first place it had +been represented that the crèche would be self-sustaining, it now became +evident that the plan had grown beyond all anticipated or intended +proportion, and that instead of being self-supporting the board would be +called upon for unlimited and unreasonable outlay. + +As all the members had become greatly interested in the project, they +felt keenly disappointed when it became evident that it would be +necessary to abandon the undertaking. Desiring, however, to take some +part in this useful work, and being informed that the concession that +had been granted for a similar purpose was in need of funds to enable it +to employ additional nurses and make it possible to care for more +children, on July 14, 1904, at their midsummer meeting, the board passed +the following resolution: + + _Be it resolved_, That the board of lady managers set apart, and + turn over, to the persons in charge of the Model Play Ground, + Nursery, and Lost Children work the sum of $5,000 to assist in + carrying on these projects on the exposition grounds. + +Mrs. John M. Holcombe was made chairman of the committee having this +appropriation in charge, and her final report is as follows: + + The members of the board of lady managers were from the + beginning of their organization deeply interested in the need of + caring for little children at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, + and various plans were under consideration at an early date. + + To have a model crèche was the desire of the president and + members of the board, and it was with great satisfaction that + arrangements were made for a very perfect equipment. + + A practical philanthropy in full working order would prove also + an exhibit of the most approved and up-to-date methods--at once + a charity, an example, an inspiration. + + The Exposition Company made a generous appropriation, the sum of + $35,000 being allowed for the building and furnishing, and very + beautiful designs were made and accepted. Here infants were to + be cared for by trained nurses, receiving attention and + consideration possible only to babies of the twentieth century, + and altogether in advance of the simple and natural conditions + of baby life prior to the closing years of the nineteenth + century. Special foods specially treated, specially constructed + bottles--in fact everything special and disinfected, from the + nurse and crib down to the smallest minutiae. + + The charge was to be 50 cents a day, and estimates formed on + experience went to show that on this basis the crèche would be + self-sustaining when once established and started in running + order. + + Shortly before the opening of the fair, however, and at a moment + when the Exposition Company was passing through most trying + experiences and needed all possible funds, it was found that + unfavorable aspects had arisen. At the March meeting of the + board, 1904, and only a few weeks prior to the opening of the + exposition, it was learned that two concessions of a nature + similar to the crèche had been made, where the charge for + children would be but 25 cents a day. Already the board had + heard some buzz of criticism that 50 cents was too high a price + for benefit to poor people. Thus there seemed to be established + a rate of income which, for the requirements of the crèche + conducted under great expense, would be entirely inadequate. + There were apparently no sponsors for the undertaking but the + board of lady managers, and a steady loss of 25 cents on each + child for a period of seven months would pile up the losses to + unknown and quite incalculable proportions. + + It is true the board had received a sum of $100,000. This was to + cover all expenses of the board, whose members were the official + hostesses of the fair. Everything was to be conducted at this + great exposition in the most munificent manner possible. + Ceremonies and entertainments which had been given at the + dedicatory exercises in 1903 indicated a scale of elegance and + boundless hospitality; in fact, hospitality was to be a + distinguishing feature of this great exposition at St. Louis. + The board of lady managers formed a part of the hospitable + equipment, welcoming the world to the official home of the + exposition, and were to fulfill one of woman's missions and + entertain in a manner and on a scale harmonious with the + greatest and most beautiful exposition the world had ever looked + upon. For these purposes the money must be made to last + throughout the seven months of the coming fair. No more fatal + thing could occur for the fair name of the board than to spend + early and inconsiderately, and to be met later with pecuniary + embarrassments and complications. + + The estimate for the opening expenses of the crèche exceeded by + some $16,000 the sum appropriated by the Exposition Company. The + members of the board might have felt justified in furnishing + this sum, but there loomed before them the vast bulk of losses + which must follow as the result of cutting the price from 50 + cents to 25 cents on each of the many children to be + accommodated at the crèche. It was an enormous responsibility. + + Consultation with President Francis and some of the directors + seemed to indicate that the saving to them of the promised + $35,000 would be very desirable. The building was about to be + commenced, and only a few hours were granted the board for their + decision. It was obviously impossible to enter upon a work + involving great and unknown expense pregnant with such + possibilities of loss and failure, and so, with the deepest + regret, the members of the board saw their cherished castle in + the air--the beautiful, useful crèche--fade and disappear. Words + can hardly express the discouragements and heart sinking of the + members over this failure of their fond aspirations. + + Mrs. Ruth Ashley Hirschfield opened her Model Play Ground on May + 23, 1904. From the beginning it seemed to meet the requirements + in a simple but direct and effective manner. So successful was + it that soon the demands outgrew the accommodations, and the + possibilities of extending the work were such that Mrs. + Hirschfield welcomed the aid of the board of lady managers. Very + soon after the opening of the Model Play Ground the president + and members of the board became interested, realizing its needs + and possibilities, many of which had been carefully--even + affectionately--considered for a long period. + + At the July meeting a committee was appointed to confer with + Mrs. Hirschfield, and the sum of $5,000 was appropriated for use + in the development and care of the Model Play Ground and Day + Nursery, and a special stipulation made regarding the care of + lost children. Arrangements were entered into as to times of + payment. Mrs. Hirschfield was to have the entire responsibility; + the board gave her their confidence and hearty support and five + monthly payments of $1,000 each. + + Results proved the soundness of the theories, as well as the + administration of Mrs. Hirschfield, and no appropriation could + have been more advantageously applied. + + It gives me the greatest satisfaction to report that the money + appropriated filled a distinct need and enabled Mrs. Hirschfield + to enlarge the scope and power of her work up to the very day + that the fair closed its doors on December 2, 1904. It seemed, + indeed, to meet every want, and no child was ever turned from + its hospitable doors. To this bright and happy spot parents + could bring their children, even wee babies, and be themselves + free to go unencumbered and enjoy the beauties and wonders + spread so lavishly before them and happy in the consciousness + that their little ones were receiving the tenderest care and + were undoubtedly enjoying the many comforts and attractions + provided for their welfare and entertainment. Here the + wage-earner at the fair could bring her little child, leaving it + with the same cheerful confidence. This also was the haven for + lost children who were brought there by the police or by members + of the Jefferson Guard, and here were they found by their + distracted parents, or from here they were sent to their own + abodes under safe escort. + + The care of lost children began on June 6, when the first lost + child was brought to the playground. The system of caring for + lost children was as follows: Lost children found by members of + the Jefferson Guard or the police were brought to the Model Play + Ground, according to orders received from headquarters. Every + child brought in was recorded, and an aluminum tag bearing a + certain number was attached to each. They were cared for and + entertained, and had all the privileges accorded to children who + were registered by their parents. After being recorded they were + handed over to the matron to be washed and fed and given all + necessary attention. They were then induced to join groups of + other children of their age. As a rule they quickly forgot their + sorrows in play. They were not permitted to leave the playground + until called for or sent home. If not called for they were + escorted to their homes, or, in case of children of sufficient + age and intelligence, to the car by the attendants of the + playground. Parents inquiring for lost children were directed to + this place by guards and police. If the child had not yet been + brought in, the inquirer was informed the child would be taken + care of. The telephone and electric service proved of great + assistance. The ages of lost children ranged from 2 to 13 years. + The system kept track not only of those who were brought in, but + also of those who were reported lost, and the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition should have credit for a "lost children system" so + complete that children separated from parents or escorts were + restored to them in every case. "The method used for the care of + lost children is the most complete and far-reaching system that + has yet been devised for the use of any world's fair." (World's + Fair Bulletin, September, 1904.) + + Mrs. Hirschfield gave the following gratifying statement in her + September report: + + "The $5,000 appropriated by the board of lady managers has + assisted very materially in the ability to handle the increasing + number of lost children, the fund enabling the playground to + employ a larger number of trained assistants, and to add many + and attractive features. + + "The expense incurred in the care of infants and lost children + was not contemplated in the original playground plan." + + The accommodations for the children included bathing and laundry + facilities; clothing was furnished in some instances; two + luncheons were served daily; kindergarten classes were held + morning and afternoon; athletic exercises and baths were + furnished, and many were the children, boys particularly, who + thus enjoyed luxuries not otherwise obtainable. + + Among the children attending the classes were a number who came + regularly, including children admitted free, whose parents were + employed in the exposition grounds. The fee charged to parents + who left their children to be cared for was, except in the case + of small infants, 25 cents a day. For babies requiring the + services of trained nurses, 50 cents. In the case of parents too + poor to pay no charge was made. + + The ages of the children ranged from 2 weeks to 14 years. The + number cared for, by months, was as follows: + + May and June, 483; July, 864; August, 1,160; September, 1,732; + October, 1,922; November, 1,189; making a total of 7,350. + + The number of lost children brought to the playground was: In + June, 94; July, 132; August, 328; September, 248; October, 209; + November, 156; total, 1,166. + + Children admitted free were newsboys, office boys, messenger + boys, all children earning their living, or whose parents were + employed within the exposition grounds. Many of these came + regularly. The hospitality of the playground was also open to + the children of the orphan asylums and other charitable + institutions and to the children of the city playgrounds and + kindergartens. + + The number of children admitted free was, in May and June, 336; + July, 554; August, 8,616; September, 3,916; October, 1,789; + November, 5,700. + + On November 2 the children of all nations were received by Miss + Helen M. Gould, who gave a souvenir gift to each child. + + On November 24 the children of all nations attended Thanksgiving + dinner and ceremonies at the playground; 326 children were + seated at the tables. After dinner they played and enjoyed the + many features provided for their amusement. Every child took + home a box of dainties and a souvenir of Thanksgiving Day, that + traditional New England festivity. A member of the National + Commission planned the affair, and it proved a notable success. + Children of twenty-eight nationalities or tribes were gathered + on the playground at one time. No such representation ever took + place before, or was possible, except at the Model Play Ground + and Day Nursery of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. + + It continued to be of service even to the closing hour. On + December 1, the final day of the fair, 48 children, of whom 19 + were less than 1 year old, were checked; 2,000 children were + admitted free of charge, and 31 lost children were cared for and + returned in safety to their homes or guardians. + + In reviewing the experiences of the fair, it is gratifying to + realize that although the members of the board of lady managers + were not able to carry out one of their most cherished desires, + and suffered keen disappointment in the abandonment of the + crèche, still they had the pleasure of rendering material aid to + a beautiful work, for such certainly was the Model Play Ground + and Day Nursery. + + Mrs. Hirschfield states that the assistance given by the board + of lady managers can not be measured, for far beyond the money + value of their appropriation was the power of their influence, + and the interest aroused was not alone for the occasion of the + fair, but would reach far into the future, affecting other + undertakings of a similar nature. + + On the day following the close of the exposition, one of the + most able of the directors of the exposition expressed his + approval of the course of the board of lady managers. As + hostesses of the fair, he complimented them gracefully, and for + the attitude they had been obliged to take regarding the crèche, + of which he had been critical, he was happy to say he had been + converted, and he was convinced that the board had acted + prudently and wisely; that undoubtedly the attempt to carry on + the elaborate and expensive crèche would have ended in financial + failure and embarrassments; that the aid given Mrs. Hirschfield + had made the Play Ground and Day Nursery so effective that it + met all needs in a most acceptable manner and had proven one of + the most interesting and satisfactory features of the great + exposition. + + Respectfully submitted. + EMILY S.G. HOLCOMBE, _Chairman_. + HELEN M. GOULD. + FRANCES M. HANGER. + +The committee on woman's congresses was created by the first president +of the board of lady managers in April, 1903, and its aim was to be +instrumental in bringing together representative women of this and +foreign countries, either as organized bodies or as individuals, in +order that by discussion and comparison of all social, educational, +charitable, and industrial aspirations, and an interchange of thought on +important questions relating to the welfare of women, the higher +intellectual, moral, and physical plane that has already been +established might not only continue to be maintained, but mutual +interests be renewed and encouraged. They hoped to thus foster a better +understanding of the aims of women of the different countries, and, by +strengthening their common cause and making possible uniformity of +action, promote the advancement of women everywhere. + +It was further desired by thus bringing together distinguished women +from all parts of the world interested in mental development and +philanthropic and reformatory work, to review not only the old, but add +the new record of the historical progress of women to date, to learn not +only the various achievements now being accomplished by the women of the +world in all phases of life at the present time, but ascertain the +objective height now sought or thought to be attainable for them in each +country. + +The committee felt that this exposition would afford an opportunity to +carefully consider humanitarian interests, and record the close +connection of women to the most important issues, their struggles, and +their possibilities. The encouraging stimulus that would be given to +them by the mutual expression of their hopes of the ultimate success of +each earnest endeavor for their advancement, must inevitably result in +aiding the elevation of women and the improvement of the conditions +under which they live, and upon which not only their own welfare, but +that of the nation, largely depends. + +It was, therefore, a source of great regret to the members of the +committee that their desire to carry out these commendable plans were +doomed, in great measure not to be realized because, while the +"suggestion" was again approved by the Exposition Company, no means were +provided for the carrying out of the work, and their own appropriation +was not received by the board in time to be made available. + +The following is the final report of the committee on women's +congresses: + + The committee on women's congresses was appointed by Mrs. Blair, + April 19, 1903, and was composed of Mrs. Andrews, Mrs. Hanger, + and Mrs. Buchwalter, who was, by unanimous vote, made chairman + December 18 of that year. + + When the committee was first created it asked for a letter of + instruction from the exposition board. This letter was received + together with a list of women's organizations which had been + compiled in the office of the Exposition Company. Communications + were at once sent to each of these associations, also to others + selected by the committee, in all more than fifty. In addition + to extending an invitation to hold its meeting at St. Louis + during the World's Fair, each organization was told that a place + of meeting would be provided, and that all possible aid would be + given in making preliminary arrangements by a board of + information which would be ready to supply any assistance + necessary in preparing for the meeting. + + Up to this time it had been hoped that it would be possible to + inaugurate a series of meetings of women's associations which + would be congresses in more than name. The committee, however, + was confronted with the serious limitation of no treasury from + which to draw. At the last meeting of the board during the + incumbency of the first president, a committee had been + appointed with Mrs. Manning as chairman, which was to ask + Congress for $100,000 for the use of the board of lady managers. + It was hoped that this matter might be brought to the attention + of Congress at the special session in the fall of 1903, but the + delay caused by the necessity of electing a new president + retarded all the work of the board. Upon the election of Mrs. + Manning to the presidency a new legislative committee was + appointed which, unfortunately, was not able to report the + success of its mission of securing the appropriation until March + 1, 1904, by which time all the organizations had perfected their + plans for that year, in consequence of which all idea of + congresses was reluctantly abandoned. + + In the meantime responses were received from many of the larger + organizations, some of which said that experience had shown that + the interest of their stated meetings suffered when they were + held where there were so many counter attractions as were + offered by a great exposition; others did not respond at all. Of + those who accepted and held meetings in St. Louis in the season + of 1904, were the various fraternal organizations of women, the + General Federation of Women's Clubs, the National Mothers' + Congress, the International Council, Council of Jewish Women, + the Daughters of the American Revolution, National Society of + the Colonial Dames of America, the United Daughters of the + Confederacy, the P.E.O.'s, the Women's Christian Temperance + Union, the Women's Relief Corps of the Grand Army of the + Republic, and the Association of Collegiate Alumnae. + + All the meetings which were held at the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition were largely attended and noted for the enthusiasm of + the members and the great interest taken in the objects + represented by the respective organizations. + + Respectfully submitted. + C.B. BUCHWALTER. + M.M. ANDREWS. + F.M. HANGER. + +Pursuant to adjournment, on March 5, 1904, a meeting of the board of +lady managers was called by the president for April 28, 1904, to enable +the members to be present at the opening exercises of the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition, which were to take place on April 30 of that year. + +The board was in session until May 9, during which time many matters of +importance were considered. Letters were read from organizations, +reports received from chairmen of committees, and jurors appointed. On +May 6 a resolution, presented by Mrs. Holcombe and amended by Miss Egan, +was adopted, by which the president of the board was made active +chairman of the executive, entertainment, and ceremonies committees, and +full plans were made for the conduct of the affairs of the board during +the coming months of the exposition period. + +Twenty-one of the twenty-two members were present, and on the morning of +April 30 the board met and proceeded in a body to the Administration +Building, where they joined the president and directors of the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition Company, the members of the National Commission, and +representatives from foreign countries, and, entering carriages, were +driven to the Peace Monument, where seats were reserved for them. After +the close of the interesting exercises officially opening the +exposition, 5,000 invited guests adjourned to the Varied Industries +Building, where luncheon was served. After a brilliant display of +fireworks in the evening at the Stadium, the board of lady managers +entertained a distinguished company at dinner, which closed the +festivities of opening day. + +The following is the final report of the committee on entertainment and +ceremonies: + + The board of lady managers took possession of their new building + which had been completed and furnished and was ready for + occupancy at the time they arrived in St. Louis for the meeting, + April 28, which was the first to be held in their own house, and + afforded them the earliest opportunity to see the structure and + the result of the work that had been done in preparing and + furnishing it for their use. + + The first entertainment given by them was in honor of the + president and members of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Commission, on the evening of April 30, the official opening day + of the exposition. Invited to meet them was the representative + of the President of the United States, Secretary Taft, the + president of the Exposition Company and Mrs. Francis, the + directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company and their + wives, the governors of the States represented at the opening + exercises and their wives, the Senators, and Members of the + House, representing the two bodies of Congress, and other + distinguished visitors and citizens. It was a most brilliant and + interesting gathering, and not only rounded out the opening day + with satisfaction to all, but inaugurated the series of + entertainments that were to be afterwards given in the building + of the board of lady managers. + + In the argument of President Francis before the appropriation + committee, in January, 1903, when asking Congress to make the + additional loan, he said: + + "We are the nation's hosts, as we understand it. We propose to + entertain distinguished people from every section of the globe. + * * * Bear in mind we are entertaining the guests of the + Government, we think we are benefiting the commerce of the + country; we think we are doing a patriotic service in + commemorating a great event and bringing all classes into closer + relations, cementing the ties that bind the different sections + of the nation, affording our people opportunity to see something + of the people and customs and the resources of our possessions, + and, on the other hand, affording opportunity to those people to + become acquainted with this great country." + + At the meeting of the board on March 2, 1904, after the board of + lady managers had obtained the appropriation from Congress that + placed it within its power to meet the requirements of its + position, President Francis was asked what he thought would be + the pleasure of the executive committee that the board do with + the funds so obtained, as no expression had been received from + the company as to what special duty it was anxious, or would + like, to have the board perform, to which President Francis + replied, that he "had not given the matter thought, but that the + board would want to do some entertaining; that the ladies were + well adapted to that; they were experienced in that sort of + thing and knew how to go about it. That he did not see much they + could do with the money aside from entertaining." + + And thus the board of lady managers authoritatively took its + place in the great exposition, in the complex mechanism of which + it was but a single factor, and assumed the responsibility of + doing its share of the entertaining on behalf of women at the + exposition. + + What form of government is there at the present time that is not + dependent upon the household of the executive and the homes of + the officials for the social success of an administration? An + exposition on the enormous scale of that which existed in St. + Louis partook in its management for the time being of the nature + of a government; an executive and official household was an + essential and important factor because the representatives of + all nations were to be entertained. As in this World's Fair, the + highest recognition was given to women, it was but reasonable + that women should be appointed to take the place set apart for + them, and to perform such duties as would be assigned to them in + any well-regulated government, and upon the broadest scale, + their province being that of national hostesses, their privilege + to extend a generous and far-reaching hospitality to all + official dignitaries from home and abroad who visited the + exposition. + + Among the social events occurring at the building of the board + of lady managers, the following is a list of the more prominent + ones held during the exposition period: + + Dinner to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, April + 30; reception tendered to Mrs. Francis, wife of the president of + the Exposition Company, May 9; reception to officers of Army and + Navy, present in and around St. Louis at that time, May 18; + luncheon to General Federation of Women's Clubs, May 19; + luncheon to Miss Roosevelt, May 31; tea to Musical Federation, + June 2; dinner to Prince Pu Lun, the official representative to + the exposition of the Empress An of China, June 10; reception to + foreign representatives at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, + June 17; reception to P.E.O.'s, June 18; reception to governors, + and State and Territorial commissioners at the exposition, June + 24; dinner to Governor Odell, of New York, and Mrs. Odell, June + 28; visit of Cardinal Satolli, July 1; reception to Mrs. Charles + Mercer Hall, July 12; reception to Civic Federation, July 12; + reception to members of Interparliamentary Union, at which time + the building was draped with the flags of all nations, and the + national airs of the different countries represented were played + by the orchestra, September 12; reception to Mrs. Sarah S. Platt + Decker, president of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, + September 19; reception to members of the Congress of Arts and + Sciences, September 20; reception to members of the American Bar + Association and Congress of Lawyers and Jurists, September 30; + reception to the president, Mrs. Augustine Smythe, and officers + and members of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, October + 7; reception to the president, Mrs. Charles W. Fairbanks, and + officers and members of the National Society Daughters of the + American Revolution, October 11; reception to the governor of + Connecticut and his staff, October 13; tea to hostesses of State + and Territorial buildings, October 14; reception to the + president, Mrs. Herbert Claiborne, and members National Society + Colonial Dames of America, October 20; an informal dance, + October 25; reception to meet the president and members of the + Wednesday Club, of St. Louis, October 29; reception to meet the + members of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, November 3; + reception to meet the president and members of the Woman's Club + of St. Louis, November 7; informal dance, November 9; dinner to + President Francis, November 12; reception to Forest Park + University students, November 14; informal dance, November 18; + reception to Prince Fushimi, the official representative to the + exposition of the Mikado of Japan, November 22; dinner to + Jefferson Guards, Thanksgiving Day, November 24; final reception + of the board of lady managers on what was known as "Francis + Day," in honor of the president of the exposition, when the + board of lady managers kept informal "open house" and + entertained all who called on this, the last day of the + exposition, December 1. + + The members of the board met their obligations with acceptable + dignity, offering cordial hospitality to all the important + bodies meeting within the exposition grounds. Their building was + the social center around which gathered the national and + international representatives of governments and organizations, + until more than 25,000 persons received specific invitation to + their official entertainments. And whether the hospitality was + extended to His Eminence, the emissary of the Pope, or whether + it was a reception to His Imperial Highness, the representative + of the Mikado of Japan, or a dinner to the envoy of Empress An, + of China, or to the governor of a State and his staff, or to the + members of the National Commission, or the officials of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, all were welcomed with + genuine cordiality, the board of lady managers never failing to + remember their responsibility and that they were representing + the nation and serving their country by thus doing their share + in affording an opportunity for all nationalities to become + acquainted with each other and with our social customs as + demonstrated at the exposition. + + Respectfully submitted. + M. MARGARETTA MANNING, _Chairman_. + FANNIE LOWERY PORTER, + BELLE L. EVEREST, + JOSEPHINE SULLIVAN, + SALENA V. ERNEST, + M.K. DE YOUNG, + KATHARINE PRATT HORTON, + HELEN BOICE-HUNSICKER, + AMELIA VON MAYHOFF, + _Members of Committee_. + +The ninth meeting of the board was called September 20, 1904. This was a +special meeting called for the purpose of reconfirming the departmental +jurors as is set forth in the final report of the chairman of the +committee on awards. + +An exposition must of necessity prove educational. The director of +exhibits of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition said "The opportunity +afforded for study and comparison of the various productions of human +genius and activity classified and shown in detail, the finished product +beside the methods and processes by which articles are produced, the +vast systems of machinery in operation, and the skilled artisans +occupied in difficult and intricate employments or native industries, +representing accurately and in detail the latest development of the +various arts and manufactures, makes it possible for not only the +student to acquire knowledge, but each exhibitor may learn something +from every other exhibitor in his class which may be to his advantage, +and which may lead to the improvement of that which he produces, whether +it be in the domain of art or manufacture, at home or abroad. The +measure of the value of an international exposition is determined by the +number of important countries represented by exhibits, the +characteristics and comprehensive nature of these exhibits, or the +excellence in quality according to the standards of the countries from +which they come. That an exposition affords the greatest opportunity +that manufacturers and producers of a nation have to increase their +export trade by displaying their samples and products before the eyes of +foreign people whose markets they seek. Exhibitors are commercial and +noncommercial." The commercial exhibitor has as his chief object the +advertisement of his business and consequent increase in the sale of his +goods by means of his display and the possible receipt of an award which +may prove valuable in future exploitation of his products. The +noncommercial exhibitor has but the moral satisfaction of receiving the +tangible assurance of the excellence of his work as represented by the +award. + +Though woman's work enters into almost all manufactured articles, its +proportion in some is very small, and at the Columbian Exposition, where +it was estimated that women had a share in nearly 350 industries, it was +finally agreed between the board of control and the board of lady +managers that the best method upon which to base the proportion of women +on the juries would be to give them representation according to the +amount of work done by women on articles to be judged in each department +of the classification. This was a very satisfactory arrangement to that +board, inasmuch as the manufacturers exhibiting were asked on the +application blanks furnished them when they applied for space: "Was the +work upon this exhibit done wholly or in part by women?" An affirmative +answer entitled the board of lady managers to membership on the jury of +awards, giving them a majority in any department where women were +especially active, and a minority, or total exclusion, where she had +contributed little or nothing to the department, which would seem a most +equitable method. + +The impossibility of ascertaining these facts greatly affected the right +of representation of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition on the juries of awards. + +President Francis, in his address to the board on March 2, 1904, spoke +on this subject as follows: + + I wish to say again--I think I have made this statement to you + before--that when we started the organization of the exposition + the question of separate fields of exhibit of competition was + suggested and advanced, but the stronger view was presented as + we believed by the stronger women, that there should be no + contest between individual members of the different sexes, but + that the work of each should be shown--that if women had not + arrived at that stage and made that advancement which permitted + them to compete with men's work, they had advanced but little. + Therefore we did not think of making any separate classification + for the exhibitions of women's work--they came in under the same + classification as men. On most of the lines of work upon which + women have entered, they are holding their own, if not in every + instance. + +While there was formerly something to be said on each side of the +question of separate exhibits, the extent to which women now enter into +all departments of industrial and professional activities, renders it +not only difficult, but in some instances almost impossible, to make a +separate exhibit of the part they perform. It is true, if women were +to-day eliminated from the employments in which they are now engaged and +relegated to those of forty years ago, the exhibits of the nature of +man's work would be in no wise affected, and women have not sufficiently +taken the initiative (from lack of capital and adverse competition), in +establishing large manufacturing plants to be enabled by these means to +make exhibits on similar lines; but where women now work by the side of, +and the quality of their mental and manual labor competes satisfactorily +with that of men, it is now her right to receive unqualified recognition +and consideration as an economic factor, and her work should not only be +accorded the consideration and respect it deserves, but insure to her +the receipt of equal compensation for equal services performed. + +It is to be regretted that the example of other expositions was not +followed in requiring manufacturers to indicate by means of some device +placed upon their exhibit what proportion or percentage was "in whole or +part the work of women," and it is urged that this be done in all future +expositions, large and small, that all who are interested in this matter +may ascertain the facts, and that the record of the kind of industries +in which women share, and which portion of them they perform, may be +available at all times as statistical information. + +In selecting the jurors it is desirable and necessary that the most +careful discrimination be used, in order to secure the best and most +skillful women to represent each special department, and those well +versed in the requisite technical knowledge. + +At the meeting of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition, held April 29, 1903, the following resolution was offered by +Mrs. Daniel Manning, and accepted by the board: + + _Resolved_, First, it shall be the duty of the committee on + awards of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition, through its chairman or otherwise, to ascertain + definitely in regard to every exhibit in the exposition, whether + or not the labor of women was employed in its production. + + Second, it shall be the duty of this committee to take any and + all action to secure and appoint competent jurors of awards in + every class and group of the classification where woman's labor + has been engaged in the production of any articles exhibited + therein. + +A copy of this resolution, under date of May 2, was sent to the +secretary of the local company, and the following reply received: + + ST. LOUIS, _May 26, 1903_. + + MADAM PRESIDENT: I am directed by President Francis to inform + you that the resolutions adopted by the board at a called + meeting on May 2, 1903, with reference to participation in the + award system, has been reported upon by the director of + exhibits, Mr. Skiff, who states that his division has taken + notice of the resolution, and will, in due time, prepare a list + of those exhibits which are in whole or in part the labor of + women. + + Respectfully, W.B. STEVENS, + _Secretary_. + +At a meeting of the board, held in the Administration Building March 1, +1904, in response to a call by the president for a report from the +committee on awards, Mrs. Hanger, chairman of the committee, said: + + This committee was named by Mrs. Manning after our last meeting, + as follows: Mrs. Hanger, Mrs. Knott, Miss Egan, Mrs. Porter, and + Mrs. Hunsicker. I happened to be here in January, and asked Miss + Egan to go with me to see Mr. Skiff. We waited two or three + hours and saw Mr. Skiff about fifteen minutes. It had been said + there were 200 jurors to be appointed, and we would only have + the appointing of 35 or 40 of them. He assured us that the lists + could not be made out as the exhibits were not installed. He + gave us some instructions in regard to the selection of jurors, + saying that they must stand for intellectual ability; it did not + matter how many people applied for appointment, we must be + governed by that. + + I had a letter from Mrs. Manning suggesting that I try again. I + wrote to Mr. Stevens and he communicated with Mr. Skiff, and + later repeated to me the same thing. We have had quite a number + of names suggested, and I have written to the other members of + the committee asking them to come here as soon as the exhibits + are in place. I hope we can hold that meeting very early, but + until after that meeting I do not feel that we have anything to + report. + +In response to questions from members of the board as to whether Mr. +Skiff was to be understood to mean that there were but 35 or 40 things +to be exhibited at the exposition which were made in whole or in part by +women, Mrs. Hanger said that Mr. Skiff said the board "would only have +the appointing of 35 or 40 women--that it was a matter of expense and +that they must assist in keeping it down." + +This decision was a source of great disappointment to the board, as it +has been shown most conclusively that scarcely anything is manufactured +that women do not at least share in the production or process of its +manufacture. The act of Congress stated that there should be appointed +by this board a member of every jury judging "any work that may have +been produced in whole or in part by female labor," and the members were +averse to an abridgment of the authority vested in them by the wording +of the act. + +Expositions are a natural and useful factor to women in that by their +means new avenues of employment that are constantly being opened to them +may be collectively demonstrated, and it can be shown in which of these +they may share and excel or be most successful, and statistics may be +compiled showing the proportion of wages that women receive for their +share of labor performed equivalent to that of men, and other helpful +information and facts procured which are not easily ascertained by other +means. + +The Departments of Machinery, Electricity, Transportation Exhibits, +Forestry, Mines and Metallurgy, Fish and Game, and Physical Culture were +not given representation by the Exposition Company on the group juries +appointed by the board of lady managers, and while it is undoubtedly +true that all of these fields have been invaded by women as assistant +workers, yet evolution and progress in these lines are necessarily slow +where their opportunities have not been commensurate with those of men +and more congenial employment is undoubtedly afforded in education, art, +liberal arts, manufactures, agriculture, horticulture, anthropology, and +social economy. + +The "Special Rules and Regulations providing for an International Jury +and Governing the System of Making Awards," as applicable to the board +of lady managers, read as follows: + + The total number of jurors in the international jury of awards + shall be approximately 2 per cent of the total number of + exhibitors, but not in excess of that number, and each nation + having fifty exhibitors or more shall be entitled to + representation on the jury. The number of jurors for each art or + industry, and for each nationality represented, shall, as far as + practicable, be proportional to the number of exhibitors and the + importance of the exhibits. + + Of this selected body of international jurors, three graded + juries will be constituted: One, the general organization of + group juries; two, department juries; three, a superior jury. + + Each group jury shall be composed of jurors and alternates. + + The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company shall certify to the + board of lady managers the numbers of groups in which the + exhibits have been produced in whole, or in part, by female + labor; to each of the groups so certified the board of lady + managers may appoint one juror and one alternate to that juror; + such appointees, when confirmed, shall have the privileges and + be amenable to the regulations for other jurors and alternates. + + Nominations made by chiefs of departments, and by the board of + lady managers, shall be submitted to the director of exhibits, + and when approved he shall submit them to the president of the + Exposition Company. + + The nomination of group jurors and alternates, when approved by + the president of the exposition, shall be transmitted to the + president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission for + the approval of that body. + + The work of the group juries shall begin September 1, 1904, and + shall be completed not later than twenty days thereafter. + + Examinations or other work not completed in the time specified + herein will be transferred to the department jury. + + Each group shall carefully examine all exhibits pertaining to + the group to which it has been assigned. It shall also consider + and pass upon the merits of the collaborators whose work may be + conspicuous in the design, development, or construction of the + exhibits. + + The jury shall prepare separate lists, presenting the names of + such exhibitors as are out of competition; awards recommended to + exhibitors in order of merit; awards recommended to + collaborators in order of merit; a report giving an account of + the most important objects exhibited, and a general account of + the group as a whole. + + Each department jury shall be composed of the chairmen and + vice-chairmen of the group juries of the respective departments, + with one member of the directory of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company, to be named by the president of the company, + and one person appointed by the board of lady managers. + + Each department jury shall complete its organization and begin + its work on September 20, 1904. + + The duties of these juries shall be to consider carefully and + review the reports of the group juries; to harmonize any + differences that may exist between the recommendations of the + several group juries as to awards, and to adjust all awards + recommended so that they will be consistent with the rules and + regulations. + + No more than ten days may be devoted to this work, and when the + awards recommended by the group juries have been adjusted the + department juries shall, through the chiefs of their respective + departments, submit their findings to the director of exhibits, + who shall, within five days after the receipt thereof, certify + the same to the superior jury, including such work as may have + been left incomplete by the department jury. + + The officers and members of the superior jury shall be as + follows: President, the president of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company; first vice-president, the director of + exhibits; second vice-president, a citizen of the United States + to be named by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission. The + members of the jury shall further consist of the + commissioners-general of the nine foreign countries occupying + with exhibits the largest amount of space in the exhibit + palaces, the chairmen and first vice-chairmen of the department + juries, the chiefs of the exhibit departments, and one person + appointed by the board of lady managers. + + The superior jury shall determine finally and fully the awards + to be made to exhibitors and collaborators in all cases that are + formally presented for its consideration. + +For the purpose of installation and review of exhibits and the conduct +of the system of awards a classification was adopted which was divided +into fifteen departments, which were divided into 144 groups, which in +turn were subdivided into 807 classes. They will show that while many of +the groups and classes are not suited to the requirements of woman's +work, yet all products of female labor can be properly classed in these +departments, and that there are extremely few occupations in which man +is engaged in which woman can not and does not also work. + +The list of appointments of group and department jurors appointed by the +board of lady managers is given in the final report of the chairman of +the committee on awards. + +At a meeting held on May 9, 1904, the committee to present nominations +for superior jury announced the names of Mrs. Eliza Eads How, Mrs. +Philip N. Moore, Mrs. Thomas N. Neidringhaus, and Miss Mary E. Perry. On +ballot the result was the election of Mrs. Philip N. Moore, of St. +Louis, with Mrs. Eliza Eads How, of the same city, as alternate. + +In order to arrive at some conclusion in regard to the representation of +women at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and to gain some knowledge +of the extent of her participation in exhibits, the following questions +were addressed to the jurors appointed by the board of lady managers. +They were not designed to be more than suggestive, as, of course, in +some instances hardly more than one or two would apply to a given +department. They were based on the rules and regulations, however, by +which awards were issued. + + The Department of ---- at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in + which you were a juror in group No. ----, contained ---- groups + and ---- classes within the groups. Can you give an approximate + estimate of the proportional number of exhibits by women + contained in these classes? + + Please give the nature of the exhibits by women (or articles + exhibited by them) in your department, group, and classes. + + Which, in your opinion, were the most striking exhibits by women + in your department? + + What advancement did they show in the progress of women in any + special industry, art, science, etc.? + + What proportion, or, approximately, what number, of exhibits + were installed by foreign women? + + Was any display made that would lead you to think that women + were now capable of executing unusual or more creditable work + than they accomplished eleven years ago (at the time of the + Chicago Exposition) or at any time in the past? + + In what way did their work (or exhibits) differ from their work + (or exhibits) of the past? + + Would their work, as shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, + where it was placed on equal terms of comparison with that of + men, prove helpful or suggestive to those interested in the + advancement and success of women's work? If so, how? + + Was the work of women as well appreciated when placed by the + side of that of men? + + Would the results have been better if their work had been + separately exhibited? + + If you have attended previous expositions, please compare the + exhibits of the work of women shown in them with those shown at + the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. + + Were any manufacturers asked (to your knowledge) to state the + percentage of woman's work which entered into the manufacture of + their special exhibits? + + Were they shown in such manner as to indicate in any way, or to + enable you to distinguish, which part had been performed by + women, which by men? + + In your opinion, what proportion of the work was performed by + women, as compared with that performed by men, in the groups and + classes that came under your supervision? + + What proportion of women received awards in your group or + classes? + + Was any new or useful or distinctive invention or process shown + as the work of woman, or special work of their art or handicraft + exhibited in your department; if so, please specify. + + What can you say of the skill and ingenuity displayed in the + invention, construction, or application? + + Were any of the exhibits of women developments of original + inventions, or an improvement on the work of some prior + inventor? + + What was the value of the product, process, machine, or device, + as measured by its usefulness or beneficient influence on + mankind, in its physical, mental, moral, or educational aspects? + + What of the merits of the installation as to the ingenuity and + taste displayed, and its value as an exposition attraction? + + Did any new avenues of employment appear to be opened for women, + as shown by their exhibits at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, + in the arts, sciences, industries, etc.; if so, to what extent; + what is their value? + + In which of these will their work be of the most distinct value + by reason of the natural adaptability, sensitive or artistic + temperaments, and individual tastes of women? + + In your opinion, what education will best enable women to enjoy + the wider opportunities awaiting them and make their work of the + greatest worth, not only to themselves but to the world, as + evidenced by their work at the exposition. + + REMARKS.--Give any information or make any statement you may + think of interest in regard to the part taken by women as shown + by their work or exhibits at the exposition, and the beneficial + results to be derived by women in general by reason of their + representation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. + +Department A, Education, of which Dr. Howard J. Rogers was chief, +comprised 8 groups and 26 classes, the board of lady managers being +represented in 6 of the 8 groups. + + +Group 1, Miss Anna Tolman Smith, of the Bureau of Education, Washington, +D.C., juror. + + Under the group heading of "Elementary Education," the four + classes into which it was divided represented kindergarten, + elementary grades, training and certification of teachers, + continuation schools, including evening schools, vacation + schools, and schools for special training. (Legislation, + organization, general statistics. School supervision and school + management. Buildings: Plans, models; school hygiene. Methods of + instruction; results obtained.) + +In a letter Miss Smith says: + + The chairmanship which I held in the group jury was that of the + committee on the report of the jury formed to prepare a survey + of the material presented to the attention of the group to serve + as an introduction to the secretary's minutes. Owing to + circumstances the committee were unable to work as a whole on + the report and it became consequently the sole work of the + chairman. I mention this fact because it illustrates the + equality of service as between men and women in the jury of + group 1. + +Miss Smith's report is as follows: + + WOMEN'S WORK AT THE EDUCATIONAL EXHIBITS, LOUISIANA PURCHASE + EXPOSITION. + + With respect to the exhibits at St. Louis upon which the Jury on + Elementary Education (Group 1) were appointed to pass judgment, + it would be impossible to discriminate between the work of men + and women as therein illustrated. + + These exhibits comprised first and chiefly the work of pupils; + second, photographs and models illustrating school architecture, + school appliances, and school life; third, statistical charts + and reports pertaining to the administrative work of school + systems. + + The great bulk of the material in these exhibits belonged to the + first of the three divisions specified above. Since very nearly + three-fourths of the teachers in the public elementary schools + of the United States are women, it is obvious that the greater + proportion of the pupils' work exhibited was the direct outcome + of the efforts of women teachers. + + In the South Atlantic and South Central divisions of our country + the proportion of women teachers is much smaller than in the + whole country; in the divisions named they form only a little + more than one-half the whole teaching force, but so far as they + were represented no difference was made between the work of men + and women as exhibited in the section here considered, nor was + there any difference in the mode of estimating the work. + + The second class of material mentioned, i.e., photographic views + and models, was largely the work of experts, artists, and + craftsmen employed for the purpose. It would be impossible to + determine the relative proportion of men and women contributing, + although it is probable that the former were in excess. It + should be observed, however, that many very interesting devices + for teaching children, many suggestive modifications of + kindergarten material and exercises, and many excellent + photographs showing classes at work, were executed by women. The + great skill and admirable system attained by women teachers in + the preparation of material for teaching the sciences to + children were illustrated in a very graphic manner by the + exhibits of normal schools, such as those of Massachusetts and + the State Normal School of Rhode Island. + + The third class of material named, i.e., that pertaining to + school administration--chiefly in the form of statistical charts + and reports--was the work of school superintendents and their + clerical force, in which branch of the school service + comparatively few women are engaged. + + The mode of installation formed a striking feature in the case + of many of the systems of public schools exhibited at St. Louis. + The highest results were achieved where the plan of the exhibit + had been carefully worked out with full regard to aesthetic + effect and educational significance. In the formation of these + plans women had very largely participated, and in one instance, + namely, that of the Minnesota educational exhibit, the entire + installation was planned and carried to a successful completion + by a woman. This exhibit was ranked in the first class for the + unity of its plan, the completeness with which it set forth the + educational provision in every part of the State, and its + aesthetic finish. In judging of exhibits, the person who planned + and organized the exhibit was regarded as a collaborator, and to + Miss S.E. Sirwell, the collaborator in this instance, the + highest award allowable was adjudged by the jury of group 1, a + distinction which was conferred upon very few individuals. + + The exhibit of the public school system of the city of St. + Louis, which was universally admired, owed its chief decorative + effect to the artistic skill of Miss M.R. Garesché, who composed + and executed a series of 16 transparent paintings representing a + history of education. These pictures formed a succession of + brilliant panels on the external side of the façade, and for + this unique work a gold medal was awarded to Miss Garesché. + + Mention should also be made of a very interesting series of + paintings by Miss Florence Hedleston, of Oxford, Miss., + representing all the wild flowers of that State, an exhibit + which excited much attention both for its artistic excellence + and its usefulness in teaching the native flora. + + The exhibit of New York City afforded many striking examples of + the ingenuity and progressive spirit of women teachers. The + public school system of this city has had marked development on + what may be called the sociologic or philanthropic side, and in + this development, which was graphically illustrated in the + educational exhibit, women teachers have borne a very important + part. It is, however, impossible here to particularize as to + their work in this respect. + + The external side of the New York City booth in the Education + Building was utilized for the exhibit of the Woman's School of + Design. The exhibit consisted of a remarkable collection of + original designs which, with one or two exceptions, were + purchased by manufacturing firms as they stood on the wall. + Although this work did not come within the scope of the jury of + group 1, I mention it here to emphasize the fact that the + exhibits of art schools in the Education Building showed very + remarkable progress on the part of women in the art of + designing. + + This survey had been confined almost entirely to the exhibits of + the United States. It need hardly be said that in no foreign + country do women play so important a part in education, and on + account of the mode of installation it would have been + impossible to distinguish between their work and that of men in + the foreign exhibits. Mention may, however, be made of the fact + that the exhibits of French industrial schools for girls and of + the French lycées for girls, which were of a very high order, + were substantially the work of women. In the Swedish section + there was a very admirable exhibit of secondary schools for + girls and coeducational schools, which had been planned and + installed by Miss Mathilda Widegren. In the English section were + shown very remarkable specimens of art work in jewelry and + silver repoussé designed and executed by women students. As the + foreign exhibits specified did not come under the jury of group + 1, I am unable to report the awards which they received. + + The increasing recognition of the value of women's services is + indicated by the increase in the proportion of women called to + serve upon the exposition juries. The jury of group 1 included + three women, of whom two were foreigners, namely, Miss Elizabeth + Fischer, a teacher from Halle, Germany, and Miss Mathilda + Widegren, associate principal of a private school in Sweden. + These three members were all women of great experience in the + matters with respect to which they were called to judge, and + their abilities were most cordially and heartily recognized by + their colleagues. Indeed, in view of the place in education + which is now accorded to women in our own country and in the + leading countries of Europe, I should unhesitatingly say that it + is for the advantage of women and of society in general that + their work should not be separately exhibited, but should rather + form an integral part of a collective exhibit. This principle, + indeed, might not apply to certain specialties which have + heretofore been exclusively or almost exclusively practiced by + men, or which (like artistic needlework) have a particularly + feminine character. + + ANNA TOLMAN SMITH, + _Member of the International Jury, Group 1, + Louisiana Purchase Exposition_. + + BUREAU OF EDUCATION, + _Washington, D.C._ + +As chairman of the committee to report on the work of the jury, Miss +Smith writes: + + REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF THE JURY OF GROUP 1. + + The material presented for the consideration of the jury of + group No. 1 (elementary education) comprised on the part of the + United States the exhibit of public education as organized in 34 + States and Territories, in 6 cities (presented as separate + units), and in 15 foreign countries. In number, extent, and + complexity these exhibits surpassed all previous collections of + the kind; the separate entries ran up into the thousands, + representing for the most part such important collections as the + exhibits of cities, counties, and groups of rural schools, all + deserving careful attention. + + The examination of this material in the brief time allowed + (twenty days) was a severe task, and would have been impossible + but for the circumstance that, with two exceptions, the exhibits + were all placed in one building. For the first time in the + history of expositions the chief collective activity of + civilized peoples was honored by an edifice planned and erected + for itself alone. This concentration of the material under the + general direction of an experienced and able chief, thoroughly + familiar with the arrangements and of unfailing courtesy and + helpfulness, alone brought the work assigned the jury of group 1 + within the bounds of possible achievement. Their efforts were + furthered also by the expert qualification of each and every + member of the group by the system and perfect harmony in which + they worked, and by the exceptional ability of their official + staff: Chairman, Dr. E.O. Lyte; vice-chairman, Mr. B. Buisson, + representing the French Government; secretary, Mr. Morales de + Los Rios, representing the Cuban Government. + + The details of the group organization are shown by the minutes + of the secretary, which also present a full record of its daily + action and findings. It remains here only to speak of salient + features of this particular division of the exposition, whose + effects can not be indicated nor estimated by any system of + awards. + + The installations of the various exhibits had been carefully + planned and were, as a rule, effective, and in many cases + extremely beautiful. The United States has made notable progress + in this respect since the Chicago Exposition of 1893, and even + since the Paris Exposition in 1900, and in the present + exposition several of our States and cities offer fine models of + the exhibitor's art. This is the case especially with Missouri + and St. Louis; the latter in particular has realized the double + purpose of challenging popular attention and satisfying critical + taste. The art of effective exposition, whether worked out with + noble simplicity or rich decorative accessories, requires on the + one hand intelligent selection and coordination of the material, + and on the other skill in the treatment of space and artistic + elements. No small part of the value of an educational exhibit + lies in its esthetic quality, since this reveals not less + clearly than the methods and results of school training the + inherent genius of a people. This International Exposition has + been rich in this quality, on account both of the number of + different nations participating and the care taken by each to + give distinctive character to its display. This is marked in the + exhibits of elementary education, which in nearly all European + countries forms a complete whole, distinct from other grades, + and having the definite purpose of maintaining an established + social order or national type through the intellectual, manual, + and artistic training of the masses. The presentation of + elementary education as an independent unit indeed well accords + with the conditions in nearly all countries excepting our own. + Elsewhere, as a rule, elementary education forms a complete + system, having its separate administration, purposes, and + ideals. In this respect the United States presents a notable + contrast to the chief countries of the Old World, and one + strikingly illustrated in this exposition. In our own country + education is conceived as an integral process steadily + developing from the kindergarten to the university. To this + conception corresponds the sequence of elementary and high + schools united under a common administration and by close + scholastic bonds. Hence a measure of violence is done both to + elementary and secondary education as here organized by the + endeavor to view them separately. On the other hand, a portion + of the elementary education of foreign countries, notably of + France and Germany, does not enter at all into the sum total of + the impressions recorded by the jury of either group, because of + the social distinctions that underlie in those countries the + classification of schools as elementary and secondary. These + anomalous conditions affect particularly the classification and + judgment of the various agencies for the training of teachers + (that is, normal schools, teachers' training colleges, and + auxiliary agencies, such as normal classes in academies or other + secondary schools, teachers' institutes, etc). In the chief + foreign countries professional schools of this kind are easily + classified by virtue of their administrative relations, but in + our own country the different orders of pedagogical training + merge into each other almost imperceptibly because they are all + based upon the same fundamental conception of the teaching + profession. + + It is interesting to note in this connection that the exhibit of + Great Britain and Ireland has avoided all confusion by the + selection of the characteristic features of particular schools + or of processes that have worked well in certain communities or + pupil and class work of special significance. This mode of + exhibition accords perfectly with the private character of a + large proportion of the schools of all orders in England and + with the local independence throughout the Kingdom. It results + that this exhibit has greater emphasis upon typical and + essential things than any other in the collection. In this + respect it is most nearly approached by Massachusetts among our + own States. + + The confusion arising from differences in classification already + referred to, which imply also more radical differences in + opinion and practice, has led one of the most acute minds among + our foreign colleagues to express the hope that one of the + permanent results of this exposition may be an effort toward + international unity, or at least agreement in respect to + classification and nomenclature. Undoubtedly such agreement + would promote the great purpose of international comparisons + which is to enable each nation to benefit by the experience of + every other. + + In addition to the broad distinctions between national systems + as here indicated, there are also disclosed by the exhibits + striking differences in the spirit and methods of instruction. + In France the teaching is logical and analytical. The stress of + pedagogical training in that country is upon the treatment of + subjects, and the abiding effects of that training are seen in + the theses by teachers and by school inspectors (the latter all + men of professional training), which form a very interesting and + instructive part of the exhibit of that country. The analytical + principle is maintained in the manual training, which, as shown + by the examples presented, consists of a graded series of + exercises upon the elements that enter into simple + constructions. Germany adheres more closely to the authoritative + method of instruction, a fact plainly shown by the photographs + of classes in which every child seemed listening with breathless + attention to the word of the teacher. From the photographic + displays one would readily infer that in our own country the + emphasis of class exercises is upon the activity of the pupil; + in Germany, upon the personality of the teacher. + + The importance of photographs in an educational exhibit was + never so manifest as in the present exposition. By this means + may be shown at a glance the equipment of schools and even the + actual conduct of class instruction, and the mind distracted by + the endless succession of written work, drawings, etc., is thus + reenforced by total impressions or images. This exposition + surpasses all others in the extent, effectiveness, and beauty of + the photographic displays and the value of the statistical + charts presented. So full and graphic were these statistical + summaries from all the principal countries that individual + mention would be invidious. The jury, however, will never forget + the display of charts and diagrams by Japan, since they revealed + in a universal language the status, organization, and wonderful + progress of education in that country, whose effect must + otherwise have been lost in the mysteries of an unknown tongue. + + Those who recall the Centennial Exposition, at Philadelphia, + must be struck with the progress made by our States and cities + and even by the individual colleges toward uniform statistical + schemes. The impulse to this important result came undoubtedly + from the United States Bureau of Education, whose statistical + representation of education in this country, current and + retrospective, is one of the most valuable features of the + entire exposition. As this material, however, is placed in the + Government building, its consideration does not come within the + province of the regular juries. + + By means of the two media--photographs and statistics--a very + complete representation of a school system is possible with + great economy of space and special regard to essential + particulars. The extensive exhibits of pupils' work from our own + schools show remarkable similarity in methods and results + throughout the country; this similarity extends even to the + rural schools, which, in the case of some particular districts, + present work well up to the average of neighboring cities. There + are also signs that the rage for "newness" has subsided; the + work shows closer sequence and more systematic treatment of + subjects than that exhibited at Paris. Correlation, for + instance, is not so promiscuously applied, but limited to + subjects whose relations are obvious, as geography and history, + etc. + + The impulses toward nature as the inspiring motive in art + instruction and toward social activities as factors in school + training have been felt in other countries than our own. Germany + has replaced the conventional art instruction by a system based + upon the study of natural forms, growths, and coloring, and + Belgium presents a remarkable object lesson in the use of local + products and industries in a progressive scheme of practical + instruction. The skill with which Sweden has reduced domestic + art and sloyd[1] to pedagogic form was already well known in + this country, but it has excited new interest by its + presentation here in one of the most admirably systematized and + suggestive exhibits in the collection. + + [Footnote 1: a system of manual training in woodwork, having + originated in Sweden. (note added when transcribed to etext)] + + School architecture forms an impressive feature of many of the + exhibits. Germany has made a very full presentation under this + head by means of photographs, plans, and complete models. + Argentina has an unrivaled collection of photographs, showing + palatial school buildings of noble design and well-planned + interiors. In this connection may be mentioned a device of a + portable schoolhouse for use in congested city districts pending + the erection of permanent buildings. The models shown were from + St. Louis and Milwaukee. + + The great movements now in progress in our country, as indicated + by the exhibits, are, in the States at large, the improvements + of the rural schools, particularly by the consolidation of small + schools and the grading of the resulting central school, as + graphically shown by Indiana, and the creation of township or + county schools, as in Pennsylvania and Kansas. + + In cities the most important movements relate to the physical + development of the young and the use of the school machinery for + the benefit of persons beyond the limit of school age by means + of evening schools, or outside the appointed school hours by + means of vacation schools and recreation centers. The most + extensive work along these lines is going on in New York City, + and formed one of the most instructive features of the exhibit + of this great metropolis. + + A beginning of continuation schools for the people is seen also + in the county agricultural school included in the Wisconsin + exhibit. Schools of this type form a prominent feature of the + German exhibit and constitute for us at this time the most + important lesson of that comprehensive exposition. Apart from + the educational lessons, which possibly only appeal to + specialists, this exposition marks distinct steps in the + realization of the chief end of educational exhibits, namely, + the increase of popular interest in ideal purposes through their + effective symbolic representation. + + ANNA TOLMAN SMITH, + _Chairman of time Committee_. + + +GROUP 2, MISS ANNIE G. MACDOUGAL, CHICAGO, ILL., JUROR. + + Under the group heading "Secondary Education," the two classes + into which it was divided represented: High schools and + academies; manual training high schools; commercial high + schools. Training and certification of teachers. (Legislation, + organization, statistics. Buildings: Plans and models. + Supervision, management, methods of instruction, results + obtained.) + +Miss MacDougal's report is as follows: + + Study of the world's work, as displayed at the St. Louis + Exposition, revealed the truth that to-day there is no clear + line of demarcation between the work of men and of women. The + product of woman's brain or of her hand was there placed side by + side with the similar work of man, to be judged upon its merits, + not by a standard suggested by limitation and apology. Such a + cataloguing was the surest evidence of woman's industrial + progress. Her part in art, literature, music--the decorative + side of life--has long been granted; what she is capable of + doing in the practical business enterprises of modern society is + just beginning to be revealed. + + My opportunity for observing this phase of woman's work was + largely confined to the educational exhibits, where I had the + pleasure of serving as a juror, by appointment of the board of + lady managers. Owing to the character of the exhibits in the + Department of Education, it was impossible to differentiate the + work of the men and the women teachers, excepting where the + exhibits showed the work of separate institutions for the sexes. + A comparison of that kind would be profitable only from a + pedagogical point of view and is of minor consideration in our + American system of education. Woman's place in the schoolroom is + defended by tradition, expediency, and merit; and instead of + surrendering in the face of foreign criticism their positions as + instructors, women teachers are to-day broadening their field of + labor by serving as instructors in many higher institutions + where a generation since they were not even admitted as + students. To-day, in high schools, academies, and colleges, + women not only share in the work of instruction, but fill + offices of administration as well. + + Woman's success in a purely administrative or executive function + was what proved most interesting at St. Louis. Many of the State + exhibits of the public schools were in charge of women. In each + instance I found them well informed on questions of school + statistics and eager to be helpful to visitors. It seemed as + though these young women felt the distinction of serving in a + public capacity and had taken pains to prepare themselves for a + creditable performance. The most striking instance of + independent and original work was shown in the State exhibit + from Minnesota. This exhibit was under the sole charge of Miss + Susanne Sirwell, who planned it with the main purpose of + exploiting the complete system of manual training adopted in the + Minnesota schools. With this plan in view, Miss Sirwell + collected the specimens from various schools of the State, + supervised the erection of the booth, and installed the + displays. As a result, the Minnesota exhibit had a distinct + system and unity, was free from useless and cumbrous repetition, + its main idea was readily grasped, and it stood as a memorable + proof of one woman's artistic sense of proportion and adequacy. + It was original in conception; it had beauty of color, order, + and arrangement, and, as Miss Sirwell herself laughingly + boasted, it was one of the two or three exhibits in that huge + building which were ready and finished for public inspection on + the opening day of the fair. + + +GROUP 3, MISS MARY B. TEMPLE, KNOXVILLE, TENN., JUROR. + + Under the group heading "Higher education" the five classes into + which it was divided represented: Colleges and universities, + scientific, technical, and engineering schools and institutions; + professional schools; libraries; museums. (Legislation, + organization, statistics, buildings, plans and models, + curriculums, regulations, methods, administration, + investigation, etc.) + +Miss Temple reports as follows: + + The Educational Department at the World's Fair in St. Louis + presented greater progress in woman's work since the Columbian + Exposition of 1893 than was shown by any other great division at + the exposition. + + In regard to an approximate estimate of the proportional number + of exhibits by women in the five classes of group 3 (higher + education) of the Educational Department, I would say that only + in the cases of the several large female colleges which + installed exhibits at the fair were there special women's + exhibits distinct from those of men. In the United States + section valuable and important displays were made by Vassar, + Bryn Mawr, Woman's College of Baltimore, Smith, Wellesley, Mount + Holyoke, Pratt Institute (New York), Milwaukee-Downer College + (Milwaukee), and several lesser women's colleges, while in the + English section a wonderfully interesting showing of women's + activity in "higher education" was made by the Oxford + Association for the education of women, including Lady Margaret + Hall, Summerville College, St. Hugh Hall, St. Hilda's Hall; by + Girton College and Newham College, Cambridge University; by + Westfield College and the London School of Medicine for Women of + the London University; by Owen's College of the Victoria + University of Manchester; by University Hall of the University + of St. Andrew, and by Dublin Alexandra College. + + In the German section no special exhibit of a woman's department + was made by any university or college. According to the German + system women's education is carried on side by side with men's. + Women acquiring a leaving certificate from a classical gymnasium + can matriculate on an equal footing with male students in the + universities of Heidelberg, Frieburg, Erlangen, Würzburg, and + Munich. In the other universities, except Münster, by permission + of the rector, or under the statutes, women are permitted to + hear lectures. In all the German universities there are in + attendance many women, either as matriculants or as hearers, + ranging from 10 to 200 women at each university. + + In the universities of France, Belgium, and Japan a similar plan + of educating men and women together exists. But outside the + University of Paris, of Louvain and of Tokio, the number of + women attending the courses does not compare with the number in + attendance at the German, English, and American universities. + Among the lesser nations at the fair, as Italy, Brazil, + Argentina, Mexico, China, Canada, Sweden, Ceylon, and Cuba, the + exhibits so often appearing under the name of college work + scarcely represented work in higher education, except in the + line of art. + + The very fact that at St. Louis women's work was nowhere + separated from men's, but was shown side by side with it, was in + itself a radical advance in the last eleven years. While this + applied to every department of the exposition, it applied with + greatest impressiveness to the Department of Higher Education, + for this in the past had been set apart as man's special + province, though, of course, down through the ages there have + been brilliant exceptional cases of women becoming profound + students and learned teachers, as Hypatia, Maria Agnesi, and + others. + + In the five classes of group 3 (higher education) in the + Department of Education there was really less scope and a more + restricted field for women than in any other group of the + Educational Department. Of the five classes, to glance hastily + over them--i.e., class 7, colleges and universities; class 8, + scientific, technical, and engineering schools; class 9, + professional schools; class 10, libraries; class 11, + museums--only in class 7 and class 10 has woman gained for + herself any distinctly marked footing. In the other three + classes, the hold she has acquired, from the very nature of the + case, has been limited, but in every class of group 1 + (elementary education), of group 2 (secondary education), of + group 4 (special education in fine arts), of group 6 (special + education in commerce and industry), of group 7 (education of + defectives), of group 8 (special forms of education, text-books, + etc.), she is the controlling force, and is very strong. + + Inasmuch, however, as higher education has been considered less + naturally her field, the steady advance she is making in it is + the more noticeable and more striking, as shown at the World's + Fair of 1904. In replying to the question of an approximate + estimate of the proportionate number of exhibits by women in the + five classes of group 3, I may venture to say it was near 37 per + cent of the domestic and foreign exhibits, estimating the + percentage of work exhibited by men and women as probably + proportional to the respective number of each sex registered. + (See monographs on Education in United States. See monographs on + History and Origin of Public Education in Germany. List of + British Exhibits, Departments H and O.) + + In giving the nature of the exhibits by women in the department + of higher education we gladly state that they differed little + from the exhibits by men, as the requirements called for in the + circular of the department were identically the same for both. + It happened, however, possibly from being younger institutions + and having less to show in the way of literature, libraries, + histories, etc.; partly, also, from having a less liberal supply + of money; also partly from a smaller sense of ambition and + rivalry with other institutions, that the exhibits of Vassar, + Bryn Mawr, and the other women's colleges were smaller, less + costly, and less elaborate both in materials and in installation + than those of the men's colleges. The exhibits consisted largely + of photographs, diagrams of statistics, prospectuses, and + reports. In the case of the English women's colleges the showing + was quite on a par with those of the men's universities, as they + were in every case a part of the same. The American women's + colleges in addition showed charts, department work, special + work, histories, publications, and models of buildings and + grounds. + + In the lesser foreign countries exhibits of art and needlework, + though sometimes questionably under the head of higher + education, were thus entered by the so-called colleges. And + while these could not be measured by the same standard as the + English and American women's college work it was, however, + valuable and instructive as showing the emancipation and + progress of women in lands where until within a few years her + opportunities have been most restricted and as presenting the + liberal spirit toward her which now animates the civilized + world. Especially in Japan and Mexico the women's displays were + novel and interesting. + + I am glad to pay tribute to the department work of the Woman's + College, Baltimore, and to the advanced special work of Bryn + Mawr. + + As to what advancement was shown in the progress of women, I + would emphatically answer that advancement was unmistakably + apparent in every line of women's educational work--advancement + not alone along old lines, but along new as well. One of the + greatest steps forward made by woman in the last eleven years, + since the Columbian Exposition, has been the throwing open to + her of the doors of nearly all of the old established men's + colleges, giving her in every country, in every State, and in + nearly every large town almost the same free and easy access to + learning enjoyed by her brothers. Coeducation and coeducational + institutions have rendered it possible for every woman desirous + of self-improvement to find the highest advantages immediately + at hand, only waiting for her to help herself. + + Domestic science and household economics are new sciences + developed under the active interest of college women in the last + twenty-three years. Their real hold upon the public, however, + and their enlarged avenue for bettering the home, the food, the + health of the nation, and consequently its usefulness, + happiness, and prosperity has come within the last eleven years. + + In all lines of art, from the fine arts of painting and + sculpture to the practical and useful work of design in its + multifold forms, women's advance is almost phenomenal. In the + sciences of astronomy, medicine, physics, and psychology she has + been far from inactive during the last half decade. In teaching, + in all its branches from kindergarten and primary work through + all the grades of intrauniversity training to specialization in + various lines, she has achieved her most striking success. In + the future her usefulness will be more and more increased in + this her beloved profession. The number of women teachers is + rapidly increasing, while the number of men is decreasing, and + more and more women's college graduates are employed in the + various chairs of colleges and universities. + + While the educational exhibits at St. Louis gave, in a general + way, a complete presentation of women's part in the progress of + the world, there was far less shown of the work of foreign women + than was desired in order to make a really satisfactory and just + comparative estimate of the relative advance of the women of our + own country and those abroad. In fact, the exhibits of foreign + women were too limited to allow of any comparison between the + two. + + Women's work in art, in school organization and + management--exemplified in the control of the great women's + colleges--her achievements in teaching, in research (historical + and scientific), in medicine unmistakably show that she is able + to do and is doing unusual and far more capable work than she + has ever done previously. Her pronounced success in serious + literature, as well as in lighter literature, would alone + demonstrate this. + + The work of women at this exposition differed from that of the + past in having extended into many new lines, whereas in quality + it is greatly superior to anything they have ever before + accomplished. A few years ago the scientific and professional + woman was the exception, to-day she is the rule. Either working + alone or assisting some great man, woman is found everywhere. To + cite instances, I refer to the able assistance Mrs. Hedrick, a + Vassar alumna, gives to Professor Newcomb in his calculations on + the moon; to the brilliant aid rendered by the wealthy and + gifted young American girl of Leland Stanford and Johns Hopkins, + Dr. Annie G. Lyle, to the famous Dr. Theodore Escherich, of + Vienna University, in his important expert medical researches, + which have resulted in the famous scarlet-fever serum, the + discovery of Doctor Moser with the help of Doctor Lyle. As we + have said, women's work has not only grown in extent, but in + variety, in complexity, in greater thoroughness and ambition, + and especially in the greater appreciation it receives from the + world. + + Woman's splendidly accomplished successes as seen at the World's + Fair give impulse to her efforts in every line. Assured of + sympathy, encouragement is imparted to other women to take up + science, teaching, the professions. Formerly almost + insurmountable obstacles were encountered by women. To-day the + open door to triumph, according to her ability, along almost + every line is hers. In primary education, in all university + training, in economic arts, in all sanitary studies, in + philanthropic work, and in much of the practical part of + medicine the Louisiana Purchase Exposition showed women's + efforts in a varied light of helpfulness and suggestion for the + future. + + The juxtaposition of man's and woman's work was suggestive to + men, and at the same time will incite women to more and better + endeavors along new lines. It will enable her to acquire more + scientific ways and a better preparation for the business world. + It will teach her a saving of energy and greater self-reliance. + + The incalculable advantage of women's work for the first time + having a place side by side with men's can not be overestimated. + It enabled women to see at a glance their own weaknesses, and at + the same time presented to the view of others their strong + points in the most telling manner. The jury of higher education + did not ask on examining an exhibit whether it was men's or + women's work. Each exhibit was judged entirely on its individual + merit as presented. And if the universities and great men's + colleges (and in many cases these included women's work) + received a higher grade of award than did the great women's + colleges, it was because, in the opinion of the jury, the + equipment of the former and the larger showing in the way of + actual work and appliances entitled them to the award, rather + than that it was the respective work of either men or women. But + I may say, to show the absolutely unbiased mind of the jury, + that women's work in many lines came in for even greater + appreciation than did that of the men. + + By no means would the results have been better if their work had + been separately exhibited. A far greater importance was assumed + by women's work in the placing of it side by side with men's + work. Thus displayed, it received precisely equal attention and + a more liberal study undoubtedly than it would have done if + placed alone. + + At Chicago and various other expositions it was relegated to a + far less desirable position by itself. The very fact of its + isolation in a building designated the Women's Building set it + apart as a different and inferior effort and created a prejudice + against it. + + Women's work was far more varied at St. Louis and more + representative of different nations. The so-called strictly + feminine, viz, art and needlework, pottery, decoration, + libraries of books by women authors, attractive parlors, + displaying women's taste, which largely filled the charming + women's buildings at Chicago, at Atlanta, at the Tennessee + Centennial, at Omaha, and at Buffalo, were unquestionably showy + and striking displays. In St. Louis, on the contrary, women's + exhibits mingled with men's work in the serious and practical + enterprises of the day and appealed to the same audiences. Woman + appeared as she really is, the fellow-student, the + fellow-citizen, and partner of man in the affairs of life. + + Manufacturers were not asked to state the percentage of woman's + work which entered into the manufacture of their special + exhibit, nor did I have any way of forming any estimate on this + point; neither were they shown in any manner that would indicate + in any way or enable the investigator to distinguish what part + had been performed by women. + + Considering all kinds of work involved in the exhibits of the + Department of Education, whether installed by women alone or in + conjunction with men, the taste, completeness, ingenuity of the + same, the clerical work during the duration of the fair--in + other words, the whole connection of woman with carrying out the + administration of the Department of Education--it may be + considered that 50 per cent of the work was performed by women. + The German section was entirely under the supervision of men, as + were most, if not all, of the foreign exhibits. But women were + everywhere else omnipresent in charge of the Educational + Department. + + In the awards to higher education I would say that upward of 20 + per cent went to women exhibitors. (For percentages and other + suggestions I am indebted to Dr. J.J. Conway, St. Louis + University, also a member of jury of higher education.) + + We point with pride to the discovery of radium by Madame Currie, + of Paris, as both a new, useful, and distinctive work of woman. + Columns might be written on this invention alone. The work of + Madame Currie was certainly original. Miss Annie E. Sullivan's + new methods of teaching the deaf-blind, as in the case of Helen + Keller, gives her the honor not only of prominence as an + educator of defectives, but also of inventing a very new and + valuable method of instruction. The methods of teaching + defectives are the wonder of educators, and will probably be + effective of marvelous results in the near future. The highest + praise must also be bestowed upon the work of Mrs. Shaw and Miss + Fisher, of Boston, and of Mrs. Putnam and Mary McCullough, as + the promoters of kindergarten work. Kindergarten work is + self-eloquent. + + Credit is due woman for her conception of the idea of traveling + libraries, which have so effectively brought cheer and + recreation, and even reform, to many restricted lives. The + libraries of the Colonial Dames and everything along the line of + reading circles, literary clubs, etc., have had their inception + in the brains of women. Traveling libraries have been a boon to + many a small town. Though it is impossible to digress in woman's + work in the industries, the Newcomb Pottery, made at the Sophia + Newcomb College, Louisiana, should be mentioned, all of which is + done by women educated at that school of design. + + I commend the ample and reliable literature on all these + subjects, as a better source of information on the merits of + these inventions that can be shown in this brief report. But + most of women's work in the educational section, the school + work, art work, etc., was an improvement along already existing + lines. But along household and economic lines women, during the + last ten years, have done original thinking and much + investigation. And the studies in sanitary chemistry, the + attainments as a scholar and scientist of Mrs. Ellen C. + Richards, Vassar, 1870, stand out conspicuously, having won for + her the respect of the world. + + The question of the value of the product or process, as measured + by its usefulness or beneficent influence on mankind, is so vast + that a flood of answers sweep over one, embracing the whole + field of women's usefulness and the whole realm of education. + The usefulness of the discovery of radium has scarcely been + estimated as yet, nor has the beneficent influence of teaching + defectives, and of many of the household inventions been fully + enjoyed up to this time. The question involves much of the + scientific success of the future along both physical, mental, + moral, and educational lines, and, judging by the past, we feel + assured that many brilliant achievements will owe their origin + and accomplishment to women. + + There was naturally nothing lacking in the merits of the + installation of any exhibit presented by women, nor in the taste + manifested in the placing of the same. The women's college + booths were always effectively arranged and sometimes made up + for the lack of range of exhibit by unusual artistic grouping + and tasteful placing of the displays. + + Several times I have referred to the progress in art displayed + by woman at St. Louis. This was evidenced not only in the + magnificent specimens of her brush and chisel in the Fine Arts + Museum in both the home and foreign art schools, but in the + prolific efforts of her skill in outside exposition sculpture, + where woman's work, side by side with man's, was pointed to with + exultation as one of the greatest triumphs of the twentieth + century exposition. We all recall how many of the most notable + pieces of statuary crowning the various great palaces were the + work of divinely endowed women. Such was the superb "Victory," + surmounting Festival Hall, the conception of Mrs. Evylyn B. + Longman, while the spirit of "Missouri," which winged its flight + from the summit of the great Missouri Building, was executed by + Miss Carrie Wood, of St. Louis. To Miss Grace Lincoln Temple, + the beautiful decorations of the interior of the United States + Government Building were due. The two "Victory" statues on the + Grand Basin and the Daniel Boone statue were executed by Miss + Enid Yandell, by birth a Kentuckian, but now of New York. The + statues of James Monroe, James Madison, George Rogers Clark, on + Art Hill, were, respectively, done by Julia M. Bracken, Chicago; + Janet Scudder, Terre Haute, and Elsie Ward, Denver. The + reclining figures over the central door of the Liberal Arts + Building were by Edith B. Stephens, of New York, and the east + and north spandrels of the Machinery Building were done by Melva + Beatrice Wilson, New York. + + Glancing at the portrait painting of Cecelia Beaux, the work of + Mary MacMonnies, of Margaret Fuller, of Mrs. Kenyon Cox, and of + Kate Carr, of Tennessee; of Virginia Demont-Breton, of France: + of Lady Tadema and Henrietta Rae, of Great Britain, we feel, as + well as see, the exalted place woman's genius has given her in + the art world of to-day. While in science we point with + gratification not only to Madame Currie, but to the astronomical + work of Miss Whitney, of Vassar; of Miss Agnes Clerke, of + Cambridge, England, and of Dorothea Klumpke, born in San + Francisco, but connected with the Paris Observatory and one of + the foremost astronomers of France. In archaeological works Miss + Elizabeth Stokes, of Alexandra College, Dublin; in research + work, Miss Skeel, of Westfield College, London; and in + mathematics, Sophia Kowalevski, of Stockholm, and Charlotte + Angus Scott, born in England and professor at Bryn Mawr, stand + out preeminent--adding even greater luster to the woman's page + of science, on which in the past the names of Caroline Herschel, + Mary Summerville, and Maria Mitchell were written in illumined + letters. + + In medical works, especially in the United States, and more + particularly in the profession of surgery, women have scored for + themselves many glorious successes, though it is not possible + here to enter into an amplification of the subject. + + In conclusion, I would say that the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition markedly showed the setting aside by women of former + traditions and her expansion into a new life, where, though by + no means giving up the ornamental and social, she has yet + demonstrated her rights to be recognized in the broader and more + useful fields of discovery, investigation, and invention in art, + science, and industry. She is everywhere the rival of man, + everywhere entering with enthusiasm his chosen paths, excepting + perhaps in naval and military operations, and as nurse and + ministering doctor she is even there. + + As the World's Fair at St. Louis was a stupendous triumph of + modern times in manufactures, in economic and liberal arts, in + electricity, in history, in science, in architecture, in + agriculture and forestry, in landscape gardening, in machinery, + in archaeology, in education, in fine arts--in fact, along every + line of practical work as well as in the sciences and arts--so + woman's progress in every department was such as to gleam forth + from even the superb and marvelous splendor everywhere reflected + as worthy of her highest ambition and as suggestive of untold + and signal possibilities for the future. + + +GROUP 4, MRS. E.H. THAYER, OF DENVER, COLO., JUROR. + + Under the group heading "Special Education in Fine Arts," the + two classes into which it was divided represented: (Institutions + for teaching drawing, painting, and music. Art schools and + institutes. Schools and departments of music; conservatories of + music. Methods of instruction, results obtained. Legislation, + organization, general statistics.) + +Mrs. Thayer writes as follows: + + As a juror of this group I was associated with five jurors, all + men, holding positions as professors of schools of art, and they + agreed with me that the fine art work of the woman was equal to + the men students and in some schools of art it was far superior; + this was especially so in the study of the nude from the + academies of art in New York and Philadelphia. + + The only school of art in which we found the work of woman + inferior to men was in Austria, excepting in the making of lace + and embroidery; but the studies in figure painting was inferior + to the same work done by woman in American schools. Yet the art + students' work from Austria, as a whole, was so fine we gave + that country the grand prize. + + I was particularly pleased with the wall-paper designs made by + women students in a school of design in New York City. They were + most original and artistic. This school made a display of + several hundred designs, and we were told they were all sold for + large prices during the exposition to manufacturers of wall + paper. + + The New York Night School of Art showed some remarkably good + work by girls who were employed during the day. The professor in + charge told us that the girls were so eager for instruction in + art that they would be waiting for the doors to open and would + work longer hours and make greater progress than the men. + + +GROUP 7, MISS HOPE FAIRFAX LOUGHBOROUGH, OF LITTLE ROCK, ARK., JUROR. + + Under the group heading "Education of defectives," the three + classes into which it was divided represented: Institutions for + the blind, publications for the blind; institutions for the deaf + and dumb; institutions for the feeble-minded. (Management, + methods, courses of study; results. Special appliances for + instruction. Legislation, organization, statistics. Buildings; + plans and models.) + +Miss Loughborough presents the following report: + + The jury of group 7 in the Department of Education had under its + inspection the work of the blind, the deaf, and the + feeble-minded. In view of the fact that the exhibits were sent + by institutes and special schools, and were the result of the + cooperation of men and women teachers who selected the work of + both boys and girls to represent the school as a whole, it was + difficult to estimate with accuracy the proportional amount of + women's work. As nearly as it can be estimated, however, + two-fifths of the exhibits shown in the three classes of which + this group was composed were the work of women. With the + exception of a few special prizes the awards were given to + institutions and not to individuals, but about 21 per cent of + these were given for women's work. The work of the boys and + girls in the shops was generally shown distinctly, but were not + awarded separately, the whole idea being to show, not what the + boys or girls, the teachers or principals were doing + individually, but what results were being obtained in the + institutions from the best-known methods for special education, + both in class and industrial work, and particularly to show by + means of the model school--or living exhibit--some of the class + methods in operation. + + The living exhibits were the most striking in classes 19 and 20. + They consisted of entire classes which were brought, one at a + time, from different State institutions. Each class remained at + the fair some weeks, were provided with accommodations on the + grounds, and had its recitations every day in a temporary + schoolroom in the Educational Building. This class room was + always surrounded by a crowd of eager lookers on, who watched + with the utmost attention the methods of instruction--so little + known to the public in general--by which the deaf and blind make + such wonderful progress. The work of instruction in the living + exhibits, although almost entirely planned by men, was executed + by women. + + The awards for the living exhibits were given the institutions + from which the classes came, with one exception. This exception + was Lottie Sullivan, a deaf and blind girl from the Colorado + institution, who was awarded a gold medal for her aptitude and + the progress she had made. The jury thought at first that her + teacher, too, deserved special recognition for the results + obtained, but as it was found that the teacher in charge of + Lottie Sullivan at the fair had had her but a short time, and + that there was no one person responsible for her progress, it + was decided to make no award. + + Of the special schools, not State institutions, which exhibited, + those conducted by women showed work on a par with that done in + the schools conducted by men, and received as liberal rewards. + + Particularly creditable was the work done in the schools for the + feeble-minded. + + In group 7 the exhibits were divided into three classes, 19, 20, + and 21, the work respectively of the blind, the deaf, and the + feeble-minded. In class 19 women showed basket work, raffia + work, modeling in clay, hammock weaving, crocheting, embroidery, + printing by means of Braille writing machines, and class work; + in class 20, sewing, embroidery, crocheting, painting, drawing, + modeling, and class work, and in class 21, basket making, + sewing, embroidery, crocheting, and class work. + + There was but one foreign woman who made an exhibit. This was + Mademoiselle Mulot, a French woman, who had invented a writing + machine for blind children. She had brought a little blind + French boy with her, who was not installed as an exhibit, but + whom she brought before the jury to show the working of her + machine. This machine consisted of a small frame blocked off + into squares, in which the child was taught to write the letters + of the English alphabet. Mademoiselle Mulot's claim for award + was that with the machine generally in use it was necessary to + teach the child a language of dots and dashes which was not + legible by people in general. Although ingenious, Mademoiselle + Mulot's machine was not considered striking or new enough to + warrant an award. + + There was no display within the jurisdiction of group 7 which + would seem to indicate any great advancement in the work of + women since the Chicago Exposition, though the methods of + instruction--many of them through the painstaking application of + women--have undergone marked improvement. The work of women as + shown by the exhibits in the education of defectives at the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition, placed on equal terms of + comparison with that of men, was very creditable. There was + nothing particularly helpful or suggestive in the school work + being shown on equal terms of comparison with that of men, for + in this field women have always kept well abreast of men, and + their work has been appreciated equally with that of men. + + + +Department B, art, Prof. Halsey C. Ives, chief, comprised six groups and +eighteen classes, the board of lady managers being represented in four +of the groups. + + +GROUP 9. MISS MARY SOLARI, MEMPHIS, TENN., JUROR. + + Under the group heading "Paintings and Drawings," the two + classes into which it was divided represented. Paintings on + canvas, wood, metal, enamel, porcelain, faïence, and on various + preparations, by all direct methods, in oil, wax, tempera, and + other media; mural paintings; fresco painting on walls; drawings + and cartoons in water color, pastel, chalk, charcoal, pencil, + and other media, on any material; miniatures on ivory. + +Miss Solari reports as follows: + + WOMEN IN THE WORLD OF ART AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. + + The first feeling of a woman who looks back to the history of + art during the last ten years is one of pride, for she + recognizes that the exhibit made by women in the Fine Art + Department of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition is the best, + most complete, and important that has ever been made by women at + any previous exposition; that it is superior to that made at the + Chicago World's Fair in point of quality and character, and by + competent judges said to be better than that made in Paris in + 1900. + + As regards the St. Louis Exposition, that influence is + conspicuous which has brought about a development rather than + new foundations or new schools. In seeking subjects for the "new + thought" the "old masters" have not been lost sight of. "There + is nothing new under the sun," and as the musician draws from + the old masters his soul-inspiring theme, so the aspiring + painter studies the canvases of the past ages for his correct + guidance. And to the dispassionate observer these things prove + much with regard to the actual work being done by women artists, + and the new influences, if such they be, that have made + themselves felt during the last decade. Should we regard a work + of art as an independent entity, the result of what is called "a + separate creative act" on the part of the artist, with no + relation to its environment, we must perforce conclude prenatal + conditions in the painter which we are loath to admit. Hence we + have no reason to be ashamed of the old masters. Critics there + are who know how to judge of a picture, and critics who + constitutionally can not draw from a canvas a simple salient + good feature; they have not the knowledge of the difference + between bad and beautiful design and color, or the meaning of + harmony. + + If we may apply to art what Goethe said of poetry we find that + among its votaries there are two kinds of self-half-informed + people, "dilettanti," he calls them, "he who neglects the + indispensable mechanical part, and he thinks he has done enough + if he shows spirituality and feeling, and he who seeks to arrive + at poetry merely by mechanism in which he can acquire an + artisan's readiness, and is without soul and matter." + + This exposition has no doubt been the means of discouraging a + number of men and women from continuing in a profession for + which they are not qualified by the possession of any rare gift. + It is to be hoped, however, that the work accepted and shown at + the St. Louis Exposition will prove that a class of women + artists has been produced in the decade just past who have at + least learned the grammar of their chosen art work--the value of + simple lines and pure tones. + + The work of the women was placed side by side with that of the + men artists and where the pictures would show to the best + advantage and harmonize with the surrounding ones. + + In examining for awards the merit of the work was discussed and + considered regardless of the name the canvas bore; but that this + was the better plan for exhibiting women's work leaves room for + doubt, because as a whole women's work could not be viewed, + thereby leaving the exhibition incomprehensive to the average + visitor who could not grasp the importance of woman's + contribution to the world of art by the scattered pictures as + arranged in the various galleries of the Art Building. I do not + hesitate to say that women in general by their representation at + the Louisiana Purchase Exposition derived little or no benefit + by having their work placed side by side with that of men, + chiefly because it was reduced to insignificance by the small + proportion of works exhibited. Secondly, the visiting public was + not attracted by the fact that women had a picture here and + there hanging on some one of the walls in the Palace of Art. + + Had their work been collected in one gallery the display would + have been more comprehensive and better appreciated. But, + nevertheless, this exposition has emphasized the fact that woman + fills an important place in the field of art. She wields her + brush deftly, conscientiously, and her canvases fit well side by + side with those of her brother artists. + + Women at the exposition excelled most in figure paintings in + oils, and in this line of work have made greater progress since + the Chicago Exposition than in any other branch of the fine + arts. The execution is bold, free, and shows a greater + familiarity with the subject portrayed, though they have reached + a very high standard in watercolor landscapes and are notably + strong in miniature painting. The innate refinement and delicate + sense of detail and color which characterizes women are + prominent for the features for the production of the high finish + required in a miniature. Mural painting is beginning to attract + women, and with their love for beautiful homes they must soon + excel in this branch and bring decorative art to a fuller + perfection. + + One of the crowning glories of this exposition is that it has + brought to the few American artists living at home the + opportunity to study the salient characteristics of the schools + of the various countries exhibiting at the St. Louis Exposition. + + Twenty-four countries exhibited in the Fine Arts Department and + contributed to Groups IX and X 5,468 pictures from nearly 1,500 + professional artists, of which number not more than 300 were + women (289) and fully half this number were represented by their + work in the United States section. The number of awards bestowed + in the United States section was 41 to women exhibitors against + 239 to men. The total number given in the foreign sections, + collectively, was 17 to women against 398 to men. No work + executed prior to the Chicago Exposition was in competition for + award. + + + EXHIBITS BY WOMEN IN THE VARIOUS SECTIONS OF GROUPS IX AND X. + + United States: Oil paintings, 64; water colors, 41; mural + paintings, 6; miniatures, 42. Argentina: Oil painting (by Julia + Wernicke), 1. Belgium: Oil paintings, 21; water colors, 6. + Ceylon: Oil paintings, 2. Italy: Oil paintings, 9; water colors, + 2. Nicaragua: Oil painting (Miss Andrea Garcia), 1. Portugal: + Oil paintings, 4. Sweden: Oil paintings, 6. England: Oil + paintings, 16; water colors, 13; drawings, 10. Austria: Oil + paintings, 3. Canada: Oil paintings, 10; water colors, 2. + Holland: Oil paintings, 21. Japan: Oil paintings, 5. Peru: Oil + painting (Miss Amalia Franco), 1. Russia: Oil paintings, 15; + water colors, 15. France: Oil paintings, 19; water colors, 17. + The two last-named countries (France and England) did not + exhibit in any department for awards. + + List of honors conferred by the international jury of awards + upon women artists exhibiting in the Department of Fine Arts of + the Louisiana Purchase Exposition: + + United States section.--Group IX, gold medal: Cecelia Beaux, + Lucia Fairchild Fuller, Laura C. Hills, Theodora W. Thayer. + Silver medal: Adelaide Cole Chase, Louise Cox, Helen Emmet, + Lidia F. Emmet, Rosina E. Sherwood, Janet Wheeler, Mary S. + Green, Elizabeth Nourse, Violet Oakley, Sara C. Sears, Susan + Watkins. Bronze medal: Ellen Witherald Ahrens, Martha S. Baker, + Alice Beckington, Emma Lampert Cooper, Mary C. Dickson, Elinor + Earle, Adele Herter, Emma Kipling Hess, Margaret Kendall, Anna + E. Klumpke, Clara T. MacChesney, Rhoda Holmes Nicholls, Mabel + Packard, Pauline Palmer, Lilla Cabot Perry, Alice T. Searle, + Amanda Brewster Sewell, Mariana Sloan, Letta C. Smith, Mary Van + der Veer, A.B. Wing, Louise Wood. Group X, silver medal: + Charlotte Harding, Jessie Willcox Smith. Bronze medal: Maud + Alice Cowles, Elizabeth Shippen Green. + + Belgium.--Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: Louise + De Hem, Henriette Calias, Marie De Bievre, Juliette Witsman. + + Canada.--Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: + Florence Carlyle. Bronze medal: Laura Muntz. + + Germany.--Group IX, paintings and drawings, bronze medal: Anna + Maria Wirth. + + Holland.--Group IX, paintings and drawings, gold medal: Therese + Schwartze. + + Japan.--Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: Madam + Shoyen Uyemura. Bronze medal: Madam Giokushi Antomi. + + Portugal.--Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: + H.R.M. the Queen of Portugal. + + Russia.--Group IX, paintings and drawings, bronze medal; Miss + Eliza Backlund, Miss Emile Loudon. + + Sweden.--Group IX, paintings and drawings, bronze medal; Esther + Almquist, Fanny Brate, Anna Nordgren, Charlotte Wahtstrom. + + +Group 11, Mrs. Elizabeth St. John Matthews, New York City, Juror. + + Under the group heading "Sculpture," the four classes into which + it was divided represented: Sculpture and bas-reliefs of figures + and groups in marble, bronze, or other metal; terra cotta, + plaster, wood, ivory, or other material; models in plaster and + terra cotta; medals, engravings on gems, cameos, and intaglios; + carvings in stone, wood, ivory, or other materials. + +Mrs. Matthews reports as follows: + + The recent Louisiana Purchase Exposition furnished further + evidence of the importance of such gatherings of the world's + artisans, and has left with us an illuminating impression of the + effectiveness of the greater civilization which is the result of + unification of national interest in the development of the + useful and beautiful. This is probably the greatest good from + such expositions, and they serve to cement the workers of the + world in one grand mosaic of endeavor. + + The field of application is large, and the progressive people + are few. We are babes as yet in the ability to receive ideas, + and with comparatively little capacity for the expression of + them in tangible work, so that whatever tends to a common + interest that speaks for progress, let it be exultant cause for + practical thinkers to give their support to every such movement. + + The wide identification women have accomplished in the fields of + industrials and art during the past decade has made it necessary + that the sex be taken into serious consideration in expositions, + and that requisite encouragement and support be given women it + is necessary that they should have adequate representation on + committees and boards that are formed for administration. + Service on such boards by women is invariably conscientious and + efficient, and for this reason their services are valuable in + all departments in which the work of women is involved, and it + is certainly obvious that socially they are indispensable. + + As a member of the committee on awards in sculpture at the + recent exposition at St. Louis, I wish to say that in the + sculptural exhibit 60 out of 350 pieces, or 17-1/2 per cent, + were by women. Four of these pieces were by women of foreign + birth and residing in foreign countries. Of this number there + were a few portrait busts, and the remainder were ideal and + symbolic works. + + The first impression one received in viewing the work in this + department was that there was a number of women sculptors in + this country of more than ordinary ability, and this impression + grew the more you examined their work with that of men. It is + true that by far the greater number of pieces sent by women were + small, but even they showed a capacity for conception, + construction, technique, and individuality that will ere long + make them fully the equals of men in this important branch of + the arts. And there were large pieces there, too, that spoke of + a daring that will soon develop into a confidence that promises + well for future work, and this element was what the women + sculptors of the country lacked more than any other. + + The placing of their work alongside that of men will do much to + increase confidence in their own powers; and while it would not + be exact to say that the work of the two sexes was equal in + merit, the difference was not great. For this reason I think the + managers did an extremely wise thing in not segregating the work + of the two sexes, and to have placed them side by side, so that + the weak points could be discovered and remedied and the points + of excellence improved. All were delighted to see the + advancement women have made in sculptural art in the past few + years, and this advancement is attested by the fact that they + received 1 gold, 3 silver, and 16 bronze medals in this + department alone. + + The progress they have made in the past ten years has been most + gratifying, and they are certainly progressing more rapidly + along certain lines than men. The deficiencies and points of + weakness brought out by this exhibition will soon be overcome, + and as women have become convinced that natural endowment does + not fit men for greater work than women, they will evolve + grander themes than heretofore. And by firmness with which woman + in art is already treading this upward path, she is convincing + others that another road exists than that which their feet knew. + + It is positive that the encouragement given to man on account of + his physical prowess, by both men and women, has had a + psychological effect in helping him to evolve ideas and to carry + them out in tangible form. Women will be helped to a large + extent only by women; they must not wait for that help that has + been given man. They must do the work that comes to their + consciousness, or that which is given them to do, without + question or hesitation. There should not be any doubt or leaning + on any seeming staff. Women are the originators, the creators of + spiritual and material progress, and must not be fearful in + expressing themselves. The female mind is more refined, more + delicate, thus receiving truer perceptions than man's. The + sensitiveness of the woman nature is of much advantage in any + artistic endeavor. + + The fine arts, music, poetry, painting, and sculpture, have been + the educators of nations. Now that woman's thought is finding + greater expression, their mental and moral influence on both + sexes will be great; and as such expositions are world-wide + educators, the beneficent influence of women as coworkers and + practical idealists is above and beyond computation as a proper + exposition attraction. It was a great surprise to the millions + of people who saw the excellence of talent that was shown by the + women artists, and the fact that women did it elevated the + sentiment and appreciation of art. Indeed, without the work of + women officially organized, and as individuals, it could not + have reached, as it did, the height of success. + + +Group 12, Miss Rose Weld, Newport News, Va., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Architecture" the four classes into + which it was divided represented: Drawings, models, and + photographs of completed buildings. Designs and projects of + buildings. (Designs other than of architectural or constructive + engineering.) Drawings, models, and photographs of artistic + architectural details. Mosaics; leaded and Mosaic glass. + +It is unfortunate that in this department the extent in which women +share in the kind of work represented in this group was not +demonstrated. While there are not many women architects of buildings as +yet, it is believed that the number is rapidly increasing, and within +the past ten years it has been discovered that their aptitude for +designing and working in leaded glass is of the highest, their artistic +tendencies rendering them peculiarly adapted to this kind of work. + +Miss Weld reports as follows: + + In this department there were only two women exhibitors, both + Americans. The English and French exhibits were not open for + competition, but, so far as I could find out, there were no + exhibits by women from either of these countries. + + One of the American women exhibited as an architect some + attractive plans and interior views for a farmhouse. The other, + as a landscape architect, some photos of garden scenes. + + This last exhibit was the more striking of the two, as it showed + that in the last few years women had made inroad into another + profession hitherto left to the men. + + Miss Brown only finished her studies in landscape architecture + at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1903, where she + was one of the first three women to take the course, a course + only established within the last few years, so that there has + not been much time in which to show what women can do in the + profession. It is only a step from private gardens to public + parks and grounds. + + Until lately the laying out of the grounds has been left to the + landscape gardener, after the house and other buildings have + been completed by the architect. It is the idea of the landscape + architect, as I understand it, to consider both elements in the + original design, instead of leaving them to the different tastes + of the architect and landscape gardener in the hope of having a + more harmonious result. + + Though both the exhibits mentioned above were appreciated in + their classes, I can not help thinking that not enough attention + was paid to the way they were presented, especially in the case + of the garden scenes. Six little photos mounted in one frame did + not show to the advantage or make the impression that the + working drawings and one large photo of the result would have + made. + + As the work of men and women must stand side by side in the + world, the proper way is to exhibit it on terms of equal + comparison, as was done at St. Louis. If the work is better than + the men's, so much the more glory; if not so good, it ought to + arouse ambition. + + It was a great disappointment to see such a small exhibit by + women in this department, a department where such creditable + work has been done by women in this country, and if there had + been at all a just representation I am sure it would have been a + great surprise to some of the foreign visitors. I hope the other + departments were better represented. + + +Group 14, Mrs. Eugene Field, Buena Park, Ill., Juror. + + Under the group heading, "Original objects of art workmanship," + the eight classes into which it was divided represented: Art + work in glass (other than that which is included in group 12); + art work in earthenware, pottery, or porcelain; art work in + metal (other than that included in group 11); art work in + leather; art work in wood (other than that included in group + 11); art work in textiles; artistic bookbinding; art work not + covered by any other group. + +It is to be regretted that Mrs. Field felt unable to make any report on +this group, which so self-evidently must have contained much work done +at least in part by women. It is well known that they have, within the +past few years, entered the field of artistic bookbinding with the most +gratifying success; that they excel in art work in textiles, and are +proficient in art work in leather. + +Department C. liberal arts, Col. John A. Ocherson, chief, comprised 13 +groups and 116 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in +but three of the groups. + + +Group 16, Miss Frances B. Johnston, Washington, D.C., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Photography," the two classes into + which it was divided represented: (Equipment, processes, and + products); materials, instruments, and apparatus of photography; + equipment of photographic studios; negative and positive + photography on glass, paper, wood, cloth, films, enamel, etc.; + photogravure in intaglio and in relief; photocollography; + stereoscopic prints; enlarged and micrographic photographs; + color photography; direct, indirect, and photocolor printing; + scientific and other applications of photography; artistic + photography as applied to portraiture, landscapes, etc. + +Miss Johnson says: + + There were comparatively few women exhibitors whose work was + passed upon by our group jury, but notwithstanding this fact, + the work of the women ranked very high, and was fully recognized + in the awards. In this regard I do not venture to base any + report to you on my memory alone, and I have, so far, been + unsuccessful in getting any official list of the awards made. + + +Group 17, Mrs. Horace S. Smith, Chicago, Ill., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Books and publications--Bookbinding," + the seven classes into which it was divided represented + equipment and products: Newspapers, reviews, and other + periodicals; collections of books, forming special libraries; + new books and new editions of old books; drawings, atlases, + albums; musical publications; equipment, processes, and products + of making stitched books and of bookbinding; specimens of + bindings, stamping, embossing, gilding, etc. + +No report. + +That the work of women entered into the nature of the exhibit is shown +by the fact that the Exposition Company granted the board representation +upon it, and one has but to step into any large bindery to see scores of +women busily engaged in the various departments, from folding the +printed sheets to laying on the gold leaf. On newspapers the range of +their work is from typesetting to editor in chief, and no library seems +to exist at the present time without one or more women on its working +staff. + + Under the group heading "Maps and apparatus for geography, + cosmography, topography," the four classes into which it was + divided represented: Maps, charts, and atlases; geographical, + geological, hydrographical, astronomical, etc.; physical maps of + all kinds, topographical maps, flat or in relief; terrestrial + and celestial globes, statistical works and tables; tables and + nautical almanacs for the use of astronomers, surveyors, and + seamen. + +Mrs. Woolwine writes: + + Having served as juror in group 18 of the Department of Liberal + Arts at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, it gives me great + pleasure to make for you the best report I can on woman's work, + my knowledge of most of which has been obtained from outside + sources, as by neither registration nor cataloguing was there + any differentiation between the work of man and woman. + + There were two very large relief maps of New Orleans and the + levee system of the Mississippi River, which were the work of + Miss Jennie Wilde, of New Orleans, and, while they rank low in + the final prize award, attracted a great deal of attention and + admiration. Comparatively speaking, I think this work much more + ambitious than that heretofore undertaken by a woman along this + line, and should prove a stimulus to woman in a new field. I + could not see that results would have been better if their work + had been separately exhibited. + + So far as I know, manufacturers were not then asked to state the + percentage of woman's work which entered into their special + exhibits; nor were they, as a rule, shown in such manner as to + indicate in any way which part was performed by woman and which + by man. The grand prize work, I am informed by the Rand, McNally + Company, was nearly half performed by women; certainly 45 per + cent of it. In this the skill and ingenuity displayed and the + originality was not separable from that of her colaborers. + + Group 18, which consisted of geographical work in general, was + hardly a fair test of woman's skill, surveying and engineering + having been considered out of her line. Therefore I consider the + one exhibit by woman a step forward along a new line, a + willingness to compass great things, an evidence of woman's + ambition and desire to succeed, but with her past education and + opportunities inadequate for equal competition. + + If I may suggest, it will be greatly to our interest that women + should have their work so catalogued that they may have credit + for what labor they perform. No doubt much work is done in map + making by women, but no mention of it is catalogued or credit + for its excellence asked by them. + + It seems to me that a committee to investigate these questions + at the beginning of each great exposition, or at the time of the + placing of the exhibits, would be of very great statistical + value in determining the amount of labor and the degree of skill + exercised by woman in these departments. + +The art of embroidery has been supposed always to be one peculiarly +belonging to women, but that the men at least occasionally invade the +field of her occupations is shown by the fact that the large Japanese +and Chinese maps exhibited in the Transportation Building were both done +by men, and showed exquisite workmanship, particularly the embroidered +one. + +The letter Miss Wilde herself has written in regard to the work on her +relief map of the levee system may be of interest, as this certainly +represents a new field of labor for women. It counted one more gold +medal in the awards. + + All of the work on my relief maps was done by "woman," my sister + assisting me greatly. On account of the limited time I had to + finish the maps in, I was unable to finish them entirely myself, + so had to employ assistants, but in each case it was the hand of + woman. I received a gold medal for my work, or rather my work + received a gold medal, it being an order from the State of + Louisiana, and forming a part of their exhibit the medal had to + become the property of the State. + + Surveying and engineering I have never studied, except in the + making of these maps, when every assistance in regard to data, + etc., was given to me by the most noted State and city + engineers, they coming from time to time to supervise the work, + and laughingly saying, when I had completed the same, that they + would have to give me a diploma for proficiency in the + profession. Of course I had to read up and learn a great deal in + regard to surveying and engineering in making the maps, as + everything is done correctly to a scale. + + + +Department D, manufactures, Mr. Milan H. Hulbert, chief, comprised 24 +groups and 231 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in +but 7 groups. + +This would seem to be one of the departments where women should have +been accorded fuller recognition. Space does not permit an examination +of the number of groups into which their work largely enters, but in the +group of "clock and watch making," for instance, it would seem scarcely +just not to grant them their full measure of praise for work well done. +In one factory alone in Massachusetts, where more than 3,000 persons are +employed, hundreds of them are women and girls, employed not only in +assembling the parts, but attending various machines. Under the group +"Toys," also "Dolls, playthings," it is self-evident women must have +much to do with their manufacture and preparation for the market, and +their inventions of toys and playthings for children would seem to +preeminently entitle them to the place in this group which was denied +them. + + +Group 37, Mrs. R.A. Edgerton, Milwaukee, Wis., Juror. + + Under the heading "Decoration and fixed furniture of buildings + and dwellings," the nine classes into which it was divided + represented: Permanent decoration of public buildings and of + dwellings. Plans, drawings, and models of permanent decoration. + Carpentry; models of framework, roof work, vaults, domes, wooden + partitions, etc. Ornamental joiner work; doors, windows, panels, + inlaid floors, organ cases, choir stalls, etc. Permanent + decorations in marble, stone, plaster, papier-maché, carton + pierre, etc. Ornamental carvings and pyrographics. Ironwork and + locksmiths' work applied to decoration; grill work and doors in + cast or wrought iron; doors and balustrades in bronze, roof + decoration in lead, copper, zinc, dormers, spires, finials, + vanes; crest and ridge work. Decorative paintings on stone, + wood, metal, canvas, or other surfaces. Signs of all varieties. + Mosaic decorations in stone or marble for flooring; enameled + mosaic for walls and vaulted surfaces. Various applications of + ceramics to the permanent decoration of public buildings and + dwellings. + +As much time was consumed in endeavoring to communicate with the +principal of this group, Mrs. Edgerton as alternate did not arrive in +St. Louis until the work of the jury was far advanced, and therefore +could make no report. + + +Group 45, Mrs. Isaac Boyd, Atlanta, Ga., Juror. + + + Under the group heading "Ceramics," the 13 classes into which it + was divided represented: (Raw materials, equipment, processes, + and products.) Raw materials, particularly chemical products + used in ceramic industrials. Equipment and methods used in the + manufacture of earthenware; machines for turning, pressing, and + molding earthenware; machines for making brick, roofing tile, + drain tile, and pottery for building purposes; furnaces, kilns, + muffles, and baking apparatus; appliances for preparing and + grinding enamels. Various porcelains. Biscuit of porcelain and + of earthenware. Earthenware of white or colored body, with + transparent or tin glazes. Faience. Earthenware and terra cotta + for agricultural purposes; paving tiles, enameled lava. + Stoneware, plain and decorated. Tiles, plain, encaustic, and + decorated; mosaics, bricks, paving bricks, pipes. Fireproof + materials. Statuettes, groups and ornaments in terra cotta. + Enamels applied to ceramics. Mosaics of clay or of enamel. Mural + designs; borders for fireplaces and mantels. + +No report. + + +Group 53 (later combined with Group 61), Mrs. F.K. Bowes, Chicago, Ill., +Juror. + + Under the group heading of "Equipment and processes used in + sewing and making wearing apparel," the nine classes into which + it was divided represented: Common implements used in + needlework. Machines for cutting clothes, skins, and leathers. + Machines for sewing, stitching, hemming, embroidering, etc. + Machines for making buttonholes; for sewing gloves, leather, + boots and shoes, etc.; plaiting straw for hats. Tailors' geese + and flatirons. Busts and figures for trying on garments. + Machines for preparing separate parts of boots and shoes + (stamping, molding, etc.). Machines for lasting, pegging, + screwing, nailing. Machines for making hats of straw, felt, etc. + +Mrs. Bowes writes as follows: + + AMALGAMATION OF GROUPS 53 AND 61. + + Chairman, Daniel C. Nugent, St. Louis; honorary vice-president, + Jean Mouilbeau, Paris, France; first vice-president, John + Sheville Capper, Chicago; second vice-president, J.E. Wilson, + Elmwood, Ill.; secretaries, Charles W. Farmer, New York City, + and Ella E. Lane Bowes, Chicago (elected by the jury to fill the + place of Secretary Charles Farmer, owing to his being called to + New York City). Group 53: Chairman, J.E. Wilson, Elmwood, Ill.; + vice-chairman, Charles E. Moore, Brockton, Mass.; secretary, + Ella E. Lane Bowes, Chicago, Ill.; Mary G. Harrow, Ottumwa, + Iowa; Mathilda Ripberger, Dresden, Germany. Group 61: Chairman, + John Sheville Capper, Chicago, Ill.; secretary, M. Blum, Paris, + France; M. Mouilbeau, Paris, France; Eugene Leonard, Paris, + France; Fred L. Rossback, Chicago, Ill.; W.E. McClelland, New + York City; M. Magai, Japan; Nellie Saxton, Brazil; Celia Nelson, + Philadelphia, Pa.; Ella E. Lane Bowes, Chicago, Ill. + + _Group 53_.--Group 53 was composed of two men and two women + jurors, viz, the chairman and vice-chairman, men; the secretary, + the writer, an American, and a German woman. + + Group 53 was composed of equipments, processes, etc. Class 326, + common implements used in needlework. Class 327, machines for + cutting clothes, skirts, and leathers. Class 328, machines for + sewing, stitching, hemming, embroidering. Class 329, machines + for making buttonholes; for sewing gloves, leather, boots and + shoes, etc.; plaiting straw for hats. Class 330, tailors' geese + and flatirons. Class 331, busts and figures for trying on + garments. Class 332, machines for preparing separate parts of + boots and shoes (stamping, molding, etc). Class 333, machines + for lasting, pegging, screwing, nailing. Class 334, machines for + making hats of straw, felt, etc. + + In this group of nine classes there was no distinctive exhibits + by women, but the outcome of their skillful labor on the + wonderful machines was purely their own and well displayed. + + The most practical exhibit of woman's work was the finished + product of sewing machines in the United States and Great + Britain sections. + + The Singer sewing machine exhibit furnished the best display in + the group. The work was very fine in detail, done by skilled + artisans. + + Among the work in the homely arts were shoes, corsets, + underwear, and skillful darning. The manufacture of these useful + articles proved interesting. + + In the beauty arts was displayed embroideries and fancy + monograms, a skilled workman demonstrating a machine that would + produce twelve monograms at one time in elaborate embroidery; in + fact, the machines seemed as human as the workers themselves; + although they were not talkers, they were "Singers." + + Among the notable exhibits in this group was the attractive + display of paper patterns. The Butterick Pattern Company + exhibited on life-size wax figures the evolution of dress during + the past one hundred years, true to the fashions of each decade + in style, color of dress, and bonnet. + + The McCall Company's exhibit consisted of life-size wax figures + attired in paper patterns, up to date in all the idiosyncracies + demanded by fashion, an educational feature in this line of + work. + + As a work of art the large and handsome display of paper + costumes has never been equaled. No such display of costumes, + representing lace, velvet, linen, silk, cloth, etc., all made in + paper, has ever been seen anywhere in the world prior to this + exhibit; and this work of art was the handicraft of women. + + In the Homer Young Company's sewing machine the demand and + supply for women's comfort was again called out in the combined + dressing table and sewing machine, a good invention for flats, + the fad of the day, that was designed for convenience. + + The electric flatirons were certainly an advance in the right + direction. + + A great time saver was the "Universal button fastener," + "guaranteed not to come off." + + In some departments of manufacture exhibits the percentage of + woman's labor was said to be 10 per cent; the wax-figure + department, 75 per cent; in operating sewing machines for the + manufacture of wearing apparel, etc., the percentage is about + 90. Operation of sewing machines and kindred industries have + reached about as high a state of perfection as possible. The + same holds good in regard to the Singer sewing machines of Great + Britain. Their output is larger for machines for the manufacture + of embroideries, lace, saddlery, leather, top-boots, sewings, + and upholstery. A specialty of machine work was their fine + hemstitching. Perhaps the attractiveness of the Singer sewing + machine exhibits was owing largely to the fact that they were + shown in motion. + + Germany's sewing-machine product showed great skill in + workmanship. Lintz & Eckardt, Berlin, displayed the output of + eight styles of embroidery machines, ribbon plaiting, and a + three-needle machine with band apparatus, which turned out + wonderful work of bead and silk embroideries on silk and other + fabrics. + + The many dress cutting and ladies' tailoring systems, again the + inventions of man, are perhaps among the most useful in women's + work to-day in teaching dress cutting from a perfect system, and + greatly assisting in the work of drafting garments from actual + measurements. They are time savers, and are so constructed as to + follow the changes in fashion, and women can, by their use, + become expert workmen and display artistic skill. A great + advancement has been made along this line of work during the + past ten years, or since the last exposition; not only from a + practical standpoint, but as an educational feature, especially + in rural districts, for through their schools, conducted through + correspondence, they have enabled women throughout the country + to learn dressmaking and to keep in close touch with the styles + of the world. The McDowell system, for manufacturing purposes, + is superior, and under a skilled workman is most correct. The + Edward Curran drafting machines are useful for the novice--good + on account of their simplicity, being more portable on account + of folding into a small compass. The same can be said of the + Valentine system. + + In this group there was no installation by foreign women. + + In group 53 there was nothing unusual displayed that would lead + one to think that women were more capable of executing more + advanced work than they accomplished eleven years ago. + + In the Louisiana Purchase Exposition woman's work was installed + in such a manner and not being specified, one could not tell + where their work began and where it left off. As to the + appreciation of woman's work, it was taken as a whole and was + judged as a work of mankind. Women's work and men's work of + to-day would be hard to separate. Perhaps if women's work could + be brought out more prominently it would be better for them. No + work was displayed in such a manner as to enable one to + distinguish between the two. In the manufacture of personal + effects, the larger proportion was women's work. No woman + received an award in group 53 to my knowledge. + + As has been said before, the operation of machines is especially + women's work. Women were not the inventors, but they displayed + ingenuity and skill in the operation--application. Although they + are not the original inventors, it is a well-known fact that + many improvements are women's suggestions. Their working at the + machines and the ingenuity and taste displayed in the choice of + work was of marked value as an exposition attraction. + + _Group 61. Various industries connected with clothing (processes + and products)_.--Class 383, hats; hats of felt, wool, straw, + silk; caps, trimmings for hats. Class 384, artificial flowers + for dressing the hair, for dress and for all other uses. + Feathers, millinery, hair: coiffures, wigs, switches. Class 385, + shirts and underclothing for men, women, and children. Class + 386, hosiery of cotton, wool, silk, and floss silk, etc.; + knitted hosiery, cravats, and neckties. Class 387, corsets and + corset fittings. Class 388, elastic goods, suspenders, garters, + belts. Class 389, canes, whips, riding whips, sunshades, + parasols, umbrellas. Class 390, buttons; buttons of china, + metal, cloth, silk, mother-of-pearl or other shell, ivory, nut, + horn, bone, papier-maché, etc. Class 391, buckles, eyelets, + hooks and eyes, pins, needles, etc. Class 392, fans and hand + screens. + + Owing to Mr. Farmer being called to his home, Mrs. Ella E. Lane + Bowes, secretary of group 53, served as secretary of group 61 + also. Group 61 was composed of 11 individuals, 7 men and 4 + women, with an American for chairman and a Frenchman for + secretary, and two vice-chairmen. + + Group 61 contained 30 classes. Within this group there was no + especial exhibit by women, although their work stood out in + prominence. + + The most striking display was the corset display of Birdsey & + Sumers, of New York. The corsets were shown on wax half-size + figures, the color scheme being carried out in detail to match + the corset. The most prominent figure was one done in white + satin and real lace with jewel clasps, etc. This display, from + its artistic arrangement and elegant materials was in conformity + with the French exhibits. With the exception of the jewels, it + was purely of American production; and the arrangement and + display of the exhibit was due to an American woman, an employee + of the manufacturer. + + Another notable display was that of Kops Brothers, of New York. + They exhibited the "Nemo" corset and the "Smart Set," in an + artistic manner. The arrangement of this display was also due to + a woman. + + Strouse-Adler & Co., New York City, showed a practical exhibit + of what was termed by the exposition officials a "live exhibit," + manufacturing garments from start to finish, and was an + attractive display. These demonstrations were by women. + + In the exhibit of the American Hosiery Company, New Britain, + Conn., the goods were up to the high standard of the "Grand + Prix." + + The Lewis Knitting Company, Janesville, Wis., made an attractive + display, and the writer was told at this exhibit that the + garments were brought to a high state of perfection through the + ingenuity of Mrs. Lewis. + + The Wayne Knitting Mills, Fort Wayne, Ind., made a very + beautiful display of fine knit goods, the work of women. + + The Kleinert Rubber Company, New York City, made an artistic + display of fancy things and were assisted in the arrangement of + same by a woman. This exhibit should have special mention for + having had everything in place and on time before opening day, + which could not be said of many others. I was told that here + also many of the improvements were the suggestions of women. + + Many of the finest exhibits in this group were ladies' lingerie. + There were many creditable exhibits of women's underwear, the + work of their hands, and marvelous creations in bead embroidery, + lace, and artificial flowers. + + A most brilliant display was made by the Rosenthal-Sloan + Millinery Company, consisting of artificial flowers manufactured + by women. This artistic display was said to have been suggested + and carried out in detail by a woman. A unique feature of this + display was a map of the United States, each State being formed + with its adopted flower, the States being outlined in golden + rod, the proposed national flower. + + The writer understood that in some of the underwear and hosiery + mills women were superintendents of departments and employed in + great numbers in other work, the proportion of women to men + being between 80 and 90 per cent. + + The J.B. Stetson Company, of Philadelphia, Pa., made a good + practical display of hats, and in their line the finished + product was equal to any in the world, and showed great progress + since the Columbian Exposition, when the writer had the pleasure + of judging their exhibit. The average of woman's work is about + equal. + + In this group the advancement in special industries has been in + the processes of women's work in the knit goods and corsets, + which show greatest improvement. The creditable work shown in + the arrangement and display of exhibits by suggestions and + carrying out of detail by women leads one to think that women + are more remarkable along these lines of work and have + accomplished much in the last eleven years, since the time of + the Chicago Exposition, or at any time in the past. + + Their work was more individualized in former expositions, while + in the latter it was impossible to draw comparisons in the + advancement or success of women's work, the work not being + placed in such a way as to enable one to judge whether it was + solely that of women or men. All work was exhibited as the work + of mankind in general, and could not be classified under the + head of either women's or men's work. + + Where manufacturers were questioned relative to the percentage + of women working in their establishments, they gladly answered + the questions. + + No woman received an award in this group. + + Among the useful and distinctive inventions shown were the + garter supporters, well known to be the invention of a woman. + + The underwear in general, corsets, and accessories are more + useful and more healthful from a physical standpoint, especially + the corsets of to-day. This is an advancement. + + There was more ingenuity displayed in the installation and taste + in artistic arrangement of the exhibits, making them of greater + value as exposition attractions; whereas in former expositions + Philadelphia was experimental, the World's Columbian Exposition + educational, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition exploitive. + + There is no reason why women should not have a large + representation, if not equal with men, in all expositions. While + they may not be the real inventors of the machines, devices, + etc., they many times are the suggestors. Being the spenders and + buyers for the home and family makes them more competent as + judges of merchandise of all kinds and quicker to note + improvements. + + In the work of the world, especially in anything pertaining to + the home, educational matters, arts, and professions, women hold + such a prominent place to-day, almost exclusively doing the work + in the manufacture of articles and habiliments for creature + comforts, that it is impossible to ignore them. + + _Summary of groups 53 and 61 (jury composed of 19 persons)_.--In + previous world's fairs they were called judges, but at this one + they were "jurors." + + It would be well to dwell upon the vastness of the work + accomplished by the petit jury within a brief period of time, + for they were in constant work for twenty days, from morning + till night, visiting the many exhibits. Upon examination, the + value of the commodity or product was decided and the usefulness + of the same and comparisons made with similar exhibits, + consultation in jury meetings, where the many good points of the + exhibits were presented and discussed, and a final decision was + reached by vote of the jury as a whole. + + The various machines were for the manufacture of women's + habiliments, with the much-needed garment-drafting machine, + which, if not invented by women, was at their suggestion and + creation of the demand for supplies. + + The up-to-date paper patterns, wax figures, papier-maché forms, + milliners' findings, and sewing machines made the grand whole. + The finished products were the marvelous creations of her hands, + for, as truly said, man did invent these machines, but women + work and bring forth the grand finale, therefore one is not + complete without the other. In all things it takes the good work + of men and women to complete the whole. And this applies to jury + work as well. + + From the writer's experience in expositions up to date she would + approve the combination of the John Boyd Thatcher individual + judge and diploma systems, together with the bronze, silver, + gold, and "grand prix," which would be preferable from an + educational standpoint and also to show to the world what the + medal was given for. Also, the group or petit jury doing the + work should combine with a larger jury, and perhaps a court of + appeal, it being impossible for anyone in a higher court to know + the why and the wherefore of the workers of the petit jury; and + as far as the writer could learn it was the concensus of opinion + of both exhibitors and jurors, as heretofore stated, that the + opportunity to hold to the last was more preferable. + + As an observer of the workings of world's fairs from the + Centennial at Philadelphia, and also being closely allied with + other great fairs, having visited same since that time and being + a judge heretofore, will repeat the general remark of exhibitors + and judges of former expositions. The consensus of opinion was + that "no world's fair was complete without a jury composed of + men and women, a just representation," working in unison and + perfect accord with only one end in view--justice to all. + + +Group 61 (combined with 53, as above), Mrs. A.G. Harrow, Ottumwa, Iowa, +Juror. + + Under the group heading, "Various industries connected with + clothing," the ten classes into which it was divided represented + (processes and products): Hats; hats of felt, wool, straw, silk; + caps, trimmings for hats. Artificial flowers for dressing the + hair, for dress, and for all other uses. Feathers. Millinery. + Hair; coiffures, wigs, switches. Shirts and underclothing for + men, women, and children. Hosiery of cotton, wool, silk, and + floss silk, etc.; knitted hosiery; cravats and neckties. Corsets + and corset fittings. Elastic goods, suspenders, garters, belts. + Canes, whips, riding whips, sunshades, parasols, umbrellas. + Buttons, buttons of china, metal, cloth, silk, mother-of-pearl, + or other shell, ivory, nut, horn, bone, papier-maché, etc. + Buckles, eyelets, hooks and eyes, pins, needles, etc. Fans and + hand screens. + +Mrs. Harrow reports as follows: + + The work of group 53, of which I was a member, did not take us + very extensively among the women exhibitors of the exposition, + but in every instance where their work came under our + observation or inspection they demonstrated their marked ability + in the manner and taste shown in their display, and in some + instances, where their competitors were men, they proved the + fact that if their work was not superior, it was at least equal + to that of the men. + + In my opinion it is better for women's work to come in + competition with that of men and not be separated. + + All women in general, I feel sure, must have been greatly + benefited by having a fair representation at the exposition, as + it could not but help placing a higher standard upon all women's + work, and that work in particular in which she excelled. + + And as woman's work receives benefit, and also success by being + placed on equal terms of comparison with that of men, so + likewise may man's work receive helpful suggestions and real + advancement by being brought into competition with the work of + women. + + +Group 58 (later combined with Group 59), Mrs. E.D. Wood, Indianapolis, +Ind., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Laces, embroidery, and trimmings," the + seven classes into which it was divided represented: Lace made + by hand, laces, blond or guipure, wrought on pillow or with the + needle or crochet, made of flax, cotton, silk, wool, gold, + silver, or other threads. Laces made by machinery; tulles, plain + or embroidered; imitation lace, blond and guipure, in thread of + every kind. Embroidery made by hand; embroidery by needle or + crochet, with thread of every kind, on all kinds of grounds + (fabric, net, tulle, skin, etc.), including needlework upon + canvas, as well as embroidery appliqué or ornamented with gems, + pearls, jet, spangles of metal or other material, feathers, + shells, etc. Embroidery made by machinery, with the foundation + preserved, or with the foundation cut or burned away. Trimmings; + galloons, lace or braids, fringes, tassels, all kinds of + appliqué and ornamental work, handmade or woven, for millinery + or garments, ecclesiastical vestments, civil or military + uniforms; for furniture, saddlery, carriages, etc.; threads and + plates of metal, gold or silver, real or imitation, spangles, + chenilles, and all other articles used for trimmings. Church + embroidery; church ornaments and linen; altar cloths, banners, + and other objects for religious ceremonies in fabrics ornamented + with lace, embroideries and trimmings. Curtains, with lace, + guipure, or embroidery, upon tulle or fabrics; blinds, screens, + portieres, lambrequins, and other draperies, ornamented with + lace, embroidery, and trimmings. + +Mrs. Wood writes: + + Our jury was a large one--about thirty members. They came from + France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, China, Japan, Great Britain, + Mexico, Porto Rico; the other members were Americans, and + represented the different States. The work we were to do was + what was known as "groups 58 and 59," and covered so much ground + we found that in order to finish in the required time we would + have to divide our jury, so that some were detailed to examine + embroidery, others costumes, trimming, laces, etc. I was on the + lace committee. Laces made by hand, wrought on pillows, by + needle or crochet, silk, wool, gold, silver, or thread, + machine-made laces, imitation, embroidered tulles, and lace + curtains. It would be impossible to describe the beauties of the + lovely laces, the time, patience, and labor given to them. We + examined the exhibits in the Manufacturers' Building, Varied + Industries, all foreign buildings. The work done by women in the + Philippines, Porto Rico, Mexican and Alaskan exhibits was as + fine in texture and as beautiful as imported laces. The work in + every instance was as handsome as that shown at the Chicago + World's Fair, but perhaps not on so large a scale. + + I was a member of a committee of four appointed to adjust the + losses on the handsome imported costumes and wraps in the French + section that were damaged during a wind and rain storm that + swept over the exposition grounds during the summer and damaged + the building and the immense glass cases containing these + valuable goods, the loss of which amounted to hundreds of + dollars to the Exposition Company. + + +Group 59 (combined with Group 58 above), Mrs. William S. Major, +Shelbyville, Ind., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Industries producing wearing apparel + for men, women, and children," the four classes into which it + was divided represented: Clothing to measure for men and boys; + ordinary costumes, suits for hunting and riding, leather + breeches and similar articles; suits for gymnastic uses and + games, military and civil uniforms, campaign clothing of special + types, robes and costumes for magistrates, members of the bar, + professors, ecclesiastics, etc., liveries, various costumes for + children. Clothing, ready-made, for men and boys. Clothing to + measure for women and girls; dresses, vests, jackets, cloaks + (made by ladies' tailors, dressmakers, or cloak makers), riding + habits, sporting suits. Clothing, ready-made, for women and + girls. Patterns. + +Mrs. Major reports as follows: + + In group 58, Department of Manufactures, the proportional number + of exhibits by women contained in these classes was small--I + would think about 10 per cent. Groups 58 and 59 exhibited laces, + embroideries, trimmings, decorations for gowns, costumes, and + wraps, drawn work and Tenneriffe. Art needlework was the most + striking exhibit by women in that department. Women showed great + advancement in each industry, without question. Very few + exhibits were installed by foreign women; the foreign costumes + were largely from the man tailor. The needlework in the Visayan + Village of the Philippine exhibit was of a very high order, but + no provision was made to grant awards upon this--the Philippine + exhibit--and Miss Anna Woolf, of St. Louis, and I called the + attention of the authorities to the deserving character of the + exhibit and made a plea for awards to be made by the higher + jurors, and they promised to do so. I do not know whether it was + done or not, however, but there was no woman's work in the whole + Louisiana Purchase Exposition more deserving or of higher grade + than the needlework in that village exhibit. Enough can not be + said of these little workers. The present age is one of + superiority, in which women not only show their ability, but + each year they are granted more, and more widespread becomes + their ability to grasp all vocations and fill them most + creditably. + + I am confident there was no question of the interest shown by + men in woman's work; in fact, I think it attracted more + visitors, and the results would not have been better if their + work had been separately exhibited. + + The work shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was on a + much greater and higher plane than ever has been exhibited + before. Where women exhibited they received a greater number of + awards in proportion. Miss Mary Williamson was an original + designer of artistic needlework, showing exceptional talent, and + was awarded a grand prix for her designs. + + I attended the Paris Exposition of 1878, also the Centennial at + Philadelphia, 1876; spent much time at the Columbian World's + Fair in Chicago, and possess a diploma and gold medal for my + artistic needlework exhibited at the Columbian Exposition. + +Miss Margaret Summers, of Louisville, Ky., was also a juror in the +above-combined groups 58 and 59, and writes: + + In group 59 the costumes made by men were about twice as many as + those made by women, though the handsomest of the exhibits was + the work of a woman, Caroline, of Chicago. + + All the work done by women showed a great improvement over that + exhibited at the Chicago Exposition, not only in the cut and + design, but in the artistic finish and the care given to every + detail. + + The hand work was a special feature of all the garments for + women in the lingerie, gowns, and manteaux. + + The most intricate designs were executed in a manner betokening + the true artist, and none but those educated in the art of + combining colors and in designing could have obtained the + results seen at St. Louis. + + The tendency in all garments for women, however, was toward the + ornate rather than the simple, and with but few exceptions every + gown, every wrap, and all the lingerie was most elaborate. But + the hand of the true artist was shown in these garments in that + they were beautiful and in good taste in spite of their + elaborateness. + + It would have been advantageous if the women's work had been + arranged separate from the men's, because they would have + attracted more attention as a woman's exhibit per se and would + therefore have called greater attention to the progress women + have made in these lines. In other words, the separate exhibit + would have served better for a comparative study of woman's + advancement in the past ten years. + + There was a greater variety of woman's work than was shown at + the Chicago Exposition, and that in itself showed an + advancement. The greater scope gave evidence of a broadening + influence, and the women showed themselves proficient in all + they undertook. + + As compared with the work of men, I should say that the women's + exhibit had every right to be placed side by side with the + men's, just as was done. + +In Group 58 was eventually placed the wonderful piece of embroidery of +the "Sistine Madonna," the work of Miss Ripberger, of Berlin. The linen +upon which the life-like figures were wrought was probably 6 by 8 feet +in size, and in order to reproduce the colors the silk had been matched +with the colors in the original painting. The reproduction of Raphael's +wonderful work was a marvel of artistic ability and patience, and was +exquisitely executed. It justly deserved the grand prix accorded it. + +Department H, agriculture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, chief, comprised 27 +groups and 137 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in +but five groups. + + +Group 78, Mrs. W.H. Felton, of Cartersville, Ga., Juror. + + + Under the heading of "Farm equipment--Methods of improving + lands," the three classes into which it was divided represented: + Specimens of various systems of farming. Plans and models of + farm buildings; general arrangement; stables, sheepfolds, barns, + pigsties, breeding grounds; special arrangements for breeding + and fattening cattle; granaries and silos; furniture for + stables, barns, kennels, etc. Material and appliances used in + agricultural engineering, reclaiming of marshes, drainage, + irrigation. + +Mrs. Felton says, in a letter accompanying her report: + + In accordance with your official request, I have prepared a + short résumé of the work as juror in Group Jury No. 78. It was + the central group--I mean, the leading group in the Department + of Agriculture. There were no exhibits by women, because we + passed upon matters so immense that it was the work of States + and foreign governments, rather than of individuals, that was + noted. + +Mrs. Felton's report is as follows: + + I was selected as a juror for Group Jury No. 78, and entered + upon the duties assigned me on September 1, 1904. + + Group Jury No. 78 organized, and after the chairman and + vice-chairman were selected I was made secretary, which position + I held until the minutes and report were handed in to the office + of Hon. Fred. W. Taylor, chief of Department of Agriculture, on + September 19. + + As secretary, the work of the Group Jury No. 78 came immediately + under my supervision, and I found the work exceedingly pleasant, + and my colleagues (all the members were gentlemen except myself) + were most agreeable, and we concluded our work without the least + friction or antagonism to the close. + + Group No. 78 was the first on the list in the general Department + of Agriculture. It covered exhibits on main lines, other groups + taking what I might term subdivisions. + + We examined farm improvement as related to inventions and + devices which were intended as fixtures to farm buildings. Group + No. 79 was devoted to such exhibits as were movable. + + To illustrate: No. 78 collected data and awarded prizes on barn + gates, doors, hay carriers, silos, windmills, pumps, etc., while + No. 79 was concerned with thrashers, plows, and the various + implements which are not sold with farm buildings as necessary + fixtures. + + Having lived an active life on a Georgia plantation for fifty + years, all these matters were of exceeding interest to the + secretary, although a woman. + + Our jury made an exhaustive examination of the exhibits of + irrigation models, with various reports and statistics, that + were carried to St. Louis. Germany made the finest exhibit as to + number and completeness, and I feel sure there never has been + such a far-reaching display of irrigation methods in the United + States before. I was intimately connected with the Columbian + Exposition, as a lady manager from Georgia and chairman of the + woman's executive committee in the Cotton States and + International Exposition, and I feel I speak advisedly when I + tell you that nothing I have ever seen compares with the + agricultural exhibits of the St. Louis Exposition, as uncovered + to my view in performing the duties of a juror, especially in + regard to the greatest problem of the twentieth century, namely, + in regard to irrigation and its future possibilities for our + various States and Territories. You will understand, of course, + women had no part in the various governmental works where land + has been reclaimed and converted into the finest farming lands + known to this era, but in the results which followed such + reclamation the farmer's wife and daughter has been seen and + felt everywhere, although no percentage of women's work was + noted in the exhibits examined by Group Jury No. 78. + + Germany, Italy, Belgium, and France were prominent, and the + States of Utah, Montana, California, and Louisiana gave most + satisfactory evidences of advanced progress by irrigation in + farming methods. + + In the Belgian exhibit we were shown the beautiful and + remarkable flax grown in the irrigated districts, the material + from which the finest lace, known as the Brussels product, is + constructed. If the investigation had been pursued to the limit, + every benefit, or profit, or financial opportunity resulting + from the improvement of farms, abroad or at home, touches + somewhere the lives of our farm women in comfort and happiness. + + Our jury passed upon the magnificent exhibit made by the State + of Missouri in the Agricultural Palace--the finest State exhibit + known to this continent--up to date in agriculture. + + The construction of an elegant lay figure, made entirely of corn + shucks and corn silks, representing a lady of style and fashion, + was the handiwork of a woman and richly deserved the prize that + was awarded. + + Group No. 78 being confined to general lines, and covering the + idea of farm improvement on an extended scale, grasping, as it + were, the great and fundamental principles of modern + agriculture, the work of the sexes was not indicated by the + exhibitors. The percentage of each was not required by + instructions given to Group Jury No. 78. + + It gives me great pleasure to thank you and the board of lady + managers for kind attentions, and the opportunity for pleasure + and instruction in this group jury work, and to assure you that + it was my constant aim and purpose to prove to my colleagues and + to Chief Taylor that your trust and confidence had not been + misplaced in assigning me to jury duty in so important a place. + + + Group 84, under the group heading "Vegetable food + products--Agricultural seeds," was divided into eight classes, + which represented: Cereals--wheat, rye, barley, maize, millet, + and other cereals in sheaves or in grain. Legumes and their + seeds--beans, peas, lentils, etc. Tuber and roots and their + seeds--potatoes, beets, carrots, turnips, radishes, etc. + Miscellaneous vegetables and their seeds--cabbages, peppers, + artichokes, mushrooms, cresses, etc. Sugar-producing + plants--beets, cane, sorghum, etc. Miscellaneous plants and + their products--coffee, tea, cocoa, etc. Oil-producing plants + and their products. Forage, growing, green, cured, or in silos; + fodder for cattle; forage, grass, and field seeds. + +Neither the principal nor alternate in this group were able to serve. + + +Group 89, Mrs. E.L. Lamb, Jackson, Miss., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Preserved meat, fish, vegetables, and + fruit," the eight classes into which it was divided represented: + Meat preserved by any process. Salted meats, canned meats. Meat + and soup tablets. Meat extracts. Various pork products. Fish + preserved by any process. Salt fish, fish in barrels, cod, + herring, etc. Fish preserved in oil--tuny, sardines, anchovies. + Canned lobsters, canned oysters, canned shrimps. Vegetables + preserved by various processes. Fruits dried or prepared, + prunes, figs, raisins, dates. Fruits preserved without sugar. + Fruits, canned, in tins or in glass. Army and Navy commissary + stores and equipment. + +No report. + + +Group 88, Mrs. F.H. Pugh, Bellevue, Nebr., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Bread and pastry," the two classes into + which it was divided represented: Breads with or without yeast, + fancy breads, and breads in molds, compressed breads for + travelers, military campaigns, etc. Ship biscuits. Yeasts. + Baking powders. Pastry of various kinds peculiar to each + country. Ginger bread and dry cakes for keeping. + +Mrs. Pugh reports substantially as follows: + + The nature of the exhibits in group 88 were angel food cake, + pickles, bread, fruit cake, Purina Mills exhibit, the most + striking exhibit being a California fruit cake, made by Mrs. + Rose E. Bailey, which weighed 81 pounds. The exhibits showed + advancement in the science of good cooking, all the exhibits + being installed by American women, no foreign women that I can + recall participating, and the display was more creditable than + at the Chicago Exposition, in that the exhibitors showed more + confidence in themselves and their work, more attention being + given also to the purity and healthfulness of their food + exhibits. Their work, as shown at the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition, would most certainly prove helpful or suggestive to + those interested in the advancement and success of women's work + by their exhibition of success already achieved, and the work of + women, it is believed, was as well appreciated when placed by + the side of that of men, and the results would not have been + better had their work been separately exhibited. No + manufacturers that I knew of, excepting the Purina Mills + (Ralston) exhibition, were asked to state the percentage of + woman's work that entered into the manufacture of their special + exhibits, and only by one or two exhibits was it in a measure + indicated in any way which part had been performed by woman, + which by men; but, in my opinion, probably about one-tenth of + the work was performed by women in this group. There were eight + women exhibitors out of a total of sixty-three applications. + + In the exhibits in this department daintier manipulation and + more regard for purity of foods was shown than in the past, and + in the construction of individual booths Mrs. Buchanan's + pickles, Mrs. Gautz (Northwestern Yeast Company), and Mrs. + Haffner's Swansdown flour deserve special mention. The exhibits + of the women did not show special development of original + inventions, but were mainly improvements and greater skill in + handling the products, the greatest labor-saving machine being + Werner's domestic machinery; but it is presumed this is the + invention of man only, and that while women took no part in + constructing that their installations were a credit to the most + wonderful of all expositions and were a great attraction to + visitors. + + I am frank to say that as I look back upon our work there, the + women who made the greatest effort to add to the attractiveness + of the Agricultural Palace did not receive all the awards they + deserved, namely, Mrs. Rose E. Bailey, to whom was awarded a + grand prize for the ingenuity of her exhibit, never heard of the + award; Mrs. Bertha E. Haffner, representing Swansdown flour, + should have had a grand prize for her cakes, since a grand prize + was awarded Mrs. Gautz for bread. This was the consensus of + opinion of jurors in group 88. + + The coffee exhibits employing women, and the flours--Pillsbury, + Washburne, and Crosby, the banana flours, North Dakota flour + exhibitors, Sanitas Nut Company, breakfast foods--were all in + the charge of women, all of whom deserve special mention for + their unfailing courtesies to sightseers. + + It warms my heart yet just to think of the dear old Palace of + Agriculture, and the many delightful hours spent there in our + work. I desire to specially commend the kindness received by + those in charge of the Brazilian Pavilion and Machin Brothers' + French bakery. + + +Group 90, Miss Carolyn Hempstead (now Mrs. C.M.F. Riley), Little Rock, +Ark, Juror. + + Under the group heading "Sugar and confectionery--Condiments and + relishes," the eight classes into which it was divided + represented: Sugar. Glucose. Confectionery. Chocolate. Brandied + fruits, preserves, jellies. Coffee, tea, substitutes for + coffee--mate, chicory and sweet acorns. Vinegar. Table salt. + Spices and extracts; pepper, cinnamon, allspice, etc.; flavoring + extracts. Mixed condiments and relishes; mustard, curries, + sauces, etc. + +Mrs. Riley reports as follows: + + Department of Agriculture, group 90. In this group there were + not as many women exhibitors as seemingly might have been + expected, as women have always been the exponents of this + domestic science, and have been called the "ministering angels" + to man's needs; have feasted his eyes and fed his stomach from + times immemorial with their sweetmeats. Eve, even, perhaps made + Adam happy with sun-dried figs. Who knows? + + All told, there were not over thirty women exhibitors, and the + exhibits consisted of preserves, jellies, jams, marmalades, + pickles, relishes, candied fruits, crystallized + flowers--excellent in their quality and most beautifully put up + and hygienically sealed. In this, the science of our + grandmothers, much of their wisdom and practice clings to the + art of producing and effecting the good result which were + displayed before us; but if the exhibitors did have recourse to + the old cookery books, the manner of showing the exhibits, the + attractive booths, the managing ability, the business methods + were the attributes of the women of to-day--the advancing, the + farseeing business woman. + + There were no foreigners in this class. The exhibitors of the + guava jellies and foreign preserves were men. Man in all + countries has been prone to reach out and gather in the best + that women have had to give, and in this branch of trade has so + enlarged and sometimes, may I add, adulterated the old recipes, + and with his money and his army of employees has established + great pickling and preserving plants designed to feed the + world's masses. + + In most cases the pureness, the sweetest, the old touch of + "homemade" is gone, and only until the domestic woman, by dint + of hard pressure, has been driven out into the world to gain her + own livelihood, has this pure homemade article been put upon the + market. "Pin-money" pickles are now a household word--made by a + woman in Virginia, who started by making for her friends and + neighbors, but whose industry has grown now to immense + proportions. + + In the exhibits by women at the St. Louis exposition two + exhibits were worthy of unusual merit--one a fruit cake + containing 41 varieties of preserved fruits, and weighing 81 + pounds, made by Mrs. Rose A. Bailey, of California. Mrs. Bailey + preserved these fruits in sugar only. Her collection of jellies, + etc., received the warmest praise, and so much has been said + that she is now contemplating the forwarding of a "Home-prepared + fruit agency" to be handled by women only. + + The other exhibit was the crystallized rose leaves and violets, + by another California woman--so made that the sugar could be + peeled off, leaving the rose leaf or violet intact and perfect + in its coloring and form. + + These were the odd and new exhibits. A long line of clear + jellies and good pickles and toothsome relishes was most + willingly judged and more willingly tasted. A most attractive + exhibit of these were in the booth of Mrs. Nathalie Claibourne + Buchanan, representing an old Virginia kitchen, its open + fireplace with the fire logs in the background, the high mantel + with its rows of preserves and pickles, and a dear old black + "mammy" in kerchief and bandana as a most fitting setting to the + scene. + + No woman received the highest award, the grand prix, but some + were given the gold medal. + + In the exhibits of the large manufacturers there was no way to + tell what part of the labor had been performed by women; but on + the printed forms the proportion of women laborers was quite + often given, but it is a known fact that two-thirds of the work + of these large factories is done by women and girls. + + This should be a wide avenue for women to enter the marts of + life, but on the small scale it is so underpaid in proportion to + the labor expended that but few are bold enough to enter. + + +Department J, horticulture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, chief, comprised 7 +groups and 27 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in +but one group. + + +Group 107, Mrs. M.B.R. Day, Frankfort, Ky., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Pomology," the six classes into which + it was divided represented: Pomaceous and stone fruits--apples, + pears, quinces, cherries, plums, peaches, apricots, nectarines, + etc. Citrus fruits--oranges, lemons, limes, shaddocks, pomelos, + etc. Tropical and subtropical fruits--pineapples, bananas, + guavas, mangos, tamarinds, figs, olives, sepodillas, etc. Small + fruits--strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, + gooseberries, currants, etc. Nuts--almonds, chestnuts, filberts, + pecans, hickorynuts, walnuts, etc. Casts and models of fruits in + wax, plaster, etc. + + Mrs. Day says, in substance, in her replies to the questions: + That she can not give an approximate number of women who + exhibited in this group, but that the nature of the exhibits + shown were fruits--grapes, apples, etc.--and flowers, the most + striking exhibits being by florists and fruit culturists, and + that women have entered many more branches of this work in + recent years; that she believes their work shown at the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition would prove helpful and suggestive + by reason of the great care taken in the exhibits. Mrs. Day does + not think any difference was shown in appreciation of the + exhibits of women when placed by the side of men, and hardly + thinks the result would have been better had the work of women + been separately exhibited. This seems to be almost the only + department where exhibits were shown in such manner as to + indicate whether they were the work of men or women, as all + exhibits were marked distinctly with the name of the owner of + fruit, farm, or florist, the exhibits of New Mexico and Oklahoma + being each in charge of very intelligent women. Some of the + finest fruit farms sending exhibits were owned by women, and + women also made some of the best displays of fruits and, + flowers. + + +Department N, anthropology, Prof. W J McGee, chief, comprised 4 groups +and 5 classes, the board of lady managers being accorded representation +upon each. + + +Group 126, Miss Alice C. Fletcher, Washington, D.C., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Somatology," the two classes into which + it was divided represented: Physical characteristics of man; the + comparative and special anatomy of races and peoples; specimens, + casts, measurements, charts, and photographs representing + typical and comparative characteristics. Anthropometry; + measurements, charts, diagrams, etc., showing the methods and + results of comparative studies on the physical structure of + living races; instruments and appliances used in anthropometric + investigations. + +Miss Fletcher reports: + + In the Department of Anthropology there were no distinctive + exhibits by women that I can recall, for the work of women in + that field was represented in the general student body of the + science. + + In archaeology, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall's investigations in Mexico + were represented in the publications of the Peabody Museum of + Harvard University and the University of California. Miss Boyd's + remarkable excavations at Gournia, Crete, were in connection + with the Archaeological Institute of America, and the University + of Pennsylvania. The contributions of these two and of Miss + Breton, an English woman, who has made copies in color of the + disappearing mural decorations in Central America, rank among + the recent notable archaeological researches. + + In somatology, the exhibit of Bryn Mawr College showed so marked + a comprehension of the value of this line of study and its + observations and the results in this branch of science, were so + clearly and well presented as to receive a special award. + + In ethnology, the work of women in this branch was included in + the publications of scientific bodies and universities. In the + collections exhibited the articles obtained by women were + indiscriminately arranged with those gathered by men so as to + make the exhibits of value and of interest. + + In reply to the questions as to whether woman's work was as well + appreciated when placed side by side with that of men, as when + separately exhibited, I would say, that the trend of opinion at + the present time is to judge of work by its character and + quality rather than by the sex of the worker. Every woman + student desires only such judgment to be passed on her work and + is grateful that the day has come when she can be so dealt with. + + Again, as to a comparison between the exhibits of woman's work + at previous expositions and at the one held in St. Louis; as I + have visited nearly all since that of the Centennial, I think + that no one could fail to note the fairer estimate put on + woman's work at the, recent exposition than was ever before + granted. From the days of the childhood of the race to the + present time it has always been impossible to draw a hard and + fast line between the labors of men and those of women, their + work has continually interchanged and overlapped. What has been + woman's work in one age has become man's in another. The history + of textile industries is a well known case in point. Such being + the fact, it is in keeping with the truth of the past and the + present time, not to attempt to exhibit separately that which + has always been interwoven. + + In anthropology the number of women students is small, but the + work accomplished by these few has been creditable, and has + received its due recognition. + + The Indian school exhibit came under the Department of + Anthropology, and several women received awards for special + accomplishments. + + Looking over the field of woman's work as presented at the St. + Louis Exposition, one is convinced of the growth of a healthful + recognition of her labors in the upbuilding of social life, both + in the ideal and the practical, and can not fail to note the + uses to which she is putting the widening opportunities for her + higher education. + + +Group 127, Mrs. Alice Palmer Henderson, of Tacoma, Wash., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Ethnology" there was but one class, + representing illustration of the growth of culture; the origin + and development of arts and industries; ceremonies, religious + rites, and games; social and domestic manners and customs; + languages and origin of writing. + +Mrs. Henderson says: + + In the Department of Anthropology in the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition there were but few individual exhibits, those being + principally in the section of history. Women have always been + the chief heralds of family and conservators of family records + and relics. The Daughters of the Revolution have stimulated + research, restoration, and preservation along historical lines. + For the first time in exposition management a department of + history had its own commissioner and that commissioner was a + woman. Miss Hayward justified this decidedly new step by her + services. I think I am right in asserting that she was the first + woman commissioner on the board of any international + exposition.[A] The section of history was part of the Department + of Anthropology. + + [Footnote A: Mrs. Potter Palmer and Mrs. Daniel Manning were + appointed by President McKinley to serve as commissioners at the + Paris Exposition, 1900.] + + New, too, was representation on the jury of anthropology of + workers in Indian affairs, as represented in the model Indian + school, containing, as it did, so large a proportion of women's + work in exhibits from different tribes and sections of the + country, and of the suggested work of the white woman teachers. + Of these latter was the juror, Miss Peters, of the domestic + science department. Advancement along these lines since the + Columbian Exposition is undoubted, except in the matter of such + Indian arts as basketry and rug making. If there be any reason + for the existence of a raffia basket in hideous aniline hues it + doth not yet appear. I think this bastard has usurped the place + of the Indians' beautiful art of long descent, and it is + distressing. White teachers who presume to instruct the Indians + in basket making, or who substitute hairpin lace and the like, + have much to answer for. + + I noted no particular advance in anthropology among women since + the Columbian Exposition, when I served upon the same jury in + the same distinguished company--Mrs. Zelia Nuttall and Miss + Alice Fletcher. In other more tangible departments, so to speak, + and at other expositions, I have noted a steady advance in + woman's work and in the spread of her domain. The time has long + past when it should be segregated, as kindergarten efforts are + from regular school work. + + I recall no anthropological exhibit by foreign women at the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition. In fact, American women + undoubtedly lead in such study, investigation, exploration, and + publication. In their own country the opportunity is great, + especially in ethnology, because of the thousands of barbarous + people among us and savages upon our borders. Tribes still in + the stone age are our actual contemporaries. Women, quick to + grasp, able to ingratiate themselves, are peculiarly fitted to + gather the folklore of the Indians, their songs and myths and + ceremonials--weird, rich, beautiful as those of the ancient + Greeks. Miss Fletcher, who at St. Louis served upon the section + of psychometry, has done much for both ethnology and the coming + school of American music in rescuing and preserving the Indian + songs. + + What has been accomplished in archaeology by women was best + exhibited in the attainments, translations, and publications of + another member of the jury of anthropology, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, + as well known in Europe as in this country. Woman's acknowledged + intuition, patience, and enthusiasm are factors of great value + in the problem of reducing to one common denominator the life + and works of bygone man from his archeological remains. + + It seems to me of great importance to emphasize the work of + women at such expositions. What woman has done, woman can do, is + an invaluable suggestion borne in upon many minds of latent + possibilities which, developed, might greatly benefit humanity. + The most important exhibits at any great exposition are never + seen, only felt. + +Miss Cora Peters, Department of the Interior, United States Indian +Service, Chilocco, Okla., as mentioned by Mrs. Henderson, also served in +this Department, and briefly says: + + I have not been able to give very definite replies as I had so + little time to investigate the work. I served on the section of + Indian education, and the work of the women was usually better + than that of the men, and in every case they were more + persistent in their efforts. It seems to me that there are more + opportunities open to women along educational lines, especially + that of domestic economy. The extent of women's influence in the + home will never be known, so I am very glad that at present + there is a great interest taken in that subject. + + Miss Peters further says that the nature of the exhibits was + historical, such as those by the Daughters of the American + Revolution of Indian relics, and the exhibit in the Alaska + Building, the latter being the most striking exhibit in the + department. The women had more displays than men, and some of + their work was very creditable, and in some cases was as well + appreciated when placed by the side of that of men; that in one + case it might have been more beneficial in result had it been + separately exhibited, but as a whole I think women were given + due consideration. The proportion of the work performed by women + was not as large in proportion as that performed by the men, but + in the Indian section of which I was a juror I think the awards + were about evenly divided. The greater part of the exhibits + consisted of collections of relics, and the exhibits by women + showed great skill and ingenuity, and in nearly every case the + installation of exhibits was considered very good, as was the + taste displayed. Some of them were better than those by men. + + +Group 128, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Ethnography," the one class represented + races and peoples from earliest man to the present time; tribal + and racial exhibits, showing by means of specimens, groups, and + photographs, the stages of culture reached by different peoples + of various times and under special conditions of environment. + Families, groups, and tribes of living peoples. + +Mrs. Nuttall's report in the sections of archæology, ethnology, and +history is as follows: + + Exhibits of original work by women in these three sections were + conspicuous by their absence. At the same time the names of + several women figure in the catalogue as collaborators in the + installment of archæological collections. Mrs. Quibbell and Miss + Cox gave valuable assistance in arranging the Egyptian exhibit + from the Museum at Cairo. + + Miss Mary Louise Dalton not only helped to install the + archæological and historical specimens belonging to the Missouri + Historical Society, but was also instituted as the custodian of + these exhibits. + + It is impossible to overrate the value of the services rendered + to the exposition by the special commissioner for history, Miss + Florence Hayward, who not only secured the special exhibit of + the Queen's jubilee presents, but also the exhibits of the + Louisiana State Historical Society, the historical exhibit of + the city of New Orleans, and several interesting private + collections. + + The highest award was given to Miss Hayward, and bronze medals + were assigned to Miss Dalton and to Miss Valentine Smith, the + secretary of the Chicago Historical Society, who installed its + loan exhibition, and likewise lent some documents belonging to + her private collection. + + Two women only figured as exhibitors of single ethnological and + archæological objects, but merely as their possessors. + + The foregoing facts establish that of the three sections under + consideration (ethnology, archæology, and history) it was in the + section of history that women distinguished themselves most at + the St. Louis exposition. It may perhaps be said that the + activity of women in bringing together and classifying + historical material was a feature of the exposition, and marks + an encouraging stage in the history of women's work in the + United States. + + +Department O, social economy, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, chief, comprised 13 +groups and 58 classes, the board of lady managers receiving +representation in 5 groups. + + +Group 129, Miss Caroline Griesheimer, Washington, D.C., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Study and investigation of social and + economic conditions," the five classes into which it was divided + represented Official bureaus and offices. Private bureaus, + museums, boards of trade, etc. Economic and social reform + associations, congresses. Economic serials, reviews, and other + publications. Scholastic instruction in economics and social + economy. + +Miss Greisheimer says: + + Studies and investigations of exhibits, Louisiana Purchase + Exposition, social economy group 129. The exhibits, by means of + reports and statistics, of leading States and countries showing + the commercial and industrial conditions of the State or + country, in regard to exports and imports, wages, occupations, + hours of daily labor, health statistics, educational facilities, + means provided for industrial betterment of employees, and + photographs and graphic charts illustrative of the above, no + doubt attracted the attention of thousands of visitors at the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and will result in much good. + Important subjects are thus brought to the front and many + employers and capitalists are benefited by the experience of + others, and so go away and work out some plan for the betterment + of the conditions of their employees. It opens the way for the + capitalist to meet his workmen in the adoption of measures for + harmonizing the interests of capital and labor and binding + together in mutual interest and good will the men whose work + enriches the State and the employer who directs their labor and + converts its products into wages. + + The many photographs exhibited illustrating the line of + betterment evolution and industrial commercial pursuits and + development bring facts relating to these subjects before the + public and lead captains of industry and the employer to + investigate betterment institutions and profit by the experience + of others. They also furnish an idea of the large industries, + progress, and natural resources of the country. Thus the + photographs of the coffee plantations of Brazil thoroughly + illustrated the coffee industry and gave an idea of this great + industry, its commercial value, its growth and development. The + exhibits of New Jersey by means of photographs of industrial + betterment institutions and industrial conditions furnished + plenty of matter for studies and investigations to students of + social economics. + + Representatives of large industries, through the medium of + international expositions, study the means of improving the + productions of their factories, either by the use of better raw + material, securing it cheaper by importing it direct from the + producing centers, or by the improvement of their processes by + using modern machinery, and by the study of the social + betterment conditions of the employees of other large industrial + enterprises. + + Many of the foreign governmental publications, reports, + photographs, statistics, and graphic charts exhibited showed the + degree of advancement reached in some parts of the country with + relation to these particular subjects, and the splendid + condition and resources of the State or country. Many of these + exhibits were beautifully illustrated, giving information of the + social and economic conditions, as well as the history, + geography, physical resources, etc., of the State or country. + The exhibits of France, Belgium, Germany, and Great Britain were + elaborate and systematically arranged, and furnished a fund of + information in social economic studies and investigations by + their most eminent economists. + + The exhibits of the American Institute of Social Service + deserves especial mention. We learn from them how we can aid in + humanizing and elevating the spirit, methods, and conditions of + modern life. + + This institute had on exhibition about 2,000 photographs in 10 + wing-frame cabinets, which visualize and interpret all forms of + social and industrial betterment, arranged as follows: (1) The + American Institute of Social Service. (2) Civic betterment. (3) + Improved housing. (4, 5, and 6) Industrial betterment. (7) + European social studies. (8) Salvation Army and denominational + work. (9) Young Men's and Young Women's Christian associations. + (10) Institutional churches. After the exposition these cabinets + will be put on permanent exhibition at the headquarters of the + institution in New York. + + These photos make a deep and lasting impression upon the mind of + the observer of the great work being done in all forms of social + and industrial betterment. It is an efficient way of showing the + needs of the times created by the new conditions in the + industrial world, and is a means of bringing together the best + thinkers of the age to devise feasible plans for the betterment + of mankind, and the solving of problems of social conditions and + industrial betterment. They also show what is being done by the + American Institute of Social Service. + + The American Institute of Social Service is a clearing house for + exchange of facts, experiences and ideas on social and + industrial betterment. It is both a laboratory for investigation + and a distributor of the knowledge gained. It is practically an + international university for the study and promotion of social + and industrial progress. Its work is done on a large and + thorough plan, and benefits multitudes. + + The fundamental principle and purpose of the institute is to + make the experience of all available for the instruction of + each. This principle is applicable alike to individuals, + corporations, churches, societies, cities, States, and nations. + + The institute places human experience on file. It welcomes + inquiries from anyone. The answers aim to be complete, or, if + necessary, to refer the writer to the most direct and + trustworthy sources. + + It furnishes expert advice for solving local problems to + employers of every kind, to workingmen, to municipal officers, + to teachers and ministers, to writers, students, and others. + + Through its many foreign collaborators, the institute receives + reports, and is in close touch with social movements abroad. + + The institute also arranges for addresses and lectures, with or + without lantern slides, on many important subjects, such as: The + Child Problem, History of Labor, Food, Tenements and Improved + Housing, Industrial Betterment, Substitutes for the Saloon, The + Newer Charity, Municipal Problems, Institutional Churches, + Public Baths and Wash Houses, The Better New York. + + Its publications are: Social Service, an illustrated monthly + magazine; The Better New York, monographs, and leaflets. + + It has a specialized and growing library, with many foreign + books and pamphlets, 3,000 lantern slides, and 4,000 + photographs, showing social and industrial conditions throughout + the world. + + _Results_.--Plans for new factories have been modified for + comfort and health. Result: Better workers and better work. + + Facilities for warm lunches, baths, and recreation at noon have + been provided. Result: Hold of the saloon weakened. + + Social secretaries have been appointed in factories and + department stores. Result: Employees and employers in harmony. + + Ministers, lecturers, and writers have been aided in presenting + moral questions with force and persuasiveness. Result: Public + conscience aroused. + + The attention of societies and clubs has been turned to vital + civic questions. Result: Energies given practical value. + + Many private individuals have been encouraged to undertake local + efforts of great value from which they reluctantly shrank for + lack of knowledge and experience. Result: Individuals and + communities have been both beautified. + + Theodore Roosevelt said: "This institute is fitted to render a + great and peculiar service, not merely to the country but to all + countries. The possibilities of usefulness for the institute are + well nigh boundless. It will hasten the progress of civilization + and the uplifting of humanity." + + The exhibits of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum of the + World's Commerce and American Industries by means of 88 + graphically illustrated charts also deserve mention. These + charts illustrate the progress and present conditions of the + commerce of the world, of the manufacturing industries of the + United States, and of the British and American shipping + industries. + + This graphic method shows more clearly than statistics alone + would do what proportion of the world's trade belongs to each of + the principal nations, and the relative importance, from a + manufacturing standpoint, of the leading cities of the United + States. + + The Philadelphia Museum was organized in 1884 by ordinance of + the city councils, and is governed by a board of trustees. The + board maintains the Commercial Museum and a Commercial Library, + and is accumulating material for a group of city museums devoted + to public education, ethnology, economics, economic botany, and + general science. + + The Commercial Museum comprises collections illustrating the + production and commerce of all nations. A bureau of information + collates all available data regarding the subject of foreign + trade, and distributes, upon application, reports tending to the + extension of American trade abroad. + + The Commercial Library is free to the public and contains books + bearing particularly on the subjects of international trade, + productions, transportation, banking, economics, and municipal + affairs. It also contains more important books, pamphlets, + periodicals, and foreign reports of recent date relating to + foreign trade and commerce than any other commercial library in + the world. + + This valuable collection of trade literature includes + statistical reports of all foreign governments issuing such + documents, and foreign governments' gazettes, reports of board + of trade bodies, regulations of customs tariffs, yearbooks + descriptive of many foreign countries, colonies, and + settlements, the consular reports from all countries, special + work regarding trade, commerce, agriculture, mining, and general + conditions in foreign countries. It also has periodicals, city + directories, and trade directories from all countries. + + The museums are maintained by an annual appropriation from the + city of Philadelphia, and the bureau of information by + contributions from business firms and individuals desiring + special service. + + The Commercial Museum has accomplished much along the + educational lines. The growing feeling that an increased export + trade is necessary to the prosperity of the country is forcing + upon schools and colleges the necessity of courses in commercial + geography and commerce. + + The Commercial Museum, with its wealth of products collected + from every part of the world, is in the position to supply the + necessary demand for the material on which such schools must + depend. It has distributed over 225 collections of such + products, with photographs arranged for the study of commercial + geography, and so is intended to eventually include within its + scope schools, colleges, and universities. + + _Salvation Army_.--It is impossible to describe in a few words + the great work and the good being accomplished by the Salvation + Army. Many photographs were exhibited illustrating the work + being done by this noble army. + + On Christmas, 1878, in London, this army of Christian workers + was christened "The Salvation Army," consisting then of about 20 + workers and about as many posts, with a few hundred members, and + some 3,000 souls seeking salvation during the year. To-day there + are scattered through 47 countries and colonies as follows: + + Fifteen thousand separated workers, entirely supported from its + funds; 40,000 unpaid local officers, who support themselves and + give their spare time; 16,000 brass bandsmen (unpaid); 50,000 + other musicians, composing thousands of hymns and hundreds of + new tunes annually; 250,000 penitents profess salvation publicly + in the course of a single year; 6,000 centers have been + established, where an average of fourteen to twenty meetings are + held weekly, half in open air, half in buildings; 84,000 + meetings weekly; 10,000,000 weekly listeners; 520,000,000 + listeners in a year. To the poor the gospel is being preached + everywhere. + + In 1880 the first Salvation Army officers landed in New York. + The Salvation Army struck root in its new soil from the outset. + The work has gone on steadily forward, and it is noted + throughout the world for the wonderful spirit of humility and + devotion among its workers, who came to be increasingly widely + recognized. They made rapid strides in America. They founded + homes for the homeless; work for the workless; establishments + for labor bureaus and social-relief institutions; establishment + of industrial homes; workingmen's hotels; working women's homes + and hotels; the establishment of the beautiful Floral Home, Los + Angeles; Benedict Hotel for Young Women, Boston, and a number of + cheaper-class hotels for women in New York, Chicago, and Boston; + these all supply a clean, comfortable bed, with good moral + surroundings, kindly sympathy, and religious services. In New + York and other large cities day nurseries have been opened in + connection with some slum posts; here mothers bring their + children to be cared for during the day, while they are out at + work earning the wages upon which the family depend for + existence. There are more than 100 rescue homes located in + leading cities of the world, and more than 7,000 fallen women + were taken care of during the last year. + + Farm colonies have also been established, and fresh-air camps + are organized for summer outings. In the summer ice is furnished + to the needy of the tenements; in winter, coal. + + Who can estimate the good done by this noble army? How their + efforts help to cast gleams of sunshine into the desolate hearts + and homes of the needy. In civilization, religious and + sociological reforms the Salvation Army is doing a magnificent + work. + + _Philippine Island exhibit_.--The insular exhibit of the + Philippine Islands at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was one + of the great features of the fair and deserves especial mention, + although it does not come under group 129. + + No other one exhibit was so widely commented upon in the press + and by the public as the insular exhibit. Everybody who went to + the exposition visited the Philippine village and went away full + of wonder and with new ideas regarding our island possessions + and our governmental policy in regard to the Filipinos and the + islands. + + In the Philippine village or grounds there were erected a number + of typical Philippine buildings. The native villages presented + the life of the Negritos, Igorrotes, and other tribes. A number + of buildings displayed the native woods, and some were devoted + to commerce, agricultural products, and others to educational + matters. + + The educational exhibits attracted unusual attention. The main + school building was constructed after a Manila cathedral. The + main feature of the educational exhibit was a model school, + taught by Mr. Hager and Miss Zamora of the Philippine Normal + School. The Filipino pupils were objects of great interest and + curiosity. + + No doubt many visitors were interested in the Igorrotes or in + some other one slight feature which left no deep impression of + the actual condition of the islands. But everyone who went + attentively through the Philippine village knows just what kind + of people the Filipinos are, and learned much of their customs + and their industries, and also acquired a fair knowledge of the + resources of the islands and the many problems confronting our + Government. The Philippine exhibit was one of the greatest + features of the fair. + + _Humane Education Society._--The pamphlets issued by the Humane + Education Society during the progress of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition are far-reaching as an important factor in true + education, and can not but result in good. Children through + their influence will be trained in habits of kindness to the + dependent lower creatures, become gentler to each other, more + amenable to authority, and better in their conduct. Through the + efforts of this society Bands of Mercy have been organized in + the various schools and churches throughout the country, and as + a result children become more humane. + + Pamphlets of instruction of methods of forming humane education + societies were given out with other literature on humane + treatment of animals which could not fail in arousing interest. + A grand and noble work is being done throughout the world by the + humane societies. Too much can not be said in praise of the work + being accomplished by the little children as members of Bands of + Mercy. + + This is a report of a few important exhibits. It was impossible + for me to give an accurate report of all the important exhibits + viewed by jury group 129. There were several things I consider + of vital importance to humanity exhibited under other groups; + you will no doubt receive reports concerning them. One was the + "Model Nursery," which no doubt appeals to all womankind. + Another, the school exhibits in manual training, drawing, nature + study, and kindergarten exhibits. Most of this work is developed + through the training of the powers of the child by our great + army of noble women teachers. + + +Group 135, Miss Margaret Wade, Washington, D.C., Juror. + + Under the group heading "Provident institutions," the six + classes into which it was divided represented: Savings banks, + life insurance, accident insurance, sickness insurance, old age + and invalidity insurance, fire, marine, and other insurance of + property. + + Miss Wade expressed a somewhat pessimistic view of the work of + women in this special department, as she said "the part taken by + women as shown by their exhibits showed no high degree of + excellence, the only exhibit in group 135 being not up to the + standard, and therefore, in her opinion, it would have been no + advantage to women to have had their work exhibited separately." + +This would be a somewhat difficult class, no doubt, for women to +endeavor to make an exhibit, because, while thousands of them are +employed in the offices of insurance companies and as solicitors, it is +probably not a field in which they will assume the risks involved for +many years to come. + + +Group 136, Miss Jane Addams, Hull House, Chicago, Ill, Juror. + + Under the group heading "Housing of the working classes" the + five classes into which it was divided represented: Building and + sanitary regulations, erection of improved dwellings by + employers, erection of improved dwellings by private efforts, + erection of improved dwellings by public authorities, general + efforts for betterment of housing conditions. + +Miss Addams says in her report as group juror of the above: + + From the nature of the exhibits in this department it is + difficult to divide the work of women from that of men, for, + although the erection of dwellings by public authorities, as in + London, was naturally done through men who were members of the + London County Council, and while the model dwellings erected by + large employers, such as those built by Mr. Cadbury, at Port + Sunlight, England, or by the Krupp Company, in Germany, were + naturally carried through altogether by men, the earliest + efforts for amelioration in housing conditions, and in many + cases the initiatory measures for improved dwellings, have been + undertaken by women. + + The activities of Octavia Hill, in London, preceded by many + years the governmental action, and there is no doubt that the + creditable showing she was able to make on the financial as well + as on the social and educational side had much to do with making + the movement for better housing popular in London. The efforts + of Fraulein Krupp in connection with the model housing at Essen + are also well known, although, of course, this was not indicated + in the Krupp exhibit. + + Of the five grand prix which were given for general achievements + disconnected with exhibits, only one was awarded to a woman, + that to Miss Octavia Hill, although a silver medal was also + awarded to Frau Rossbach, of Leipzig, Germany. Two gold medals + were given to American enterprises in model housing which were + carried on almost exclusively by women--one to the Boston + Cooperative Society, which was founded and largely directed by + Mrs. Alice Lincoln, and one to the Octavia Hill Association, of + Philadelphia. + + On the whole, the special work of women in connection with + housing showed most satisfactory results in "rent collecting," + which has become a dignified profession for many English ladies + who conscientiously use it as a means of moral and educational + uplift to those most in need of sustained and continuous help. + Improvements in housing conditions are so closely connected with + the rate of mortality among little children, with the chances + for decency and right living among young girls, with the higher + standards and opportunities for housewives, that it has + naturally attracted the help of women from the beginning of the + crowded tenement conditions which unhappily prevail in every + modern city. + + +Group 139, Miss Mary E. Perry, St. Louis, Mo. Juror. + + Under the group heading "Charities and correction" the seven + classes into which it was divided represented: Destitute, + neglected, and delinquent children; institutional care of + destitute adults; care and relief of needy families in their + homes; hospitals, dispensaries, and nursing; the insane, + feeble-minded, and epileptic; treatment of criminals; + identification of criminals; supervisory and educational + movements. + +Miss Perry reports: + + _Department O, Group 139._--(1) Class 784: Vacation Playground, + Mrs. E.A. De Wolfe; Philadelphia Night College for Girls, Mrs. + Wilson; Missouri Industrial School for Girls, Mrs. De Bolt; + Illinois Industrial School for Girls, Mrs. Ameigh; Industrial + School for Girls, Washington, D.C., Amy J. Rule. Class 785: + Door of Hope, Mrs. Möise. Class 786: Committee on tuberculosis + of the Charity Organization Society of the City of New York, + Miss Brandt. Class 787: Johns Hopkins School for Nurses, Miss + Ross; anatomical and pathological exhibit, Mrs. Corrine B. + Eckley. Class 788: Seguin School for Backward Children, Mrs. + Seguin; Compton School for Nervous Children, Fanny A. Compton; + Chicago Hospital School, Mary R. Campbell. Class 789: Police + supplies and detective exhibit, Mrs. M.E. Holland. Class 790: + Missouri State board of charities, Miss Mary E. Perry; New + Hampshire State board of charities, Mrs. Lilian Streator; + Massachusetts charity and correctional exhibit; Jewish + Charitable and Educational Union, by committee of ladies; the + Catholic University of America made an exhibit of all the + Catholic institutions relating to charities and correction, + which was collected and installed by the union, but put in + charge of the "Queen's Daughters," Miss Mary Hoxsey. + + (2) Class 784, 35 per cent; class 785, 30 per cent; class 786, + 20 per cent; class 787, 40 per cent; class 788, 30 per cent; + class 789, 15 per cent; class 790, 40 per cent; total, 30 per + cent (average). + + (3) Missouri State board of charities, Massachusetts exhibit in + charities and correction, Johns Hopkins School for Nurses, + committee on tuberculosis of the Charity Organization Society of + the City of New York. + + (4) It is a very noticeable fact that women are taking the place + of men in charitable institutions. This fact, however, is more + clearly demonstrated in the general educational exhibit. The + exhibits relating to dispensaries and nurses were mostly + prepared by women; in fact, they seem to have a monopoly on this + particular line of work. + + A part of the anatomical and pathological exhibit was in charge + of Mrs. Eckley, anatomist, from the College of Physicians and + Surgeons, Chicago, Ill. + + The number of women entering this field was shown to be steadily + on the increase, and the exhibit relating to medical schools + also showed a great increase in the number of students. + + Nearly all of the reformatory schools for girls and prisons and + reformatories for women are under the charge of women, and a + great many of the State board of charities are practically under + their control. + + Women are taking the place of men in the distribution of + charities in the larger cities, and Mrs. M.E. Holland, who + installed the exhibit on police supplies, and who is also the + editor of the Detective, was, at the same time, in charge of the + Chicago police exhibit. This is one of the cases where a woman + has entered the profession of detective. + + (5) No foreign exhibits were installed by women, although about + 15 per cent of the foreign exhibits were prepared by women. + + (6) The most noticeable work given to women at the fair was + along the lines demanding executive ability, as is required in + organizing exhibits, where tact and business capacity were + essential to success. (See answer 4.) + + (7) Their work differed from the work at other expositions in + the fact that scientific material was presented in an attractive + and comprehensive way, so as to be easily understood and + appreciated by the general visitor. + + (8) Yes. Their work could easily be compared to that of men. It + was of the same grade, and there seemed to be no question or + suggestion of inferiority. + + (9) Yes; the work of women was as well appreciated when placed + by the side of that of men as when separately exhibited. + + (10) The results would not have been better if separately + exhibited. Exhibits must be scientifically classified in order + to be appreciated by the general visitor. If the exhibits + prepared by women had been separated, it would have left a great + gap in the scientific arrangement required in a collective + exhibit, as in group 139. The exhibits in this line prepared by + women would not and could not have covered the subject + completely. + + (11) See answer to No. 7. + + There were no manufacturers in group No. 139 except + manufacturers of prison cells, and no women are employed in such + factories. + + Thirty per cent of the work of organizing, collecting, and + installing exhibits in group 139 was performed by women, and + about 40 per cent of the actual work was prepared under the + direction of women, such as teachers in reformatory + institutions, etc. + + All women preparing and organizing exhibits in this group + received awards. The exact proportion can not be determined + until the jury make their final report. + + Naturally, there were no inventions by women in this group, but + the exhibits made, or nearly all of them, were improvements on + such work at former expositions, and a great deal of originality + was displayed presenting scientific material and installment of + exhibits. + + The artistic genius and method of displaying scientific material + made this group very interesting to the general public, and the + subjects could be comprehended with but little effort by the + passing visitor. At former expositions such subjects received + little attention and were of no interest except to scientific + investigators. + + This exhibit as a whole showed that women have taken possession + of several lines of work such as teaching and nursing, and that + men have been practically forced out of these occupations. It + also showed that they are entering many new fields, such as the + medical profession and even becoming detectives, which + demonstrates the fact that they are not inferior to men, but are + more specially adapted to certain lines of work. + + +Group 141, Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas, Tex., Juror. + +Owing to illness, Mrs. Turner served but two days on this jury, and was +succeeded by Mrs. Condé Hamlin, who had been named by the board of lady +managers as Mrs. Turner's alternate. + + Under the group heading "Municipal government," the five classes + into which it was divided represented: City organization. + Protection of life and property. Public-service industries. + Streets and sewers. Parks, baths, recreation, city + beautification, etc. + +Mrs. Hamlin became secretary of this jury, and reports as follows: + + In the department in which I was a juror, namely, municipal + government, a good deal of the work was inspired by women, and + some of it prepared by women. Women's work in civic improvement + is well to the front. The work in the vacation schools, which + was shown, in playgrounds, for clean streets, for smoke + abatement, for better disposition of garbage, has in many cities + been largely inspired by women. In fact, I know of no department + where the women of the leisure class are more actively + interested and more efficient than in civic improvement work, + and the results reached through the activities of the municipal + leagues, through officials, have been most marked. The Twin City + municipal exhibit I myself designed and largely prepared and + administered, and was the resident member of the municipal + commission. + + The nature of the exhibits in this department were charts and + photographs, literature on civic improvement work for and by + children in playgrounds, school gardens, etc. Civic work of + women's clubs. The civic improvement movement may be said to + have had its inception and development since the Chicago Fair; + hence the display at St. Louis showed a decided and marked + advance over the work of a similar nature shown at Chicago, but, + naturally, there were no exhibits from foreign women, municipal + betterment work being new for both men and women, in the present + understanding of the term. The work shown, of course, relating + as it does to the social life of cities, would prove helpful to + those interested in the advancement and success of women's work, + but I saw no difference in appreciation shown in comparing the + work of men and women, and the very nature of the work would not + permit of its being separately exhibited, and it was not in all + cases shown which had been performed or accomplished by women, + which by men, although much of the work had been stimulated by + women, but just how much they actually performed I can not say, + and only two or three awards were given to women. + + + + +The board of lady managers was given recognition on each of the +department juries, fifteen in number, namely, Education, Art, Liberal +Arts, Manufactures, Machinery, Electricity, Transportation Exhibits, +Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Mines and Metallurgy, Fish and +Game, Anthropology, Social Economy, Physical Culture. + +The department jurors report as follows: + + +Department A, Education, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, Chief; Mrs. W.E. Fischel, +St. Louis, Mo., Department Juror. + + This department comprised 5 groups and 26 classes, the group + headings being Elementary education, Secondary education, Higher + education, Special education in fine arts, Special education in + agriculture, Special education in commerce and industry, + Education of defectives, and Special forms of + education--text-books--School furniture, and School appliances. + +Mrs. Fischel writes: + + The queries relative to woman's work at the exposition were duly + received. I have given very careful consideration to the request + of the accompanying letter and have deferred my answer so as to + deliberate most intelligently. Reading the questions over, I + found myself unable to form any opinion of woman's work as + woman's work. Indeed, I have held very strongly to the opinion + that the one great thing accomplished for women in this + Louisiana Purchase Exposition was the exhibition of work as work + without distinction as to sex. In the jury room, when I served, + no consideration of award was given to any sex characteristic, + and not having viewed the exhibits with any idea of specializing + this feature I find myself now at a loss to particularize and + say there was such a per cent of woman's work. + + +Department B, Art, Prof. Halsey C. Ives, Chief. + + This department comprised 6 groups and 18 classes, the group + headings being Paintings and drawings, Engravings and + lithographs, Sculpture, Architecture, Loan collection, and + Original objects of art workmanship. + + +The board was most unfortunate in not being able to obtain the services +of the prominent artists named for this position, all being abroad at +the time notice of their appointment was sent, and having engagements +upon their return that rendered it impossible for them to reach St. +Louis in time to serve. + + +Department C, Liberal Arts, Col. John A. Ocherson, Chief. + + This department comprised 13 groups and 116 classes, the group + headings being Typography--Various printing processes; + Photography; Books and publications--Bookbinding; Maps and + apparatus for geography, cosmography, topography; Instruments of + precision; Philosophical apparatus, etc.--Coins and medals; + Medicine and surgery; Musical instruments; Theatrical appliances + and equipment; Chemical and pharmaceutical arts; Manufacture of + paper; Civil and military engineering; Models, plans, and + designs for public works; Architectural engineering. + +Mrs. H.A. Langford, of Chicago, Ill., was appointed as juror in this +department, but unfortunately did not receive notice in time to serve. + + +Department D, Manufactures, Milan H. Hulbert, Chief; Miss Thekla M. +Bernays, of St. Louis, Mo., Department Juror. + + This department comprised 24 groups and 231 classes, the group + headings being Stationery; Cutlery; Silversmiths' and + goldsmiths' ware; Jewelry; Clock and watch making; Productions + in marble, bronze, cast iron and wrought iron; Brushes, fine + leather articles, fancy articles, and basket work; Articles for + traveling and for camping; India-rubber and gutta-percha + industries; Toys; Decoration and fixed furniture of buildings + and dwellings; Office and household furniture; Stained glass; + Mortuary monuments and undertakers' furnishings; Hardware; Paper + hanging; Carpets, tapestries, and fabrics for upholstery; + Upholsterers' decorations; Ceramics; Plumbing and sanitary + materials; Glass and crystal; Apparatus and processes for + heating and ventilation; Apparatus and methods, not electrical, + for lighting; Textiles; Equipment and processes used in the + manufacture of textile fabrics; Equipment and processes used in + bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing textiles in their + various stages; Equipment and processes used in sewing and + making wearing apparel; Threads and fabrics of cotton; Threads + and fabrics of flax, hemp, etc.; Cordage; Yarns and fabrics of + wool; Silk and fabrics of silk; Laces, embroidery, and + trimmings; Industries producing wearing apparel for men, women, + and children; Leather, boots and shoes, furs and skins, fur + clothing; Various industries connected with clothing. + +Miss Bernays reports as follows: + + In order to arrive at an accurate idea of the value of women's + work as compared with men's, it would have been necessary to + study the St. Louis Exposition from the time of its opening to + the close, with a view to collecting data and statistics on this + question. Furthermore, to get definite results regarding the + progress of women since the Columbian Exposition one would have + had to have access to the researches and statistics of former + expositions on this subject, if such there exist. I visited both + the Columbian Exposition of 1893 and the Paris Exposition of + 1900, but I have only impressions of the work by women as + exhibited there. Nor can I furnish figures, percentages, or even + accurate estimates of women's work at the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition. The observations subjoined have value only in so far + as the interest in women's work lies always in the under-current + of my thought. Even under the terrific stress of the enormous + amount of work pressed into the few short days of jury duty I + was vividly impressed with the dignity of the work accomplished + in arts and crafts by the women of Germany, where it was + exhibited together with that of men. In the one instance where + women secluded themselves it was shown with appalling force that + the result was tawdry and inharmonious. + + I was appointed by the board of lady managers to serve upon the + department jury in the same classification of which I had served + as group juror, for "Kunstgewerbe" (Arts and Crafts). Finding my + group divided into four classes--Fixed inner decoration, + Furniture, Stained glass, and Mortuary monuments--with + numberless exhibits m various buildings all over the grounds, I + elected to serve in the class for "Fixed inner decoration." I + was aware that I had been appointed for Germany because of the + great interest I had taken in the movement for harmony in + household art inaugurated in Germany about ten years ago. This + movement admits of no division into "fixed inner decoration" and + "furniture," etc., but regards the arrangement and decoration of + spaces with a view to the effect of the "ensemble." Following + the lead of our distinguished chairman, Doctor Wuthesius, we + adhered to this idea in spite of the barbarous separation + ordered by the official instructions. Thus I was enabled to gain + an insight into what women were accomplishing in industrial art, + which would have been impossible had I permitted myself to look + only upon "fixed inner decoration." + + The exhibits made by our own country in household art were + meager compared to those of several foreign countries, notably + Germany and Austria. Nor was it possible to gain information + from our exhibitors as full and as accurate as from some of the + foreigners. Here again the Germans were to the front with a + complete, reliable, and artistically finished catalogue, which + they freely distributed among the jurors. Only the Japanese were + as perfectly equipped in the matter of literature on their + exhibits and as lavish of information to the jurors as the + Germans. + + I have no doubt that American women are as extensively employed + in industrial art as the women of Europe, but, excepting in + pottery, their forward stride was not made to appear pronounced + at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Woman's work as a maker of + laces was not so exhibited as to make it readily distinguishable + from men's, although it must have entered largely into the + exhibits made, which, however, as I have just said, did not + adequately represent the United States, many of the best and + most renowned eastern firms having chosen to absent themselves. + + Nor were foreign women, always the Germans and Austrians + excepted, frequent or prominent in the showing made. In the two + countries mentioned women have been undoubtedly taken up as + factors which hereafter are to count in the arts and crafts. We + found German women in a perceptible number exhibiting side by + side with men, holding their own fairly well in decorative + painting, as designers of rooms, of carpets and wall coverings, + workers in iron and other metals, while in tapestry, weaving + embroidery, and lace work their advance is nothing short of + astonishing. + + Wherever in the Varied Industries Building, in the German House, + in the Austrian Pavilion, and elsewhere the work of German women + was incorporated into the general scheme of the decorations and + furnishings, wherever women, together with men, designed and + planned, or wherever they carried out the designs of men, + harmony was the result. Women's work was found to blend + perfectly with men's when both worked on a common plan to a + common end. Of course women in German art, as elsewhere, are + numerically immensely in the minority, nor do they as yet often + attempt the grand, the monumental, the complex. But many of them + are honest and efficient helpers, whose eyes and hands show + excellent training. They are, besides, enthusiastic supporters + and intelligent abettors of the new movement which aims to + achieve homogeneousness in the arts of living. + + Again and again in the German exhibits one was constrained to + note that the female members of an artist's family were + frequently represented by work of their own. One encountered + Bruno and Fra Wille, joint designers of rooms, carpets, wall + coverings; Professor Behrens's wife plans a variety of things + from costumes to book covering. There are feminine Hubers, + Spindlers, Laengers in the catalogue, showing that the Germans + who have been so long reckoned as addicted to the cult of the + "Hausfrau" only, are beginning to accord the woman artist due + recognition. + + It was all the more amazing to find that Germany, the very + Germany who, by general verdict, had given the most complete + exhibit of household art ever shown at any exposition, who, as I + have just pointed out had brought forward its craftswomen in no + contemptible role, should all unconsciously furnish the + striking, the classical example of the folly of separating the + sexes at an exposition. The "Verein Berliner Kunstlevinnen" made + an exhibit of exclusively feminine work, which was as pointedly + painful, as conspicuously lacking in force and originality, as + confused as to arrangement as have been all the previous + displays, where the accentuated feminine was relegated to + separate little buildings or separate little corners in + buildings. I saw more than one German artist hustle his American + friends past that part of the Varied Industries Building, where + abominations of his misguided countrywomen were on view. And + more than one told me that it was a slander on what German women + could do. This only goes to prove that the action of the + authorities in charge of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + believed to be the fact: That the exhibition of woman's work, + apart from men's, runs to the tawdry, the insignificant, and the + unnecessary. Therefore, separation of the sexes in the display + at expositions should not be tolerated. + + +Department E, Machinery, Mr. Thomas M. Moore, Chief; Miss Edith J. +Griswold, New York City, Department Juror. + + This department comprised 5 groups and 35 classes, the group + headings being: Steam engines; Various motors; General + machinery; Machine tools; Arsenal tools. + +Miss Griswold says: + + After considerable consideration I almost feel that the least + said about women exhibitors in the Machinery Department at the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition the better. The fact is, there + were no women exhibitors. However, in this department the + exhibitors were mostly old firms or very large manufacturers, + and while women are undoubtedly making their way into mechanics + they have not been in the field long enough to have reached a + point where their work of a nature to form exposition exhibits + can compete with man's work. The chief of the Machinery + Department and one other member of the jury mentioned a Miss + Gleason, who is connected with one of the firms that exhibited, + and spoke of her ability in the mechanical line and her + knowledge of mechanics in the highest of terms. Women are + employed in various capacities in nearly every line of work that + was exhibited in this department, and Miss Gleason probably + stands as an example of the real but unostentatious work of many + women who understand the intricacies of machinery fully as well + as men with the same degree of training. + + +That women are making a place for themselves in this department of +industry is shown by the Patent Office statistics. The first patents for +inventions were granted to men in 1790, but no patent was issued to a +woman until May 5, 1809, and the number of inventions granted to them in +any one year did not exceed 6 until the year 1862, when 14 were issued. +This number was lowered but once, and that was in 1865, when naturally +women had responsibilities of a nature that precluded outside interests, +but the direction of which is shown in the fact that two of the 13 +applications in that year were--one for "Improved table for hospitals," +the other for "Improvement in drinking cups for the sick." In 1863 an +application was made for "Improvement in ambulances." + +It is a significant fact that from the time General Spinner appointed +the first woman to be employed under the Government in 1864, her +advancement was shown in invention, as well as in all other phases of +her existence. At the beginning of the year 1864, fifty-five years after +the first patent had been granted to her, she had received but 103 +patents. During the next fifteen years, 1,046 patents were granted; +during the next ten, 1,428, and during the next five years (from 1889 to +1894), 1,309 patents were issued to women, the number in five years +exceeding that granted during the first seventy years. It is to be +regretted that the Patent Office records do not show a classification of +her work during the past ten years, their list practically ceasing March +1, 1895. + +The inventions cover a wide and ambitious range, and include, even among +their earliest attempts, "Improved war vessel, the parts applying to +other structures for defense;" "Improvement in locomotive wheels;" in +"Engraving copper;" "Steam whistles;" "Mechanism for driving sewing +machines;" "Improved material for packing journals and bearings;" +"Improvement in the mode of preventing the heating of axles and +journals;" in "Pyrotechnic night signals;" in "Paper-bag machines;" in +"Railway car safety apparatus;" "Conveyors of smoke and cinders for +locomotives;" "Sewing machines;" in "Alloys for hardening iron;" in +"Alloys to resemble silver;" in "Devices for removing snow from +railways;" "Car coupling;" "Attachment for unloading box cars;" +"Railroad car," etc. + + +Department F, Electricity, Prof. W.E. Goldsboro, Chief, Miss Hope +Fairfax Loughborough, Department Juror. + + This department comprised 5 groups and 24 classes, the group + headings being: Machines for generating and using electricity; + Electrochemistry; Electric lighting; Telegraphy and telephony; + Various applications of electricity. + +Miss Loughborough's report is as follows: + + The field of electricity has been so long and so peculiarly a + man's field that it is not surprising to find that in the 5 + groups and 24 classes which the Department of Electricity at the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition comprised, only 2 exhibits were + made by women, both of whom were Americans. + + One of these exhibits was made by Mrs. Alexander Baumgard, of + New York City, and showed an automatic advertising figure + actuated by an electric motor. The figure was that of a woman + standing before a rack on which were a number of signs. The + figure stooped, picked up one of the signs, raised it, turned a + quarter way around in order to display it to the best advantage, + and replaced the sign. The next movement took up the next sign, + and so on. The mechanism was actuated by an electric motor, + which, by means of a series of cams and gears, caused it to go + through the various movements. The value of the device was + considered very small, as there are other more effective means + of advertising of this kind, and no award was given Mrs. + Baumgard. + + The other exhibit by a woman was made by Mrs. Blodgett, and + consisted of ornamental shades for electric lights, painted by + hand. These shades were quite artistic in themselves, and were + well installed, so the exhibit was awarded a bronze medal. + + In neither of these exhibits was there any invention or process + which was original. + + In the electrical industry there is practically no machine or + apparatus made without the assistance of women or girls, as they + are employed in every electrical factory for insulating and + winding coils, etc. In the manufacture of these the percentage + of women's work is from 3 to 10 per cent. But aside from this + purely mechanical work women have contributed little or nothing + to the advancement of the application of electricity, either + before the Chicago Exposition or during the past eleven years. + + +Department G, Transportation Exhibits, Mr. W.A. Smith, Chief; Miss Rose +Weld, Newport News, Va., Department Juror. + +Miss Weld is a graduate of the Boston School of Technology and now in +the employ of the Newport News Shipbuilding Company. + + This department comprised 6 groups and 33 classes, the group + headings being: Carriages and wheelwrights' work; Automobiles + and cycles; Saddlery and harness; Railways, yards, stations, + freight houses, terminal facilities of all kinds; Material and + equipment used in the mercantile marine; Material and equipment + of naval services, naval warfare; Aerial navigation. + +Miss Weld briefly reports: + + As a department juror I saw the papers of every exhibitor, and + there were no exhibits by women in this department in any of the + 33 classes, but not coming in contact with any of the exhibitors + I can give no exact information about the work done by women in + the manufacture or construction of the exhibits. + + +Department H, Agriculture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, Chief; Mrs. Richard +P. Bland, Lebanon, Mo., Department Juror. + + This department comprised 27 groups and 137 classes, the group + headings being: Farm equipment--methods of improving lands; + Agricultural implements and farm machinery; Fertilizers; + Tobacco; Appliances and methods used in agricultural industries; + Theory of agriculture--agricultural statistics; Vegetable food + products--agricultural seeds; Animal food products; Equipment + and methods employed in the preparation of foods; Farinaceous + products and their derivatives; Bread and pastry; Preserved + meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit; Sugar and + confectionery--condiments and relishes; Waters; Wines and + brandies; Sirups and liqueurs--distilled spirits commercial + alcohol; Fermented beverages; Inedible agricultural products; + Insects and their products--plant diseases; Live stock--horses + and mules, cattle, sheep, goats, etc.; Swine; Dogs; Cats; + Ferrets, etc.; Poultry and birds. + +Mrs. Bland reports as a department juror in this department: + + Our jury passed upon machinery for making drinks, refrigerators, + refrigerating, Sunny Brook Distillery, ice-making plant, beer + packers, and packages, etc., bottle washing and cleaning. Bake + ovens, candy and chocolate machines also came within our + jurisdiction. One special machine of French make was for making + ice for families and on the farm; these were small machines and + would make from 10 to 300 pounds, and were comparatively cheap + and within the reach of many. + + There was an interesting and unique exhibit from Germany showing + canned stews and other edibles to be used in camp and on hunting + and fishing trips. The can had an interlining of tin, and + between the two walls of the can was unslacked lime; by making a + hole in each end of the can and placing first one end and then + the other in cold water for five minutes the stew was warmed and + cooked. + +Mrs. Bland conducts a large farm, and in a letter states that she was +awarded a bronze medal at this exposition for her exhibit of timothy hay +and Grimes golden apples. + +Mrs. Bland also served on the jury of awards in the women's department +of the Charleston Exposition, and it was her opinion that there is a +great opening for women in house furnishings, designing wall paper, and +photography. + + +Department J, Horticulture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, Chief; Mrs. Ida L. +Turner, Fort Worth, Tex., Department Juror. + + This department comprised 7 groups and 31 classes, the group + headings being: Appliances and methods of pomology, viticulture, + floriculture, and arboriculture; Appliances and methods of + viticulture; Pomology; Trees, shrubs, ornamental plants and + flowers; Plants of the conservatory; Seeds and plants for garden + and nurseries; Arboriculture and fruit culture. + +Mrs. Turner says: + + In reply to your questions in regard to the work of the women + jurors at the St. Louis Exposition, will say that I arrived very + late at the exposition, after the jury had about finished their + duties in the Department of Horticulture, in which I was to + serve. For this reason my duties were limited, and I had little + opportunity to examine and give an intelligent estimate of the + part taken by women in this department. + + +Department K, Forestry, Mr. Tarleton H. Bean, Chief; Mrs. J.M. Glenn, +Baltimore, Md., Department Juror. + + This department comprised 3 groups and 14 classes, under the + group headings: Appliances and processes used in forestry; + Products of the cultivation of forests and of forest industries; + Appliances for gathering wild crops and products obtained. + +No report. + + +Department L, Mines and Metallurgy, Mr. J.A. Homes, Chief; Mrs. M.G. +Scrutchin, Atlanta, Ga., Department Juror. + + This department comprised 5 groups and 43 classes, under the + group headings: Working of mines, ore beds, and stone quarries; + Minerals and stones, and their utilization; Mine models, maps, + photographs; Metallurgy; Literature of mining, metallurgy, etc. + +Mrs. Scrutchin reports as follows: + + In all our fairy stories, dwarfs and elves live below the earth + and deal with mines and their dark belongings; the fairies live + above. So none of us are surprised to find few women in this + line of exhibitors. My work as a member of the department jury + confined me to one room, and to an inspection of lists submitted + by the group jurors. So I really had no opportunity for specific + examination of the various groups and classes, except where some + doubt was expressed as to the validity of an award, when I made + it a point to examine that subject with more or less care. Many + women placed specimens of clay and ore in their State + collections. Several Georgia women, I know, did this--some, + though owning and operating mines, and active in submitting + specimens, took shelter under the husband's name. This fact also + came under my own observation. + + Nearly all these exhibits were in group 116, class 682. One + collection of clays and pottery produced in the interest of + artistic handicraft came from the Sophie Newcombe Memorial + College for the higher education of girls, of New Orleans, La., + and was in the same group, but class 690. Many like collections + were seen in the Educational Building, but this is the only one + given space in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. + + The Woman's Club of Pipestone, Minn., showed specimens of + pipestone and jasper belonging to group 116, class 682. In the + whole list I find only two foreigners--one from Toronto, Canada, + and the other from Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico, both such near + neighbors to our own country as hardly to seem foreign. The one + making exhibition from Mexico, Esther Lopez, is associated with + a man, Hernano, brother or husband, I presume. Group 118 devoted + to metallurgy, had only one woman exhibitor, Mrs. Abbie Krebs, + San Francisco, Cal., who submitted redwood tanks for an award. + + I do not recall any award made to a woman in the Department of + Mines and Metallurgy. Many mercantile houses and large + corporations were competitors, and, as I said before, many women + sent their specimens to their respective State exhibits, and so + increased the chances of the State to an award. + + The fine Alaskan exhibition in the Alaska Building was collated, + I understand, by a woman. I did not see it and did not learn the + woman's name, though I made an effort to do so. + + From my observation, I think the work of the women would have + been better appreciated and the effect more pronounced had they + been placed in a separate building. In this Department of Mines, + for instance, every woman would have sent to the Woman's + Building instead of to the State exhibit, and a greater number + would have been on record as exhibitors. + + The only two exhibitions, or expositions rather, at all + approaching the one in St. Louis that I have attended were the + Centennial at Philadelphia, in 1876, and the International + Cotton Exposition at Atlanta, in 1895. At the first I do not + recall any emphasis on what women had done, except in the lines + in which she had always worked--art, needlework, and dairy + products. In Atlanta, as at Chicago, there was a Woman's + Building, and here were found her work in all lines, and many + visitors enjoyed the exhibition. + + The recognition of woman as evidenced by her appointment on the + juries of the different departments, both group and department, + was the most striking development of the recent great + expositions. + + The list submitted below contains the names of all women whose + names appear in the official catalogue of exhibits in the + Department of Mines and Metallurgy: + + Sophie Newcombe Memorial College for the Higher Education of + Girls, of New Orleans, La. Clays and pottery produced in the + interest of artistic handicraft. Group 116, class 690. Mrs. + Abbie Krebs, San Francisco, Cal. Redwood tanks. Group 118, class + 702. Mrs. George Rupp, Bessemer, Mich. Collection of iron ores, + needle, grape, kidney, and blackberry ore. Group 116, class 682. + Woman's Club, Pipestone, Minn. Pipestone and jasper. Group 116, + class 682. Mrs. Helen M. Schneider, Eureka, Nev. Collection of + minerals. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. George W. Pritchard, White + Oaks, N. Mex., Lincoln County. Ores. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. + D.D. Menges, Allentown, Pa. Iron ores. Group 116, class 682. + Mrs. C. Robinson, Spokane, S. Dak. Arsenopyrite ore. Group 116, + class 682. Mrs. Haliburton, Bridgewood, Bridgewood Company, + Ontario, Canada. Minerals. Group 116, class 682. Esther y + Hernano Lopez, Taxco, province of Guerrero, Mexico. Silver ores. + Group 116, class 682. + + +Department M, Fish and Game, Mr. Tarleton H. Bean, Chief; Mrs. Mary +Stuart Armstrong, Chicago, Ill., Department Juror. + + This department comprised 5 groups and 19 classes, the group + headings being: Hunting equipment; Products of hunting; Fishing; + equipment and products; Products of fisheries; Fish culture. + +No report. + + +Department N, Anthropology, Dr. W.J. McGee, Chief; Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, +Cambridge, Mass., Department Juror. + + This department comprised 4 groups and 5 classes, under the + group headings: Literature; Somatology; Ethnology; Ethnography. + +Mrs. Nuttall reports, as group juror, this department. + +(Report not on file.) + + +Department O, Social Economy, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, Chief; Miss Jane +Addams, Chicago, Ill., Department Juror. + + This department comprised 13 groups and 58 classes, the group + headings being: Study and investigation of social and economic + conditions; Economic resources and organization; State + regulation of industry and labor; Organization of industrial + workers; Methods of industrial remuneration; Cooperative + institutions; Provident institutions; Housing of the working + classes; The liquor question; General betterment movements; + Charities and correction; Public health; Municipal improvement. + +Miss Addams says in her report as department juror of the above: + + The general advance in social betterment has been very marked in + the eleven years intervening since the Columbian Exposition, at + Chicago, and women have not only shared that advance, but have + undoubtedly contributed more than their proportionate share, if + tested by the proportionate value of their exhibits at Chicago + and at St. Louis. This is also true if tested by the social + economy exhibits made in Paris in 1900, where I was a juror in + the department of social economy. No separate exhibit was there + made of the work of women save that implied in the exhibition of + women's philanthropic societies. At the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition their separate exhibits were not only larger, but + more definite and coherent. The work of women was as much + appreciated when placed by the side of men as if it had been + installed by itself, and the results would have been no better + if separately exhibited. Certainly nothing in the entire + department at St. Louis was more successfully installed and + attracted more favorable attention than the Twin City Museum, + which occupied an entire building upon the Model street and was + under the direction of Mrs. Condé Hamlin, of St. Paul, who had + also planned it from the beginning and was made commissioner. It + was certainly a notable achievement to have one such exhibit as + that standing absolutely upon its merits and dealing with the + civic and general social conditions as they are constantly + developing in our large and growing cities. It had suggestions + of activities along a dozen lines which make for amelioration of + urban conditions as they bear hardest upon the people of the + most crowded quarters. To quote from the report of another on + this subject: "It is now a well-established fact that women most + effectively supplement the best interests and the furthering of + the highest aims of all government by their numberless + charitable, reformatory, educational, and other beneficent + institutions which she has had the courage and the ideality to + establish for the alleviation of suffering, for the correction + of many forms of social injustice and neglect, and these + institutions exert a strong and steady influence for good, an + influence which tends to decrease vice, to make useful citizens + of the helpless or depraved, to elevate the standard of + morality, and to increase the sum of human happiness." + + +Department P, Physical Culture, J.E. Sullivan, Chief; Miss Clara +Hellwig, Plainfield, N.J., Department Juror. + + This department comprised 3 groups and 6 classes, the group + headings being: Training of the child and adult-theory and + practice; Games and sports for children and adults; Equipment + for games and sports. + + Unfortunately Miss Hellwig was abroad and did not receive + notification in time to reach St. Louis for the jury work. + + + + +Superior Jury. + +Mrs. Philip N. Moore, of St. Louis, Mo., was appointed to represent the +board of lady managers on the superior jury, and in a general résumé of +the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Mrs. Moore says: + + If the organization of a world's exposition begins years before + its doors open, if public opinion changes in a decade, it may be + well, before summing up the work of women at St. Louis, to look + first at the record of achievement from Chicago in 1893 through + Atlanta, Nashville, Omaha, Paris, and Buffalo, all of which led + gradually to the high plane upon which we now stand. + + Segregation of the sexes was the limited understanding of most + of those in charge of former expositions. Not for a moment would + I imply by this statement that there was a desire to give the + work of women a lower grade than that of men; rather was it the + mistaken idea of drawing attention to it, as something better + and apart. By this very means there was often a serious and + hurtful comparison, since many women with undoubted ability + would not thus place their exhibits. It implied that in the + special group, where exhibit was made, woman's mind differed + from that of man's to the extent that there was also a + difference in the result. + + We owe sincere thanks to the progressive men in charge of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition, that they listened with + intelligent appreciation to the plea from women for equal + representation, wherever their work was found worthy. + + There is no mistaking the dignified effect of this edict, and + only the best in various lines gained admission to the exhibit + palaces. + + In most exhibits the larger proportion was presented by men; and + in similar proportion the awards were assigned. There was, + however, no distinction made as to sex; and the members of the + various juries, including women, paid as careful attention to + the one exhibit as to the other, without reference to name, + often the only indication of sex. + + There were some art, educational, and economic exhibits, placed + entirely by women, showing marvelous adaptability to the + limitations of environment, and also skill in artistic and + practical setting. Looking closely at the work in the several + departments, my opinion is that, while woman has not gained + greatly in inventive or constructive arts, she has gained + breadth in the applied arts and has grown immeasurably in + freedom of execution. This has been obtained partly by the + contact with man's work, extending through many centuries in + advance, and partly by the very fact that she must now stand + only on her own merits. + + Women from foreign lands entered into competition in the + departments of art, education, and liberal arts to a very slight + extent, with some investigation in science, but in all a very + small proportion. This was natural, on account of the great + distance, and may be applied equally to the number of exhibitors + from across the water, whether men or women. + + American women were found in nearly every field open to + competition, though it was the apparently proud statement of the + director of Mines and Metallurgy that there were no women on his + juries, which meant, of course, no exhibit. (NOTE.--Mrs. M.G. + Scrutchin was evidently appointed after this statement.) + + The congresses were open to women, who appeared on the same + programmes with men, were paid the compliment of as large + audiences, were listened to with interest, and their opinions in + discussions answered with freedom. This occurred also in the + various associations, where men and women work side by side. + + In the work of the superior jury, where for the first time the + right of membership was given to a representative of women, the + application of deliberation and judgment was made to the work of + men and women alike. Courtesy and the hand of fellowship were + extended to all. Exhibits were not specially investigated, + unless appeals from former jury awards were sent in. In such + case most careful and detailed investigation was made by the + special boards, to which were assigned certain departments. + There was no distinction of sex mentioned in the jury room; and + the time has evidently arrived when no less will be expected + from women--no more from men--than the quality of work merits. + + + + +FINAL REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF AWARDS. + + The chairman of the committee of awards of the board of lady + managers begs leave to present the story and the report of that + committee to your honorable board. + + We will not begin by saying "once upon a time," for this is no + fairy story, but we will hark back to that time when we, as a + board, were not, that we may refer to the vital words of the act + of Congress of March 3, 1901, which act provided for the + creation of a board of lady managers, gave the excuse for its + existence, and named specifically one duty it would be called + upon to perform, to wit: "To appoint one member of all + committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as shall + have been produced in whole or in part by female labor." + + This phase of woman's work at the World's Fair formed the + principal topic of talk at the informal conference held in New + York, December 5, 1901, between the National Commission and the + members of the board of lady managers that had been appointed up + to that time. + + The committee of awards was one of the last of the standing + committees to be appointed, but was the first committee + appointed by Mrs. Daniel Manning after her election to the + presidency of the board of lady managers in December, 1903, and + was as follows: Mrs. Frederick Hanger, chairman, Little Rock, + Ark.; Mrs. Richard W. Knott, Louisville, Ky.; Miss Lavinia H. + Egan, Shreveport, La.; Mrs. Fannie Lowry Porter, Atlanta, Ga.; + Mrs. Helen Boice-Hunsicker, Hoboken, N.J. + + From the organization of the board its influence had been sought + and besought by women wishing positions connected with the + exposition work. The appointing of the committee of awards acted + like a wireless-telegraphy message throughout the country and + brought applications from "would be" jurors or recommendations + from friends of "would be" jurors until the files of the board + room were filled to the limit, and the colored postman of the + free-delivery postal service in the southern home of the + chairman thought he had relapsed into a "previous condition of + servitude." + + The rules regulating the system of awards, enacted by the + Exposition Company, stated that the nomination for jurors must + be in the hands of the director of exhibits thirty days before + the opening of the exposition, for the approval of the + Exposition Company and the National Commission. + + The division of exhibits had issued a list of all exhibits that + could be entered at the exposition, dividing them into 144 + groups. + + As woman's work is never done, and as she has worked her way + into almost every industrial avenue, to find out the "woman" in + the work of exhibits required more light than the act of + Congress or the rules of the Exposition Company gave on the + subject. + + The chairman of the committee of awards made a special journey + to St. Louis, a month after the committee was appointed, and in + company with Miss Egan, a member of the committee, waited upon + the director of exhibits and asked that the World's Fair light, + for femininity, might be thrown on the 144 groups of exhibits, + that woman's work, "in whole or in part," might have a juror + appointed by the board of lady managers to judge of its merits. + + The director of exhibits, with much genial graciousness, threw + up his official hands and said he was helpless, that not until + the exhibits were placed could the groups that would admit of + women jurors be determined, and that there would be women jurors + appointed by the Exposition Company as well as by the board of + lady managers. He suggested that we look carefully through the + 144 groups and use our "judgment" as to which groups would call + for women jurors. + + We asked the advisability of conferring with the heads of the + different departments, and were told that the information must + come through the director of exhibits. We were told to remember + that the list of women jurors must be limited to keep down the + expense of the jury work. + + From this time until the 25th of July the board waited for the + classified list. + + By correspondence among the members of the committee of awards, + by meeting of the same, and by suggestions from the entire + board, a long list of names of women eminent for intellectual, + artistic, material, and practical achievements was obtained from + which to choose women jurors. It seemed impossible for the + committee to make a report to present to the board for + acceptance until information in regard to the classified list + had been obtained. + + Partial tentative reports were read at the March meeting, to + report progress and secure suggestions. + + At a meeting of the board held April 29 a list of 83 names for + women jurors and their alternates was submitted by the committee + and accepted by the board. A motion carried to the effect that + power to act was left with the committee, as the classified list + had not been received from the Exposition Company and the + committee's use of "judgment" might be tempered with the blue + pencil of the Exposition Company. + + The confirmation of names for jurors was made very + comprehensive, as the board at that time did not expect to meet + until after the jurors had served. + + The president of the board was untiring in her efforts in behalf + of the jury work of the board. The chairman of the committee was + called to St. Louis twice on the special work of the jury list, + and the members of the board and committee by consultation with + members of the National Commission, officials of the Exposition + Company, and heads of departments, held out for what they + considered the full rights of the nominating power of the board, + with the hope of bringing American womanhood in touch, as near + as possible, with the work of the exposition. + + + + The following communications indicate the progress made: + + + ST. Louis, _July 22, 1904._ + + DEAR SIR: In regard to the appointment of women jurors the board + of lady managers begs leave to state that names of women jurors + for 83 groups have been approved by the board. We have been + informed that the classified list of groups is in your hands, + and we would be glad to receive it at the earliest possible + date. + + Very respectfully, + M. MARGARETTA MANNING, + _President._ + + Hon. DAVID R. FRANCIS, + _President Louisiana Purchase Exposition,_ + _Exposition Grounds, St. Louis, Mo._ + + + + St. Louis, _July 25, 1904._ + + MADAM PRESIDENT: The Exposition Company, through the executive + committee, has approved the accompanying report of the director + of exhibits, and hereby certifies to the board of lady managers + the number of groups in which the exhibits have been produced in + whole or in part by female labor. + + This is in response to your letter addressed to the president + under date of July 22, and this day submitted to the executive + committee. + + The groups so certified are as follows: + + _Education_.--Group 1, Elementary education. Group 2, Secondary + education. Group 3, Higher education. Group 4, Special education + in fine arts. Group 7, Education of defectives. + + _Fine arts_.--Group 9, Paintings and drawings. Group 11, + Sculpture. Group 12, Architecture. Group 14, Original objects in + art workmanship. + + _Liberal arts_.--Group 16, Photography. Group 17, Books and + publications--Bookbinding. Group 18, Maps and apparatus for + geography, cosmography, topography. + + _Manufactures_.--Group 37, Decoration and fixed furniture of + buildings and dwellings. Group 45, Ceramics. Group 52, Equipment + and processes used in bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing + textiles in their various stages. Group 53, Equipment and + processes used in sewing and making wearing apparel. Group 58, + Laces, embroidery, and trimmings. Group 59, Industries, + producing wearing apparel for men, women, and children. Group + 61, Various industries connected with clothing. + + _Machinery_.--None. + + _Electricity_.--None. + + _Transportation_.--None. + + _Agriculture_.--Group 78, Farm equipment--Methods of improving + land. Group 84, Vegetable food products--Agricultural seeds. + Group 88, Bread and pastry. Group 89, Preserved meat, fish, + vegetables, and fruit. Group 90, Sugar and + confectionery--Condiments and relishes. Group 92, Wines and + brandies. + + _Live stock_.--None. + + _Horticulture_.--Group 107, Pomology. + + _Forestry_.--None. + + _Mines and metallurgy_.--None. + + _Fish and game_.--None. + + _Anthropology_.--None. + + _Social economy_.--Group 129, Study and investigation of social + and economic conditions. Group 133, Methods of industrial + remuneration. Group 136, Housing of the working classes. Group + 137, The liquor question. Group 139, Charities and corrections. + Group 141, Municipal improvement. + + _Physical culture_.--None + + Very respectfully, + DAVID R. FRANCIS, + _President._ + + MRS. DANIEL MANNING, + _President Board of Lady Managers._ + + + + St. Louis, Mo., _July 30, 1904._ + + DEAR SIR: The accompanying list of 83 women jurors, to serve on + the committee of awards of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, + has been made by the board of lady managers and is hereby + submitted for approval to the Exposition Company and to the + National Commission. + + This list has been made according to the authorization granted + to the board in section 6 of the acts of Congress approved March + 3, 1901, to wit, "To nominate one member of all committees + authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as shall have been + produced in whole or in part by female labor." + + Yours, truly, + M. MARGARETTA MANNING, + _President._ + + FRANCES MARION HANGER, + _Chairman Committee of Awards._ + + Hon. DAVID R. FRANCIS, + _President Louisiana Purchase Exposition,_ + _Administration Building._ + + + + AUGUST 4, 1904. + + MY DEAR MADAM PRESIDENT: Responding to your communication of + July 30, transmitting a list of women jurors and alternate + jurors, that you recommend for appointment, and which you submit + for approval by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company and + the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, I beg to state + that under the rules and regulations of the Louisiana Purchase + Exposition Company, approved by the National Commission, the + board of lady managers may appoint 32 women jurors and women + alternate jurors. + + As the number of names submitted by you greatly exceeds the + number you are permitted to nominate under the rules and + regulations above referred to, the list is herewith returned for + revision. If the names you have submitted for appointment upon + the groups for which the board of lady managers are entitled to + make nominations are the ones you desire in these particular + groups, they will be entertained for confirmation, but it may be + you will desire to readjust your list. + + Very respectfully, + + D.R. FRANCIS, + _President._ + + MRS. DANIEL MANNING, + _President Board Lady Managers._ + + + + AUGUST 9, 1904. + + DEAR SIR: In response to your letter received August 8, in + relist of nominations for the women jurors made by the board of + lady managers, I beg leave to state that said list was made + under what the board believed to be the interpretation of + section 6 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, which + would seem to provide for the appointment of "one member of all + committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may + have been produced in whole or in part by female labor." + + We regret exceedingly that "in the discretion of said commission + and corporation" referred to in said act, the list of groups has + been reduced from 83 to 32. + + We respectfully ask, however, that a favorable consideration may + be given to four additional groups, viz: No. 125, Literature; + No. 126, Somatology; No. 127, Ethnology, and No. 128, + Ethnography. These groups have been specially designated by the + chief of the Department of Anthropology, the names of nominees + submitted are those approved by him, and it is most desirable + that this request be granted. + + We herewith hand you revised list, readjusted as per your + instructions. + + + Respectfully submitted. + + FRANCES MARION HANGER, + _Chairman on Committee of Awards_. + + Hon. DAVID R. FRANCIS, + _President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company_. + + +EDUCATION (DEPARTMENT A). + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Number and title of group. | Principals. | Alternates. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Group 1, Elementary education|Miss Anna Tolman Smith, |Miss Clara Hellwig, + | Washington, D.C. | Plainfield, N.J. +Group 2, Secondary education |Miss Anna G. MacDougal, |Miss Mary Boyce Temple, + | Chicago, Ill. | Knoxville, Tenn. +Group 3, Higher education |Miss Caroline Hazzard, |Mrs. Charles Perkins, + | Wellesley College, | Knoxville, Tenn. + | Wellesley, Mass. | +Group 4, Fine arts |Mrs. E.A. Thayer, Denver, |Mrs. Charles Cary, Delaware + | Colo. | avenue, Buffalo, N.Y. +Group 7, State institutions |Mrs. Sarah Platt Decker, |Mrs. George Noyes, + | Denver, Colo. | Milwaukee, Wis. +Group 9, Painting and |Mrs. J. Montgomery Sears, |Miss Mary Solari, + drawing | Boston, Mass. | Memphis, Tenn. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +ART (DEPARTMENT B). + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Group 11, Sculpture |Mrs. Elizabeth St. John |Miss Enid Yandell, + | Matthews, New York, N.Y. | Louisville, Ky. +Group 12, Architecture |Miss Rose Weld, Newport |Miss Susan N. Ketcham, + | News. Va. | Carnegie Hall, N.Y. +Group 14, Art workmanship |Mrs. Eugene Field, Buena |Miss Alice Barber Stevens, + | Park, Ill. | Philadelphia, Pa. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +LIBERAL ARTS (DEPARTMENT C). + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Group 16, Photography |Miss Francis B. Johnston, |Mrs. Charles Ladd, + | Washington, D.C. | Portland, Oreg. +Group 17, Publishing and |Mrs. Horace S. Smith, |Miss Bulkley, Hillside, + bookbinding. | Chicago, Ill. | Mo. +Group 18, Maps, apparatus for|Mrs. Fannie Hicks Woolwine,|Mrs. M.G. Scrutchin, + geography. | Nashville, Tenn. | Atlanta, Ga. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +MANUFACTURES (DEPARTMENT D). + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Number and title of group. | Principals. | Alternates. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Group 37, Furniture and |Mrs. Candace Wheeler, New |Mrs. R.A. Edgerton, + household decoration. | York, N.Y. | Berwyn, Ill. +Group 45, Ceramics |Mrs. Isaac Boyd, Atlanta, |Miss Henrietta Ord Jones, + | Ga. | New York City. +Group 52, Bleaching and |Miss Madolin Wynn, |Mrs. W.S. Major, + dyeing, etc. | Deerfield, Mass. | Shelbyville, Ind. +Group 53, Equipment and |Mrs. Elisha Dyer, sr., |Mrs. Frederick Nathan, + processes used in making | Providence, R.I. | New York City. + clothes. | | +Group 58, Lace trimming and |Mrs. E.D. Wood, |Mrs. Noble Prentiss, + embroidery. | Indianapolis, Ind. | Leavenworth, Kans. +Group 59, Industries |Miss Margaret Summers, | + producing wearing apparel. | Louisville, Ky. | +Group 61, Industries |Mrs. F.K. Bowes, Chicago, |Miss Runley, Clinton, + connected with clothing. | Ill. | N.Y. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +AGRICULTURE (DEPARTMENT H). + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Group 78, Agriculture-- |Mrs. W.H. Felton, |Miss Myra Dock, + Methods of improving lands. | Cartersville, Ga. | Harrisburg, Pa. +Group 84, Vegetable products |Mrs. Christine Terhune |Mrs. E.W. Williams, + | Herrick, Haworth, N.Y. | Winona, Minn. +Group 88, Bread and pastry |Mrs. F.H. Pugh, Bellevue, |Mrs. John B. Henderson, + | Nebr. | Washington, D.C. +Group 89, Preserved meats, |Mrs. E.L. Lamb, Jackson, |Mrs. Minnie H. Lawton, + fish, vegetables, and fruit.| Miss. | Omaha, Nebr. +Group 90, Sugar and |Miss Carolyn Hempstead, |Mrs. R.P. Bland, Lebanon, + confectionery--Condiments | Little Rock, Ark. | Mo. + and relishes. | | +Group 92, Wines and brandies.|Miss Cruse, Helena, Mont. |Mrs. W.C. Ralston, San + | | Francisco, Cal. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +HORTICULTURE (DEPARTMENT J). + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Group 107, Pomology |Mrs. M.B.R. Day, Frankfort,|Mrs. Robert Fulton, + | Ky. | Buffalo, N.Y. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +ANTHROPOLOGY (DEPARTMENT N). + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Group 125, Literature |Miss Grace King, New |Miss Annie Scoville, + | Orleans, La. | Stamford, Conn. +Group 126, Somatology |Miss Alice Fletcher, |Mrs. Nelson H. Doubleday, + | Washington, D.C. | New York, N.Y. +Group 127, Ethnology |Mrs. Alice P. Henderson, |Miss Matilda Coxe + | Tacoma Wash. | Stevenson, Washington, D.C. +Group 128, Ethnography |Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, |Miss Cora Peters, + | Cambridge, Mass. | Washington, D.C. (United + | | States Indian Bureau). +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +SOCIAL ECONOMY (DEPARTMENT 0). + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Group 129, Study and |Miss Caroline Greisheimer, |Mrs. J.M. Glenn, Baltimore, + investigation of social and | Washington, D.C. | Baltimore, Md. + economic conditions. | | +Group 135, Provident |Mrs. Eliza Eads How, St. |Miss Margaret Wade, + institutions. | Louis, Mo. | Washington, D.C. +Group 136, Housing of the |Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, |Mrs. H.G.R. Wright, + working classes. | Ill. | Denver, Colo. +Group 137, The liquor |Countess of Aberdeen |Mrs. Ralph Trautman, + question | | New York, N.Y. +Group 139, Charities and |Miss Mary E. Perry, St. |Miss Josephine Woodward, + correction. | Louis, Mo. | Cincinnati Ohio. +Group 141, Municipal |Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas, |Mrs. Condé Hamlin, + improvement. | Tex. | St. Paul, Minn. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + The foregoing list was confirmed by the Exposition Company and + the National Commission (August 21). + + The group jurors were notified at the earliest possible moment + of their appointment. + + The time that most of the jurors began to serve was September 1. + + The list of jurors who served under appointment from the board + of lady managers was as follows: + + List of Group Jurors--Board of Lady Managers. + + Education: + Group 1, Miss Anna Tolman Smith, Washington, D.C. + Group 2, Miss Anna G. MacDougal, Chicago, Ill. + Group 3, Miss Mary Boyce Temple, Knoxville, Tenn. + Group 4, Mrs. E.A. Thayer, Denver, Colo. + Group 7, Miss Hope Loughborough, Cleveland, Ohio. + + Art: + Group 9, Miss Mary Solari, Memphis, Tenn. + Group 11, Mrs. Elizabeth St. John Matthews, New York. + Group 12, Miss Rose Weld, Newport News, Va. + Group 14, Mrs. Eugene Field, Buena Park, Ill. + + Liberal Arts: + Group 16, Miss Frances Benjamin Johnston, Washington, D.C. + Group 17, Mrs. Horace S. Smith, Chicago, Ill. + Group 18, Mrs. W.M. Woolwine, Nashville, Tenn. + + Manufactures: + Group 37, Mrs. R.A. Edgerton, Milwaukee, Wis. + Group 45, Mrs. Isaac Boyd, Atlanta, Ga. + Groups 53 and 61, Mrs. F.K. Bowes, Chicago, Ill.; Mrs. A.G. + Harrow, Ottumwa, Iowa. + Groups 58 and 59, Mrs. E.D. Wood, Indianapolis, Ind.; Mrs. + Margaret Summers, Louisville, Ky.; Mrs. W.S. Major, + Shelbyville, Ind. + + Agriculture: + Group 78, Mrs. W.H. Felton, Cartersville, Ga. + Group 88, Mrs. F.H. Pugh, Bellevue, Nebr. + Group 89, Mrs. E.L. Lamb, Jackson, Miss. + Group 90, Miss Carolyn Hempstead, Little Rock, Ark. + + Horticulture: + Group 107, Mrs. M.B.R. Day, Frankfort, Ky. + + Anthropology: + Group 125, Miss Alice C. Fletcher, Washington, D.C. + Group 126, Mrs. Alice Palmer Henderson, Washington, D.C. + Group 127, Miss Cora Peters, Washington, D.C. + Group 128, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass. + + Social Economy: + Group 129, Miss Caroline Greisheimer, Washington, D.C. + Group 135, Miss Margaret Wade, Washington, D.C. + Group 136, Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, Ill. + Group 139, Miss Mary Perry, St. Louis, Mo. + Group 141, Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas, Tex.; Mrs. Conde Hamlin, + St. Paul, Minn. + + The appointment of the departmental jurors had been provided for + in the extensive jury list approved April 29, but at the request + of three of the members of the National Commission the list of + departmental jurors was further confirmed by a meeting of the + board called for that purpose on September 20, and these jurors + began their work almost immediately. + + + The following list of department jurors was sent to the + Exposition Company and the National Commission: + + Department A, Education: + Mrs. W.E. Fischel (principal), 3841 Washington Boulevard, St. + Louis, Mo. + Miss Anna Tolman Smith (alternate), care Mr. Howard J. Rogers, chief + department of education. + + Department B, Art: + Mrs. Montgomery Sears (principal), Boston, Mass. + Miss Cecelia Beaux (alternate), South Washington square, New York + City. + + Department C, Liberal Arts: + Miss Olive Seward (principal), 1725 Nineteenth street, Washington, + D.C. + Mrs. H.A. Langford (alternate), 5817 Rosalie court, Chicago, Ill. + + Department D, Manufactures: + Miss Thekla M. Bernays (principal), St. Louis, Mo. + Mrs. W.H. Clapp (alternate), 28 West Eighth street, New York City. + + Department E, Machinery: + Miss Kate Gleason (principal), care The Gleason Works, Rochester, + N.Y. + Miss Edith J. Griswold (alternate), St. Paul Building, New York + City. + + Department F, Electricity: + Miss Hope Loughborough (principal), Euclid avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. + Miss Madolin Wynn (alternate), Deerfield, Mass. + + Department G, Transportation exhibits: + Miss Rose Weld (principal), care Mrs. Dimmock, Newport News, Va. + Mrs. Robert Fulton (alternate), care Mrs. J.M. Horton, Buffalo, + N.Y. + + Department H, Agriculture: + Mrs. Martha Shute (principal), secretary State board agriculture, + Denver, Colo. + Mrs. Edward Gilchrist Low (alternate), Lothrop, Groton, Mass. + + Department J, Horticulture: + Mrs. Ida L. Turner (principal), Fort Worth, Tex. + Mrs. M.B.R. Day (alternate), Frankfort, Ky. + + Department K, Forestry: + Miss Myra Dock (principal), State forestry restoration commissioner, + Harrisburg, Pa. + Mrs. J.M. Glenn (alternate), 617 Columbia avenue, Baltimore, Md. + + Department L, Mines and Metallurgy: + Mrs. M.G. Scrutchin (principal), 96 East Linden street, Atlanta, + Ga. + Mrs. E.L. Lamb (alternate), Jackson, Miss. + + Department M, Fish and Game: + Miss Mary Stuart Armstrong (principal), editor Elite, Chicago, Ill. + Mrs. C.E. Hatch (alternate), Kentland, Ind. + + Department N, Anthropology: + Mrs. Zelia Nuttall (principal), care Peabody Museum, Cambridge, + Mass. + Mrs. Emily Cook (alternate), Bureau Indian Affairs, Washington, D.C. + + Department O, Social Economy: + Miss Jane Addams (principal), Hull House, Chicago, Ill. + Mrs. Lilian Cantrell Bay (alternate), 5904 Clemens avenue, St. + Louis, Mo. + + Department P, Physical Culture: + Miss Clara S. Helwig (principal), Plainfield, N.J. + Miss Margaret Wade (alternate), 912 Nineteenth street, Washington, + D.C. + + It was found, upon communicating with the above named, that very + many could not serve, and no provision having been made for + alternates many changes became necessary. The following list was + subsequently transmitted to the Exposition Company and National + Commission, two of even these, however, failing to serve: + + + Department A, Education, Mrs. W.E. Fischel, 3341 Washington + Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo. + + Department B, Art, Miss Mary Bullock, Hillside, Mo. + + Department C, Liberal Arts, Mrs. H.A. Langford, Chicago, Ill. + + Department D, Manufactures, Miss Thekla M. Bernays, St. Louis, + Mo. + + Department E, Machinery, Miss Edith J. Griswold, New York City. + + Department F, Electricity, Miss Hope Loughborough, Cleveland, + Ohio. + + Department G, Transportation exhibits, Miss Rose Weld, Newport + News, Va. + + Department H, Agriculture, Mrs. Richard P. Bland, Lebanon, Mo. + + Department J, Horticulture, Mrs. Ida L. Turner, Fort Worth, Tex. + + Department K, Forestry, Mrs. J.M. Glenn, Baltimore, Md. + + Department L, Mines and Metallurgy, Mrs. M.G. Scrutchin, + Atlanta, Ga. + + Department M, Fish and Game, Miss Mary Stuart Armstrong, + Chicago, Ill. + + Department N, Anthropology, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass. + + Department O, Social Economy, Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, Ill. + + The committee of awards regrets that the discretionary power of + the Exposition Company restricted the appointive power of the + board, and that the late hour of the appointments prevented a + number of the jurors from accepting. + + It was a great pleasure to the members of the board and the + committee to meet and to entertain the clever and attractive + women jurors, who served with distinction in their work and who + in every possible way showed their appreciation of the honor + conferred upon them by the board of lady managers of the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition. + + Respectfully submitted. + + FRANCES MARION HANGER, + _Chairman._ + JENNIE GILMORE KNOTT. + LAVINIA H. EGAN. + FANNIE LOWRY PORTER. + HELEN BOICE-HUNSICKER. + + Madam PRESIDENT, + _Board of Lady Managers._ + + +The tenth meeting of the board was called on November 9, 1904. Many +matters in connection with the closing of the work of the board in St. +Louis were disposed of, and the following resolution passed concerning +the preparation of its final report: + + I move that the president of this board be requested to make a + final report of the work of this board. + +On December 2 the last session of the board was held in the building +which it had occupied during all the months of the exposition, and it +was with a feeling of genuine regret that the members separated, never +to meet again in the house which had been the scene of many interesting +gatherings. + +On the day following the official closing of the exposition the +Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company sent their representative to make +an inventory of the contents of the building, preparatory to the +dismantling of the house which was thereafter to be known as the Physics +Building and be occupied by students of the Washington University. On +December 13 formal and final surrender was made by the president on +behalf of the board of lady managers to the Exposition Company. + +The following is the final report of the house committee for the +exposition period: + + On the 30th day of April, 1904, at the opening of the greatest + exposition the world has ever known, and commemorating one of + the most important events in the history of our country, the + board of lady managers, created by act of Congress and appointed + by the National Commission, designed by the wisdom and + forethought of one of our most dearly beloved Chief Executives, + to represent the women of America in setting forth to the world + woman's part, not only in the making of the exposition but in + the real expansion and development of our great nation, found + itself, by a combination of circumstances fortuitous or + otherwise, resolved into a committee on entertainment, with a + commodious and elegantly appointed home to call its own and the + appropriation of $100,000 to spend on furnishing, entertaining, + and necessary expenses of the board. It is therefore the + pleasure of this your house committee to report for the entire + exposition period beginning April 30, 1904, and ending December + 1, 1905, the house in order each day from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., for + the reception of the public and for a series of entertainments, + which, by reason of the number of distinguished men and women + thus brought together, were international in character, and of a + nature and brilliancy in the highest degree pleasing to the + board itself. During this time some 25,000 guests were + entertained by the board at the special functions and the + informal afternoon teas, the latter having been made a most + attractive and interesting feature, dispensing the board's + hospitality toward the close of the Fair. For every month, save + August, a number of formal affairs were given, including + luncheons, receptions, and dinners. + + It was particularly fitting that the initial feast spread by the + board of lady managers in its exposition home should have been + given in honor of the National Commission, the Government's + representative in the great World's Fair. To this dinner, given + on the evening of the 30th of April, under the trying + circumstances attendant upon a day strenuous with opening + exercises and the disadvantages of the rapid adjustment of + household arrangements, 100 guests were bidden, among them + Secretary Taft, who represented the President of the United + States in the opening events, members of the Senate and House + committees, and governors of States. President Carter of the + National Commission was toastmaster on this occasion, and toasts + were given by President David R. Francis, Senator Daniel, + Congressman Tawney, and Hon. M.H. de Young. + + A reception in honor of Mrs. David R. Francis followed on May 9, + to which 500 guests were invited. + + On May 17 a brilliant company of 500 was entertained at an + afternoon reception in honor of the representatives of the Army + and Navy in and near St. Louis. Ladies of the Army and Navy + assisted in receiving, and many distinguished persons were + present. + + On May 19, immediately following the Louisiana Purchase Day + exercises of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, a luncheon + was given by the board of lady managers in honor of the + delegates to the General Federation. + + Miss Alice Roosevelt was the honoree of a luncheon given on May + 31, to which 600 guests were bidden. The affair was most + charming and successful. + + Having thus during the opening month announced itself, the board + of lady managers continued during the exposition to contribute + its quota to the social life of the great fair. + + The distinguished foreigners whom it was the privilege of the + board to especially honor were the representatives of foreign + governments, with a reception on June 17; Prince Pu Lun, to whom + a dinner of 52 covers was given on July 10, and Prince Fushimi, + for whom a reception was held on November 22. Receptions to the + Interparliamentary Union on September 12 and to the Congress of + Arts and Sciences on September 20 were also international in + character, a number of distinguished foreigners being present. + + Among the special functions given, none was more successful or + more brilliant than the dinner in honor of President David R. + Francis, on November 12, to which 140 guests were invited. + + The building of the board of lady managers, with the changes + made by the board, was, both in its appointments and location, + admirably adapted for the purpose for which it was set aside, + and in itself was a tribute to the necessity and advantage of + cooperation on the part of the board. + + The whole lower floor of the building was beautifully fitted up + for the reception and entertainment of guests and the upper + floor was reserved for the private use of the board, being + divided into board room, secretary's room, reception room, + apartments for the president of the board, and quarters for all + members of the board who wished to avail themselves of the + hospitality of the home while in the city. + + The house was conducted as any well-organized household under + the direction of the rotating committee, composed of the + resident members in St. Louis, and the members rotating each + month. They were ably assisted by a very capable hostess. + + The house committee are greatly indebted to Miss Julia McBlair, + for the gracious manner in which she served the board as hostess + during the period of the exposition. + + The work of the house committee is so closely allied to that of + the committee on ceremonies that it is somewhat difficult to + draw a line between the duties of the two or to set forth in a + formal report the differences. + + For details of the work of house committee preliminary to + entertainments, reference is made to report of entertainment and + ceremonies committees, and for details of house furnishings + reference is made to house furnishing committee. + + Without wishing to discriminate in the least, thanks are + especially due to Weil's band, of St. Louis, Mo., for their + never-failing courtesy in supplying music for the entertainments + of the board whenever it was possible for their engagements to + permit, and to the leader, Mr. William Weil, for his personal + interest. + + To the commissioner from Ceylon, Mr. Stanley Bois, the board + would especially express their thanks for the tea from his + commission, which was used and enjoyed by the members of the + board and their guests, and also to the representatives of the + Japanese commission, who presented the chests of tea from which, + together with that sent by the commissioner from Ceylon, all + afternoon teas and receptions and luncheons of the board were + supplied, to the great pleasure and enjoyment of their + tea-drinking friends. Department of Horticulture for their gifts + of choice fruit, and the California commission for beautiful + basket of fruit on "California Day." To the agent who, through + Messrs. Nicholson & Co., of St. Louis, presented two cases of + champagne; and Colorado horticulture for baskets of fruit. + + The house committee particularly appreciated the courtesy + extended to the board of lady managers by Lieutenant-Colonel + Kingsbury and Lieutenant-Colonel Fountain and officers of the + Jefferson Guards for constantly providing a guard for their + building. + + SALENA V. ERNEST, + Chairman. + + +Immediately upon the adjournment of the board the president began to +collect material for the report, and pursuant to the power given her by +the resolution at the last session, held in St. Louis, a special meeting +was called on June 9, 1905, at the Murray Hill Hotel, New York, to pass +upon the final report. + +There were present: Mrs. Daniel Manning, president, presiding, and Mrs. +Buchwalter; Mrs. Hanger, acting secretary; Mrs. Knott, Mrs. Daly, Mrs. +Holcombe, Mrs. Ernest, Mrs. Coleman, Miss Dawes, Mrs. Hunsicker, Mrs. +Moores, and Miss Egan. + +The report was to be transmitted to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition +Commission, whose final meeting was called at Portland, Oreg., for June +15. It was, therefore, necessary that the report of the board should be +in the hands of the Commission by that time, and it was most fortunate +that immediate action could be taken upon the copy and forwarded to the +Commission. + +Among the reports made by special committees was that of the committee +to edit minutes, which showed that a resolution adopted, at the meeting +of the board on November 14, 1904, provided for the editing the minutes +of the board and had named the following committee: Mrs. Frederick +Hanger, chairman; Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, and Miss Anna L. Dawes. At the +meeting of the board on June 10 the chairman of the committee reported +that the stenographic reports of the proceedings of the ten meetings of +the board, covering about 700 typewritten pages, had been carefully +edited; that all motions and resolutions had been retained inviolate; +that these, with roll call, time and place of meeting, and in some +instances limited discussion, made up the subject-matter of the minutes, +the same covering some 240 typewritten pages. The report of the editing +committee was adopted, the minutes accepted and ordered placed on file +with the archives of the board. + +A committee on resolutions, consisting of Mrs. Edward Buchwalter and +Mrs. Richard W. Knott, presented as one of the finalities of the +eleventh meeting of the board the following resolutions, which were +unanimously adopted: + + Whereas the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission by + authority vested in it by an act of Congress appointed the + members of the board of lady managers; therefore, be it + + _Resolved_, That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition expresses its appreciation of the high honor + conferred on its members by their appointment; and + + _Be it further resolved_, That the thanks of the board of lady + managers be extended to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Commission for the privileges and pleasures it enjoyed as a + board. + + The members of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana + Purchase Exposition wish to express their appreciation of the + courtesy and kindness shown them by the Exposition Company + during the exposition period. + + The board of lady managers express their appreciation to the + Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company for the commemorative + diplomas and medals conferred upon them by the Exposition + Company. + + The board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + wishes to express its appreciation of its officers for their + services not only in their official work but in all the duties + that devolved upon them as members of the board. + +Mrs. William H. Coleman was elected treasurer of the board of lady +managers at its first formal meeting, held on October 1, 1902. + +The first appropriation received was from the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition Company and was for the sum of $3,000 for incidental +expenses. On February 18, 1904, the appropriation of $100,000 for the +use of the board was made by Congress, at which time the real +responsibilities of the treasurer began. + +Her duties were fully defined in rule 6 of the rules and regulations +adopted by the board, and the custody of all funds was placed in her +hands to be disbursed "only upon order of the board and the approval of +its president." + +Regular itemized statements were rendered to the board at each regular +meeting showing receipts and expenditures. These accounts were each time +fully set forth and always found to be absolutely correct and clearly +rendered. + +At the meeting called for June 9, 1905, Mrs. Coleman read her last +report, the following being the final summary of all funds received and +disbursed on behalf of the board of lady managers: + + + + +REPORT OF THE TREASURER OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE +EXPOSITION FROM MARCH 17, 1903, TO JUNE 10, 1905. + + +Receipts: + Received from Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, by + appropriation of February 16, 1903 ................................... $3,000.00 + Received from appropriation of Congress, by act of + February 18, 1904 .................................................... 100,000.00 + Received interest on $100,000 account .................................. 1,502.29 + -------------- + 104,502.29 +Disbursements: + Tinting walls, staining floors, heating apparatus, + wiring for bells, awnings, screens, and plumbing-- + From $100,000 ............................ $2,263.32 + From $3,000 .............................. 64.30 + ----------- $2,327.62 + Furniture, china, linen, freight, and packing charges-- + From $100,000 ............................ 11,692.65 + From $3,000 .............................. 652.25 + ----------- 12,344.90 + Mileage and per diem, board meetings and rotating + committees, paid from all sources ..................... 30,272.76 + Entertainment, all sources .............................. 10,672.85 + Stationery, engraving, and printing ..................... 5,906.15 + Postage and telegrams ................................... 1,196.94 + Telephones .............................................. 281.24 + Clerical and household force expenses ................... 5,096.17 + Office incidentals ...................................... 274.14 + House incidentals ....................................... 1,007.84 + Other incidentals ....................................... 2,255.77 + Model playground ........................................ 5,100.00 + Miscellaneous expenses, resolution June 10, 1905, in + payment ............................................... 2,000.00 + ----------- + Total disbursements ................................... 78,736.38 + Less returned from incidental account ................... 900.75 + ----------- + Grand total of all disbursements to June 10, 1905 ..... 77,835.63 +Balance in hands of treasurer June 10, 1905 ............... 26,666.66 + ----------- 104,502.29 + =========== +Amount brought forward from the treasurer's report as balance in + hands of treasurer June 10, 1905, which is the amount to be returned + to the Exposition Company by the board of lady managers, + from all funds ......................................................... 26,666.66 +To the above amount to be returned to the Exposition Company by + the board of lady managers, as a credit, is to be added the sum + paid to the company in cash on December 14, 1904, for furniture + and articles purchased by the members of the board, amounting to ....... 2,150.00 + ----------- + Making the total amount returned to the Exposition Company + from all sources ................................................... 28,816.66 + +Mrs. WILLIAM H. COLEMAN, +_Treasurer._ + + +The auditing committee, composed of Mrs. William E. Andrews, chairman, +Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, and Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, was elected by +the board of lady managers March 4, 1904, for the purpose of examining +and auditing the accounts of the treasurer, Mrs. William H. Coleman. + +The committee met at stated intervals and examined the vouchers and +checks numbered 1 to 253, inclusive, and reported that these were found +to be correct, and accounted fully for all moneys received by the +treasurer to that date, and this report was accepted. + +The exposition closed on December 1, and the auditing committee was not +again called until the time for rendering a final account of the funds +of the board. At this time the absence of the chairman, Mrs. Andrews, +and Mrs. Montgomery necessitated the appointment of two other members to +fill said vacancies, in order to audit the bills contracted by the board +from November 1, 1904, to June 10, 1905. Mrs. Hanger and Mrs. Knott were +thereupon elected. Mrs. Montgomery arriving later, Mrs. Hanger withdrew +from the committee, leaving the membership--Mrs. Ernest, chairman, Mrs. +Montgomery, and Mrs. Knott--all present. + +On June 12 and subsequently this committee met and examined the vouchers +and checks from November 1, 1904, to June 10, 1905, inclusive, and found +the accounts between the above-mentioned dates to be correct. + + +Total receipts: + From Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company ..................... $3,000.00 + From appropriation by Congress ................................. 100,000.00 + Total interest received on above $100,000 account .............. 1,502.29 + ----------- + 104,502.29 +Total expended from $3,000 ............................ $3,000.00 +Total expended from $100,000 .......................... 74,146.83 +Total amount interest expended as per resolution of + June 10 ............................................. 688.80 + ----------- + Total expenditures ............................... 77,835.63 +Balance on hand from interest .............. $813.49 +Balance on hand from $100,000 appropriation 25,853.17 + ----------- 26,666.66 +Balance on hand from all sources ................................... 104,502.29 + + +A certified public accountant has been engaged to prepare a classified +summary of all receipts and disbursements, and we refer to the figures +of his report for details and totals, which we hereby approve and accept +as final. + +In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands this 17th day of June, +1905. + +SALENA V. ERNEST, +MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY, +JENNIE GILLMORE KNOTT, +_Members Auditing Committee._ + + + +NEW YORK, _June 16, 1905._ + +In accordance with your instructions, I have made an examination of your +treasurer's accounts from March 17, 1903, to June 10, 1905, and herewith +submit to you my report thereon. + +All vouchers covering the disbursements from the appropriation made by +Congress of $100,000 are in due form and properly approved and attested, +vouchers being on file for all amounts paid, each voucher containing a +"paid" check signed by the treasurer and countersigned by the president, +excepting a few, which, in the ordinary course of business, have not as +yet been presented at bank for payment. + +All disbursements from the $3,000 received from the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition Company and from the interest received from banks have been +made by treasurer's check and all have been approved by the president of +the board. The total disbursements and receipts to June 10 are as +follows: + + +Total amount received by the treasurer to June 10, 1905: + From Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company ........................ $3,000.00 + From Congress ..................................................... 100,000.00 + Interest received from banks ...................................... 1,502.29 + ----------- + Total received from all sources to June 10, 1905 ................ 104,502.29 + =========== +Total amount disbursed by treasurer to June 10, 1905: + From the $3,000 received from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition + Company ......................................................... 3,000.00 + From the appropriation from Congress .............................. 74,146.83 + From the interest received from banks ............................. 688.80 + ----------- + Total disbursed from all sources to June 10, 1905 ............... 77,835.63 + =========== +Balance in hands of treasurer on June 10, 1905: + From the $100.000 appropriation from Congress ..................... 25,853.17 + From interest received from banks ................................. 813.49 + ----------- + Balance in hands of treasurer June 10, 1905 ..................... 26,666.66 + +Respectfully submitted. +JOHN PROUD, +_Certified Public Accountant._ + +The PRESIDENT AND AUDITING COMMITTEE, +_Board of Lady Managers, Louisiana Purchase Exposition._ + + + +It has been said that "an exposition should be as broad and +comprehensive as the efforts of mankind." In all human activities in +recent years advancement has been so marvelously rapid that important +expositions might be held from time to time in which would be included +nothing but inventions, discoveries, and accomplishments that belong to +the intervening epoch-making periods. + +That all nations take a deep interest in world's fairs is made manifest +by the large attendance of people from all parts of the globe. It is +self-evident that they appreciate the fact that most beneficial results +may be derived by all, not only by means of the practical and tangible +demonstration and comparison of objects assembled, but through the +opportunity afforded for interchange of thought so conspicuously made +available to advanced thinkers and workers. And it is hoped and believed +that in its own time and in its own way each exposition will accomplish +much for the good of both men and women of every country. + +It would seem from the division of work as shown at the exposition by +the Filipinos and the Indian tribes that women have not only, from the +remotest times of which we have record, originated and practiced most of +the industrial arts, but, among primitive nations, they still continue +to ply the same occupations. The exhibits showed that the work of the +men was still that of the hunter and trapper, while the Filipino woman +who sat on the floor making cotton cloth, would indicate that it had +fallen to the share of women not only to fashion garments, but the +material from which they were made. And was not the stick which she so +deftly handled, upon which she wound her thread to carry the woof to and +fro transversely across the warp of her hand-woven fabric, the +forerunner of the swiftly moving shuttle of today? And if the primitive +woman still makes garments from the skins which the hunter brings home, +and cooks the game which he shoots or traps, and has originated the +method of cooking other articles of food, has she not earned for herself +the right to be termed the first "home maker?" It is true the home +originally had to be maintained by force of arms, but when this +necessity no longer existed, and man, "the protector," had time to +examine this woman-made home, he put his ingenuity to work to aid in the +increased demands large households made upon women and invented and +applied machinery to do the heavy tasks that had theretofore been done +by them. He found it a vastly remunerative occupation, and promptly +removed her work of spinning, weaving, dyeing, and even the making of +every kind of garment, and the preparation of foods, to his factories. + +Women did not take kindly to the innovation at first--their occupations +were gone--but, with their usual adaptability, they immediately invented +new ones. They now had time and opportunity to acquire education, enter +the professions, and prepare themselves to take their equal place by the +side of men. + +President Francis, in his address on opening day, said of the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition: + + So thoroughly does it represent the world's civilization that if + all man's other works were, by some unspeakable catastrophe, + blotted out the records here established by the assembled + nations would afford all necessary standards for the rebuilding + of our entire civilization. + +And at this great exposition, by the elimination of the special woman's +department, the exhibits of woman's work for the first time in this +country stood solely and independently by the side of the exhibits by +men, and the industrial equality and the value of the contributions to +the industries, sciences, and arts of both were judged by the same +standards. Let no concern, therefore, be felt as to the future +advancement of women. Their strength and powers have been tested, and +the new era upon which they entered but a few years ago under the +leadership of the women of America is now so far advanced for the women +of all nations in every country that their undeniable right to education +and training is being acknowledged, their consequent recognition as a +factor for increased usefulness is being accorded, and their development +is swift, their progress sure. + +The Louisiana Purchase Exposition is passing into the realm wherein lies +forgetfulness; its beauties are even now fading from the memories of its +millions of visitors. The buildings have been razed, and the broad acres +it covered have been laid waste; the labor of years, the result of +thought, perseverance, patience, energy, and untiring application on the +part of hundreds of its promoters and workers, already seems as +intangible as a dream. But the things for which those buildings stood, +the intellectual, moral, and material prosperity which they expressed +are real, lasting, and glorious. These are permanently recorded in +history. And forming an important part of these records is the work of +woman. + +The board of lady managers of this vast world's fair earnestly hopes +that at every future exposition woman may be accorded that dignified +position that she has so splendidly earned by her own endeavors, and +that each time a résumé of her work achieved is recorded new fields of +usefulness may be found added thereto. No fear need be entertained that +she will not always demonstrate that she does contribute her full share +toward the progress and prosperity of nations and the uplifting of +humanity. + + + + + + + + +APPENDIX 6. + +STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES OF LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION + +FROM APRIL 23, 1901, TO JUNE 30, 1905. + + * * * * * + +_Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission +from April 23, 1901, to June 30, 1901, inclusive._ + +OFFICE OF SECRETARY. + +APRIL. + +Scarritt Comstock Furniture Company, furniture ............ $71.00 +Miller & Spalding Stationery Company, stationery .......... 32.90 +Broadway Furniture Company, rug ........................... 19.00 +Smith-Premier Typewriter Company, one typewriter .......... 99.00 +Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, letter heads ......... 31.50 +William Corcoran, stenographer, eight days at $8.33-1/3 + per day ................................................. 66.67 + -------------- $320.07 + +MAY. + +Imperial Building Company, rent of office ................. 25.00 +Joseph Flory, advanced for stamps ......................... 15.00 +Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, envelopes ............ 22.75 +Miller & Spalding Stationery Company, stationery .......... 7.80 +Joseph Flory, express charges ............................. .55 +Gould Directory Company, city directory ................... 7.00 +William Corcoran, stenographer, four days at $8.33-1/3 + per day ................................................. 33.33 +F.A. Burrelle, press clippings ............................ 10.00 +St. Louis Toilet Supply Company, towels for office ........ .75 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary, twenty-five days, $75 62.90 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 1.02 + -------------- 186.10 + +JUNE. + +Miller & Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ............ .50 +William H. Corcoran, stenographer, copying minutes ........ 25.00 +Imperial Building Company, rent of office ................. 25.00 +St. Louis Toilet Supply Company, towels ................... .75 +St. Louis Express Company, moving office furniture ........ 2.50 +F.A. Burrelle, press bureau, press clippings .............. 10.00 +Claude Hough, official stenographer, salary ............... 75.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 19.55 + Do ..................................................... 2.08 + -------------- 160.38 + ----------- + Total to June 30, 1901 ............................... 666.55 + + + +_Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission +from July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902, inclusive._ + +OFFICE OF SECRETARY. + +JULY. + +Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, envelopes ............ $6.75 +Herring-Hall Marvin Safe Company, one safe ................ 85.00 +Scarritt-Comstock Furniture Company, desk ................. 52.00 +National Railway Publishing Company, railway guide one + year .................................................... 5.00 +Miller & Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ............ 5.55 +Bell Telephone Company, rent telephone for quarter ........ 22.23 +Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings .................... 10.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 75.00 +Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms .............. 100.00 +Wilfred A. Simpson, messenger, salary ..................... 30.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 7.21 + ------------- $398.74 + +AUGUST. + +Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, supplies ............. 12.00 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 1.40 +Southern Hotel Company, rent office rooms ................. 100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 75.00 +Wilfred A. Simpson, messenger, salary ..................... 30.00 +Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings .................... 10.00 +Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges ............. 6.80 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 28.46 + ------------- 263.66 + +SEPTEMBER. + +Southern Hotel Company, rent office rooms ................. 100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 75.00 +John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ......................... 30.00 +Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings .................... 10.00 +Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges ............. 2.50 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 4.04 + ------------- 221.54 + +OCTOBER. + +Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, envelopes and letter +heads ..................................................... 16.25 +Southern Hotel Company, rent office rooms ................. 100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 75.00 +John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ......................... 30.00 +Miss Gertrude Jenkins, stenographer, copying rules ........ 15.00 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 7.45 +Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges ............. 2.25 +Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings .................... 10.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 9.74 + ------------- 265.69 + +NOVEMBER. + +United Typewriter and Supplies Company, stationery ........ 5.49 +Library Bureau, one file case, complete ................... 65.75 +F.W. Baumhoff, postmaster, to stamps ...................... 5.00 +Higgins Map Company, 20 maps of St. Louis ................. 5.00 +Southern Hotel Company, rent office rooms ................. 100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ......................... 30.00 +Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, letter heads ......... 4.75 +Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges ............. 3.25 +F.A. Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings ............... 10.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 22.13 + ------------- 351.37 + +DECEMBER. + +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... $5.35 +Skinner & Kennedy, Eureka bath and supplies ............... 5.60 +Library Bureau, two sets file guides ...................... 1.50 +Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone, long-distance + charges ................................................. 35.35 +Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms .............. 100.00 +John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ......................... 30.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings .................... 10.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 13.88 + ------------- $301.68 + +JANUARY. + +Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, supplies ............. 7.50 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 7.45 +Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings .................... 10.00 +Remington Typewriter Company, two machines ................ 180.00 +Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms .............. 100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ......................... 30.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 17.70 + ------------- 452.65 + +FEBRUARY. + +Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms .............. 100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ......................... 30.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter ................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 2.25 + ------------- 332.25 + +MARCH. + +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 20.60 +Superintendent of Documents, Revised Statutes ............. 7.90 +Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms .............. 100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ......................... 30.00 +Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone, long-distance + charges ................................................. 50.95 +Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter ................... 50.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Hon. Thomas H. Carter, expense typewriting ................ 7.30 + ------------- 416.75 + +APRIL. + +Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads ............ 333.00 +Skinner & Kennedy, supplies ............................... 9.10 +Gould Directory, one city directory ....................... 6.00 +A.C. McDonald, one Webster's Dictionary ................... 10.00 +Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter ................... 50.00 +John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ......................... 30.00 +Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms .............. 100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 109.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 14.84 + ------------- 702.94 + +MAY. + +Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms .............. $100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ......................... 30.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 4.40 + ------------- $334.40 + +JUNE. + +Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms .............. 100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 30.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone, long-distance + charges ................................................. 31.55 +Miss Minnie Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ....................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 8.62 + ------------- 420.17 + ------------- + Total .................................................................. 4,461.84 + + + +_Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission +from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903, inclusive._ + +OFFICE OF SECRETARY. + +JULY. + +National Railway Publishing Company, railway guide one + year .................................................... $8.00 +Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms .............. 100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 30.00 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 10.40 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter ................... 50.00 +Densmore Typewriter Company, desk and chair ............... 32.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 1.60 + ------------- $382.00 + +AUGUST. + +Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms .............. 100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 30.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Smith Premier Typewriter Company, repairs machine ......... 2.00 +Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter ................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 2.97 + ------------- 334.97 + +SEPTEMBER. + +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 7.40 +Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms .............. 100.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 30.00 +Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone for quarter ..... 31.25 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 6.40 + ------------- 375.05 + +OCTOBER. + +Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms .............. $31.10 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 30.00 +J. Kennard & Sons, four Wilton rugs ....................... 72.75 +Mrs. M.E. Schuerman, stenographer services, board of lady + managers ................................................ 66.10 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 14.70 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Fidelity Storage and Moving Company, moving office ........ 25.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 2.28 + ------------- $441.93 + + +NOVEMBER. + +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 30.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Southern Hotel, rent of meeting rooms ..................... 35.00 +Miss Minnie Moran, clerk F.A. Betts, July to November ..... 50.00 +A.S. Aloe Company, hauling McKinley portrait .............. 5.00 +Miss M. McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter .................. 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. .91 +Miss Minnie Moran, clerk F.A. Betts, November ............. 25.00 + ------------- 345.91 + +DECEMBER. + +Linze Electrical Supply Company, call bell ................ 2.45 +John R. Parson, two silk flags, one 15-foot flag .......... 18.00 +Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, stationery .............. 355.00 +J. Kennard & Sons Carpet Company, matting and pillow ...... 83.01 +Miss Blanch Barth, clerk John F. Miller, six months ....... 50.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +Jos. A. Carlin, messenger, salary ......................... 40.00 +Spalding Stationery Company, stationery and supplies ...... 9.45 +Bell Telephone Company, rent and long distance ............ 34.80 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +J.J. Ferguson, to 10 photographs of commissioners, framed.. 110.00 +Scarritt-Comstock Furniture Company, office furniture ..... 349.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 5.91 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 25.00 + ------------- 1,282.62 + + +JANUARY. + +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +Jos. Carlin, messenger, salary ............................ 40.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Henry O'Flynn, insurance agent, insuring McKinley + photograph .............................................. 20.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller ...................... 25.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 6.60 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 25.00 + --------------- 316.60 + +FEBRUARY. + +Lambert-Deacon & Hull Printing Company, supplies .......... $20.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +J. Kennard & Sons, three Smyrna rugs ...................... 18.90 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 25.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 8.43 +Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller ...................... 10.00 + ------------- $322.32 + +MARCH. + +Skinner & Kennedy Stationery Company, supplies ............ 3.00 +Postal Telegraph Company, service ......................... 1.93 +Miss Lulu R. Colvin, stenographer, extra service .......... 5.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 100.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone long distance + service ................................................. 34.72 +Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller ...................... 10.00 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 7.45 +Southern Hotel Company, rent meeting rooms ................ 177.15 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 25.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 39.50 + ------------- 543.75 + +APRIL. + +St. Louis Express Company, moving office records .......... 2.50 +Mermod & Jaccard Company, engraving cards, dedication ..... 37.50 +John R. Parson, one large flag ............................ 15.00 +The Postal Telegraph Company, service ..................... 1.66 +Mesker & Bro., steel flag pole ............................ 63.00 +Mook Brothers, painting office of Commission .............. 50.00 +Chas. Rippe Tent Company, one streamer for flag pole ...... 15.50 +Wm. E. Barclay Printing Company, printing minutes ......... 91.50 +Wand Livery Company, carriages furnished dedication ....... 45.00 +Steiner Engraving and Badge Company, badges for + Commissioners ........................................... 15.00 +E.C. Giltner, clerk George W. McBride, six months ......... 100.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 21.70 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 25.00 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 + ------------- 823.36 + +MAY. + +Wand Livery Company, carriages for dedication ............. 90.00 +Southern Hotel Company, rent of meeting rooms ............. 358.85 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 9.80 +Edward M. Gould, city directory ........................... $6.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 10.26 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 25.00 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 + ------------- $814.91 + +JUNE. + +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M .............................. 50.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +W.C. Tyler, expert accountant, auditing accounts .......... 178.75 +W.E. Andrews, per diem allowance while auditing ........... 60.00 +Jones, Caesar & Co., expert accountants, to May 31 ........ 1,250.00 +Bell Telephone Company, rent and long-distance charges .... 14.54 +Southern Hotel Company, rent of meeting rooms ............. 17.55 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller ...................... 25.00 +Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges ............. .75 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Pullman Sleeping-Car Company, accommodations W.E. Andrews . 10.00 +Baltimore and Ohio Railway, transportation W.E. Andrews, + W.C. Tyler .............................................. 82.50 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 8.29 + ------------- 2,012.38 + ------------- +Total to June 30,1903...................................... 7,995.81 + + +_Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission +from July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904, inclusive_. + +OFFICE OF SECRETARY. + +JULY. + +National Railway Publishing Company, railway guide + one Year ................................................ $8.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Lambert-Deacon & Hull, stationery and supplies ............ 17.35 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 25.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 1.73 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott.............................. 50.00 + ------------- $367.08 + +AUGUST. + +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 25.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 2.78 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott.............................. 50.00 + ------------- 342.78 + +SEPTEMBER. + +Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing Exposition Company's books .. $500.00 +John R. Parsons, one large United States flag ............. 15.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Bell Telephone Company, rent for one quarter and long- + distance charges ........................................ 33.35 +Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller ...................... 25.00 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 9.41 + ------------- $947.76 + +OCTOBER. + +The Kellogg Company, desk telephone bracket ............... 2.50 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 7.75 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller ...................... 10.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 1.10 + ------------- 386.35 + +NOVEMBER. + +Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, binding report ....... 8.00 +Smith-Premier Company, new feed roll ...................... 3.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller ...................... 10.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Jones, Caesar & Co., checking financial reports ........... 75.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 4.74 + ------------- 465.74 + +DECEMBER. + +Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads ............ 154.00 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 21.90 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ............ 50.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Miss Blanch Barth, clerk John F. Miller ................... 10.00 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +The Bell Telephone Company, rent one quarter and long- + distance charges ........................................ 33.20 +Southern Hotel, rent of meeting rooms ..................... $16.95 +Miss Minnie T. Moran ...................................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 1.45 + ------------- $602.50 + +JANUARY. + +John R. Parson, two United States flags, flag pole ........ 26.00 +Carrol Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ..................... 50.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Claude Hough, traveling expenses to New York and Washington 124.25 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 4.57 + ------------- 519.82 + +FEBRUARY. + +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 6.80 +Carrol Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ..................... 50.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing Exposition Company's books .. 45.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 1.08 + ------------- 417.88 + +MARCH. + +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Carrol Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ..................... 50.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Enterprise Cleaning Company, cleaning office .............. 20.00 +Simmons Hardware Company, ice-water cooler ................ 7.50 +Bell Telephone Company, rent one quarter and long distance 33.20 +Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller ...................... 25.00 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 3.59 + ------------- 454.29 + +APRIL. + +Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads ............ 90.00 +Sexton-Stubinger Range Company, water-cooler stand ........ 3.25 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Carrol Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ..................... 50.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 19.75 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 4.27 + ------------- 482.27 + +MAY. + +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ $125.00 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +Lambert-Deacon & Hull, stationery ......................... 25.15 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Oliver J. Grace, 10 keys for office ....................... 2.40 +Wm. E. Barclay Printing Company, printing order books ..... 54.60 +Scarritt-Comstock Furniture Company, two desks ............ 45.00 +Keyes & Marshall Brothers Livery Company, conveyance one + month ................................................... 140.00 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, paper and envelopes ..... 94.50 +J.S. Durham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +Laurence H. Grahame, salary, assistant secretary, nine days 72.58 + ------------- $799.33 + +JUNE. + +Kennard & Sons Carpet Company, screens and sofa cover ..... 15.50 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 12.20 +Wm. Prufrock Furniture Company, one sofa .................. 27.00 +Black-Starr & Frost, ten official badges for Commissioners 300.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 125.00 +Wm. E. Barclay Printing Company, printing orders .......... 22.50 +Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary .......................... 40.00 +J.S. Durham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +Ringen Stove Company, ice chest and glasses ............... 12.40 +Howard E. Riggs, clerk, fifteen days ...................... 37.50 +Will Hillmer, placing locks on ice chest .................. 2.75 +S.G. Adams Stamp Company, automatic pad and stamp ......... 2.00 +Laurence H. Grahame, expenses trip to New York ............ 87.50 +Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads and + envelopes ............................................... 305.00 +Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing Exposition Company's books .. 1,250.00 +Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, printing cards ....... 90.00 +Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller ...................... 25.00 +Mound City Coupe Company, conveyance, fifteen days ........ 155.00 +Bell Telephone Company, rent for quarter .................. 31.20 +Kinlock Telephone Company, rent telephone, twenty-eight + days .................................................... 7.10 +Keyes & Marshall Brothers, conveyance, seven days ......... 68.00 +James Hardy, to team and vehicle one day .................. 7.00 +Laurence H. Grahame, salary as assistant secretary ........ 250.00 +Howard E. Riggs, salary, messenger, two days .............. 4.00 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +Laurence H. Grahame, per diem expenses allowed ............ 25.00 +Southern Hotel Company, telephone charges, April, May, + June .................................................... 1.80 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 6.84 +Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing Exposition Company's books .. 1,000.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 2.80 + ------------- 4,133.09 + ------------- + Grand total fiscal year ending June 30, 1904 9,918.89 + +_Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission +from July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905, inclusive._ + +OFFICE OF SECRETARY. + +JULY. + +National Railway Company, railway guide, one year ......... $8.00 +Howard E. Riggs, messenger, salary, fourteen days ......... 28.00 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 4.90 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Samuel S. Bennett, messenger, salary ...................... 32.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 150.00 +Scarritt-Comstock Furniture Company, one bookcase ......... 26.50 +General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month .. 230.28 +John R. Parson, two United States flags ................... 26.25 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, stamping 100 cards ...... 9.50 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 12.79 + ------------- $728.22 + +AUGUST. + +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 150.00 +Samuel S. Bennett, messenger, salary ...................... 60.00 +Chas. A. Bradley, relief stenographer, eighteen days ...... 90.00 +Jones, Caesar & Co., audit Exposition Company's books ..... 250.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +Raymond E. Brock, subscription daily papers ............... 2.70 +General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month .. 230.28 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +Mermod & Jaccard Company, stationery, note heads, and + supplies ................................................ 510.00 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 6.90 + ------------ 1,499.88 + +SEPTEMBER. + +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +Kinlock Telephone Company, rent telephone one quarter ..... 25.00 +Frank N. Hodgins, messenger, salary ....................... 60.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 150.00 +General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month .. 222.86 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller, three months ........ 25.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 9.61 +Edmund C. Giltner, clerk Geo. W. McBride .................. 14.00 +Bell Telephone Company, rent one quarter and long-distance + charges ................................................. 38.35 + ------------- 744.82 + +OCTOBER. + +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 14.60 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 150.00 +Wilson Coker, messenger, salary ........................... 60.00 +Miss J. Floy Penney, copyist .............................. 42.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Geo. M. Brand, one No. 4 Densmore typewriter .............. 90.00 +Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts .................... $50.00 +General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month .. 230.28 +Edmund C. Giltner, clerk Geo. W. McBride .................. 14.00 +Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller ...................... 12.50 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 1.74 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 + ------------ $815.12 + +NOVEMBER. + +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 150.00 +Wilson Coker, messenger, salary ........................... 65.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Miss J. Floy Penney, copyist .............................. 40.00 +Wm. B. Ayers, subscription daily papers ................... 3.50 +Edmund C. Giltner, clerk Geo. W. McBride .................. 14.00 +Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller ...................... 12.50 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month .. 222.85 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 11.89 + ------------- 669.74 + +DECEMBER. + +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 20.30 +Fidelity Storage Company, moving office to city ........... 48.50 +McCaughen & Burr, packing and express charges, McKinley + portrait, and insurance charges ......................... 14.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Wilson Coker, messenger, salary ........................... 65.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 150.00 +Bell Telephone Company, rent for one quarter .............. 31.20 +Kinlock Telephone Company, rent one quarter and charges + moving telephone ........................................ 28.45 +Miss Blanch Barth, clerk John F. Miller ................... 10.00 +Hotel Jefferson, rent of office rooms ..................... 50.90 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ............................. 50.00 + ------------- 568.35 + +JANUARY. + +Hotel Jefferson, rent of office rooms ..................... 60.10 +Wilson Coker, messenger, salary ........................... 32.50 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 150.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Henry Schmid, messenger, salary ........................... 19.50 +Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ..................... 10.05 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 + ------------- 372.15 + +FEBRUARY. + +Hotel Jefferson, rent of office rooms ..................... 47.40 +Fidelity Moving Company, moving office furniture .......... 63.32 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 150.00 +Henry Schmid, messenger, salary ........................... 52.00 +W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ....................... 50.00 +United States Express Company, express charges two boxes + records ................................................. 6.88 +Bell Telephone Company, rent January 1 to February 24, + 1905 .................................................... 19.98 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 2.33 + ------------- 391.91 + +MARCH. + +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ $150.00 +Claude Hough, expense to Washington ....................... 102.00 +L.H. Grahame, per diem expense to Washington .............. 72.00 +Kinlock Telephone Company, rent telephone one quarter, + ending March 31 ......................................... 30.00 +Clarence E. Gauss, special service, stenographer .......... 5.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 1.98 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 + ------------- $410.98 + +APRIL. + +Sheppard Knapp & Co., matting for office .................. 22.44 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 150.00 +Laurence H. Grahame, expenses to New York and return ...... 120.50 +Claude Hough, expenses to St. Louis and Chicago ........... 196.00 +The Dudley Press company, stationery and supplies ......... 14.26 +Geo. W. Read, lettering office door ....................... 2.44 +Claude Hough, expenses to Washington and Baltimore ........ 25.50 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +E.H. Gleason, storage and moving office furniture ......... 8.10 +New York Telephone Company, rent of telephone and toll + service ................................................. 2.20 +Littlefield & Alvord Company, freight and drayage office + furniture ............................................... 21.63 + ------------- 613.07 + +MAY. + +Laurence H. Grahame, expenses to Washington and return .... 24.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 150.00 +Laurence H. Grahame, expenses to Washington ............... 29.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads and + envelopes ............................................... 97.00 +McKnight & Co., translating report from France ............ 16.45 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service .................. 3.97 + ------------- 370.42 + +JUNE. + +Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing books Exposition Company .... 1,400.00 +Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston .................... 50.00 +Claude Hough, stenographer, salary ........................ 150.00 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service, Portland ........ 17.45 +Remington Typewriter Company, service, Portland ........... 111.50 +Hotel Eaton, Portland, rent meeting rooms ................. 107.85 +Pacific Express Company, Portland, express records ........ 60.45 +Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, rent office April, + May, June ............................................... 200.00 +Joseph Mahoney, towel service office of Commission ........ 2.50 +New York Telephone Company, rent of telephone and tolls ... 12.80 +Western Union Telegraph Company, September, October, + November, 1904; February, April, 1905 ................... 4.93 +Western Union Telegraph Company, service, June ............ 15.90 +Claude Hough, expenses to Portland to June 30 ............. 327.09 +Claude Hough, additional salary allowance ................. 75.00 + ------------- 2,535.47 + ------------ + Total to June 30, 1905 ............................................... 9,720.13 + +RECAPITULATION. + +Expenditures from April 23 to June 30, 1901 ............... $666.55 +Expenditures from July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902 .......... 4,461.84 +Expenditures from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903 .......... 7,995.81 +Expenditures from July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904 .......... 9,918.89 +Expenditures from July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905 .......... 9,720.13 + ------------- + Grand total 32,763.22 + + +SUMMARY. + +Total amount reserved for period April 23, 1901, to + July 1, 1905, for expenses of Commission ................ $41,923.36 +Total amount expended by Commission for above period ...... 32,763.22 + ------------- + Total unexpended balance ................................ 9,160.14 + + + +INDEX + +A + +Accounts. (_See_ Report of statements of receipts and disbursements.) +Accountant, board of lady managers, report of, 520 +Act creating board of lady managers, 367 +Addams, Miss Jane, report on housing working classes, 489 +Admissions: + Rules governing, 74-76 + Special tickets, sale of, 79-82 + Correspondence respecting, between National Commission and Exposition + Company, 71-76 + Statement of, 130 +Agriculture, report on, 499 +Alabama: + Birmingham district representatives, 237 + Exhibits, 238 +Alaska: + Commissioners, 240 + Building, 240 + Exhibits, 242 +Albrecht, H.S., affidavit of, 150 +American Institute of Social Service, work of, 484 +Ancient Sons and Daughters of Jerusalem, 411 +Anthropology, woman's work in, 480 +Appendixes to final report. (_See_ Report on accounts, etc.; Report on + disposal + of salvage; Report on foreign countries; Report on States, + Territories, and + districts; Report of board of lady managers; Statement of + expenditures.) +Appropriations for board of lady managers, 517 +Archaeology, woman's work in +Architecture, report on, 460 +Argentine Republic: + Commissioners, 175 + Building, 175 + Exhibits, 176 +Argentina, school buildings of, 444 +Arizona: + Commissioners, 243 + Building, 243 + Exhibits, 243 +Arkansas: + Commissioners, 244 + Building, 245 + Exhibits, 245 +Assets and liabilities, tabular estimate of, on May, 3,, 1905, 138 +Association of Collegiate Alumnae, 428 +Austria: + Commissioners, 178 + Building, 178 + Exhibits, 179 +Awards: + Final report of committee on, 505 + Correspondence respecting rules and regulations governing, 83-103 + Rules governing, 20 + Jury of, rules for, 435 + +B + +Bernays, Miss Thekla M., report on manufactures, 494 +Blair, Mrs. James L., resignation of, 385 +Bland, Mrs. Richard P., report of, on agriculture, 499 +Blind, and other defectives, work of, 454 +Board of lady managers: + Act creating, 367 + Duties of officers of, 382 + Expenses [Transcriber's note: original lacks page number for this + entry] + Members of, 368 + Rules and regulations, 381 + Disbursements on account of, 135 + Duties of, 21 + To serve without compensation, 21 + Names of, 12 + Increase in number of members, 22 + Special mention in final report, 120 +Bonds, city of St. Louis, report of collections from sale of, 129 +Boston Cooperative Society, award to, 489 +Bowes, Mrs. F.K., report of, on sewing machines, etc., 465 +Boyd, Mrs. Isaac, report of, on ceramics, 464 +Brazil: + Commissioners, 182 + Building, 183 + Exhibits, 184 +Bread and pastry, report on, 476 +Building, permanent, board of lady managers +Buildings (_see_ under each country and State), salvage of, + correspondence + respecting contract for, 105-116 + +C + +California: + Commissioners, 246 + Building, 246 + Exhibits, 247 +Canada: + Commissioners, 184 + Building, 185 + Exhibits, 185 +Capital stock: +Collections from sales of, 128 +Loan realized on security of, 130 +Carter, Hon. Thomas H., president National Commission: + Address of welcome at Centennial Day exercises, 25 + Addresses by, 370-376,, 389 + Resignation of, 113 +Cash balances available at end of exposition, 135 +Centennial Day, April, 30,, 1903, description of exercises, 24 +Ceramics, report on, board of lady managers, 464 +Ceylon: + Commissioners, 187 + Building, 187 + Exhibits, 188 +Charities and corrections, report on, 490 +Children, lost, 424 +China: + Commissioners, 190 + Building, 192 + Exhibits, 191 +Circular to women of Europe, 416 +Cleveland, ex-President, dedication day address, 34 +Clothing industries, report on, board of lady managers, 470 +Colleges, women's exhibits by, 446 +Collegiate Alumnæ, Association of, 428 +Colonial Dames, 428 +Colorado: + Commissioners, 248 + Exhibits, 248 +Commissioners. (_See_ under each country; _See also_ National + Commission.) +Committees, board of lady managers: + Auditing, 369 + Awards, 369 + Congresses, 369 + Entertainment, 369 + Foreign relations, 369 + House, 369 + House furnishing, 369 + Legislative, 369 + Special, 369 + Standing, 369 + Woman's work, 369 + Women's congresses, 369 +Commissions, statement of receipts from., 131 +Connecticut: + Commissioners, 248 + Building, 249 + Exhibits, 249 +Congress, international, 426 +Correspondence: + Between the National Commission and the Exposition Company on the + question of jurors and awards-- + Mr. Allen to Mr. Francis, October, 18, 1904, 85 + Mr. Allen to Mr. Francis, November, 4, 1904, 88 + Mr. Allen to Mr. Francis, November, 5, 1904, 90 + Mr. Allen to Mr. Francis, November, 12, 1904, 94 + Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, May, 19, 1904, 83 + Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, May, 23, 1904, 83 + Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, November, 22, 1904, 95 + Mr. Francis to Mr. Allen, November, 4, 1904, 89 + Mr. Francis to Mr. Allen, November, 4, 1904, 89 + Mr. Francis to Mr. Allen, November, 8, 1904, 91 + Mr. Knapp to Mr. Thurston, November, 11, 1904, 94 + Between the National Commission and the Exposition Company on the + question of advertising the exposition and sale of special tickets + Agreement with respect to special tickets, 81 + Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, July, 20, 1904, 77 + Mr. Flory to Mr. Stevens, May, 19, 1904, 80 + Mr. Stevens to Mr. Flory, May, 18, 1904, 79 + Between the National Commission and the Exposition Company in the + matter of financial reports + Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, October, 3,, 1902, 67 + Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, November, 26,, 1902, 68 + Mr. Flory to Mr. Stevens, February, 5,, 1903, 69 + Mr. Francis to Mr. Carter, October, 15,, 1902, 67 + Mr. Francis to Mr. Carter, November, 26,, 1902, 69 + Mr. Stevens to Mr. Flory, November, 1,, 1902, 67 + Mr. Stevens to Mr. Flory, November, 26,, 1902, 69 + Mr. Stevens to ----, November, 29,, 1902, 69 + Mr. Stevens to Mr. Flory, February, 19,, 1903, 70 + Salvage of exposition property + Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, February, 28,, 1905, 105 + Mr. Stevens to Mr. Carter, March, 7,, 1905, 107,, 111 + Mr. Stevens to Mr. Grahame, March, 23,, 1905, 114,, 116 +Council of Jewish Women, 428 +County schools, 444 +Creche, the, 421 +Cuba: + Commissioners, 193 + Building, 193 + Exhibits, 194 +Curie, Madame, 451 + +D + +Daughters of-- + American Revolution, 428 + Liberty, 428 + St. George, 428 + Veterans, 428 +Day, Mrs. M.B.R., report of, on pomology, 479 +Day nursery, 421 +Dedication, exercises of, 383 +Dedication day: + Address by Hon. D.R. Francis, 27 + Address by President Roosevelt, 29 + Address by Ex-President Cleveland, 34 + Names of Senate committee, 60 + Names of House committee, 60 +Denmark: + Commissioners, 195 + Exhibits, 196 +Deposits, receipts from interest on, 133 +Design, Woman's School of, 440 +Diplomatic day, May, 1,, 1902, description of exercises, 43 +Disbursements and receipts. (_See_ Report of statements, etc.) +Dockery, Hon. A.M., governor of Missouri, address on State day, 56 +Dunphy, John M., affidavit of, 169 + +E + +East India: + Commissioners, 216 + Exhibits, 216 +Edgerton, Mrs. R.A., report of, on decoration of buildings, 464 +Education, report on, lady board of managers, 441 +Egypt: + Commissioners, 196 + Exhibits, 196 +Electricity, report on, 498 +Entertainment and ceremonies, report of committee on, 429 +Ethnography, exhibits in, 482 +Ethnology, woman's work in, 481 +Exhibits (see also under each country and State): + Classification of, 14 + From foreign countries, to be admitted free of duty, 18 + Rules governing applications for space, 16 + Rules governing packing and shipment of, 16 + Educational + Exhibits, 438 + Indian school, 344 + Philippines, 327,488 + Special commendation of + Philippines exhibit, 118 + Foreign exhibits, 119 + State, Territorial, and district exhibits, 120 + United States Government exhibit, 121 + Special installation of, disbursements in, 135 +Exhibits to statement of receipts and disbursements. (See under Report + on accounts, etc.) +Expenditures, board of lady managers, statement of, 523 +Exploitation committee, emergency funds advanced to, 135 +Exposition, educational advantages of [Transcriber's note: page number + missing in original] +Expositions, previous work of women in, 369 + +F + +Farm equipment, report on, 474 +Farming by irrigation, 475 +Felton, Mrs. W.H., report of, on farm equipment, 474 +Financial condition of Exposition Company, 136 +Fischel, Mrs. W.E., report of, on education, 493 +Fletcher, Miss Alice C., report of, on somatology, 479 +Foreign countries: + President's proclamation inviting participation of, 9 + (See under each country.) +Foreign exhibitors: + Rules and regulations concerning, 10, 11, 12 + (See also under each country.) + Rules and regulations for settlement of disagreements with Exposition + Company, 12 +France: + Commissioners, 197 + Buildings, 198 + Exhibits, 199 +Francis, Hon. D.R., president Exposition Company: + Address presenting buildings for dedication, 27 + Address on diplomatic day, 45 + Addresses by, 372,, 386,, 395 +French industrial schools, 200 +Fruit farmers, women, 479 +Fund: + Contingent, 397 + Exposition, statement of, 5 + +G + +General Federation of Women's Clubs, 428 +Geographical apparatus, 462 +Georgia: + Commissioners, 252 + Building, 252 + Exhibits, 252 +Germany: + Commissioners, 204 + Building, 204 + Exhibits, 206 +Gibbons, Cardinal, invocation on centennial day, 24 +Great Britain: + Commissioners, 208 + Building, 209 + Exhibits, 211 +Griswold, Miss Edith J., report of, on machinery, 496 +Greisheimer, Miss Caroline, report of, on social economy, 483 +Guatemala: + Commissioners, 213 + Building, 211 + Exhibits, 212 + +H + +Haiti: + Commissioners, 213 + Exhibits, 213 +Hamlin, Mrs. Conde, report of, on municipal government, 492 +Harper, Rev. William R., invocation on State day, 55 +Harrison, Rabbi Leon, benediction on State day, 59 +Harrow, Mrs. A.G., report of, on clothing Industries, 470 +Hedleston, Miss Florence, exhibit by, 440 +Henderson, Mrs. Alice Palmer, report of, on ethnology, 481 +Hill, Octavia, work of, in London, 489 +Historical data, 361 +Honduras: + Commissioners, 214 + Exhibits, 214 +Hough, Claude, appointed stenographer of the National Commission, 7 +Hendrix, Bishop, prayer at dedication-day exercises, 41 +Hostess' Association, 359 +House Committee, final report of, 514 +House furnishing: + Expenditures, 418 + Gifts and loans for, 419 +Housing model, 489 +Hungary: + Commissioners, 216 + Exhibits, 216 +Humane Education Society, methods and results, 488 + +I + +Idaho: + Commissioners, 254 + Building, 254 + Exhibits, 254 +Igorrotes, 488 +Illinois: + Commissioners, 258 + Building, 258 + Exhibits, 258 +Indian exhibit (United States Government): + Authority to establish, 344 + Buildings, 344 + Exhibits, 344 + School entertainments, 346 +Indian relics, 345 +Indian Territory: + Building, 270 + Commissioners, 269 + Exhibits, 269 +Indiana: + Commissioners, 267 + Building, 268 + Exhibits, 268 +International Board W. and Y.M.C.A., 411 +International Congress of Nurses, 411 +International day, 384 +International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 411 +Intramural Railway, receipts from, 132 +Inventions of women, 497 +Italy: + Commissioners, 217 + Building, 217 + Exhibits, 214 + +J + +Japan: + Commissioners, 219 + Building, 221 + Exhibits, 220,221 +Jewish women, council of, 428 +Johnston, Miss Frances B., report of, on photography, 461 +Jurors, board of lady managers: + List of, 509 + Department jurors, 512 + Group jurors, 511 +Jurors and Awards. (See Awards and Correspondence.) +Jury of awards, rules for, 96 +Jusserand, M. Jean J., French Ambassador, address on diplomatic day, 47 + +K + +Kansas: + Building, 274 + Commissioners, 272 + Exhibits, 272 +Kentucky: + Building, 277 + Commissioners, 274 + Exhibits, 274 +Kings Daughters, 428 +Knights and Ladies of Honor, 428 +Krug, S., affidavits of, 155 +Krupp, Fraulein, model housing, 489 + +L + +Laces, report on, 471 +Lindsay, William, member National Commission, address on State day, 55 +Ladies' Aid Society of United States, 411 +Ladies' Catholic Benevolent Society, 412 +Ladies' United Veteran Legion, 411 +Ladies of the Maccabees, 411 +Legislative committee, final report of, 398 +Liabilities. (_See_ Assets and liabilities.) +Libraries, traveling, women's work in, 451 +Lincoln, Mrs. Alice N., model housing, 489 +Lost children, 424 +Louisiana: + Building, 277 + Commissioners, 277 + Exhibits, 278 +Loughborough, Miss Hope Fairfax: + Report of, on education of defectives, 453 + Report on electricity, 498 + +M + +McDonald, Charles L., affidavit of, 153 +MacDougal, Miss Anna G., report of, on secondary education, 445 +McCall, Mrs. John A., resignation of, 374 +Machinery, report on, 496 +Maine: + Building, 280 + Commissioners, 280 + Exhibits, 280 +Major, Mrs. William S., report of, on wearing apparel, 472 +Manning, Mrs. Daniel, election of, 388 +Manufactures, report on, 494 +Maryland: + Building, 281 + Commissioners, 280 + Exhibits, 282 +Massachusetts: + Building, 283 + Commissioners, 283 + Exhibits, 283 +Massachusetts school exhibit, 440 +Matthews, Mrs. Elizabeth St. John, report of, on sculpture, 458 +Mexico: + Commissioners, 222 + Exhibits, 223 +Michigan: + Building, 283 + Commissioners, 283 + Exhibits, 284 +Mining, woman's work in, 501 +Mines, report on, 500 +Minnesota: + Building, 286 + Commissioners, 286 + Exhibits, 287 +Minnesota: + Educational exhibit, 446 +Manual training in, 446 +Missionary Society, Woman's Foreign, 411 +Mississippi: + Building, 292 + Commissioners, 292 + Exhibits, 293 +Missouri: + Building, 294 + Commissioners, 294 + Exhibits, 295 +Model playground, 423 +Montana: + Building, 298 + Commissioners, 298 + Exhibits, 298 +Moore, Mrs. Philip U., general report of, 503 +Mothers, National Congress, 411 +Music Department, benefits from, 133 +Museum, Philadelphia Commercial, 486 + +N + +National Commission: + Allotment for contingent expenses of, 11 + Names of Commissioners, 6 + Committees of, 6 + Resignation of Mr. Carter as president of the Commission, 113 + Election of Mr. Thurston as president of the Commission, 113 + Monthly reports, difficulty in preparation and submission, 66 + Report of, submitted, 3 + Members of, from Senate and House, at dedication, 60 +National American Woman Suffrage Association, 411 +National Congress of Mothers, 411,428 +National Council of Women, 411 +National League of Women Workers, 411 +Nebraska: + Commissioners, 299 + Exhibits, 299 +New Hampshire: + Building, 300 + Commissioners, 300 + Exhibits, 301 +New Jersey: + Building, 301 + Commissioners, 301 + Exhibits, 301 +New Mexico: + Building, 306 + Commissioners, 304 + Exhibits, 304 +New York: + Building, 306 + Commissioners, 306 + Exhibits, 307 +New York City, night school of art, 453 +New York City, sociological exhibit, 308 +New Zealand: + Commissioners, 225 + Exhibits, 226 +Norway and Sweden: + Commissioners, 228 + Exhibits, 228 +North Carolina: + Commissioners, 310 + Exhibits, 310 +North Dakota: + Commissioners, 312 + Exhibits, 312 +Nurses, International Congress of, 411 +Nuttall, Mrs. Zelia, investigations in archæology, 482 + +O + +Odell, Hon. B.B., governor of New York, address on State day, 57 +Officers, election of, board of lady managers, 374 +Ohio: + Building, 313 + Commissioners, 313 + Exhibits, 314 +Ojeda, Señor, Spanish minister, address on diplomatic day, 53 +Oklahoma Territory: + Building, 314 + Commissioners, 314 + Exhibits, 315 +Opening day, festivities, 24 +Oregon: + Building, 316 + Commissioners, 316 + Exhibits, 317 +Organization of board of lady managers, 370 + +P + +Paintings and drawings, report on, 455 +Passes (photo) receipts from, 133 +P.E.C. Sisterhood, 411 +Pennsylvania: + Building, 319 + Commissioners, 318 + Exhibits, 318 +Perry, Miss Mary E., report of, on charities and corrections, 490 +Peru: + Commissioners, 230 + Exhibits, 230 +Peters, Miss Cora, report of, on Indian education, 482 +Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 486 +Philippine Islands: + Buildings, 324 + Commissioners, 323 + Exhibits, 325 + Official board, 325 +Photograph, importance of, as educational exhibit, 443 +Photography, report on, 461 +Pomology, report on, 479 +Portable schoolhouse, 444 +Porto Rico: + Commissioners, 331 + Exhibits, 331 +Potter, Rt. Rev. Henry C., benediction at dedication day exercises, 42 +Proclamation: + Of the President inviting foreign governments to participate, 9 + Of President Roosevelt, postponing Exposition to, 1903, 22 +Proctor, Hon. John R., report of, on woman's work in Government + Departments, 401 +Provident Institutions, report on, 488 +Pugh, Mrs. F.H., report of, on bread and pastry, 476 + +R + +Receipts. (See under Report on accounts and statement of receipts and + disbursements.) +Receipts and disbursements, tabular statement of, 131 +Relief Corps, Woman's, 411 +Report on accounts and statement of receipts and disbursements: + Receipts-- + Collections on account of sales of stock, 128 + Collections from sale of city of St. Louis bonds, 129 + United States Government aid, 129 + United States Government loan, 129 + Loan on security of capital stock subscriptions, 130 + Admissions, 130 + Concessions, 131 + Intramural railway, 132 + Service, power, light, etc., 133 + Music Department, 133 + Premium on souvenir gold coin, 133 + Photo-pass receipts, 133 + Interest on deposits, 133 + Miscellaneous collections, 134 + Salvage of exposition property, 134 + Special fund, 134 + Disbursements-- + Exhibits, special installation of, 135 + Money for emergency exploitation committee 135 + Board of lady managers, 135 + Cash balances available, 135 + Financial condition of Exposition Company, 136 + Tabular statement of receipts and disbursements to April, 30,, 1905, + 137 + Current assets and liabilities, tabular estimate of, on May, 3,, 1905, + 138 + Exhibits to statement of receipts and disbursements-- + Admissions' collections, 140 + Concessions' collections, 140 + Service, power, light, water bills, etc., 140 + Transportation collections, 142 + Interest receipts, 142 + Miscellaneous collections, 142 + Construction, 143 + Rent of grounds and buildings, 144 + Maintenance and operating, 144 + Exhibits division, 145 + Exploitation division, 145 + Protection, 146 + Concessions and admissions division, 147 + Executive and administrative division, 147 + Transportation bureau, 147 + Money advanced, 147 + Miscellaneous, 147 + Condensed statement showing estimated financial result, 149 +Reports of foreign countries. (_See_ under each country.) +Reports on States, Territories, and districts. (_See_ under name of + each.) +Resolutions: + On auditing of Exposition Company's accounts, 71 + On subject of free admissions, 72,, 74 + On sale of special tickets, 79 + Concerning allotment of funds for contingent expenses of the National + Commission, 11 + On death of President McKinley, 9 +Rhode Island: + Building, 332 + Commissioners, 332 + Exhibits, 334 +Rhode Island, school exhibits, 334 +Riley, Mrs. C.M.F., report of, on sugar and confectionery, 477 +Rogers, Dr. Howard J., in charge of the congresses, 411,, 412 +Roosevelt, Miss Alice, luncheon in honor of, 515 +Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, picture of, presented, 419 +Roosevelt, President-- + Dedication Day address, 29 + Orders statistical information for Woman's Work Committee, 401 +Rules and regulations: + Classification of exhibits, 12 + Concerning applications for space, 16 + Concerning packing and shipment of exhibits, 16 + For government of the exposition, 12 + Governing system of awards, 61 + Governing correspondence respecting, 83-103 + Governing making of awards, 20 + Pertaining to foreign exhibits, 10, 11, 12 + As to board of lady managers, 21 + Board of lady managers, 382 +Russia: + Commissioners, 231 + Exhibits, 231 + +S + +St. Louis school exhibit, 440 +Salvage of exposition property: + Correspondence respecting contract for, 105-116 + Investigation of contract for-- + Affidavit of Charles L. McDonald, 153 + Affidavit of H.S. Albrecht, 150 + Affidavit of S. Krug, 155 + Affidavit of George J. Schmitt, 166 + Affidavit of John M. Dunphy, 169 + Receipts from, 134 +Salvation Army: + Its beginning, 487 + Its progress, 487 +Schmitt, George J., affidavit of, 166 +Scientific research, woman's work in, 451 +School, French Industrial, 444 +Schoolhouse, portable, 444 +Schools: + County, 444 + Movement to centralize, 444 +Scrutchin, Mrs. M.G., report of, on mines, 500 +Sculpture, report on, 458 +Secretary board of lady managers: + Election of, 374 + Resignation of, 394 + Election of second, 394 +Service, power, light, etc., receipts from, 133 +Sewing, report on, 473 +Siam: + Commissioners, 233 + Building, 232 + Exhibits, 232 +Sirwell, Miss S.E., award, 440 +Sloyd in Sweden's school exhibit, 444 +Smith, Miss Anna Tolman, report of, on educational exhibits, 439 +Social economy: +Exhibits in, 483 +Report on, 483 +Social events, list of, 430 +Solari, Miss Mary, report of, on paintings and drawings, 455 +Somatology, report on, 479 +South Dakota: + Building, 335 + Commissioners, 335 + Exhibits, 336 + Financial statement, 338 +Souvenir gold coin, receipts from sales of, 133 +Spain, exhibits, 234 +Spanish-American war nurses, 411 +Special fund, receipts on account of, 134 +State day, May, 2,, 1903: + Description of exercises, 55 + Mentioned, 384 +Sugar and confectionery, report on, 477 +Summers, Miss Margaret, report of, on wearing apparel, 473 +Sullivan, Miss Annie E., instruction of defectives, 451 +Sullivan, Lottie, award to, 454 +Surgery, woman's work in, 452 +Swenson, Reverend, invocation at diplomatic-day exercises, 43 + +T + +Teachers, proportion of women, 445 +Temple, Miss Grace Lincoln, designer of interior decorations, 445 +Temple, Miss Mary Boyce, report of, on higher education, 446 +Tennessee: + Building, 339 + Commissioners, 339 + Exhibits, 339 +Texas: + Building, 342 + Commissioners, 342 + Exhibits, 342 +Thurston, Hon. John M.: + Address by, 393 + Address on diplomatic day, 44 + Election as president of National Commission, 113 + Final report to the President of the United States, 123 +Transportation bureau, functions of, 14 +Transportation, report on, 499 +Treasurer board of lady managers, report, 518 +Turkey, commissioners, 234 + +U + +Union, International Ladies' Garment Workers', 411 +United Daughters of the Confederacy, 428 +United Daughters of, 1812, 428 +United States Government aid, 129 +United States Government loan, 129 +Utah: + Building, 343 + Commissioners, 343 + Exhibits, 343 + +V + +Vatican: + Commissioner, 235 + Exhibits, 236 +Venezuela: + Commissioners, 235 + Exhibits, 235 +Vermont: + Building, 347 + Commissioners, 347 + Exhibits, 348 +Virginia: + Commissioners, 348 + Exhibits, 348 + +W + +Wade, Miss Margaret, report of, on provident institutions, 488 +Waite, John D., appointment of, as a member of National Commission, 114 +Wall papers, designs of, by women, 453 +War, Spanish-American, nurses, 411 +Washington: + Building, 350 + Commissioners, 350 + Exhibits, 351 +Wearing apparel, report on, 472 +Wednesday Club, 385 +Weld, Miss Rose, report of: + On architecture, 460 + On transportation, 499 +Widegren, Miss Matilda, Swedish school exhibits, 441 +Wild flower painting exhibit, 440 +Wille, Fran, designer of carpets, 496 +Wisconsin: + Building, 353 + Commissioners, 354 + Exhibits, 354 +Woman: + In scientific research, 451 + Progress in art, 452 + In surgery, 452 + In Government employ, 401 +Woman's Building, 414 +Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 411 +Woman's Club, reception by, 394 +Woman's clubs: + Civic work of, 492 + General Federation of, 428 +Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, 411 +Woman's Relief Corps, 411 +Woman's School of Design, 440 +Women as inventors, 497 +Women fruit farmers, 479 +Women's colleges: + List of, 446 + Exhibits by, 446 +Women's congresses, report of committee on, 427 +Women teachers, proportion of, 445 +Wood, Miss Carrie, designer of the "Missouri", 452 +Wood, Mrs. E.D., report of, on laces, 471 +Woolwine, Mrs. W.M., report of, on apparatus for geography, 462 +Wyoming: + Commissioners, 356 + Exhibits, 356 + +Y + +Yandell, Miss Enid, designer of the "Daniel Boone", 452 +Young Women's Christian Association, 411 + + + +[END OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT] +----------------------------------------- + +Transcriber's notes: + +The original index did not have any labels in the gaps +between letters. Added above for clarity. + +ERRATA in original fixed in electronic text listed in the order they +appear in the text. The corrected word appears first with context around +it; the context does not necessarily appear all on one line in the text +version of this file. Then the original erroneous word is shown. + +On December 1, 1901, the rules and regulations were published, +... [a few lines] +"An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary" +-- had 'hundreth' + +[a few lines later] +"It will be held to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary" +-- had 'hundreth' + +"of the one hundredth anniversary of an event which doubled the" +-- had 'hundreth' + +"new brethren to partake of the blessings of freedom" +-- had 'brethern' + +"entrance of that river to the sea." +-- had 'entrace' + +"protection and allegiance are reciprocal" +-- had 'recriprocal' + +"thought it not amiss, however," +-- had 'aethought' + +"In this triumphal day, amid the shouts of joy," +-- had 'trumphal' + +"The simplest protocol on postal or sanitary questions" +-- had 'procotol' + +"to the broadest possible liberty of action" +-- had 'posible' + +"signature of some competing exhibitor" +-- had 'competiting' + +"The special rules provide for the appointment" +-- had 'appoinment' + +"to the end, presumably, that unchallenged" +-- had 'unchalleged' + +"The contract provisions were superior to any made in the bids." +-- had 'porvisions' + +[the next phrase appears twice within a few paragraphs, and + had the same error in each] +"Condensed summaries of these reports have been prepared" +-- had 'summariies' + +"in respect of the restoration of Forest Park" +-- had 'Partk' + +[leader line shortened here] +"Exposition Water Company ..... 63,000.00" +-- had 'Expositon' + +"lists were not furnished to bidders," +-- had 'furnishel' + +"an excellent archaeological collection." +-- had 'archaelogical' + +"an exhibit comprising a great variety of corundum products," +-- had 'corumdum' throughout this paragraph, and nowhere + else in the document. The Oxford English Dictionary does + not recognize 'corumdum' as a correct alternate spelling. + +"the magnificent jeweled caskets of carved ivory" +-- had 'magnificient' + +"Thirty years ago the island exported a million tons of coffee +annually, and tea was an unknown article;" +-- one wonders whether 'pounds' is meant, thirty years ago + being 1874 or thereabouts. + +"tapestry woven of wool and silk set off with gold" +-- had 'wold' + +Dr. Johannes Breger, hygienic department; +-- had 'deparment' + +"the invitation to participate in the exposition was accepted," +-- had 'acepeted' + +"The adaptation of the colonial features" +-- had 'adaption' + +"a hundred million dollars' worth of gold" +-- had 'hunderd' + +"native woods from different sections of the State." +-- had 'diffierent' + +"were installed in the Indian Territory Building." +-- had 'instlled' + +"In the arrangement of material, repetition" +-- had 'arangement' + +"The responsibility for this failure rests with" +-- had 'responsibilty' + +"The units from 15 to 21, inclusive" +-- had '16 to 21' which contradicted remainder of paragraph + +"Each department, in addition to its other features," +-- had 'feautres' + +"noted places and buildings in Pennsylvania history." +-- had 'Pensylvania' + +"consisted of samples of sesame, peanut, castor," +-- had 'seasame' + +"The building contained about 4,500 square feet of surface behind +glass cases, and about 9,400 square feet of open wall and ceiling +space covered with museum specimens, or a total of about 14,000 +square feet, where about 1,800 specimens were displayed." +-- had '1,300' instead of '14,000' + +"It has been said that the true value of the" +-- had 'beeen' + +"agriculture, horticulture, forestry, fish and game," +-- had 'foresty' + +"game animals, and game birds indigenous to the section;" +-- had 'indigenenous' + +"It well justified the assertion of Minister Livingston" +-- had 'asertion' + +"that it involved not only a heavy responsibility," +-- had 'responsibiltiy' + +"Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company tendered to the members" +-- had 'Expositon' + +"the construction of the proposed hall of philanthropy." +-- had 'philanthrophy' + +"shall attend to the giving or serving of all" +-- had 'th' + +"and shall whenever directed by the board" +-- had 'whenevr' + +"No. 16. Amendments.--These rules and regulations may be amended" +-- had 'Thes' + +"by two-thirds vote of the members present" +-- had 'preent' + +"There are 108 classes; a committee on each class would be 1,200 +jurors." +-- had 'committtee' + +"a rare antique sideboard of semicircular shape," +-- had 'shap' + +"in consequence of which all idea of congresses" +-- had 'n consepuence' + +[the following phrase appears twice in the document; it is +the later occurrence, within the report of the Board of Lady +Managers, which contained this error.] +"The nomination of group jurors and alternates, when +approved by the president of the exposition, shall be +transmitted to the president" +-- had 'transmited' + +"the studies in figure painting was inferior to the +same work done by woman in American schools." +-- had 'sam' + +"in class 20, sewing, embroidery, crocheting," +-- had 'crohceting' + +"the remainder were ideal and symbolic works." +-- had 'symbollic' + +"The work was very fine in detail," +-- had 'deatil' + +"binding together in mutual interest and good will" +-- had 'god' + +"The exhibits of New Jersey by means of photographs" +-- had 'menas' + +"Literature; Somatology; Ethnology; Ethnography." +-- had 'Somatogloy' + +"alternate jurors, that you recommend for appointment," +-- had 'reccommend' + +"Miss Margaret Wade (alternate), 912 Nineteenth street," +-- had 'steet' + + +[in INDEX:] + +"Harrow, Mrs. A.G., report of, on clothing Industries" +-- had 'repoort' + +"Matthews, Mrs. Elizabeth St. John, report of, on sculpture" +-- had 'Elizabth' + +"Wade, Miss Margaret, report of, on provident institutions" +-- had 'Margeret' + +"Virginia: Commissioners" +-- had 'Commsssioners' + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Final Report of the Louisiana Purchase +Exposition Commission, by Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOUISIANA EXPOSITION *** + +***** This file should be named 13266-8.txt or 13266-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/2/6/13266/ + +Produced by Michael Oltz and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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