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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Charm of Oxford + +Author: J. Wells + +Release Date: August 22, 2004 [EBook #13245] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHARM OF OXFORD *** + + + + +This eBook was produced by Philip H Hitchcock + + + + + +</pre> + +<h1>THE CHARM OF OXFORD</h1> +<h5>by</h5> +<h2>J. WELLS, M.A.</h2> +<h5>Warden of Wadham College, Oxford</h5> +<h5>Illustrated by</h5> +<h2>W. G. BLACKALL</h2> +<h5>Second Edition (Revised)</h5> +<h3>SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON<br> +KENT & CO., LTD., 4 STATIONERS'<br> +HALL COURT : : LONDON, E.C.4</h3> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"'Home of lost causes'—this is Oxford's blame; + 'Mother of movements'—this, too, boasteth she; + In the same walls, the same yet not the same, + She welcomes those who lead the age-to-be." +</pre> +<h5><i>Copyright<br> +First published 1920<br> +Second edition 1921</i></h5> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Much have ye suffered from time's gnawing tooth, + Yet, O ye spires of Oxford domes and towers, + Gardens and groves, your presence overpowers + The soberness of reason." + WORDSWORTH. +</pre> +<a name="p1"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p1.jpg" align="middle" width= +"473" height="372" border="3" alt= +"Plate I. Christ Church : The Cathedral from the Garden"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate I. Christ Church : The Cathedral from +the Garden</b></h4> +<br> +<br> +<h3>PREFACE</h3> +<p>There are many books on Oxford; the justification for this new +one is Mr. Blackall's drawings. They will serve by their grace and +charm pleasantly to recall to those who know Oxford the scenes they +love; they will incite those who do not know Oxford to remedy that +defect in their lives.</p> +<p>My own letterpress is only written to accompany the drawings. It +is intended to remind Oxford men of the things they know or ought +to know; it is intended still more to help those who have not +visited Oxford to understand the drawings and to appreciate some of +the historical associations of the scenes represented.</p> +<p>I have written quite freely, as this seemed the best way to +create the "impression" wished. I have to acknowledge some +obligations to Messrs. Seccombe & Scott's <i>Praise of +Oxford,</i> a book the pages of which an Oxford man can always turn +over with pleasure, and to Mr. J. B. Firth's <i>Minstrelsy of +Isis;</i> it is not his fault that the poetic merit of so much of +his collection is poor. Oxford has not on the whole been fortunate +in her poets. My own quotations are more often chosen for their +local colour than for their poetic merit.</p> +<p>I have unavoidably had to borrow a good deal from my own +<i>Oxford and its Colleges,</i> but the aim of the two books is +very different.</p> +<h4>WADHAM COLLEGE, OXFORD,<br> + <i>April 1920.</i></h4> +<h3>CONTENTS</h3> +<p><a href="#Introduction">INTRODUCTION</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#RadcliffeSquare">RADCLIFFE SQUARE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#BroadStreet">THE BROAD STREET</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#BalliolC">BALLIOL COLLEGE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#MertonC">MERTON COLLEGE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#MertonL">MERTON LIBRARY</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#OrielC">ORIEL COLLEGE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#QueensC">QUEEN'S COLLEGE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#NewC1">NEW COLLEGE: (1) FOUNDER AND BUILDINGS</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#NewC2">NEW COLLEGE: (2) HISTORY</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#LincolnC">LINCOLN COLLEGE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#MagdalenC1">MAGDALEN COLLEGE: (1) SITE AND +BUILDINGS</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#MagdalenC2">MAGDALEN COLLEGE: (2) HISTORY</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#BrasenoseC">BRASENOSE COLLEGE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#CorpusC">CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#ChristC1">CHRIST CHURCH: (1) THE CATHEDRAL</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#ChristC2">CHRIST CHURCH: (2) THE HALL STAIRCASE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#ChristC3">CHRIST CHURCH: (3) "TOM" TOWER</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#StJohnsC">ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#WadhamC1">WADHAM COLLEGE: (1) THE BUILDINGS</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#WadhamC2">WADHAM COLLEGE: (2) HISTORY</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#HertfordC">HERTFORD COLLEGE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#StEdmundH">ST. EDMUND HALL</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#IffleyM">IFFLEY MILL</a><br> +<br> +</p> +<h3>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h3> +<p><br> +<a href="#p1">I. CHRIST CHURCH, THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE +GARDEN</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#p2">II. ST. MARY'S SPIRE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#p3">III. VIEW IN RADCLIFFE SQUARE</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#p4">IV. SHELDONIAN THEATRE, ETC., BROAD STREET</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#p5">V. BALLIOL COLLEGE, BROAD STREET FRONT</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#p6">VI. MERTON COLLEGE, THE TOWER</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#p7">VII. MERTON COLLEGE, THE LIBRARY INTERIOR</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#p8">VIII. ORIEL COLLEGE AND ST. MARY'S CHURCH</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#p9">IX. HIGH STREET</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#p10">X. NEW COLLEGE, THE ENTRANCE GATEWAY</a><br> +<br> + <a href="#p11">XI. NEW COLLEGE, THE TOWER</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p12">XII. LINCOLN COLLEGE, THE CHAPEL INTERIOR</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p13">XIII. MAGDALEN TOWER</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p14">XIV. MAGDALEN COLLEGE, THE OPEN AIR PULPIT</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p15">XV. BRASENOSE COLLEGE, QUADRANGLE AND THE RADCLIFFE +LIBRARY</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p16">XVI. CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, THE FIRST +QUADRANGLE</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p17">XVII. CHRIST CHURCH, THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE +MEADOW</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p18">XVIII. CHRIST CHURCH, THE HALL STAIRCASE</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p19">XIX. CHRIST CHURCH, THE HALL INTERIOR</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p20">XX. CHRIST CHURCH, "TOM" TOWER</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p21">XXI. ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE GARDEN FRONT</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p22">XXII. WADHAM COLLEGE, THE CHAPEL FROM THE +GARDEN</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p23">XXIII. WADHAM COLLEGE, THE HALL INTERIOR</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p24">XXIV. HERTFORD COLLEGE, THE BRIDGE</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p25">XXV. ST. PETER-IN-THE-EAST CHURCH AND ST. EDMUND +HALL</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#p26">XXVI. IFFLEY, THE OLD MILL</a><br> +<br> +<a href="#pend">OXFORD FROM THE EAST</a></p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="Introduction" id="Introduction">INTRODUCTION</a></h3> +<br> +<br> +<p>In what does the charm of Oxford consist? Why does she stand out +among the cities of the world as one of those most deserving a +visit? It can hardly be said to be for the beauty of her natural +surroundings. In spite of the charm of her</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Rivers twain of gentle foot that pass + Through the rich meadow-land of long green grass," +</pre> +<p>in spite of her trees and gardens, which attract a visitor, +especially one from the more barren north, Oxford must yield the +palm of natural beauty to many English towns, not to mention those +more remote.</p> +<p>But she has every other claim, and first, perhaps, may be +mentioned that of historic interest.</p> +<p>An Englishman who knows anything of history is not likely to +forget of how many striking events in the development of his +country Oxford has been the scene. The element of romance is +furnished early in her story by the daring escape of the +Empress-Queen, Matilda, from Oxford Castle. The Provisions of +Oxford (1258) were the work of one of the most famous Parliaments +of the thirteenth century, the century which saw the building of +the English constitution, and the students of the University fought +for the cause which those Provisions represented. The burning of +the martyr bishops in the sixteenth century is one of the greatest +tragedies in the story of our Church. The seventeenth century saw +Oxford the capital of Royalist England in the Civil War, and though +there was no actual fighting there, Charles' night march in 1644 +from Oxford to the West, between the two enclosing armies of Essex +and Waller, is one of the most famous military movements ever +carried out in our comparatively peaceful island. The Parliamentary +history, too, of Oxford in the seventeenth century is full of +interest, for it was there that in 1625 Charles' first Parliament +met in the Divinity School. And fifty years later, his son, Charles +II, triumphed over the Whig Parliament at Oxford, which was trying +by factious violence to force the Exclusion Bill on a reluctant +king and nation. Few towns beside London have been the scene of so +many great historical events; yet any one who looks below the +surface will attach less importance to these than to the great +changes in thought which have found in Oxford their inspiration, +and which make it a city of pilgrimage for those interested in the +development of England's real life. Matthew Arnold's famous +description, hackneyed though it is by quotation, gives one aspect +of Oxford, an aspect which will appeal to many beside the scholar +poet:</p> +<p>"Beautiful city! so venerable, so lovely, so unravaged by the +fierce intellectual life of our century, so serene!</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + 'There are our young barbarians, all at play.' +</pre> +<p>And yet, steeped in sentiment as she lies, spreading her gardens +to the moonlight, and whispering' from her towers the last +enchantments of the Middle Ages, who will deny that Oxford, by her +ineffable charm, keeps ever calling us nearer to the true goal of +all of us, to the ideal, to perfection—to beauty, in a word, +which is only truth seen from another side?"</p> +<p>But this is not the real intellectual charm of Oxford, which has +been ever the centre of strenuous life, rather than of dilettante +dreamings. From the very beginning, she has been a city of +"Movements." Some visitors, then, will come to Oxford as the home +and the burial-place of Roger Bacon, representing as he does the +Franciscan Order, with its Christ-like sympathy for the poor and +its early attempts to develop the knowledge of Natural Science; +Oxford was in the thirteenth century the great centre of the +Friars' movement in England. Others will remember that in the next +century it produced, in John Wycliffe, the great opponent of the +Friars, the man who, as the first of the Reformers, is to many the +most interesting figure in mediaeval English religious history. In +the sixteenth century, Oxford plays no great part in the actual +revolution in the English Church; yet it will be a place attractive +to many who cherish the memory of the "Oxford Reformers," the +members of Erasmus' circle—John Colet, Thomas More, William +Grocyn, and other scholars—who hoped by sound learning to +amend the Church without violent change. Some, on the other hand, +will see in the sixteenth-century Oxford, the school which trained +men for the Counter-Reformation, such as the heroic Jesuit, +Campion, or Cardinal Alien, the founder of the English College at +Douai. The Anglican "Via Media" found its special representatives +in Oxford in Jewel and Hooker, and in Laud, the practical genius +who carried out its principles in the Church administration of his +day. It was fitting that the movement for the revival of Church +teaching in England in the nineteenth century should be an Oxford +movement, and Newman's pulpit at St. Mary's and the chapel of Oriel +College are sacred in the eyes of Anglicans all over the world. In +the interval between Laud and Newman, Church principles had found a +different development in another Oxford man; John Wesley's +character and spiritual life were built up in Oxford, till he went +forth to do the work of an Evangelist during more than half of the +eighteenth century. Wycliffe, More, Hooker, Laud, Wesley, Newman, +these are not the names of men who have affected the religious +history of the world as did Luther, Calvin or Ignatius Loyola; but +they have affected profoundly the religious life of the +English-speaking race, and Oxford must ever be a sacred place for +their sakes.</p> +<p>And Oxford has been the starting-point of other than religious +movements. No place in England has such a claim on the Englishmen +of the New World as has Oxford. It was there that Richard Hakluyt +taught geography, and collected in part his wonderful store of the +tales of enterprise beyond the sea. Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his +half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, both Oxford men, were the +founders of English colonization. By their failures they showed the +way to success later, and Calvert in Maryland, Penn in +Pennsylvania, John Locke in the Carolinas, and Oglethorpe in +Georgia are all Oxford men who rank as founders of States in the +great Union of the West. And in our own day, Cecil Rhodes has once +more proved that the academic dreamer can go out and advance the +development of a great continent. By his magnificent foundation of +scholarships at Oxford, he showed that he considered his old +university a formative influence of the greatest importance in +world history. Oxford with reason puts up one tablet to mark his +lodgings in the city, and another to commemorate him in her stately +Examination Schools.</p> +<br> +<a name="p2"></a><a name="Plate II"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p2.jpg" align="middle" width= +"365" height="487" border="3" alt="Plate II. St. Mary's Spire"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate II. St. Mary's Spire</b></h4> +<br> +<p>But there are many to whom the past, whether in the realm of +action or in the realm of ideas, does not appeal, whether it be +from lack of knowledge or from lack of sympathy. To some of these +Oxford makes a different appeal as perhaps the best place in +England for studying the development of English architecture. The +early Norman work of the Castle and St. Michael's, the Transition +work of the cathedral, the very early lancet windows of St. Giles' +Church (consecrated by the great St. Hugh of Lincoln himself), the +Decorated Style as seen in St. Mary's spire and in Merton chapel, +the glories of the specially English style, the Perpendicular, in +Wykeham's work at New College and in Magdalen Tower, the Tudor +magnificence of Wolsey's work at Christ Church, the last flower of +Gothic at Wadham and at St. John's, the triumph of Wren's genius, +alike in the classical style at the Sheldonian and in "Gothic" as +in Tom Tower, the Classical work of Hawkesmore at Queen's and of +Gibbs in the Radcliffe, the wonderful beauty of Mr. Bodley's modern +Gothic in St. Swithun's Quad at Magdalen, and the skilful +adaptation of old English tradition to modern needs by Sir Thomas +Jackson at Trinity and at Hertford—what other city can show +such a series of architectural beauties? And it must not be +forgotten that Oxford disputes with York the honour of having the +most representative sequence of painted glass windows in England. +Oxford, indeed, is a paradise for the student of Art. Nowhere, +except at Cambridge, can the series of architectural works be +paralleled, and at both universities the charm of their ancient +buildings is enhanced by their beautiful setting in college +gardens.</p> +<p>It is not an accident that in the old universities more than +anywhere else, so much of beauty has survived, nor is it to be put +down as a happy piece of academic conservatism. It is rather the +natural result of their constitution and endowment. What has been +so fatal to the beauty of old England elsewhere has been material +prosperity. The buildings inherited from the past had to go, at +least so it was thought, because they were not suited to modern +methods, or because the site they occupied was worth so much more +for other purposes. But the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge could +not carry on their work on different sites; "residence" was an +essential of academic arrangements; and there was no temptation to +the fellows of a college to make money by parting with their old +buildings, for their incomes were determined by Statute, and any +great increase of wealth would not advantage individual fellows. +Hence, while great nobles and great merchants sold their splendid +houses and grounds, and grew rich on the unearned increment, and +while non-residential universities moved bodily from their old +positions to new and more fashionable quarters, Oxford and +Cambridge colleges went on working and living in the same places. +Much the same reasons have preserved, in many old towns, +picturesque alms-houses, to show the modern world how beautiful +buildings once could be, while all around them reigns opulent +ugliness. Certain it is that only in one instance, in recent times, +has an Oxford college contemplated selling its old site and +buildings and migrating to North Oxford, and then the sacrilegious +attempt was outvoted. Hence, as has been said, the two old English +Universities possess in an unique degree the</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Strange enchantments of the past + And memories of the days of old." +</pre> +<p>The charms of Oxford for the historical student and for the +lover of Art have been spoken of. But a large part of the world +comes under neither head; to it the charm of Oxford consists in the +young lives that are continually passing through it. Oxford and +Cambridge present ever attractive contrasts between their young +students and their old buildings, between the first enthusiasm of +ever new generations, and customs and rules which date back to +mediaeval times.</p> +<p>But apart from the charm of contrast, Oxford has everything to +make life attractive for young men. It is true that the old +buildings combine with a dignity a millionaire could not surpass a +standard of material comfort which in some respects is below that +of an up-to-date workhouse. An amusing instance has occurred of +this during the war. The students of one of the women's colleges, +expelled from their own modern buildings, which had been turned +into a hospital, became tenants of half of one of the oldest +colleges. It was very romantic thus to gain admission to the real +Oxford, but the students soon found that it was very uncomfortable +to have their baths in an out-of-the-way corner of the college. And +baths themselves are but a modern institution at Oxford; at one or +two colleges still the old "tub in one's room" is the only system +of washing. Perhaps this instance may be thought frivolous, but it +is typical of Oxford, which has been described, with some +exaggeration in both words, as a home of "barbaric luxury."</p> +<p>But after all, comfort in the material sense is the least +important element in completeness of life. Oxford has everything +else, except, it is true, a bracing climate. She has society of +every kind, in which a man ranks on his merits, not on his +possessions; he is valued for what he is, not for what he has; she +gives freedom to her sons to live their own life, with just +sufficient restraint to add piquancy to freedom, and to restrain +those excesses which are fatal to it; she has intellectual +interests and traditions, which often really affect men who seem +indifferent to them; life in her, as a rule, is not troubled by +financial cares—for her young men, most of them, either +through old endowments or from family circumstances, have for the +moment enough of this world's goods. In view of all this, and much +more, is it not natural that Oxford has a charm for her sons? And +this is enhanced with many by all the force of hereditary +tradition; the young man is at his college because his father was +there before him; the pleasure of each generation is increased by +the reflection of the other's pleasure. What traditional feeling in +Oxford means may, perhaps, be illustrated by the story of an old +English worthy, though one only of the second rank. Jonathan +Trelawney, one of the Seven Bishops who defied James II, was a +stout Whig, but when it was proposed to punish Oxford for her +devotion to the Pretender, the Government found they could not +reckon on his vote, though he was usually a safe party man. "I must +be excused from giving my vote for altering the methods of election +into Christ Church, where I had my bread for twenty years. I would +rather see my son a link boy than a student of Christ Church in +such a manner as tears up by the roots that constitution."</p> +<p>But the days of hereditary tradition are over, and Trelawney +belongs to an age long past; Oxford now is exposed to an influence +compared to which the arbitrary proceedings of a king are feeble. A +democratic Parliament with a growing Labour party has far more +power to change Oxford than the Stuarts ever had, and even at this +moment (1919) a third Royal Commission is beginning to sit. Will it +modify, will it—transform Oxford?</p> +<p>The first answer seems to be that the very stones of Oxford are +charged with her traditions. During the War the colleges have been +full of officer-cadets; they were men of all ranks of life and of +every kind of education; they came from all parts of the world; +they were of all ages, from eighteen to forty, at least. Their +training was a strenuous one by strict rule, a complete contrast to +the free and easy life of academic Oxford. Yet in their few months +of residence, most of them became imbued with the college spirit; +they considered themselves members of the place they lived in; they +tried to do most of the things undergraduates do. If Oxford thus, +to some extent, moulded to her pattern men who, welcome as they +were, were only accidental, surely the college spirit may be +trusted to assimilate whatever material the changed conditions of +social or of political life furnish to it. The hope of many at +Oxford is that there will be a great development and a great +change. On one side it will be good if Oxford becomes to a much +greater extent not only an all-British, but also a world +university; on another side it is to be hoped that far more than +ever before men of all classes in England will come to Oxford. It +would surprise many of the University's critics to find how much +had already been done in these directions. It is certainly not true +now that, as one of Oxford's critics wrote,</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Too long, too long men saw thee sit apart + From all the living pulses of the hour." +</pre> +<p>On the contrary, the Oxford of the last generation has already +become markedly more cosmopolitan, and she has been drawing to her +an ever-increasing number of able men of every class.</p> +<p>But these developments, thus begun, will certainly be carried +much further in the near future. Oxford will be altered. Some of +her customs will be changed. This may well issue in great and +lasting good, though there will be loss as well as gain. But an +Oxford man may be pardoned if he believes and hopes that his +university will remain the university he has loved. There is a +saying current in Oxford about Oxford men, which may not be out of +place here—"If you meet a stranger, and if after a time you +say to him, 'I think you were at Oxford,' he accepts it, as a +matter of course, and is pleased. If you do the same to a Cambridge +man, he indignantly replies, 'How do you know that?'" No doubt the +saying is turned the other way round at Cambridge, and no doubt it +is equally true and equally false of both universities, i.e. it is +positively true and negatively false, like so many other +statements. But it is positively true; the Oxford man is proud of +having been at Oxford; the past and the present alike, his +political and his religious beliefs, his traditions and his social +surroundings, all endear Oxford to him. May it ever be so.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="RadcliffeSquare" id="RadcliffeSquare">RADCLIFFE +SQUARE</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Like to a queen in pride of place, she wears +The splendour of a crown in Radcliffe's dome." + L. JOHNSON. +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p3"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p3.jpg" align="middle" width= +"363" height="481" border="3" alt= +"Plate III. View of Radcliffe Square"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate III. View of Radcliffe Square</b></h4> +<br> + +<p>The visitor to Oxford often asks—"Where is the +University?" The proper answer is: "The University is everywhere," +for the colleges are all parts of it. But if a distinction must be +made, and some buildings must be shown which are especially +"University Buildings," then it is undoubtedly in the Square, of +which this picture shows one side, that they must be found. +Immediately on the right is the Bodleian Library, the domed +building in the centre is the Radcliffe Library, and in the +background rises the spire of St. Mary's. Of this last building the +tower and spire go back nearly to the beginnings of Oxford; they +date from the time of Edward I; but for a century, at least, before +they were erected, the students of Oxford had met for worship and +for business in the earlier church, which stood on the site of the +present St. Mary's.</p> +<p>The Bodleian Library occupies the old Examination Schools, which +were built, in the reign of James I, for the reformed University of +Archbishop Laud; within the memory of men who do not count +themselves old, the university examinations were still held in this +building. Finally, the shapely dome between the Bodleian and St. +Mary's is the work of James Gibbs, the greatest English architect +of the eighteenth century, to whom Cambridge owes its Senate House) +and London the noble church of St. Martin's in the Fields. The dome +was built for a separate library, the foundation of Dr. John +Radcliffe, Queen Anne's physician, the most munificent of Oxford +benefactors; it is still managed by his trustees, a body +independent of the University, but since 1861 they have lent it to +the Bodleian Library for a reading-room. It is fitting that the +oldest public library in the modern world, a title the Bodleian can +proudly claim, should have the finest reading-room, where 400 +students can have each his separate desk, and where, if so minded +and so physically enduring, they can put in twelve hours' work in a +day. No other great library in Europe allows such privileges.</p> +<p>Round these three University buildings are grouped three +colleges: Hertford, the youngest of Oxford foundations, the +re-creation of an old hall by a Victorian financial magnate. Sir +Thomas Baring; All Souls', standing a little beyond, of which the +part here shown is the corner of the great Law Library, founded by +Sir William Codrington in the days of good Queen Anne; while on the +other side of the Radcliffe is Brasenose College (for pictures of +which see Plates II and XV). No non-academic building fronts on the +Square; the one or two houses facing on the south-west corner are +occupied by college tutors. The academic influence has spread even +under the earth, for between the Bodleian and the Radcliffe there +is a great subterranean chamber of two stories, excavated +1909-1910, which, when full, will contain 1,000,000 books.</p> +<p>It is refreshing to turn from the thought of so much dead +industry, as these multitudes of unread books will represent, to +the inspiration of the buildings. They are the very epitome of +Oxford. The classic symmetry of Gibbs' dome looks across at the +soaring spire of the mediaeval University Church, while the +Bodleian is one of the best examples of the Jacobean Gothic, which +still held its own in Oxford when the classical style was +triumphing elsewhere. Such contrasts are typical of Oxford. The +University had a European reputation in the days when it was one of +the two great centres of mediaeval scholasticism. Roger Bacon, the +most famous name in mediaeval science, no doubt saw the tower of +St. Mary's beginning to rise. The University welcomed the Classical +Revival, it survived the storms of the Reformation, it was the +great centre of the building up of Anglican theology under the +Laudian rule, it was one of the inspirations of English science in +the seventeenth century, though Dr. Radcliffe's generous +benefactions are a little later, and have hardly begun to yield +their full fruit till our own day. Such are the learned traditions +of the Radcliffe Square, while it has also been the centre of the +young lives which, for seven centuries at least, have enjoyed their +happiest years in Oxford.</p> +<p>The view from the Radcliffe roof is undoubtedly the best in +Oxford. It has been thus described by the worst of the many poets +who have celebrated the University:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Spire, tower and steeple, roofs of radiant tile, + The costly temple and collegiate pile, + In sumptuous mass of mingled form and hue, + Await the wonder of thy sateless view."</pre> +<p>But Robert Montgomery is more likely to be remembered for +Macaulay's merciless but well-deserved chastisement than for his +praises of Oxford. Even their utter bathos cannot degrade a group +of buildings so wonderful.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="BroadStreet" id="BroadStreet">THE BROAD +STREET</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Ye mossy piles of old munificence, + At once the pride of learning and defence." + J. WARTON,<i>Triumph of Isis.</i> +</pre> +<br> +<p>The east side of the University buildings proper was shown in +the last picture <a href="#p3">(Plate III)</a>; in the following <a +href="#p4">(Plate IV)</a>, the north side of the same block is +seen. The old University "schools" lay just inside the city wall, +and Broad Street, which is there represented, occupies the site of +the ditch, which ran on the north of the wall. This picture is a +fitting supplement to the last, for the Sheldonian Theatre on the +right of it and the Clarendon Building in the background may claim +rank even with the Bodleian and the Radcliffe as the University's +special buildings.</p> +<p>The Sheldonian celebrated its two hundred and fiftieth +anniversary only last year (1919), when the music which had been +performed at its opening was performed once more. It is a building +interesting from many points of view. Architecturally it marks the +first complete flowering of the genius of Sir Christopher Wren. He +was only thirty-seven when it was completed, and had been +previously known rather as a man of science than as an architect; +he was Oxford's Professor of Astronomy; but Archbishop Sheldon +chose him to build a worthy meeting place for his University, even +as at the same time he was being called by the king to prepare +plans for rebuilding London after the Great Fire.</p> +<p>The very existence of the Sheldonian marks the development of +University ideas. The simple piety—or was it the +worldliness?—of Pre-Reformation Oxford had seen nothing +unsuitable in the ceremonies of graduate Oxford and the ribaldries +of undergraduate Oxford taking place in the consecrated building of +St. Mary's; but the more sober genius of Anglicanism was shocked at +these secular intrusions, and Sheldon provided his University with +a worthy home, where its great functions have been performed ever +since.</p> +<p>The building is a triumph of construction; it is doubtful if so +large an unsupported roof can be found elsewhere; but Wren is not +to be held responsible for the outside ugly flat roof, which was +put on 100 years ago, because it was said, quite falsely, that +Wren's roof was unsafe. That architect had set himself the problem +of getting the greatest number of people into the space at his +disposal, and he managed to fit in a building that will hold 1,500. +It was also intended for the Printing Press of the University, but +was only used in that way for a short time, as in 1713 Sir John +Vanbrugh put up the Clarendon Building, to house this department of +University activity. The "heaviness" of Vanbrugh's buildings was a +jest even in his own time; someone wrote as an epitaph for him</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Lie heavy on him. Earth, for he + Laid many a heavy load on thee." +</pre> +<p>Blenheim Palace, his greatest work, is indeed a "heavy load." +But the same criticism can hardly be brought against the columned +portico, which forms a fine ending for the Broad Street. Vanbrugh's +building was superseded in its turn, when the increasing business +of the Oxford Printing Press was moved to the present building in +1830.</p> +<br> +<a name="p4"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p4.jpg" align="middle" width= +"483" height="363" border="3" alt= +"Plate IV. Sheldonian Theatre, etc., Broad Street"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate IV. Sheldonian Theatre, etc., Broad +Street</b></h4> +<br> +<p>Since then, all kinds of University business have been carried +on in the old Printing Press. The University Registrar and the +University Treasurer (his style is "Secretary of the University +Chest") have their offices there; the Proctors exercise discipline +from there; the various University delegacies and committees meet +there. And another side of Oxford life, not yet (in January 1920) +fully recognized as belonging to the University, has found a home +there; the top floor has been for twenty years past the centre of +women's education in Oxford, a position elevated indeed, for it is +up more than fifty stairs, but commodious and dignified when +reached at last.</p> +<p>Perhaps the Clarendon Building has gained in lightness of effect +by being contrasted with the clumsy mass of the Indian Institute, +which forms the background of our picture. The nineteenth century +proudly criticized the taste of the eighteenth; but it may well be +doubted if any building in Oxford of the earlier and much-abused +century is more inartistic and inappropriate than "Jumbo's Joss +House," which used to rouse the scorn and anger of the late +Professor of History, Edward A. Freeman.</p> +<p>No Oxford colleges are in this picture, though a small part of +Exeter, one of Sir Gilbert Scott's least happy erections in Oxford, +appears on the right, and a little piece of Trinity on the left; +the last-named is the college of Professor Sir Arthur +Quiller-Couch, better known as "Q," one of the most delightful of +Oxford's minor poets. The opening lines of his poem, "Alma +Mater,"</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Know ye her secret none can utter, + Hers of the book, the tripled crown? + Still on the spire the pigeons flutter, + Still by the gateway flits the gown, + Still in the street from corbel and gutter + Faces of stone look down," +</pre> +<p>may well have been inspired by this very scene in the Broad, for +the grim faces of stone that surround the Sheldonian are one of the +features and the puzzles of Oxford. Are they the Roman Emperors, or +the Greek Philosophers, or neither? It does not matter, for they +are unlike anything in heaven or in earth, and yet they are loved +by all true Oxford men for their uncompromising ugliness, which has +been familiar to so many generations.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="BalliolC" id="BalliolC">BALLIOL COLLEGE</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"For the house of Balliol is builded ever + By all the labours of all her sons, + And the great deed wrought and the grand endeavour + Will be hers as long as the Isis runs." + F. S. BOAS +</pre> +<br> +<p>The story is told of the old Greek admirals, after their victory +at Salamis over the Persian king, that, when invited to name the +two most deserving commanders, they each put their own name first, +and then one and all put the Athenian Themistocles second. If a +vote, on these principles, were taken in Oxford as to which was the +best college, there is little doubt that Balliol would secure most +of the second votes.</p> +<p>It is one of the three oldest colleges, and actually has been in +occupation of its present site longer than any other of our Oxford +foundations—for more than six centuries and a half. Yet its +greatness is but a thing of yesterday compared to the antiquity of +Oxford, and it is fitting that a college which has come to the +front in the nineteenth century should be mainly housed in +nineteenth century buildings.</p> +<p>Balliol has indeed ceased to be the "most satisfactory pile and +range of old lowered and gabled edifices," which Nathaniel +Hawthorne saw in the "fifties" of the last century. The painful +imitation of a French chateau, the work of Sir Alfred Waterhouse, +which forms the main part of our picture, was put up about 1868 +(mainly by the munificence of Miss Hannah Brackenbury), and only +the old hall and the library, which lie behind, remain of +Pre-Reformation Balliol.</p> +<p>In the background of our picture <a href="#p5">(Plate V)</a> can +be seen the Fisher Building, known to all Balliol men for the still +existing inscription, "Verbum non amplius Fisher," which tradition +says was put up at the dying request of the eighteenth-century +benefactor.</p> +<p>While it is true that the pre-eminence of Balliol is a growth of +the nineteenth century, yet the college can count among its +worthies one of the greatest names in English mediaeval history, +that of John Wycliffe. He was probably a scholar of Balliol, and +certainly Master for some years about 1360. But he left the college +for a country living, and his time at Balliol is not associated +with either of his most important works—his translation of +the Bible or his order of "Poor Preachers." While at Balliol, he +was rather "the last of the Schoolmen" than "the first of the +Reformers."</p> +<p>The modern greatness of Balliol is due to the fact that the +college awoke more rapidly from the sleep of the eighteenth century +than most of Oxford, and as early as 1828 threw open its +scholarships to free competition. Hence even as early as the time +of Dr. Arnold at Rugby, a "Balliol scholarship" had become "the +blue riband of public-school education." It has now passed into +popular phraseology to such an extent that lady novelists, unversed +in academic niceties, confer a "Balliol scholarship" on their +heroes, even when entering Cambridge.</p> +<p>Balliol has known how to take full advantage of its opportunity. +Governed by a series of eminent masters, especially Dr. Scott of +Greek dictionary fame, and Professor Jowett, the translator of +Plato and the hero of more Oxford stories than any other man, it +has been ready to adapt itself to every new movement. While the +governing bodies of other colleges in the middle of the last +century were too often looking only to raising their own +fellowships to the highest possible point, the Balliol dons were +denying their own pockets to enrich and strengthen their +college.</p> +<p>Hence, undoubtedly, Balliol for a long time past has had a +lion's share of Oxford's great men; two Archbishops of Canterbury, +Tait and Temple, the present Archbishop of York, Cardinal Manning, +a Prime Minister in Mr. Asquith, a Speaker in Lord. Peel, two +Viceroys of India in Lord Lansdowne and Lord Curzon, poets like +Clough, Matthew Arnold and Swinburne, these are only some of the +more outstanding names. It is this which makes Balliol Hall so +particularly interesting to the ordinary man; knowledge of +present-day affairs, not of history, is all that is needed to +appreciate its array of portraits.</p> +<p>Nor has Balliol been unmindful of the social movements of our +time. It is the chosen home of the Workers' Educational Association +in Oxford, and in Arnold Toynbee it produced one of the pioneers +and martyrs of modern social progress. Truly Balliol has much more +to show to the visitor than its ultra-modern front on the Broad +would promise.</p> +<p>The street, on which Balliol looks out, is associated with the +most famous scene of Oxford history; the stone with a cross in the +middle of the road marks the traditional site of the burning of the +bishops, Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer, although their memorial has +been erected 200 yards further north in St. Giles', and though +antiquarians argue (probably correctly) that the actual pyre was a +little further south, in fact, behind the present row of Broad +Street houses.</p> +<p>But it is the living activity of the college, not the sad +memories of the street in front, that gives the interest to the +picture. The intellectual life of the Balliol men has been well +described by Professor J. C. Shairp, whose verses on "Balliol +Scholars" are likely to be remembered by Oxford in long days to +come for their associations, if not for their poetic merits. He +describes what a privilege it is "to have passed," with men who +became famous afterwards,</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "The threshold of young life, + Where the man meets, not yet absorbs, the boy, + And ere descending to the dusky strife, + Gazed from clear heights of intellectual joy + That an undying image left enshrined." +</pre> +<p>This will come home to many, as they think on their happy Oxford +days when they had life all before them, even though their +contemporaries have not become archbishops like Temple or poets +like Matthew Arnold.</p> +<br> +<a name="p5"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p5.jpg" align="middle" width= +"484" height="366" border="3" alt= +"Plate V. Balliol College, Broad Street Front"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate V. Balliol College, Broad Street +Front</b></h4> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="MertonC" id="MertonC">MERTON COLLEGE</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"I passed beside the reverend walls + In which of old I wore the gown." + TENNYSON. +</pre> +<br> + +<a name="p6"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p6.jpg" align="middle" width= +"363" height="473" border="3" alt= +"Plate VI. Merton College : The Tower"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate VI. Merton College : The Tower</b></h4> +<br> +<p>Merton is not only the oldest college in Oxford, it is also, as +is claimed on the monument of the founder, Walter de Merton, in his +Cathedral of Rochester, the model of "omnium quotquot extant +collegiorum." Peterhouse, the first college at Cambridge, which was +founded (1281) seven years later than Merton, had its statutes +avowedly copied from those of its Oxford predecessor.</p> +<p>So important a new departure in education calls for special +notice. It is interesting to see how the English college system +grew out of the long rivalry between the Regular and the Secular +clergy which was so prominent in the mediaeval church. The Secular +clergy, who had in their ranks all the "professional men" of the +day, civil servants, architects, physicians, as well as, those +devoted to religious matters in the strict sense, were always +jealous of the monks and the friars, who, living by a "rule" in +their communities, were much less in sympathy with English national +feelings than the Seculars, who lived among the laity. Hence the +growing influence of the Regular Orders, especially of the +Franciscans and the Dominicans, in thirteenth-century Oxford, +excited the alarm of a far-seeing prelate like Walter de Merton. +There was a real danger that the most prominent and best of the +students might be drawn into the great new communities, which were +rapidly adding to their learning and their piety the further +attractions of great buildings and splendid ceremonial.</p> +<p>The founder of Merton had the same purpose as the founder of the +College of the Sorbonne at Paris, a slightly earlier institution +(1257). He intended that his college should rival the houses of the +Dominicans and the Franciscans. These friaries were in the southern +part of Oxford, and have completely perished, leaving behind only +the names of two or three mean streets; but the college system +which Walter de Merton founded has grown with the growth of Oxford +and of England, and is to-day as vigorous and as useful as +ever.</p> +<p>Walter de Merton provided his fellows with noble buildings, at +once for their common life and for their own private accommodation, +and also with endowments sufficient to enable them to live in +comfort, free from anxiety; most important of all, he gave them +powers of self-government, so that they might recruit their own +numbers and carry out for themselves the objects prescribed by him +in his Statutes.</p> +<p>In this great foundation then the three characteristic features +of a college are found—a common life, powers of +self-government, with the right of choosing future members, and +endowments that enable religion and learning to flourish, free from +more pressing cares. It is these features which distinguish the +colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, and which have determined their +history.</p> +<p>Walter de Merton definitely prescribed that none of the fellows +who benefited by his foundation should be monks or friars; to take +the vows involved forfeiture of a fellowship. He also especially +urged on the members of his society that, when any of them rose to +"ampler fortune" <i>(uberior fortuna)</i> , they should not forget +their <i>alma mater</i> .</p> +<p>The founder died in 1277, so that none of the college buildings +were complete in his time, except perhaps the treasury, which, with +its high-pitched roof of stone, lies in the opposite corner of the +Mob Quad to that shown in our picture. Why the Quad is called "The +Mob Quad," nobody knows. As was fitting, the chapel was the first +part of the college to be finished—about 1300—and it is +a splendid specimen of early Geometrical Gothic; it retains a +little of the old glass, given by one of the early fellows.</p> +<p>The north side of the Mob Quad, which is shown in our picture, +is very little later than the Chapel, and the whole of the Quad was +finished before 1400; the rooms in it have been the homes of Oxford +men for more than five centuries. It is sad to think that so unique +a building was almost destroyed in the middle of the nineteenth +century, by the zeal of "reformers"; it was actually condemned to +be pulled down, to make way for modern buildings, but, fortunately, +there was an irregularity in the voting. Mr. G. C. Brodrick, then a +young fellow, later the Warden of the college, insisted on the +matter being discussed again at a later meeting, and at this the +Mob Quad was saved by a narrow majority. "He will go to Heaven for +it," as Corporal Trim said of the English Guards, who saved his +broken regiment at Steinkirk.</p> +<p>The "reformers" of Merton had to be content with cutting down +their beautiful "Grove" and spoiling the finest view in Oxford by +erecting the ugliest building which Mid-Victorian taste inflicted +on the University.</p> +<p>In the old buildings which so narrowly escaped destruction may +have lived John Wycliffe, who is claimed as a fellow of Merton in +an almost contemporary list; his activity in Oxford belongs rather +to the later time, when he was Master of Balliol. His is one of the +outstanding names in English history; the success of Merton in +producing great men of a more ordinary kind can be judged from the +fact that between 1294 and 1366 six out of the seven Archbishops of +Canterbury were Merton men.</p> +<p>In the great period of the seventeenth century, Merton had the +distinction of being one of the few colleges which were +Parliamentarian in sympathy. Hence the Warden was deposed by King +Charles, who installed in his place a really great man, William +Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood. But the +king did more harm than good to the college; it was turned into +lodgings for Queen Henrietta Maria and her court, and ladies were +intruded and children born within college walls. These proceedings +were respectable, though unusual; but the college was even more +humiliated by the visit of Charles II, who installed there, among +other court ladies, the notorious Duchess of Cleveland. The +college, however, with the Revolution, returned to less courtly +views, and its Whig connection found an honourable representative +in Richard Steele, the founder of the <i>Tatler</i> . It is not +surprising that so cheerful a gentleman left Oxford without a +degree, but "with the love of the whole society." The college +register specially notes his gift of his <i>Tatler</i> ; he was +acting on the sound rule, by no means so universally followed as it +ought to be, that Oxford authors should present their books to +their college library.</p> +<p>Merton, as has been said, is the "type" college, if one may thus +apply a scientific term; hence it is fitting that to it belong the +two men to whom perhaps Oxford owes most. Thomas Bodley was a +fellow and lecturer in Greek there, before he left Oxford for +diplomacy, and accumulated that wealth which he used to endow the +oldest and the most fascinating, if not the largest, of British +libraries. And among the men who have gained from "the rare books +in the public library" a way to a "perfect elysium," none better +deserves remembrance than the Mertonian, Antony Wood, whose +monument stands in Merton Chapel, but who has raised <i>monumentum +aere perennius</i> to himself, in his <i>History of the University +of Oxford</i> and his <i>Athenae Oxonienses</i> .</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="MertonL" id="MertonL">MERTON LIBRARY</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Hail, tree of knowledge! thy leaves fruit; which well + Dost in the midst of Paradise arise, + Oxford, the Muses' paradise, + From which may never sword the blest expel. + Hail, bank of all past ages! where they lie + To enrich, with interest, posterity." + COWLEY. +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p7"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p7.jpg" align="middle" width= +"340" height="482" border="3" alt= +"Plate VII. Merton College : The Library Interior"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate VII. Merton College : The Library +Interior</b></h4> +<p>"The appearance of the library" (at Merton), says the great +Cambridge scholar, J. Willis Clark, in his <i>Care of Books</i> , +"is so venerable, so unlike any similar room with which I am +acquainted, that it must always command admiration."</p> +<p>He classes it with the libraries at Oxford of Corpus, St. +John's, Jesus, and Magdalen, and he regretfully adds that no +college library in his own University has retained the same old +features as these have done. But none of the four can compare with +Merton, either in antiquarian interest or in picturesqueness; it +stands in a class by itself.</p> +<p>The Library was built by the munificence of Bishop Reed of +Chichester between 1377 and 1379; the dormer windows, however (seen +in <a href="#p7">Plate VII</a>), are later in date. The bookcases +in the larger room were made in 1623; one of the original half +cases, however, was spared, that nearest to the entrance on the +north side, and this is the most interesting single feature in the +whole library. It need hardly be said that the reading-desk in +early times was actually attached to the bookcase; the library then +was a place to read in, not one from which books were taken to be +read. The books were to be kept "in some common and secure place," +and they were "chained in the library chamber for the common use of +the fellows" (J. W. Clark).</p> +<p>The old case that has been retained still has its chained books, +and traces of the arrangement for chains can be seen in the other +cases. Merton was one of the last libraries in Oxford to keep its +books in chains; these were only removed in 1792; in the Bodleian +the work had been begun a generation earlier (in 1757).</p> +<p>Not all books, however, were chained; by special arrangements in +old college statutes, some of them were allowed out to the fellows. +The register of Merton contains interesting entries as to how the +books were distributed, e.g. on August 26, 1500, "choice was made +of the books on philosophy; it was found there were in all 349 +books, which were then distributed." This was a large number: at +King's, Cambridge, less than half a century before, there were only +174 books on all subjects, and in the Cambridge University Library +in 1473, only 330.</p> +<p>If a book was borrowed, great precautions were taken; the Warden +of Merton in 1498 had to obtain the leave of the college to take +out a book which he wanted; then, "in the presence of the four +seniors," he received his book, depositing two volumes of St. +Jerome's Commentaries as pledges for its safe return. A similar +ceremony, with a similar entry in the register, marked the +replacement of the book in the library. Though printing was already +beginning to multiply books, yet then, and for long after, a book +was a most valuable possession. The features of these venerable +tomes are well described by Crabbe:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "That weight of wood, with leathern coat o'erlaid, + Those ample clasps, of solid metal made, + The close pressed leaves, unclosed for many an age, + The dull red edging of the well-filled page, + On the broad back the stubborn ridges rolled, + Where yet the title shines in tarnished gold, + These all a sage and laboured work proclaim, + A painful candidate for lasting fame." +</pre> +<p>Such books are numbered by hundreds in every college library, +and it is only too true of them that:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Hence in these times, untouched the pages lie + And slumber out their immortality." +</pre> +<p>The reception of such a book in a library was an event, and the +record of one gift occupies six whole lines in the Merton Register; +its donors are named as "two venerable men," and the entry sweetly +concludes, "Let us, therefore, pray for them."</p> +<p>The library, problem, acute everywhere, is perhaps especially so +in a college library. How can it keep pace with the multiplicity of +studies? How should it deal with books indispensable for a short +time, perhaps for one generation, and then superseded? Even apart +from the question of the cost of purchase, the amount of space +available is small, considering modern needs. These problems and +such as these have not yet been solved by college librarians; but +the college library, quite apart from the books in it, is an +education in itself. The old days of neglect are past, the days +reflected in the scandalous story—told of more than one +college—about the old fellow who was missing for two months, +and, after being searched for high and low, was found hanging dead +in the college library. Now the libraries everywhere are being used +continually, and men can realize in them, perhaps better than +anywhere else, how great the past of Oxford has been, and can form +some idea of the labours of forgotten generations, which have made +the University what it was and what it is.</p> +<p>Every library has its treasures, to show the present generation +how beautiful an old book can be which was produced in days when +its production was not a mere publisher's speculation, but the work +of a scholar seeking to promote knowledge and advance the cause of +Truth. And it does not require much imagination for a student, in a +building like Merton Library, to conjure up the picture of his +mediaeval predecessor, sitting on his hard wooden bench, with his +chained MSS. volume on the shelf above, and poring over the crabbed +pages in the unwarmed, half-lighted chamber. If the picture brings +with it the thought of the transitoriness of human endeavour, and +if the words of the Teacher seem doubly true, "Of making of books +there is no end, and much study is a weariness of the flesh," yet +in the fresh life of young Oxford, such reflections are only +salutary; pessimism, despair of humanity, are not vices likely to +flourish among undergraduates in the healthy society of modern +colleges.</p> +<p>Those only, it might be said, can properly reform the present +who understand the past, and it is perhaps the spirit of the Merton +Library, at once old and new, which has inspired the statesmen whom +Merton has sent to take part in the government of Britain during +the last half-century. Lord Randolph Churchill, the founder of Tory +democracy, his present-day successor in the same role, Lord +Birkenhead, and the ever young Lord Halsbury are men of the type +which Walter de Merton wished to train, "for the service of God in +Church and State," men who champion the existing order, but who are +willing to develop and improve it on the old lines.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="OrielC" id="OrielC">ORIEL COLLEGE</a></h3> +<br> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> + "Here at each coign of every antique street + A memory hath taken root in stone, + Here Raleigh shone." + L. JOHNSON. +</pre> +<br> + +<a name="p8"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p8.jpg" align="middle" width= +"368" height="482" border="3" alt= +"Plate VIII. Oriel College and St. Mary's Church"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate VIII. Oriel College and St. Mary's +Church</b></h4> +<br> +<p>It is a curious coincidence that three of the most troubled +reigns of English history have been marked by double college +foundations in Oxford. That of Henry VI, in spite of constant civil +war, threatening or actual, saw the beginnings of All Souls' and of +Magdalen; the short and sad reign of Mary Tudor restored to Oxford +Trinity and St. John's; and in an earlier century the ministers of +Edward II, the most unroyal of our Plantagenet kings, gave to +Oxford Exeter and Oriel. The king himself was graciously pleased to +accept the honour of the latter foundation, and his statue adorns +the College Quad, along with that of Charles I, in whose day the +whole College was rebuilt. The front may be compared +architecturally with those of Wadham and of University, which date +from about the same period (the first part of the seventeenth +century), when, under the fostering care of Archbishop Laud, Oxford +increased greatly in numbers, in learning, and in buildings. Though +Oriel has neither the bold sweep of University nor the perfect +proportions of Wadham, it yet is a pleasing building, at least in +its front.</p> +<p>Like New College, Oriel is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, and, +also like New College, the name of "St. Mary's" early gave way to a +popular nickname. The College at once on its foundation received +the gift of a tenement called "L'Oriole," which occupied its +present site, and its name has displaced the real style of the +College in general use.</p> +<p>It is only fitting that, as in our picture, St. Mary's Church +should be combined with Oriel, for the founder was Vicar of St. +Mary's, and the presentation to that living has ever since been in +the hands of the College. It was as a Fellow of Oriel that Newman +became, in 1828, Vicar of St. Mary's, from the pulpit of which, +during thirteen years, he moulded all that was best in the +religious life of Oxford. The glorious spire of the church was +still new when the College was founded.</p> +<p>Oriel and its chapel are among the places for religious +pilgrimage in Oxford. As Lincoln draws from all parts of the world +those who reverence the name of John Wesley, so the Oxford Movement +and the Anglican Revival had their starting-point, and for some +time their centre, in Oriel. The connection of the College with the +Movement was not in either case a mere accident; the Oxford +Revival, at any rate, was profoundly influenced by the personality +of Newman, and Newman, both by attraction and by repulsion, was +largely what Oriel made him. Among those who were with him at the +College were Archbishop Whately, whose Liberalism repelled him, +Hawkins, the Provost, whose views on "Tradition" began to modify +the Evangelicalism in which he had been brought up, Keble, whose +<i>Christian Year</i> did more for Church teaching in England than +countless sermons, Pusey, already famous for his learning and his +piety, who was to give his name to the Movement, and, slightly +later, Church, afterwards Dean of St. Paul's, the historian of the +Movement, and Samuel Wilberforce, who, as Bishop of Oxford, was to +show how profoundly it would increase the influence of the English +Church.</p> +<p>Such a combination of famous names at one time is hardly found +in the history of any other college, and it would be easy to add +others hardly less known, who were also members of the same body at +that famous time. Hero-worshippers can still see the rooms where +these great men lived, and the Common Room in which they met and +argued, in the days when Oxford did less teaching and had more time +for talking and for thinking than the busy, hurrying ways of the +twentieth century allow. But Oriel has many other associations +besides those of the Oxford Movement. Walter Raleigh, the most +fascinating of Elizabethans, was a student there, and probably in +Oxford met the great historian of travel and discovery, Richard +Hakluyt (a Christ Church man), whose influence did so much to bring +home to Oxford the wonders of the strange worlds beyond the seas. +It was probably also through his connection with Oriel that Raleigh +made the acquaintance of Harriot, who shared in his colonial +ventures in Virginia, and who became the historian of that +foundation, so full of importance as the beginning of the new +England across the Atlantic. It was only fitting that the Raleigh +of the nineteenth century, Cecil John Rhodes, should also be an +Oriel man, who was never weary of acknowledging what he owed to +Oxford, and who showed his faith in her by his works. The Rhodes' +Foundation expends his millions in bringing scholars to Oxford from +the whole world; already its influence has been great during its +twenty years of existence; what it will be in the future, only the +future can show. If Mr. Rhodes gave his millions to the University, +he gave his tens of thousands to his old College. The result on the +High Street is—to put it gently—not altogether happy; +but perhaps time may soften the lines of Mr. Champney's somewhat +uninspired front, though it is not likely to quicken interest in +the statues of the obscure provosts which adorn it.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="QueensC" id="QueensC">QUEEN'S COLLEGE</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"The building, parent of my young essays, + Asks in return a tributary praise; + Pillars sublime bear up the learned weight, + And antique sages tread the pompous height." + TICKELL. +</pre> +<br> + +<p>Queens's is one of the six oldest colleges in Oxford, and is far +on to celebrating its sexcentenary, but it has purged itself of the +Gothic leaven in its buildings more completely than any other +Oxford foundation. It does not even occupy its own old site, for +the building originally lay well back from the High Street. It was +only the "civilities and kindnesses" of Provost Lancaster which +induced the Mayor and Corporation of Oxford, in 1709, to grant to +Queen's College "for 1,000 years," "so much ground on the High +Street as shall be requisite for making their intended new building +straight and uniform." And so the most important of "the streamlike +windings of the glorious street" was in part determined by a +corrupt bargain between "a vile Whig" (as Hearne calls this hated +Provost) and a complaisant mayor. But much of the credit for the +beauty of this part of the High must also be given to the architect +of University College (seen in <a href="#p9">Plate IX</a> on the +left), who, whether by skill or by accident, combined at a most +graceful angle the two quads, erected with an interval of some +eighty years between them (1634 and 1719).</p> +<p>A man must, indeed, be a Gothic purist who would wish away the +stately front quadrangle of Queen's, designed by Wren's favourite +pupil, Hawkmoor, while the master himself is said to be responsible +for the chapel of the College, the most perfect basilican church in +Oxford.</p> +<p>If Queen's has been revolutionary in its buildings, it has been +singularly tenacious of old customs. Its members still assemble at +dinner to the sound of the trumpet (blown by a curious arrangement +<i>after</i> grace has been said); it still keeps up the ancient +and honoured custom of bringing in the boar's head—"the chief +service of this land"—for dinner on Christmas Day; while on +New Year's Day, the Bursar still, as has been done for nearly 600 +years, bids his guests "take this and be thrifty," as he hands each +a "needle and thread," wherewith to mend their academic hoods; the +<i>aiguille et fil</i> is probably a pun on the name of the +founder, Robert Eglesfield. The College at these festivities uses +the loving, cup, given it by its founder, perhaps the oldest piece +of plate in constant use anywhere in Great Britain; five and a half +centuries of good liquor have stained the gold-mounted aurochs' +horn to a colour of unrivalled softness and beauty.</p> +<p>Robert Eglesfield was almoner of the good Queen Philippa, wife +of Edward III, and, like Adam de Brome, the founder of Oriel, he, +too, commended his college to a royal patron. Ever since his time, +the "Queen's College" has been under the patronage of the Queen's +consort of England, and the connection has been duly acknowledged +by many of them, especially by Henrietta Maria, the evil genius of +Charles I, and by Queen Caroline, the good genius of George II. Her +present Gracious Majesty, too, has recognized the college claim. +The Queens Regnant have no obligations to the college, but Queen +Elizabeth gave it the seal it still uses, and good Queen Anne was a +liberal contributor to the rebuilding of the college in her day; +her statue still adorns the cupola on the front to the High.</p> +<br> +<a name="p9"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p9.jpg" align="middle" width= +"482" height="368" border="3" alt="Plate IX. High Street"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate IX. High Street</b></h4> +<br> +<p>No doubt it was the royal connection which brought to Queen's, +if tradition may be trusted, two famous warrior princes, the Black +Prince and Henry V; though it is at least doubtful whether the +Queen's poet, Thomas Tickell, Addison's flattering friend, had any +authority for the picture he gives of their college life. He +describes them as:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Sent from the Monarch's to the Muses' Court, + Their meals were frugal and their sleeps were short; + To couch at curfew time they thought no scorn, + And froze at matins every winters morn." +</pre> +<br> + +<p>The College has an interesting portrait of the great Henry, +which may be authentic; but that of the Black Prince, which adorns +the college hall, is known to have been painted from a handsome +Oxford butcher's boy, in the eighteenth century. While we condemn +the lack of historic sense in the Provost and Fellows of that day, +we may at least acquit them of any intention of pacificist irony in +their choice of a model.</p> +<p>Queen's has had better poets than Tickell on its rolls, but, by +a curious chance, the two most eminent—Joseph Addison and +William Collins—were both tempted away from their first +college by the superior wealth and attractions of Magdalen.</p> +<p>The old local connections which were such a marked feature in +the statutes of founders, and which so profoundly influenced Oxford +down to the Commission of 1854, have been almost swept away at +other colleges; but at Queen's they have always been strongly +maintained. It has been, and is, emphatically, a north-country +college. Not the least important factor in maintaining this +tradition has been the great benefaction of Lady Elizabeth +Hastings, fondly and familiarly known to all Queen's men as "Lady +Betty." Steele wrote of her when young, that to "love her was a +liberal education"; this may have been flattery, but her bounty, at +any rate, has given a "liberal education" to hundreds of +north-country men, who come up from the twelve schools of her +foundation to her college at Oxford.</p> +<p>It is interesting to note in Modern Oxford, attempts to +re-establish those local connections, which the wisdom of our +ancestors established, and which the self-complacency of Victorian +reformers "vilely cast away."</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="NewC1" id="NewC1">NEW COLLEGE (1) FOUNDER AND +BUILDINGS</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"There the kindly fates allowed + Me too room, and made me proud, + Prouder name I have not wist, + With the name of Wykehamist." + L. JOHNSON. +</pre> +<br> + +<a name="p10"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p10.jpg" align="middle" width= +"368" height="483" border="3" alt= +"Plate X. New College : The Entrance Gateway"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate X. New College : The Entrance +Gateway</b></h4> +<br> +<p>Among the "Founders" of Oxford colleges, three stand out +pre-eminent —all three bishops of Winchester and great public +servants. If Wolsey has undisputed claims for first place, there +can be little doubt that, in spite of the great public services of +Bishop Foxe, the Founder of Corpus, the second place must be +assigned to William of Wykeham, "sometime Lord High Chancellor of +England, the sole and munificent founder of the two St. Mary Winton +colleges." Others, beside Wykehamists, hear with pleasure the +magnificent roll of the titles of the Founder of New College, when +one of his intellectual sons occupies the University pulpit, and +gives thanks for "founders and benefactors, such as were William of +Wykeham."</p> +<p>In Oxford, without doubt, his great claim to be remembered will +be held to be his college with the school at Winchester, which he +linked to it. But he was also a reformer and a champion of +Parliamentary privilege in the days when the "Good Parliament" set +to work to check the misgovernment of Edward III in his dotage, +and, as an architect, he is equally famous as having given to +Windsor Castle its present shape, and as having secured the final +triumph of the Perpendicular style by his glorious nave at +Winchester.</p> +<p>William of Wykeham is a very striking instance of what is too +often Forgotten—viz., that in the Mediaeval Church all +professional men, and not simply spiritual pastors, found their +work and their reward in the ranks of the clergy. As "supervisor of +the king's works," he earned the royal favour, which, after sixteen +years of service, rewarded him with the rich bishopric of +Winchester. Such a career and such a reward seem to modern ideas +incongruous, even as they did to John Wycliffe, his great +contemporary, who complained of men being made bishops because they +were "wise in building castles." But many forms of service were +needed to create England; Wykeham and Wycliffe both have a place in +the roll of its "Makers." At all events, if Wykeham obtained his +wealth by secular service, he spent it for the promoting of the +welfare of the Church, as he conceived it. The purpose of his two +colleges was to remedy the shortness of clergy in his day, and to +assist the <i>militia clericalis</i> , which had been grievously +reduced <i>pestilentiis, guerris et aliis mundi miseriis</i> (an +obvious reference to the Black Death).</p> +<p>New College was planned on a scale of magnificence which far +exceeded any of the earlier colleges. It was emphatically the "New +College," [1] and its foundation (it was opened in 1386) marks the +final triumph of the college system.</p> +<p>[1] The popular name has entirety displaced its official style. +Rather more than a generation ago, an historically minded +Wykehamist tried to revive the proper style of his college, and +headed all his letters "The College, of St. Mary of Winchester, +Oxford." The result was disastrous for him; the replies came to the +Vicar of St. Mary's, to St. Mary's Hall, to Winchester, anywhere +but to him; and very soon practical necessity overcame antiquarian, +propriety.</p> +<p>Its Warden was to have a state corresponding to that of the +great mitred abbots; the stables, where he kept his six horses, on +the south side of New College Lane (to be seen in <a href= +"#p10">Plate X</a> on the right), show, by their perfect masonry, +how well the architect-bishop chose his materials and how skilfully +they were worked.</p> + +<p>The entrance tower, in the centre of the picture, with its +statues of the Blessed Virgin and of the Founder in adoration below +on her left, was the abode of the Warden; but his lodgings, still +the most magnificent home in Oxford, extended in both directions +from the tower.</p> +<p>Behind this front lay Wykeham's Quad, nestling under the shadow +of the towering chapel and hall on the north side. Here also, as in +the stables, the technical knowledge of the Founder is seen; his +"chambers," after more than 500 years, have still their old stone +unrenewed; while the third story, added 300 years later on +(1674-5), has had to be entirely refaced.</p> +<p>But it is in the public buildings, and especially in the chapel, +that the greatness of Wykeham, as an architect, is best seen. In +spite of the destructive fanaticism of the Reformation, and the +almost equally destructive "restorations" of the notorious Wyatt, +and of Sir Gilbert Scott (who inexcusably raised the height of the +roof), the chapel still is indisputably the finest in Oxford. And +its glass may challenge a still wider field. The eight great +windows in the ante-chapel, dating from the Founder's time, rival +the glories of the French cathedrals; the windows of the chapel +proper, whatever be thought of their artistic success, are a unique +instance of what English glass-makers could do in the eighteenth +century; and Sir Joshua Reynolds' west window (the outside of which +is seen in the centre of the next picture) has at all events the +suffrages of the majority, who agree with Horace Walpole that it is +"glorious," and that "the sun shining through the transparencies +has a magic effect." It must be added, however, that Walpole soon +changed his mind, and was very severe on Sir Joshua's "washy +virtues," which have been compared to "seven chambermaids."</p> +<p>Not the least interesting feature of the Founder's chapel is its +detached bell-tower, seen in the next picture, on the north side of +the cloisters. He obtained leave to place this on the city wall, a +large section of which the College undertook to maintain-thus +adding a permanent charm to their own garden.</p> +<p>The magnificence of the Founder Bishop is well seen in his +splendid crozier, bequeathed to him by his college, and still +preserved on the north side of the chapel. The results of his work, +for Oxford and for learning, will be briefly told of in the next +chapter.</p> +<br> +<a name="p11"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p11.jpg" align="middle" width= +"368" height="482" border="3" alt= +"Plate XI. New College : The Tower"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XI. New College : The Tower</b></h4> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="NewC2" id="NewC2">NEW COLLEGE (2) HISTORY</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Round thy cloisters, in moonlight, + Branching dark, or touched with white: + Round old chill aisles, where, moon-smitten, + Blanches the Orate, written + Under each worn old-world face." + L. JOHHSON. +</pre> +<br> +<p>William of Wykeham's College had other marked features besides +its magnificent scale. Previous colleges had grown; at New College +everything was organized from the first. As the great architectural +History of Cambridge says: "For the first time, chapel, hall, +library, treasury, the Warden's lodgings, a sufficient range of +chambers, the cloister, the various domestic offices, are provided +for and erected without change of plan." The chapel especially gave +the model for the T shape, a choir and transepts without a nave, +which has become the normal form in Oxford. The influence of +Wykeham's building plan may be traced elsewhere also—at +Cambridge and even in Scotland.</p> +<p>In these well-planned buildings, definite arrangements were made +for college instruction, as opposed to the general teaching open to +the whole University; special <i>informafores</i> were provided, +who were to supervise the work of all scholars up to the age of +sixteen. This marks the beginning of the Tutorial System, which has +ever since played so great a part in the intellectual life of +England's two old Universities.</p> +<p>Wykeham's scholars all came from Winchester, and were supposed +to be <i>pauperes</i> , but as one of the first, Henry Chichele, +afterwards Henry V's Archbishop of Canterbury and the Founder of +All Souls', was a son of the Lord Mayor of London, it is obvious +that the qualification of "poverty" was interpreted with some +laxity. It was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that +others than Wykehamists were admitted as scholars.</p> +<p>The fact that a mere boy was elected to a position which +provided for him for life was not calculated to stimulate +subsequent intellectual activity, and Wykehamists themselves have +been among the first to say that the intellectual distinction of +the great bishop's beneficiaries has by no means corresponded to +the magnificence of the foundation or the noble intentions of the +Founder. Antony Wood records in the seventeenth century that there +was already an "ugly proverb" as to New College men—"Golden +scholars, silver Bachelors, leaden Masters, wooden Doctors," "which +is attributed," he goes on, "to their rich fellowships, especially +to their ease and good diet, in which I think they exceed any +college else."</p> +<p>The nineteenth century has changed all this; the small and close +college of pre-Commission days has become one of the largest and +most intellectual in the University; but Winchester men in their +Oxford college fully hold their own in every way against the +scholars from the world outside, who are now admitted to share with +them the advantages of Wykeham's foundation.</p> +<p>The bishop's careful provision, however, of good teaching at his +school and in his college bore good fruit at first, whatever may +have been the result later. If Corpus is especially the college of +the revival of learning, New College had prepared the way, and the +first Englishman to teach Greek in Oxford was the New College +fellow, William Grocyn, whom Erasmus called the "most upright and +best of all Britons." From the same college, about the same time, +came the patron of Erasmus, Archbishop Warham, of whose saintly +simplicity and love of learning he gives so attractive a picture. +Warham was not forgetful of his old college, and presented the +beautiful "linen fold" panelling which still adorns the hall.</p> +<p>At the time of the Reformation, New College was especially +attached to the old form of the faith, and it has been maintained +that the dangerous lowness of the wicket entrance in the Gate Tower +was due to the deliberate purpose of the governing body, who +resolved that everyone who entered the college, however Protestant +his views, should bow his head under the statue of the Blessed +Virgin above. At any rate, one New College man in the seventeenth +century attributed his perversion to "the lively memorials of +Popery in statues and pictures in the gates and in the chapel of +New College."</p> +<p>Certain it is that under Elizabeth, after the purging of the +college from its recusant fellows, who contributed a large share of +the Roman controversialists to the colleges of Louvain and Douai, +Wykeham's foundation sank, as has been said, into inglorious ease +for two centuries. Yet, during this period, it had the honour of +producing two of the Seven Bishops who resisted King James II's +attack on the English Constitution—one of them the saintly +hymn writer, Thomas Ken. And to the darkest days of the eighteenth +century belongs the most famous picture of the ideal Oxford life: +"I spent many years, in that illustrious society, in a +well-regulated course of useful discipline and studies, and in the +agreeable and improving commerce of gentlemen and of scholars; in a +society where emulation without envy, ambition without jealousy, +contention without animosity, incited industry and awakened genius; +where a liberal pursuit of knowledge and a genuine freedom of +thought was raised, encouraged, and pushed forward by example, by +commendation, and by authority." These were the words of Bishop +Lowth, whose great work on <i>The Poetry of the Hebrews</i> was +delivered as lectures for the Chair of Poetry at Oxford.</p> +<p>The spirit of Oxford has never been better described, and even +that bitter critic, the great historian Gibbon, admits that Lowth +practised what he preached, and that he was an ornament to the +University in its darkest period. Of the days of Reform a +forerunner was found in Sydney Smith, the witty Canon of St. +Paul's.</p> +<p>The names of New College men famous for learning or for +political success, during the last half-century, are too recent to +mention, but it is fitting to put on record that to New College +belongs the sad distinction of having the longest Roll of Honour in +the late War. It has lost about 250 of its sons, including four of +the most distinguished young tutors in Oxford; History and +Philosophy, Scholarship and Natural Science are all of them the +poorer for the premature loss of Cheesman and Heath, Hunter and +Geoffrey Smith; their names are familiar to everyone in Oxford, and +they would have been familiar some day to the world of scholars +everywhere. <i>Dis aliter visum est</i> .</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="LincolnC" id="LincolnC">LINCOLN COLLEGE</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> + "This is the chapel; here, my son, + Thy father dreamed the dreams of youth, + And heard the words, which, one by one, + The touch of life has turned to truth." + NEWBOLT. +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p12"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p12.jpg" align="middle" width= +"333" height="498" border="3" alt= +"Plate XII. Lincoln College : The Chapel Interior"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XII. Lincoln College : The Chapel +Interior</b></h4> +<br> +<p>The name of Lincoln College recalls a fact familiar to all +students of ecclesiastical history, though surprising to the +ordinary man—viz., that Oxford, till the Reformation, was in +the great diocese of Lincoln, which stretched right across the +Midlands from the Humber to the Thames. This fact had an important +bearing on the history of the University; its bishop was near +enough to help and protect, but not near enough to interfere +constantly. Hence arose the curious position of the Oxford +Chancellor, the real head of the mediaeval University and still its +nominal head; though an ecclesiastical dignitary, and representing +the Bishop, the Oxford Chancellor was not a cathedral official, but +the elect of the resident Masters of Arts. How important this +arrangement was for the independence of the University will be +obvious.</p> +<p>The ecclesiastical position of Oxford is responsible also for +the foundation of four of its colleges; both Lincoln and Brasenose, +colleges that touch each other, were founded by Bishops of Lincoln; +Foxe and Wolsey, too, though holding other sees later, ruled over +the great midland diocese.</p> +<p>Richard Fleming, the Bishop of Lincoln, who founded the college +that bears the name of his see, was in some ways a remarkable man. +When resident in Oxford, he had been prominent among the followers +of John Wycliffe and had shared his reforming views; but he was +alarmed at the development of his master's teaching in the hands of +disciples, and set himself to oppose the movement which he had once +favoured. He founded his "little college" with the express object +of training "theologians" "to defend the mysteries of the sacred +page against those ignorant laics, who profaned with swinish snouts +its most holy pearls." It is curious that Lincoln's great title to +fame—and it is a very great one—is that its most +distinguished fellow was John Wesley, the Wycliffe of the +eighteenth century.</p> +<p>The connection of Oxford and Lincoln College with Wesley and his +movement is no accidental one, based merely on the fact that he +resided there for a certain time. Humanly speaking, Wesley's +connection with Lincoln was a determining factor in his spiritual +and mental development, and it was while he was there that his +followers received the name of "Methodists," a name given in scorn, +but one which has become a thing of pride to millions. Wesley was a +fellow of Lincoln for nine years, from 1726 to 1735. During the +most impressionable years of a man's life—he was only +twenty-three when he was elected fellow—he was developing his +mental powers by an elaborate course of studies, and his spiritual +life by the careful use of every form of religious discipline which +the Church prescribed. A college, with its daily services and its +life apart from the world, rendered the practice of such discipline +possible. It was because Wesley and his followers, his brother +Charles, George Whitefield and others, observed this discipline so +carefully that they obtained their nickname. It is with good reason +that Lincoln Chapel is visited by his disciples from all parts of +the world; it has been little altered since his time, his pulpit is +still here, and the glass and the carving which make it very +interesting, if not beautiful, are those which he saw daily.</p> +<p>The chapel is the memorial of the devotion to Lincoln of another +churchman, more successful than Wesley from a worldly point of +view, but now forgotten by all except professed students of +history. John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln from 1621 to 1641, was +the last ecclesiastic who "kept" the Great Seal of England. He had +the misfortune to differ from Laud on the Church Question of the +day, and was prosecuted before the Star Chamber for subornation of +perjury, and heavily fined. There seems no doubt that he was +guilty; but it was to advocacy of moderation and to his dislike of +the king's arbitrary rule that he owed the severity of his +punishment. Whatever his moral character, at all events he gave his +college a beautiful little chapel, which is often compared to the +slightly older one at Wadham; that of Lincoln is much the less +spacious of the two, but in its wood carvings, at any rate, it is +superior.</p> +<p>Lincoln had the ill-fortune, in the nineteenth century, to +produce the writer of one of those academic "Memoirs," which +reveal, with a scholar's literary style, and also with a scholar's +bitterness, the intrigues and quarrels that from time to time arise +within college walls. Mark Pattison is likely to be remembered by +the world in general because he is said to have been the original +of George Eliot's "Mr. Casaubon"; in Oxford he will be remembered +not only for the "Memoirs," but also as one who upheld the highest +ideal of "Scholarship" when it was likely to be forgotten, and who +criticized the neglect of "research." The personal attacks were +those of a disappointed man; the criticisms, one-sided as they +were, were certainly not unjustified.</p> +<p>A university should certainly exist to promote learning, and +Mark Pattison, with all his unfairness, certainly helped its cause +in Oxford. But a university exists also for the promotion of +friendships among young men, and for the development of their +social life. Of this duty, Oxford has never been unmindful, and +perhaps it is in small colleges like Lincoln that the flowers of +friendship best flourish. It is needless to make comparisons, for +they flourish everywhere; but it is appropriate to quote, when +writing of one of the smaller Oxford colleges, the verses on this +subject of a recent Lincoln poet (now dead); they will come home to +every Oxford man:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "City of my loves and dreams, + Lady throned by limpid streams; + 'Neath the shadow of thy towers, + Numbered I my happiest hours. + Here the youth became a man; + Thought and reason here began. + Ah! my friends, I thought you then + Perfect types of perfect men: + Glamour fades, I know not how, + Ye have all your failings now," +</pre> +<p>But Oxford friendships outlast the discovery that friends have +"failings"; as Lord Morley, who went to Lincoln in 1856, writes: +"Companionship (at Oxford) was more than lectures"; a friend's +failure later (he refers to his contemporary, Cotter Morison's +<i>Service of Man</i> ) "could not impair the captivating +comradeship of his prime."</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="MagdalenC1" id="MagdalenC1">MAGDALEN COLLEGE (1) SITE +AND BUILDINGS</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> + "Where yearly in that vernal hour + The sacred city is in shades reclining, + With gilded turrets in the sunrise shining: + From sainted Magdalene's aerial tower + Sounds far aloof that ancient chant are singing, + And round the heart again those solemn memories bringing." + ISAAC WILLIAMS. +</pre> +<br> +<p>Macaulay was too good a Cambridge man to appreciate an Oxford +college at its full worth; but he devotes one of his finest purple +patches to the praise of Magdalen, ending, as is fitting, "with the +spacious gardens along the river side," which, by the way, are not +"gardens." Antony Wood praises Magdalen as "the most noble and rich +structure in the learned world," with its water walks as +"delectable as the banks of Eurotas, where Apollo himself was wont +to walk." To go a century further back, the Elizabethan, Sir John +Davies, wrote:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "O honeyed Magdalen, sweete, past compare + Of all the blissful heavens on earth that are." +</pre> +<p>Such praises could be multiplied indefinitely, and they are all +deserved.</p> +<p>The good genius of Magdalen has been faithful to it throughout. +The old picturesque buildings on the High Street, taken over (1457) +by the Founder, William of Waynflete, from the already existing +hospital of St. John, were completed by his munificence in the most +attractive style of English fifteenth century domestic +architecture; Chapel and Hall, Cloisters and Founder's Tower, all +alike are among the most beautiful in Oxford. When classical taste +prevailed, the architectural purists of the eighteenth century were +for sweeping almost all this away, and had a plan prepared for +making a great classic quad; but wiser counsels, or lack of funds, +thwarted this vandalistic design, and only the north side of the +new quad was built, to give Magdalen a splendid specimen of +eighteenth century work, without prejudice to the old. And in our +own day, the genius of Bodley has raised in St. Swithun's Quad a +building worthy of the best days of Oxford, while the hideous +plaster roof, with which the mischievous Wyatt had marred the +beauty of the hall, was removed, and a seemly oak roof put in its +place. It is a great thing to be thankful for, that one set of +college buildings in Oxford, though belonging to so many periods, +has nothing that is not of the best.</p> +<p>But the great glory of Magdalen has not yet been mentioned. This +is, without doubt, its bell tower, which, standing just above the +River Cherwell, is worthily seen, whether from near or far. A most +curious and interesting custom is preserved in connection with it. +Every May morning, at five o'clock (in Antony Wood's time the +ceremony was an hour earlier), the choir mounts the tower and sings +a hymn, which is part of the college grace; in the eighteenth +century, however, the music was of a secular nature and lasted two +hours. The ceremony has been made the subject of a great picture by +Holman Hunt, and has been celebrated in many poems; the sonnet of +Sir Herbert Warren, the present President, may be quoted as +worthily expressing something of what has been felt by many +generations of Magdalen men:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Morn of the year, of day and May the prime, + How fitly do we scale the steep dark stair, + Into the brightness of the matin air, + To praise with chanted hymn and echoing chime, + Dear Lord of Light, thy sublime, + That stooped erewhile our life's frail weeds to wear! + Sun, cloud and hill, all things thou fam'st so fair, + With us are glad and gay, greeting the time. + The College of the Lily leaves her sleep, + The grey tower rocks and trembles into sound, + Dawn-smitten Memnon of a happier hour; + Through faint-hued fields the silver waters creep: + Day grows, birds pipe, and robed anew and crowned, + Green Spring trips forth to set the world aflower." +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p13"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p13.jpg" align="middle" width= +"369" height="482" border="3" alt="Plate XIII. Magdalen Tower"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XIII. Magdalen Tower</b></h4> +<br> +<p>The tower was put to a far different use when, in the Civil War, +it was the fortress against an attack from the east, and stones +were piled on its top to overwhelm any invader who might force the +bridge.</p> +<p>Tradition connects this tower with the name of Magdalen's +greatest son, Thomas Wolsey, who took his B.A. about 1486, at the +age of fifteen, as he himself in his old age proudly told his +servant and biographer, Cavendish. Certainty he was first Junior +and then Senior Bursar for a time, while the tower was building, +1492-1504. But the scandal that he had to resign his bursarship for +misappropriation of funds in connection with the tower may +certainly be rejected.</p> +<p>On the right of Magdalen Bridge, looking at the tower, as we see +it in the picture, stretches Magdalen Meadow, round which run the +famous water walks. The part of these on the north-west side is +especially connected with Joseph Addison, who was a fellow at +Magdalen from 1697 to 1711. He was elected "demy" (at Magdalen, +scholars bear this name) the first year (1689) after the +Revolution, when the fellows of Magdalen had been restored to their +rights, so outrageously invaded by King James. This "golden" +election was famous in Magdalen annals, at once for the number +elected—seventeen—and for the fame of some of those +elected. Besides the greatest of English essayists, there were +among the new "demies," a future archbishop, a future bishop, and +the high Tory, Henry Sacheverell, whose fiery but unbalanced +eloquence overthrew the great Whig Ministry, which had been the +patron of his college contemporary.</p> +<p>Magdalen Meadow preserves still the well-beloved Oxford +fritillaries, which are in danger of being extirpated in the fields +below Iffley by the crowds who gather them to sell in the Oxford +market.</p> +<p>Of the part of the College on the High Street, the most +interesting portion is the old stone pulpit (shown in <a href= +"#p14">Plate XIV</a>). The connection of this with the old Hospital +of St. John is still marked by the custom of having the University +sermon here on St. John the Baptist's Day; this was the invariable +rule till the eighteenth century, and the pulpit (Hearne says) was +"all beset with boughs, by way of allusion to St. John Baptist's +preaching in the wilderness." Even as early as Heame's time, +however, a wet morning drove preacher and audience into the chapel, +and open-air sermons were soon given up altogether, only to be +revived (weather permitting) in our own day.<br> + The chapel lies to the left of the pulpit, and is known all the +world over for its music; there are three famous choirs in +Oxford—those of the Cathedral, of New College, and of +Magdalen, and to the last, as a rule, the palm is assigned. It is +to Oxford what the choir of King's is to Cambridge; but the chapel +of Magdalen has not</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "The high embowed roof + With antique pillars massy proof, + And storied windows richly dight, + Casting a dim religious light" +</pre> +<p>of the "Royal Saint's" great chapel at Cambridge.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="MagdalenC2" id="MagdalenC2">MAGDALEN COLLEGE (2) +HISTORY</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Sing sweetly, blessed babes that suck the breast + Of this sweet nectar-dropping Magdalen, + Their praise in holy hymns, by whom ye feast, + The God of gods and Waynflete, best of men, + Sing in an union with the Angel's quires, + Sith Heaven's your house." + SIR J. DAVIES. +</pre> +<br> +<p>Magdalen College was founded by William of Waynflete, Bishop of +Winchester, who had been a faithful minister of Henry VI. He had +served as both Master and Provost of the King's own college at Eton +(and also as Master of Winchester College before), and from Eton he +brought the lilies which still figure in the Magdalen shield. As a +member of the Lancastrian party, he fell into disgrace when the +Yorkists triumphed, but he made his peace with Edward IV, whose +statue stands over the west door of the chapel, with those of St. +Mary Magdalene, St. John the Baptist, St. Swithun (Bishop of +Winchester), and the Founder. And the Tudors were equally friendly +to the new foundation; Prince Arthur, Henry VIII's unfortunate +elder brother, was a resident in Magdalen on two occasions, and the +College has still a splendid memorial of him in the great +contemporary tapestry, representing his marriage with Catharine of +Aragon.</p> +<p>To the very early days of Magdalen belongs its connection with +the Oxford Reform Movement and the Revival of Learning. Both Fox +and Wolsey, successively Bishops of Winchester, and the munificent +founders of Corpus and of Cardinal (i.e. Christ Church) Colleges, +were members of Waynflete's foundation) and so probably was John +Colet, Dean of St. Paul's, whose learning and piety so impressed +Erasmus. "When I listen to my beloved Colet," he writes in 1499, "I +seem to be listening to Plato himself"; and he asks—why go to +Italy when Oxford can supply a climate "as charming as it is +healthful" and "such culture and learning, deep, exact and worthy +of the good old times ?" Erasmus' praise of Oxford climate is +unusual from a foreigner; the more usual view is that of his friend +Vives, who came to Oxford soon after as a lecturer at the new +college of Corpus Christi; he writes from Oxford: "The weather here +is windy, foggy and damp, and gave me a rough reception."</p> +<p>Colet's lectures on the Epistle to the Romans, perhaps delivered +in Magdalen College, marked an epoch in the way of the +interpretation of Holy Scripture, by their freedom from traditional +methods and by their endeavour to employ the best of the New +Learning in determining the real meaning of the Apostle. To the +same school as Colet in the Church belonged Reginald Pole, +Archbishop in the gloomy days of Queen Mary, the only Magdalen man +who has held the See of Canterbury.</p> +<p>Elizabeth visited the College, and gently rebuked the Puritan +tendencies of the then President, Dr. Humphrey, who carried his +scruples so far as to object to the academical scarlet he had to +wear as a Doctor of Divinity, because it savoured of the "Scarlet +Woman." "Dr. Humphrey," said the queen, with the tact alike of a +Tudor sovereign and of a true woman, "methinks this gown and habit +become you very well, and I marvel that you are so strait-laced on +this point—but I come not now to chide." This President +complained that his headship was "more payneful than gayneful," a +charge not usually brought against headships at Oxford.</p> +<p>In the seventeenth century, Magdalen was, for a short time, the +very centre of England's interest. James II, in his desire to force +Roman Catholicism on Oxford, tried to fill the vacant Presidency +with one of his co-religionists. His first nominee was not only +disqualified under the statutes, but was also a man of so +notoriously bad a character that even the king had to drop him. +Meanwhile, the fellows, having waited, in order to oblige James, +till the last possible moment allowed by the statutes, filled up +the vacancy by electing one of their own number, John Hough. When +the king pronounced this election irregular and demanded the +removal of the President and the acceptance of his second nominee, +the fellows declared themselves unable thus to violate their +statutes, even at royal command, and were accordingly driven out. +The "demies," who were offered nominations to the fellowships thus +rendered vacant, supported their seniors, and, in their turn, too, +were driven out; they had showed their contempt for James' intruded +fellows by "cocking their hats" at them, and by drinking confusion +to the Pope. When the landing of William of Orange was threatening, +James revoked all these arbitrary proceedings, but it was too late; +he had brought home, by a striking example, to Oxford and to +England, that no amount of past services, no worthiness of +character, no statutes, however clear and binding, were to weigh +for a moment with a royal bigot, who claimed the power to +"dispense" with any statutes. The "Restoration" of the Fellows on +October 25, 1688, is still celebrated by a College Gaudy, when the +toast for the evening is <i>jus suum cuique</i> .</p> +<p>Hough remained President for thirteen years, during most of +which time he was bishop—first of Oxford and then of +Lichfield. He finally was translated to Worcester, where he died at +the age of ninety-three, after declining the Archbishopric of +Canterbury. His monument, in his cathedral, records his famous +resistance to arbitrary authority.</p> +<p>Magdalen in the eighteenth century has an unenviable reputation, +owing to the memoirs of its most famous historian, Edward Gibbon, +who matriculated, in 1752, and who describes the fourteen months +which elapsed before he was expelled for becoming a Roman Catholic, +"as the most idle and unprofitable of my whole life." The "Monks of +Magdalen," as he calls the fellows, "decent, easy men," "supinely +enjoyed the gifts of the founder." It should be added that Gibbon +was not quite fifteen when he entered the College, and that his +picture of it is no doubt coloured by personal bitterness. But its +substantial justice is admitted. Certainly, nothing could be +feebler than the <i>Vindication of Magdalen College</i> , published +by a fellow James Hurdis, the Professor of Poetry; his intellectual +calibre may perhaps be gauged from the exquisite silliness of his +poem, "The Village Curate," of which the following lines, addressed +to the Oxford heads of houses, are a fair specimen:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Ye profound + And serious heads, who guard the twin retreats + Of British learning, give the studious boy + His due indulgence. Let him range the field, + Frequent the public walk, and freely pull + The yielding oar. But mark the truant well, + And if he turn aside to vice or folly, + Show him the rod, and let him feel you prize + The parent's happiness, the public good." +</pre> +<p>Magdalen might fairly claim that a place so beautiful as it is, +justifies itself by simply existing, and the perfection of its +buildings and the beauty of its music must appeal, even to our own +utilitarian age. But it has many other justifications besides its +beauty; its great wealth is being continually applied to assist the +University by the endowment of new professorships, especially for +the Natural Sciences, and to aid real students, whether those who +have made, or those who are likely to make, a reputation as +researchers. It is needless to mention names: every Oxford man and +every lover of British learning knows them.</p> +<br> +<a name="p14"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p14.jpg" align="middle" width= +"362" height="482" border="3" alt= +"Plate XIV. Magdalen College : The Open-Air Pulpit"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XIV. Magdalen College : The Open-Air +Pulpit</b></h4> +<br> +<p>For the world in general, which cares not for research, the +success of the College under its present President, Sir Herbert +Warren, himself at once a poet and an Oxford Professor of Poetry, +will be evidenced by its increase in numbers and by its athletic +successes. They will judge as our King judged when he chose +Magdalen for the academic home of the Prince of Wales. The Prince, +unlike other royal persons at Magdalen and elsewhere, lived +(1912-14) not in the lodgings of the President, or among dons and +professors, but in his own set of rooms, like any ordinary +undergraduate. He showed, in Oxford, that power of self-adaptation +which has since won him golden opinions in the great Dominion and +the greater Republic of the West.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="BrasenoseC" id="BrasenoseC">BRASENOSE COLLEGE</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Of the colleges of Oxford, Exeter is the most + proper for western, Queen's for northern, and + Brasenose for north-western men." + FULLER, <i>Worthies.</i> +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p15"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p15.jpg" align="middle" width= +"368" height="484" border="3" alt= +"Plate XV. Bresenose College, Quadrangle and Radcliffe Library"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XV. Bresenose College, Quadrangle and +Radcliffe Library</b></h4> +<br> +<p>Brasenose college is in the very centre of the University, +fronting as it does on Radcliffe Square, where Gibbs' beautiful +dome supplies the Bodleian with a splendid reading-room. And this +site has always been consecrated to students; where the front of +Brasenose now stands ran School Street, leading from the old +<i>Scholae Publicae</i> , in which the disputations of the +Mediaeval University were held, to St. Mary's Church.</p> +<p>It was from this neighbourhood that some Oxford scholars +migrated to Stamford in 1334, in order to escape one of the many +Town and Gown rows, which rendered Mediaeval Oxford anything but a +place of quiet academic study. They seem to have carried with them +the emblem of their hall, a fine sanctuary knocker of brass, +representing a lion's head, with a ring through its nose; this +knocker was installed at a house in Stamford, which still retains +the name it gave, "Brasenose Hall." The knocker itself was there +till 1890, when the College recovered the relic (it now hangs in +the hall). The students were compelled by threats of +excommunication to return to their old university, and down to the +beginning of the nineteenth century, Oxford men, when admitted to +the degree of M.A., were compelled to swear "not to lecture at +Stamford."</p> +<p>The old "King's Hall," which bore the name of "Brasenose," was +transformed into a college in 1511 by the munificence of our first +lay founder, Sir Richard Sutton; he shared his benevolence, +however, with Bishop Smith, of Lincoln. The College celebrated, in +1911, its quatercentenary in an appropriate way, by publishing its +register in full, with a group of most interesting monographs on +various aspects of the College history.</p> +<p>The buildings are a good example of the typical Oxford college; +the Front Quad, shown in our picture, belongs to the time of the +Founders, but the picturesque third story of dormer windows, which +give it a special charm, dates from the reign of James I, when all +colleges were rapidly increasing their numbers and their +accommodation. Of the rest of the buildings of Brasenose, the +chapel deserves special notice, for it was the last effort of the +Gothic style in Oxford, and it was actually finished in the days of +Cromwell, not a period likely to be favourable to the erection of +new college chapels.</p> +<p>Brasenose (or B.N.C., as it is universally called) has produced +a prime minister of England in Henry Addington, whom the college +record kindly describes as "not the most distinguished" statesman +who has held that position: but a much better known worthy is John +Foxe, the Martyrologist, whose chained works used to add a grim +charm of horror to so many parish churches in England; the +experiences of the young Macaulay, at Cheddar, are an example which +could be paralleled by those of countless young readers of Foxe, +who, however, did not become great historians and are forgotten. +Somewhat junior to Foxe, at B.N.C., was Robert Burton, the author +of the <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i> , who found both his lifework +as a parish vicar, and his burial-place in Oxford.</p> +<p>But these names, and the names of many other B.N.C. worthies, +hardly attain to the first rank in the annals of England's life. +The distinguishing features of the College have long been its +special connection with the Palatine counties, Lancashire and +Cheshire, and its prominence in the athletic life which is so large +a part of Oxford's attraction. To the connection with Lancashire, +B.N.C. owes the name of its college boat, "The Child of Hale"; for +John Middleton, the famous, giant, who is said to have been 9 ft. 3 +in. high (perhaps measurements were loose when James I was king), +was invited by the members of his county to visit the College, +where he is said to have left a picture of his hand; this the ever +curious Pepys paid 2s. to see. A more profitable connection between +Lancashire and B.N.C. is the famous Hulmeian endowment, which is +almost a record instance of the value of the unearned increment of +land to a learned foundation.</p> +<p>The rowing men of Brasenose are as famous as the scholars of +Balliol. The poet parodist, half a century ago, described her +as:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Queen of the Isis wave, + Who trains her crews on beef and beer, + Competitors to brave," +</pre> +<p>and the lines written in jest were a true compliment. The young +manhood of England had maintained its vigour by its love of +athletics, and has learned, in the discipline of the athletic club, +how to obey and also how to command. Hence it was fitting that to +B.N.C. should fall the honour of giving to Britain her greatest +soldier in the Great War; Lord Haig of Bemerside was an +undergraduate member of the College in the 'eighties of the last +century, and the College has honoured him and itself by making him +an Honorary Fellow.</p> +<p>Most Oxford colleges have their quaint and distinctive customs; +that of Brasenose was certainly not inappropriate to the character +that has just been sketched. Every Shrove Tuesday some junior +member of the College presented verses to the butler in honour of +Brasenose ale, and received a draught in return. The custom is +recorded by Hearne more than two hundred years ago, and may well be +older, though, as the poet of the Quatercentenary sadly confessed, +its attribution to King Alfred—</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Our woven fantasy of Alfred's ale, + By conclusive cut of critic dry, + Is shredded clean away." +</pre> +<p>The most distinguished poet who thus commemorated the special +drink of England and of B.N.C. was Reginald Heber, bishop and +hymn-writer, who composed the verses in 1806; the compositions have +been collected and published at least three times. When the old +brew-house was pulled down to make room for the New Quad, the +College gave up brewing its own beer, and its poets ceased to +celebrate it; but the custom was revived, as has been said, in +1909. It may be permitted to a non-Brasenose man to quote and echo +the patriotic expressions of the versifier of 1886:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Shall Brasenose, therefore, fail to hold her own? + She nerves herself, anew, for coming strife, + Her vigorous pulses beat with strength and life. + Courage, my brothers! Troubles past forget! + On to fresh deeds! the gods love Brasenose yet." +</pre> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="CorpusC" id="CorpusC">CORPUS CHIRSTI COLLEGE</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"But still the old quadrangle keeps the same, + The pelican is here; + Ancestral genius of the place, whose name + All Corpus men revere." + J. J. C., in "<i>The Pelican Record,</i>" 1700. +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p16"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p16.jpg" align="middle" width= +"362" height="474" border="3" alt= +"Plate XVI. Corpus Christi College : The First Quadrangle"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XVI. Corpus Christi College : The First +Quadrangle</b></h4> +<br> +<p>Corpus is emphatically, before all other colleges in Oxford, the +college of the Revival of Learning; its very foundation marked the +change from the old order of things to the new. Its Founder, Bishop +Foxe, of Winchester, was one of the great statesman-prelates to +whom mediaeval England owed so much, and he had a leading share in +arranging the two royal marriages which so profoundly affected the +history of our country, that of Henry VII's daughter, Margaret, +with the King of Scotland, and that of his son, afterwards Henry +VIII, with Catharine of Aragon.</p> +<p>After a life spent "in the service of God" "in the State," +rather than "in the Church," Foxe resolved to devote some of his +great wealth to a foundation for the strengthening of the Church. +His first intention was to found a college for monks, but, +fortunately for his memory and for Oxford, he followed the advice +of his friend, Bishop Oldham, of Exeter, who told him, in words +truly prophetic, that the days of monasteries were past: "What, my +lord, shall we build housed for a company of buzzing monks, whose +end and fall we ourselves may live to see? No, no, it is more meet +a great deal that we should have care to provide for the increase +of learning." In the next generation the monasteries were all swept +away, while Foxe's College remains a monument of the Founder's +pious liberality and of his friend's wise prescience.</p> +<p>Corpus was the first institution in England where definite +provision was made for a teacher of the Greek Language, and Erasmus +hailed it with enthusiasm; in a letter to the first President of +the new college, he definitely contrasts the conciliatory methods +of Reformers in England with the more violent methods of those in +Germany, and counts Foxe's foundation, which he compares to the +Pyramids of Egypt or the Colossus of Rhodes, among "the chief +glories of Britain."</p> +<p>Foxe, however, did not confine his benefactions to classical +studies, important as these were. He imported a German to teach his +scholars mathematics, and the scientific tastes of his students are +well illustrated by the picturesque and curious dial, still in the +centre of his College Quad, which was constructed by one of them in +the reign of Elizabeth. It is well shown in our picture, as are +also Foxe's charming low buildings, almost unaltered since the time +of their Founder.</p> +<p>But it has been on the humanistic, rather than on the +scientific, side that Corpus men have specially distinguished +themselves. The first century of the College existence produced the +two great Elizabethan champions of Anglicanism. Bishop Jewel, whose +"Apology" was for a long period the great bulwark of the English +Church against Jesuit attacks, had laid the foundations of his +great learning in the Corpus Library, still—after that of +Merton—the most picturesque in Oxford; he often spent whole +days there, beginning an hour before Early Mass, i.e. at 4 a.m., +and continuing his reading till 10 p.m. "There were giants on the +earth in those days." Even more famous is the "judicious Hooker," +who resided in the college for sixteen years, and only left it +when, by the wiles of a woman, he, "like a true Nathanael who +feared no guile" (as his biographer, Isaac Walton, writes), was +entrapped into a marriage which "brought him neither beauty nor +fortune." The first editor of his great work, <i>The Ecclesiastical +Polity</i> , was a Corpus man, and it was only fitting that the +Anglican Revival of the nineteenth century should receive its first +impulse from the famous Assize Sermon (in 1833) of another Corpus +scholar, John Keble.</p> +<p>Corpus has been singularly fortunate in its history, no doubt +because its Presidents have been so frequently men of mark for +learning and for character. Even in the dark period of the +eighteenth century it recovered sooner than the rest of the +University, and one of its sons records complacently that "scarcely +a day passed without my having added to my stock of knowledge some +new fact or idea." A charming picture of the life of the scholars +of Corpus at the beginning of the last century is given in +Stanley's <i>Life of Arnold</i> ; for the famous reformer of the +English public-school system was at the College immediately after +John Keble, whom he followed as fellow to Oriel, on the other side +of the road. It need hardly be added that in those days an Oriel +Fellowship was the crown of intellectual distinction in Oxford.</p> +<p>Bishop Foxe had set up his college as a "ladder" by which, "with +one side of it virtue and the other knowledge," men might, while +they "are strangers and pilgrims in this unhappy and dying world," +"mount more easily to heaven." Changing his metaphor he goes on, +"We have founded and raised up in the University of Oxford a hive +wherein scholars, like intelligent bees, may, night and day, build +up wax to the glory of God, and gather honeyed sweets for their own +profit and that of all Christian men." So far as it is given to +human institutions to succeed, his college has fulfilled his +aims.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="ChristC1" id="ChristC1">CHRIST CHURCH (1) THE +CATHEDRAL</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Those voiceless towers so tranquil seem, + And yet so solemn in their might, + A loving heart could almost deem + That they themselves might conscious be + That they were filled with immortality." + F. W. FABER. +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p17"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p17.jpg" align="middle" width= +"482" height="366" border="3" alt= +"Plate XVII. Christ Church : The Cathedral from the Meadows"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XVII. Christ Church : The Cathedral +from the Meadows</b></h4> +<br> +<p>The east end of Oxford Cathedral, shown both in the frontispiece +(<a href="#p1">Plate I</a>) and <a href="#p17">Plate XVII</a>, +probably contains the oldest buildings, above ground, in Oxford. +Inside the cathedral can clearly be seen traces of three round +arches, which may well be part of the church founded by St. +Frideswyde in the eighth century. That princess, according to the +tradition, the details of which are all pictured by Burne-Jones in +the east window of the Latin Chapel, having escaped by a miracle +the advances of too ardent a suitor, founded a nunnery at Oxford. +The nunnery, which was later transferred to Canons, was undoubtedly +the earliest institution in Oxford, and in its cloisters, in the +second decade of the twelfth century, we hear of students gathering +for instruction. It was this old monastery, which Wolsey, with his +reforming zeal, chose as the site of his great Cardinal College, +and the chapel of the old foundation was to serve for his new one, +until such time as a great new chapel, rivalling in splendour that +of King's College at Cambridge, had been built on the north side of +Tom Quad. This new chapel never got beyond the stage of +foundations; and hence the old building has continued to serve the +college till this day, having been made also the cathedral of the +new diocese of Oxford, which was founded by King Henry VIII. Wolsey +may, perhaps, be credited with the fine fan tracery of the choir +roof, but he certainly swept away three bays of the nave in order +to carry out his ambitious building plans, and only one of these +three bays has been restored in the nineteenth century.</p> +<p>Wolsey's action at Christ Church was significant. Men felt that +the days of monasteries were past, and the Church was ready to +welcome and to extend the New Learning. But his changes were a +dangerous precedent; as Fuller says with his usual quaintness: "All +the forest of religious foundations in England did shake, justly +fearing the King would finish to fell the oaks, seeing the Cardinal +began to cut the underwood." Henry, however, when he swept away the +monasteries, spared his great minister's work; modifying it, +however, as has just been said, by associating the newly-founded +college with the diocese of Oxford, now formed out of the unwieldy +See of Lincoln.</p> +<p>The cathedral is the smallest in England, but contains many +features of special interest; its most marked peculiarity is the +great breadth of the choir, due to the addition of two aisles on +the north side; these were built to gain more room for the +worshippers at the shrine of St. Frideswyde. Another feature of +architectural interest is the spire, which is one of the earliest +in England. But perhaps even more interesting is the wonderful +series of glass windows, which give good examples of almost every +English style from the fourteenth to the nineteenth century. And +for once the moderns can hold their own; the Burne-Jones windows of +the choir (not, however, the Frideswyde window, already mentioned) +are particularly beautiful.</p> +<p>The hand of the "restorer" has been active at Christ Church, as +elsewhere in Oxford; Gilbert Scott took on himself to remove a fine +fourteenth-century window from the east end of the choir, and to +substitute the Norman work shown in <a href="#p1">Plate I</a>. The +effect is admittedly good, but it may be questioned whether it be +right to falsify architectural history in this way.</p> +<p>Oxford Cathedral has great associations apart from the college +to which it belongs. It was to it that Cranmer was brought to +receive the Pope's sentence of condemnation, and in the cloisters +the ceremony of his degradation from the archbishopric was carried +out. Almost a century later the Cathedral was the centre of the +religious life of the Royalist party; when Charles I made his +capital in Oxford and his home in Christ Church, and when the +Cavaliers fought to the war-cry of "Church and King." It is not +surprising that, when the Parliamentarians entered Oxford, the +windows of the Cathedral were much "abused"; that so much old glass +was spared was probably due to the local patriotism of old Oxford +men.</p> +<p>In the next century it was to Christ Church that Bishop +Berkeley, the greatest of British philosophers, retired to end his +days, and to find a burial-place; and, during the long life of Dr. +Pusey, the Cathedral of Oxford was a place of pilgrimage, as the +living centre of the Oxford movement.</p> +<p>In the back of the picture (<a href="#p17">Plate XVII</a>), +behind the Cathedral, rises the square tower, put up by Mr. Bodley +to contain the famous Christ Church peal of bells (now twelve in +number), familiar through Dean Aldrich's famous round, "Hark, the +bonny Christ Church bells." When the tower was erected, it was the +subject of much criticism, especially from the witty pen of C. L. +Dodgson, the world-famous creator of <i>Alice in Wonderland</i> . +The opening paragraph is a fair specimen:</p> +<p>"Of the etymological significance of the new belfry, Christ +Church.</p> +<p>"The word 'belfry' is derived from the French ' <i>bel</i> — +beautiful, meet,' and from the German ' <i>frei</i> —free, +unfettered, safe.' Thus the word is strictly equivalent to +'meat-safe,' to which the new belfry bears a resemblance so perfect +as almost to amount to coincidence."</p> +<p>Others saw in the uncompromising squareness of the new tower a +subtle compliment to the Greek lexicon of Liddell, who then was +Dean. But in spite of the wits, who resented any innovation in so +famous a group of buildings, Bodley's tower is a fine one, and +really enhances the effect of Tom Quad.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="ChristC2" id="ChristC2">CHRIST CHURCH (2) THE HALL +STAIRCASE</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"And love the high-embowed roof + With antique pillars massy proof." + MILTON +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p18"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p18.jpg" align="middle" width= +"366" height="486" border="3" alt= +"Plate XVIII. Christ Church : The Hall Staircase"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XVIII. Christ Church : The Hall +Staircase</b></h4> +<br> +<p>When Wolsey began to build what he intended to be the most +splendid college in the world, the first part to be finished was +the dining-hall, with the kitchen. The wits of the time made very +merry at this: their epigram <i>Egregium opus! Cardinalis iste +instituit collegium et absolvit popinam</i> may be rendered:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Here's a fine piece of work! Your Cardinal + A college plans, completes a guzzling-hall." +</pre> +<p>Certainly the hall of Christ Church is the finest "popina" which +has ever been abused by envious critics; its size and magnificence +place it easily first among the halls of Oxford, and its great +outline stands conspicuous in all views of Oxford from the south, +whether by day, or when by night, to quote M. Arnold's +"Thyrsis":</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "The line of festal light in Christ Church Hall" +</pre> +<p>shines afar. And the kitchen, a perfect cube in shape, is worthy +of the hall which it feeds, and is, perhaps, more appreciated by +many of Oxford's visitors; for the taste for meringues is more +common than that for masterpieces of portraiture. The report to +Wolsey, in 1526, by his agent, the Warden of New College, is still +true; the kitchen is "substantially and goodly done, in such manner +as no two of the best colleges in Oxford have rooms so goodly and +convenient."<br> +<br> +The approach to the hall, seen in <a href="#p18">Plate XVIII</a>, +is later than Wolsey's work, but is fully worthy of him. The +beautiful fan tracery, which hardly suffers by being compared with +Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster, was put up, extraordinary as it +may seem, in the middle of the seventeenth century, by the elder +Dean Fell; all we know of its origin is that it was the work of +"Smith, an artificer of London," surely the most modest architect +who ever designed a masterpiece. The staircase itself is later, the +work of the notorious Wyatt, who for once meddled with a great +building without spoiling it.</p> +<p>The history of Christ Church is very largely the history of the +University of Oxford. It is still our wealthiest and largest +foundation, although the disproportion between it and other +colleges is by no means so great as it once was; and, thanks to its +having been ruled by a series of famous and energetic deans, its +periods of inglorious inactivity have been fewer than those of most +other colleges. The roll of deans contains such names as those of +John Owen, the most famous of Puritan preachers, John Fell, +theologian and founder of the greatness of the Oxford Press, Henry +Aldrich, universally accomplished as scholar, logician, musician, +architect, Francis Atterbury, Jacobite and plotter, Cyril Jackson, +who ruled Christ Church with a rod of iron, and who ranks first +among the creators of nineteenth-century Oxford, Thomas Gaisford +and Henry George Liddell, great Greek scholars. It seems that a +college gains something by having its head appointed from outside; +the Dean at Christ Church is appointed by the Crown.</p> +<p>The importance of Christ Church is especially seen in its hall, +through its collection of portraits. It is not only that this is +superior to that of any one other college; it may well be doubted +if the combined efforts of all the colleges could produce a +collection equal to that of Christ Church in artistic merit, or +superior to it in historical importance. The prime ministers of +England, of whom Christ Church claims twelve (nine of them in the +last century), are represented among others by George Grenville, +the unfortunate author of the Stamp Act, George Canning, who called +"the New World into existence to redress the balance of the Old," +and W. E. Gladstone; among the eight Christ Church men who have +been Governor-Generals of India, the Marquess Wellesley stands out +pre-eminent; Christ Church has sent five archbishops to Canterbury +and nine to York; there is a portrait in the hall of Wake, the most +famous of the holders of the See of Canterbury. Lord Mansfield's +picture worthily represents the learning and impartiality of the +English Bench. But even more interesting than any of those already +mentioned are the portraits of John Locke, who was philosopher +enough to forgive Christ Church for obeying James II and expelling +him, of William Penn, presented, as was fitting, by the American +state that bears his name, of John Wesley and of Dr. Pusey, whose +names will be for ever associated with the two greatest of Oxford's +religious movements. And it may well be hoped that C. L. Dodgson +("Lewis Carroll") will delight children for many generations to +come, as he has delighted those of the last half-century, by his +Alice and her "Adventures."</p> +<p>An interest, rather historical than personal, attaches to the +group portrait that occupies a position of honour over the +fireplace; it represents the three Oxford divines—John Fell +(already mentioned), Dolben, who later was Archbishop of York, and +Allestree, afterwards Provost of Eton, who braved the penal law +against churchmen by reading the forbidden Church Service daily all +through the time of the Commonwealth.</p> +<p>Nowhere, so much as in Christ Church, is the poet's description +of Oxford appropriate; her students may:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Stand, in many an ancient hall, + Where England's greatest deck the wall, + Prelate and Statesman, prince and poet; + Who hath an ear, let him hear them call." +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p19"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p19.jpg" align="middle" width= +"372" height="488" border="3" alt= +"Plate XIX. Christ Church : The Hall Interior"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XIX. Christ Church : The Hall +Interior</b></h4> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="ChristC3" id="ChristC3">CHRIST CHURCH (3) "TOM" +TOWER</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Those twins of learning, which he raised in you, + Ipswich and Oxford, one of which fell with him; + The other, though unfinished, yet so famous, + So excellent in art, and still so rising, + That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue." + SHAKESPEARE, <i>Henry VIII.</i> +</pre> +<br> +<p>Oxford is described by Matthew Amold as,</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Beautiful city, with her dreaming spires," +</pre> +<p>yet it is for her towers, especially, that she is famous. +Glorious as St. Mary's is, it certainly does not surpass Magdalen +Tower; and it may well be doubted whether the genius of Wren has +not excelled both Magdalen and St. Mary's in "Tom" Tower. Gothic +purists, of course, do not like it. There is a well-authenticated +story of a really great architect who, in the early days of the +twentieth century, was asked to submit a scheme for its repair; +after long delay he sent in a plan for an entirely new tower on +correct Gothic lines, because (as he wrote) no one would wish to +preserve "so anomalous a structure" as Tom Tower. The world, +however, does not agree with the minute critics; it is easy to find +fault with the details of "Tom," but in proportion, in dignity, in +suitability to his position, the greatest qualities that can be +required in any building, "Tom" is pre-eminent. This is the more to +be wondered at, as the tower was erected a century and a half after +the great gateway which it crowns.</p> +<p>The genius of Wolsey had planned a magnificent front, but only a +little more than half of it was completed when Henry VIII ended the +career of his greatest servant, and altered the plans of the most +glorious college in Europe. It was not till the period just before +the Civil War that the northern part of the front of Christ Church +was built by the elder Dean Fell, and the work was only completed +when his son, the famous Dr. Fell, doomed to eternal notoriety by +the well-known rhymes about his mysterious unpopularity, employed +Wren to build the gate tower. Yet the whole presents one harmonious +design, worthy of the most famous of Oxford founders and of the +greatest of British architects. It is fitting that it should be +Wolsey's statue which adorns the gate—a statue given by stout +old Jonathan Trelawny, one of the Seven Bishops, whose name is +perpetuated by the refrain of Hawker's spirited ballad, which +deceived even Macaulay as to its authenticity:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "And must Trelawny die? + Then thirty thousand Cornish men + Will know the reason why." +</pre> +<p>Tom Tower appeals to Oxford men through more than one of their +senses; it is a most conspicuous object in every view; and in it is +hung the famous bell, "Great Tom," the fourth largest bell in +England, weighing over seven tons. This once belonged to Osney +Abbey, when it was dedicated to St. Thomas of Canterbury, and bore +the legend:</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "In Thomae laude resono Bim Bom sine fraude." +</pre> +<p>It was transplanted to Christ Church in the reign of Queen Mary, +and at the time it was proposed to rechristen it "Pulcra Maria," in +honour at once of the Queen and of the Blessed Virgin; but the old +name prevailed. Every night but one, from May 29, 1684, until the +Great War silenced him, Tom has sounded out, after 9 p.m., his 101 +strokes, as a signal that all should be within their college walls; +the number is the number of the members of the foundation of Christ +Church in 1684, when the tower was finished. During the war Tom was +forbidden to sound, along with all other Oxford bells and clocks, +for might not his mighty voice have guided some zeppelin or German +aeroplane to pour down destruction on Oxford? Few things brought +home more to Oxford the meaning of the Armistice than hearing Tom +once more on the night of November 11, 1918.</p> +<br> +<a name="p20"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p20.jpg" align="middle" width= +"365" height="485" border="3" alt= +"Plate XX. Christ Church : 'Tom' Tower"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XX. Christ Church : "Tom" +Tower</b></h4> +<br> +<p>A patriotic tradition claims for Tom the honour of having +inspired Milton's lines in "Il Penseroso":</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Hear the far-off curfew sound + Over some wide-watered, shore, + Swinging slow with sullen roar." +</pre> +<p>But it is difficult to believe this; Milton's connection with +Oxford does not get nearer than Forest Hill, and blow the west wind +as hard as it would, it could scarcely make Tom's voice reach so +far. And the "wide-watered shore" is only appropriate to Oxford in +flood time, the very last season when a poet would wish to remember +it.</p> +<p>The view in <a href="#p20">Plate XX</a> of the tower is taken +from the front of Pembroke, and must have been often admired by +Oxford's devoted son, Samuel Johnson, when, as a poor scholar of +Pembroke, "he was generally to be seen (says his friend. Bishop +Percy) lounging at the college gate, with a circle of young +students round him, whom he was entertaining with his wit and +keeping from their studies."</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="StJohnsC" id="StJohnsC">ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"An English home—gray twilight poured + On dewy pastures, dewy trees, + Softer than sleep, all things in order stored, + The haunt of ancient Peace." + TENNYSON, Palace of Art. +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p21"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p21.jpg" align="middle" width= +"366" height="487" border="3" alt= +"Plate XXI. St. John's College : Garden Front"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XXI. St. John's College : Garden +Front</b></h4> +<br> +<p>St. John's shares with Trinity and Hertford the distinction of +having been twice founded. As the Cistercian College of St. +Bernard, it owed its origin to Archbishop Chichele, the founder of +All Souls', and it continued to exist for a century as a monastic +institution. At the Reformation it was swept away with other +monastic foundations by the greed of Henry VIII, but it was almost +immediately refounded, in the reign of Mary, by Sir Thomas White, +one of the greatest of London's Lord Mayors. In all these respects +it has an exact parallel in Trinity, which had existed as a +Benedictine foundation, being then called "Durham College," and +which was refounded, in the same dark period of English History, by +another eminent Londoner, Sir Thomas Pope. It is characteristic of +England and of the English Reformation that men, who were +undoubtedly in sympathy with the old form of the Faith, yet gave +their wealth and their labours to found institutions which were to +serve English religion and English learning under the new order of +things.</p> +<p>For the first generation after the Founder, St. John's was torn +by the quarrels between those who wished to undo the work of the +Reformation altogether, and those who wished to carry it further +and to destroy the continuity of English Church tradition. The +final triumph of the Anglican "Via Media" was the work, above all +others, of William Laud, who came up as scholar to St. John's in +1590, and who, for most of the half century that followed, was the +predominant influence in the life of the University. First in his +own college and then in Oxford generally, he secured the triumph of +his views on religious doctrine and order. Of these, it is not the +place to speak here, nor yet of Laud's services to Oxford as the +restorer of discipline, the endower and encourager of learning, the +organizer of academic life, whose statutes were to govern Oxford +for more than two centuries; but it is indisputable that Laud takes +one of the highest places on the roll of benefactors, both to the +University as a whole and to his own college.</p> +<p>It was fitting that one who did so much for St. John's should +leave his mark on its buildings; the inner quadrangle was largely +built by him, and it owes to him its most characteristic features, +the two classic colonnades on its east and west sides, and the +lovely garden front, one of the three most beautiful things in +Oxford: the north-east corner of this is shown in <a href= +"#p21">Plate XXI</a>.</p> +<p>Laud's building work was done between 1631 and 1635, and in 1636 +Charles I and his Queen visited Oxford and were entertained in the +newly-finished college. Much bad verse was written on this event, +two lines of which as a specimen may be quoted from the +quaintly-named poem, "Parnassus Biceps":</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + "Was I not blessed with Charles and Mary's name, + Names wherein dwells all music? 'Tis the same." +</pre> +<p>The part of the entertainment to royalty on which the Archbishop +specially prided himself was the play of The Hospital of Lovers, +which was performed entirely by St. John's men, without "borrowing +any one actor." Laud goes on to observe that, when the Queen +borrowed the dresses and the scenery, and had it played over again +by her players at Hampton Court, it was universally acknowledged +that the professionals did not come up to the amateurs—a +truly surprising and somewhat incredible verdict. St. John's, +however, was always strong in dramatic ability; Shirley, the last +great representative of the Elizabethan tradition, was a student +there, and the library has the rare distinction of having possessed +longest the same copy of the works of Shakespeare; it still has the +second folio, presented in 1638, by one of the fellows. St. John's +connection with the lighter side of literature has lasted to our +own day; the most famous of Oxford parodies is still the Oxford +Spectator, which has not been surpassed by any of its many +imitators in the last half century.</p> +<p>Other colleges, however, might challenge the supremacy of St. +John's in the humours of literature.. In the richness and beauty of +its garden it stands unrivalled, whether quantity or quality be the +basis of comparison. It is not only that before the east front, +seen in <a href="#p21">Plate XXI</a>, stretches the largest garden +in Oxford; thanks to the skill and the care of the present +garden-master, the Rev. H. J. Bidder, this shows from month to +month, as the pageant of summer goes on, what wealth of colour and +variety of bloom the English climate can produce. It may be said to +be laid out on Bacon's rule: "There ought to be gardens for all +months in the year, in which severally things of beauty may be then +in season"; only for "year" we naturally must read "academic year." +If Bacon is right, that a garden is the "purest of human +pleasures," then, indeed, St. John's should be the Oxford +paradise.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="WadhamC1" id="WadhamC1">WADHAM COLLEGE (1) THE +BUILDINGS</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Here did Wren make himself a student home, + Or e'er he made a name that England loves; + I wonder if this straying shadow moves, + Adown the wall, as then he saw it roam." + A. UPSON. +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p22"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p22.jpg" align="middle" width= +"483" height="363" border="3" alt= +"Plate XXII. Wadham College : The Chapel from the Garden"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XXII. Wadham College : The Chapel from +the Garden</b></h4> +<br> +<p>The buildings of Wadham College have been pronounced by some +good judges to be the most beautiful in Oxford. This is not, +however, the usual opinion, nor is it my own, though, perhaps, it +might be accepted if modified into the statement that Wadham is the +most complete and perfect example of the ordinary type of college. +However that may be, there are three points as to these buildings +which are indisputable, and which are also most interesting to any +lover of English architecture. They are:<br> +</p> +<pre class="leftstyle"> + (1) Wadham is less altered than any other college in Oxford. + (2) It is the finest illustration of the fact that the Gothic style + survived in Oxford when it was being rapidly superseded + elsewhere. + (3) No building in Oxford (very few buildings anywhere) owe their + effect so completely to their simplicity and their absence of + adornment. +</pre> +<p>These three points must be illustrated in detail.</p> +<p>Wadham is the youngest college in Oxford, for all those that +have been founded since are refoundations of older institutions +(but, as its first stone was laid in 1610, it has a respectable +antiquity); yet the Front Quad is completely unaltered in design, +and of the actual stonework, hardly any has had to be renewed. +Could the Foundress return to life, she would find the college, +which was to her as a son, completely familiar.</p> +<p>The second point is a more important one. In the reign of +Elizabeth, classical architecture was being rapidly introduced; +Gothic was giving way before the style of Palladio, even as the New +Learning was banishing the schoolmen from the schools. This change +is markedly seen in the Elizabethan buildings at Cambridge, +especially in Dr. Caius' work, so far as it has been allowed to +survive in the college that bears his name. But in Oxford the old +style went on for half the following century; in the great building +period of the first two Stuarts the old models were still +faithfully copied. It was the genius of Wren, which, by its +magnificent success in the Sheldonian, ultimately caused the new +style to prevail over the late Gothic, of which his own college, +Wadham, is so striking an example.</p> +<p>In Wadham the conservative Oxford workmen were inspired by the +presence of Somerset masons, whom the Foundress brought up from her +own county, so rich in the splendid Gothic of the fifteenth +century. Hence the chapel of Wadham (shown in <a href="#p22">Plate +XXII</a>) is to all intents and purposes the choir of a great +Somerset church. So marked is the old style in its windows that +some of the best authorities on architecture have maintained that +the stonework of these could not have been made in the seventeenth +century, but must have survived from some older building; Ferguson, +the historian of architecture, when confronted with the fact that +the college has still the detailed accounts showing how, week by +week, the Jacobean masons worked, swept this evidence aside with +the dictum—"No amount of documents could prove what was +impossible." But here the "impossible" really happened.</p> +<p>The permanence of Gothic in Oxford is a point for professional +students; the studied simplicity, which is the great secret of +Wadham's beauty, concerns everyone. The effect of the garden front +is produced simply by the long lines of the string-courses and by +the procession of the beautifully proportioned gables. Neither here +nor in any part of the college is there a piece of carved work, +except in the classical screen, which marks the entry to the hall. +It may be noted that at Wadham and at Clare, Cambridge, the same +effect is produced by the same means; different as the two colleges +are, the one Gothic, the other classical, they have a restful and +complete beauty which makes them specially attractive. And this is +due more than anything else to the unbroken lines of the stonework, +to which everything is kept in due subordination. Clare was +building during half a century; Wadham was finished in three years; +but both have been fortunate in being left alone; they have not +been "improved" by later additions.</p> +<p>The chapel at Wadham has another feature of great interest for +those who visit it; the glass in it (not that in the ante-chapel) +is all contemporary with the college, and is a first-rate example +of the taste of early Stuart times. The apostles and the prophets +of the side windows have few merits, except their age, and the fact +that they illustrate what local craftsmen could do in the reign of +James I; but the big east window is of a very different rank. The +college authorities quarrelled with the local workmen, and +introduced a foreign craftsman, Bernard van Ling from London. In +our day he would have been called a "blackleg," and mobbed: +perhaps, even in the seventeenth century, he needed protection, for +the college built him a furnace in their garden, and he there +produced the finest specimen of seventeenth century glass that +Oxford can show. Even for those who are not students of glass, the +Wadham windows are attractive with their two Jonahs and two whales, +"The big one that swallowed Jonah, and the little one that Jonah +swallowed" (to quote an old college jest).</p> +<p>The gardens at Wadham are famous; they have not the magnificence +of St. John's or the antiquarian charm of the old walls at New +College or Merton; but, for the variety and fine growth of their +trees, they are unsurpassed, though the glory of these is passing. +Warden Wills planted them in the days of the French Revolution, and +trees have their time to fall at last, even though they long +survive their planters.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="WadhamC2" id="WadhamC2">WADHAM COLLEGE (2) +HISTORY</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> + "But these were merciful men, whose righteousness + hath not been forgotten. . . . Their bodies are buried + in peace; but their name liveth for evermore." + <i>Ecclesiasticus</i> , xliv. 10, 14. +</pre> +<br> +<p>The collection of pictures In Wadham Hall is probably the best +of any college in Oxford—always, of course, excepting Christ +Church. It has no single picture to be compared with the "Thomas +Warton" at Trinity, or the "Dr. Johnson" at Pembroke (both +excellent works of Reynolds), nor does it give so many fine +examples of the work of recent artists as do Trinity or Balliol; +but it makes up for these deficiencies by the number and the +variety of its pictures.</p> +<p>Two only of the men they represent can be said to attain to the +first rank among England's worthies—Robert Blake, second as +an admiral only to Nelson and Oxford's greatest fighting man until +the present war, and Christopher Wren, "that prodigious young +scholar" (as John Evelyn calls him), who, as has been well said, +would have been second only to Newton among English mathematicians +had he not chosen rather to be indisputably the first of British +architects. It is interesting to note that Wadham shares with All +Souls' two of the greatest names in the Scientific Revival of the +seventeenth century: both Wren and Thomas Sydenham, the physician, +migrated from Wadham to fellowships at All Souls'.</p> +<p>Their connection with Wadham is part of what is probably the most +interesting single episode in the college history. When the +Parliament triumphed, and the King's partisans were turned out of +Oxford, the Lodgings at Wadham were given to the most distinguished +of her Wardens, John Wilkins, who, no doubt, owed his promotion to +the fact that he was the brother-in-law of Oliver Cromwell. In his +own day everyone knew him; he was a moderate man, who interceded +for Royalist scholars under the Commonwealth, and tempered the +penal laws to Non-Conformists, when later he was Bishop of Chester. +He was even better known to the "philosophers" as the inventor of a +universal language and as curious for every advance in Natural +Science. But, in our day, he is only remembered for his connection +with the Royal Society; that most illustrious body grew out of the +meetings held weekly at his Lodgings and the similar meetings held +in London; when later these two movements were united, Wilkins was +secretary of the committee which drew up the rules for their future +organization, and thus prepared the way for the Royal Charter, +given to the Society in 1662. When the Royal Society celebrated its +250th anniversary in 1912, many of its members made a pilgrimage to +"its cradle" (or what was, at any rate, " <i>one</i> of its +cradles").</p> +<p>Wadham also produced, among other early members of the Royal +Society, its historian, Thomas Sprat, Bishop of Rochester, who +somehow, as "Pindaric Sprat" (he was the friend and also the editor +of <i>Abraham Cowley</i> ), found his way into Johnson's <i>Lives +of the Poets</i> ; he is, however, more likely to be remembered +because his subserviency, when he was Dean of Westminster to James +II, has earned him an unenviable place in Macaulay's gallery of +Revolution worthies and unworthies. Sprat, it should be added, was +an exception to the prevailing Whig tradition of</p> +<p>Wadham, which found a worthy exponent in Arthur Onslow, the +greatest Speaker of the House of Commons, who ruled over that +august body for a record period, thirty-four years (1727-1761), and +formed its rules and traditions in the period when it was first +asserting its claim to govern.</p> +<br> +<a name="p23"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p23.jpg" align="middle" width= +"370" height="488" border="3" alt= +"Plate XXIII. Wadham College : The Hall Interior"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XXIII. Wadham College : The Hall +Interior</b></h4> +<br> +<p>Two centuries later than the Royal Society days at Wadham, +another group of philosophers was trained there, who thought that +the views of their master, Auguste Comte, were going to make as +great a revolution in human thought as the views of a Bacon or a +Newton. All the leading English Positivists were at +Wadham—Congreve, Beesley, Bridges, Frederic Harrison, of whom +the last alone survives, to fight with undiminished vigour for the +causes which he championed in Mid-Victorian days. Positivism had +less influence than its adherents expected, but it powerfully +affected for a time the political and the religious thought of +England.</p> +<p>Forty years later another famous group of young men were at +Wadham together. As they are all alive, it is impossible, and would +be unbecoming, to estimate what their influence on English life and +thought will be; but it was a curious coincidence that sent to +Wadham together, in the 'nineties, Lord Birkenhead, who reached the +Woolsack at the earliest age on record; Sir John Simon, who, if he +had wished, could have lowered that record still further, and C. B. +Fry, once a household name as the greatest of British athletes.</p> +<p>Three groups of Wadham men have been spoken of; one other name +must be mentioned of one who stood alone at college, and for a long +time in the world outside, in his attitude to the social problems +of our day. Whatever may be the future of the Settlement movement, +its leader, Samuel Barnett, "Barnett of Whitechapel," is not to be +forgotten, for his name is associated as a pioneer and an inspiring +force with every movement of educational and social advance in the +latter half of the nineteenth century. M. Clemenceau, no friendly +judge of the ministers of any religious body, pronounced him one of +the three greatest men he had met in England. Certainly he was +great, if greatness means to anticipate the problems of the future +before the rest of the world sees their urgency, and to make real +contributions to their solution.</p> +<p>It has been a feature of the history of Oxford that every +college has, from time to time, come to the front as the special +home and source of some movement. There has never been the +overshadowing concentration of men and of wealth, which has given a +more one-sided direction to the history of Cambridge. Hence the +strength of the college system; every college has its traditions to +live up to, its great names to cherish, and Wadham is, certainly, +by no means last or least in these respects.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="HertfordC" id="HertfordC">HERTFORD COLLEGE</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Outspake the (Warden) roundly: + 'The bridge must straight go down; + For if they once should get the bridge ...'" + MACAULAY, <i>Horatius,</i> adapted. +</pre> +<br> +<p>Academic bridges, over the Cam or elsewhere, are a great feature +at Cambridge. At Oxford they were unknown till this century, when +University first of all threw its modest little arch over Logic +Lane; later, in 1913. the "Bridge of Sighs," which forms the +subject of <a href="#p24">Plate XXIV</a>, was completed. There was +a hard struggle before leave could be obtained from the City +Council for thus bridging a public thoroughfare; University only +maintained their claim to a bridge by a long lawsuit, in which the +college rights were firmly established by the production of +charters, which went back to the reign of King John. The great +opposition to the Hertford Bridge was said to be due to regard for +the feelings of the old Warden of New College, who considered that +it would injure the view of his college bell-tower. Whether this +story be true or not, Hertford obtained its permission at last, and +Sir Thomas Jackson added a new attraction to Oxford's buildings. +His genius has been especially shown in triumphing over the +difficulties of the Hertford site, for it was no easy thing to +unite into a harmonious whole, buildings so various; his new +chapel—opened in 1908—is worthy to rank with the best +classic architecture in Oxford.</p> +<p>The variety of the Hertford buildings only reflects the +chequered history of the foundations that have occupied them. As +early as the thirteenth century Hart Hall stood on this site. In +the eighteenth century this old hall was turned into a college by +an Oxford reformer, Dr. Newton. But unfortunately Newton's +endowments were not equal to his ambition, and the first Hertford +<i>College</i> fell into such decay that finally its buildings were +transferred to an entirely different foundation, Magdalen Hall. +Almost immediately afterwards, old Magdalen Hall, which stood close +to Magdalen College, was burned down, and the society sold their +site, thus made empty, to their wealthy namesake, and migrated, in +1822, to what had formerly been Hertford College. Finally, in 1874, +Magdalen Hall was re-endowed by the head of the great financial +house of Baring as "Hertford College" once more.</p> +<p>This college then unites the traditions of two old halls, and of +its own predecessor, and from all of them it derives some famous +names. Hart Hall was the home of John Selden, one of the greatest +of English scholars; Hertford College had an undistinguished +English prime minister in Henry Pelham, and a most distinguished +leader of opposition in Charles James Foxe; while Magdalen Hall was +even more rich in traditions, as being the home of the translator +of the Bible, William Tyndale, as the centre of Puritan strength in +the Laudian days, when from its ranks were filled the vacancies all +over Oxford caused by the expulsions of Royalists, and finally as +having trained Lord Clarendon, famous as Charles II's minister, +still more famous as the historian, whose monumental work was one +of the first endowments of the Oxford Press.</p> +<p>All these traditions are now concentrated in the one college, +and, as has been said, the buildings have been greatly extended to +meet the needs of the new foundation. When Hertford College is +completed according to the plans already drawn by Sir Thomas +Jackson, it will reach from All Souls' to Holywell. This last +northern part of its front has been delayed by the European +War.</p> +<p>The new—or, rather, the revived—college has, as yet, +hardly had time to make Oxford history, but the influence of its +second Principal. Dr. Boyd, whose long reign, happily not yet over, +began in 1877, has had the result of finding for Oxford new +benefactors in one of the wealthiest of the London City Companies; +the Drapers' magnificent gifts of the new Science Library and of +the Electrical Laboratory are good instances to show that the days +of the "pious founder" are not yet over.</p> +<br> +<a name="p24"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p24.jpg" align="middle" width= +"364" height="489" border="3" alt= +"Plate XXIV. Hertford College : The Bridge"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XXIV. Hertford College : The +Bridge</b></h4> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="StEdmundH" id="StEdmundH">ST. EDMUND HALL</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Or wander down an ancient street + Where mingling ages quaintly meet, + Tower and battlement, dome and gable + Mellowed by time to a picture sweet." + A. G. BUTLER. +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p25"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p25.jpg" align="middle" width= +"368" height="486" border="3" alt= +"Plate XXV. St. Peter-in-the-East Church and St. Edmund Hall"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XXV. St. Peter-in-the-East Church and +St. Edmund Hall</b></h4> +<br> +<p>The group of buildings, shown in <a href="#p25">Plate XXV</a>, +is not only picturesque—it also illustrates Oxford history +from more than one point of view.</p> +<p>The apse of the Chapel of Queen's on the left belongs to a +building already spoken of, which is the most perfect example of a +small basilican church in Oxford. The church tower in the centre, +though itself dating from the fourteenth century, is the most +modern part of one of the oldest churches in Oxford, St. Peter in +the East. The crypt and the chancel of this church go back to the +time of the Conquest, and are probably the work of Robert d'Oili, +to whom William the Conqueror gave the city of Oxford; he was first +an oppressor and then a benefactor; in the former character, he +built the castle keep, still standing near the station; in the +latter, he was the builder, besides St. Peter, of the churches of +St. Michael and of the Holy Cross; parts of his work survive in all +three.</p> +<p>The churchyard, at all events, of St. Peter in the East, +deserves a visit, lying as it does between the beautiful garden of +New College and the picturesque buildings of St. Edmund Hall.</p> +<p>Before this last foundation is spoken of, a word must be said as +to the road round which these three buildings are +grouped—Queen's Lane. It survives, almost unaltered, from +Pre-Reformation Oxford, and, winding as it does its narrow way +between high walls, it is an interesting specimen of the "lanes" +which threaded mediaeval Oxford, a city in which the High Street +and, to a smaller extent, Cornmarket Street were the only real +thoroughfares; the rest of the city was a network of narrow +ways.</p> +<p>But from the historic point of view, the most interesting part +of the picture is its right side, where stand the buildings of St. +Edmund Hall. This is the only survival of the system of residence +in the earliest University, of the Oxford which knew not the +college system.</p> +<p>Before the days of "pious founders," the students had to provide +their own places of residence, and very early the custom grew up of +their living together in "halls," sometimes managed by a +non-academic owner, but often under the superintendence of some +resident Master of Arts, who was responsible, not for the teaching, +but, at any rate in part, for the discipline of the inmates of his +hall. These halls had at first no endowments and no permanent +existence; they depended for their continuity on the person of +their head. Gradually they became more organized; but when once the +college system had been introduced, it tended, by its superior +wealth and efficiency, to render the "halls" less and less +important. They lost even the one element of self-government which +they had once had, the right of their members to elect their own +Principal; this right was usurped by the Chancellor. Hence, though +five of the halls were surviving at the time of the University +Commission (of 1850), all of them but St. Edmund Hall have now +disappeared.</p> +<p>In theory, "hall" and "college" have much in common; one +Cambridge college indeed has retained the name of "hall," and two +of the women's colleges in Oxford have preferred to keep the old +style. In practice, their difference lies in the two facts that +colleges are wealthier, with more endowments, and that they are +self-governing, with Fellows who co-opt to vacancies in their own +body and elect their head. St. Edmund Hall has its head appointed +by the fellows of Queen's, with which institution it has long been +connected.</p> +<p>The origin of this hall is an unsolved problem: it derives its +name according to one theory from Edmund Rich, the last Archbishop +of Canterbury to be canonized, and probably the first recorded +Doctor of Divinity at Oxford. But this theory is very doubtful, and +Hearne, most famous of Oxford antiquarians, and probably the best +known member of St. Edmund Hall, did not believe it. In any case, +most of the buildings of the hall date long after St. Edmund, and +belong to the middle of the seventeenth century. Hearne himself is +sufficient to give interest to any foundation. He was a great +scholar and a careful editor of the early English Chroniclers in +days when learning was decaying in Oxford; even now his work as an +editor is not altogether superseded. But it is not to this that he +owes his fame; it is rather to the fact that he has high rank among +the diarists of England, and the first place among those of Oxford. +For thirty years (1705-1735) in which latter year he died, he +poured into his diary everything that interested +him—scholarly notes, political rumours, personal scandal, +remarks on manners and customs. The 150 volumes came into the +possession of his fellow Jacobite, Richard Rawlinson, the greatest +of the benefactors of the Bodleian, and only now are they being +fully edited; ten volumes have been issued by the Oxford Historical +Society, and still there are a few more years of his life to cover. +As a specimen of Hearne's style may be quoted his remarks, when the +sermon on Christmas Day, 1732, was postponed till 11 a.m.</p> +<p>"The true reason is that people might lie in bed the longer. . . +. The same reason hath made them, in almost all places in the +University, alter the times of prayer, and the hour of dinner +(which used to be 11 o'clock) in almost every place (Christ Church +must be excepted); which ancient discipline and learning and piety +strangely decay." Hearne was critical rather of past history than +of present-day rumour; he records complacently (in 1706) that at +Whitchurch, when the dissenters had prepared a great quantity of +bricks "to erect a capacious conventicle, a destroying angel came +by night and spoyled them all, and confounded their Babel." Hearne +would by no means have approved of the Methodist principles of six +members of his hall in the next generation, who were expelled for +their religious views (1768). A furious controversy, with many +pamphlets, raged over them, and the Public Orator of the University +wrote a bulky indictment of them, which was answered by another +pamphlet with the picturesque title of "Goliath Slain." +Pamphleteers were more free in their language in those days than +they are now.</p> +<p>The hall has always been a strong religious centre, and plays a +very useful part in the University—by giving to poor men, +seeking Holy Orders, a real Oxford education, based on the true +Oxford principle of community of life.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h3><a name="IffleyM" id="IffleyM">IFFLEY MILL</a></h3> +<br> +<pre class="centrestyle"> +"Thames, the best loved of all old Ocean's sons, + Of his old sire, to his embraces runs . . . + Though deep, yet clear, through gentle yet not dull, + Strong without rage, without o'erflowing full." + SIR J. DENHAM. +</pre> +<br> +<a name="p26"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p26.jpg" align="middle" width= +"365" height="482" border="3" alt= +"Plate XXVI. Iffley : The Old Mill"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>Plate XXVI. Iffley : The Old Mill</b></h4> +<br> +<p>The subject of <a href="#p26">Plate XXVI</a> is no longer in +existence; it was burned to the ground some years ago, and has +never been rebuilt—for steam has rendered unprofitable the +old-fashioned water mills such as it was. Yet the very fact that +Iffley Mill is no more perhaps renders it the more appropriate +subject for a series of Oxford pictures. It claims a place among +them, not for its beauty, picturesque though it was, but as a +symbol of the open-air pursuits of Oxford, which play so large a +part in the lives of her sons. And as those pursuits are so +diverse, and cannot all be directly pictured, it is fitting that +they should be represented by a picture which is a symbol of them +all, by a picture of something no longer existing, not introduced +for itself, but suggesting whole fields of varied activity, +different and yet all akin.</p> +<p>This may be fanciful, but the part played by open-air sports in +the life of Oxford is a great reality. Yet, in their present +organized form, they are a feature of quite, modern times. Fifty +years ago, football as a college sport in Oxford was only +beginning; the men are still living, and not octogenarians, who +introduced their "school games"—"Rugby," "Eton Wall game," +etc.—at Oxford. Golf was left to Scotchmen, hockey to small +boys, La Crosse had not yet come from beyond the Atlantic. Cricket +and rowing were the only organized games, and even in these the +inter-University contests are comparative novelties; the first boat +race against Cambridge was rowed in 1829, and it has only been an +annual fixture since 1856.</p> +<p>Several results followed from this. In the first place, the very +sense of the word "sportsman" was different. Now it means a man who +can play well some, one at least, of the games that all men play; +then, it had its old meaning of a man who could shoot, or ride, or +fish, or do all these.</p> +<p>Again, as cricket is always a game for the few, and as the +rowing authorities, by the time the summer term begins, had +selected their chosen followers and left the rest of the world +free, there was far more walking, and consequently more knowledge +of the country round the city, than is the rule now. The long +rambles which play so prominent a part in Oxford biographies, such +as Stanley's <i>Life of Arnold</i> , were still the fashion, while +of those who could afford to ride, certainly many more availed +themselves of the privilege than do now.</p> +<p>So far as games themselves were concerned, their cost was far +less. College matches away from Oxford were almost unknown; college +grounds, which were still quite a new thing in the middle of last +century, were nearly all concentrated on Cowley Marsh, and the +somewhat heavy contribution from all undergraduates, now generally +collected by the college authorities in "battels" and become +semi-official, was not dreamed of. Those who played paid, and the +rest of the college got off easily. And games were much more games +than they are now, and less of institutions; the "professional +amateur," who comes up with a public school reputation to get his +"blue," was almost unknown, and certainly, so far as rowing was +concerned, any powerful man with broad shoulders and a sound heart +was a likely candidate for the University Boat. The days were not +dreamed of when the fortunes of Oxford and Cambridge on the river +depended largely on the choice of a University by members of the +Eton Eight.</p> +<p>But there is of course another side to the development of Oxford +athletics. Perhaps the most important point is that play is the +greatest social leveller. It is easy to attend the same lectures as +a man, and even to sit at the same table with him in hall, and not +to know him well, because his clothes and his accent are not quite +correct. But in these days when so many games are played, and when +competition is so keen, any man who can do anything gets his +chance; and many are the instances every year of men who would +never have made friends in their colleges outside a small circle, +had not their quickness as half-backs, or their ability as slow +bowlers, brought their contemporaries to recognize their merits. +You cannot play with a man without knowing him, and young Oxford is +democratic at heart, and when once it knows a man, it does not +trouble about the non-essentials of wealth and fashion.</p> +<p>And again, though it may seem a paradox to say it, the amount of +play in Oxford has increased the amount of work. Organized games +mean physical fitness, and physical fitness means ability to get +intellectual work done. Perhaps it may be argued that the +absorption in athletics deadens all intellectual life, and that +many Oxford men read only and discuss only the sporting news in the +papers; this no doubt has a strange fascination, even for men who +do not play; one of the most distinguished of Oxford statesmen of +the last generation, himself so blind that he could not hit a ball, +confessed to me that he always, in the summer, read the cricket +news in <i>The Times</i> before he read anything else. But he and +many other Oxford men read something else, too. And it may be +maintained without question that the hard exercise, which is the +fashion in Oxford, tends to keep men's bodies healthy and to raise +the moral tone of the place. Oxford and Cambridge may not be what +they should be in morals, but they compare very favourably in this +respect with other towns.</p> +<p>All this seems a far cry from Iffley Mill; but Iffley means to +an Oxford man, not so much the picturesque village, nor even its +gem of a Norman Church that towers above the lock, but the place +where Eights and Torpids start for the races. And the boating, +which is so associated with the name of Iffley, is still—and +long may it be so—the queen of Oxford sports. To succeed as +an oar, a man has to learn to sacrifice the present to the future, +to scorn delights and live laborious days, to work together with +others, and to sink his individuality in the common cause. These +are great qualities, and therefore in any book on Oxford, the +picture, which recalls them and is their symbol, has a right to a +place.</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<h5>Printed in Great Britain.<br> + Letterpress by Turnbull & Spears, Edinburgh.<br> + Plates engraved and printed by Henry Stone & Son, Ltd., +Banbury.</h5> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<a name="pend"></a> +<p align="center"><img src="images/p_end.jpg" align="middle" width= +"751" height="378" border="3" alt= +"End Papers : Oxford from the East"></p> +<h4 align="center"><b>End Papers : Oxford from the East</b></h4> +<br> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Charm of Oxford, by J. 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