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diff --git a/old/13240.txt b/old/13240.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..62f99cd --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13240.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25401 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short Biographical Dictionary of English +Literature, by John W. Cousin + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature + +Author: John W. Cousin + +Release Date: August 21, 2004 [EBook #13240] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY *** + + + + +Produced by Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders. This ebook +has been produced through the direct participation of over 500 +Distributed Proofreaders Volunteers to commemorate the occasion of +DP's 5000th completed project. + + + + + +[Illustration: I WILL MAKE A PRIEF OF IT IN MY NOTE-BOOK MERRY WIVES OF +WINDSOR] + + + + +A SHORT BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE + +BY JOHN W. COUSIN + +LONDON: PUBLISHED + +by J.M. DENT & SONS. LTD + +AND IN NEW YORK + +BY E.P. DUTTON & CO + + + + +INTRODUCTION + +The primary aim of this book is to give as much information about English +authors, including under this designation American and Colonial writers, +as the prescribed limits will admit of. At the same time an attempt has +been made, where materials exist for it, to enhance the interest by +introducing such details as tend to illustrate the characters and +circumstances of the respective writers and the manner in which they +passed through the world; and in the case of the more important, to give +some indication of the relative place which they hold and the leading +features of their work. + +Including the Appendix of Living Writers, the work contains upwards of +1600 names; but large as this number is, the number of those who have +contributed something of interest and value to the vast store of English +Literature is larger still, and any attempt to make a book of this kind +absolutely exhaustive would be futile. + +The word "literature" is here used in a very wide sense, and this gives +rise to considerable difficulty in drawing the line of exclusion. There +are very many writers whose claim to admission may reasonably be +considered as good as that of some who have been included; but even had +it been possible to discover all these, their inclusion would have +swelled the work beyond its limits. A line had to be drawn somewhere, and +the writer has used his best judgment in making that line as consistent +as possible. It may probably, however, be safely claimed that every +department of the subject of any importance is well represented. + +Wherever practicable (and this includes all but a very few articles), +various authorities have been collated, and pains have been taken to +secure accuracy; but where so large a collection of facts and dates is +involved, it would be too sanguine to expect that success has invariably +been attained. + +J.W.C. + +_January_, 1910. + + +The following list gives some of the best known works of Biography:-- + + + Allibone, Critical Dictionary of English Literature and English and + American Authors, 1859-71, Supplement, by J.F. Kirke, 1891; W. + Hazlitt, Collections and Notes of Early English Literature, 1876-93; + R. Chambers, Cyclopaedia of English Literature, 1876, 1901; Halkett + and Laign, Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature, + 1882-88; Dictionary of National Biography, ed. by Leslie Stephen and + Sidney Lee, 1885, etc., re-issue, 1908, etc.; Appleton's Cyclopaedia + of American Biography, ed. by J. Grant Wilson and John Fiske, 1887, + etc.; J. Thomas, Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology, + 1887-89; Men and Women of the Time, 15th edit., ed. by Victor G. + Plarr, 1889. + + +LIST OF CONTRACTIONS USED THROUGHOUT THE WORK + + _b._ born Edin. Edinburgh + _c._ _circa_ _fl._ flourished + Camb. Cambridge Glas. Glasgow + Coll. College _m._ married + _coll._ collected Oxf. Oxford + _cr._ created pres. president + _d._ died _pub._ published + _dau._ daughter Prof. Professor + _ed._ educated sec. secretary + { edition _s._ son + ed. { editor Univ. University + { edited + + + + +ABBOTT, JACOB (1803-1879).--Educationalist and miscellaneous author, +_b._ at Hallowell, Maine, _ed._ at Bowdoin Coll. and Andover, entered the +ministry of the Congregational Church, but was best known as an +educationist and writer of religious and other books, mainly for the +young. Among them are _Beechnut Tales_ and _The Rollo Books_, both of +which still have a very wide circulation. + + +ABBOTT, JOHN STEVENS CABOT (1805-1877).--Historian, etc., _b._ Brunswick, +Maine, and _ed._ at Bowdoin Coll. He studied theology and became a +minister of the Congregational Church at various places in Massachusetts +and Connecticut. Owing to the success of a little work, _The Mother at +Home_, he devoted himself, from 1844 onwards, to literature, and +especially to historical writing. Among his principal works, which were +very popular, are: _History of Napoleon Bonaparte_ (1852-55), _History of +the Civil War in America_ (1863-66), and _History of Frederick the Great_ +(1871). + + +A BECKETT, GILBERT ABBOTT (1811-1856).--Comic writer, _b._ in London, the +_s._ of a lawyer, and belonged to a family claiming descent from Thomas a +Becket. Destined for the legal profession, he was called to the Bar. In +addition to contributions to various periodicals and newspapers, +including _Punch_, _The Illustrated London News_, _The Times_, and +_Morning Herald_, he produced over fifty plays, many of which attained +great popularity, and he also helped to dramatise some of Dickens' works. +He is perhaps best known as the author of _Comic History of England_, +_Comic History of Rome_, _Comic Blackstone_, etc. He was also +distinguished in his profession, acted as a commissioner on various +important matters, and was appointed a metropolitan police magistrate. + + +ABERCROMBIE, JOHN (1780-1844).--Physician and writer on mental science, +_s._ of a minister, was _b._ at Aberdeen, and _ed._ at the Grammar School +and Marischal College there. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, in which +city he practised as a physician. He made valuable contributions to the +literature of his profession, and _pub._ two works, _Enquiry Concerning +the Intellectual Powers_ (1830) and _The Philosophy of the Moral +Feelings_ (1833), which, though popular at the time of their publication, +have long been superseded. For his services as a physician and +philanthropist he received many marks of distinction, including the +Rectorship of Marischal College. + + +ABERCROMBIE, PATRICK (1656-1716).--Antiquary and historian, was physician +to James II. in 1685; he was a Jacobite and opposed the Union in various +pamphlets. His chief work was _Martial Achievements of the Scots Nation_ +(1711-16). + + +ACTON, JOHN EMERICH EDWARD DALBERG-ACTON, 1ST LORD +(1834-1902).--Historian, _s._ of Sir Richard A., and grandson of Sir John +A., who was Prime Minister of Naples, was _b._ at Naples. He belonged to +an ancient Roman Catholic family, and was _ed._ first at Oscott near +Birmingham under Dr. (afterwards Card.) Wiseman. Thence he went to +Edinburgh, where he studied privately, and afterwards to Munich, where he +resided in the house of Dr. Dollinger, the great scholar and subsequent +leader of the Old Catholic party, by whom he was profoundly influenced. +While at Edinburgh he endeavoured to procure admission to Cambridge, but +without success, his religion being at that time a bar. He early devoted +himself to the study of history, and is said to have been on terms of +intimacy with every contemporary historian of distinction, with the +exception of Guizot. He sat in the House of Commons 1859-65, but made no +great mark, and in 1869 was raised to the peerage as Lord Acton of +Aldenham. For a time he edited _The Rambler_, a Roman Catholic +periodical, which afterwards became the _Home and Foreign Review_, and +which, under his care, became one of the most learned publications of the +day. The liberal character of A.'s views, however, led to its stoppage in +deference to the authorities of the Church. He, however, maintained a +lifelong opposition to the Ultramontane party in the Church, and in 1874 +controverted their position in four letters to _The Times_ which were +described as the most crushing argument against them which ever appeared +in so condensed a form. A.'s contributions to literature were few, and, +in comparison with his extraordinary learning, comparatively unimportant. +He wrote upon _Cardinal Wolsey_ (1877) and _German Schools of History_ +(1886). He was extremely modest, and the loftiness of his ideals of +accuracy and completeness of treatment led him to shrink from tasks which +men of far slighter equipment might have carried out with success. His +learning and his position as a universally acknowledged master in his +subject were recognised by his appointment in 1895 as Professor of Modern +History at Cambridge. Perhaps his most valuable services to historical +literature were his laying down the lines of the great _Cambridge Modern +History_, and his collection of a library of 60,000 vols., which after +his death was purchased by an American millionaire and presented to Lord +Morley of Blackburn, who placed it in the University of Cambridge. + + +ADAMNAN, ST. (625?-704).--Historian, _b._ in Donegal, became Abbot of +Iona in 679. Like other Irish churchmen he was a statesman as well as an +ecclesiastic, and appears to have been sent on various political +missions. In the great controversy on the subject of the holding of +Easter, he sided with Rome against the Irish Church. He left the earliest +account we have of the state of Palestine in the early ages of the +Church; but of even more value is his _Vita Sancti Columbae_, giving a +minute account of the condition and discipline of the church of Iona. He +_d._ 704. + + +ADAMS, FRANCIS, W.L. (1862-1893).--Novelist, was _b._ at Malta, and _ed._ +at schools at Shrewsbury and in Paris. In 1882 he went to Australia, and +was on the staff of _The Sydney Bulletin_. In 1884 he _publ._ his +autobiographical novel, _Leicester_, and in 1888 _Songs of the Army of +the Night_, which created a sensation in Sydney. His remaining important +work is _Tiberius_ (1894), a striking drama in which a new view of the +character of the Emperor is presented. He _d._ by his own hand at +Alexandria in a fit of depression caused by hopeless illness. + + +ADDISON, JOSEPH (1672-1719).--Poet, essayist and statesman, was the _s._ +of Lancelot Addison, Dean of Lichfield. _B._ near Amesbury, Wilts., A. +went to the Charterhouse where he made the acquaintance of Steele +(_q.v._), and then at the age of fifteen to Oxford where he had a +distinguished career, being specially noted for his Latin verse. Intended +at first for the Church, various circumstances combined to lead him +towards literature and politics. His first attempts in English verse took +the form of complimentary addresses, and were so successful as to obtain +for him the friendship and interest of Dryden, and of Lord Somers, by +whose means he received, in 1699, a pension of L300 to enable him to +travel on the continent with a view to diplomatic employment. He visited +Italy, whence he addressed his _Epistle_ to his friend Halifax. Hearing +of the death of William III., an event which lost him his pension, he +returned to England in the end of 1703. For a short time his +circumstances were somewhat straitened, but the battle of Blenheim in +1704 gave him a fresh opportunity of distinguishing himself. The +government wished the event commemorated by a poem; A. was commissioned +to write this, and produced _The Campaign_, which gave such satisfaction +that he was forthwith appointed a Commissioner of Appeals. His next +literary venture was an account of his travels in Italy, which was +followed by the opera of _Rosamund_. In 1705, the Whigs having obtained +the ascendency, A. was made Under-Secretary of State and accompanied +Halifax on a mission to Hanover, and in 1708 was appointed Chief +Secretary for Ireland and Keeper of the Records of that country. It was +at this period that A. found his true vocation and laid the foundations +of his real fame. In 1709 Steele began to bring out the _Tatler_, to +which A. became almost immediately a contributor: thereafter he (with +Steele) started the _Spectator_, the first number of which appeared on +March 1, 1711. This paper, which at first appeared daily, was kept up +(with a break of about a year and a half when the _Guardian_ took its +place) until Dec. 20, 1714. In 1713 the drama of _Cato_ appeared, and was +received with acclamation by both Whigs and Tories, and was followed by +the comedy of the _Drummer_. His last undertaking was _The Freeholder_, a +party paper (1715-16). The later events in the life of A., viz., his +marriage in 1716 to the Dowager Countess of Warwick, to whose son he had +been tutor and his promotion to be Secretary of State did not contribute +to his happiness. His wife appears to have been arrogant and imperious; +his step-son the Earl was a rake and unfriendly to him; while in his +public capacity his invincible shyness made him of little use in +Parliament. He resigned his office in 1718, and, after a period of +ill-health, _d._ at Holland House, June 17, 1719, in his 48th year. +Besides the works above mentioned, he wrote a _Dialogue on Medals_, and +left unfinished a work on the Evidences of Christianity. The character of +A., if somewhat cool and unimpassioned, was pure, magnanimous, and kind. +The charm of his manners and conversation made him one of the most +popular and admired men of his day; and while he laid his friends under +obligations for substantial favours, he showed the greatest forbearance +towards his few enemies. His style in his essays is remarkable for its +ease, clearness, and grace, and for an inimitable and sunny humour which +never soils and never hurts. The motive power of these writings has been +called "an enthusiasm for conduct." Their effect was to raise the whole +standard of manners and expression both in life and in literature. The +only flaw in his character was a tendency to convivial excess, which must +be judged in view of the laxer manners of his time. When allowance has +been made for this, he remains one of the most admirable characters and +writers in English literature. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ Amesbury, _ed._ Charterhouse and Oxford; received +travelling pension, 1699; _Campaign_ (1704) leads to political office; +goes to Ireland, 1708; assists Steele in _Tatler_, 1709; _Spectator_ +started, 1711; marries Lady Warwick, 1716; Secretary of State, 1716-18; +_d._ 1719. + +Lives in _Biographica Britannica_, _Dict. of Nat. Biog._, _Johnson's +Lives of Poets_, and by Lucy Aikin, Macaulay's _Essay_, Drake's _Essays +Illustrative of Tatler, Guardian, and Spectator_; Pope's and Swift's +Correspondence, etc. + +The best edition of the books is that in _Bohn's British Classics_ (6 +vols., 1856); others are Tickell's (4 vols., 1721); _Baskerville_ edit. +(4 vols., 1761); Hurd's (6 vols., 1811); Greene's (1856); Dent's +_Spectator_ (1907). + + +ADOLPHUS, JOHN (1768-1845).--Historian, studied law and was called to the +Bar in 1807. He wrote _Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution_ +(1799) and _History of England from_ 1760-1783 (1802), and other +historical and biographical works. + + +AELFRED (849-901).--King of the West Saxons, and writer and translator, +_s._ of Ethelwulf, _b._ at Wantage. Besides being the deliverer of his +country from the ravages of the Danes, and the restorer of order and +civil government, _AE._ has earned the title of the father of English +prose writing. The earlier part of his life was filled with war and +action, most of the details regarding which are more or less legendary. +But no sooner had he become King of Wessex, in 871, than he began to +prepare for the work of re-introducing learning into his country. +Gathering round him the few scholars whom the Danes had left, and sending +for others from abroad, he endeavoured to form a literary class. His +chief helper in his great enterprise was Asser of St. David's, who taught +him Latin, and became his biographer in a "life" which remains the best +original authority for the period. Though not a literary artist, AE. had +the best qualities of the scholar, including an insatiable love alike for +the acquisition and the communication of knowledge. He translated several +of the best books then existing, not, however, in a slavish fashion, but +editing and adding from his own stores. In all his work his main desire +was the good of his people. Among the books he translated or edited were +(1) _The Handbook_, a collection of extracts on religious subjects; (2) +_The Cura Pastoralis_, or Herdsman's book of Gregory the Great, with a +preface by himself which is the first English prose; (3) _Bede's +Ecclesiastical History of the English_; (4) _The English Chronicle_, +which, already brought up to 855, he continued up to the date of writing; +it is probably by his own hand; (5) Orosius's _History of the World_, +which he adapted for English readers with many historical and +geographical additions; (6) the _De Consolatione Philosophiae_ of +Boethius; and (7) a translation of some of the Psalms. He also made a +collection of the best laws of his predecessors, Ethelbert, Ine, and +Offa. It has been said "although King Alfred lived a thousand years ago, +a thousand years hence, if there be England then, his memory will yet be +precious to his country." + + +AELFRIC (955-_c._ 1022).--Called Grammaticus (10th century), sometimes +confounded with two other persons of the same name, AE. of Canterbury and +AE. of York, was a monk at Winchester, and afterwards Abbot of Cerne and +Eynsham successively. He has left works which shed an important light on +the doctrine and practice of the early Church in England, including two +books of homilies (990-94), a _Grammar_, _Glossary_, _Passiones Sanctorum_ +(Sufferings of the Saints), translations of parts of the Bible with +omissions and interpolations, _Canones AElfrici_, and other theological +treatises. His writings had an influence on the formation of English +prose. He filled in his age somewhat the same position that Bede did in +his, that of a compiler and populariser of existing knowledge. + + +AGUILAR, GRACE (1816-1847).--Novelist and writer on Jewish history and +religion, was _b._ at Hackney of Jewish parents of Spanish descent. She +was delicate from childhood, and early showed great interest in history, +especially Jewish. The death of her _f._ threw her on her own resources. +After a few dramas and poems she _pub._ in America in 1842 _Spirit of +Judaism_, and in 1845 _The Jewish Faith_ and _The Women of Israel_. She +is, however, best known by her novels, of which the chief are _Home +Influence_ (1847) and _A Mother's Recompense_ (1850). Her health gave way +in 1847, and she _d._ in that year at Frankfort. + + +AIKIN, JOHN (1747-1822).--Miscellaneous writer, _s._ of Dr. John A., +Unitarian divine, _b._ at Kibworth, studied medicine at Edinburgh and +London, and received degree of M.D. at Leyden. He began practice at +Yarmouth but, one of his pamphlets having given offence, he removed to +London, where he obtained some success in his profession, devoting all +his leisure to literature, to which his contributions were incessant. +These consisted of pamphlets, translations, and miscellaneous works, some +in conjunction with his sister, Mrs. Barbauld. Among his chief works are +_England Delineated_, _General Biography_ in 10 vols., and lives of Selden +and Ussher. + + +AIKIN, LUCY (1781-1864).--Historical and miscellaneous writer, _dau._ of +above and niece of Mrs. Barbauld (_q.v._). After _pub._ a poem, +_Epistles on Women_, and a novel, _Lorimer_, she began the historical +works on which her reputation chiefly rests, viz., _Memoirs of the Courts +of Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I._ (1818-33) and a _Life of +Addison_. She also wrote lives of her father and of Mrs. Barbauld. She +was remarkable for her conversational powers, and was also an admirable +letter-writer. Like the rest of her family she was a Unitarian. + + +AINGER, ALFRED (1837-1904).--Biographer and critic, _s._ of an architect +in London, _grad._ at Cambridge, entered the Church, and, after holding +various minor preferments, became Master of the Temple. He wrote memoirs +of Hood and Crabbe, but is best known for his biography of Lamb and his +edition of his works in 6 vols. (1883-88). + + +AINSWORTH, WILLIAM HARRISON (1805-1882).--Novelist, _s._ of a solicitor, +was _b._ in Manchester. He was destined for the legal profession, which, +however, had no attraction for him; and going to London to complete his +studies made the acquaintance of Mr. John Ebers, publisher, and at that +time manager of the Opera House, by whom he was introduced to literary +and dramatic circles, and whose _dau._ he afterwards married. For a short +time he tried the publishing business, but soon gave it up and devoted +himself to journalism and literature. His first successful novel was +_Rookwood_, _pub._ in 1834, of which Dick Turpin is the leading +character, and thenceforward he continued to pour forth till 1881 a +stream of novels, to the number of 39, of which the best known are _The +Tower of London_ (1840), _Old St. Paul's_ (1841), _Lancashire Witches_, +and _The Constable of the Tower_. The titles of some of his other novels +are _Crichton_ (1837), _Jack Sheppard_ (1839), _Guy Fawkes_, _The Star +Chamber_, _The Flitch of Bacon_, _The Miser's Daughter_ (1842), and +_Windsor Castle_ (1843). A. depends for his effects on striking +situations and powerful descriptions: he has little humour or power of +delineating character. + + +AIRD, THOMAS (1802-1876).--Poet, _b._ at Bowden, Roxburghshire, went to +Edinburgh, where he became the friend of Professor Wilson, Carlyle, and +other men of letters. He contributed to _Blackwood's Magazine_, and was +editor of the _Dumfries Herald_ (1835-63). His chief poem is _The Captive +of Fez_ (1830); and in prose he wrote _Religious Characteristics_, and +_The Old Bachelor in the Old Scottish Village_ (1848), all of which were +received with favour. Carlyle said that in his poetry he found everywhere +"a healthy breath as of mountain breezes." + + +AKENSIDE, MARK (1721-1770).--Poet, _s._ of a butcher at +Newcastle-upon-Tyne, gave early indications of talent, and was sent to +the University of Edinburgh with the view of becoming a dissenting +minister. While there, however, he changed his mind and studied for the +medical profession. Thereafter he went to Leyden, where he took his +degree of M.D. in 1744. While there he wrote his principal poem, _The +Pleasures of the Imagination_, which was well received, and was +subsequently translated into more than one foreign language. After trying +Northampton, he settled as a physician in London; but was for long +largely dependent for his livelihood on a Mr. Dyson. His talents brought +him a good deal of consideration in society, but the solemn and pompous +manner which he affected laid him open to some ridicule, and he is said +to have been satirised by Smollett (_q.v._) in his _Peregrine Pickle_. He +endeavoured to reconstruct his poem, but the result was a failure. His +collected poems were _pub._ 1772. His works, however, are now little +read. Mr. Gosse has described him as "a sort of frozen Keats." + + +ALCOTT, LOUISA M. (1832-1888).--Writer of juvenile and other tales, +_dau._ of Amos Bronson Alcott, an educational and social theorist, +lecturer, and author, was _b._ in Pennsylvania. During the American civil +war she served as a nurse, and afterwards attained celebrity as a writer +of books for young people, of which the best is _Little Women_ (1868). +Others are _Little Men_ and _Jo's Boys_. She also wrote novels, including +_Moods_ and _Work_. + + +ALCUIN or EALHWINE (735-804).--Theologian and general writer, was _b._ +and _ed._ at York. He wrote in prose and verse, his subjects embracing +educational, theological, and historical matters. Returning from Rome, to +which he had been sent to procure the _pallium_ for a friend, he met +Charlemagne at Parma, and made upon him so favourable an impression that +he was asked to enter his service as preceptor in the sciences to himself +and his family. His numerous treatises, which include metrical annals, +hagiographical and philosophical works, are not distinguished by +originality or profundity, but he is the best representative of the +culture and mental activity of his age, upon which, as the minister of +education of the great emperor, he had a widely-spread influence. + + +ALDRICH, THOMAS BAILEY (1836-1906).--Poet and novelist, _b._ at +Portsmouth, N.H., was for some time in a bank, and then engaged in +journalism. His first book was _The Bells, a Collection of Chimes_ +(1855), and other poetical works are _The Ballad of Babie Bell_, _Cloth +of Gold_, _Flower and Thorn_, etc. In prose he wrote _Daisy's Necklace_, +_The Course of True Love_, _Marjorie Daw_, _Prudence Palfrey_, etc. + + +ALESIUS, ALEXANDER (1500-1565).--Theologian and controversialist. His +unlatinised name was Aless or Alane, and he was _b._ at Edinburgh and +_ed._ at St. Andrews, where he became a canon. Originally a strong and +able defender of the Romish doctrines, he was chosen to argue with +Patrick Hamilton, the proto-martyr of the Reformation in Scotland, with +the object of inducing him to recant. The result, however, was that he +was himself much shaken in his allegiance to the Church, and the change +was greatly accelerated by the martyrdom of H. His subsequent protest +against the immorality of the clergy led to his imprisonment, and +ultimately, in 1532, to his flying for his life to Germany, where he +became associated with Luther and Melancthon, and definitely joined the +reforming party. Coming to England in 1535, he was well received by +Cranmer and other reformers. While in England he studied medicine, and +practised as a physician in London. On the fall of T. Cromwell in 1540 he +again retired to Germany, where, at Leipzig, he obtained a professorship. +During the reign of Edward VI. he re-visited England and was employed by +Cranmer in connection with the 1st Liturgy of Edward VI. Returning to +Leipsic he passed the remainder of his days in peace and honour, and was +twice elected Rector of the University. His writings were both exegetical +and controversial, but chiefly the latter. They include _Expositio Libri +Psalmorum Davidis_ (1550). His controversial works refer to such subjects +as the translation of the Bible into the vernacular, against Servetus, +etc. + + +ALEXANDER, MRS. CECIL F. (HUMPHREYS) (1818-1895).--_dau._ of Maj. H., +_b._ in Co. Waterford, _m._ the Rev. W. Alexander, afterwards Bishop of +Derry and Archbishop of Armagh. Her _Hymns for Little Children_ had +reached its 69th edition before the close of the century. Some of her +hymns, _e.g._ "There is a Green Hill" and "The Roseate Hues of Early +Dawn," are known wherever English is spoken. Her husband has also written +several books of poetry, of which the most important is _St. Augustine's +Holiday and other Poems_. + + +ALFORD, HENRY (1810-1871).--Theologian, scholar, poet, and miscellaneous +writer, _s._ of a clergyman, was _b._ in London. After passing through +various private schools, he proceeded to Cambridge, where he had a +distinguished career, and after entering the Church and filling various +preferments in the country, became minister of Quebec Chapel, London, +whence he was promoted to be Dean of Canterbury. His great work was his +_Greek Testament_ in 4 vols., of which the first was _pub._ in 1849 and +the last in 1861. In this work he largely followed the German critics, +maintaining, however, a moderate liberal position; and it was for long +the standard work on the subject in this country. A. was one of the most +versatile men, and prolific authors, of his day, his works consisting of +nearly 50 vols., including poetry (_School of the Heart_ and _Abbot of +Munchelnaye_, and a translation of the _Odyssey_), criticism, sermons, +etc. In addition to the works above mentioned he wrote _Chapters on the +Greek Poets_ (1841), the _Queen's English_ (1863), and many well-known +hymns, and he was the first editor of the _Contemporary Review_. He was +also an accomplished artist and musician. His industry was incessant and +induced a premature breakdown in health, which terminated in his death in +1871. He was the friend of most of his eminent contemporaries, and was +much beloved for his amiable character. + + +ALISON, ARCHIBALD (1757-1839).--Didactic and philosophical writer, was +_b._ in Edinburgh and _ed._ at Glasgow University and Oxford. After being +presented to various livings in England, A. came to Edinburgh as +incumbent of St. Paul's Episcopal Chapel, where he attained popularity as +a preacher of sermons characterised by quiet beauty of thought and grace +of composition. His chief contribution to literature is his _Essay on the +Nature and Principles of Taste_ (1790), in which the "association" theory +is supported. + + +ALISON, SIR ARCHIBALD (1792-1867).--Historian, _s._ of the above, was +_b._ at Kenley, Shropshire, and after studying under a private tutor, and +at Edinburgh University, was, in 1814, called to the Bar, at which he +ultimately attained some distinction, becoming in 1834 Sheriff of +Lanarkshire, in which capacity he rendered valuable service in times of +considerable difficulty. It was when travelling in France in 1814 that he +conceived the idea of his _History of Europe_, which deals with the +period from the outbreak of the French Revolution to the restoration of +the Bourbons, and extends, in its original form (1833-42), to 10 vols. +The work is one of vast industry, and gives a useful account of an +important epoch, but is extremely diffuse and one-sided, and often prosy. +Disraeli satirises the author in _Coningsby_ as Mr. Wordy, who wrote a +history to prove that Providence was on the side of the Tories. It had, +however, an enormous sale. A continuation of it (1852-59) brought the +story down to the accession of Louis Napoleon. A. was also the author of +a life of Marlborough, and of two standard works on the criminal law of +Scotland. In his private and official capacities he was highly respected, +and was elected Lord Rector successively of Marischal Coll., Aberdeen, +and of Glasgow University. He was created a baronet by Lord Derby in +1852. + + +ALLEN, CHARLES GRANT (1848-1899).--Scientific writer and novelist, _b._ +in Canada, to which his _f._, a clergyman, had emigrated, and _ed._ at +Birmingham and Oxford. For a time he was a professor in a college for +negroes in Jamaica, but returning to England in 1876 devoted himself to +literature. His first books were on scientific subjects, and include +_Physiological AEsthetics_ (1877) and _Flowers and Their Pedigrees_. After +assisting Sir W.W. Hunter in his _Gazeteer of India_, he turned his +attention to fiction, and between 1884 and 1899 produced about 30 novels, +among which _The Woman Who Did_ (1895), promulgating certain startling +views on marriage and kindred questions, created some sensation. Another +work, _The Evolution of the Idea of God_, propounding a theory of +religion on heterodox lines, has the disadvantage of endeavouring to +explain everything by one theory. His scientific works also included +_Colour Sense_, _Evolutionist at Large_, _Colin Clout's Calendar_, and +the _Story of the Plants_, and among his novels may be added _Babylon_, +_In all Shades_, _Philistia_ (1884), _The Devil's Die_, and _The British +Barbarians_ (1896). + + +ALLINGHAM, WILLIAM (1824-1889).--Poet, the _s._ of a banker of English +descent, was _b._ at Ballyshannon, entered the customs service, and was +ultimately settled in London, where he contributed to _Leigh Hunt's +Journal_. Hunt introduced him to Carlyle and other men of letters, and in +1850 he _pub._ a book of poems, which was followed by _Day and Night +Songs_ (1854), _Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland_ (1864) (his most +ambitious, though not his most successful work), and _Collected Poems_ in +6 vols. (1888-93). He also edited _The Ballad Book_ for the _Golden +Treasury_ series in 1864. In 1870 he retired from the civil service and +became sub-editor of _Fraser's Magazine_ under Froude, whom he succeeded +as editor (1874-79). His verse is clear, fresh, and graceful. He married +Helen Paterson, the water colourist, whose idylls have made the name of +"Mrs. Allingham" famous also. He _d._ in 1889. Other works are _Fifty +Modern Poems_ (1865), _Songs, Poems, and Ballads_ (1877), _Evil May Day_ +(1883), _Blackberries_ (1884), _Irish Songs and Poems_ (1887), and +_Varieties in Prose_ (1893). A selection from his diaries and +autobiography was _pub._ in 1906. + + +ALLSTON, WASHINGTON (1779-1843).--Painter and poet, _b._ in S. Carolina, +became a distinguished painter, and also wrote a good deal of verse +including _The Sylphs of the Seasons_, etc. (1813), and _The Two +Painters_, a satire. He also produced a novel, _Monaldi_. He was known as +"the American Titian." + + +AMORY, THOMAS (1691(?)-1788).--Eccentric writer, was of Irish descent. In +1755 he _publ._ _Memoirs containing the lives of several ladies of Great +Britain, a History of Antiquities and Observations on the Christian +Religion_, which was followed by the _Life of John Buncle_ (1756), +practically a continuation. The contents of these works are of the most +miscellaneous description--philology, natural science, theology, and, in +fact, whatever occurred to the writer, treated without any system, but +with occasional originality and felicity of diction. The author, who was +probably more or less insane, is described as having a very peculiar +aspect, with the manner of a gentleman, scarcely ever stirring abroad +except at dusk. He reached the age of 97. + + +ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (1845-1909).--Poet, _s._ of a quarrier at Kirkconnel, +Dumfriesshire, became a surfaceman on the railway. Spending all his +leisure in self-culture, he mastered German, French, and Spanish +sufficiently to read the chief masterpieces in these languages. His +poetic vein, which was true if somewhat limited in range, soon manifested +itself, and his first book, _Songs of Labour_, appeared in 1873, and +there followed _Two Angels_ (1875), _Songs of the Rail_ (1878), and +_Ballads and Sonnets_ (1879). In the following year he was made assistant +librarian in the University of Edinburgh, and after an interval as +secretary to the Philosophical Institution there, he returned as Chief +Librarian to the university. Thereafter he wrote little. Of a simple and +gentle character, he made many friends, including the Duke of Argyll, +Carlyle, and Lord Houghton. He generally wrote under the name of +"Surfaceman." + + +ANDREWES, LANCELOT (1555-1626).--Churchman and scholar, was _b._ in +London, and _ed._ at Merchant Taylor's School and Cambridge, where he +took a fellowship and taught divinity. After receiving various other +preferments he became Dean of Westminster, and a chaplain-in-ordinary to +Queen Elizabeth, who, however, did not advance him further on account of +his opposition to the alienation of ecclesiastical revenues. On the +accession, however, of James I., to whom his somewhat pedantic learning +and style of preaching recommended him, he rose into great favour, and +was made successively Bishop of Chichester, of Ely, and, in 1618, of +Winchester. He attended the Hampton Court Conference, and took part in +the translation of the Bible, known as the _Authorised Version_, his +special work being given to the earlier parts of the Old Testament: he +acted, however, as a sort of general editor. He was considered as, next +to Ussher, the most learned churchman of his day, and enjoyed a great +reputation as an eloquent and impassioned preacher, but the stiffness and +artificiality of his style render his sermons unsuited to modern taste. +His doctrine was High Church, and in his life he was humble, pious, and +charitable. Ninety-six of his sermons were published in 1631 by command +of Charles I. + +There are lives by A.T. Russell (1863), and R.L. Ottley (1894); +_Devotions_ were edited by Rev. Dr. Whyte (1900). + + +ANSTEY, CHRISTOPHER (1724-1805).--Poet, _s._ of Dr. A., a wealthy +clergyman, rector of Brinkley, Cambridgeshire, was _ed._ at Eton and +Cambridge. He _pub._ in 1766 a satirical poem of considerable sparkle, +_The New Bath Guide_, from which Smollett is said to have drawn largely +in his _Humphrey Clinker_. He made many other excursions into literature +which are hardly remembered, and ended his days as a country squire at +the age of eighty. + + +D'ARBLAY, FRANCES (BURNEY) (1752-1840).--Novelist, _dau._ of Dr. Charles +B., a musician of some distinction, was _b._ at Lynn Regis, where her +_f._ was organist. Her mother having died while she was very young, and +her _f._, who had come to London, being too busy to give her any +attention, she was practically self-educated. Her first novel, _Evelina_, +_pub._ anonymously in 1778, at once by its narrative and comic power, +brought her fame, and, through Mrs. Thrale (_q.v._), she made the +acquaintance of Dr. Johnson, with whom she became a great favourite. Her +next literary venture was a comedy, _The Witlings_; but, by the advice of +her _f._, it was not put upon the stage. In 1782, however, she produced +_Cecilia_, which, like its predecessor, had an enormous sale, and which, +though not perhaps so popular as _Evelina_, added to her fame. She now +became the friend of Burke and other distinguished persons, including +Mrs. Delaney, through whom she became known to the royal family, and was +offered the appointment of Second Keeper of the Robes, which, with some +misgivings, she accepted. This situation did not prove a happy one, the +duties being menial, the society uncongenial, and the court etiquette +oppressive and injurious to her health, and in 1791 she obtained +permission to retire on a pension of L100. She had, during her connection +with the court, continued her _Diary_, which she had begun in girlhood, +and continued during her whole life, and which during this period +contains many interesting accounts of persons and affairs of note. She +married (1793) Gen. D'Arblay, a French _emigre_, their only income being +her slender pension. This she endeavoured to increase by producing a +tragedy, _Edwy and Elvira_, which failed. In 1795 she _pub._ by +subscription another novel, _Camilla_, which, though it did not add to +her reputation, considerably improved her circumstances, as it is said to +have brought her L3000. After some years spent in France, where her +husband had obtained employment, she returned to England and _pub._ her +last novel, _The Wanderer_, which fell flat. Her only remaining work was +a life of her father, written in an extraordinarily grandiloquent style. +She died in 1840, aged 87. + + +ARBUTHNOT, JOHN (1667-1735).--Physician and satirist, was _b._ in +Kincardineshire, and after studying at Aberdeen and Oxford, took his +degree of M.D. at St. Andrews. Settling in London, he taught mathematics. +Being by a fortunate accident at Epsom, he was called in to prescribe for +Prince George, who was suddenly taken ill there, and was so successful in +his treatment that he was appointed his regular physician. This +circumstance made his professional fortune, for his ability enabled him +to take full advantage of it, and in 1705 he became physician to the +Queen. He became the cherished friend of Swift and Pope, and himself +gained a high reputation as a wit and man of letters. His principal works +are the _Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus_, partly by Pope, but to which he +was the chief contributor, the _History of John Bull_ (1712), mainly +against the Duke of Marlborough, _A Treatise concerning the Altercation +or Scolding of the Ancients_, and the _Art of Political Lying_. He also +wrote various medical treatises, and dissertations on ancient coins, +weights, and measures. After the death of Queen Anne, A. lost his court +appointments, but this, as well as more serious afflictions with which he +was visited, he bore with serenity and dignity. He was an honourable and +amiable man, one of the very few who seems to have retained the sincere +regard of Swift, whose style he made the model of his own, with such +success that writings by the one were sometimes attributed to the other: +his _Art of Political Lying_ is an example. He has, however, none of the +ferocity of S. + + +ARGYLL, GEORGE JOHN DOUGLAS CAMPBELL, 8TH DUKE OF (1823-1900).--Statesman +and writer on science, religion, and politics, succeeded his _f._, the +7th duke, in 1847. His talents and eloquence soon raised him to +distinction in public life. He acted with the Liberal party until its +break-up under the Irish policy of Mr. Gladstone, after which he was one +of the Unionist leaders. He held the offices of Lord Privy Seal, +Postmaster-General, and Indian Secretary. His writings include _The Reign +of Law_ (1866), _Primeval Man_ (1869), _The Eastern Question_ (1879), +_The Unseen Foundations of Society_ (1893), _Philosophy of Belief_ +(1896), _Organic Evolution Cross-examined_ (1898). He was a man of the +highest character, honest, courageous, and clear-sighted, and, though +regarded by some professional scientists as to a certain extent an +amateur, his ability, knowledge, and dialectic power made him a +formidable antagonist, and enabled him to exercise a useful, generally +conservative, influence on scientific thought and progress. + + +ARMSTRONG, JOHN, M.D. (1709-1779).--Poet, _s._ of the minister of +Castleton, Roxburghshire, studied medicine, which he practised in London. +He is remembered as the friend of Thomson, Mallet, and other literary +celebrities of the time, and as the author of a poem on _The Art of +Preserving Health_, which appeared in 1744, and in which a somewhat +unpromising subject for poetic treatment is gracefully and ingeniously +handled. His other works, consisting of some poems and prose essays, and +a drama, _The Forced Marriage_, are forgotten, with the exception of the +four stanzas at the end of the first part of Thomson's _Castle of +Indolence_, describing the diseases incident to sloth, which he +contributed. + + +ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904).--Poet, _s._ of a Sussex magistrate, was +_b._ at Gravesend, and _ed._ at King's School, Rochester, London, and +Oxford. Thereafter he was an assistant master at King Edward's School, +Birmingham, and was in 1856 appointed Principal of the Government Deccan +College, Poona. Here he received the bias towards, and gathered material +for, his future works. In 1861 he returned to England and became +connected with _The Daily Telegraph_, of which he was ultimately editor. +The literary task which he set before him was the interpretation in +English verse of the life and philosophy of the East. His chief work with +this object is _The Light of Asia_ (1879), a poem on the life and +teaching of Buddha, which had great popularity, but whose permanent place +in literature must remain very uncertain. In _The Light of the World_ +(1891), he attempted, less successfully, a similar treatment of the life +and teaching of Jesus. Other works are _The Song of Songs of India_ +(1875), _With Saadi in the Garden_, and _The Tenth Muse_. He travelled +widely in the East, and wrote books on his travels. He was made K.C.I.E. +in 1888. + + +ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888).--Poet and critic, _s._ of Dr. A., of Rugby +(_q.v._), was _b._ at Laleham and _ed._ at Rugby, Winchester, and Balliol +Coll., Oxford, becoming a Fellow of Oriel in 1845. Thereafter he was +private secretary to Lord Lansdowne, Lord President of the Council, +through whose influence he was in 1851 appointed an inspector of schools. +Two years before this he had _pub._ his first book of poetry, _The +Strayed Reveller_, which he soon withdrew: some of the poems, however, +including "Mycerinus" and "The Forsaken Merman," were afterwards +republished, and the same applies to his next book, _Empedocles on Etna_ +(1852), with "Tristram and Iseult." In 1857 he was appointed to the +Professorship of Poetry at Oxford, which he held for ten years. After +this he produced little poetry and devoted himself to criticism and +theology. His principal writings are, in poetry, _Poems_ (1853), +containing "Sohrab and Rustum," and "The Scholar Gipsy;" _Poems, 2nd +Series_ (1855), containing "Balder Dead;" _Merope_ (1858); _New Poems_ +(1867), containing "Thyrsis," an elegy on A.H. Clough (_q.v._), "A +Southern Night," "Rugby Chapel," and "The Weary Titan"; in prose he wrote +_On Translating Homer_ (1861 and 1862), _On the Study of Celtic +Literature_ (1867), _Essays in Celtic Literature_ (1868), _2nd Series_ +(1888), _Culture and Anarchy_ (1869), _St. Paul and Protestantism_ +(1870), _Friendship's Garland_ (1871), _Literature and Dogma_ (1873), +_God and the Bible_ (1875), _Last Essays on Church and Religion_ (1877), +_Mixed Essays_ (1879), _Irish Essays_ (1882), and _Discourses in America_ +(1885). He also wrote some works on the state of education on the +Continent. In 1883 he received a pension of L250. The rationalistic +tendency of certain of his writings gave offence to many readers, and the +sufficiency of his equipment in scholarship for dealing with some of the +subjects which he handled was called in question; but he undoubtedly +exercised a stimulating influence on his time; his writings are +characterised by the finest culture, high purpose, sincerity, and a style +of great distinction, and much of his poetry has an exquisite and subtle +beauty, though here also it has been doubted whether high culture and +wide knowledge of poetry did not sometimes take the place of the true +poetic fire. + +There is a bibliography of A.'s works by T.B. Smart (1892), and books +upon him have been written by Prof. Saintsbury (1899), H. Paul (1902), +and G.W.E. Russell (1904), also papers by Sir L. Stephen, F. Harrison, +and others. + + +ARNOLD, THOMAS (1795-1842).--Historian, _s._ of an inland revenue officer +in the Isle of Wight, was _ed._ at Winchester and Oxford, and after some +years as a tutor, was, in 1828, appointed Head Master of Rugby. His +learning, earnestness, and force of character enabled him not only to +raise his own school to the front rank of public schools, but to exercise +an unprecedented reforming influence on the whole educational system of +the country. A liberal in politics, and a zealous church reformer, he was +involved in many controversies, educational and religious. As a churchman +he was a decided Erastian, and strongly opposed to the High Church party. +In 1841 he was appointed Professor of Modern History at Oxford. His chief +literary works are his unfinished _History of Rome_ (three vols. +1838-42), and his _Lectures on Modern History_. He _d._ suddenly of +angina pectoris in the midst of his usefulness and growing influence. His +life, by Dean Stanley (_q.v._), is one of the best works of its class in +the language. + + +ASCHAM, ROGER (1515-1568).--Didactic writer and scholar, _s._ of John A., +house-steward in the family of Lord Scrope, was _b._ at Kirby Wiske, +Yorkshire, and _ed._ first by Sir Humphrey Wingfield, and then at St. +John's Coll., Cambridge, where he devoted himself specially to the study +of Greek, then newly revived, and of which, having taken a fellowship, he +became a teacher. He was likewise noted for his skill in penmanship, +music, and archery, the last of which is the subject of his first work, +_Toxophilus_, _pub._ in 1545, and which, dedicated to Henry VIII., gained +him the favour of the King, who bestowed a pension upon him. The objects +of the book are twofold, to commend the practice of shooting with the +long bow as a manly sport and an aid to national defence, and to set the +example of a higher style of composition than had yet been attempted in +English. Soon afterwards he was made university orator, and master of +languages to the Lady (afterwards Queen) Elizabeth. He then went abroad +in various positions of trust, returning on being appointed Latin +Secretary to Edward VI. This office he likewise discharged to Mary and +then to Elizabeth--a testimony to his tact and caution in these changeful +times. His principal work, _The Schoolmaster_, a treatise on education, +was printed by his widow in 1570. He also _pub._ a book on the political +state of Germany. + +Editions: of _Toxophilus_, Arber; _Schoolmaster_, Arber, also Mayer +(1883); English works, Bennet (1767), with life by Dr. Johnson; whole +works, Giles (1864-5). + + +ASGILL, JOHN (1659-1738).--Eccentric writer, student at the Middle +Temple, 1686, and called to the Bar 1692. In 1699 he _pub._ in an unlucky +hour a pamphlet to prove that death was not obligatory upon Christians, +which, much to his surprise, aroused the public wrath and led to his +expulsion from the Irish and English House of Commons successively. A. +thereafter fell on evil days, and passed the rest of his life between the +Fleet and the King's Bench, where, strange to say, his zeal as a +pamphleteer continued unabated. He _d._ in 1738. + + +ASHMOLE, ELIAS (1617-1692).--Antiquary, was _ed._ at Lichfield, and +became a solicitor in 1638. On the breaking out of the Civil War he +sided with the royalists; went to Oxford and studied science, including +astrology. The result of his studies in this region of mystery was his +_Theatrum Chymicum Britannicum_, which gained him great repute and the +friendship of John Selden. His last astrological treatise was _The Way to +Bliss_, which dealt with the subject of "the philosopher's stone." He +also wrote various works on antiquarian subjects, and a _History of the +Order of the Garter_. A. held various posts under government, and +presented to the University of Oxford a valuable collection of +curiosities now known as the Ashmolean Museum. He also bequeathed his +library to the University. His wife was a _dau._ of Sir W. Dugdale, the +antiquary. + + +ASSER (_d._ 909?).--Chronicler, a monk of St. David's, afterwards Bishop +of Sherborne, was the friend, helper, and biographer of AElfred. In +addition to his life of AElfred he wrote a chronicle of England from 849 +to 887. + + +ATHERSTONE, EDWIN (1788-1872).--Poet and novelist. His works, which were +planned on an imposing scale, attracted some temporary attention and +applause, but are now forgotten. His chief poem, _The Fall of Nineveh_, +consisting of thirty books, appeared at intervals from 1828 to 1868. He +also produced two novels, _The Sea Kings in England_ and _The Handwriting +on the Wall_. + + +ATTERBURY, FRANCIS (1662-1732).--Controversialist and preacher, was _b._ +near Newport Pagnel, Bucks, and _ed._ at Westminster School and Oxford. +He became the leading protagonist on the High Church side in the +ecclesiastical controversies of his time, and is believed to have been +the chief author of the famous defence of Dr. Sacheverell in 1712. He +also wrote most of Boyle's _Examination of Dr. Bentley's Dissertations on +the Epistles of Phalaris_, and _pub._ sermons, which, with his letters to +Swift, Pope, and other friends, constitute the foundation of his literary +reputation. During the reign of the Tories he enjoyed much preferment, +having been successively Canon of Exeter, Dean of Christ Church, Dean of +Westminster, and Bishop of Rochester. His Jacobite principles, however, +and his participation in various plots got him into trouble, and in 1722 +he was confined in the Tower, deprived of all his offices, and ultimately +banished. He _d._ at Paris, Feb. 15, 1732, and was buried privately in +Westminster Abbey. + + +AUBREY, JOHN (1626-1697).--Antiquary, was a country gentleman who +inherited estates in several counties in England, which he lost by +litigation and otherwise. He devoted himself to the collection of +antiquarian and miscellaneous observations, and gave assistance to +Dugdale and Anthony a-Wood in their researches. His own investigations +were extensive and minute, but their value is much diminished by his +credulity, and want of capacity to weigh evidence. His only publication +is his _Miscellanies_, a collection of popular superstitions, etc., but +he left various collections, which were edited and _publ._ in the 19th +century. + + +AUSTEN, JANE (1775-1817).--Novelist, _dau._ of a clergyman, was _b._ at +the rectory of Steventon near Basingstoke. She received an education +superior to that generally given to girls of her time, and took early to +writing, her first tale being begun in 1798. Her life was a singularly +uneventful one, and, but for a disappointment in love, tranquil and +happy. In 1801 the family went to Bath, the scene of many episodes in her +writings, and after the death of her _f._ in 1805 to Southampton, and +later to Chawton, a village in Hants, where most of her novels were +written. A tendency to consumption having manifested itself, she removed +in May, 1817, to Winchester for the advantage of skilled medical +attendance, but so rapid was the progress of her malady that she died +there two months later. Of her six novels, four--_Sense and Sensibility_ +(1811), _Pride and Prejudice_ (1813), _Mansfield Park_ (1814) and _Emma_ +(1816)--were _pub._ anonymously during her life-time; and the others, +_Northanger Abbey_--written in 1798--and _Persuasion_, finished in 1816, +appeared a few months after her death, when the name of the authoress was +divulged. Although her novels were from the first well received, it is +only of comparatively late years that her genius has gained the wide +appreciation which it deserves. Her strength lies in the delineation of +character, especially of persons of her own sex, by a number of minute +and delicate touches arising out of the most natural and everyday +incidents in the life of the middle and upper classes, from which her +subjects are generally taken. Her characters, though of quite ordinary +types, are drawn with such wonderful firmness and precision, and with +such significant detail as to retain their individuality absolutely +intact through their entire development, and they are never coloured by +her own personality. Her view of life is genial in the main, with a +strong dash of gentle but keen satire: she appeals rarely and slightly to +the deeper feelings; and the enforcement of the excellent lessons she +teaches is left altogether to the story, without a word of formal +moralising. Among her admirers was Sir W. Scott, who said, "That young +lady has a talent for describing the involvements of feelings and +characters of ordinary life which is to me the most wonderful I ever met +with;" others were Macaulay (who thought that in the world there were no +compositions which approached nearer to perfection), Coleridge, Southey, +Sydney Smith, and E. FitzGerald. + + +AUSTIN, JOHN (1790-1859).--Jurist, served in the army in Sicily and +Malta, but, selling his commission, studied law, and was called to the +Bar 1818. He did not long continue to practise, but devoted himself to +the study of law as a science, and became Professor of Jurisprudence in +London University 1826-32. Thereafter he served on various Royal +Commissions. By his works he exercised a profound influence on the views +of jurisprudence held in England. These include _The Province of +Jurisprudence Determined_ (1832), and his _Lectures on Jurisprudence_. + + +AYTON, SIR ROBERT (1570-1638).--Poet, _s._ of A. of Kinaldie in Fife. +After _grad._ at St. Andrews, he studied law at Paris, became ambassador +to the Emperor, and held other court offices. He appears to have been +well-known to his literary contemporaries in England. He wrote poems in +Latin, Greek, and English, and was one of the first Scotsmen to write in +the last. His chief poem is _Diophantus and Charidora; Inconstancy +Upbraided_ is perhaps the best of his short poems. He is credited with a +little poem, _Old Long Syne_, which probably suggested Burns's famous +_Auld Lang Syne_. + + +AYTOUN, WILLIAM EDMONSTONE (1813-1865).--Poet and humorist, _s._ of Roger +A., a Writer to the Signet, was _b._ in Edinburgh and _ed._ there, and +was brought up to the law, which, however, as he said, he "followed but +could never overtake." He became a contributor to _Blackwood's Magazine_ +in 1836, and continued his connection with it until his death. In it +appeared most of his humorous prose pieces, such as _The Glenmutchkin +Railway_, _How I Became a Yeoman_, and _How I Stood for the Dreepdaily +Burghs_, all full of vigorous fun. In the same pages began to appear his +chief poetical work, the _Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers_, and a novel, +partly autobiographical, _Norman Sinclair_. Other works were _The Bon +Gaultier Ballads_, jointly with Theodore Martin, and _Firmilian, a +Spasmodic Tragedy_, under the _nom-de-plume_ of T. Percy Jones, intended +to satirise a group of poets and critics, including Gilfillan, Dobell, +Bailey, and Alexander Smith. In 1845 A. obtained the Chair of Rhetoric +and Belles Lettres in Edinburgh University, which he filled with great +success, raising the attendance from 30 to 150, and in 1852 he was +appointed sheriff of Orkney and Shetland. He was married to a _dau._ of +Professor Wilson (Christopher North). + + +BACON, FRANCIS, LORD VERULAM, AND VISCOUNT ST. ALBAN'S +(1561-1626).--Philosopher and statesman, was the youngest _s._ of Sir +Nicholas B., Lord Keeper, by his second wife, a _dau._ of Sir Anthony +Cooke, whose sister married William Cecil, Lord Burghley, the great +minister of Queen Elizabeth. He was _b._ at York House in the Strand on +Jan. 22, 1561, and in his 13th year was sent with his elder brother +Anthony to Trinity Coll., Cambridge. Here he first met the Queen, who was +impressed by his precocious intellect, and was accustomed to call him +"the young Lord Keeper." Here also he became dissatisfied with the +Aristotelian philosophy as being unfruitful and leading only to +resultless disputation. In 1576 he entered Gray's Inn, and in the same +year joined the embassy of Sir Amyas Paulet to France, where he remained +until 1579. The death of his _f._ in that year, before he had completed +an intended provision for him, gave an adverse turn to his fortunes, and +rendered it necessary that he should decide upon a profession. He +accordingly returned to Gray's Inn, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to +induce Burghley to give him a post at court, and thus enable him to +devote himself to a life of learning, he gave himself seriously to the +study of law, and was called to the Bar in 1582. He did not, however, +desert philosophy, and _pub._ a Latin tract, _Temporis Partus Maximus_ +(the Greatest Birth of Time), the first rough draft of his own system. +Two years later, in 1584, he entered the House of Commons as member for +Melcombe, sitting subsequently for Taunton (1586), Liverpool (1589), +Middlesex (1593), and Southampton (1597). In the Parliament of 1586 he +took a prominent part in urging the execution of Mary Queen of Scots. +About this time he seems again to have approached his powerful uncle, the +result of which may possibly be traced in his rapid progress at the Bar, +and in his receiving, in 1589, the reversion to the Clerkship of the +Star Chamber, a valuable appointment, into the enjoyment of which, +however, he did not enter until 1608. About 1591 he formed a friendship +with the Earl of Essex, from whom he received many tokens of kindness ill +requited. In 1593 the offices of Attorney-general, and subsequently of +Solicitor-general became vacant, and Essex used his influence on B.'s +behalf, but unsuccessfully, the former being given to Coke, the famous +lawyer. These disappointments may have been owing to a speech made by B. +on a question of subsidies. To console him for them Essex presented him +with a property at Twickenham, which he subsequently sold for L1800, +equivalent to a much larger sum now. In 1596 he was made a Queen's +Counsel, but missed the appointment of Master of the Rolls, and in the +next year (1597), he _pub._ the first edition of his _Essays_, ten in +number, combined with _Sacred Meditations_ and the _Colours of Good and +Evil_. By 1601 Essex had lost the Queen's favour, and had raised his +rebellion, and B. was one of those appointed to investigate the charges +against him, and examine witnesses, in connection with which he showed an +ungrateful and indecent eagerness in pressing the case against his former +friend and benefactor, who was executed on Feb. 25, 1601. This act B. +endeavoured to justify in _A Declaration of the Practices and Treasons, +etc., of ... the Earl of Essex, etc._ His circumstances had for some time +been bad, and he had been arrested for debt: he had, however, received a +gift of a fine of L1200 on one of Essex's accomplices. The accession of +James VI. in 1603 gave a favourable turn to his fortunes: he was +knighted, and endeavoured to set himself right with the new powers by +writing his _Apologie_ (defence) of his proceedings in the case of Essex, +who had favoured the succession of James. In the first Parliament of the +new king he sat for St. Alban's, and was appointed a Commissioner for +Union with Scotland. In 1605 he _pub._ _The Advancement of Learning_, +dedicated, with fulsome flattery, to the king. The following year he +married Alice Barnham, the _dau._ of a London merchant, and in 1607 he +was made Solicitor-General, and wrote _Cogita et Visa_, a first sketch of +the _Novum Organum_, followed in 1609 by _The Wisdom of the Ancients_. +Meanwhile (in 1608), he had entered upon the Clerkship of the Star +Chamber, and was in the enjoyment of a large income; but old debts and +present extravagance kept him embarrassed, and he endeavoured to obtain +further promotion and wealth by supporting the king in his arbitrary +policy. In 1613 he became Attorney-General, and in this capacity +prosecuted Somerset in 1616. The year 1618 saw him Lord Keeper, and the +next Lord Chancellor and Baron Verulam, a title which, in 1621, he +exchanged for that of Viscount St. Albans. Meanwhile he had written the +_New Atlantis_, a political romance, and in 1620 he presented to the king +the _Novum Organum_, on which he had been engaged for 30 years, and which +ultimately formed the main part of the _Instauratio Magna_. In his great +office B. showed a failure of character in striking contrast with the +majesty of his intellect. He was corrupt alike politically and +judicially, and now the hour of retribution arrived. In 1621 a +Parliamentary Committee on the administration of the law charged him with +corruption under 23 counts; and so clear was the evidence that he made no +attempt at defence. To the lords, who sent a committee to inquire +whether the confession was really his, he replied, "My lords, it is my +act, my hand, and my heart; I beseech your lordships to be merciful to a +broken reed." He was sentenced to a fine of L40,000, remitted by the +king, to be committed to the Tower during the king's pleasure (which was +that he should be released in a few days), and to be incapable of holding +office or sitting in parliament. He narrowly escaped being deprived of +his titles. Thenceforth he devoted himself to study and writing. In 1622 +appeared his _History of Henry VII._, and the 3rd part of the +_Instauratio_; in 1623, _History of Life and Death_, the _De Augmentis +Scientarum_, a Latin translation of the _Advancement_, and in 1625 the +3rd edition of the _Essays_, now 58 in number. He also _pub._ +_Apophthegms_, and a translation of some of the _Psalms_. His life was +now approaching its close. In March, 1626, he came to London, and shortly +after, when driving on a snowy day, the idea struck him of making an +experiment as to the antiseptic properties of snow, in consequence of +which he caught a chill, which ended in his death on 9th April 1626. He +left debts to the amount of L22,000. At the time of his death he was +engaged upon _Sylva Sylvarum_. The intellect of B. was one of the most +powerful and searching ever possessed by man, and his developments of the +inductive philosophy revolutionised the future thought of the human race. +The most popular of his works is the _Essays_, which convey profound and +condensed thought in a style that is at once clear and rich. His moral +character was singularly mixed and complex, and bears no comparison with +his intellect. It exhibits a singular coldness and lack of enthusiasm, +and indeed a bluntness of moral perception and an absence of +attractiveness rarely combined with such extraordinary mental endowments. +All that was possible to be done in defence of his character and public +conduct has been done by his accomplished biographer and editor, Mr. +Spedding (_q.v._). Singular, though of course futile, attempts, supported +sometimes with much ingenuity, have been made to claim for B. the +authorship of Shakespeare's plays, and have indeed been extended so as to +include those of Marlowe, and even the _Essays_ of Montaigne. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ London 1561, _ed._ Trinity Coll., Cambridge, dissatisfied +with Aristotelean philosophy, entered Gray's Inn 1576, in France 1576-79, +called to Bar 1582, enters Parliament 1584, became friend of Essex 1591, +who presents him with estate 1593, _pub._ 1st ed. of _Essays_ 1597, +prosecutes Essex 1601, _pub._ _Advancement of Learning_ 1605, +Solicitor-Gen. 1607, _pub._ _Wisdom of the Ancients_ 1609, Attorney-Gen. +1613, prosecuted Somerset 1616, Lord Keeper 1618, Lord Chancellor with +title of Verulam 1619, Visc. St. Albans 1621, _pub._ _Novum Organum_ +1620, charged with corruption, and retires from public life 1621, _pub._ +_Henry VII._ and 3rd part of _Instauratio_ 1622, _d._ 1626. + +The standard edition of B.'s works is that of Spedding, Ellis, and Heath +(14 vols. 1857-74), including _Life and Letters_ by Spedding. See also +Macaulay's _Essays_; Dean Church in _Men of Letters Series_; Dr. Abbott's +_Life_ (1885), etc. For philosophy Fowler's _Novum Organum_ (1878). + + +BACON, ROGER (1214?-1294).--Philosopher, studied at Oxford and Paris. His +scientific acquirements, regarded in that age as savouring of +witchcraft, and doubtless also his protests against the ignorance and +immorality of the clergy, excited the jealousy and hatred of the +Franciscans, and he was in consequence imprisoned at Paris for ten years. +Clement IV., who had been a sympathiser, desired on his accession to see +his works, and in response B. sent him _Opus Majus_, a treatise on the +sciences (grammar, logic, mathematics, physics, and philosophy), followed +by _Opus Secundum_ and _Opus Tertium_. Clement, however, was near death +when they arrived. B. was comparatively free from persecution for the +next ten years. But in 1278 he was again imprisoned for upwards of ten +years. At the intercession of some English noblemen he was at last +released, and spent his remaining years at Oxford. He possessed one of +the most commanding intellects of his own, or perhaps of any, age, and, +notwithstanding all the disadvantages and discouragements to which he was +subjected, made many discoveries, and came near to many more. There is +still preserved at Oxford a rectified calendar in which he approximates +closely to the truth. He received the sobriquet of the "Doctor +Mirabilis." + + +BAGE, ROBERT (1728-1801).--Novelist, _b._ in Derbyshire, was the _s._ of +a paper-maker. It was not until he was 53 that he took to literature; but +in the 15 years following he produced 6 novels, of which Sir Walter Scott +says that "strong mind, playful fancy, and extensive knowledge are +everywhere apparent." B., though brought up as a Quaker, imbibed the +principles of the French Revolution. He was an amiable and benevolent +man, and highly esteemed. _Hermsprong; or, Man as He is Not_ (1796) is +considered the best of his novels, of which it was the last. The names of +the others are _Mount Kenneth_ (1781), _Barham Downs_ (1784), _The Fair +Syrian_ (1787), _James Wallace_ (1788), and _Man as He is_ (1792). + + +BAGEHOT, WALTER (1826-1877).--Economist, _s._ of a banker, _b._ at +Langport, Somerset, _ed._ at University Coll., London, and called to the +Bar, but did not practise, and joined his _f._ in business. He wrote for +various periodicals, and from 1860 was editor of _The Economist_. He was +the author of _The English Constitution_ (1867), a standard work which +was translated into several languages; _Physics and Politics_ (1872), and +_Lombard Street_ (1873), a valuable financial work. A collection of +essays, biographical and economic, was _pub._ after his death. + + +BAILEY, PHILIP JAMES (1816-1902).--Poet, _s._ of a journalist, _b._ at +Nottingham, and _ed._ there and at Glasgow, of which he was made an LL.D. +in 1891. His life was a singularly uneventful one. He lived at +Nottingham, Jersey, Ilfracombe, London, and again at Nottingham, where he +_d._ He travelled a good deal on the Continent. He was by profession a +barrister, but never practised, and devoted his whole energies to poetry. +His first poem, _Festus_ (1839), is, for the daring of its theme and the +imaginative power and moral altitude which it displays, one of the most +notable of the century; as the work of one little past boyhood it is a +prodigy of intellectual precocity. Along with its great qualities it has +many faults in execution, and its final place in literature remains to +be determined. It was _pub._ anonymously, and had great success, but has +fallen into unmerited, but perhaps temporary, neglect. Among its greatest +admirers was Tennyson. The subsequent poems of B., _The Angel World_ +(1850), _The Mystic_ (1855), _The Age_ (1858), and _The Universal Hymn_ +(1867), were failures, and the author adopted the unfortunate expedient +of endeavouring to buoy them up by incorporating large extracts in the +later editions of _Festus_, with the effect only of sinking the latter, +which ultimately extended to over 40,000 lines. B. was a man of +strikingly handsome appearance, and gentle and amiable character. + + +BAILLIE, JOANNA (1762-1851).--Dramatist and poetess, _dau._ of the +minister of Bothwell, afterwards Professor of Divinity at Glasgow. Her +mother was a sister of the great anatomists, William and John Hunter, and +her brother was the celebrated physician, Matthew B., of London. She +received a thorough education at Glasgow, and at an early age went to +London, where the remainder of her long, happy, and honoured, though +uneventful, life was passed. In 1798, when she was 36, the first vol. of +her _Plays on the Passions_ appeared, and was received with much favour, +other two vols. followed in 1802 and 1812, and she also produced +_Miscellaneous Plays_ in 1804, and 3 vols. of _Dramatic Poetry_ in 1836. +In all her works there are many passages of true and impressive poetry, +but the idea underlying her _Plays on the Passions_, that, namely, of +exhibiting the principal character as acting under the exclusive +influence of one passion, is artificial and untrue to nature. + + +BAILLIE, LADY GRIZEL (1665-1746).--Poetess, _dau._ of Sir Patrick Home or +Hume, afterwards Earl of Marchmont, was married to George Baillie of +Jerviswoode. In her childhood she showed remarkable courage and address +in the services she rendered to her father and his friend, Robert Baillie +of Jerviswoode, the eminent Scottish patriot, when under persecution. She +left many pieces both prose and verse in MS., some of which were _pub._ +The best known is the beautiful song, _Were na my heart licht I wad die_. + + +BAILLIE, ROBERT (1599-1662).--Historical writer, _s._ of B. of Jerviston, +_ed._ at Glasgow, he entered the Church of Scotland and became minister +of Kilwinning in Ayrshire. His abilities soon made him a leading man. He +was a member of the historic Assembly of 1638, when Presbyterianism was +re-established in Scotland, and also of the Westminster Assembly, 1643. +In 1651 he was made Professor of Divinity in Glasgow, and 10 years later +Principal. His _Letters and Journals_, edited for the Bannatyne Club by +D. Laing (_q.v._), are of the greatest value for the interesting light +they throw on a period of great importance in Scottish history. He was +one of the wisest and most temperate churchmen of his time. + + +BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903).--Philosopher, _b._ at Aberdeen, and +graduated at Marischal Coll. there, became in 1860 Professor of Logic in +his university, and wrote a number of works on philosophy and psychology, +including _The Senses and the Intellect_ (1855), _The Emotions and the +Will_, _Mental and Moral Science_ (1868), _Logic_ (1870), and _Education +as a Science_ (1879). In 1881 he was elected Lord Rector of Aberdeen +University. + + +BAKER, SIR RICHARD (1568-1645).--Historian and religious writer, studied +law, was knighted in 1603, and was High Sheriff of Oxfordshire 1620. B. +was the author of _The Chronicle of the Kings of England_ (1643), which +was for long held as a great authority among the country gentlemen. It +has, however, many errors. B. fell on evil days, was thrown into the +Fleet for debt incurred by others, for which he had made himself +responsible, and _d._ there. It was during his durance that the +_Chronicle_ and some religious treatises were composed. The _Chronicle_ +was continued by Edward Phillips, Milton's nephew, who became a strong +Royalist. + + +BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE (1821-1893).--Traveller, _b._ in London, and +after being a planter in Ceylon, and superintending the construction of a +railway between the Danube and the Black Sea, went with his wife, a +Hungarian lady, in search of the sources of the Nile, and discovered the +great lake, Albert Nyanza. B. was knighted in 1866, and was for 4 years +Governor-General of the Equatorial Nile Basin. His books, which are all +on travel and sport, are well written and include _Albert Nyanza_ (1866), +_Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia_ (1867). + + +BALE, JOHN (1495-1563).--Historian and controversialist, _b._ at Cove, +Suffolk, and _ed._ as a Carmelite friar, but becoming a Protestant, +engaged in violent controversy with the Roman Catholics. After undergoing +persecution and flying to Flanders, he was brought back by Edward VI. and +made Bishop of Ossory. On the death of Edward he was again persecuted, +and had to escape from Ireland to Holland, but returned on the accession +of Elizabeth, who made him a Prebendary of Canterbury. His chief work is +a Latin _Account of the Lives of Eminent Writers of Great Britain_. +Besides this he wrote some dramas on scriptural subjects, and an account +of the trial and death of Sir John Oldcastle. He wrote in all 22 plays, +of which only 5 have come down, the names of certain of which give some +idea of their nature, _e.g._, _The Three Leaves of Nature_, _Moses and +Christ_, and _The Temptacyon of Our Lord_. + + +BALLANTINE, JAMES (1808-1877).--Artist and author, _b._ in Edinburgh, +began life as a house painter. He studied art, and became one of the +first to revive the art of glass-painting, on which subject he wrote a +treatise. He was the author of _The Gaberlunzie's Wallet_ (1843), _Miller +of Deanhaugh_ (1845), _Poems_ (1856), _100 Songs with Music_ (1865), and +a _Life of David Roberts, R.A._ (1866). + + +BALLANTYNE, ROBERT MICHAEL (1825-1894).--Writer of tales for boys, _b._ +in Edinburgh, was a connection of the well-known printers. As a youth he +spent some years in the service of the Hudson's Bay Co., and was then a +member of Constable's printing firm. In 1856 he took to literature as a +profession, and _pub._ about 80 tales, which, abounding in interesting +adventure and information, and characterised by a thoroughly healthy +tone, had great popularity. Among them are _The Young Fur Traders_ +(1856), _The Coral Island_, _Fighting the Flames_, _Martin Rattler_, _The +World of Ice_, _The Dog Crusoe_, _Erling the Bold_, and _Black Ivory_. B. +was also an accomplished water-colour artist, and in all respects lived +up to the ideals he sought to instil into his readers. He _d._ at Rome. + + +BANCROFT, GEORGE (1800-1891).--American historian, _b._ at Worcester, +Massachusetts, and after _grad._ at Harvard, studied in Germany, where he +became acquainted and corresponded with Goethe, Hegel, and other leaders +of German thought. Returning to America he began his _History of the +United States_ (1834-74). The work covers the period from the discovery +of the Continent to the conclusion of the Revolutionary War in 1782. His +other great work is _The History of the Formation of the Constitution of +the United States_ (1882). B. filled various political offices, and was +in 1846 Minister Plenipotentiary to England, and in 1867 Minister to +Prussia. His writing is clear and vigorous, and his facts generally +accurate, but he is a good deal of a partisan. + + +BANIM, JOHN (1798-1842).--Novelist, began life as a miniature painter, +but was led by the success of his first book, _Tales of the O'Hara +Family_, to devote himself to literature. The object which he set before +himself was to become to Ireland what Scott has been to Scotland, and the +influence of his model is distinctly traceable in his writings. His +strength lies in the delineation of the characters of the Irish lower +classes, and the impulses, often misguided and criminal, by which they +are influenced, and in this he has shown remarkable power. The first +series of the _O'Hara Tales_ appeared in 1825, the second in 1826. Other +works are _The Croppy_ (1828), _The Denounced_ (1830), _The Smuggler_ +(1831), _The Mayor of Windgap_, and his last, _Father Connell_. Most of +these deal with the darker and more painful phases of life, but the +feeling shown in the last-named is brighter and tenderer. B. latterly +suffered from illness and consequent poverty, which were alleviated by a +pension from Government. He also wrote some poems, including _The Celt's +Paradise_, and one or two plays. In the _O'Hara Tales_, he was assisted +by his brother, MICHAEL BANIM (1796-1874), and there is difficulty in +allocating their respective contributions. After the death of John, +Michael wrote _Clough Fionn_ (1852), and _The Town of the Cascades_ +(1864). + + +BANNATYNE, RICHARD (_d._ 1605).--Secretary to John Knox, compiled +_Memorials of Transactions in Scotland from 1569 to 1573_. + + +BARBAULD, ANNA LETITIA (1743-1825).--Poetess, etc., _dau._ of Dr. John +Aikin (_q.v._), was _b._ at Kibworth-Hencourt, Leicestershire. Her _f._ +kept an academy for boys, whose education she shared, and thus became +acquainted with the classics. In 1773 she _pub._ a collection of +miscellaneous poems, which was well received, and in the following year +she married the Rev. R. Barbauld, a French Protestant and dissenting +minister, who also conducted a school near Palgrave in Suffolk. Into this +enterprise Mrs. B. threw herself with great energy, and, mainly owing to +her talents and reputation, it proved a success and was afterwards +carried on at Hampstead and Newington Green. Meantime, she continued her +literary occupations, and brought out various devotional works, including +her _Hymns in Prose for Children_. These were followed by _Evenings at +Home_, _Selections from the English Essayists_, _The Letters of Samuel +Richardson_, with a life prefixed, and a selection from the British +novelists with introductory essay. + + +BARBOUR, JOHN (1316?-1395).--Poet. Of B.'s youth nothing is certainly +known, but it is believed that he was _b._ near Aberdeen, and studied at +Oxford and Paris. He entered the Church, and rose to ecclesiastical +preferment and Royal favour. He is known to have been Archdeacon of +Aberdeen in 1357, when, and again in 1364, he went with some young +scholars to Oxford, and he also held various civil offices in connection +with the exchequer and the King's household. His principal poem, _The +Bruce_, was in progress in 1376. It consists of 14,000 octosyllabic +lines, and celebrates the praises of Robert the Bruce and James Douglas, +the flowers of Scottish chivalry. This poem is almost the sole authority +on the history it deals with, but is much more than a rhyming chronicle; +it contains many fine descriptive passages, and sings the praises of +freedom. Its style is somewhat bald and severe. Other poems ascribed to +B. are _The Legend of Troy_, and _Legends of the Saints_, probably +translations. B. devoted a perpetual annuity of 20 shillings, bestowed +upon him by the King, to provide for a mass to be sung for himself and +his parents, and this was duly done in the church of St. Machar until the +Reformation. + +_The Bruce_, edited by C. Innes for Spalding Club (1856), and for Early +Engl. Text Soc. by W.W. Skeat, 1870-77; and for Scott. Text Soc. (1894); +_The Wallace_ and _The Bruce_ re-studied, J.T.T. Brown, 1900; G. Neilson +in Chambers' Cyc. Eng. Lit. (1903). + + +BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (1475?-1552).--Poet, probably of Scottish birth, was a +priest in England. He is remembered for his satirical poem, _The Ship of +Fools_ (1509), partly a translation, which is of interest as throwing +light on the manners and customs of the times to which it refers. He also +translated Sallust's _Bellum Jugurthinum_, and the _Mirrour of Good +Manners_, from the Italian of Mancini, and wrote five _Eclogues_. His +style is stiff and his verse uninspired. + + +BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621).--Satirist, _s._ of a Scotsman, who was +Professor of Law at Pont-a-Mousson, Lorraine, came with his _f._ to +England about 1603. He wrote several works in English and Latin, among +which are _Euphormionis Satyricon_, against the Jesuits, and _Argenis_, a +political romance, resembling in certain respects the _Arcadia_ of +Sidney, and the _Utopia_ of More. + + +BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690).--Apologist of the Quakers, _s._ of Col. +David B. of Ury, _ed._ at the Scots Coll. in Paris, of which his uncle +was Rector, made such progress in study as to gain the admiration of his +teachers, specially of his uncle, who offered to make him his heir if he +would remain in France, and join the Roman Catholic Church. This he +refused to do, and, returning to Scotland, he in 1667 adopted the +principles of the Quakers as his _f._ had already done. Soon afterwards +he began to write in defence of his sect, by _pub._ in 1670 _Truth +cleared of Calumnies_, and _a Catechism and Confession of Faith_ (1673). +His great work, however, is his _Apology for the Quakers_, _pub._ in +Latin in 1676, and translated into English in 1678. It is a weighty and +learned work, written in a dignified style, and was eagerly read. It, +however, failed to arrest the persecution to which the Quakers were +exposed, and B. himself, on returning from the Continent, where he had +gone with Foxe and Penn, was imprisoned, but soon regained his liberty, +and was in the enjoyment of Court favour. He was one of the twelve +Quakers who acquired East New Jersey, of which he was appointed nominal +Governor. His latter years were spent at his estate of Ury, where he _d._ +The essential view which B. maintained was, that Christians are +illuminated by an inner light superseding even the Scriptures as the +guide of life. His works have often been reprinted. + + +BARHAM, RICHARD HARRIS (1788-1845).--Novelist and humorous poet, _s._ of +a country gentleman, was _b._ at Canterbury, _ed._ at St. Paul's School +and Oxford, entered the church, held various incumbencies, and was +Divinity Lecturer, and minor canon of St. Paul's. It is not, however, as +a churchman that he is remembered, but as the author of the _Ingoldsby +Legends_, a series of comic and serio-comic pieces in verse, sparkling +with wit, and full of striking and often grotesque turns of expression, +which appeared first in _Bentley's Miscellany_. He also wrote, in +_Blackwood's Magazine_, a novel, _My Cousin Nicholas_. + + +BARLOW, JOEL (1754-1812).--Poet, _b._ at Reading, Connecticut, served for +a time as an army chaplain, and thereafter betook himself to law, and +finally to commerce and diplomacy, in the former of which he made a +fortune. He was much less successful as a poet than as a man of affairs. +His writings include _Vision of Columbus_ (1787), afterwards expanded +into the _Columbiad_ (1807), _The Conspiracy of Kings_ (1792), and _The +Hasty Pudding_ (1796), a mock-heroic poem, his best work. These are +generally pompous and dull. In 1811 he was _app._ ambassador to France, +and met his death in Poland while journeying to meet Napoleon. + + +BARNARD, LADY ANNE (LINDSAY) (1750-1825).--Poet, _e. dau._ of the 5th +Earl of Balcarres, married Andrew Barnard, afterwards Colonial Secretary +at Cape Town. On the _d._ of her husband in 1807 she settled in London. +Her exquisite ballad of _Auld Robin Gray_ was written in 1771, and _pub._ +anonymously. She confessed the authorship to Sir Walter Scott in 1823. + + +BARNES, BARNABE (1569?-1609).--Poet, _s._ of Dr. Richard B. Bishop, of +Durham, was _b._ in Yorkshire, and studied at Oxford. He wrote +_Parthenophil_, a collection of sonnets, madrigals, elegies, and odes, _A +Divine Centurie of Spirituall Sonnets_, and _The Devil's Charter_, a +tragedy. When at his best he showed a true poetic vein. + + +BARNES, WILLIAM (1801-1886).--Poet and philologist, _s._ of a farmer, +_b._ at Rushay, Dorset. After being a solicitor's clerk and a +schoolmaster, he entered the Church, in which he served various cures. +He first contributed to a newspaper, _Poems in Dorset Dialect_, +separately _pub._ in 1844. _Hwomely Rhymes_ followed in 1858, and a +collected edition of his poems appeared in 1879. His philological works +include _Philological Grammar_ (1854), _Se Gefylsta, an Anglo-Saxon +Delectus_ (1849). _Tiw, or a View of Roots_ (1862), and a _Glossary of +Dorset Dialect_ (1863). B.'s poems are characterised by a singular +sweetness and tenderness of feeling, deep insight into humble country +life and character, and an exquisite feeling for local scenery. + + +BARNFIELD, RICHARD (1574-1627).--Poet, _e.s._ of Richard B., gentleman, +was _b._ at Norbury, Shropshire, and _ed._ at Oxford. In 1594 he _pub._ +_The Affectionate Shepherd_, a collection of variations in graceful verse +of the 2nd Eclogue of Virgil. His next work was _Cynthia, with certain +Sonnets and the Legend of Cassandra_ in 1595; and in 1598 there appeared +a third vol., _The Encomion of Lady Pecunia, etc._, in which are two +songs ("If music and sweet poetrie agree," and "As it fell upon a day") +also included in _The Passionate Pilgrim_, an unauthorised collection, +and which were long attributed to Shakespeare. From this time, 1599, B. +produced nothing else, and seems to have retired to the life of a country +gentleman at Stone in Staffordshire, in the church of which he was buried +in 1627. He was for long neglected; but his poetry is clear, sweet, and +musical. His gift indeed is sufficiently attested by work of his having +passed for that of Shakespeare. + + +BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677).--Divine, scholar, and mathematician, _s._ of a +linen-draper in London, was _ed._ at Charterhouse, Felsted, Peterhouse, +and Trinity Coll., Cambridge, where his uncle and namesake, afterwards +Bishop of St. Asaph, was a Fellow. As a boy he was turbulent and +pugnacious, but soon took to hard study, distinguishing himself in +classics and mathematics. Intending originally to enter the Church, he +was led to think of the medical profession, and engaged in scientific +studies, but soon reverted to his first views. In 1655 he became +candidate for the Greek Professorship at Cambridge, but was unsuccessful, +and travelled for four years on the Continent as far as Turkey. On his +return he took orders, and, in 1660, obtained the Greek Chair at +Cambridge, and in 1662 the Gresham Professorship of Geometry, which he +resigned on being appointed first Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in +the same university. During his tenure of this chair he _pub._ two +mathematical works of great learning and elegance, the first on Geometry +and the second on Optics. In 1669 he resigned in favour of his pupil, +Isaac Newton, who was long considered his only superior among English +mathematicians. About this time also he composed his _Expositions of the +Creed_, _The Lord's Prayer_, _Decalogue_, and _Sacraments_. He was made a +D.D. by royal mandate in 1670, and two years later Master of Trinity +Coll., where he founded the library. Besides the works above mentioned, +he wrote other important treatises on mathematics, but in literature his +place is chiefly supported by his sermons, which are masterpieces of +argumentative eloquence, while his treatise on the _Pope's Supremacy_ is +regarded as one of the most perfect specimens of controversy in +existence. B.'s character as a man was in all respects worthy of his +great talents, though he had a strong vein of eccentricity. He _d._ +unmarried in London at the early age of 47. B.'s theological works were +edited by Napier, with memoir by Whewell (9 vols., 1839). + + +BARTON, BERNARD (1784-1849).--Poet, _b._ of Quaker parentage, passed +nearly all his life at Woodbridge, for the most part as a clerk in a +bank. He became the friend of Southey, Lamb, and other men of letters. +His chief works are _The Convict's Appeal_ (1818), a protest against the +severity of the criminal code of the time, and _Household Verses_ (1845), +which came under the notice of Sir R. Peel, through whom he obtained a +pension of L100. With the exception of some hymns his works are now +nearly forgotten, but he was a most amiable and estimable man--simple and +sympathetic. His _dau._ Lucy, who married Edward Fitzgerald, the +translator of _Omar Khayyam_, _pub._ a selection of his poems and +letters, to which her husband prefixed a biographical introduction. + + +BAYNES, THOMAS SPENCER (1823-1887).--Philosopher, _s._ of a Baptist +minister, _b._ at Wellington, Somerset, intended to study for Baptist +ministry, and was at a theological seminary at Bath with that view, but +being strongly attracted to philosophical studies, left it and went to +Edin., when he became the favourite pupil of Sir W. Hamilton (_q.v._), of +whose philosophical system he continued an adherent. After working as ed. +of a newspaper in Edinburgh, and after an interval of rest rendered +necessary by a breakdown in health, he resumed journalistic work in 1858 +as assistant ed. of the _Daily News_. In 1864 he was appointed Prof. of +Logic and English Literature at St. Andrews, in which capacity his mind +was drawn to the study of Shakespeare, and he contributed to the +_Edinburgh Review_ and _Fraser's Magazine_ valuable papers (chiefly +relating to his vocabulary and the extent of his learning) afterwards +collected as _Shakespeare Studies_. In 1873 he was appointed to +superintend the ninth ed. of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, in which, +after 1880, he was assisted by W. Robertson Smith (_q.v._). + + +BAXTER, RICHARD (1615-1691).--Divine scholar and controversialist, was +_b._ of poor, but genteel, parents at Rowton in Shropshire, and although +he became so eminent for learning, was not _ed._ at any university. +Circumstances led to his turning his attention to a career at court under +the patronage of the Master of the Revels, but a short experience of this +sufficed; and giving himself to the Christian ministry, he was ordained +in 1638, and, after being master of a school at Dudley, exercised his +ministry successively at Bridgnorth and Kidderminster. His learning and +capacity for business made him the leader of the Presbyterian party. He +was one of the greatest preachers of his own day, and consistently +endeavoured to exert a moderating influence, with the result that he +became the object of attack by extremists of opposing views. Though +siding with the Parliament in the Civil War, he opposed the execution of +the King and the assumption of supreme power by Cromwell. During the war +he served with the army as a chaplain. On the return of Charles II., B. +was made one of his chaplains, and was offered the see of Hereford, which +he declined, and his subsequent request to be allowed to return to +Kidderminster was refused. He subsequently suffered persecution at the +hands of Judge Jeffreys. After the Revolution he had a few years of peace +and quiet. His literary activity was marvellous in spite of ill-health +and outward disturbance. He is said to have written 168 works, the best +known of which are _The Saints' Everlasting Rest_ (1650), and _Call to +the Unconverted_ (1657), manuals of practical religion; and, among his +controversial writings, _Methodus Theologiae_ (1681), and _Catholic +Theology_ (1675), in which his theological standpoint--a compromise +between Arminianism and Calvinism--is set forth. Dr. Isaac Barrow says +that "his practical writings were never mended, and his controversial +seldom confuted," and Dean Stanley calls him "the chief English +Protestant schoolman." B. left an autobiography, _Reliquiae Baxterianae_, +which was a favourite book with both Johnson and Coleridge. Other works +by him are _The Life of Faith_ (1670), _Reasons of the Christian +Religion_ (1672), and _Christian Directory_ (1675). _Practical Works_ in +23 vols. (1830) edited with memoirs by W. Orme, also _Lives_ by A.B. +Grosart (1879), Dean Boyle (1883), and J.H. Davies (1886). + + +BAYLY, ADA ELLEN (_d._ 1903).--Novelist, wrote several stories under the +name of "Edna Lyall," which were very popular. They include +_Autobiography of a Slander_, _Donovan_, _Hope the Hermit_, _In the +Golden Days_, _To Right the Wrong_, _We Two_, and _Won by Waiting_. + + +BAYLY, THOMAS HAYNES (1797-1839).--Miscellaneous writer, _s._ of a +wealthy lawyer in Bath. Originally intended for the law, he changed his +mind and thought of entering the Church, but abandoned this idea also, +and gave himself to writing for the stage and the periodical press. He is +chiefly known for his songs, of which he wrote hundreds, which, set to +the music of Bishop and other eminent composers, found universal +acceptance. Some were set to his own music. He also wrote several novels +and a number of farces, etc. Although making a large income from his +writings, in addition to that of his wife, he fell into embarrassed +circumstances. Among the best known of his songs are _I'd be a +Butterfly_, _Oh, no, we never mention Her_, and _She wore a Wreath of +Roses_. He may be regarded as, excepting Moore, the most popular song +writer of his time. + + +BEACONSFIELD, BENJAMIN DISRAELI, 1ST EARL of (1804-1881).--Statesman and +novelist, was the _s._ of Isaac D. (_q.v._). Belonging to a Jewish family +settled first in Spain, whence in the 15th century they migrated to +Italy, he was _b._ in London in 1804 and privately _ed._ His _f._ +destined him for the law, and he was articled to a solicitor. The law +was, however, uncongenial, and he had already begun to write. After some +journalistic work, he brought himself into general notice by the +publication, in 1827, of his first novel, _Vivian Grey_, which created a +sensation by its brilliance, audacity, and slightly veiled portraits of +living celebrities. After producing a _Vindication of the British +Constitution_, and some political pamphlets, he followed up his first +success by a series of novels, _The Young Duke_ (1831), _Contarini +Fleming_ (1832), _Alroy_ (1833), _Venetia and Henrietta Temple_ (1837). +During the same period he had also written _The Revolutionary Epic_ and +three burlesques, _Ixion_, _The Infernal Marriage_, and _Popanilla_. +These works had gained for him a brilliant, if not universally admitted, +place in literature. But his ambition was by no means confined to +literary achievement; he aimed also at fame as a man of action. After +various unsuccessful attempts to enter Parliament, in which he stood, +first as a Radical, and then as a Tory, he was in 1837 returned for +Maidstone, having for his colleague Mr. Wyndham Lewis, whose widow he +afterwards married. For some years after entering on his political +career, D. ceased to write, and devoted his energies to parliamentary +work. His first speech was a total failure, being received with shouts of +laughter, but with characteristic courage and perseverance he pursued his +course, gradually rose to a commanding position in parliament and in the +country, became leader of his party, was thrice Chancellor of the +Exchequer, 1852, 1858-59, and 1866-68, in which last year he became Prime +Minister, which office he again held from 1874 till 1880. To return to +his literary career, in 1844 he had _pub._ _Coningsby_, followed by +_Sybil_ (1845), and _Tancred_ (1847), and in 1848 he wrote a life of Lord +G. Bentinck, his predecessor in the leadership of the Protectionist +party. His last novels were _Lothair_ (1870), and _Endymion_ (1880). He +was raised to the peerage as Earl of Beaconsfield in 1876, and was a +Knight of the Garter. In his later years he was the intimate friend as +well as the trusted minister of Queen Victoria. The career of D. is one +of the most remarkable in English history. With no family or political +influence, and with some personal characteristics, and the then current +prejudices in regard to his race to contend with, he rose by sheer force +of will and intellect to the highest honours attainable in this country. +His most marked qualities were an almost infinite patience and +perseverance, indomitable courage, a certain spaciousness of mind, and +depth of penetration, and an absolute confidence in his own abilities, +aided by great powers of debate rising occasionally to eloquence. Though +the object, first of a kind of contemptuous dislike, then of an intense +opposition, he rose to be universally regarded as, at all events, a great +political force, and by a large part of the nation as a great statesman. +As a writer he is generally interesting, and his books teem with striking +thoughts, shrewd maxims, and brilliant phrases which stick in the memory. +On the other hand he is often artificial, extravagant, and turgid, and +his ultimate literary position is difficult to forecast. + +_Lives_ by Froude (1890), Hitchman (1885), see also _Dictionary of Nat. +Biog. etc._ + + +BEATTIE, JAMES (1735-1803).--Poet and philosophical writer, _s._ of a +shopkeeper and small farmer at Laurencekirk, Kincardineshire, and _ed._ +at Aberdeen; he was, in 1760, appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy +there. In the following year he _pub._ a vol. of poems, which attracted +attention. The two works, however, which brought him most fame were: (1) +his _Essay on Truth_ (1770), intended as an answer to Hume, which had +great immediate success, and led to an introduction to the King, a +pension of L200, and the degree of LL.D. from Oxford; and (2) his poem of +_The Minstrel_, of which the first book was _pub._ in 1771 and the +second in 1774, and which constitutes his true title to remembrance. It +contains much beautiful descriptive writing. The _Essay on Truth_ and his +other philosophical works are now forgotten. B. underwent much domestic +sorrow in the death of his wife and two promising sons, which broke down +his own health and spirits. + + +BEAUMONT, FRANCIS (1584-1616), AND FLETCHER, JOHN (1579-1625).--Poets and +dramatists. As they are indissolubly associated in the history of English +literature, it is convenient to treat of them in one place. B. was the +_s._ of Francis B., a Judge of the Common Pleas, and was _b._ at the +family seat, Grace Dieu, Leicestershire. He was _ed._ at Oxford, but his +_f._ dying in 1598, he left without taking his degree. He went to London +and entered the Inner Temple in 1600, and soon became acquainted with Ben +Jonson, Drayton, and other poets and dramatists. His first work was a +translation from Ovid, followed by commendatory verses prefixed to +certain plays of Jonson. Soon afterwards his friendship with F. began. +They lived in the same house and had practically a community of goods +until B.'s marriage in 1613 to Ursula, _dau._ and co-heiress of Henry +Isley of Sundridge in Kent, by whom he had two _dau._ He _d._ in 1616, +and is buried in Westminster Abbey. F. was the youngest _s._ of Richard +F., Bishop of London, who accompanied Mary Queen of Scots to the +scaffold. He went to Cambridge, but it is not known whether he took a +degree, though he had some reputation as a scholar. His earliest play is +_The Woman Hater_ (1607). He is said to have died of the plague, and is +buried in St. Saviour's Church, Southwark. The plays attributed to B. and +F. number 52 and a masque, and much labour has been bestowed by critics +in endeavouring to allocate their individual shares. It is now generally +agreed that others collaborated with them to some extent--Massinger, +Rowley, Shirley, and even Shakespeare. Of those believed to be the joint +work of B. and F. _Philaster_ and _The Maid's Tragedy_ are considered the +masterpieces, and are as dramas unmatched except by Shakespeare. _The Two +Noble Kinsmen_ is thought to contain the work of Shakespeare. As regards +their respective powers, B. is held to have had the graver, solider, and +more stately genius, while F. excelled in brightness, wit, and gaiety. +The former was the stronger in judgment, the latter in fancy. The plays +contain many very beautiful lyrics, but are often stained by gross +indelicacy. The play of _Henry VIII._ included in Shakespeare's works, is +now held to be largely the work of F. and Massinger. Subjoined is a list +of the plays with the authorship according to the latest authorities. + +(1) BEAUMONT.--_The Masque_. (2) FLETCHER.--_Woman Hater_ (1607), +_Faithful Shepherdess_ (1609), _Bonduca_ (_Boadicea_) (1618-19), _Wit +without Money_ (1614?), _Valentinian_ (1618-19), _Loyal Subjects_ (1618), +_Mad Lover_ (1618-19), _Humorous Lieutenant_ (1618?), _Women Pleased_ +(1620?), _Island Princess_ (1621), _Pilgrim_ (1621), _Wild Goose Chase_ +(1621), _Woman's Prize_ (? _pub._ 1647), _A Wife for a Month_ (1624), +_Chances_ (late, _p._ 1647), perhaps _Monsieur Thomas_ (_p._ 1639), and +_Sea Voyage_ (1622). (3) BEAUMONT and FLETCHER.--_Four Plays in One_ +(1608), _King and No King_ (1611), _Cupid's Revenge_ (1611?), _Knight of +Burning Pestle_ (1611), _Maid's Tragedy_ (1611), _Philaster_ (1611), +_Coxcomb_ (1612-13), _Wits at Several Weapons_ (1614), _Scornful Lady_ +(1616), doubtfully, _Thierry and Theodoret_ (1616), and _Little French +Lawyer_ (1620) perhaps by F. and Massinger, and _Laws of Candy_ (?) +perhaps by B. and Massinger. (4) FLETCHER and OTHERS.--_Honest Man's +Fortune_ (1613), F., Mass., and Field; _The Captain_ (1613), and _Nice +Valour_ (_p._ 1647), F. and Middleton (?); _Bloody Brothers_ (1616-17), +F., Mid., and Rowley or Fielding and B. Jonson (?); _Queen of Corinth_ +(1618-19), F. and Row. or Mass. and Mid.; _Barneveld_ (1619), by F. and +Massinger; _Knight of Malta_ (1619), _False One_ (1620), _A Very Woman_ +(1621?), _Double Marriage_ (1620), _Elder Brother_ (_p._ 1637), _Lover's +Progress_ (_p._ 1647), _Custom of the Country_ (1628), _Prophetess_ +(1622), _Spanish Curate_ (1622), by F. and Shakespeare; _Henry VIII._ +(1617), and _Two Noble Kinsmen_ (_p._ 1634), by F. and Rowley, or +Massinger; _Maid of the Mill_ (1625-6), _Beggar's Bush_ (?) (1622), by F. +and Shirley; _Noble Gentleman_ (?) _Night Walker_ (1633?), _Lovers +Pilgrimage_ (1623?), _Fair Maid of the Inn_ (1625-26), also with +Middleton? + +The latest ed. is that of Mr. Bullen (11 vols., 1904), and A.R. Waller (7 +vols., _pub._ C.U.P., 1909); Dyce (11 vols., 1843-46); _Francis +Beaumont_, G.C. Macaulay (1883); _Lyric Poems_ of B. and F., E. Rhys +(1897); _Bibliography_, A.C. Potter in _Harvard Bibliograph. +Contributions_, 1891. + + +BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1582-1627?).--Poet, elder brother of Francis B., the +dramatist (_q.v._). His poems, of which the best known is _Bosworth +Field_, _pub._ by his _s._, 1629. Another, _The Crown of Thorns_, is +lost. + + +BECKFORD, WILLIAM (_c._ 1760-1844).--Miscellaneous writer, only _s._ of +William B., Lord Mayor of London, the associate and supporter of John +Wilkes, inherited at the age of 9 an enormous fortune. In these +circumstances he grew up wayward and extravagant, showing, however, a +strong bent towards literature. His education was entrusted to a private +tutor, with whom he travelled extensively on the Continent. At the age of +22 he produced his oriental romance, _Vathek_ (_c._ 1781), written +originally in French and, as he was accustomed to boast, at a single +sitting of three days and two nights. There is reason, however, to +believe that this was a flight of imagination. It is an impressive work, +full of fantastic and magnificent conceptions, rising occasionally to +sublimity. His other principal writings are _Memoirs of Extraordinary +Painters_ (1780), a satirical work, and _Letters from Italy with Sketches +of Spain and Portugal_ (1835), full of brilliant descriptions of scenes +and manners. B.'s fame, however, rests nearly as much upon his eccentric +extravagances as a builder and collector as upon his literary efforts. In +carrying out these he managed to dissipate his fortune of L100,000 a +year, only L80,000 of his capital remaining at his death. He sat in +parliament for various constituencies, and one of his two _dau._ became +Duchess of Hamilton. + + +BEDDOES, THOMAS LOVELL (1803-1849).--Dramatic poet and physiologist, _s._ +of Dr. Thos. B., an eminent physician, and nephew of Maria Edgeworth. +_Ed._ at the Charterhouse and Oxford, he _pub._ in 1821 _The +Improvisatore_, which he afterwards endeavoured to suppress. His next +venture was _The Bride's Tragedy_ (1822), which had considerable success, +and won for him the friendship of "Barry Cornwall." Thereafter he went to +Goettingen and studied medicine. He then wandered about practising his +profession, and expounding democratic theories which got him into +trouble. He _d._ at Bale in mysterious circumstances. For some time +before his death he had been engaged upon a drama, _Death's Jest Book_, +which was published in 1850 with a memoir by his friend, T.F. Kelsall. B. +had not the true dramatic instinct, but his poetry is full of thought and +richness of diction. Some of his short pieces, _e.g._: "If there were +dreams to sell," and "If thou wilt ease thine heart," are masterpieces of +intense feeling exquisitely expressed. + + +BEDE or BAEDA (673-735).--Historian and scholar. B., who is sometimes +referred to as "the father of English history," was in his youth placed +under the care of Benedict Biscop, Abbot of Wearmouth, and of Ceolfrith, +afterwards Abbot of Jarrow. Ordained deacon in 692 and priest in 703, he +spent most of his days at Jarrow, where his fame as a scholar and teacher +of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew brought him many disciples. Here likewise he +_d._ and was buried, but his bones were, towards the beginning of the +11th century, removed to Durham. The well-deserved title of "Venerable" +usually prefixed to his name first appears in 836. He was the most +learned Englishman of his age. His industry was marvellous, and its +results remain embodied in about 40 books, of which about 25 are +commentaries on books of Scripture. The others are lives of saints and +martyrs, and his two great works, _The Ecclesiastical History of England_ +and the scientific treatise, _De Natura Rerum_. The former of these gives +the fullest and best information we have as to the history of England +down to the year 731, and the latter is an encyclopaedia of the sciences +as then known. In the anxious care with which he sought out and selected +reliable information, and referred to authorities he shows the best +qualities of the modern historian, and his style is remarkable for "a +pleasing artlessness." + +_History of Early Engl. Lit._, Stopford Brooke (2 vols., 1892), etc. + + +BEECHER, HENRY WARD (1813-1887).--Orator and divine, _s._ of Lyman B. and +_bro._ of Harriet Beecher Stowe, was one of the most popular of American +preachers and platform orators, a prominent advocate of temperance and of +the abolition of slavery. His writings, which had a wide popularity, +include _Summer in the Soul_ and _Life Thoughts_. + + +BEHN, APHRA (JOHNSTON) (1640-1689).--Novelist and dramatist, _dau._ of a +barber named Johnston, but went with a relative whom she called father to +Surinam, of which he had been appointed Governor. He, however, _d._ on +the passage thither, and her childhood and youth were passed there. She +became acquainted with the celebrated slave Oronoko, afterwards the hero +of one of her novels. Returning to England in 1658 she _m._ Behn, a Dutch +merchant, but was a widow at the age of 26. She then became attached to +the Court, and was employed as a political spy at Antwerp. Leaving that +city she cultivated the friendship of various playwrights, and produced +many plays and novels, also poems and pamphlets. The former are extremely +gross, and are now happily little known. She was the first English +professional authoress. Among her plays are _The Forced Marriage_, +_Abdelazer_, _The Rover_, _The Debauchee_, etc., and her novels include +_Oronoko_ and _The Nun_. The former of these was the first book to bring +home to the country a sense of the horrors of slavery, for which let her +have credit. + + +BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1805-1874).--Poet and historian, was a member of +the Scottish Bar, and became Sheriff of Lanarkshire. He wrote a _Life of +Mary Queen of Scots_ (1830), strongly in her defence, and two vols. of +poetry, _Summer and Winter Hours_ (1831), and _My Old Portfolio_, the +latter also containing pieces in prose. + + +BELLENDEN, or BALLANTYNE, JOHN (_fl._ 1533-1587?).--Poet, _b._ towards +the close of the 15th century, and _ed._ at St. Andrews and Paris. At the +request of James V. he translated the _Historia Gentis Scotorum_ of +Boece. This translation, _Chroniklis of Scotland_ is a very free one, +with a good deal of matter not in the original, so that it may be almost +considered as a new work. It was _pub._ in 1536, and is the earliest +existing specimen of Scottish literary prose. He also translated the +first five books of Livy. He enjoyed the Royal favour, and was Archdeacon +of Moray. He latterly, however, became involved in controversy which led +to his going to Rome, where he _d._, according to one account, about +1550. Another authority, however, states that he was living in 1587. + + +BENTHAM, JEREMY (1748-1832).--Writer on jurisprudence and politics, _b._ +in London, _s._ of a prosperous attorney, _ed._ at Westminster and +Oxford, was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, but disliking the law, he +made little or no effort to practise, but devoted himself to physical +science and the theory of jurisprudence. In 1776 he _pub._ anonymously +his _Fragment on Government_, an able criticism of Blackstone's +_Commentaries_, which brought him under the notice of Lord Shelburne, and +in 1780 his _Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation_. Other +works were _Panopticon_, in which he suggested improvements on prison +discipline, _Discourse on Civil and Penal Legislation_ (1802), +_Punishments and Rewards_ (1811), _Parliamentary Reform Catechism_ +(1817), and _A Treatise on Judicial Evidence_. By the death of his _f._ +he inherited a competency on which he was able to live in frugal +elegance, not unmixed with eccentricity. B. is the first and perhaps the +greatest of the "philosophical radicals," and his fundamental principle +is utilitarianism or "the greatest happiness of the greatest number," a +phrase of which he is generally, though erroneously, regarded as the +author. The effect of his writings on legislation and the administration +of the law has been almost incalculable. He left his body to be +dissected; and his skeleton, clothed in his usual attire, is preserved in +University College, London. + +_Life_ by Bowring in collected works (J.H. Barton, 11 vols., 1844). +_Study of Life and Work_, Atkinson, 1903. + + +BENTLEY, RICHARD (1662-1742).--Theologian, scholar, and critic, _b._ in +Yorkshire of humble parentage, went at the age of 14 to Camb., +afterwards had charge of a school at Spalding, and then becoming tutor to +the _s._ of Dr. Stillingfleet, Dean of St. Paul's, afterwards Bishop of +Worcester (_q.v.i_), accompanied his pupil to Oxf. After taking his +degree at both universities, and entering the Church, he laid the +foundation of his reputation as perhaps the greatest scholar England has +produced by his letter in Mill's ed. of the _Chronicle of John Malelas_, +and his _Dissertation on the Letters of Phalaris_ (1699), which spread +his fame through Europe. After receiving various preferments, including +the Boyle lectureship and the Keepership of the Royal Library, he was, in +1700, appointed Master of Trinity, and afterwards was, largely owing to +his own pugnacity and rapacity, which were almost equal to his learning, +involved in a succession of litigations and controversies. These lasted +for 20 years, and led to the temporary loss of his academic preferments +and honours. In 1717, however, he was appointed Regius Prof. of Divinity. +During the contentions referred to he continued his literary activity +without abatement, and _pub._ various ed. of the classics, including +Horace and Terence. He was much less successful in certain emendations of +Milton which he attempted. Having incurred the resentment of Pope he was +rewarded by being assigned a niche in _The Dunciad!_ His style is strong +and nervous, and sparkles with wit and sarcasm. His classical +controversies called forth Swift's _Battle of the Books_. + +_Life_ by Monk (1833). _Life_ by Sir R. Jebb in _English Men of Letters_ +(1882). + + +BERESFORD, JAMES (1764-1840).--Miscellaneous writer and clergyman. He +made translations and wrote religious books, but was chiefly known as the +author of a satirical work, _The Miseries of Human Life_ (1806-7.) + + +BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685-1753).--Philosopher, eldest _s._ of William B., a +cadet of the noble family of Berkeley, _b._ at Kilcrin near Kilkenny, and +_ed._ at the school of his native place and at Trinity Coll., Dublin, +where he graduated and took a Fellowship in 1707. His earliest +publication was a mathematical one; but the first which brought him into +notice was his _Essay towards a New Theory of Vision_, _pub._ in 1709. +Though giving rise to much controversy at the time, its conclusions are +now accepted as an established part of the theory of optics. There next +appeared in 1710 the _Treatise concerning the Principles of Human +Knowledge_, which was followed in 1713 by _Dialogues between Hylas_ and +_Philonous_, in which he propounded his system of philosophy, the leading +principle of which is that the world as represented to our senses depends +for its existence on being perceived. Of this theory the _Principles_ +gives the exposition and the _Dialogues_ the defence. One of his main +objects was to combat the prevailing materialism of the time. A theory so +novel was, as might be expected, received with widespread ridicule, +though his genius was realised by some of the more elect spirits, such as +Dr. S. Clarke. Shortly afterwards B. visited England, and was received +into the circle of Addison, Pope, and Steele. He then went to the +Continent in various capacities, and on his return was made Lecturer in +Divinity and Greek in his university, D.D. in 1721, and Dean of Derry in +1724. In 1725 he formed the project of founding a college in Bermuda for +training ministers for the colonies, and missionaries to the Indians, in +pursuit of which he gave up his deanery with its income of L1100, and +went to America on a salary of L100. Disappointed of promised aid from +Government he returned, and was appointed Bishop of Cloyne. Soon +afterwards he _pub._ _Alciphron, or The Minute Philosopher_, directed +against Shaftesbury, and in 1734-37 _The Querist_. His last publications +were _Siris_, a treatise on the medicinal virtues of tar-water, and +_Further Thoughts on Tar-water_. He _d._ at Oxford in 1753. His +affectionate disposition and genial manners made him much beloved. As a +thinker his is the greatest name in English philosophy between Locke and +Hume. His style is clear and dignified. + +The best ed. of B. is Prof. A.C. Fraser's, with Life (4 vols., 1871, and +new, 1902); there is also a small work by the same (1881). + + +BERNERS, BERNES, or BARNES, JULIANA (_b._ 1388?).--Writer on heraldry and +sports. Nothing of her real history is known, but statements more or less +mythical have gathered round her name. The work attributed to her is _The +Boke of St. Albans_ (1486). It consists of four treatises on _Hawking_, +_Hunting_, _The Lynage of Coote Armiris_, and _The Blasynge of Armis_. +She was said to be the _dau._ of Sir James B., and to have been Prioress +of Sopwell Nunnery, Herts. + + +BERNERS, JOHN BOURCHIER, 2ND LORD (1467-1553).--Translator, _b._ at +Sherfield, Herts and _ed._ at Oxf., held various offices of state, +including that of Chancellor of the Exchequer to Henry VIII., and +Lieutenant of Calais, where he _d._ He translated, at the King's desire, +_Froissart's Chronicles_ (1523-25), in such a manner as to make distinct +advance in English historical writing, and the _Golden Book of Marcus +Aurelius_ (1534); also _The History of Arthur of Lytell Brytaine_ +(Brittany), and the romance of _Huon of Bordeaux_. + + +BESANT, SIR WALTER (1836-1901).--Novelist and historian of London, _b._ +at Portsmouth and _ed._ at King's Coll., London, and Camb., was for a few +years a professor at Mauritius, but a breakdown in health compelled him +to resign, and he returned to England and took the duties of Secretary to +the Palestine Exploration Fund, which he held 1868-85. He _pub._ in 1868 +_Studies in French Poetry_. Three years later he began his collaboration +with James Rice (_q.v._). Among their joint productions are _Ready-money +Mortiboy_ (1872), and the _Golden Butterfly_ (1876), both, especially the +latter, very successful. This connection was brought to an end by the +death of Rice in 1882. Thereafter B. continued to write voluminously at +his own hand, his leading novels being _All in a Garden Fair_, _Dorothy +Forster_ (his own favourite), _Children of Gibeon_, and _All Sorts and +Conditions of Men_. The two latter belonged to a series in which he +endeavoured to arouse the public conscience to a sense of the sadness of +life among the poorest classes in cities. In this crusade B. had +considerable success, the establishment of The People's Palace in the +East of London being one result. In addition to his work in fiction B. +wrote largely on the history and topography of London. His plans in this +field were left unfinished: among his books on this subject is _London in +the 18th Century_. + +Other works among novels are _My Little Girl_, _With Harp and Crown_, +_This Son of Vulcan_, _The Monks of Thelema_, _By Celia's Arbour_, and +_The Chaplain of the Fleet_, all with Rice; and _The Ivory Gate_, _Beyond +the Dreams of Avarice_, _The Master Craftsman_, _The Fourth Generation_, +etc., alone. _London under the Stuarts_, _London under the Tudors_ are +historical. + + +BICKERSTAFFE, ISAAC (_c._ 1735-1812?).--Dramatic writer, in early life a +page to Lord Chesterfield when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, produced +between 1756 and 1771 many dramatic pieces, which had considerable +popularity, the best known of which are _Love in a Village_ (1762), and +_The Maid of the Mill_. Owing to misconduct he was dismissed from being +an officer in the Marines, and had ultimately, in 1772, to fly the +country. The remainder of his life seems to have been passed in penury +and misery. The date of his death is unknown. He was alive in 1812. + + +BIRD, ROBERT MONTGOMERY (1803-1854).--Novelist, an American physician, +wrote three tragedies, _The Gladiator_, _Oraloosa_, and _The Broker of +Bogota_, and several novels, including _Calavar_, _The Infidel_, _The +Hawks of Hawk Hollow_, _Peter Pilgrim_, and _Nick of the Woods_, in the +first two of which he gives graphic and accurate details and descriptions +of Mexican history. + + +BISHOP, SAMUEL (1731-1795).--Poet, _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Merchant +Taylor's School and Oxf., took orders and became Headmaster of Merchant +Taylor's School. His poems on miscellaneous subjects fill two quarto +vols., the best of them are those to his wife and _dau._ He also _pub._ +essays. + + +BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898).--Novelist. After studying as a landscape +painter, he took to journalism in Glasgow. In 1864 he went to London, and +soon after _pub._ his first novel, _James Merle_, which made no +impression. In the Austro-Prussian War he acted as a war correspondent. +Thereafter he began afresh to write fiction, and was more successful; the +publication of _A Daughter of Heth_ (1871) at once established his +popularity. He reached his highwater-mark in _A Princess of Thule_ +(1873). Many other books were added before his death in 1898, among which +may be mentioned _In Silk Attire_ (1869), _The Strange Adventures of a +Phaeton_ (1872), _Macleod of Dare_ (1878), _White Wings_ (1880), _Shandon +Bells_ (1882), _Yolande_ (1883), _Judith Shakespeare_ (1884), _White +Heather_ (1886), _Stand Fast Craig-Royston!_ (1890), _Green Pastures and +Piccadilly_, _Three Feathers_, _Wild Eelin_ (1898). + + +BLACKIE, JOHN STUART (1809-1895).--Scholar and man of letters, _b._ in +Glasgow, and _ed._ at the Universities of Aberdeen and Edin., after which +he travelled and studied in Germany and Italy. Returning to Scotland he +was, in 1834, admitted to the Scottish Bar, but did not practise. His +first work was his translation of _Faust_ (1834), which won the +approbation of Carlyle. From 1841-52 B. was Prof. of Humanity (Latin) in +Aberdeen, and from 1852-82, when he retired, of Greek in Edinburgh. His +literary activity was incessant, his works consisting of translations of +_AEschylus_ and of the _Iliad_, various books of poetry, including _Lays +and Legends of Ancient Greece_, and treatises on religious, +philosophical, and political subjects, among which may be mentioned +_Self-Culture_ (1873), _Horae Hellenicae_, and a life of Burns. He was an +enthusiastic champion of Scottish nationality. Possessed of great +conversational powers and general versatility, his picturesque +eccentricity made him one of the most notable members of Scottish +society. It was owing to his efforts that a Chair of Celtic Language and +Literature was established in Edinburgh University. + + +BLACKLOCK, THOMAS (1721-1791).--Poet, _b._ near Annan of humble +parentage, lost his sight by smallpox when 6 months old. He began to +write poetry at the age of 12, and studied for the Church. He was +appointed Minister of Kirkcudbright, but was objected to by the +parishioners on account of his blindness, and gave up the presentation on +receiving an annuity. He then retired to Edinburgh, where he took pupils. +He _pub._ some miscellaneous poems, which are now forgotten, and is +chiefly remembered for having written a letter to Burns, which had the +effect of dissuading him from going to the West Indies. He was made D.D. +in 1767. + + +BLACKMORE, SIR RICHARD (_c._ 1650, _d._ 1729).--Poet, one of the Court +Physicians to William III. and Anne, wrote several very long and +well-intentioned, but dull and tedious, poems, which, though praised by +Addison and Johnson, are now utterly forgotten. They include _Prince +Arthur_, _Creation_, _Redemption_, _Alfred_. As may be imagined, they +were the subject of derision by the profaner wits of the day. B. was a +successful physician and an excellent man. + + +BLACKMORE, RICHARD DODDRIDGE (1825-1900).--Novelist and poet, _b._ at +Longworth, Berks, _ed._ at Tiverton School and Oxf., practised for a +short time as a lawyer but, owing to his health, gave this up, and took +to market-gardening and literature at Teddington. His first _pub._ was +_Poems by Melanter_ (1853), followed by _Epullia_ (1855), _The Bugle of +the Black Sea_ (1855), etc.; but he soon found that fiction, not poetry, +was his true vocation. Beginning with _Clara Vaughan_ in 1864, he +produced fifteen novels, all of more than average, and two or three of +outstanding merit. Of these much the best in the opinion of the public, +though not of the author, is _Lorna Doone_ (1869), the two which rank +next to it being _The Maid of Sker_ (1872) (the author's favourite) and +_Springhaven_ (1887). Others are _Cradock Nowell_ (1866), _Alice +Lorraine_ (1875), _Cripps the Carrier_ (1876), _Mary Anerley_ (1880), and +_Christowell_ (1882). One of the most striking features of B.'s writings +is his marvellous eye for, and sympathy with, Nature. He may be said to +have done for Devonshire what Scott did for the Highlands. He has been +described as "proud, shy, reticent, strong-willed, sweet-tempered, and +self-centred." + + +BLACKSTONE, SIR WILLIAM (1723-1780).--Legal Writer, posthumous _s._ of a +silk mercer in London, was _ed._ at Charterhouse School and Oxf., and +entered the Middle Temple in 1741. His great work is his _Commentaries on +the Laws of England_, in 4 vols. (1765-1769), which still remains the +best general history of the subject. It had an extraordinary success, and +is said to have brought the author L14,000. B. was not a man of original +mind, nor was he a profound lawyer; but he wrote an excellent style, +clear and dignified, which brings his great work within the category of +general literature. He had also a turn for neat and polished verse, of +which he gave proof in _The Lawyer's Farewell to his Muse_. + + +BLAIR, HUGH (1718-1800).--Divine, and man of letters, _b._ and _ed._ at +Edin. After being minister at Collessie in Fife, he was translated to +Edinburgh, where he filled various pulpits, latterly that of the High +Church. In 1759 he commenced a series of lectures on composition, and +soon after the Chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres was founded, to which +he was appointed. His _Lectures_ were _pub._ on his resignation of the +chair in 1783. His chief fame, however, rests upon his _Sermons_, in 4 +vols., which had an extraordinary popularity, and obtained for him a +pension of L200. Time has not sustained the opinion of his +contemporaries: they have been described as feeble in thought though +elegant in style, and even as "a bucket of warm water." B. was amiable, +kind to young authors, and remarkable for a harmless, but rather +ridiculous vanity and simplicity. + + +BLAIR, ROBERT (1699-1746).--Poet, _b._ at Edin., where his _f._ was a +clergyman, became minister of Athelstaneford, Haddingtonshire. His sole +work was _The Grave_, a poem in blank verse extending to 767 lines of +very various merit, in some passages rising to great sublimity, and in +others sinking to commonplace. It was illustrated by William Blake +(_q.v._) B.'s _s._, Robert, was a very distinguished Scottish judge and +Lord President of the Court of Session; and his successor in his +ministerial charge was Home, the author of _Douglas_. + + +BLAKE, WILLIAM (1757-1827).--Poet and painter, _b._ in London, was from +earliest youth a seer of visions and a dreamer of dreams, seeing "Ezekiel +sitting under a green bough," and "a tree full of angels at Peckham," and +such he remained to the end of his days. His teeming imagination sought +expression both in verse and in drawing, and in his 14th year he was +apprenticed to James Basire, an eminent engraver, and thereafter studied +at the Royal Academy. Among his chief artistic works were illustrations +for Young's _Night Thoughts_, Blair's _Grave_, "Spiritual Portraits," and +his finest work, "Inventions to the Book of Job," all distinguished by +originality and imagination. In literature his _Songs of Innocence_ +appeared in 1789, _Songs of Experience_ in 1794. These books were +literally made by Blake and his heaven-provided wife; poems and designs +alike being engraved on copper by B. and bound by Mrs. B. In like fashion +were produced his mystical books, _The Book of Thel_ (1789), _The +Marriage of Heaven and Hell_ (1790), _The Gates of Paradise_, _Visions of +the Daughters of Albion_, _Europe_, _The Book of Urizen_ (1794), _The +Book of Los_ and _The Book of Ahania_ (1795). His last books were +_Jerusalem_ and _Milton_. His earlier and shorter pieces, _e.g._ "The +Chimney-Sweeper," "Holy Thursday," "The Lamb," "The Sun-flower," "The +Tiger," etc., have an exquisite simplicity arising from directness and +intensity of feeling--sometimes tender, sometimes sublime--always +individual. Latterly he lost himself in clouds of mysticism. A truly +pious and loving soul, neglected and misunderstood by the world, but +appreciated by an elect few, he led a cheerful and contented life of +poverty illumined by visions and celestial inspirations. + + +BLAMIRE, SUSANNA (1747-1794).--Poetess, was of good Cumberland family, +and received the sobriquet of "The Muse of Cumberland." Her poems, which +were not collected until 1842, depict Cumbrian life and manners with +truth and vivacity. She also wrote some fine songs in the Scottish +dialect, including "Ye shall walk in Silk Attire," and "What ails this +Heart o' Mine." + + +BLESSINGTON, MARGARET (POWER), COUNTESS of (1789-1849).--Married as her +second husband the 1st Earl of B., with whom she travelled much on the +Continent, where she met Lord Byron, her _Conversations_ with whom she +_pub._ in 1834. This is the only one of her books which has any value. +The others were slight works on Travel, such as _The Idler in Italy_, +annuals, and novels. She became bankrupt and went to Paris, where she +lived under the protection of the Count d'Orsay. + + +BLIND HARRY or HENRY THE MINSTREL (_fl._ 1470-1492).--Is spoken of by +John Major in his _History of Scotland_ as a wandering minstrel, skilled +in the composition of rhymes in the Scottish tongue, who "fabricated" a +book about William Wallace, and gained his living by reciting it to his +own accompaniment on the harp at the houses of the nobles. Harry claims +that it was founded on a Latin _Life of Wallace_ written by Wallace's +chaplain, John Blair, but the chief sources seem to have been +traditionary. Harry is often considered inferior to Barbour as a poet, +and has little of his moral elevation, but he surpasses him in graphic +power, vividness of description, and variety of incident. He occasionally +shows the influence of Chaucer, and is said to have known Latin and +French. + + +BLIND, MATHILDE (1841-1896).--Poetess, _b._ at Mannheim, but settled in +London about 1849, and _pub._ several books of poetry, _The Prophecy of +St. Oran_ (1881), _The Heather on Fire_ (1886), _Songs and Sonnets_ +(1893), _Birds of Passage_ (1895), etc. She also translated Strauss's +_Old Faith and New_, and other works, and wrote Lives of George Eliot and +Madame Roland. Her own name was Cohen, but she adopted that of her +stepfather, Karl Blind. + + +BLOOMFIELD, ROBERT (1766-1823).--Poet, _b._ at Honington in Suffolk, lost +his _f._ when he was a year old, and received the rudiments of education +from his mother, who kept the village school. While still a boy he went +to London, and worked as a shoemaker under an elder brother, enduring +extreme poverty. His first and chief poem, _The Farmer's Boy_, was +composed in a room where half a dozen other men were at work, and the +finished lines he carried in his head until there was time to write them +down. The manuscript, after passing through various hands, fell into +those of Capel Lofft, a Suffolk squire of literary tastes, by whose +exertions it was _pub._ with illustrations by Bewick in 1800. It had a +signal success, 26,000 copies having been sold in three years. The Duke +of Grafton obtained for him an appointment in the Seal Office, and when, +through ill-health, he was obliged to resign this, allowed him a pension +of 1s. a day. Other works were _Rural Tales_ (1804), _Wild Flowers_ +(1806), _The Banks of the Wye_ (1811), and _May Day with the Muses_ +(1817). An attempt to carry on business as a bookseller failed, his +health gave way, his reason was threatened, and he _d._ in great poverty +at Shefford in 1823. B.'s poetry is smooth, correct, and characterised by +taste and good feeling, but lacks fire and energy. Of amiable and simple +character, he was lacking in self-reliance. + + +BODENHAM, JOHN (_fl._ 1600).--Anthologist, is stated to have been the ed. +of some of the Elizabethan anthologies, viz., _Politeuphuia_ (_Wits' +Commonwealth_) (1597), _Wits' Theater_ (1598), _Belvidere, or the Garden +of the Muses_ (1600), and _England's Helicon_ (1600). Mr. Bullen says +that B. did not himself ed. any of the Elizabethan miscellanies +attributed to him by bibliographers: but that he projected their +publication, and he befriended the editors. + + +BOECE, or BOETHIUS, HECTOR (1465?-1536).--Historian, probably _b._ at +Dundee, and _ed._ there and at Paris, where he was a regent or professor, +1492 to 1498. While there he made the acquaintance of Erasmus. Returning +to Scotland he co-operated with Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen, in +founding the univ. there of which he was the first Principal. His +literary fame rests on two works, his _Lives of the Bishops of Mortlach +and Aberdeen_, in which his friend Elphinstone figures prominently, and +his _History of Scotland_ to the accession of James III. These works +were, of course, composed in Latin, but the _History_ was translated into +Scottish prose by John Bellenden, 1530 to 1533, and into English for +Hollinshed's _Chronicle_. The only predecessor of the work was the +compendium of Major, and as it was written in a flowing and pleasing +style it became very popular, and led to ecclesiastical preferment and +Royal favour. B. shared in the credulity of his age, but the charge of +inventing his authorities formerly brought against him has been shown to +be, to some extent at any rate, unfounded. + + +BOKER, GEORGE HENRY (1823-90).--Poet, was in the American Diplomatic +Service. Among his dramas, generally tragedies, are _Anne Boleyn_, _The +Betrothed_, and _Francesca da Rimini_, and among his books of poetry, +_Street Lyrics_, _Koenigsmark_, and _The Book of the Dead_. His dramas +combine poetic merit with adaptability for acting. + + +BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST. JOHN, 1ST VISCOUNT (1678-1751).--Statesman and +philosopher, _s._ of Sir Henry St. J., _b._ at Battersea, and _ed._ at +Eton and perhaps Oxf., was during his youth noted chiefly for +dissipation, but entering Parliament in 1701 as a supporter of Harley, +soon made himself a name by his eloquence and talent. He held office as +War and Foreign Sec. successively, became a peer in 1712, intrigued +successfully against Harley, and formed an administration during the last +days of Queen Anne, with the intention of bringing back the Stuarts, +which was frustrated by the Queen's death. On the arrival of George I. +and the accession to power of the Whigs, B. was impeached, and his name +erased from the Roll of Peers. He went to France, and became Sec. of +State to the Pretender James, who, however, dismissed him in 1716, after +which he devoted himself to philosophy and literature. In 1723 he was +pardoned and returned to England, and an act was passed in 1725 restoring +his forfeited estates, but still excluding him from the House of Lords. +He thereupon retired to his house, Dawley, near Uxbridge, where he +enjoyed the society of Swift and Pope, on the latter of whom he exerted a +strong influence. After some ineffectual efforts to regain a position in +political life, he returned to France in 1735, where he remained for 7 +years, and wrote most of his chief works. + +B. was a man of brilliant and versatile talents, but selfish, insincere, +and intriguing, defects of character which led to his political ruin. His +writings, once so much admired, reflect his character in their glittering +artificiality, and his pretensions to the reputation of a philosopher +have long been exploded; the chief of them are _Reflections upon Exile_, +_Letters on the Study of History_ (in which he attacked Christianity), +_Letters on the Spirit of Patriotism_, and _Idea of a Patriot King_. He +left his MSS. to David Mallet (_q.v._), who _pub._ a complete ed. of his +works in 5 vols. (1753-54). + + +BONAR, HORATIUS (1808-1889).--Divine and poet, _s._ of James B., +Solicitor of Exise for Scotland, _b._ and _ed._ in Edin., entered the +Ministry of the Church of Scotland, and was settled at Kelso. He joined +the Free Church at the Disruption in 1843, and in 1867 was translated to +Edin. In 1853 he was made D.D. of Aberdeen. He was a voluminous and +highly popular author, and in addition to many books and tracts wrote a +number of hymns, many of which, _e.g._, "I heard the voice of Jesus say," +are known all over the English-speaking world. A selection of these was +_pub._ as _Hymns of Faith and Hope_ (3 series). His last vol. of poetry +was _My Old Letters_. + + +BOORDE, or BORDE, ANDREW (1490?-1549).--Traveller, _b._ near Cuckfield, +Sussex, was brought up as a Carthusian, and held ecclesiastical +appointments, then practised medicine at various places, including +Glasgow, and was employed in various capacities by T. Cromwell. He +travelled widely, going as far as Jerusalem, and wrote descriptions of +the countries he had visited. His _Dyetary_ is the first English book of +domestic medicine. The _Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge_ describes +his journeys on the Continent. Other works are _The Boke of Berdes_ +(Beards), _Handbook of Europe_, and _Itinerary of England_. + + +BORROW, GEORGE (1803-1881).--Philologist and miscellaneous author, and +traveller, _b._ at East Dereham, Norfolk, _s._ of a recruiting officer, +had a somewhat wandering childhood. He received most of his education in +Edin., and showed a peculiar talent for acquiring languages. After being +for a short time in the office of a solicitor in Norwich, he travelled +widely on the Continent and in the East, acquainting himself with the +people and languages of the various countries he visited. He specially +attached himself to the Gipsies, with whose language he became so +familiar as to _pub._ a dictionary of it. His learning was shown by his +publishing at St. Petersburg _Targum_, a work containing translations +from 30 languages. B. became a travelling agent of the Bible Society, and +his book, _The Bible in Spain_ (1843), giving an account of his +remarkable adventures in that country, made his literary reputation. It +was followed by _Lavengro_ (1851), and its sequel, _Romany Rye_ (1857), +and _Wild Wales_ (1862), which, though works of originality and extreme +interest, and now perhaps his most popular books, were received with less +public favour. The two first give a highly coloured picture of his own +story. He translated the New Testament into Manchu. In his latter years +he settled at Oulton Broad, Norfolk, where he _d._ B. was a man of +striking appearance and great vigour and originality of character and +mind. His writings hold a unique place in English literature. + + +BOSTON, THOMAS (1677-1732).--Scottish divine, was successively +schoolmaster at Glencairn, and minister of Simprin in Berwickshire, and +Ettrick in Selkirkshire. In addition to his best-known work, _The +Fourfold State_, one of the religious classics of Scotland, he wrote an +original little book, _The Crook in the Lot_, and a learned treatise on +the Hebrew points. He also took a leading part in the Courts of the +Church in what was known as the "Marrow Controversy," regarding the +merits of an English work, _The Marrow of Modern Divinity_, which he +defended against the attacks of the "Moderate" party in the Church. B., +if unduly introspective, was a man of singular piety and amiability. His +autobiography is an interesting record of Scottish life, full of +sincerity and tenderness, and not devoid of humorous touches, intentional +and otherwise. + + +BOSWELL, SIR ALEXANDER (1775-1822).--Antiquary and song writer, _s._ of +James B., of Auchinleck, Johnson's biographer, was interested in old +Scottish authors, some of whose works he reprinted at his private press. +He wrote some popular Scotch songs, of which _Jenny's Bawbee_ and _Jenny +dang the Weaver_ are the best known. B. _d._ in a duel with Mr. Stuart of +Dunearn. + + +BOSWELL, JAMES (1740-1795).--Biographer, _s._ of Alexander B. of +Auchinleck, Ayrshire, one of the judges of the Supreme Courts of +Scotland, was _ed._ at the High School and Univ. of Edin., and practised +as an advocate. He travelled much on the Continent and visited Corsica, +where he became acquainted with the patriot General Paoli. Fortunately +for posterity he was in 1763 introduced to Dr. Johnson, and formed an +acquaintance with him which soon ripened into friendship, and had as its +ultimate fruit the immortal _Life_. He was also the author of several +works of more or less interest, including an _Account of Corsica_ (1768), +and _Journal of Tour to the Hebrides_ (in the company of Johnson) (1786). +Vain and foolish in an exceptional degree, and by no means free from more +serious faults, B. has yet produced the greatest biography in the +language. _The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D._ appeared in 1791, and at +once commanded an admiration which has suffered no diminution since. But +by this time a cloud had fallen upon the author. He had lost his +excellent wife, his health had given way, the intemperance to which he +had always been subject had mastered him, and he _d._ four years after +the appearance of his great work. B. was called to the English as well as +to the Scottish Bar, but his various foibles prevented his reaching any +great success, and he had also vainly endeavoured to enter on a political +career. The question has often been raised how a man with the +characteristics of B. could have produced so unique a work, and has been +discussed at length by Macaulay and by Carlyle, the former paradoxically +arguing that his supreme folly and meanness themselves formed his +greatest qualifications; the latter, with far deeper insight, that +beneath these there lay the possession of an eye to discern excellence +and a heart to appreciate it, intense powers of accurate observation and +a considerable dramatic faculty. His letters to William Temple were +discovered at Boulogne, and _pub._ 1857. + + +BOUCICAULT, DION (1820-90).--Actor and dramatist, _b._ in Dublin and +_ed._ in London, joined Macready while still young, and made his first +appearance upon the stage with Benj. Webster at Bristol. Soon afterwards +he began to write plays, occasionally in conjunction, of which the first, +_London Assurance_ (1841) had an immediate success. He was an excellent +actor, especially in pathetic parts. His plays are for the most part +adaptations, but are often very ingenious in construction, and have had +great popularity. Among the best known are _The Colleen Bawn_, +_Arrah-na-Pogue_, _Faust and Marguerite_, and _The Shaughraun_. B. _d._ +in America. + + +BOWDLER, THOMAS (1754-1825).--Editor of _The Family Shakespeare_, _b._ +near Bath, _s._ of a gentleman of independent fortune, studied medicine +at St. Andrews and at Edin., where he took his degree in 1776, but did +not practise, devoting himself instead to the cause of prison reform. In +1818 he _pub._ his _Family Shakespeare_ in 10 vols., "in which nothing is +added to the original text, but those words and expressions are omitted +which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family." The work had +considerable success, 4 editions having been _pub._ before 1824, and +others in 1831, 1853, and 1861. It was, however, subjected to some +criticism and ridicule, and gave rise to the expression "bowdlerise," +always used in an opprobrious sense. On the other hand, Mr. Swinburne has +said, "More nauseous and foolish cant was never chattered than that which +would deride the memory or depreciate the merits of B. No man ever did +better service to Shakespeare than the man who made it possible to put +him into the hands of intelligent and imaginative children." B. +subsequently essayed a similar enterprise in regard to Gibbon, which, +however, was not so successful. + + +BOWER, ARCHIBALD (1686-1766).--Historian, _b._ at Dundee, and _ed._ at +the Scots Coll., Douay, became a Jesuit, but afterwards joined the Church +of England, and again became a Jesuit. He wrote a _History of Rome_ +(1735-44), a _History of the Popes_ (1748-66). These works are +ill-proportioned and inaccurate. His whole life appears to have been a +very discreditable one. + + +BOWER, or BOWMAKER, WALTER (_d._ 1449).--Was Abbot of Inchcolm, and +continued and enlarged Fordun's _Scotichronicon_. + + +BOWLES, WILLIAM LISLE (1762-1850).--Poet and antiquary, _b._ at King's +Sutton, Northamptonshire, of which his _f._ was vicar, and _ed._ at +Winchester and Oxf., was for the most of his life Vicar of Bremhill, +Wilts, and became Prebendary and Canon Residentiary of Salisbury. His +first work, _pub._ in 1789, was a little vol. containing 14 sonnets, +which was received with extraordinary favour, not only by the general +public, but by such men as Coleridge and Wordsworth. It may be regarded +as the harbinger of the reaction against the school of Pope, in which +these poets were soon to bear so great a part. B. _pub._ several other +poems of much greater length, of which the best are _The Spirit of +Discovery_ (1805), and _The Missionary of the Andes_ (1815), and he also +enjoyed considerable reputation as an antiquary, his principal work in +that department being _Hermes Britannicus_ (1828). In 1807 he _pub._ a +_Life of Pope_, in the preface to which he expressed some views on poetry +which resulted in a rather fierce controversy with Byron, Campbell, and +others. He also wrote a _Life of Bishop Ken_. B. was an amiable, +absent-minded, and rather eccentric man. His poems are characterised by +refinement of feeling, tenderness, and pensive thought, but are deficient +in power and passion. + +Other works are _Coombe Ellen and St. Michael's Mount_ (1798), _The +Battle of the Nile_ (1799), _The Sorrows of Switzerland_ (1801), _St. +John in Patmos_ (1833), etc. + + +BOWRING, SIR JOHN (1792-1872).--Linguist, writer, and traveller, was _b._ +at Exeter. His talent for acquiring languages enabled him at last to say +that he knew 200, and could speak 100. He was appointed editor of the +_Westminster Review_ in 1824; travelled in various countries with the +view of reporting on their commercial position; was an M.P. 1835-37 and +1841-49, and held various appointments in China. His chief literary work +was the translation of the folk-songs of most European nations, and he +also wrote original poems and hymns, and works on political and economic +subjects. B. was knighted in 1854. He was the literary executor of Jeremy +Bentham (_q.v._). + + +BOYD, ANDREW KENNEDY HUTCHISON (1825-1899).--Miscellaneous writer, _s._ +of Rev. Dr. B. of Glasgow, was originally intended for the English Bar, +but entered the Church of Scotland, and was minister latterly at St. +Andrews, wrote in _Fraser's Magazine_ a series of light, chirping +articles subsequently collected as the _Recreations of a Country Parson_, +also several books of reminiscences, etc., written in a pleasant chatty +style, and some sermons. He was D.D. and LL.D. + + +BOYD, ZACHARY (1585-1653).--Divine, belonged to the family of B. of +Pinkhill, Ayrshire, was _ed._ at Glasgow and at Saumur. He translated +many parts of Scripture into uncouth verse. Among his works are _The +Garden of Zion_ and _Zion's Flowers_. + + +BOYLE, THE HON. ROBERT (1627-1691).--Natural Philosopher and chemist, 7th +_s._ of the 1st Earl of Cork, was _b._ at Lismore, Co. Waterford, and +_ed._ at Eton and by private tutors, after which he pursued his studies +on the Continent. On his return to England he devoted himself to the +study of science, especially natural philosophy and chemistry. He was one +of the founders of the Royal Society, and, by his experiments and +observations added to existing knowledge, especially in regard to +pneumatics. He at the same time devoted much study to theology; so much +indeed that he was strongly urged by Lord Clarendon to enter the Church. +Thinking, however, that he could serve the cause of religion better as a +layman, he declined this advice. As a director of the East India Co. he +did much for the propagation of Christianity in the East, and for the +dissemination of the Bible. He also founded the "Boyle Lectures" in +defence of Christianity. He declined the offer of a peerage. B. was a man +of great intellectual acuteness, and remarkable for his conversational +powers. Among his writings are _Origin of Forms and Qualities_, +_Experiments touching Colour_, _Hydrostatical Paradoxes_, and +_Observations on Cold_; in theology, _Seraphic Love_. His complete works +were _pub._ in 5 vols. in 1744. + + +BRADLEY, EDWARD (1827-1889).--Novelist, was a clergyman. He wrote under +the name of "Cuthbert Bede" a few novels and tales, _Fairy Fables_ +(1858), _Glencraggan_ (1861), _Fotheringhay_ (1885), etc.; but his most +popular book was _Verdant Green, an Oxford Freshman_, which had great +vogue. + + +BRADWARDINE, THOMAS (1290?-1349).--Theologian, was at Oxf., where he +became Prof. of Divinity and Chancellor, and afterwards Chaplain to +Edward III., whom he attended in his French wars. He was twice elected +Archbishop of Canterbury by the monks, and on the second occasion +accepted, but _d._ of the plague within 40 days. He wrote on geometry, +but his great work was _De Causa Dei_ (on the Cause of God against +Pelagius), in which he treated theology mathematically, and which earned +for him from the Pope the title of the Profound Doctor. + + +BRAITHWAITE, or BRATHWAITE, RICHARD (1588-1673).--Poet, _b._ near Kendal, +and _ed._ at Oxf., is believed to have served with the Royalist army in +the Civil War. He was the author of many works of very unequal merit, of +which the best known is _Drunken Barnaby's Four Journeys_, which records +his pilgrimages through England in rhymed Latin (said by Southey to be +the best of modern times), and doggerel English verse. _The English +Gentleman_ (1631) and _English Gentlewoman_ are in a much more decorous +strain. Other works are _The Golden Fleece_ (1611) (poems), _The Poet's +Willow_, _A Strappado for the Devil_ (a satire), and _Art Asleepe, +Husband?_ + + +BRAMSTON, JAMES (_c._ 1694-1744).--Satirist, _ed._ at Westminster School +and Oxf., took orders and was latterly Vicar of Hastings. His poems are +_The Art of Politics_ (1729), in imitation of Horace, and _The Man of +Taste_ (1733), in imitation of Pope. He also parodied Phillips's +_Splendid Shilling_ in _The Crooked Sixpence_. His verses have some +liveliness. + + +BRAY, ANNA ELIZA (1790-1883).--Novelist, _dau._ of Mr. J. Kempe, was +married first to C.A. Stothard, _s._ of the famous R.A., and himself an +artist, and secondly to the Rev. E.A. Bray. She wrote about a dozen +novels, chiefly historical, and _The Borders of the Tamar and Tavy_ +(1836), an account of the traditions and superstitions of the +neighbourhood of Tavistock in the form of letters to Southey, of whom she +was a great friend. This is probably the most valuable of her writings. +Among her works are _Branded_, _Good St. Louis and his Times_, +_Trelawney_, and _White Hoods_. + + +BRETON, NICHOLAS (1545-1626).--Poet and novelist. Little is known of his +life. He was the _s._ of William B., a London merchant, was perhaps at +Oxf., and was a rather prolific author of considerable versatility and +gift. Among his poetical works are _A Floorish upon Fancie, Pasquil's +Mad-cappe_ (1626), _The Soul's Heavenly Exercise_, and _The Passionate +Shepherd_. In prose he wrote _Wit's Trenchmour_, _The Wil of Wit_ (1599), +_A Mad World, my Masters_, _Adventures of Two Excellent Princes_, +_Grimello's Fortunes_ (1604), _Strange News out of Divers Countries_ +(1622), etc. His mother married E. Gascoigne, the poet (_q.v._). His +lyrics are pure and fresh, and his romances, though full of conceits, are +pleasant reading, remarkably free from grossness. + + +BREWSTER, SIR DAVID (1781-1868).--Man of science and writer, _b._ at +Jedburgh, originally intended to enter the Church, of which, after a +distinguished course at the Univ. of Edin., he became a licentiate. +Circumstances, however, led him to devote himself to science, of which he +was one of the most brilliant ornaments of his day, especially in the +department of optics, in which he made many discoveries. He maintained +his habits of investigation and composition to the very end of his long +life, during which he received almost every kind of honorary distinction +open to a man of science. He also made many important contributions to +literature, including a _Life of Newton_ (1831), _The Martyrs of Science_ +(1841), _More Worlds than One_ (1854), and _Letters on Natural Magic_ +addressed to Sir W. Scott, and he also edited, in addition to various +scientific journals, _The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia_ (1807-29). He likewise +held the offices successively of Principal of the United Coll. of St. +Salvator and St. Leonard, St. Andrews (1838), and of the Univ. of Edin. +(1859). He was knighted in 1831. Of high-strung and nervous temperament, +he was somewhat irritable in matters of controversy; but he was +repeatedly subjected to serious provocation. He was a man of highly +honourable and fervently religious character. + + +BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (_d._ 1563).--Translator, was the author of _The +Tragicall Historie of Romeus and Juliett_, from which Shakespeare +probably took the story of his _Romeo and Juliet_. Though indirectly +translated, through a French version, from the Italian of Bandello, it is +so much altered and amplified as almost to rank as an original work. The +only fact known regarding him is his death by shipwreck when crossing to +France. + + +BROME, RICHARD (_d._ 1652?).--Dramatist, the servant and friend of Ben +Jonson, produced upwards of 20 plays, some in conjunction with Dekker and +others. Among them are _A Fault in Friendship_, _Late Lancashire Witches_ +(with Heywood and Dekker), _A Jovial Crew_ (1652), _The Northern Lass_ +(1632), _The Antipodes_ (1646), _City Wit_ (1653), _Court Beggar_ (1653), +etc. He had no original genius, but knew stage-craft well. + + +BRONTE, CHARLOTTE (1816-1855).--Novelist, _dau._ of the Rev. Patrick B., +a clergyman of Irish descent and of eccentric habits who embittered the +lives of his children by his peculiar theories of education. Brought up +in a small parsonage close to the graveyard of a bleak, windswept village +on the Yorkshire moors, and left motherless in early childhood, she was +"the motherly friend and guardian of her younger sisters," of whom two, +Emily and Anne, shared, but in a less degree, her talents. After various +efforts as schoolmistresses and governesses, the sisters took to +literature and _pub._ a vol. of poems under the names of Currer, Ellis, +and Acton Bell, which, however, fell flat. Charlotte then wrote her first +novel, _The Professor_, which did not appear until after her death, and +began _Jane Eyre_, which, appearing in 1847, took the public by storm. It +was followed by _Shirley_ in 1849, and _Villette_ in 1852. In 1854 she +was married to her father's curate, the Rev. A. Nicholls, but after a +short though happy married life she _d._ in 1855. EMILY B. +(1818-1848).--a woman of remarkable force of character, reserved and +taciturn, _pub._ in 1848 _Wuthering Heights_, a powerful, but somewhat +unpleasing, novel, and some striking poems; and ANNE (1820-1849), was the +authoress of _The Tenant of Wildfell Hall_ and _Agnes Grey_ (1848). She +had not the intellectual force of her sisters. The novels of Charlotte +especially created a strong impression from the first, and the _pub._ of +_Jane Eyre_ gave rise to much curiosity and speculation as to its +authorship. Their strength and originality have retained for them a high +place in English fiction which is likely to prove permanent. There is a +biography of Charlotte by Mrs. Gaskell (_q.v._). + +Complete ed. of the works of Charlotte B. have been issued by Mrs. +Humphrey Ward (7 vols. 1899-1900), and by Sir W.R. Nicoll, LL.D. (1903). +_Note on Charlotte Bronte_, A.C. Swinburne, 1877. A short _Life_ in Great +Writers Series by A. Birrell. + + +BROOKE, FULKE GREVILLE, LORD (1554-1628).--Poet and statesman, _b._ at +Beauchamp Court, Warwickshire, and _ed._ at Shrewsbury and Camb., was a +Privy Councillor, and held various important offices of state, including +that of Chancellor of the Exchequer (1614-21). In the latter year he was +created a peer. He was murdered by a servant. His works, which were +chiefly _pub._ after his death, consist of tragedies and sonnets, and +poems on political and moral subjects, including _Caelica_ (109 sonnets). +He also wrote a Life of Sir P. Sidney, whose friend he was. His style is +grave and sententious. He is buried in the church at Warwick, and the +inscription on his tomb, written by himself, is a compendious biography. +It runs: "Fulke Greville, servant to Queen Elizabeth, counsellor to King +James, friend to Sir Philip Sidney." + + +BROOKE, HENRY (1703-1783).--Novelist and dramatist, _b._ in Ireland, _s._ +of a clergyman, studied law, but embraced literature as a career. He +wrote poems, dramas, and novels; but the only work which has kept its +place is _The Fool of Quality_ (5 vols. 1766-70), which was a favourite +book with John Wesley. His now forgotten poem, _Universal Beauty_ (1735) +was admired by Pope. His _dau._, CHARLOTTE, the only survivor of 22 +children, tended him to his last days of decay, and was herself a writer, +her principal work being _Reliques of Irish Poetry_ (1789). She _d._ +1793. + + +BROOKS, CHARLES WILLIAM SHIRLEY (1816-1874).--Journalist and novelist, +_b._ in London, began life in a solicitor's office. He early, however, +took to literature, and contributed to various periodicals. In 1851 he +joined the staff of _Punch_, to which he contributed "Essence of +Parliament," and on the death of Mark Lemon (_q.v._) he succeeded him as +editor. He _pub._ a few novels, including _Aspen Court_ and _The Gordian +Knot_. + + +BROOKS, MARIA (GOWAN) (1795?-1845).--American poetess, was early _m._ to +a merchant, who lost his money, and left her a young widow, after which +she wrote highly romantic and impassioned poetry. Her chief work, +_Zophiel or The Bride of Swen_, was finished under the auspices of +Southey, who called her "Maria del Occidente," and regarded her as "the +most impassioned and imaginative of all poetesses," but time has not +sustained this verdict. + + +BROOME, WILLIAM (1689-1745).--Poet and translator, _b._ at Haslington, +Cheshire, and _ed._ at Eton and Camb., entered the Church, and held +various incumbencies. He translated the _Iliad_ in prose along with +others, and was employed by Pope, whom he excelled as a Greek scholar, in +translating the _Odyssey_, of which he Englished the 8th, 11th, 12th, +16th, 18th, and 23rd books, catching the style of his master so exactly +as almost to defy identification, and thus annoying him so as to earn a +niche in _The Dunciad_. He _pub._ verses of his own of very moderate +poetical merit. + + +BROUGHAM AND VAUX, HENRY, 1ST LORD (1778-1868).--_S._ of Henry B. of +Brougham Hall, Westmoreland, _b._ in Edin., and _ed._ at the High School +and Univ. there, where he distinguished himself chiefly in mathematics. +He chose a legal career, and was called to the Scottish Bar in 1800, and +to the English Bar in 1808. His chief forensic display was his defence of +Queen Caroline in 1822. In 1810 he entered Parliament, where his +versatility and eloquence soon raised him to a foremost place. The +questions on which he chiefly exerted himself were the slave trade, +commercial, legal, and parliamentary reform, and education, and in all of +these he rendered signal service. When, in 1830, the Whigs, with whom he +had always acted, attained power, B. was made Lord Chancellor; but his +arrogance, selfishness, and indiscretion rendered him a dangerous and +unreliable colleague, and he was never again admitted to office. He +turned fiercely against his former political associates, but continued +his efforts on behalf of reform in various directions. He was one of the +founders of London Univ. and of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful +Knowledge. In literature he has a place as one of the original projectors +of and most voluminous contributors to _The Edinburgh Review_, and as the +author of a prodigious number of treatises on science, philosophy, and +history, including _Dialogues on Instinct_, Lives of Statesmen, +Philosophers, and Men of Science of the Time of George III., Natural +Theology, etc., his last work being an autobiography written in his 84th +year, and _pub._ 1871. His writings were far too numerous and far too +diverse in subject to be of permanent value. His fame now rests chiefly +on his services to political and specially to legal reform, and to the +diffusion of useful literature, which are his lasting monuments. + + +BROUGHTON, JOHN CAM HOBHOUSE, 1ST LORD (1786-1869).--Eldest _s._ of Sir +Benjamin H., _b._ at Redland near Bristol, _ed._ at Westminster School +and at Camb., where he became intimate with Byron, and accompanied him in +his journeys in the Peninsula, Greece, and Turkey, and acted as his "best +man." In 1816 he was with him after his separation from his wife, and +contributed notes to the fourth canto of _Childe Harold_, which was +dedicated to him. On his return he threw himself into politics with great +energy as an advanced Radical, and wrote various pamphlets, for one of +which he was in 1819 imprisoned in Newgate. In the following year he +entered Parliament, sitting for Westminster. After the attainment of +power by the Whigs he held various offices, including those of Sec. at +War, Chief Sec. for Ireland, and Pres. of the Board of Control. He _pub._ +_Journey through Albania_ (1813), _Historical Illustrations of the Fourth +Canto of Childe Harold_ (1818), and _Recollections of a Long Life_ +(1865), for private circulation, and he left in MS. _Diaries, +Correspondence, and Memoranda, etc., not to be opened till 1900_, +extracts from which were _pub._ by his _dau._, Lady Dorchester, also +under the title of _Recollections from a Long Life_ (1909). + + +BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-1810).--Novelist, _b._ in Philadelphia, +belonged to a Quaker family, became a lawyer, but exchanged law for +literature, and has the distinction of being the first American to adopt +a purely literary career. He wrote several novels, including _Wieland_ +(1798), _Ormond_ (1799), _Arthur Mervyn_ (1800-1), and his last, _Jane +Talbot_ (1801). With a good deal of crudeness and sentimentality he has +occasional power, but dwells too much on the horrible and repulsive, the +result, perhaps, of the morbidity produced by the ill-health from which +he all his life suffered. + + +BROWN, GEORGE DOUGLAS (1869-1902).--Novelist, wrote _The House with the +Green Shutters_, which gives a strongly outlined picture of the harder +and less genial aspects of Scottish life and character. It may be +regarded as a useful supplement and corrective to the more roseate +presentations of the kail-yard school of J.M. Barrie and "Ian Maclaren." +It made a considerable impression. The author _d._ almost immediately +after its publication. There is an ed. with a memoir by Mr. Andrew Lang. + + +BROWN, DR. JOHN (1810-1882).--Physician and essayist, _s._ of John B., +D.D., a distinguished dissenting minister in Edin. _B._ at Biggar, he was +_ed._ at the High School and Univ. of Edin., where practically the whole +of his uneventful life was spent as a physician, and where he was revered +and beloved in no common degree, and he was the cherished friend of many +of his most distinguished contemporaries, including Thackeray. He wrote +comparatively little; but all he did write is good, some of it perfect, +of its kind. His essays, among which are _Rab and his Friends_, _Pet +Marjorie_, _Our Dogs_, _Minchmoor_, and _The Enterkine_, were collected +along with papers on art, and medical history and biography, in _Horae +Subsecivae_ (Leisure Hours), 3 vols. In the mingling of tenderness and +delicate humour he has much in common with Lamb; in his insight into +dog-nature he is unique. His later years were clouded with occasional +fits of depression. + + +BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820).--Metaphysician, _s._ of the Rev. Samuel B., +minister of Kirkinabreck, practised for some time as a physician in +Edin., but his tastes and talents lying in the direction of literature +and philosophy, he devoted himself to the cultivation of these, and +succeeded Dugald Stewart as Professor of Moral Philosophy in the Univ. of +Edin., in which position he had remarkable popularity as a lecturer. His +main contribution to literature is his _Lectures_, _pub._ after his +death. B. was a man of attractive character and considerable talents, but +as a philosopher he is now largely superseded. He also wrote poetry, +which, though graceful, lacked force, and is now forgotten. + + +BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897).--Poet, _b._ at Douglas, Isle of Man, +_s._ of a clergyman, and _ed._ there and at Oxf., entered the Church and +held various scholastic appointments, including a mastership at Clifton. +His later years were spent in his native island. He had a true lyrical +gift, and much of his poetry was written in Manx dialect. His poems +include _Fo'c'sle Yarns_ (1881), _The Doctor_ (1887), _The Manx Witch_ +(1889), and _Old John_ (1893). He was also an admirable letter-writer, +and 2 vols. of his letters have been _pub._ + + +BROWN, TOM (1663-1704).--Satirist, was _ed._ at Oxf., and there composed +the famous epigram on Dr. Fell. He was for a few years schoolmaster at +Kingston-on-Thames, but owing to his irregularities lost the appointment, +and went to London, where he wrote satires, epigrams, and miscellaneous +pieces, generally coarse and scurrilous. + + +BROWNE, CHARLES FARRAR (1834-1867).--Humorist (Artemus Ward), _b._ in +Maine, U.S., worked as a compositor and reporter, and became a highly +popular humorous writer, his books being _Artemus Ward his Book_, _A.W. +His Panorama_, _A.W. among the Mormons_, and _A.W. in England_. + + +BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760).--Is remembered as the author of some +clever imitations of contemporary poets on the theme of _A Pipe of +Tobacco_, somewhat analogous to the _Rejected Addresses_ of a later day. +He also wrote a Latin poem on the immortality of the soul. B., who was a +country gentleman and barrister, had great conversational powers. He was +a friend of Dr. Johnson. + + +BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682).--Physician and miscellaneous and +metaphysical writer, _s._ of a London merchant, was _ed._ at Winchester +and Oxf., after which he studied medicine at various Continental univs., +including Leyden, where he _grad._ He ultimately settled and practised at +Norwich. His first and perhaps best known work, _Religio Medici_ (the +Religion of a Physician) was _pub._ in 1642. Other books are _Pseudodoxia +Epidemica: Enquiries into Vulgar Errors_ (1646), _Hydriotaphia, or +Urn-burial_ (1658); and _The Garden of Cyrus_ in the same year. After his +death were _pub._ his _Letter to a Friend_ and _Christian Morals_. B. is +one of the most original writers in the English language. Though by no +means free from credulity, and dealing largely with trivial subjects of +inquiry, the freshness and ingenuity of his mind invest everything he +touches with interest; while on more important subjects his style, if +frequently rugged and pedantic, often rises to the highest pitch of grave +and stately eloquence. In the Civil War he sided with the King's party, +and was knighted in 1671 on the occasion of a Royal visit to Norwich. In +character he was simple, cheerful, and retiring. He has had a profound if +indirect influence on succeeding literature, mainly by impressing +master-minds such as Lamb, Coleridge, and Carlyle. + +There is an ed. of B.'s works by S. Wilkin (4 vols., 1835-6), _Religio +Medici_ by Dr. Greenhill, 1881. _Life_ by Gosse in Men of Letters Series, +1903. + + +BROWNE, WILLIAM (1590?-1645?).--Poet, _b._ at Tavistock, _ed._ at Oxf., +after which he entered the Inner Temple. His poems, which are mainly +descriptive, are rich and flowing, and true to the phenomena of nature, +but deficient in interest. Influenced by Spenser, he in turn had an +influence upon such poets as Milton and Keats. His chief works were +_Britannia's Pastorals_ (1613), and _The Shepheard's Pipe_ (1614). + + +BROWNING, ELIZABETH BARRETT (1806-1861).--Poetess, was the _dau._ of +Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett, who assumed the last name on succeeding +to the estates of his grandfather in Jamaica. She was _b._ at Coxhoe +Hall, Durham, but spent her youth at Hope End, near Great Malvern. While +still a child she showed her gift, and her _f._ _pub._ 50 copies of a +juvenile epic, on the Battle of Marathon. She was _ed._ at home, but owed +her profound knowledge of Greek and much mental stimulus to her early +friendship with the blind scholar, Hugh Stuart Boyd, who was a neighbour. +At the age of 15 she met with an injury to her spine which confined her +to a recumbent position for several years, and from the effects of which +she never fully recovered. In 1826 she _pub._ anonymously _An Essay on +Mind and Other Poems_. Shortly afterwards the abolition of slavery, of +which he had been a disinterested supporter, considerably reduced Mr. +B.'s means: he accordingly disposed of his estate and removed with his +family first to Sidmouth and afterwards to London. At the former Miss B. +wrote _Prometheus Bound_ (1835). After her removal to London she fell +into delicate health, her lungs being threatened. This did not, however, +interfere with her literary labours, and she contributed to various +periodicals _The Romaunt of Margaret_, _The Romaunt of the Page_, _The +Poet's Vow_, and other pieces. In 1838 appeared _The Seraphim and Other +Poems_ (including "Cowper's Grave.") Shortly thereafter the death, by +drowning, of her favourite brother gave a serious shock to her already +fragile health, and for a time she hovered between life and death. +Eventually, however, she regained strength, and meanwhile her fame was +growing. The _pub._ about 1841 of _The Cry of the Children_ gave it a +great impulse, and about the same time she contributed some critical +papers in prose to R.H. Horne's _New Spirit of the Age_. In 1844 she +_pub._ two vols. of _Poems_, which comprised "The Drama of Exile," +"Vision of Poets," and "Lady Geraldine's Courtship." In 1845 she met for +the first time her future husband, Robert Browning (_q.v._). Their +courtship and marriage, owing to her delicate health and the +extraordinary objections entertained by Mr. B. to the marriage of any of +his children, were carried out under somewhat peculiar and romantic +circumstances. After a private marriage and a secret departure from her +home, she accompanied her husband to Italy, which became her home almost +continuously until her death, and with the political aspirations of which +she and her husband both thoroughly identified themselves. The union +proved one of unalloyed happiness to both, though it was never forgiven +by Mr. Barrett. In her new circumstances her strength greatly increased. +Her husband and she settled in Florence, and there she wrote _Casa Guidi +Windows_ (1851)--by many considered her strongest work--under the +inspiration of the Tuscan struggle for liberty. _Aurora Leigh_, her +largest, and perhaps the most popular of her longer poems, appeared in +1856. In 1850 _The Sonnets from the Portuguese_--the history of her own +love-story, thinly disguised by its title--had appeared. In 1860 she +issued a _coll._ ed. of her poems under the title, _Poems before +Congress_. Soon thereafter her health underwent a change for the worse; +she gradually lost strength, and _d._ on June 29, 1861. She is generally +considered the greatest of English poetesses. Her works are full of +tender and delicate, but also of strong and deep, thought. Her own +sufferings, combined with her moral and intellectual strength, made her +the champion of the suffering and oppressed wherever she found them. Her +gift was essentially lyrical, though much of her work was not so in form. +Her weak points are the lack of compression, an occasional somewhat +obtrusive mannerism, and frequent failure both in metre and rhyme. Though +not nearly the equal of her husband in force of intellect and the higher +qualities of the poet, her works had, as might be expected on a +comparison of their respective subjects and styles, a much earlier and +wider acceptance with the general public. Mrs. B. was a woman of singular +nobility and charm, and though not beautiful, was remarkably attractive. +Miss Mitford (_q.v._) thus describes her as a young woman: "A slight, +delicate figure, with a shower of dark curls falling on each side of a +most expressive face; large, tender eyes, richly fringed by dark +eyelashes, and a smile like a sunbeam." + +_Life_ by J.H. Ingram (1889); _Letters of R. Browning and E.B. Browning_ +(1889). _Coll._ ed. of her works, _see_ above. + + +BROWNING, ROBERT (1812-1889).--Poet, only _s._ of Robert B., a man of +fine intellect and equally fine character, who held a position in the +Bank of England, was _b._ in Camberwell. His mother, to whom he was +ardently attached, was the _dau._ of a German shipowner who had settled +in Dundee, and was alike intellectually and morally worthy of his +affection. The only other member of the family was a younger sister, also +highly gifted, who was the sympathetic companion of his later years. In +his childhood he was distinguished by his love of poetry and natural +history. At 12 he had written a book of poetry which he destroyed when he +could not find a publisher. After being at one or two private schools, +and showing an insuperable dislike to school life, he was _ed._ by a +tutor, and thereafter studied Greek at Univ. Coll., London. Through his +mother he inherited some musical talent, and composed settings, for +various songs. His first _pub._ was _Pauline_, which appeared anonymously +in 1833, but attracted little attention. In 1834 he paid his first visit +to Italy, in which so much of his future life was to be passed. The +publication of _Paracelsus_ in 1835, though the poem had no general +popularity, gained the notice of Carlyle, Wordsworth, and other men of +letters, and gave him a reputation as a poet of distinguished promise. +Two years later his drama of _Stratford_ was performed by his friend +Macready and Helen Faucit, and in 1840 the most difficult and obscure of +his works, _Sordello_, appeared; but, except with a select few, did +little to increase his reputation. It was followed by _Bells and +Pomegranates_ (containing _Pippa Passes_) (1841), _A Blot in the +'Scutcheon_ (drama) (1843), _Luria_ and _A Soul's Tragedy_ (1846). In +this year he married Miss Elizabeth Barrett (_q.v._), the poetess, a +union of ideal happiness. Thereafter his home until his wife's death in +1861 was in Italy, chiefly at Florence. In 1850 he wrote _Christmas Eve +and Easter Day_, and in 1855 appeared _Men and Women_. After the death of +Mrs. Browning he returned to England, paying, however, frequent visits to +Italy. Settling in London he published successively _Dramatis Personae_ +(1864), _The Ring and the Book_ (1868-69), his greatest work, +_Balaustion's Adventure_, and _Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau_ (1871), +_Fifine at the Fair_ (1872), _Red Cotton Night-cap Country_ (1873), _The +Inn Album_ (1875), _Pacchiarotto_ (1876), translation of _Agamemnon_ +(1879), _La Saisiaz_, etc. (1878), _Dramatic Idylls_ (1879 and 1880), +_Asolando_ (1889) appeared on the day of his death. To the great majority +of readers, probably, B. is best known by some of his short poems, such +as, to name a few, "Rabbi Ben Ezra," "How they brought the good News to +Aix," "Evelyn Hope," "The Pied Piper of Hammelin," "A Grammarian's +Funeral," "A Death in the Desert." It was long before England recognised +that in B. she had received one of the greatest of her poets, and the +causes of this lie on the surface. His subjects were often recondite and +lay beyond the ken and sympathy of the great bulk of readers; and owing, +partly to the subtle links connecting the ideas and partly to his often +extremely condensed and rugged expression, the treatment of them was not +seldom difficult and obscure. Consequently for long he appealed to a +somewhat narrow circle. As time went on, however, and work after work was +added, the circle widened, and the marvellous depth and variety of +thought and intensity of feeling told with increasing force. Societies +began to be formed for the study of the poet's work. Critics became more +and more appreciative, and he at last reaped the harvest of admiration +and honour which was his due. Many distinctions came to him. He was made +LL.D. of Edin., a life Governor of London Univ., and had the offer of the +Lord Rectorship of Glasgow. He _d._ in the house of his son at Venice, +and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The keynote of his teaching is a +wise and noble optimism. His poems were collected in 2 vols. in 1896. +Some vols. of his correspondence with Mrs. B. were also _pub._ + +Uniform ed. of Works (17 vols. 1888-90); Furnivall's _Browning +Bibliography_ (1883), _Lives_ by Mrs. Sutherland Orr (1891); Gosse +(1890); Dowden (1904), G.K. Chesterton (English Men of Letters), etc.; +_Poetry of Robert Browning_ by Stopford Brooke, 1902, etc. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1812, _pub._ _Paracelsus_ 1835, _Sordello_ 1840, _Bells +and Pomegranates_ 1841, _m._ to E.B.B. 1846, lives chiefly in Italy till +her _d._, 1861, when he returned to England and continued to write until +his _d._, _pub._ _Dramatis Personae_, _Ring and Book_ 1868-9, _Asolando_ +1889, _d._ 1889. + + +BRUCE, JAMES (1730-1794).--Traveller, was _b._ at the family seat of +Kinnaird, Perthshire, and _ed._ at Harrow. After various travels in +Europe he set out in 1768 on his expedition to Abyssinia, and in 1770 +reached the source of the Blue Nile. He returned to England in 1774, and +in 1790 _pub._ his _Travels_ in 5 quarto vols. His notorious vanity, the +singular adventures he related, and the generally embellished character +which he imparted to his narrative excited some degree of scepticism, and +he was subjected to a good deal of satire, to which, though much annoyed, +he did not reply. It is, however, generally allowed that he had shown +great daring, perseverance, and zeal in his explorations, and that he +made a real addition to the geographical knowledge of his day. + + +BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767).--Poet, _s._ of a poor weaver at Kinnesswood, +Kinross-shire, as a child herded cattle, but received a good education, +including 4 sessions at the Univ. of Edin., and for a short time kept a +school. His longest poem, _Loch Leven_, shows the influence of Thomson. +His best is his _Elegy_. His promising career was cut short by +consumption in 1767. The authorship of the beautiful _Ode to the Cuckoo_ +beginning "Hail, beauteous stranger of the grove" is contested, some +authorities claiming it for B. and others for the Rev. John Logan +(_q.v._), who ed. B.'s works, adding some of his own, and who claimed the +_Ode_ as his. + + +BRUNTON, MARY (BALFOUR) (1778-1818).--Novelist, _dau._ of Col. Balfour of +Elwick, and _m._ to the Rev. Dr. Brunton, Prof. of Oriental Languages in +the Univ. of Edin., was the authoress of two novels, _Self-Control_ +(1811) and _Discipline_ (1814), which were popular in their day. + + +BRYANT, JACOB (1715-1804).--Scholar, _ed._ at Eton and Camb., wrote +learnedly, but paradoxically, on mythological and Homeric subjects. His +chief works were _A New System or Analysis of Ancient Mythology_ +(1774-76), _Observations on the Plain of Troy_ (1795), and _Dissertation +concerning the Wars of Troy_ (1796). In the last two he endeavoured to +show that the existence of Troy and the Greek expedition were fabulous. +Though so sceptical on these points he was an implicit believer in the +authenticity of the Rowley authorship of Chatterton's fabrications. He +also wrote on theological subjects. + + +BRYANT, WILLIAM CULLEN (1794-1878).--Poet, was _b._ at Cummington, +Massachusetts, the _s._ of a doctor. His ancestors on both sides came +over in the _Mayflower_. His first poem was _Thanatopsis_ (1817), which +was greeted as the best poem produced in America up to that time. After +being a lawyer for some time he was induced to exchange law for +journalism, and acted as ed. of various periodicals. Among his best known +poems are _Lines to a Water-fowl_, _The Rivulet_, _The West Wind_, _The +Forest Hymn_, _The Fringed Gentian_, etc. His muse is tender and graceful, +pervaded by a contemplative melancholy, and a love of solitude and the +silence of the woods. Though he was brought up to admire Pope, and in his +early youth imitated him, he was one of the first American poets to throw +off his influence. He had a high sense of duty, was a prominent and +patriotic citizen, and enjoyed the esteem and even the reverence of his +fellow-countrymen. B. also produced a blank-verse translation of the +_Iliad_ and the _Odyssey_. + + +BRYDGES, SIR SAMUEL EGERTON (1762-1837).--Bibliographer and genealogist, +_ed._ at Camb., was called to the Bar in 1787. He wrote some novels and +poems, now forgotten, but rendered valuable service by his +bibliographical publications, _Censura Literaria, Titles and Opinions of +Old English Books_ (10 vols. 1805-9), his editions of E. Phillips's +_Theatrum Poetarum Anglicanorum_ (1800) Collin's _Peerage of England_ +(1812), and of many rare Elizabethan authors. He was made a baronet in +1814. He _d._ at Geneva. + + +BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506-1582).--Historian and scholar _b._ at Killearn, +Stirlingshire, of poor parents, was sent in 1519, with the help of an +uncle, to the Univ. of Paris, where he first came in contact with the two +great influences of the age, the Renaissance and the Reformation. His +uncle having died, he had to leave Paris, and after seeing some military +service, returned to Scotland, and in 1524 went to St. Andrews, where he +studied under John Major (_q.v._). Two years later he found means to +return to Paris, where he graduated at the Scots Coll. in 1528, and +taught grammar in the Coll. of St. Barbe. Returning to Scotland in 1536 +with a great reputation for learning he was made by James V. tutor to one +of his illegitimate sons, and incited by him to satirise the vices of the +clergy, which he did in two Latin poems, _Somnium_ and _Franciscanus_. +This stirred the wrath of the ecclesiastical powers to such a heat that, +the King withholding his protection, he was obliged in 1539 to save +himself by flight first to England and then to France, where he remained +until 1547 teaching Latin at Bordeaux and Paris. In the latter year he +was invited to become a prof. at Coimbra, where he was imprisoned by the +Inquisition as a heretic from 1549-51, and wrote the greater part of his +magnificent translation of the Psalms into Latin verse, which has never +been excelled by any modern. He returned to England in 1552, but soon +re-crossed to France and taught in the Coll. of Boncourt. In 1561 he came +back to his native country, where he remained for the rest of his life. +Hitherto, though a supporter of the new learning and a merciless exposer +of the vices of the clergy, he had remained in the ancient faith, but he +now openly joined the ranks of the Reformers. He held the Principalship +of St. Leonard's Coll., St. Andrews, was a supporter of the party of the +Regent Moray, produced in 1571 his famous _Detectio Mariae Reginae_, a +scathing exposure of the Queen's relations to Darnley and the +circumstances leading up to his death, was tutor, 1570-78, to James VI., +whom he brought up with great strictness, and to whom he imparted the +learning of which the King was afterwards so vain. His chief remaining +works were _De Jure Regni apud Scotos_ (1579), against absolutism, and +his _History of Scotland_, which was _pub._ immediately before his death. +Though he had borne so great a part in the affairs of his country, and +was the first scholar of his age, he _d._ so poor that he left no funds +to meet the expenses of his interment. His literary masterpiece is his +_History_, which is remarkable for the power and richness of its style. +Its matter, however, gave so much offence that a proclamation was issued +calling in all copies of it, as well as of the _De Jure Regni_, that they +might be purged of the "offensive and extraordinary matters" which they +contained. B. holds his great and unique place in literature not so much +for his own writings as for his strong and lasting influence on +subsequent writers. + + +BUCHANAN, ROBERT (1841-1901).--Poet and novelist, _b._ at Caverswall, +Staffordshire, the _s._ of a Scottish schoolmaster and socialist, and +_ed._ at Glasgow, was the friend of David Gray (_q.v._), and with him +went to London in search of fame, but had a long period of +discouragement. His first work, a collection of poems, _Undertones_ +(1863), had, however, some success, and was followed by _Idylls of +Inverburn_ (1865), _London Poems_ (1866), and others, which gave him a +growing reputation, and raised high hopes of his future. Thereafter he +took up prose fiction and the drama, not always with success, and got +into trouble owing to some drastic criticism of his contemporaries, +culminating in his famous article on the _Fleshly School of Poetry_, +which appeared in the _Contemporary Review_ (Oct. 1871), and evoked +replies from Rossetti (_The Stealthy School of Criticism_), and Swinburne +(_Under the Microscope_). Among his novels are _A Child of Nature_ +(1879), _God and the Man_ (1881), and among his dramas _A Nine Days' +Queen_, _A Madcap Prince_, and _Alone in London_. His latest poems, _The +Outcast_ and _The Wandering Jew_, were directed against certain aspects +of Christianity. B. was unfortunate in his latter years; a speculation +turned out ruinously; he had to sell his copyrights, and he sustained a +paralytic seizure, from the effects of which he _d._ in a few months. He +ultimately admitted that his criticism of Rossetti was unjustifiable. + + +BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE of (1628-1687).--Dramatist, _s._ of +the 1st Duke, who was in 1628 assassinated by Felton. His life was full +of adventure and change of fortune. The Restoration gave him back his +already twice lost estates, which he again squandered by a life of wild +extravagance and profligacy at Court. He was a member of the "Cabal" and +intrigued against Clarendon. He wrote pamphlets, lampoons, and plays, but +his chief contribution to literature was _The Rehearsal_, a comedy, in +which he satirised the heroic drama of Dryden and others. It is believed +that S. Butler had a hand in it. Dryden had his revenge in his picture of +B. as _Zimri_ in _Absalom and Achitophel_. + + +BUCKINGHAM AND NORMANBY, JOHN SHEFFIELD, 1ST DUKE of (1648-1721).--_S._ +of the 2nd Earl of Mulgrave, served in his youth as a soldier under +Prince Rupert and Turenne, and is also said to have made love to the +Princess, afterwards Queen, Anne. He was a Privy Councillor under James +II., William and Mary, and Anne, with the last of whom he remained a +favourite. His magnificent mansion was purchased and pulled down to make +way for Buckingham Palace. He wrote _An Account of the Revolution_, _An +Essay on Satire_, and _An Essay on Poetry_. He also remodelled +Shakespeare's _Julius Caesar_. + + +BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855).--Journalist and traveller, wrote many +books of travel, both on the Old and New World. He established, and for a +year or two ed., _The Athenaeum_, and produced many pamphlets on political +and social subjects. + + +BUCKLAND, FRANCIS TREVELYAN (1826-80).--Naturalist, _b._ and _ed._ at +Oxf., where his _f._ was Dean of Christchurch. He studied medicine and +was assistant-surgeon in the Life Guards. An enthusiastic lover of +natural history, he wrote largely upon it, among his works being +_Curiosities of Natural History_ (4 vols. 1857-72), _Log Book of a +Fisherman and Zoologist_ (1876), _Natural History of British Fishes_ +(1881). He also founded and ed. _Land and Water_. He was for a time +Inspector of Salmon Fisheries, and served on various commissions. Though +observant, he was not always strictly scientific in his methods and modes +of expression, and he was a strong opponent of Darwin. + + +BUCKLE, HENRY THOMAS (1821-1862).--Historical writer, _s._ of a wealthy +shipowner in London, was _b._ at Lee in Kent. Though never at a univ. and +little at school, he received a high degree of education privately, and +inheriting an ample fortune and a large library, he devoted himself to +travel and study, with the view of preparing for a great work which he +had projected, _The History of Civilisation in England_. As an +introduction to this he entered upon the consideration of the state of +civilisation in various other countries, but this he had scarcely +completed when his death took place at Damascus in 1862. The first vol. +was _pub._ in 1857, and the second in 1861. In these the results of a +vast amount of reading are shown; but they are not free from one-sided +views and generalisations resting on insufficient data. He has, however, +the credit of having contributed a new idea of history and the method of +writing it. The completed work was to have extended to 14 vols. B. was +one of the greatest chess-players in Europe. + + +BUDGELL, EUSTACE (1686-1737).--Miscellaneous writer, _ed._ at Oxf., was a +cousin of Addison, who took him to Ireland and got him appointed to a +lucrative office, which, however, he was foolish enough to throw away by +lampooning the Viceroy. He assisted A. in the _Spectator_, of which he +wrote 37 numbers signed X. In these he imitates A.'s style with some +success. B., who was vain and vindictive, fell on evil days, lost a +fortune in the South Sea Bubble, was accused of forging a will, and +committed suicide by throwing himself out of a boat at London Bridge. + + +BULL, GEORGE (1634-1710).--Theologian, _b._ at Wells, _ed._ at Tiverton +and Oxf., took orders, was ordained by an ejected bishop in 1658, and +received the living of Suddington near Bristol. He was a strong Royalist, +and was privy to a scheme for bringing back the Royal family. After the +Restoration he obtained further preferment, and became in 1704 Bishop of +St. David's at an age when his strength had become unequal to any very +active discharge of the duties of his see. He has a high place among +Anglican theologians, and as a defender of the doctrine of the Trinity +was held in high esteem even by Continental Romanist controversialists. +Among his works are _Harmonia Apostolica_ (1669-70) in which he +endeavoured to reconcile alleged discrepancies between the teaching of +St. Paul and St. James on the relation between faith and works, in which +he assigned to the latter the higher authority, _Defensio Fidei Nicaenae_ +(1685) and _Corruptions of the Church of Rome_. + + +BULWER, E.L., (_see_ LYTTON.) + + +BUNYAN, JOHN (1628-1688).--_B._ at Elstow, near Bedford, the _s._ of a +poor tinker, was _ed._ at a free school, after which he worked at his +father's trade. At 17 he was drafted as a soldier in the Civil War, and +served for two years at Newport Pagnell. At 19 he _m._ a pious young +woman, whose only dowry appears to have been two books, the _Plain Man's +Pathway to Heaven_ and the _Practice of Piety_, by which he was +influenced towards a religious life. In his autobiographical book, _Grace +Abounding_, B. describes himself as having led an abandoned life in his +youth; but there appears to be no evidence that he was, outwardly at any +rate, worse than the average of his neighbours: the only serious fault +which he specifies is profanity, others being dancing and bell-ringing. +The overwhelming power of his imagination led him to contemplate acts of +impiety and profanity, and to a vivid realisation of the dangers these +involved. In particular he was harassed by a curiosity in regard to the +"unpardonable sin," and a prepossession that he had already committed it. +He continually heard voices urging him to "sell Christ," and was tortured +by fearful visions. After severe spiritual conflicts he escaped from this +condition, and became an enthusiastic and assured believer. In 1657 he +joined the Baptist Church, began to preach, and in 1660 was committed to +Bedford Jail, at first for three months, but on his refusing to conform, +or to desist from preaching, his confinement was extended with little +interval for a period of nearly 12 years, not always, however, very +rigorous. He supported his family (wife and four children, including a +blind girl) by making tagged laces, and devoted all the time he could +spare from this to studying his few books and writing. During this period +he wrote among other things, _The Holy City_ and _Grace Abounding_. Under +the Declaration of Indulgence he was released in 1672, and became a +licensed preacher. In 1675 the Declaration was cancelled, and he was, +under the Conventicle Act, again imprisoned for six months, during which +he wrote the first part of _The Pilgrim's Progress_, which appeared in +1678, and to which considerable additions were made in subsequent +editions. It was followed by the _Life and Death of Mr. Badman_ (1680), +_The Holy War_ (1682), and the second part of _The Pilgrim's Progress_ +(1684). B. was now widely known as a popular preacher and author, and +exercised a wide influence. In 1688 he set out on a journey to mediate +between a father and son, in which he was successful. On the return +journey he was drenched with rain, caught a chill and _d._ in London on +August 31. He is buried in Bunhill Fields. B. has the distinction of +having written, in _The Pilgrim's Progress_, probably the most widely +read book in the English language, and one which has been translated into +more tongues than any book except the Bible. The charm of the work, which +makes it the joy of old and young, learned and ignorant, and of readers +of all possible schools of thought and theology, lies in the interest of +a story in which the intense imagination of the writer makes characters, +incidents, and scenes alike live in that of his readers as things +actually known and remembered by themselves, in its touches of tenderness +and quaint humour, its bursts of heart-moving eloquence, and its pure, +nervous, idiomatic English, Macaulay has said, "Every reader knows the +straight and narrow path as well as he knows a road on which he has been +backwards and forwards a hundred times," and he adds that "In England +during the latter half of the seventeenth century there were only two +minds which possessed the imaginative faculty in a very eminent degree. +One of these minds produced the _Paradise Lost_, the other _The Pilgrim's +Progress_." B. wrote about 60 books and tracts, of which _The Holy War_ +ranks next to _The Pilgrim's Progress_ in popularity, while _Grace +Abounding_ is one of the most interesting pieces of biography in +existence. + +There are numerous Lives, the most complete being that by Dr. John Brown +of Bedford (1885 new 1888): others are Southey's (1830), on which +Macaulay's _Essay_ is based, Offor (1862), Froude (1880). On _The +Pilgrim's Progress, The People of the Pilgrimage_, by J. Kerr Bain, D.D. + + +BURCKHARDT, JOHN LEWIS (1784-1817).--Traveller, _b._ at Lausanne and +_ed._ in Germany, came to England in 1806 and wrote his books of travel +in English. He travelled widely in Africa and in Syria, and the adjoining +countries, became a great oriental scholar, and, disguising himself, made +the pilgrimage to Mecca, and obtained access to places not open to +Christians. He wrote accounts of his travels, and a book on Arabic +proverbs. He _d._ of dysentery at Cairo when about to start on a new +journey into the interior of Africa. + + +BURKE, EDMUND (1729-1797).--Statesman, orator, and political philosopher, +was the _s._ of an attorney in Dublin, where he was _b._ His _f._ was a +Protestant, but his mother, whose maiden name was Nagle, was a Roman +Catholic. He received his early _ed._ at a Quaker school at Ballitore, +and in 1743 proceeded to Trinity Coll., Dublin, where he graduated in +1748. His _f._ wished him to study for the law, and with this object he, +in 1750, went to London and entered the Middle Temple. He, however, +disliked law and spent more time in literary pursuits than in legal +study. In 1756 his first _pub._ work appeared, _A Vindication of Natural +Society_, a satire on the views of Bolingbroke, but so close was the +imitation of that writer's style, and so grave the irony, that its point +as a satire was largely missed. In the same year he _pub._ his famous +treatise _On the Sublime and Beautiful_, which attracted universal +attention, and three years later (1759) he projected with Dodsley the +publisher _The Annual Register_, for which he continued to write the +yearly Survey of Events until 1788. About the same time he was introduced +to W.G. Hamilton (known as Single-speech H.) then about to go to Ireland +as Chief Sec., and accompanied him in the capacity of private sec., in +which he remained for three years. In 1765 he became private sec. to the +Marquis of Rockingham, the Whig statesman, then Prime Minister, who +became his fast friend until his death. At the same time he entered +Parliament as member for Wendover, and began his brilliant career as an +orator and philosophic statesman. The first great subject in which he +interested himself was the controversy with the American colonies, which +soon developed into war and ultimate separation, and in 1769 he _pub._, +in reply to G. Grenville, his pamphlet on _The Present State of the +Nation_. In the same year he purchased the small estate of Gregories near +Beaconsfield. His speeches and writings had now made him famous, and +among other effects had brought about the suggestion that he was the +author of the _Letters of Junius_. It was also about this time that he +became one of the circle which, including Goldsmith, Garrick, etc., had +Johnson for its central luminary. In 1770 appeared _Thoughts on the +Causes of the Present Discontent_, directed against the growth of the +Royal power on the one hand, and of faction on the other. In 1774 he was +elected member for Bristol, and continued so until 1780, when differences +with his constituency on the questions of Irish trade and Catholic +emancipation led to his resignation, after which he sat for Malton until +his final retirement from public life. Under the administration of Lord +North (1770-1782) the American war went on from bad to worse, and it was +in part owing to the splendid oratorical efforts of B. that it was at +last brought to an end. To this period belong two of his most brilliant +performances, his speech on _Conciliation with America_ (1775), and his +_Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol_ (1777). The fall of North led to +Rockingham being recalled to power, which, however, he held for a few +months only, dying in the end of 1782, during which period B. held the +office of Paymaster of the Forces, and was made a Privy Councillor. +Thereafter he committed the great error of his political life in +supporting Fox in his coalition with North, one of the most flagitious, +as it was to those concerned in it, one of the most fatal, political acts +in our parliamentary history. Under this unhappy combination he continued +to hold during its brief existence the office of Paymaster, and +distinguished himself in connection with Fox's India Bill. The coalition +fell in 1783, and was succeeded by the long administration of Pitt, which +lasted until 1801. B. was accordingly for the remainder of his political +life in opposition. In 1785 he made his great speech on _The Nabob of +Arcot's Debts_, and in the next year (1786) he moved for papers in regard +to the Indian government of Warren Hastings, the consequence of which was +the impeachment of that statesman, which, beginning in 1787, lasted until +1794, and of which B. was the leading promoter. Meanwhile, the events in +France were in progress which led to the Revolution, and culminated in +the death of the King and Queen. By these B. was profoundly moved, and +his _Reflections on the French Revolution_ (1790) electrified England, +and even Europe. Its success was enormous. The same events and the +differences which arose regarding them in the Whig party led to its break +up, to the rupture of B's friendship with Fox, and to his _Appeal from +the New to the Old Whigs_. In 1794 a terrible blow fell upon him in the +loss of his son Richard, to whom he was tenderly attached, and in whom he +saw signs of promise, which were not patent to others, and which in fact +appear to have been non-existent. In the same year the Hastings trial +came to an end. B. felt that his work was done and indeed that he was +worn out; and he took leave of Parliament. The King, whose favour he had +gained by his attitude on the French Revolution, wished to make him Lord +Beaconsfield, but the death of his son had deprived such an honour of all +its attractions, and the only reward he would accept was a pension of +L2500. Even this modest reward for services so transcendent was attacked +by the Duke of Bedford, to whom B. made a crushing reply in the _Letter +to a Noble Lord_ (1796). His last _pub._ was the _Letter on a Regicide +Peace_ (1796), called forth by negotiations for peace with France. When +it appeared the author was dead. + +B. was one of the greatest political thinkers whom England has produced, +and all his writings, like his speeches, are characterised by the welding +together of knowledge, thought, and feeling. Unlike most orators he is +more successful as a writer than as a speaker. He rose too far above the +heads of his audience, which the continued splendour of his declamation, +his inordinate copiousness, and his excessive vehemence, often passing +into fury, at length wearied, and even disgusted: but in his writings are +found some of the grandest examples of a fervid and richly elaborated +eloquence. Though he was never admitted to the Cabinet, he guided and +influenced largely the policy of his party, while by his efforts in the +direction of economy and order in administration at home, and on behalf +of kindly and just government in India, as well as by his contributions +to political philosophy, he laid his country and indeed the world under +lasting obligations. + +There are _Lives_ by Prior (1824 and 1854); J. Morley (1867), and various +ed. of his works have appeared. _Select Works_ by Payne (3 vols. +1874-78). + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1729, _ed._ Trinity Coll., Dublin, enters Middle Temple +1750, _pub._ treatise _On the Sublime and Beautiful_ 1756, became friend +of Rockingham 1765, enters Parliament and engages in American +controversy, _pub._ speech on _Conciliation with America_ 1775, Paymaster +of Forces and P.C. 1782, joined coalition of Fox and North 1782, leads in +prosecution of W. Hastings 1787-94, _pub._ _Reflections on French +Revolution_ 1790 and breaks with Fox party, _pub._ _Letter on a Regicide +Peace_ 1796, _d._ 1797. + + +BURNET, GILBERT (1643-1715).--Theologian and historian, s. of a Royalist +and Episcopalian lawyer, who became a judge, and of the sister of +Johnston of Warristoun, a leader of the Covenanters, was _b._ in Edin., +and _ed._ at Aberdeen and at Amsterdam, where he studied Hebrew under a +Rabbi. Returning to Scotland, he was successively Episcopal minister at +Saltoun and Prof. of Divinity in Glasgow (1669), and was then offered, +but declined, a Scotch bishopric. His energetic and bustling character +led him to take an active part in the controversies of the time, and he +endeavoured to bring about a reconciliation between Episcopacy and +Presbytery. Going to London he was in some favour with Charles II., from +whom he received various preferments. His literary reputation was greatly +enhanced by the publication in 1679 of the first vol. of his _History of +the Reformation of the Church of England_, for which he received the +thanks of Parliament, and which was completed by other two vols., in 1682 +and 1714. On account of a letter of reproof which he ventured to write to +the King, he lost favour at Court, and the policy pursued by James II. +being very repugnant to him, he betook himself in 1687 to Holland, where +he became one of the advisers of the Prince of Orange. Returning to +England at the Revolution, he was made Bishop of Salisbury, which office +he adorned by liberal views and a zealous discharge of duty. The work by +which his fame is chiefly sustained, his _History of my Own Times_, was, +by his direction, not to be _pub._ until 6 years after his death. It +appeared in 1723. It gives a sketch of the history of the Civil Wars and +Commonwealth, and a detailed account of the immediately succeeding period +down to 1713. While not free from egotism and some party feeling, it is +written with a sincere desire for accuracy and fairness, and it has +largely the authority of an eye-witness. The style, if somewhat lacking +in dignity, is lively and picturesque. Among his other writings are a +_History of the Dukes of Hamilton_, and an _Exposition of the 39 +Articles_. + +His principal works have been repeatedly printed. Clarendon Press ed. of +_My Own Times_ by Routh (1823 and 1833). + + +BURNET, THOMAS (1635?-1715).--Theologian and writer on cosmogony, was +_b._ at Croft near Darlington, and _ed._ at Camb., and became Master of +Charterhouse and Clerk of the Closet to William III. His literary fame +rests on his _Telluris Theoria Sacra, or Sacred Theory of the Earth_, +_pub._ about 1692, first in Latin and afterwards in English, a work +which, in absence of all scientific knowledge of the earth's structure, +was necessarily a mere speculative cosmogony. It is written, however, +with much eloquence. Some of the views expressed in another work, +_Archaeolgiae Philosophicae_, were, however, so unacceptable to contemporary +theologians that he had to resign his post at Court. + + +BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796).--Poet, was _b._ near Ayr, the _s._ of William +Burness or Burns, a small farmer, and a man of considerable force of +character and self-culture. His youth was passed in poverty, hardship, +and a degree of severe manual labour which left its traces in a premature +stoop and weakened constitution. He had little regular schooling, and got +much of what education he had from his father, who taught his children +reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and history, and also wrote for +them "A Manual of Christian Belief." With all his ability and character, +however, the elder B. was consistently unfortunate, and migrated with his +large family from farm to farm without ever being able to improve his +circumstances. In 1781 Robert went to Irvine to become a flax-dresser, +but, as the result of a New Year carousal of the workmen, including +himself, the shop took fire and was burned to the ground. This venture +accordingly came to an end. In 1784 the _f._ died, and B. with his +brother Gilbert made an ineffectual struggle to keep on the farm; failing +in which they removed to Mossgiel, where they maintained an uphill fight +for 4 years. Meanwhile, his love affair with Jean Armour had passed +through its first stage, and the troubles in connection therewith, +combined with the want of success in farming, led him to think of going +to Jamaica as bookkeeper on a plantation. From this he was dissuaded by a +letter from Dr. Thomas Blacklock (_q.v._), and at the suggestion of his +brother _pub._ his poems. This first ed. was brought out at Kilmarnock in +June 1786, and contained much of his best work, including "The Twa Dogs," +"The Address to the Deil," "Hallowe'en," "The Cottar's Saturday Night," +"The Mouse," "The Daisy," etc., many of which had been written at +Mossgiel. Copies of this ed. are now extremely scarce, and as much as +L550 has been paid for one. The success of the work was immediate, the +poet's name rang over all Scotland, and he was induced to go to Edin. to +superintend the issue of a new ed. There he was received as an equal by +the brilliant circle of men of letters which the city then +boasted--Dugald Stewart, Robertson, Blair, etc., and was a guest at +aristocratic tables, where he bore himself with unaffected dignity. Here +also Scott, then a boy of 15, saw him and describes him as of "manners +rustic, not clownish. His countenance ... more massive than it looks in +any of the portraits ... a strong expression of shrewdness in his +lineaments; the eye alone indicated the poetical character and +temperament. It was large, and of a dark cast, and literally glowed when +he spoke with feeling or interest." The results of this visit outside of +its immediate and practical object, included some life-long friendships, +among which were those with Lord Glencairn and Mrs. Dunlop. The new ed. +brought him L400. About this time the episode of Highland Mary occurred. +On his return to Ayrshire he renewed his relations with Jean Armour, whom +he ultimately married, took the farm of Ellisland near Dumfries, having +meanwhile taken lessons in the duties of an exciseman, as a line to fall +back upon should farming again prove unsuccessful. At Ellisland his +society was cultivated by the local gentry. And this, together with +literature and his duties in the excise, to which he had been appointed +in 1789, proved too much of a distraction to admit of success on the +farm, which in 1791 he gave up. Meanwhile he was writing at his best, and +in 1790 had produced _Tam o' Shanter_. About this time he was offered and +declined an appointment in London on the staff of the _Star_ newspaper, +and refused to become a candidate for a newly-created Chair of +Agriculture in the Univ. of Edin., although influential friends offered +to support his claims. After giving up his farm he removed to Dumfries. +It was at this time that, being requested to furnish words for _The +Melodies of Scotland_, he responded by contributing over 100 songs, on +which perhaps his claim to immortality chiefly rests, and which placed +him in the front rank of lyric poets. His worldly prospects were now +perhaps better than they had ever been; but he was entering upon the last +and darkest period of his career. He had become soured, and moreover had +alienated many of his best friends by too freely expressing sympathy +with the French Revolution, and the then unpopular advocates of reform at +home. His health began to give way; he became prematurely old, and fell +into fits of despondency; and the habits of intemperance, to which he had +always been more or less addicted, grew upon him. He _d._ on July 21, +1797. + +The genius of B. is marked by spontaneity, directness, and sincerity, and +his variety is marvellous, ranging from the tender intensity of some of +his lyrics through the rollicking humour and blazing wit of _Tam o' +Shanter_ to the blistering satire of _Holy Willie's Prayer_ and _The Holy +Fair_. His life is a tragedy, and his character full of flaws. But he +fought at tremendous odds, and as Carlyle in his great Essay says, +"Granted the ship comes into harbour with shrouds and tackle damaged, the +pilot is blameworthy ... but to know _how_ blameworthy, tell us first +whether his voyage has been round the Globe or only to Ramsgate and the +Isle of Dogs." + +The books about Burns, his life and writings, are innumerable. Among the +Lives are those by Currie (1800); Allan Cunningham (1834); J.G. Lockhart +(1828), on which is based Carlyle's memorable _Essay_ (which _see_). +Among the famous ed. of the _Poems_ may be mentioned the first +(Kilmarnock 1786), Edin. (1787), and the _Centenary_ (1896), by W.E. +Henley and T.F. Henderson. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1759, flax-dresser at Irvine 1781, farms at Mossgiel, has +love affair with Jean Armour, _pub._ first ed. of poems 1786, visits +Edin. 1786, goes to Ellisland, became exciseman 1789, _pub._ songs, _c._ +1791, _d._ 1797. + + +BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809-1881).--Historian, was _b._ and _ed._ at +Aberdeen, was in 1831 called to the Bar, but had little practice, and in +1854 was appointed Sec. to the Prison Board of Scotland, and in 1877 a +Commissioner of Prisons. He became at an early period of his life a +contributor to _Blackwood's Magazine_ and other periodicals, and in 1846 +_pub._ a life of Hume, which attracted considerable attention, and was +followed by Lives of Lord Lovat and Lord President Forbes. He began his +career as an historian by the publication in 1853 of _History of Scotland +from the Revolution to the Extinction of the last Jacobite Insurrection_, +to which he added (1867-70) _History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasion +to the Revolution_, in 7 vols., thus completing a continuous narrative. +Subsequently he _pub._ a _History of the Reign of Queen Anne_ (1880). +Other works of a lighter kind were _The Book-Hunter_ (1862), and _The +Scot Abroad_ (1864). B.'s historical works display much research and a +spirit of candour and honesty, and have picturesque and spirited +passages, but the style is unequal, and frequently lacks dignity. On the +whole, however, his is regarded as the most generally trustworthy and +valuable history of Scotland at present existing. + + +BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890).--Explorer and scholar, _s._ of +an officer in the army, was _b._ at Barham House, Herts, and after a +somewhat desultory education abroad as well as at home, entered upon a +life of travel, adventure, and military and civil service in almost every +quarter of the world, including India, Africa, the nearer East, and North +and South America, in the course of which he mastered 35 languages. As an +official his masterful ways and spirit of adventure frequently brought +him into collision with superior powers, by whom he not seldom considered +himself ill-used. He was the author of upwards of 50 books on a great +variety of subjects, including travels, novels, and translations, among +which are _Personal Narrative of a Journey to Mecca_ (1855), _First +Footprints in East Africa_ (1856), _Lake Regions of Equatorial Africa_ +(1860), _The Nile Basin_, a translation and life of Camoens, an +absolutely literal translation of the _Arabian Nights_, with notes and +commentaries, of which his accomplished wife _pub._ an expurgated +edition. Lady B., who was the companion of his travels after 1861, also +wrote books on Syria, Arabia, and other eastern countries, as well as a +life of her husband, a number of whose manuscripts she destroyed. + + +BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640).--Miscellaneous writer, _b._ at Lindley, +Leicestershire, and _ed._ at Oxf., took orders, and became Vicar of St. +Thomas, Oxf., 1616, and Rector of Segrave, Leicestershire, 1630. Subject +to depression of spirits, he wrote as an antidote the singular book which +has given him fame. _The Anatomy of Melancholy_, in which he appears +under the name of _Democritus Junior_, was _pub._ in 1621, and had great +popularity. In the words of Warton, "The author's variety of learning, +his quotations from rare and curious books, his pedantry sparkling with +rude wit and shapeless elegance ... have rendered it a repertory of +amusement and information." It has also proved a store-house from which +later authors have not scrupled to draw without acknowledgment. It was a +favourite book of Dr. Johnson. B. was a mathematician and dabbled in +astrology. When not under depression he was an amusing companion, "very +merry, facete, and juvenile," and a person of "great honesty, plain +dealing, and charity." + +The best ed. is that of Rev. A.R. Shilleto, with introduction by A.H. +Bullen (3 vols. 1893). + + +BURY, LADY CHARLOTTE (1775-1861).--Novelist, _dau._ of the 5th Duke of +Argyll, and _m._ first to Col. J. Campbell, and second to Rev. E.J. Bury, +wrote a number of novels--_Flirtation_, _Separation_, _The Divorced_, +etc., but is chiefly remembered in connection with a _Diary illustrative +of the Times of George IV._ (1838), a somewhat scandalous work generally, +and probably correctly, ascribed to her. She also wrote some poems and +two devotional works. She held for some time an appointment in the +household of the Princess of Wales. + + +BURY, RICHARD DE (1281-1345).--_S._ of Sir Richard Aungerville, _b._ at +Bury St. Edmunds, studied at Oxf., and was a Benedictine monk, became +tutor to Edward III. when Prince of Wales, and Bishop of Durham, and held +many offices of State. He was a patron of learning, and one of the first +English collectors of books, and he wrote his work, _Philobiblon_, in +praise of books, and founded a library at Durham. + + +BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752).--Theologian, _b._ at Wantage, _s._ of a +Presbyterian linen-draper, was destined for the ministry of that Church, +but in 1714 he decided to enter the Church of England, and went to Oxf. +After holding various other preferments he became rector of the rich +living of Stanhope, Bishop of Bristol (1738), and Bishop of Durham +(1750), and was said to have refused the Primacy. In 1726 he _pub._ +_Fifteen Sermons_, and in 1736 _The Analogy of Religion_. These two books +are among the most powerful and original contributions to ethics and +theology which have ever been made. They depend for their effect entirely +upon the force of their reasoning, for they have no graces of style. B. +was an excellent man, and a diligent and conscientious churchman. Though +indifferent to general literature, he had some taste in the fine arts, +especially architecture. B.'s works were ed. by W.E. Gladstone (2 vols. +1896), and there are Lives by Bishop W. Fitzgerald, Spooner (1902), and +others, _see_ also _History of English Thought in 18th Century_, by +Leslie Stephen. + + +BUTLER, SAMUEL (1612-1680).--Satirist, was the _s._ of a Worcestershire +farmer. In early youth he was page to the Countess of Kent, and +thereafter clerk to various Puritan justices, some of whom are believed +to have suggested characters in _Hudibras_. After the Restoration he +became Sec. to the Lord Pres. of Wales, and about the same time _m._ a +Mrs. Herbert, a widow with a jointure, which, however, was lost. In 1663 +the first part of _Hudibras_ was _pub._, and the other two in 1664 and +1668 respectively. This work, which is to a certain extent modelled on +_Don Quixote_, stands at the head of the satirical literature of England, +and for wit and compressed thought has few rivals in any language. It is +directed against the Puritans, and while it holds up to ridicule the +extravagancies into which many of the party ran, it entirely fails to do +justice to their virtues and their services to liberty, civil and +religious. Many of its brilliant couplets have passed into the proverbial +commonplaces of the language, and few who use them have any idea of their +source. Butler, notwithstanding the popularity of his work, was neglected +by the Court, and _d._ in poverty. + +Ed. of B.'s works have been issued by Bell (3 vols., 1813), and Johnson +(2 vols., 1893). + + +BUTLER, SAMUEL (1825-1902).--Miscellaneous writer, _ed._ at Shrewsbury +and Camb., wrote two satirical books, _Erewhon_ (nowhere) (1872), and +_Erewhon Revisited_ (1901). He translated the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ in +prose, and mooted the theory that the latter was written by a woman. +Other works were _The Fair Haven_, _Life and Habit_, _The Way of all +Flesh_ (a novel) (1903), etc., and some sonnets. He also wrote on the +Sonnets of Shakespeare. + + +BYRON, GEORGE GORDON, 6TH LORD BYRON (1788-1824).--Poet, was _b._ in +London, the _s._ of Captain John B. and of Catherine Gordon, heiress of +Gight, Aberdeenshire, his second wife, whom he _m._ for her money and, +after squandering it, deserted. He was also the grand-nephew of the 5th, +known as the "wicked" Lord B. From his birth he suffered from a +malformation of the feet, causing a slight lameness, which was a cause of +lifelong misery to him, aggravated by the knowledge that with proper care +it might have been cured. After the departure of his _f._ his mother went +to Aberdeen, where she lived on a small salvage from her fortune. She was +a capricious woman of violent temper, with no fitness for guiding her +volcanic son, and altogether the circumstances of his early life explain, +if they do not excuse, the spirit of revolt which was his lifelong +characteristic. In 1794, on the death of a cousin, he became +heir-presumptive to the title and embarrassed estates of the family, to +which, on the death of his great-uncle in 1798, he succeeded. In 1801 he +was sent to Harrow, where he remained until 1805, when he proceeded to +Trinity Coll., Camb., where he read much history and fiction, lived +extravagantly, and got into debt. Some early verses which he had _pub._ +in 1806 were suppressed. They were followed in 1807 by _Hours of +Idleness_, which was savagely attacked in the _Edinburgh Review_. In +reply he sent forth _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_ (1800), which +created considerable stir and shortly went through 5 ed. Meanwhile, he +had settled at Newstead Abbey, the family seat, where with some of his +cronies he was believed to have indulged in wild and extravagant orgies, +the accounts of which, however, were probably greatly exaggerated. In +1809 he left England, and passing through Spain, went to Greece. During +his absence, which extended over two years, he wrote the first two cantos +of _Childe Harold_, which were _pub._ after his return in 1812, and were +received with acclamation. In his own words, "he awoke one morning and +found himself famous." He followed up his success with some short poems, +_The Corsair_, _Lara_, etc. About the same time began his intimacy with +his future biographer, Thomas Moore (_q.v._), and about 1815 he married +Anne Isabella Milbanke, who had refused him in the previous year, a union +which, owing to the total incompatibility of the parties, and serious +provocations on the part of B., proved unhappy, and was in 1816 dissolved +by a formal deed of separation. The only fruit of it was a _dau._, +Augusta Ada. After this break-up of his domestic life, followed as it was +by the severe censure of society, and by pressure on the part of his +creditors, which led to the sale of his library, B. again left England, +as it turned out, for ever, and, passing through Belgium and up the +Rhine, went to Geneva, afterwards travelling with Shelley through +Switzerland, when he wrote the third canto of _Childe Harold_. He +wintered in Venice, where he formed a connection with Jane Clairmont, the +_dau._ of W. Godwin's second wife (_q.v._). In 1817 he was in Rome, +whence returning to Venice he wrote the fourth canto of _Childe Harold_. +In the same year he sold his ancestral seat of Newstead, and about the +same time _pub._ _Manfred_, _Cain_, and _The Deformed Transformed_. The +first five cantos of _Don Juan_ were written between 1818 and 1820, +during which period he made the acquaintance of the Countess Guiccioli, +whom he persuaded to leave her husband. It was about this time that he +received a visit from Moore, to whom he confided his MS. autobiography, +which Moore, in the exercise of the discretion left to him, burned in +1824. His next move was to Ravenna, where he wrote much, chiefly dramas, +including _Marino Faliero_. In 1821-22 he finished _Don Juan_ at Pisa, +and in the same year he joined with Leigh Hunt in starting a short-lived +newspaper, _The Liberal_, in the first number of which appeared _The +Vision of Judgment_. His last Italian home was Genoa, where he was still +accompanied by the Countess, and where he lived until 1823, when he +offered himself as an ally to the Greek insurgents. In July of that year +he started for Greece, spent some months in Cephalonia waiting for the +Greeks to form some definite plans. In January, 1824, he landed at +Missolonghi, but caught a malarial fever, of which he _d._ on April 19, +1824. + +The final position of B. in English literature is probably not yet +settled. It is at present undoubtedly lower than it was in his own +generation. Yet his energy, passion, and power of vivid and +richly-coloured description, together with the interest attaching to his +wayward and unhappy career, must always make him loom large in the +assembly of English writers. He exercised a marked influence on +Continental literature, and his reputation as poet is higher in some +foreign countries than in his own. + +Among ed. of the works of B. may be mentioned Murray's (13 vols. +1898-1904). Moore's _Life_ (1830), Lady Blessington's _Conversations with +Lord Byron_ (1834, new, 1894). + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1788, spent childhood in Aberdeen, _ed._ Harrow and Camb., +_pub._ _English Bards etc._, 1809, _Childe Harold_ first two cantos 1812, +married 1815, separated 1816, owing to this and financial difficulties +leaves England, meets Shelley, _pub._ third canto of _Childe Harold_ +1816, fourth canto 1817, writes _Don Juan_ cantos 1-4 1818-20, lives at +various places in Italy 1816-24 with Countess Guiccioli, finished _Don +Juan_ 1822, goes to Greece 1823 to assist insurgents, _d._ 1824. + + +BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884).--Dramatist, _b._ at Manchester, entered +the Middle Temple, but soon took to writing for the stage, and produced +many popular burlesques and extravaganzas. He also wrote for periodicals, +and was the first editor of _Fun_. Among his best dramatic pieces are +_Cyril's Success_ (1868), _Our Boys_ (1875), and _The Upper Crust_. + + +CAEDMON (_d._ 1680).--The first English poet of whom we have any +knowledge. Originally employed as cowherd at the Abbey of Whitby, he +became a singer when somewhat advanced in life. The story of how the gift +of song came to him is given by Bede, how having fallen asleep in the +stable he dreamed that one came to him desiring a song, and on his asking +"What shall I sing?" replied "Sing to me of the beginning of created +things." Therefore he began to sing and, on awaking, remembered his song +and added to it. Thereafter he told what had befallen him to the bailiff +who was over him, who repeated the tale to the Abbess Hilda. She having +called together certain learned and pious persons, C. was brought before +them, told his story, and recited his verses. A part of Scripture was +read to him, which he was asked to turn into verse; and this being done +he was received into the Abbey where, for the rest of his life, he lived +as a monk, and continued to make his holy songs. Much that was formerly +attributed to C. is now held to be of later date. All that is known to be +his is a Northumbrian version of Bede's Latin paraphrases of C.'s first +song: although by some the authorship of "The Dream of the Holy Rood," +and of a fragment on "The Temptation and Fall of Man" is claimed for him. + +_English Literature from Beginning to Norman Conquest_, Stopford Brooke +(1898), and _History of Early English Literature_, by the same (1892). + + +CAIRD, EDWARD (1835-1908).--Philosopher, younger brother of John C. +(_q.v._), was _b._ at Greenock, and _ed._ at Glasgow and Oxf., where he +became Fellow and Tutor of Merton Coll. In 1866 he was appointed to the +Chair of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow, which he held until 1893, when he +became Master of Balliol Coll., from which he retired in 1907. He has +written _Critical Philosophy of Kant_ (1877), _Hegel_ (1883), _Evolution +of Religion_, _Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte_ (1885), +_Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers_ (1904). + + +CAIRD, JOHN (1820-1898).--Theologian, _b._, at Greenock, and _ed._ at +Glasgow, entered the Church of Scotland, of which he became one of the +most eloquent preachers. After being a minister in the country and in +Edinburgh, he was translated to Glasgow, becoming in 1862 Prof. of +Divinity in the Univ. of that city, and in 1873 Principal. A sermon on +_Religion in Common Life_, preached before Queen Victoria, made him known +throughout the Protestant world. He wrote an _Introduction to the +Philosophy of Religion_ (1880), and a vol. on _Spinoza_ (1888). + + +CALAMY, EDMUND (1600-1666).--Puritan Divine, _b._ in London, and _ed._ at +Camb., was one of the principal authors of a famous controversial work +bearing the title _Smectymnuus_, made up of the initials of the various +writers, and _pub._ in 1641 in reply to Bishop Hall's _Divine Right of +Episcopacy_. His other chief work is _The Godly Man's Ark_. A +Presbyterian, he was a supporter of monarchy, and favoured the +Restoration, after which he was offered, but declined, the see of +Coventry and Lichfield. He was a member of the Savoy Conference. The +passing of the Act of Uniformity led to his retiring from ministerial +work. He is said to have _d._ of melancholy caused by the great fire of +London. + + +CALDERWOOD, DAVID (1575-1650).--Scottish Church historian, belonged to a +good family, and about 1604 became minister of Crailing, Roxburghshire. +Opposing the designs of James VI. for setting up Episcopacy, he was +imprisoned 1617, and afterwards had to betake himself to Holland, where +his controversial work, _Altare Damascenum_, against Episcopacy, was +_pub._ In 1625 he returned to Scotland, and began his great work, _The +Historie of the Kirk of Scotland_, which was _pub._ in an abridged form +(1646). The complete work was printed (1841-49) for the Woodrow Society. +C. became minister of Pencaitland, East Lothian, about 1640, and was one +of those appointed to draw up _The Directory for Public Worship in +Scotland_. + + +CALVERLEY, CHARLES STUART (1831-1884).--Poet and translator, _s._ of the +Rev. H. Blayds (who assumed the name of Calverley), was _ed._ at Harrow, +Oxf., and Camb. He was called to the Bar in 1865, and appeared to have a +brilliant career before him, when a fall on the ice in 1866 changed him +from a distinguished athlete to a life-long invalid. Brilliant as a +scholar, a musician, and a talker, he is perhaps best known as one of the +greatest of parodists. He _pub._ _Verses and Translations_ (1862), and +_Fly-leaves_ (1872). He also translated _Theocritus_ (1869). + + +CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623).--Antiquary and historian, _b._ in London, +and _ed._ at Christ's Hospital, St. Paul's School, and Oxf., was in 1575 +appointed Second Master in Westminster School, and Head Master in 1593, +and spent his vacations in travelling over England collecting antiquarian +information. His great work, _Britannia_, was _pub._ in 1586, and at once +brought him fame both at home and abroad. It is a work of vast labour and +erudition, written in elegant Latin. In 1597 C. was made Clarencieux +King-at-Arms which, setting him free from his academic duties, enabled +him to devote more time to his antiquarian and historical labours. His +other principal works are _Annals of the Reign of Elizabeth_ (printed +1615-1623), _Monuments and Inscriptions in Westminster Abbey_ (1600), and +a _coll._ of _Ancient English Historians_. He was buried in Westminster +Abbey. The Camden Society for historical research, founded in 1838, is +named after him. + + +CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719-1796).--Theologian and philosopher, was a minister +of the Church of Scotland at Aberdeen, and Principal and Prof. of +Divinity in Marischal Coll. there. His _Dissertation on Miracles_ (1763), +in answer to Hume, was in its day considered a masterly argument, and was +admitted to be so by Hume himself. His other principal works were _The +Philosophy of Rhetoric_ (1776), which is still a standard work, and _A +Translation of the Four Gospels with Notes_. + + +CAMPBELL, JOHN, 1ST LORD CAMPBELL (1779-1861).--Lawyer and biographer, +_s._ of the minister of Cupar-Fife, had a highly successful career as a +lawyer, and held the offices successively of Solicitor and +Attorney-General, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Lord Chief Justice, and +Lord Chancellor. His contributions to literature were _Lives of the +Chancellors_ and _Lives of the Chief Justices_. These works, though +deficient in research and accuracy, often unfair in judgments of +character, and loose and diffuse in style, are interesting and full of +information. + + +CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS (1822-1885).--Celtic scholar, _ed._ at Eton and +Edin., was afterwards Sec. to the Lighthouse Commission. He was an +authority on Celtic folk-lore, and _pub._ _Popular Tales of the West +Highlands_ (4 vols., 1860-62), and various Gaelic texts. + + +CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908).--Scholar, _s._ of a naval officer, _ed._ at +Edin., Glasgow, and Oxf., took orders, and was Vicar of Milford, Hants, +until 1863, when he was appointed Prof. of Greek at St. Andrews. He +brought out ed. of Sophocles and other works on the Greek classics, and +in conjunction with E. Abbott _The Life and Letters of Prof. Jowett_ +(_q.v._), with whom he had collaborated in editing the _Republic of +Plato_. He also ed. the poems of Thomas Campbell, to whom he was related. + + +CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777-1844).--Poet, was the youngest _s._ of Alexander +C., a merchant in Glasgow, where he was _b._ After leaving the Univ. of +that city, where he gained some distinction by his translations from the +Greek, and acting for some time as a tutor, he went to Edin. to study +law, in which, however, he did not make much progress, but gained fame by +producing in 1799, at the age of 21, his principal poem, _The Pleasures +of Hope_. In spite of some of the faults of youth, the vigour of thought +and description, and power of versification displayed in the poem, as +well as its noble feeling for liberty, made it a marvellous performance +for so young a man. His other larger poems are _Gertrude of Wyoming_ +(1809), _O'Connor's Child_, and _Theodric_ (1824). It is not, however, +for these that he will be chiefly remembered, but for his patriotic and +war lyrics, _Ye Mariners of England_, _Hohenlinden_, and _The Battle of +the Baltic_, which are imperishable. C. was also distinguished as a +critic, and his _Specimens of the British Poets_ (1819) is prefaced by an +essay which is an important contribution to criticism. C. resided in +London from 1803 until the year of his death, which took place at +Boulogne, whither he had repaired in search of health. In addition to the +works mentioned he wrote various compilations, including _Annals of Great +Britain_, covering part of the reign of George III. In 1805 he received a +Government pension, and he was Lord Rector of Glasgow Univ. 1826-29. He +is buried in Westminster Abbey. + +_Life and Letters_, Beattie (1840); Poems, _Aldine_ ed. (1875, new, +1890). + + +CAMPION, THOMAS (_c._ 1575-1620).--Poet and musician, _b._ at Witham, +Essex, and _ed._ at Camb., and on the Continent, studied law at Gray's +Inn, but discarding it, practised medicine in London. He wrote masques, +and many fine lyrics remarkable for their metrical beauty, of which +"Cherry Ripe" and "Lesbia" are well known. He also wrote _Epigrams_ in +Latin, and _Observations on the Arte of Poesie_ (1602). He composed the +music for most of his songs. + + +CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827).--Statesman, was _b._ in London, the _s._ of +a lawyer. He lost his _f._ while still an infant, and was brought up by +an uncle, who sent him to Eton and Oxf. In 1793 he entered Parliament as +a supporter of Pitt, and soon became one of the most brilliant debaters +in the House. After filling various offices, including that of Foreign +Sec., with striking ability, he was in 1827 appointed Prime Minister, but +_d._, deeply mourned by the nation, a few months later. He has a place in +literature as the leading spirit in the _Anti-Jacobin_, a paper started +during the French Revolution, in support of the English Constitution, and +which, with Gifford for ed., had many of the most eminent men of the day +as contributors. C. wrote the _Needy Knife-grinder_, _The Loves of the +Triangles_, parts II. and III., a parody on E. Darwin's _Loves of the +Plants_, _The Progress of Man_, etc. His _coll._ _Poems_ were _pub._ +1823. + + +CAPGRAVE, JOHN (1393-1464).--Historian and theologian, _b._ at Lynn, +became an Augustinian Friar, and at length Provincial of the Order in +England. He studied probably at Camb., visited Rome, and was a client of +Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, whose life he wrote. He was the author of +numerous theological and historical works, some of which are of +considerable importance, including in Latin, _Nova Legenda Angliae_, _De +Illustribus Henricis_: lives of German Emperors, English Kings, etc., of +the name of Henry, and in English, monotonous and dull, lives of St. +Gilbert and St. Katharine, and a _Chronicle_ reaching to 1417. + + +CAREW, RICHARD (1555-1620).--Translator and antiquary, a county gentleman +of Cornwall, _ed._ at Oxf., made a translation of the first five cantos +of Tasso's _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1594), more correct than that of +Fairfax. Other works were _A Survey of Cornwall_ (1602), and an _Epistle +concerning the Excellencies of the English Tongue_ (1605). + + +CAREW, THOMAS (1594?-1639).--Poet, _s._ of Sir Matthew C., was _ed._ at +Oxf., entered the Middle Temple, and was one of the first and best of the +courtly poets who wrote gracefully on light themes of Court life and +gallantry. C.'s poems have often much beauty and even tenderness. His +chief work is _Coelum Britannicum_. He lived the easy and careless life +of a courtier of the day, but is said to have _d._ in a repentant frame. +His poems, consisting chiefly of short lyrics, were _coll._ and _pub._ +after his death. One of the most beautiful and best known of his songs is +that beginning "He that loves a rosy cheek." + + +CAREY, HENRY (_d._ 1743).--Dramatist and song-writer, was believed to be +an illegitimate _s._ of George Savile, Marquis of Halifax. He wrote +innumerable burlesques, farces, songs, etc., often with his own music, +including _Chrononhotonthologos_ (1734), a burlesque on the mouthing +plays of the day, and _The Dragon of Wantley_ (1744?). His poem, _Namby +Pamby_, in ridicule of Ambrose Phillips (_q.v._), added a word to the +language, and his _Sally in our Alley_ is one of our best-known songs. +_God Save the King_ was also claimed for him, but apparently without +reason. + + +CARLETON, WILLIAM (1794-1869).--Novelist, _s._ of a poor Irish cottar, +_b._ and brought up among the Irish peasantry, acquired an insight into +their ideas and feelings which has never been equalled. His finest work +is in his short stories, collected under the title of _Traits and Stories +of the Irish Peasantry_, of which two series were _pub._ in 1830 and 1832 +respectively. He also wrote several longer novels, of which the best is +_Fardorougha the Miser_ (1837), a work of great power. Others are _The +Misfortunes of Barny Branagan_ (1841), _Valentine M'Clutchy_ (1845), +_Rody the Rover_ (1847), _The Squanders of Castle Squander_ (1854), and +_The Evil Eye_. C. received a pension of L200 from Government. + + +CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805).--Autobiographer, _s._ of the Minister of +Cummertrees, Dumfriesshire, was _ed._ at Edin. and Leyden, and entering +the Church became Minister of Inveresk, and was associated with Principal +Robertson as an ecclesiastical leader. He was a man of great ability, +shrewdness, and culture, and the friend of most of the eminent literary +men in Scotland of his day. He left an autobiography in MS., which was +ed. by Hill Burton, and _pub._ in 1860, and which is one of the most +interesting contemporary accounts of his time. His stately appearance +gained for him the name of "Jupiter" C. + + +CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881).--Historian and essayist, was _b._ at +Ecclefechan in Dumfriesshire. His _f._, James C., was a stonemason, a +man of intellect and strong character, and his mother was, as he said, +"of the fairest descent, that of the pious, the just, and the wise." His +earliest education was received at the parish school of Ecclefechan (the +Entepfuhl of _Sartor Resartus_). Thence he went to the Grammar School of +Annan, and in 1809 to the Univ. of Edin., the 90 miles to which he +travelled on foot. There he read voraciously, his chief study being +mathematics. After completing his "Arts" course, he went on to divinity +with the view of entering the Church, but about the middle of his course +found that he could not proceed. He became a schoolmaster first at Annan +and then at Kirkcaldy, where he formed a profound friendship with Edward +Irving (_q.v._), and met Margaret Gordon, afterwards Lady Bannerman, +believed by some to be the prototype of _Blumine_ in _Sartor_. Returning +in 1819 to Edin. he for a time studied law and took pupils; but his +health was bad, he suffered from insomnia and dyspepsia, and he tired of +law. He was also sorely bestead by mental and spiritual conflicts, which +came to a crisis in Leith Walk in June 1821 in a sudden uprising of +defiance to the devil and all his works, upon which the clouds lifted. +For the next two years, 1822-24, he acted as tutor to Charles Buller +(whose promising political career was cut short by his premature death) +and his brother. On the termination of this engagement he decided upon a +literary career, which he began by contributing articles to the +_Edinburgh Encyclopaedia_. In 1824 he translated Legendre's _Geometry_ (to +which he prefixed an essay on Proportion), and Goethe's _Wilhelm +Meister_; he also wrote for the _London Magazine_ a _Life of Schiller_. +About this time he visited Paris and London, where he met Hazlitt, +Campbell, Coleridge, and others. Thereafter he returned to Dumfriesshire. +In the following year (1826) he _m._ Jane Baillie Welsh, and settled in +Edin. Here his first work was _Specimens of German Romance_ (4 vols.) A +much more important matter was his friendship with Jeffrey and his +connection with the _Edinburgh Review_, in which appeared, among others, +his essays on _Richter_, _Burns_, _Characteristics_, and _German Poetry_. +In 1828 C. applied unsuccessfully for the Chair of Moral Philosophy in +St. Andrews, and the same year he went to Craigenputtock, a small +property in Dumfriesshire belonging to Mrs. C., where they remained for +several years, and where many of his best essays and _Sartor Resartus_ +were written, and where his correspondence with Goethe began. In 1831 he +went to London to find a publisher for _Sartor_, but was unsuccessful, +and it did not appear in book form until 1838, after having come out in +_Fraser's Magazine_ in 1833-34. The year last mentioned found him finally +in London, settled in Cheyne Row, Chelsea, his abode for the rest of his +life. He immediately set to work on his _French Revolution_. While it was +in progress he in 1835 lent the MS. to J.S. Mill, by whose servant nearly +the whole of the first vol. was burned, in spite of which misfortune the +work was ready for publication in 1837. Its originality, brilliance, and +vividness took the world by storm, and his reputation as one of the +foremost men of letters in the country was at once and finally +established. In the same year he appeared as a public lecturer, and +delivered four courses on _German Literature_, _Periods of European +Culture_, _Revolutions of Modern Europe_, and _Heroes and Hero-Worship_, +the last of which was _pub._ as a book in 1841. Although his writings +did not yet produce a large income, his circumstances had become +comfortable, owing to Mrs. C. having succeeded to her patrimony in 1840. +Books now followed each other rapidly, _Chartism_ had appeared in 1839, +_Past and Present_ came out in 1843, and _Letters and Speeches of Oliver +Cromwell_ in 1845, the last named being perhaps the most successful of +his writings, inasmuch as it fully attained the object aimed at in +clearing Cromwell from the ignorant or malevolent aspersions under which +he had long lain, and giving him his just place among the greatest of the +nation. In 1850 he _pub._ his fiercest blast, _Latter Day Pamphlets_, +which was followed next year by his biography of his friend John Sterling +(_q.v._). It was about this time, as is shown by the _Letters and +Memoirs_ of Mrs. C., that a temporary estrangement arose between his wife +and himself, based apparently on Mrs. C.'s part upon his friendship with +Lady Ashburton, a cause of which C. seems to have been unconscious. In +1851 he began his largest, if not his greatest work, _Frederick the +Great_, which occupied him from that year until 1865, and in connection +with which he made two visits to Germany in 1852 and 1858. It is a work +of astonishing research and abounds in brilliant passages, but lacks the +concentrated intensity of _The French Revolution_. It is, however, the +one of his works which enjoys the highest reputation in Germany. In 1865 +he was elected Lord Rector of the Univ. of Edin., and delivered a +remarkable address to the students by whom he was received with +enthusiasm. Almost immediately afterwards a heavy blow fell upon him in +the death of Mrs. C., and in the discovery, from her diary, of how +greatly she had suffered, unknown to him, from the neglect and want of +consideration which, owing to absorption in his work and other causes, he +had perhaps unconsciously shown. Whatever his faults, of which the most +was made in some quarters, there can be no doubt that C. and his wife +were sincerely attached to each other, and that he deeply mourned her. In +1866 his _Reminiscences_ (_pub._ 1881) were written. The Franco-German +War of 1870-71 profoundly interested him, and evoked a plea for Germany. +From this time his health began to give way more and more. In 1872 his +right hand became paralysed. In 1874 he received the distinction of the +Prussian Order of Merit, as the biographer of its founder, and in the +same year, Mr. Disraeli offered him the choice of the Grand Cross of the +Bath or a baronetcy and a pension, all of which he declined. The +completion of his 80th year in 1875 was made the occasion of many +tributes of respect and veneration, including a gold medal from some of +his Scottish admirers. He _d._ on February 5, 1881. Burial in Westminster +Abbey was offered, but he had left instructions that he should lie with +his kindred. He bequeathed the property of Craigenputtock to the Univ. of +Edin. + +C. exercised a very powerful influence upon the thought of his age, not +only by his own writings and personality, but through the many men of +distinction both in literature and active life whom he imbued with his +doctrines; and perhaps no better proof of this exists than the fact that +much that was new and original when first propounded by him has passed +into the texture of the national ideas. His style is perhaps the most +remarkable and individual in our literature, intensely strong, vivid, +and picturesque, but utterly unconventional, and often whimsical or +explosive. He had in a high degree the poetic and imaginative faculty, +and also irresistible humour, pungent sarcasm, insight, tenderness, and +fierce indignation. + +All the works of C. shed light on his personality, but _Sartor Resartus_ +especially may be regarded as autobiographical. Froude's _Thomas Carlyle +... First 40 Years of his Life_ (1882), _Thomas Carlyle ... His Life in +London_, by the same (1884), _Letters and Memories of Jane Welsh Carlyle_ +(1883), various _Lives_ and _Reminiscences_ by Prof. Masson and Nichol, +etc. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1795, _ed._ Edin., studies for Church but gives it up, +tries law, then tutor, takes to literature and writes for encyclopaedias +and magazines, and translates, _m._ 1826 Jane Welsh, settles in Edin., +writes essays in _Edinburgh Review_, goes to Craigenputtock 1828, writes +_Sartor_ and corresponds with Goethe, _Sartor_ appears in _Fraser's +Magazine_ 1833-4, settles in London 1834, _pub._ _French Revolution_ +1837, lectures, _pub._ _Heroes_, and _Chartism_ and _Sartor_ as a book +1839, _Past and Present_ 1843, _Oliver Cromwell_ 1845, _Latter Day +Pamphlets_ 1850, writes _Frederick the Great_ 1851-65, Lord Rector of +Edin. Univ. 1865, Mrs. C. _d._ 1865, writes _Reminiscences_ 1866 (_pub._ +1881), _d._ 1881. + + +CARRUTHERS, ROBERT (1799-1878).--Journalist and miscellaneous writer, +_b._ in Dumfriesshire, was for a time a teacher in Huntingdon, and wrote +a _History of Huntingdon_ (1824). In 1828 he became ed. of the _Inverness +Courier_, which he conducted with great ability. He ed. Pope's works with +a memoir (1853), and along with Robert Chambers (_q.v._) ed. the first +ed. of _Chambers's Cyclopedia of English Literature_ (1842-44). He +received the degree of LL.D. from Edin. + + +CARTE, THOMAS (1686-1754).--Historian, _b._ near Rugby, and _ed._ at +Oxf., took orders, but resigned his benefice at Bath when required to +take the oath of allegiance to George I. He was sec. to Francis Atterbury +(_q.v._), and was involved in the consequences of his conspiracy, but +escaped to France, where he remained until 1728. After his return he +_pub._ a life of the Duke of Ormonde (1736), and a _History of England to +1654_ in 4 vols. (1747-54), the latter a work of great research, though +dry and unattractive in style. + + +CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806).--Miscellaneous writer, _b._ at Deal, +_dau._ of a clergyman. Originally backward, she applied herself to study +with such perseverance that she became perhaps the most learned +Englishwoman of her time, being mistress of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and +Arabic, besides several modern European languages. She was also well read +in science. She translated Epictetus 1758, and wrote a small vol. of +poems. She was the friend of Dr. Johnson and many other eminent men. She +was of agreeable and unassuming manners. + + +CARTWRIGHT, WILLIAM (1611-1643).--Dramatist, _s._ of a gentleman of +Gloucestershire, who had run through his fortune and kept an inn at +Cirencester, _ed._ at Westminster School and Oxf., entered the Church, +was a zealous Royalist, and an eloquent preacher, and lecturer in +metaphysics. He also wrote spirited lyrics and four plays. He was the +friend of Ben Jonson, H. Vaughan, and Izaak Walton. He _d._ at Oxf. of +camp fever. Among his plays are _The Royal Slave_, _The Siege_, and _The +Lady Errant_. His virtues, learning, and charming manners made him highly +popular in his day. + + +CARY, ALICE (1820-1871), and PHOEBE (1824-1871).--Were the _dau._ of a +farmer near Cincinnati. The former wrote _Clovernook Papers_ and +_Clovernook Children_, and other tales, and some poems. The latter wrote +poems and hymns. Both sisters attained considerable popularity. + + +CARY, HENRY FRANCIS (1772-1844).--Translator, was _b._ at Gibraltar, and +_ed._ at Oxf., where he was distinguished for his classical attainments. +His great work is his translation of the _Divina Commedia_ of Dante +(1805-1814), which is not only faithful to the original, but full of +poetic fire, and rendered into such fine English as to be itself +literature apart from its merits as a translation. He also translated +from the Greek. C., who was a clergyman, received a pension in 1841. + + +CATLIN, GEORGE (1796-1872).--Painter and writer, _b._ at Wilkesbarre, +Pennsylvania, practised for some time as a lawyer, but yielding to his +artistic instincts he took to painting. He spent the 7 years, 1832-39, +among the Indians of North America, of whom he painted about 500 +portraits. He became thoroughly acquainted with their life, and _pub._ an +interesting work, _Illustrations of the Manners, etc., of the North +American Indians_ (1857). His later years were spent chiefly in Europe. + + +CAVE, EDWARD (1691-1754).--Publisher, _b._ near Rugby, started in 1731 +_The Gentleman's Magazine_, for which Dr. Johnson was parliamentary +reporter from 1740. He _pub._ many of Johnson's works. + + +CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1561).--Biographer, was Gentleman Usher to +Cardinal Wolsey, to whom he was so much attached that he followed him in +his disgrace, and continued to serve him until his death. He left in MS. +a life of his patron, which is the first separate biography in English, +and is the main original authority of the period. Admitting Wolsey's +faults, it nevertheless presents him in an attractive light. The simple +yet eloquent style gives it a high place as a biography. + + +CAXTON, WILLIAM (1422-1491).--Printer and translator, _b._ in the Weald +of Kent, was apprenticed to a London mercer. On his master's death in +1441 he went to Bruges, and lived there and in various other places in +the Low Countries for over 30 years, engaged apparently as head of an +association of English merchants trading in foreign parts, and in +negotiating commercial treaties between England and the Dukes of +Burgundy. His first literary labour was a translation of a French +romance, which he entitled _The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye_, and +which he finished in 1471. About this time he learned the art of +printing, and, after being in the service of Margaret Duchess of +Burgundy, an English princess, returned to his native country and set up +at Westminster in 1476 his printing press, the first in England. His +_Recuyell_ and _The Game and Playe of Chesse_ had already been +printed--the first books in English--on the Continent. Here was produced +the first book printed in England, _The Dictes and Sayings of the +Philosophers_ (1477). C. obtained Royal favour, printed from 80 to 100 +separate works--many of them translations of his own--and _d._ almost +with pen in hand in 1491. His style is clear and idiomatic. + + +CENTLIVRE, MRS. SUSANNA (1667-1723).--Dramatist and actress, was the +_dau._ of a gentleman of the name of either Rawkins or Freeman, who +appears to have belonged either to Lincolnshire or Ireland, or was +perhaps connected with both, and who suffered at the hands of the +Stuarts. She _m._ at 16, lost her husband in a year, then _m._ an +officer, who fell in a duel in 18 months, and finally, in 1706, _m._ +Joseph C., cook to Queen Anne, with whom she lived happily for the rest +of her days. She wrote 18 or 19 plays, well constructed and amusing, +among which may be mentioned _The Perjured Husband_ (1700), _The +Busybody_ (1709), _The Warder_ (1714), and _A Bold Stroke for a Wife_ +(1717). She was a strong Whig, and sometimes made her plays the medium of +expressing her political opinions. + + +CHALKHILL, JOHN (_fl._ 1600).--Poet, mentioned by Izaak Walton as having +written a pastoral poem, _Thealma and Clearchus_. As nothing else is +known of him it has been held by some that the name was a _nom-de-plume_ +of W. himself. It has been shown, however, that a gentleman of the name +existed during the reign of Elizabeth. W. says he was a friend of +Spenser, and that his life was "useful, quiet, and virtuous." + + +CHALMERS, GEORGE (1742-1825).--Antiquary, _b._ at Fochabers, Elginshire, +emigrated to America and practised law in Baltimore; but on the outbreak +of the Revolutionary War returned to Britain, and settled in London as a +clerk in the Board of Trade. He _pub._ in 1780 a _History of the United +Colonies_, and wrote lives of Sir David Lyndsay, De Foe, and Mary Queen +of Scots. His great work, however, is his _Caledonia_, of which 3 vols. +had been _pub._ at his death. It was to have been a complete _coll._ of +the topography and antiquities of Scotland; and, as it stands, is a +monument of industry and research, though not always trustworthy in +disputed points. Besides those mentioned, C. was the author of many other +works on political, historical, and literary subjects, and had projected +several which he was unable to carry out. + + +CHALMERS, THOMAS (1780-1847).--Divine, economist, and philanthropist, +_b._ at Anstruther, Fife, _s._ of a shipowner and merchant, studied at +St. Andrews and, entering the ministry of the Church of Scotland, was +first settled in the small parish of Kilmeny, Fife, but, his talents and +eloquence becoming known, he was, in 1815, translated to Glasgow, where +he was soon recognised as the most eloquent preacher in Scotland, and +where also he initiated his schemes for the management of the poor. In +1823, he became Prof. of Moral Philosophy at St. Andrews, and in 1828 of +Divinity in Edin. In 1834 he began his great scheme of Church extension, +the result of which was that in seven years L300,000 had been raised, and +220 churches built. In the same year, 1834, began the troubles and +controversies in regard to patronage and the relations of Church and +State, which in 1843 ended in the disruption of the Church, when 470 +ministers with C. at their head, resigned their benefices, and founded +the Free Church of Scotland. C. was chosen its first Moderator and +Principal of its Theological Coll. in Edin. The remaining four years of +his life were spent in organising the new Church, and in works of +philanthropy. He was found dead in bed on the morning of May 30, 1847. +His chief works, which were _coll._ and _pub._ in 34 vols., relate to +natural theology, evidences of Christianity, political economy, and +general theology and science. Those which perhaps attracted most +attention were his _Astronomical Discourses_ and his _Lectures on Church +Establishments_, the latter delivered in London to audiences containing +all that was most distinguished in rank and intellect in the country. The +style of C. is cumbrous, and often turgid, but the moral earnestness, +imagination, and force of intellect of the writer shine through it and +irradiate his subjects. And yet the written is described by +contemporaries to have been immeasurably surpassed by the spoken word, +which carried away the hearer as in a whirlwind. And the man was even +greater than his achievements. His character was one of singular +simplicity, nobility, and lovableness, and produced a profound impression +on all who came under his influence. The character of his intellect was +notably practical, as is evidenced by the success of his parochial +administration and the "Sustentation Fund," devised by him for the +support of the ministry of the Free Church. He was D.D., LL.D., D.C.L. +(Oxon.), and a Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. + +_Memoirs_ (Hanna, 4 vols.). Smaller works by Prof. Blaikie (1897), Mrs. +Oliphant (1893), and many others. + + +CHAMBERLAYNE, WILLIAM (1619-1689).--Poet, practised medicine at +Shaftesbury. On the outbreak of the Civil War he joined the Royalists and +fought at the second battle of Newbury. He wrote a play, _Loves Victory_ +(1658), and an epic _Pharonnida_ (1659). With occasional beauties he is, +in the main, heavy and stiff, and is almost forgotten. He influenced +Keats. + + +CHAMBERS, ROBERT (1802-1871).--Historical and scientific writer, was _b._ +at Peebles. Early dependent on his own exertions, he started business as +a bookseller in Edin. at the age of 16, devoting all his spare time to +study, to such purpose that in 1824 he _pub._ _Traditions of Edinburgh_, +a work in which he had the assistance of Sir W. Scott. Thereafter he +poured forth a continuous stream of books and essays on historical, +social, antiquarian, and scientific subjects. He joined his brother +William (_q.v._) in establishing the publishing firm of W. and R. +Chambers, and in starting _Chambers's Journal_, to which he was a +constant contributor. Later ventures were _The Cyclopedia of English +Literature_ (1842-44), of which several ed. have appeared (last 1903-6). +and _Chambers's Cyclopaedia_ (10 vols. 1859-68; new 1888-92). Among his +own works may be mentioned _Vestiges of Creation_, _pub._ anonymously +(1844), a precursor of Darwinism, _A Life of Burns_ (1851), _Popular +Rhymes of Scotland_ (1847), _History of the Rebellions in Scotland_, +_Domestic Annals of Scotland_ (1859-61), _Ancient Sea Margins_ (1848), +_Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen_ and _The Book of Days_ (1863). He was +LL.D. of St. Andrews. + + +CHAMBERS, WILLIAM (1800-1883).--Publisher and miscellaneous author, _b._ +at Peebles, started in 1832 with his brother Robert (_q.v._) _Chambers's +Journal_, and soon after joined him in the firm of W. and R. Chambers. +Besides contributions to the _Journal_ he wrote several books, including +a _History of Peeblesshire_ (1864), and an autobiography of himself and +his brother. C. was a man of great business capacity, and, though of less +literary distinction than his brother, did much for the dissemination of +cheap and useful literature. He was Lord Provost of Edin. 1865-69, and +was an LL.D. of the Univ. of that city. He restored the ancient church of +St. Giles there. + + +CHAMIER, FREDERICK (1796-1870).--Novelist, was in the navy, in which he +rose to the rank of Captain. Retiring in 1827, he wrote several sea +novels somewhat in the style of Marryat, including _Life of a Sailor_ +(1832), _Ben Brace_, _Jack Adams_, and _Tom Bowling_ (1841). He also +continued James's _Naval History_, and wrote books of travel. + + +CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY (1780-1842).--American Divine, _b._ at Newport, +Rhode Island, was for a time a minister in the Congregationalist Church, +but became the leader of the Unitarians in New England. He had a powerful +influence on the thought and literature of his time in America, and was +the author of books on Milton and Fenelon, and on social subjects. The +elevation and amiability of his character caused him to be held in high +esteem. He did not class himself with Unitarians of the school of +Priestley, but claimed to "stand aloof from all but those who strive and +pray for clearer light." + + +CHAPMAN, GEORGE (1559-1634).--Dramatist and translator, was _b._ near +Hitchin, and probably _ed._ at Oxf. and Camb. He wrote many plays, +including _The Blind Beggar of Alexandria_ (1596), _All Fools_ (1599), _A +Humerous Daye's Myrthe_ (1599), _Eastward Hoe_ (with Jonson), _The +Gentleman Usher_, _Monsieur d'Olive_, etc. As a dramatist he has humour, +and vigour, and occasional poetic fire, but is very unequal. His great +work by which he lives in literature is his translation of Homer. The +_Iliad_ was _pub._ in 1611, the _Odyssey_ in 1616, and the _Hymns_, etc., +in 1624. The work is full of energy and spirit, and well maintains its +place among the many later translations by men of such high poetic powers +as Pope and Cowper, and others: and it had the merit of suggesting +Keats's immortal Sonnet, in which its name and memory are embalmed for +many who know it in no other way. C. also translated from Petrarch, and +completed Marlowe's unfinished _Hero and Leander_. + + +CHAPONE, HESTER (MULSO) (1727-1801).--Miscellaneous writer, _dau._ of a +gentleman of Northamptonshire, was _m._ to a solicitor, who _d._ a few +months afterwards. She was one of the learned ladies who gathered round +Mrs. Montague (_q.v._), and was the author of _Letters on the Improvement +of the Mind_ and _Miscellanies_. + + +CHARLETON, WALTER (1619-1707).--Miscellaneous writer, _ed._ at Oxf., was +titular physician to Charles I. He was a copious writer on theology, +natural history, and antiquities, and _pub._ _Chorea Gigantum_ (1663) to +prove that Stonehenge was built by the Danes. He was also one of the +"character" writers, and in this kind of literature wrote _A Brief +Discourse concerning the Different Wits of Men_ (1675). + + +CHATTERTON, THOMAS (1752-1770).--Poet, _b._ at Bristol, posthumous _s._ +of a schoolmaster, who had been a man of some reading and antiquarian +tastes, after whose death his mother maintained herself and her boy and +girl by teaching and needlework. A black-letter Bible and an illuminated +music-book belonging to her were the first things to give his mind the +impulse which led to such mingled glory and disaster. Living under the +shadow of the great church of St. Mary Redcliffe, his mind was impressed +from infancy with the beauty of antiquity, he obtained access to the +charters deposited there, and he read every scrap of ancient literature +that came in his way. At 14 he was apprenticed to a solicitor named +Lambert, with whom he lived in sordid circumstances, eating in the +kitchen and sleeping with the foot-boy, but continuing his favourite +studies in every spare moment. In 1768 a new bridge was opened, and C. +contributed to a local newspaper what purported to be a contemporary +account of the old one which it superseded. This attracted a good deal of +attention. Previously to this he had been writing verses and imitating +ancient poems under the name of Thomas Rowley, whom he feigned to be a +monk of the 15th century. Hearing of H. Walpole's collections for his +_Anecdotes of Painting in England_, he sent him an "ancient manuscript" +containing biographies of certain painters, not hitherto known, who had +flourished in England centuries before. W. fell into the trap, and wrote +asking for all the MS. he could furnish, and C. in response forwarded +accounts of more painters, adding some particulars as to himself on which +W., becoming suspicious, submitted the whole to T. Gray and Mason +(_q.v._), who pronounced the MS. to be forgeries. Some correspondence, +angry on C.'s part, ensued, and the whole budget of papers was returned. +C. thereafter, having been dismissed by Lambert, went to London, and for +a short time his prospects seemed to be bright. He worked with feverish +energy, threw off poems, satires, and political papers, and meditated a +history of England; but funds and spirits failed, he was starving, and +the failure to obtain an appointment as ship's surgeon, for which he had +applied, drove him to desperation, and on the morning of August 25, 1770, +he was found dead from a dose of arsenic, surrounded by his writings torn +into small pieces. From childhood C. had shown a morbid familiarity with +the idea of suicide, and had written a last will and testament, "executed +in the presence of Omniscience," and full of wild and profane wit. The +magnitude of his tragedy is only realised when it is considered not only +that the poetry he left was of a high order of originality and +imaginative power, but that it was produced at an age at which our +greatest poets, had they died, would have remained unknown. Precocious +not only in genius but in dissipation, proud and morose as he was, an +unsympathetic age confined itself mainly to awarding blame to his +literary and moral delinquencies. Posterity has weighed him in a juster +balance, and laments the early quenching of so brilliant a light. His +_coll._ works appeared in 1803, and another ed. by Prof. Street in 1875. +Among these are _Elinoure and Juga_, _Balade of Charitie_, _Bristowe +Tragedie_, _AElla_, and _Tragedy of Godwin_. + +The best account of his life is the Essay by Prof. Masson. + + +CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (1340?-1400).--Poet, was _b._ in London, the _s._ of +John C., a vintner of Thames Street, who had also a small estate at +Ipswich, and was occasionally employed on service for the King (Edward +III.), which doubtless was the means of his son's introduction to the +Court. The acquaintance which C. displays with all branches of the +learning of his time shows that he must have received an ample education; +but there is no evidence that he was at either of the Univ. In 1357 he +appears as a page to the Lady Elizabeth, wife of Lionel Duke of Clarence, +and in 1359 he first saw military service in France, when he was made a +prisoner. He was, however, ransomed in 1360. About 1366 he was married to +Philippa, _dau._ of Sir Payne Roet, one of the ladies of the Duchess of +Lancaster, whose sister Katharine, widow of Sir Hugh Swynford, became the +third wife of John of Gaunt. Previous to this he had apparently been +deeply in love with another lady, whose rank probably placed her beyond +his reach; his disappointment finding expression in his _Compleynt to +Pite_. In 1367 he was one of the valets of the King's Chamber, a post +always held by gentlemen, and received a pension of 20 marks, and he was +soon afterwards one of the King's esquires. In 1369 Blanche, the wife of +John of Gaunt, died, which gave occasion for a poem by C. in honour of +her memory, _The Dethe of Blaunche the Duchesse_. In the same year he +again bore arms in France, and during the next ten years he was +frequently employed on diplomatic missions. In 1370 he was sent to Genoa +to arrange a commercial treaty, on which occasion he may have met +Petrarch, and was rewarded by a grant in 1374 of a pitcher of wine daily. +In the same year he got from the corporation of London a lease for life +of a house at Aldgate, on condition of keeping it in repair; and soon +after he was appointed Comptroller of the Customs and Subsidy of Wool, +Skins, and Leather in the port of London; he also received from the Duke +of Lancaster a pension of L10. In 1375 he obtained the guardianship of a +rich ward, which he held for three years, and the next year he was +employed on a secret service. In 1377 he was sent on a mission to +Flanders to treat of peace with the French King. After the accession of +Richard II. in that year, he was sent to France to treat for the marriage +of the King with the French Princess Mary, and thereafter to Lombardy, on +which occasion he appointed John Gower (_q.v._) to act for him in his +absence in any legal proceedings which might arise. In 1382 he became +Comptroller of the Petty Customs of the port of London, and in 1385 was +allowed to appoint a deputy, which, enabled him to devote more time to +writing. He had in 1373 begun his _Canterbury Tales_, on which he was +occupied at intervals for the rest of his life. In 1386 C. was elected +Knight of the Shire for Kent, a county with which he appears to have had +some connection, and where he may have had property. His fortunes now +suffered some eclipse. His patron, John of Gaunt, was abroad, and the +government was presided over by his brother Gloucester, who was at feud +with him. Owing probably to this cause, C. was in December, 1386, +dismissed from his employments, leaving him with no income beyond his +pensions, on which he was obliged to raise money. His wife also died at +the same time. In 1389, however, Richard took the government into his own +hands, and prosperity returned to C., whose friends were now in power, +and he was appointed Clerk of the King's works. This office, however, he +held for two years only, and again fell into poverty, from which he was +rescued in 1394 by a pension from the King of L20. On the accession of +Henry IV. (1399) an additional pension of 40 marks was given him. In the +same year he took a lease of a house at Westminster, where he probably +_d._, October 25, 1400. He is buried in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, +where a monument to him was erected by Nicholas Brigham, a minor poet of +the 16th century. According to some authorities he left two sons, Thomas, +who became a man of wealth and importance, and Lewis, who died young, the +little ten-year-old boy to whom he addressed the treatise on the +_Astrolabe_. Others see no evidence that Thomas was any relation of the +poet. An Elizabeth C., placed in the Abbey of Barking by John of Gaunt, +was probably his _dau._ In person C. was inclined to corpulence, "no +poppet to embrace," of fair complexion with "a beard the colour of ripe +wheat," an "elvish" expression, and an eye downcast and meditative. + +Of the works ascribed to C. several are, for various reasons, of greater +or less strength, considered doubtful. These include _The Romaunt of the +Rose_, _Chaucer's Dream_, and _The Flower and the Leaf_. After his return +from Italy about 1380 he entered upon his period of greatest +productiveness: _Troilus and Criseyde_ (1382?), _The Parlement of Foules_ +(1382?), _The House of Fame_ (1384?), and _The Legende of Goode Women_ +(1385), belong to this time. The first of them still remains one of the +finest poems of its kind in the language. But the glory of C. is, of +course, the _Canterbury Tales_, a work which places him in the front rank +of the narrative poets of the world. It contains about 18,000 lines of +verse, besides some passages in prose, and was left incomplete. In it his +power of story-telling, his humour, sometimes broad, sometimes sly, his +vivid picture-drawing, his tenderness, and lightness of touch, reach +their highest development. He is our first artist in poetry, and with him +begins modern English literature. His character--genial, sympathetic, and +pleasure-loving, yet honest, diligent, and studious--is reflected in his +writings. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1340, fought in France 1359, by his marriage in 1366 +became connected with John of Gaunt, employed on diplomatic missions +1369-79, Controller of Customs, etc., _c._ 1374, began _Canterbury Tales_ +1373, elected to Parliament 1386, loses his appointments 1386, Clerk of +King's Works 1389-91, pensioned by Richard II. and Henry IV., _d._ _c._ +1400. + +The best ed. of C. is _The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer_ (6 vols. +1894), ed. by Prof. Skeat. Others are Thos. Wright's for the Percy +Society (1842), and Richard Morris's in Bell's Aldine Classics (1866). + + +CHERRY, ANDREW (1762-1812).--Dramatist, _s._ of a bookseller at Limerick, +was a successful actor, and managed theatres in the provinces. He also +wrote some plays, of which _The Soldier's Daughter_ is the best. His +chief claim to remembrance rests on his three songs, _The Bay of Biscay_, +_The Green Little Shamrock_, and _Tom Moody_. + + +CHESTERFIELD, PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, 4TH EARL OF (1694-1773).--Statesman +and letter-writer, was the eldest _s._ of the 3rd Earl. After being at +Trinity Coll., Camb., he sat in the House of Commons until his accession +to the peerage in 1726. He filled many high offices, including those of +Ambassador to Holland, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and Sec. of State. He +was distinguished for his wit, conversational powers, and grace of +manner. His place in literature is fixed by his well-known _Letters_ +addressed to his natural son, Philip Dormer Stanhope. Though brilliant, +and full of shrewdness and knowledge of the world, they reflect the low +tone of morals prevalent in the age when they were written. He was the +recipient of Johnson's famous letter as to his "patronage." + + +CHETTLE, HENRY (1565-1607?).--Dramatist. Very little is known of him. He +ed. R. Greene's _Groat's-worth of Wit_ (1592), is believed to have +written 13 and collaborated in 35 plays. He also wrote two satires, _Kind +Harts Dreame_ (1593), and _Pierre Plainnes Prentship_ (1595). He was +imprisoned for debt 1599. + +Among his own plays, which have considerable merit, is _Hoffmann_, which +has been reprinted, and he had a hand in _Patient Grissill_ (1603) (which +may have influenced Shakespeare in the _Merry Wives of Windsor_), _The +Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green_, and _Jane Shore_. + + +CHILD, FRANCIS J. (1825-1896).--English scholar, _b._ at Boston, Mass., +was a prof. at Harvard, one of the foremost students of early English, +and especially of ancient ballads in America. He ed. the American ed. of +English Poets in 130 vols., and English and Scottish Ballads. He was also +a profound student of Chaucer, and _pub._ _Observations on the Language +of Chaucer_, and _Observations on the Language of Gower's Confessio +Amantis_. + + +CHILD, MRS. LYDIA MARIA (FRANCIS) (1802-1880).--Was the author of many +once popular tales, _Hobomok_, _The Rebels_, _Philothes_, etc. + + +CHILLINGWORTH, WILLIAM (1602-1644).--Theologian and controversialist, +_b._ and _ed._ at Oxf., was godson of Archbishop Laud. Falling into +theological doubts he subsequently became a convert to Roman Catholicism, +and studied at the Jesuit Coll. at Douay, 1630. In the following year he +returned to Oxf., and after further consideration of the points at issue, +he rejoined the Church of England, 1634. This exposed him to violent +attacks on the part of the Romanists, in reply to which he _pub._ in 1637 +his famous polemic, _The Religion of the Protestants a Safe Way to +Salvation_, characterised by clear style and logical reasoning. For a +time he refused ecclesiastical preferment, but ultimately his scruples +were overcome, and he became Prebendary and Chancellor of Salisbury. C. +is regarded as one of the ablest controversialists of the Anglican +Church. + + +CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815-1890).--Divine, historian, and biographer, +was _b._ at Lisbon, and _ed._ at Oxf., where he became a friend of J.H. +Newman (_q.v._). He took orders, and became Rector of Whatley, Somerset, +and in 1871 Dean of St. Paul's. He was a leading member of the High +Church party, but was held in reverence by many who did not sympathise +with his ecclesiastical views. Among his writings are _The Beginning of +the Middle Ages_ (1877), and a memoir on _The Oxford Movement_ (1891), +_pub._ posthumously. He also wrote Lives of Anselm, Dante, Spenser, and +Bacon. + + +CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764).--Satirist, _s._ of a clergyman, was _ed._ +at Westminster School, and while still a schoolboy made a clandestine +marriage. He entered the Church, and on the death of his _f._ in 1758 +succeeded him in the curacy and lectureship of St. John's, Westminster. +In 1761 he _pub._ the _Rosciad_, in which he severely satirised the +players and managers of the day. It at once brought him both fame and +money; but he fell into dissipated habits, separated from his wife, and +outraged the proprieties of his profession to such an extent that he was +compelled to resign his preferments. He also incurred the enmity of those +whom he had attacked, which led to the publication of two other satirical +pieces, _The Apology_ and _Night_. He also attacked Dr. Johnson and his +circle in _The Ghost_, and the Scotch in _The Prophecy of Famine_. He +attached himself to John Wilkes, on a visit to whom, at Boulogne, he _d._ +of fever. + + +CHURCHYARD, THOMAS (1520?-1604).--Poet and miscellaneous writer, began +life as a page to the Earl of Surrey, and subsequently passed through +many vicissitudes as a soldier in Scotland, Ireland, France, and the Low +Countries. He was latterly a hanger-on at Court, and had a pension of +eighteenpence a day from Queen Elizabeth, which was not, however, +regularly paid. He wrote innumerable pamphlets and broadsides, and some +poems, of which the best are _Shore's Wife_ (1563), _The Worthiness of +Wales_ (1587) _repub._ by the Spenser Society (1871), and _Churchyard's +Chips_ (1575), an autobiographical piece. + + +CIBBER, COLLEY (1671-1757).--Actor and dramatist, _b._ in London, _s._ of +a Danish sculptor, and _ed._ at Grantham School. Soon after his return to +London he took to the stage. Beginning with tragedy, in which he failed, +he turned to comedy, and became popular in eccentric _roles_. In 1696 he +brought out his first play, _Love's Last Shift_, and produced in all +about 30 plays, some of which were very successful. In 1730 he was made +Poet Laureate, and wrote some forgotten odes of no merit, also an +entertaining autobiography. Pope made him the hero of the _Dunciad_. + +Among other plays are _The Nonjuror_ (1717), _Woman's Wit_, _She Would +and She Would Not_, _The Provoked Husband_ (1728) (with Vanbrugh). + + +CLARE, JOHN (1793-1864).--Poet, _s._ of a cripple pauper, was _b._ at +Helpstone near Peterborough. His youth is the record of a noble struggle +against adverse circumstances. With great difficulty he managed to save +one pound, with which he was able to have a prospectus of his first book +of poems printed, which led to an acquaintance with Mr. Drury, a +bookseller in Stamford, by whose help the poems were _pub._, and brought +him L20. The book, _Poems descriptive of Rural Life_ (1820), immediately +attracted attention. Various noblemen befriended him and stocked a farm +for him. But unfortunately C. had no turn for practical affairs, and got +into difficulties. He, however, continued to produce poetry, and in +addition to _The Village Minstrel_, which had appeared in 1821, _pub._ +_The Shepherd's Calendar_ (1827), and _Rural Muse_ (1835). Things, +however, went on from bad to worse; his mind gave way, and he _d._ in an +asylum. C. excels in description of rural scenes and the feelings and +ideas of humble country life. + + +CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, EARL of (1608-1674).--Lawyer, statesman, and +historian, _s._ of a country gentleman of good estate in Wiltshire, was +_b._ at Dinton in that county, and _ed._ at Oxf. Destined originally for +the Church, circumstances led to his being sent to London to study law, +which he did under his uncle, Sir Nicholas H., Chief Justice of the +King's Bench. In early life he was the friend of all the leading men of +the day. Entering Parliament in 1640 he at first supported popular +measures, but, on the outbreak of the Civil War, attached himself to the +King, and was the author of many of his state papers. From 1648 until the +Restoration C. was engaged in various embassies and as a counsellor of +Charles II., who made him in 1658 his Lord Chancellor, an office in which +he was confirmed at the Restoration, when he also became Chancellor of +the Univ. of Oxf., and was likewise raised to the peerage. His power and +influence came to an end, however, in 1667, when he was dismissed from +all his offices, was impeached, and had to fly to France. The causes of +his fall were partly the miscarriage of the war with Holland, and the +sale of Dunkirk, and partly the jealousy of rivals and the intrigues of +place hunters, whose claims he had withstood. In his enforced retirement +he engaged himself in completing his great historic work, _The History of +the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England_, which he had begun in 1641, and +which was not _pub._ until 1702-4. C.'s style is easy, flowing, diffuse, +and remarkably modern, with an occasional want of clearness owing to his +long and involved sentences. His great strength is in character-painting, +in which he is almost unrivalled. The _History_ was followed by a +supplementary _History of the Civil War in Ireland_ (1721). C. also wrote +an autobiography, _The Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon_ (1759), a reply +to the _Leviathan_ of Hobbes, and _An Essay on the Active and +Contemplative Life_, in which the superiority of the former is +maintained. C. _d._ at Rouen. He was a man of high personal character, +and great intellect and sagacity, but lacking in the firmness and energy +necessary for the troublous times in which he lived. His _dau._ Anne +married the Duke of York, afterwards James II., a connection which +involved him in much trouble and humiliation. + +Agar Ellis's _Historical Enquiry respecting the Character of Clarendon_ +(1827), _Life_ by T.H. Lister (1838), _History_ (Macray, 6 vols., 1888). + + +CLARKE, CHARLES COWDEN (1787-1877).--Writer on Shakespeare, was a +publisher in London. He lectured on Shakespeare and on European +literature. Latterly he lived in France and Italy. His wife, MARY C.-C. +(1809-1898), _dau._ of V. Novello, musician, compiled a complete +_Concordance to Shakespeare_ (1844-45), and wrote _The Shakespeare Key_ +(1879) and, with her husband, _Recollections of Writers_ (1878). + + +CLARKE, MARCUS (1846-1881).--Novelist, _b._ in London, the _s._ of a +barrister. After a somewhat wild youth he went to Australia where, after +more than one failure to achieve success in business, he took to +journalism on the staff of the _Melbourne Argus_, with brilliant results. +He wrote two novels, _Long Odds_ and _For the Term of his Natural Life_ +(1874), the latter, which is generally considered his masterpiece, +dealing in a powerful and realistic manner with transportation and +convict labour. He also wrote many short tales and dramatic pieces. After +a turbulent and improvident life he _d._ at 35. In addition to the works +above mentioned, he wrote _Lower Bohemia in Melbourne_, _The Humbug +Papers_, _The Future Australian Race_. As a writer he was keen, +brilliant, and bitter. + + +CLARKE, SAMUEL (1675-1729).--Divine and metaphysician, _b._ at Norwich, +was _ed._ at Camb., where he became the friend and disciple of Newton, +whose System of the Universe he afterwards defended against Leibnitz. In +1704-5 he delivered the Boyle lectures, taking for his subject, _The +Being and Attributes of God_, and assuming an intermediate position +between orthodoxy and Deism. In 1712 he _pub._ views on the doctrine of +the Trinity which involved him in trouble, from which he escaped by a +somewhat unsatisfactory explanation. He was, however, one of the most +powerful opponents of the freethinkers of the time. In addition to his +theological writings C. _pub._ an ed. of the _Iliad_, a Latin translation +of the _Optics_ of Newton, on whose death he was offered the Mastership +of the Mint, an office worth L1500 a year, which, however, he declined. +The talents, learning, and amiable disposition of C. gave him a high +place in the esteem of his contemporaries. In the Church he held various +preferments, the last being that of Rector of St. James's, Westminster. +He was also Chaplain to Queen Anne. His style is cold, dry, and precise. + + +CLEVELAND, JOHN (1613-1658).--Poet, _s._ of an usher in a charity school, +was _b._ at Loughborough, and _ed._ at Camb., where he became coll. tutor +and lecturer on rhetoric at St. John's, and was much sought after. A +staunch Royalist, he opposed the election of Oliver Cromwell as member +for Camb. in the Long Parliament, and was in consequence ejected from his +coll. in 1645. Joining the King, by whom he was welcomed, he was +appointed to the office of Judge Advocate at Newark. In 1646, however, +he was deprived of this, and wandered about the country dependent on the +bounty of the Royalists. In 1655 he was imprisoned at Yarmouth, but +released by Cromwell, to whom he appealed, and went to London, where he +lived in much consideration till his death. His best work is satirical, +giving a faint adumbration of _Hudibras_; his other poems, with +occasional passages of great beauty, being affected and artificial. The +_Poems_ were _pub._ in 1656. + + +CLINTON, HENRY FYNES (1781-1852).--Chronologist, _b._ at Gamston, Notts, +_ed._ at Southwell, Westminster, and Oxf., where he devoted himself +chiefly to the study of Greek. Brought into Parliament by the Duke of +Newcastle in 1806, he took no active part in political life, and retired +in 1826. He bought in 1810 the estate of Welwyn, and there he entered +upon wide and profound studies bearing upon classical chronology, and +wrote various important treatises on the subject, viz., _Fasti Hellenici, +Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece_, part i. (1824), part ii. +(1827), part iii. (1830), part iv. (1841), _Fasti Romani, Civil and +Literary Chronology of Rome and Constantinople_, vol. i. (1850), vol. ii. +(1851), _An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece_ +(1851), the same for Rome (1853). He also wrote a tragedy, _Solyman_, +which was a failure. + + +CLOUGH, ARTHUR HUGH (1819-1861).--Poet, _s._ of a cotton merchant in +Liverpool, he spent his childhood in America, but was sent back to +England for his education, which he received at Rugby and Oxf. While at +the Univ., where he was tutor and Fellow of Oriel, he fell under the +influence of Newman, but afterwards became a sceptic and resigned his +Fellowship in 1848. In the same year he _pub._ his poem, _The Bothie of +Tober-na-Vuolich_, written in hexameters. After travelling on the +Continent for a year, he was in 1849 appointed Warden of Univ. Hall, +London. In 1849 appeared _Amours de Voyage_, a rhymed novelette, and the +more serious work, _Dipsychus_. In 1854 he was appointed an examiner in +the Education Office, and married. His last appointment was as Sec. of a +Commission on Military Schools, in connection with which he visited +various countries, but was seized with illness, and _d._ at Florence. C. +was a man of singularly sincere character, with a passion for truth. His +poems, though full of fine and subtle thought, are, with the exception of +some short lyrics, deficient in form, and the hexameters which he +employed in _The Bothie_ are often rough, though perhaps used as +effectively as by any English verse-writer. M. Arnold's _Thyrsis_ was +written in memory of C. + + +COBBE, FRANCES POWER (1822-1904).--Theological and social writer, was +_b._ near Dublin. Coming under the influence of Theodore Parker, she +became a Unitarian. Her first work, _pub._ anonymously, was on _The +Intuitive Theory of Morals_ (1855). She travelled in the East, and _pub._ +_Cities of the Past_ (1864). Later she became interested in social +questions and philanthropic work, and wrote many books on these and +kindred subjects, including _Criminals_, _Idiots_, _Women_ and _Minors_ +(1869), _Darwinism in Morals_ (1872), and _Scientific Spirit of the Age_ +(1888). She was a strong opponent of vivisection. + + +COBBETT, WILLIAM (1762-1835).--Essayist and political writer, _b._ at +Farnham, Surrey, _s._ of a small farmer, his youth was spent as a farm +labourer, a clerk, and in the army, in which his good conduct and +intelligence led to his promotion to the rank of sergeant-major. After +moving about between England and America, and alternating between +journalism and agriculture, in the former of which his daring opposition +to men in power got him into frequent trouble and subjected him to heavy +fines in both countries, he settled down in England in 1800, and +continued his career as a political writer, first as a Tory and then as a +Radical. His violent changes of opinion, and the force and severity with +which he expressed himself naturally raised up enemies in both camps. In +1817 he went back to America, where he remained for two years. Returning +he stood, in 1821, for a seat in Parliament, but was unsuccessful. In +1832, however, he was returned for Oldham, but made no mark as a speaker. +C. was one of the best known men of his day. His intellect was narrow, +but intensely clear, and he was master of a nervous and idiomatic English +style which enabled him to project his ideas into the minds of his +readers. His chief writings are _English Grammar_, _Rural Rides_, _Advice +to Young Men and Women_. His _Weekly Political Register_ was continued +from 1802 until his death. + + +COCKBURN, HENRY (1779-1854).--Scottish judge and biographer, _b._ +(probably) and _ed._ in Edin., became a distinguished member of the +Scottish Bar, and ultimately a judge. He was also one of the leaders of +the Whig party in Scotland in its days of darkness prior to the Reform +Act of 1832. The life-long friend of Francis Jeffrey, he wrote his life, +_pub._ in 1852. His chief literary work, however, is his _Memorials of +his Time_ (1856), continued in his _Journal_ (1874). These constitute an +autobiography of the writer interspersed with notices of manners, public +events, and sketches of his contemporaries, of great interest and value. + + +COCKTON, HENRY (1807-1852).--Novelist, _b._ in London, is only remembered +as an author for his novel of _Valentine Vox_ (1840), the adventures of a +ventriloquist. + + +COLENSO, JOHN WILLIAM (1814-1883).--Mathematician and Biblical critic, +_b._ at St. Austell, Cornwall, and _ed._ at St. John's Coll., Camb., +where he was a tutor, entered the Church, and _pub._ various mathematical +treatises and _Village Sermons_. In 1853 he was appointed first Bishop of +Natal. He mastered the Zulu language, introduced printing, wrote a Zulu +grammar and dictionary, and many useful reading-books for the natives. +His _Commentary on the Romans_ (1861) excited great opposition from the +High Church party, and his _Critical Examination of the Pentateuch_ +(1862-1879), by its then extreme views, created great alarm and +excitement. He was in 1863 deposed and excommunicated by Bishop Gray of +Cape Town, but confirmed in his see by the Courts of Law. His theological +writings are now largely superseded; but his mathematical text-books, for +the writing of which he was much better equipped, hold their place. + + +COLERIDGE, HARTLEY (1796-1849).--Poet, eldest _s._ of Samuel T.C. +(_q.v._), _b._ at Clevedon, spent his youth at Keswick among the "Lake +poets." His early education was desultory, but he was sent by Southey to +Oxf. in 1815. His talents enabled him to win a Fellowship, but the +weakness of his character led to his being deprived of it. He then went +to London and wrote for magazines. From 1823 to 1828 he tried keeping a +school at Ambleside, which failed, and he then led the life of a recluse +at Grasmere until his death. Here he wrote _Essays_, _Biographia +Borealis_ (lives of worthies of the northern counties) (1832), and a +_Life of Massinger_ (1839). He is remembered chiefly for his _Sonnets_. +He also left unfinished a drama, _Prometheus_. + + +COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR (1772-1834).--Poet, philosopher, and critic, +_s._ of the Rev. John C., vicar and schoolmaster of Ottery St. Mary, +Devonshire, was _b._ there in 1772, the youngest of 13 children. He was +at Christ's Hospital from 1782 to 1790, and had Charles Lamb for a +schoolfellow, and the famous scholar and disciplinarian, James Boyer, for +his master. Thence he proceeded to Jesus Coll., Camb., in 1791, where he +read much, but desultorily, and got into debt. The troubles arising +thence and also, apparently, a disappointment in love, led to his going +to London and enlisting in the 15th Dragoons under the name of Silas +Tomkyn Comberbacke. He could not, however, be taught to ride, and through +some Latin lines written by him on a stable door, his real condition was +discovered, his friends communicated with, and his release accomplished, +his brothers buying him off. After this escapade he returned (1794) to +Camb. He had by this time imbibed extreme democratic or, as he termed +them, pantisocratic principles, and on leaving Camb. in the same year he +visited Oxf., where he made the acquaintance of Southey, and discussed +with him a project of founding a "pantisocracy" on the banks of the +Susquehanna, a scheme which speedily fell through, owing firstly to want +of funds, and secondly to the circumstance of the two projectors falling +in love simultaneously with two sisters, Sarah and Edith Fricker, of whom +the former became, in 1795, the wife of C., and the latter of Southey. C. +had spent one more term at Camb., and there in Sept. 1794 his first work, +_The Fall of Robespierre_, a drama, to which Southey contributed two +acts, the second and third, was _pub._ After his marriage he settled +first at Clevedon, and thereafter at Nether Stowey, Somerset, where he +had Wordsworth for a neighbour, with whom he formed an intimate +association. About 1796 he fell into the fatal habit of taking laudanum, +which had such disastrous effects upon his character and powers of will. +In the same year _Poems on various Subjects_ appeared, and a little later +_Ode to the Departing Year_. While at Nether Stowey he was practically +supported by Thomas Poole, a tanner, with whom he had formed a +friendship. Here he wrote _The Ancient Mariner_, the first part of +_Christabel_ and _Kubla Khan_, and here he joined with Wordsworth in +producing the _Lyrical Ballads_. Some time previously he had become a +Unitarian, and was much engaged as a preacher in that body, and for a +short time acted as a minister at Shrewsbury. Influenced by Josiah and +Thomas Wedgwood, who each in 1798 gave him an annuity of L75 on +condition of his devoting himself to literature, he resigned this +position, and soon afterwards went to Germany, where he remained for over +a year, an experience which profoundly influenced the future development +of his intellect. On his return he made excursions with Southey and +Wordsworth, and at the end of 1799 went to London, where he wrote and +reported for the _Morning Post_. His great translation of Schiller's +_Wallenstein_ appeared in 1800. In the same year he migrated to Greta +Hall, near Keswick, where he wrote the second part of _Christabel_. Soon +after this his health gave way, and he suffered much; and, whether as the +cause or the consequence of this, he had become a slave to opium. In 1804 +he went to Malta in search of health, and there became the friend of the +governor, Sir Alexander Ball, who appointed him his sec., in which +position he showed remarkable capacity for affairs. Resigning this +occupation, of which he had become tired, he travelled in Italy, and in +the beginning of 1806 reached Rome, where he enjoyed the friendship of +Tieck, Humboldt, and Bunsen. He returned to England in the end of 1806, +and in 1808 delivered his first course of lectures on Shakespeare at the +Royal Institution, and thereafter (1809), leaving his family at Keswick, +he went to live with Wordsworth at Grasmere. Here he started _The +Friend_, a philosophical and theological periodical, which lasted for 9 +months. That part of his annuity contributed by T. Wedgwood had been +confirmed to him by will in 1805, and this he allowed to his wife, but in +1811 the remaining half was stopped. He delivered a second course of +lectures in London, and in 1813 his drama, _Remorse_, was acted at Drury +Lane with success. Leaving his family dependent upon Southey, he lived +with various friends, first, from 1816 to 1819, with John Morgan at +Calne. While there he _pub._ _Christabel_ and _Kubla Khan_ in 1816, and +in 1817 _Biographia Literaria_, _Sybilline Leaves_, and an autobiography. +In 1818 he appeared for the last time as a lecturer. He found in 1819 a +final resting-place in the household of James Gillman, a surgeon, at +Highgate. His life thenceforth was a splendid wreck. His nervous system +was shattered, and he was a constant sufferer. Yet these last years were, +in some respects, his best. He maintained a struggle against opium which +lasted with his life, and though he ceased to write much, he became the +revered centre of a group of disciples, including such men as Sterling, +Maurice, and Hare, and thus indirectly continued and increased his +influence in the philosophic and theological thought of his time. He +returned to Trinitarianism, and a singular and childlike humility became +one of his most marked characteristics. In 1824 he was elected an +Associate of the Royal Society of Literature, which brought him a pension +of 100 guineas. His latest publications were _Aids to Reflection_ (1825) +and _The Constitution of Church and State_. After his death there were +_pub._, among other works, _Table Talk_ (1835), _Confessions of an +Enquiring Spirit_ (1840), _Letters_ and _Anima Poetae_ (1895). + +Endowed with an intellect of the first order, and an imagination at once +delicate and splendid, C., from a weakness of moral constitution, and the +lamentable habit already referred to, fell far short of the performance +which he had planned, and which included various epic poems, and a +complete system of philosophy, in which all knowledge was to be +co-ordinated. He has, however, left enough poetry of such excellence as +to place him in the first rank of English poets, and enough philosophic, +critical, and theological matter to constitute him one of the principal +intellectually formative forces of his time. His knowledge of philosophy, +science, theology, and literature was alike wide and deep, and his powers +of conversation, or rather monologue, were almost unique. A description +of him in later life tells of "the clerical-looking dress, the thick, +waving, silver hair, the youthful coloured cheek, the indefinable mouth +and lips, the quick, yet steady and penetrating greenish-grey eye, the +slow and continuous enunciation, and the everlasting music of his tones." + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1772, _ed._ Christ's Hospital and Camb., enlists 1794 but +bought off, became intimate with Southey, and proposes to found +pantisocracy, settles at Clevedon and Nether Stowey 1795, and became +friend of Wordsworth, began to take opium 1796, writes _Ancient Mariner_, +and joins W. in _Lyrical Ballads_, became Unitarian preacher, visits +Germany 1798, _pub._ translation of _Wallenstein_ 1800, settles at Greta +Hall and finishes _Christabel_, goes to Malta 1804, lectures on +Shakespeare 1808, leaves his family and lives with W. 1809, and +thereafter with various friends, latterly with Gillman at Highgate, +returned to Trinitarianism, _pub._ various works 1808-1825, _d._ 1834. + +_S.T. Coleridge, a Narrative_, J.D. Campbell (1893), also H.D. Traill +(Men of Letters Series, 1884), also Pater's _Appreciations_, De Quincey's +Works, Principal Shairp's _Studies in Poetry and Philosophy_ (1868). + + +COLERIDGE, SARA (1802-1852).--Miscellaneous writer, the only _dau._ of +the above, _m._ her cousin, Henry Nelson C. She translated Dobrizhoeffer's +_Account of the Abipones_, and _The Joyous and Pleasant History ... of +the Chevalier Bayard_. Her original works are _Pretty Lessons in Verse_, +etc. (1834), which was very popular, and a fairy tale, _Phantasmion_. She +also ed. her father's works, to which she added an essay on Rationalism. + + +COLET, JOHN (1467-1519).--Scholar and theologian, was _b._ in London, the +_s._ of a wealthy citizen, who was twice Lord Mayor. The only survivor of +a family of 22, he went to Oxf. and Paris, and thence to Italy, where he +learned Greek. He entered the Church, and held many preferments, +including the Deanery of St. Paul's. He continued to follow out his +studies, devoting himself chiefly to St. Paul's epistles. He was +outspoken against the corruptions of the Church, and would have been +called to account but for the protection of Archbishop Warham. He devoted +his great fortune to founding and endowing St. Paul's School. Among his +works are a treatise on the Sacraments and various devotional writings. +It is rather for his learning and his attitude to the advancement of +knowledge than for his own writings that he has a place in the history of +English literature. + + +COLLIER, JEREMY (1650-1726).--Church historian and controversialist, _b._ +at Stow, Cambridgeshire, _ed._ at Ipswich and Camb., entered the Church, +and became Rector of Ampton, Suffolk, lecturer of Gray's Inn, London, +and ultimately a nonjuring bishop. He was a man of war from his youth, +and was engaged in controversies almost until his death. His first +important one was with Gilbert Burnet, and led to his being imprisoned in +Newgate. He was, however, a man of real learning. His chief writings are +his _Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain_ (1708-1714), and especially +his _Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage_ +(1699), on account of which he was attacked by Congreve and Farquhar, for +whom, however, he showed himself more than a match. The work materially +helped towards the subsequent purification of the stage. + + +COLLINS, JOHN (_d._ 1808).--Actor and writer, was a staymaker, but took +to the stage, on which he was fairly successful. He also gave humorous +entertainments and _pub._ _Scripscrapologia_, a book of verses. He is +worthy of mention for the little piece, _To-morrow_, beginning "In the +downhill of life when I find I'm declining," characterised by Palgrave as +"a truly noble poem." + + +COLLINS, JOHN CHURTON (1848-1908).--Writer on literature and critic, _b._ +in Gloucestershire, and _ed._ at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and +Oxf., became in 1894 Prof. of English Literature at Birmingham. He wrote +books on _Sir J. Reynolds_ (1874), _Voltaire in England_ (1886), +_Illustrations of Tennyson_ (1891), and also on Swift and Shakespeare, +various collections of essays, _Essays and Studies_ (1895), and _Studies +in Poetry and Criticism_ (1905), etc., and he issued ed. of the works of +C. Tourneur, Greene, Dryden, Herbert of Cherbury, etc. + + +COLLINS, MORTIMER (1827-1876).--Novelist, _s._ of a solicitor at +Plymouth, was for a time a teacher of mathematics in Guernsey. Settling +in Berkshire he adopted a literary life, and was a prolific author, +writing largely for periodicals. He also wrote a good deal of occasional +and humorous verse, and several novels, including _Sweet Anne Page_ +(1868), _Two Plunges for a Pearl_ (1872), _Mr. Carrington_ (1873), under +the name of "R.T. Cotton," and _A Fight with Fortune_ (1876). + + +COLLINS, WILLIAM (1721-1759).--Poet, _s._ of a respectable hatter at +Chichester, where he was _b._ He was _ed._ at Chichester, Winchester, and +Oxf. His is a melancholy career. Disappointed with the reception of his +poems, especially his Odes, he sank into despondency, fell into habits of +intemperance, and after fits of melancholy, deepening into insanity, _d._ +a physical and mental wreck. Posterity has signally reversed the judgment +of his contemporaries, and has placed him at the head of the lyrists of +his age. He did not write much, but all that he wrote is precious. His +first publication was a small vol. of poems, including the _Persian_ +(afterwards called _Oriental_) _Eclogues_ (1742); but his principal work +was his _Odes_ (1747), including those to _Evening_ and _The Passions_, +which will live as long as the language. When Thomson died in 1748 C., +who had been his friend, commemorated him in a beautiful ode. +Another--left unfinished--that on the _Superstitions of the Scottish +Highlands_, was for many years lost sight of, but was discovered by Dr. +Alex. Carlyle (_q.v._). C.'s poetry is distinguished by its high +imaginative quality, and by exquisitely felicitous descriptive phrases. + +_Memoirs_ prefixed to Dyce's ed. of Poems (1827), Aldine ed., Moy Thomas, +1892. + + +COLLINS, WILLIAM WILKIE (1824-1889).--Novelist, _s._ of William C., R.A., +entered Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the Bar 1851, but soon +relinquished law for literature. His first novel was _Antonina_ (1850), a +historical romance. He found his true field, however, in the novel of +modern life, in which his power lies chiefly in the construction of a +skilful plot, which holds the attention of the reader and baffles his +curiosity to the last. In Count Fosco, however, he has contributed an +original character to English fiction. Among his numerous novels two, +_The Woman in White_ (1860), and _The Moonstone_ (1868), stand out +pre-eminent. Others are _The Dead Secret_ (1857), _Armadale_ (1866), _No +Name_ (1862), _After Dark, "I say No,"_ etc. He collaborated with Dickens +in _No Thoroughfare_. + + +COLMAN, GEORGE, THE ELDER (1732-1794).--Dramatist, _b._ at Florence, +where his _f._ was British Envoy, he was a friend of Garrick, and took to +writing for the stage with success. He wrote more than 30 dramatic +pieces, of which the best known are _The Jealous Wife_ (1761), and _The +Clandestine Marriage_ (1766). C. was also manager and part proprietor of +various theatres. He was a scholar and translated Terence and the _De +Arte Poetica_ of Horace, wrote essays, and ed. Beaumont and Fletcher and +B. Jonson. + + +COLMAN, GEORGE, THE YOUNGER (1762-1836).--Dramatist, _s._ of the +preceding, wrote or adapted numerous plays, including _The Heir at +Law_ and _John Bull_. He was Examiner of Plays (1824-1836). Many of his +plays are highly amusing, and keep their place on the stage. His wit made +him popular in society, and he was a favourite with George IV. + + +COLTON, CHARLES CALEB (1780-1832).--Miscellaneous writer, _ed._ at Eton +and Camb., took orders and held various livings. He was an eccentric man +of talent, with little or no principle, took to gaming, and had to leave +the country. He _d._ by his own hand. His books, mainly collections of +epigrammatic aphorisms and short essays on conduct, etc., though now +almost forgotten, had a phenomenal popularity in their day. Among them +are _Lacon, or Many Things in Few Words_, and a few poems. + + +COMBE, GEORGE (1788-1858).--Writer on phrenology and education, _b._ in +Edin., where for some time he practised as a lawyer. Latterly, however, +he devoted himself to the promotion of phrenology, and of his views on +education, for which he in 1848 founded a school. His chief work was _The +Constitution of Man_ (1828). + + +COMBE, WILLIAM (1741-1823).--Miscellaneous writer. His early life was +that of an adventurer, his later was passed chiefly within the "rules" of +the King's Bench prison. He is chiefly remembered as the author of _The +Three Tours of Dr. Syntax_, a comic poem (?). His cleverest piece of work +was a series of imaginary letters, supposed to have been written by the +second, or "wicked" Lord Lyttelton. Of a similar kind were his letters +between Swift and Stella. He also wrote the letterpress for various +illustrated books, and was a general hack. + + +CONGREVE, WILLIAM (1670-1729).--Dramatist, was _b._ in Yorkshire. In +boyhood he was taken to Ireland, and _ed._ at Kilkenny and at Trinity +Coll., Dublin. In 1688 he returned to England and entered the Middle +Temple, but does not appear to have practised, and took to writing for +the stage. His first comedy, _The Old Bachelor_, was produced with great +applause in 1693, and was followed by _The Double Dealer_ (1693), _Love +for Love_ (1695), and _The Way of the World_ (1700), and by a tragedy, +_The Mourning Bride_ (1697). His comedies are all remarkable for wit and +sparkling dialogue, but their profanity and licentiousness have driven +them from the stage. These latter qualities brought them under the lash +of Jeremy Collier (_q.v._) in his _Short View of the English Stage_. +Congreve rushed into controversy with his critic who, however, proved too +strong for him. C. was a favourite at Court, and had various lucrative +offices conferred upon him. In his latter years he was blind; otherwise +his life was prosperous, and he achieved his chief ambition of being +admired as a fine gentleman and gallant. _Life_, Gosse (1888). _Works_, +ed. by Henley (1895), also Mermaid Series (1888). + + +CONINGTON, JOHN (1825-1869).--Translator, _s._ of a clergyman at Boston, +Lincolnshire, where he was _b._, _ed._, at Rugby and Magdalen and Univ. +Coll., Oxf., and began the study of law, but soon relinquished it, and +devoting himself to scholarship, became Prof. of Latin at Oxf. +(1854-1869). His chief work is his translation of Virgil's _AEneid_ in the +octosyllabic metre of Scott (1861-68). He also translated the _Satires_ +and _Epistles_ of Horace in Pope's couplets, and completed Worsley's +_Iliad_ in Spenserian stanza. He also brought out valuable ed. of Virgil +and Perseus. C. was one of the greatest translators whom England has +produced. + + +CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613).--Poet, _s._ of Sir Robert C., _ed._ at +Camb., but becoming a Roman Catholic, went to Paris, and acted as an +agent for the Catholic powers. He _d._ at Liege. In 1592 he _pub._ +_Diana_, a collection of sonnets, and contributed to _England's Helicon_ +four poems, including _Diaphenia_ and _Venus and Adonis_. His style is +characterised by fervour and richness of colour. + + +COOKE, JOHN ESTEN (1830-1886).--Novelist, _b._ in Virginia, illustrated +the life and history of his native state in the novels, _The Virginia +Comedians_ (1854), and _The Wearing of the Gray_, a tale of the Civil +War, and more formally in an excellent History of the State. His style +was somewhat high-flown. + + +COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851).--Novelist, _b._ at Burlington, New +Jersey, and _ed._ at Yale Coll., he in 1808 entered the U.S. Navy, in +which he remained for 3 years, an experience which was of immense future +value to him as an author. It was not until 1821 that his first novel, +_Precaution_, appeared. Its want of success did not discourage him, and +in the next year (1822), he produced _The Spy_, which at once gained him +a high place as a story-teller. He wrote over 30 novels, of which may be +mentioned _The Pioneers_ (1823), _The Pilot_ (1823), _The Last of the +Mohicans_ (1826), _The Prairie_ (1826), _The Red Rover_ (1831), _The +Bravo_ (1840), _The Pathfinder_, _The Deerslayer_ (1841), _The Two +Admirals_ (1842), and _Satanstoe_ (1845). He also wrote a _Naval History +of the United States_ (1839). C. was possessed of remarkable narrative +and descriptive powers, and could occasionally delineate character. He +had the merit of opening up an entirely new field, and giving expression +to the spirit of the New World, but his true range was limited, and he +sometimes showed a lack of judgment in choosing subjects with which he +was not fitted to deal. He was a proud and combative but honest and +estimable man. + + +COOPER, THOMAS (1805-1892).--Chartist poet, was _b._ at Leicester, and +apprenticed to a shoemaker. In spite of hardships and difficulties, he +_ed._ himself, and at 23 was a schoolmaster. He became a leader and +lecturer among the Chartists, and in 1842 was imprisoned in Stafford gaol +for two years, where he wrote his _Purgatory of Suicides_, a political +epic. At the same time he adopted sceptical views, which he continued to +hold until 1855, when he became a Christian, joined the Baptists, and was +a preacher among them. In his latter years he settled down into an +old-fashioned Radical. His friends in 1867 raised an annuity for him, and +in the last year of his life he received a government pension. In +addition to his poems he wrote several novels. Somewhat impulsive, he was +an honest and sincere man. + + +CORBET, RICHARD (1582-1635).--Poet, _s._ of a gardener, was _ed._ at +Westminster School and Oxf., and entered the Church, in which he obtained +many preferments, and rose to be Bishop successively of Oxf. and Norwich. +He was celebrated for his wit, which not seldom passed into buffoonery. +His poems, which are often mere doggerel, were not _pub._ until after his +death. They include _Journey to France_, _Iter Boreale_, the account of a +tour from Oxf. to Newark, and the _Farewell to the Fairies_. + + +CORNWALL, BARRY, _see_ PROCTER, B.W. + + +CORY, WILLIAM JOHNSON (1823-1892).--Poet, _b._ at Torrington, and _ed._ +at Eton, where he was afterwards a master. He was a brilliant writer of +Latin verse. His chief poetical work is _Ionica_, containing poems in +which he showed a true lyrical gift. + + +CORYATE, or CORYATT, THOMAS (1577-1617).--Poet, _b._ at Odcombe, +Somerset, and _ed._ at Westminster and Oxf., entered the household of +Prince Henry. In 1608 he made a walking tour in France, Italy, and +Germany, walking nearly 2000 miles in one pair of shoes, which were, +until 1702, hung up in Odcombe Church, and known as "the thousand mile +shoes." He gave an amusing account of this in his _Coryate's Crudities +hastily gobbled up_ (1611), prefixed to which were commendatory verses by +many contemporary poets. A sequel, _Coryate's Crambe_, or _Colewort twice +Sodden_ followed. Next year (1612) C. bade farewell to his +fellow-townsmen, and set out on another journey to Greece, Egypt, and +India, from which he never returned. He _d._ at Surat. Though odd and +conceited, C. was a close observer, and took real pains in collecting +information as to the places he visited. + + +COSTELLO, LOUISA STUART (1799-1877).--Poet and novelist, _b._ in Ireland, +lived chiefly in Paris, where she was a miniature-painter. In 1815 she +_pub._ _The Maid of the Cyprus Isle_, etc. (poems). She also wrote books +of travel, which were very popular, as were her novels, chiefly founded +on French history. Another work, _pub._ in 1835, is _Specimens of the +Early Poetry of France_. + + +COTTON, CHARLES (1630-1687).--Poet and translator, succeeded to an +embarrassed estate, which his happy-go-lucky methods did not improve, +wrote burlesques on _Virgil_ and _Lucian_, and made an excellent +translation of _Montaigne's Essays_, also a humorous _Journey to +Ireland_. C. was the friend of Izaak Walton, and wrote a second part of +_The Complete Angler_. He was apparently always in difficulties, always +happy, and always a favourite. + + +COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE (1571-1631).--Antiquary, _b._ at Denton, Hunts, +and _ed._ at Camb., was a great collector of charters and records +throwing light upon English history, and co-operated with Camden +(_q.v._). Among his works are a history of the _Raigne of Henry III._ +(1627). He was the collector of the Cottonian library, now in the British +Museum, and was the author of various political tracts. + + +COUSIN, ANNE ROSS (CUNDELL) (1824-1906).--Poetess, only _dau._ of D.R. +Cundell, M.D., Leith, _m._ 1847 Rev. Wm. Cousin, minister of the Free +Church of Scotland, latterly at Melrose. Some of her hymns, especially +"The Sands of Time are sinking," are known and sung over the +English-speaking world. A collection of her poems, _Immanuel's Land and +Other Pieces_, was _pub._ in 1876 under her initials A.R.C., by which she +was most widely known. + + +COVERDALE, MILES (1488-1568).--Translator of the Bible, _b._ in +Yorkshire, and _ed._ at Camb. Originally an Augustinian monk, he became a +supporter of the Reformation. In 1535 his translation of the Bible was +_pub._, probably at Zurich. It bore the title, _Biblia, the Bible: that +is the Holy Scripture of the Olde and New Testament faithfully and newly +translated out of the Doutche and Latyn into English_. C. was made Bishop +of Exeter in 1551, but, on the accession of Mary, he was imprisoned for +two years, at the end of which he was released and went to Denmark and +afterwards to Geneva. On the death of Mary he returned to England, but +the views he had imbibed in Geneva were adverse to his preferment. He +ultimately, however, received a benefice in London, which he resigned +before his death. Besides the Bible he translated many treatises of the +Continental Reformers. + + +COWLEY, ABRAHAM (1618-1667).--Poet, _s._ of a grocer or stationer in +London, where he was _b._ In childhood he was greatly influenced by +reading Spenser, a copy of whose poems was in the possession of his +mother. This, he said, made him a poet. His first book, _Poetic +Blossoms_ (1633), was _pub._ when he was only 15. After being at +Westminster School he went to Camb., where he was distinguished for his +graceful translations. On the outbreak of the Civil War he joined the +Royalists, was turned out of his college, and in 1646 followed the Queen +to Paris, where he remained for 10 or 12 years, during which he rendered +unwearied service to the royal family. At the Restoration he wrote some +loyal odes, but was disappointed by being refused the Mastership of the +Savoy, and retired to the country. He received a lease of Crown lands, +but his life in the country did not yield him the happiness he expected. +He is said by Pope to have _d._ of a fever brought on by lying in the +fields after a drinking-bout. The drinking-bout, however, is perhaps an +ill-natured addition. C.'s fame among his contemporaries was much greater +than that which posterity has accorded to him. His poems are marred by +conceits and a forced and artificial brilliancy. In some of them, +however, he sings pleasantly of gardens and country scenes. They comprise +_Miscellanies_, _The Mistress, or Love Poems_ (1647), _Pindaric Odes_, +and _The Davideis_, an epic on David (unfinished). He is at his best in +such imitations of Anacreon as _The Grasshopper_. His prose, especially +in his Essays, though now almost unread, is better than his verse; simple +and manly, it sometimes rises to eloquence. C. is buried in Westminster +Abbey near Spenser. + +Ed., Grosart (1881), Waller (1903). + + +COWPER, WILLIAM (1731-1800).--Poet, was the _s._ of the Rev. John C., +Rector of Great Berkhampstead, Herts, and Chaplain to George II. His +grandfather was a judge, and he was the grand-nephew of the 1st Earl C., +the eminent Lord Chancellor. A shy and timid child, the death of his +mother when he was 6 years old, and the sufferings inflicted upon him by +a bullying schoolfellow at his first school, wounded his tender and +shrinking spirit irrecoverably. He was sent to Westminster School, where +he had for schoolfellows Churchill, the poet (_q.v._), and Warren +Hastings. The powerful legal influence of his family naturally suggested +his being destined for the law, and at 18 he entered the chambers of a +solicitor, where he had for a companion Thurlow, the future Chancellor, a +truly incongruous conjunction; the pair, however, seem to have got on +well together, and employed their time chiefly in "giggling and making +giggle." He then entered the Middle Temple, and in 1754 was called to the +Bar. This was perhaps the happiest period of his life, being enlivened by +the society of two cousins, Theodora and Harriet C. With the former he +fell in love; but his proposal of marriage was opposed by her _f._, who +had observed symptoms of morbidity in him, and he never met her again. +The latter, as Lady Hesketh, was in later days one of his most intimate +friends. In 1759 he received a small sinecure appointment as Commissioner +of Bankrupts, which he held for 5 years, and in 1763, through the +influence of a relative, he received the offer of the desirable office of +Clerk of the Journals to the House of Lords. He accepted the appointment, +but the dread of having to make a formal appearance before the House so +preyed upon his mind as to induce a temporary loss of reason, and he was +sent to an asylum at St. Albans, where he remained for about a year. He +had now no income beyond a small sum inherited from his _f._, and no aims +in life; but friends supplemented his means sufficiently to enable him to +lead with a quiet mind the life of retirement which he had resolved to +follow. He went to Huntingdon, and there made the acquaintance of the +Unwins, with whom he went to live as a boarder. The acquaintance soon +ripened into a close friendship, and on the death, from an accident +(1767), of Mr. U., C. accompanied his widow (the "Mary" of his poems) to +Olney, where the Rev. John Newton (_q.v._) was curate. N. and C. became +intimate friends, and collaborated in producing the well-known _Olney +Hymns_, of which 67 were composed by C. He became engaged to Mary Unwin, +but a fresh attack of his mental malady in 1773 prevented their marriage. +On his recovery he took to gardening, and amused himself by keeping pets, +including the hares "Tiny" and "Puss," and the spaniel "Beau," +immortalised in his works. The chief means, however, which he adopted for +keeping his mind occupied and free from distressing ideas was the +cultivation of his poetic gift. At the suggestion of Mrs. U., he wrote +_The Progress of Error_; _Truth, Table Talk, Expostulation, Hope, Charity, +Conversation_, and _Retirement_ were added, and the whole were _pub._ in +one vol. in 1782. Though not received with acclamation, its signal merits +of freshness, simplicity, graceful humour, and the pure idiomatic English +in which it was written gradually obtained recognition, and the fame of +the poet-recluse began to spread. His health had now become considerably +re-established, and he enjoyed an unwonted measure of cheerfulness, which +was fostered by the friendship of Lady Austin, who had become his +neighbour. From her he received the story of John Gilpin, which he +forthwith turned into his immortal ballad. Hers also was the suggestion +that he should write a poem in blank verse, which gave its origin to his +most famous poem, _The Task_. Before it was _pub._, however, the intimacy +had, apparently owing to some little feminine jealousies, been broken +off. _The Task_ was _pub._ in 1785, and met with immediate and +distinguished success. Although not formally or professedly, it was, in +fact, the beginning of an uprising against the classical school of +poetry, and the founding of a new school in which nature was the teacher. +As Dr. Stopford Brooke points out, "Cowper is the first of the poets who +loves Nature entirely for her own sake," and in him "the idea of Mankind +as a whole is fully formed." About this time he resumed his friendship +with his cousin, Lady Hesketh, and, encouraged by her, he began his +translation of _Homer_, which appeared in 1791. Before this he had +removed with Mrs. U. to the village of Weston Underwood. His health had +again given way; and in 1791 Mrs. U. became paralytic, and the object of +his assiduous and affectionate care. A settled gloom with occasional +brighter intervals was now falling upon him. He strove to fight it by +engaging in various translations, and in revising his _Homer_, and +undertaking a new ed. of Milton, which last was, however, left +unfinished. In 1794 a pension of L300 was conferred upon him, and in 1795 +he removed with Mrs. U., now a helpless invalid, to East Dereham. Mrs. U. +_d._ in the following year, and three years later his own death released +him from his heavy burden of trouble and sorrow. His last poem was _The +Castaway_, which, with its darkness almost of despair, shows no loss of +intellectual or poetic power. In addition to his reputation as a poet C. +has that of being among the very best of English letter-writers, and in +this he shows, in an even easier and more unstudied manner, the same +command of pure idiomatic English, the same acute observation, and the +same mingling of gentle humour and melancholy. In literature C. is the +connecting link between the classical school of Pope and the natural +school of Burns, Crabbe, and Wordsworth, having, however, much more in +common with the latter. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1731, _ed._ Westminster School, entered Middle Temple and +called to the Bar, 1754, appointed Clerk of Journals of House of Lords, +but mind gave way 1763, lives with the Unwins, became intimate with J. +Newton and with him writes _Olney Hymns_, _pub._ _Poems_ (_Progress of +Error_, etc.), 1782, _Task_ 1785, _Homer_ 1791, _d._ 1731. + +The standard ed. of C.'s works is Southey's, with memoir (15 vols. +1834-37). Others are the Aldine (1865), the Globe (1870). There are +_Lives_ by Hayley (2 vols., 1805), Goldwin Smith (Men of Letters Series), +and T. Wright. + + +COXE, WILLIAM (1747-1828).--Historian, was _b._ in London, and _ed._ at +Eton and Camb. As tutor to various young men of family he travelled much +on the Continent, and _pub._ accounts of his journeys. His chief +historical work is his _Memoirs of the House of Austria_ (1807), and he +also wrote lives of Walpole, Marlborough, and others. He had access to +valuable original sources, and his books, though somewhat heavy, are on +the whole trustworthy, notwithstanding a decided Whig bias. He was a +clergyman, and _d._ Archdeacon of Wilts. + + +CRABBE, GEORGE (1754-1832).--Poet, _b._ at Aldborough, Suffolk, where his +_f._ was collector of salt dues, he was apprenticed to a surgeon, but, +having no liking for the work, went to London to try his fortune in +literature. Unsuccessful at first, he as a last resource wrote a letter +to Burke enclosing some of his writings, and was immediately befriended +by him, and taken into his own house, where he met Fox, Reynolds, and +others. His first important work, _The Library_, was _pub._ in 1781, and +received with favour. He took orders, and was appointed by the Duke of +Rutland his domestic chaplain, residing with him at Belvoir Castle. Here +in 1783 he _pub._ _The Village_, which established his reputation, and +about the same time he was presented by Lord Thurlow to two small +livings. He was now secured from want, made a happy marriage, and devoted +himself to literary and scientific pursuits. The _Newspaper_ appeared in +1785, and was followed by a period of silence until 1807, when he came +forward again with _The Parish Register_, followed by _The Borough_ +(1810), _Tales in Verse_ (1812), and his last work, _Tales of the Hall_ +(1817-18). In 1819 Murray the publisher gave him L3000 for the last named +work and the unexpired copyright of his other poems. In 1822 he visited +Sir Walter Scott at Edinburgh. Soon afterwards his health began to give +way, and he _d._ in 1832. C. has been called "the poet of the poor." He +describes in simple, but strong and vivid, verse their struggles, +sorrows, weaknesses, crimes, and pleasures, sometimes with racy humour, +oftener in sombre hues. His pathos, sparingly introduced, goes to the +heart; his pictures of crime and despair not seldom rise to the terrific, +and he has a marvellous power of painting natural scenery, and of +bringing out in detail the beauty and picturesqueness of scenes at first +sight uninteresting, or even uninviting. He is absolutely free from +affectation or sentimentality, and may be regarded as one of the greatest +masters of the realistic in our literature. With these merits he has +certain faults, too great minuteness in his pictures, too frequent +dwelling upon the sordid and depraved aspects of character, and some +degree of harshness both in matter and manner, and not unfrequently a +want of taste. + +_Life_ prefixed to ed. of works by his son (1834), Ainger (Men of +Letters, 1903). Works (Ward, 3 vols., 1906-7). + + +CRAIGIE, MRS. PEARL MARY TERESA (RICHARDS) (1867-1906).--_Dau._ of John +Morgan, R. _b._ in Boston, Massachusetts. Most of her education was +received in London and Paris, and from childhood she was a great reader +and observer. At 19 she _m._ Mr. R.W. Craigie, but the union did not +prove happy and was, on her petition, dissolved. In 1902 she became a +Roman Catholic. She wrote, under the pseudonym of "John Oliver Hobbes," a +number of novels and dramas, distinguished by originality of subject and +treatment, brightness of humour, and finish of style, among which may be +mentioned _Some Emotions and a Moral_, _The Gods, Some Mortals and Lord +Wickenham_ (1895), _The Herb Moon_ and _The School for Saints_ (1897), +and _Robert Orange_ (1900), _The Dream and The Business_ (1907). Her +dramas include _The Ambassador_ and _The Bishop's Move_. + + +CRAIK, GEORGE LILLIE (1798-1866).--Writer on English literature, etc., +_b._ at Kennoway, Fife, and _ed._ at St. Andrews, went to London in 1824, +where he wrote largely for the "Society for the Promotion of Useful +Knowledge." In 1849 he was appointed Prof. of English Literature and +History at Belfast. Among his books are _The Pursuit of Knowledge under +Difficulties_ (1831), _History of British Commerce_ (1844), and _History +of English Literature and the English Language_ (1861). He was also joint +author of _The Pictorial History of England_, and wrote books on Spenser +and Bacon. + + +CRANMER, THOMAS (1489-1556).--Theologian and Churchman, _b._ at Aslacton, +Notts, _ed._ at Camb., and became an eminent classical and biblical +scholar. He supported Henry VIII. in his divorce proceedings against +Queen Catherine, gained the King's favour, and obtained rapid preferment, +ending with the Primacy. He was one of the chief promoters of the +Reformation in England. On the accession of Mary, he was committed to the +Tower, and after a temporary failure of courage and constancy, suffered +martyrdom at the stake. It is largely to C. that we owe the stately forms +of the Book of Common Prayer. He also wrote over 40 works, and composed +several hymns; but the influence of the Prayer-book in fixing the +language is his great, though indirect, service to our literature. + +Fox's _Book of Martyrs_, Strype's _Memorials of Cranmer_, Hook's _Lives +of Archbishops of Canterbury_, etc. + + +CRASHAW, RICHARD (1613?-1649).--Poet, _s._ of William C., a Puritan +divine, was _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Charterhouse and Camb., where he +became a Fellow of Peterhouse, from which, however, he was, in 1643, +ejected for refusing to take the Solemn League and Covenant. Thereafter +he went to France, and joined the Roman communion. He suffered great +straits, being almost reduced to starvation, but was, through the +influence of Queen Henrietta Maria, appointed Sec. to Cardinal Palotta. +About 1649 he went to Italy, and in the following year became a canon of +the Church of Loretto. He _d._ the same year. C. is said to have been an +eloquent preacher, and was a scholar as well as a poet of a high order in +the ecstatic and transcendental style. His chief work is _Steps to the +Temple_ (1646), consisting mainly of religious poems somewhat in the +style of Herbert; his _Weeping of the Magdalen_ is full of the most +extravagant conceits, a fondness for which is, indeed, his besetting sin +as a poet. His friend Cowley commemorated him in a beautiful ode. + + +CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854-1909).--Novelist and historian, _s._ of +Thomas C., an American sculptor, _b._ at Bagni di Lucca, Italy, and _ed._ +in America, at Camb., and in Germany, he went to India and ed. _The +Indian Herald_ (1879-80). Thereafter he settled in Italy, living chiefly +at Sorrento, and becoming a Roman Catholic. His principal historical +works are _Ave Roma Immortalis_ (1898), _The Rulers of the South_ +(reprinted as _Sicily, Calabria, and Malta_, 1904), and _Venetian +Gleanings_ (1905), but his reputation rests mainly on his novels, of +which he wrote between 30 and 40, the best known of which are perhaps +_Mr. Isaacs_ (1882), _Dr. Claudius_ (1883), _A Roman Singer_ (1884), +_Marzio's Crucifix_ (1887), _Saracinesca_ (1887), _A Cigarette-maker's +Romance_ (1890), generally considered his masterpiece, _Don Orsino_ +(1892), _Pietro Ghisleri_ (1893), and _The Heart of Rome_ (1903). His one +play is _Francesca, da Rimini_. His novels are all interesting, and +written in a style of decided distinction. His historical works, though +full of information, lack spirit. + + +CREASY, SIR EDWARD SHEPHERD (1812-1878).--Historian, _ed._ at Eton and +Camb., and called to the Bar in 1837, he became in 1840 Prof. of History, +London Univ., and in 1860 Chief Justice of Ceylon, when he was knighted. +His best known contribution to literature is his _Fifteen Decisive +Battles of the World_ (1852). Other works are _Historical and Critical +Account of the Several Invasions of England_ (1852), _History of the +Ottoman Turks_, and _Imperial and Colonial Institutions of the British +Empire_ (1872). + + +CREECH, THOMAS (1659-1700).--Translator, _b._ near Sherborne, _ed._ at +Oxf., became Head Master of Sherborne School. He translated _Lucretius_ +in verse (1682), for which he received a Fellowship at Oxf., also Horace, +Theocritus, and other classics. Owing to a disappointment in love and +pecuniary difficulties he hanged himself. + + +CREIGHTON, MANDELL (1843-1901).--Churchman and historian, _b._ at +Carlisle, and _ed._ at Durham Grammar School and Merton Coll., Oxf., he +took orders, and was presented to the living of Embleton, Northumberland, +in 1875, where, in addition to zealous discharge of pastoral duties, he +pursued the historical studies on the results of which his reputation +chiefly rests. In 1882 the first two vols. of his _History of the Papacy_ +appeared, followed by two more in 1887, and a fifth in 1894. In 1884 he +was appointed first Dixie Prof. of Ecclesiastical History at Camb. He ed. +the _English Historical Review_ (1886-91). In 1891, after having held +canonries at Worcester and Windsor, he became Bishop of Peterborough, +from which he was in 1897 translated to London. His duties as Bishop of +London made the completion of his great historical work an impossibility. +He wrote in addition to it various text-books on history, a life of Queen +Elizabeth, a memoir of Sir George Grey, and many articles and reviews. He +was recognised as a leading authority on the department of history to +which he had specially devoted himself, and he made his mark as a +Churchman. + + +CROKER, JOHN WILSON (1780-1857).--Politician and miscellaneous writer. +_Ed._ at Trinity Coll., Dublin, he entered Parliament as a Tory, and was +appointed to various offices, including the Secretaryship of the +Admiralty, which he held for 20 years. He was one of the founders of the +_Quarterly Review_, and wrote some of its most violent political articles +and reviews. He _pub._ in 1831 an ed. of _Boswell's Life of Johnson_. He +also wrote some historical essays and satirical pieces. + + +CROKER, THOMAS CROFTON (1798-1854).--Irish Antiquary, _b._ at Cork, for +some years held a position in the Admiralty. He devoted himself largely +to the collection of ancient Irish poetry and folk-lore. Among his +publications are _Researches in the South of Ireland_ (1824), _Fairy +Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland_ (1825-27), _Popular Songs +of Ireland_ (1837), _Daniel O'Rourke_ (1829), and _Barney Mahoney_ +(1832). He assisted in founding the "Camden" and "Percy" Societies. + + +CROLY, GEORGE (1780-1860).--Poet, novelist, historian, and divine, _b._ +at Dublin, and _ed._ at Trinity Coll. there, he took orders and became +Rector of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, and had a high reputation as a +preacher. He wrote poems, dramas, satires, novels, history, and +theological works, and attained some measure of success in all. Perhaps +his best known works are his novels, _Salathiel_ (1829), founded on the +legend of "the wandering Jew," and _Mareton_ (1846). His chief +contribution to theological literature is an exposition of the +Apocalypse. + + +CROWE, CATHERINE (STEVENS) (1800-1876).--Wrote dramas, children's books, +and one or two novels, including _Susan Hopley_ (1841), and _Lilly +Dawson_ (1847), but is chiefly remembered for her _Night-side of Nature_ +(1848), a collection of stories of the supernatural. Though somewhat +morbid she had considerable talent. + + +CROWE, EYRE EVANS (1799-1868).--Historian and novelist, _s._ of an +officer in the army, _b._ near Southampton, and _ed._ at Trinity Coll., +Dublin. He wrote several novels, including _Vittoria Colonna_, _To-day in +Ireland_ (1825), _The English in France_ (1828), and _Charles Dalmer_ +(1853). Among his historical works are a _History of France_ in +_Lardner's Cabinet Encyclopaedia_, afterwards enlarged and separately +_pub._, and a _History of Louis XVIII. and Charles X._ + + +CROWE, SIR JOSEPH ARCHER (1825-1896).--Writer on art, _s._ of the above, +was _b._ in London. Most of his childhood was spent in France, and on his +return to England in 1843 he became a journalist. He was then for some +years engaged in educational work in India, and was afterwards war +correspondent for the _Times_ on various occasions, and filled various +important consular posts, for which he was in 1890 made K.C.M.G. In +collaboration with G.B. Cavalcasselle, an Italian refugee, he was the +author of several authoritative works on art, including _The Early +Flemish Painters_ (1856), _A New History of Painting in Italy_ (1864-68), +_A History of Painting in North Italy_ (1871), _Titian, His Life and +Times_ (1877), and _Raphael, His Life and Works_ (1883-85). The actual +writing of all these was the work of C. + + +CROWE, WILLIAM (1745-1829).--Poet, _b._ at Midgham, Berks, the _s._ of a +carpenter, was _ed._ as a foundationer at Winchester, whence he proceeded +to Oxf., where he became Public Orator. He wrote a smooth, but somewhat +conventional poem, _Lewesdon Hill_ (1789), ed. Collins's Poems (1828), +and lectured on poetry at the Royal Institution. His poems were _coll._ +in 1827. C. was a clergyman and Rector of Alton Barnes, Wilts. + + +CROWNE, JOHN (1640?-1703).--Dramatist, returned from Nova Scotia, to +which his _f._, a Nonconformist minister, had emigrated, and became +gentleman usher to a lady of quality. His first play, _Juliana_, appeared +in 1671. He wrote in all about 17 dramatic pieces, of which the best is +_Sir Courtly Nice_ (1685), adapted from the Spanish. It is amusing, and +enjoyed a long continued vogue. In general, however, C. is dull. + + +CUDWORTH, RALPH (1617-1688).--Divine and philosopher, _b._ at Aller, +Somerset, and _ed._ at Camb., where, after being a tutor, he became +Master of Clare Hall 1645, Prof. of Hebrew (1645-88), and Master of +Christ's Coll., 1654. His great work is _The True Intellectual System of +the Universe_ (1678). A work of vast learning and acuteness, it is +directed against the infidelity of the age. C.'s candour in his statement +of the opposing position was so remarkable that Dryden remarked "that he +raised such strong objections against the being of a God and Providence +that many thought he had not answered them." He also left in MS. a +_Treatise concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality_, _pub._ in 1731. + + +CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811).--Novelist and dramatist, _ed._ at +Westminster and Camb., entered the diplomatic service, and filled several +government appointments. His best play is _The West Indian_. His novels +do not rise much above mediocrity. Along with Sir J.B. Burges he wrote an +epic entitled _The Exodiad_, and he also made some translations from the +Greek. + + +CUMMINS, MARIA SUSANNA (1827-1866).--_B._ at Salem, Mass., was well-known +as the authoress of _The Lamplighter_, a somewhat sentimental tale which +had very wide popularity. She wrote others, including _Mabel Vaughan_, +none of which had the same success. + + +CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN (1784-1842).--Poet and miscellaneous writer, _b._ near +Dalswinton, Dumfriesshire, in his youth knew Burns, who was a friend of +his father's. He was apprenticed to a stonemason, but gave his leisure to +reading and writing imitations of old Scottish ballads, which he +contributed to Cromek's _Remains of Nithsdale and Galloway Song_, _pub._ +in 1810, and which gained for him the friendship of Scott and Hogg. +Thereafter he went to London, and became a parliamentary reporter, and +subsequently assistant to Chantrey, the sculptor, but continued his +literary labours, writing three novels, a life of Sir D. Wilkie, and +_Lives of Eminent British Painters, Sculptors, and Architects_, besides +many songs, of which the best is _A wet sheet and a flowing Sea_. He also +brought out an ed. of Burns's Works. He had four sons, all of whom rose +to important positions, and inherited in some degree his literary gifts. + + +CURTIS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1824-1892).--American essayist, editor, and +journalist, contributed to _New York Tribune_, and to _Putnam's_ and +_Harper's_ monthlies, in which most of his books first appeared. Among +these are _Trumps_, a story of New York life, _Prue and I_, +_Lotus-eating_, and the _Potiphar Papers_. C. was also one of the +finest American orators of his day. + + +CYNEWULF (_fl._ 750).--Anglo-Saxon poet. He was probably a Northumbrian, +though sometimes thought to have been a Mercian. His poems, and some +others, more or less doubtfully attributed to him, are contained in the +Exeter Book and the Vercelli Book. The poems which are considered to be +certainly his are the _Riddles_, from hints and allusions in which is +derived nearly all that is known of him, or at least of the earlier part +of his life, which appears to have been that of a joyous and poetical +nature, rejoicing in the beauty of the world. His next poem, _Juliana_, +the legend of a virgin-martyr, indicates a transition in his spiritual +life; sorrow and repentance are its predominant notes, and in these +respects another poem, _St. Guthlac_, resembles it. In the _Crist_ +(Christ), C. has passed through the clouds to an assured faith and peace. +_The Phoenix_, and the second part of _Guthlac_, though not certainly +his, are generally attributed to him. _The Fates of the Apostles_ and +_Elene_ (the legend of St. Helena) are his; the _Andreas_ and _The Dream +of the Roode_ are still in some respects the subject of controversy. In +several of the poems the separate letters of C.'s name are introduced in +a peculiar manner, and are regarded as an attesting signature. _Juliana_, +_Crist_, _The Apostles_, and _Elene_ are thus said to be signed. The +Exeter and Vercelli Books are collections of ancient English poems, and +they are named from the places where they were found. + + +DALLING AND BULWER, WILLIAM HENRY LYTTON EARLE BULWER, 1ST LORD +(1801-1872).--Elder brother of Lord Lytton (_q.v._), and a distinguished +diplomatist. He represented England at Madrid, Washington (where he +concluded the Bulwer-Clayton Treaty), Florence, Bucharest, and +Constantinople, and was raised to the peerage in 1871. He was the author +of a number of books of travel and biography, including _An Autumn in +Greece_ (1826), a _Life of Byron_ (1835), _Historical Characters_ +(1868-70), and an unfinished life of Lord Palmerston. + + +DAMPIER, WILLIAM (1652-1715).--Discoverer and buccaneer, _b._ near +Yeovil. After various seafaring adventures, and leading a semi-piratical +life, he was in 1688 marooned on Nicobar Island, but escaped to Acheen, +returned to England in 1691. He _pub._ his _Voyage Round the World_ +(1697), and _A Discourse of Winds_ (1699). He was then employed by +government on a voyage of survey and discovery (1699-1700), in the course +of which he explored the north-west coast of Australia and the coasts of +New Guinea and New Britain. In 1701 he was wrecked upon Ascension Island, +from which he was rescued by an East Indiaman. He was afterwards +court-martialled for cruelty, and wrote an angry but unconvincing +vindication. His _Voyage_ is written in a style plain and homely, but is +perspicuous and interesting. + + +DANA, RICHARD HENRY (1787-1879).--Novelist and critic, _b._ at Camb., +Mass., was called to the Bar in 1817. Among his novels are _Tom Thornton_ +and _Paul Felton_, both somewhat violent and improbable tales, and his +poems, which are better, include _The Buccaneer_ (1827), and _The Dying +Raven_. He is, however, stronger as a critic than as a writer. He wrote +largely in _The North American Review_, and for a time conducted a paper, +_The Idle Man_, which contains some of his best work. + + +DANA, RICHARD HENRY, JR. (1815-1882).--Miscellaneous writer, _s._ of the +above, _ed._ at Harvard, but on his eyesight giving way shipped as a +common sailor, and gave his experiences in _Two Years before the Mast_ +(1840). Called to the Bar in 1840, he became an authority on maritime +law. Other books by him are _The Seaman's Friend_ (1841), and _Vacation +Voyage to Cuba_ (1859). + + +DANIEL, SAMUEL (1562-1619).--Poet, _s._ of a music master, was _b._ near +Taunton, and _ed._ at Oxf., but did not graduate. He attached himself to +the Court as a kind of voluntary laureate, and in the reign of James I. +was appointed "Inspector of the children of the Queen's revels," and a +groom of the Queen's chamber. He is said to have enjoyed the friendship +of Shakespeare and Marlowe, but was "at jealousies" with Ben Jonson. In +his later years he retired to a farm which he owned in Somerset, where he +_d._ D. bears the title of the "well-languaged," his style is clear and +flowing, with a remarkably modern note, but is lacking in energy and +fire, and is thus apt to become tedious. His works include sonnets, +epistles, masques, and dramas. The most important of them is _The History +of the Civil Wars between York and Lancaster_ in 8 books, _pub._ in 1604. +His _Epistles_ are generally considered his best work, and his sonnets +have had some modern admirers. Among his poems may be mentioned the +_Complaynt of Rosamund_, _Tethys Festival_ (1610), and _Hymen's Triumph_ +(1615), a masque, and _Musophilus_, a defence of learning, _Defence of +Rhyme_ (1602). + + +DARLEY, GEORGE (1795-1846).--Poet, novelist, and critic, _b._ at Dublin, +and _ed._ at Trinity Coll. there, he early decided to follow a literary +career, and went to London, where he brought out his first poem, _Errors +of Ecstasie_ (1822). He also wrote for the _London Magazine_, under the +pseudonym of John Lacy. In it appeared his best story, _Lilian of the +Vale_. Various other books followed, including _Sylvia, or The May +Queen_, a poem (1827). Thereafter he joined the _Athenaeum_, in which he +showed himself a severe critic. He was also a dramatist and a profound +student of old English plays, editing those of Beaumont and Fletcher in +1840. So deeply was he imbued with the spirit of the 17th century that +his poem, "It is not beauty I desire," was included by F.T. Palgrave in +the first ed. of his _Golden Treasury_ as an anonymous lyric of that age. +He was also a mathematician of considerable talent, and _pub._ some +treatises on the subject. D. fell into nervous depression and _d._ in +1846. + + +DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882).--Naturalist, _s._ of a physician, and +grandson of Dr. Erasmus D. (_q.v._), and of Josiah Wedgwood, the famous +potter, was _b._ and was at school at Shrewsbury. In 1825 he went to +Edin. to study medicine, but was more taken up with marine zoology than +with the regular curriculum. After two years he proceeded to Camb., where +he _grad._ in 1831, continuing, however, his independent studies in +natural history. In the same year came the opportunity of his life, his +appointment to accompany the _Beagle_ as naturalist on a survey of South +America. To this voyage, which extended over nearly five years, he +attributed the first real training of his mind, and after his return +_pub._ an account of it, _Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle_ (1840). +After spending a few years in London arranging his collections and +writing his _Journal_, he removed to Down, a retired village near the +Weald of Kent, where, in a house surrounded by a large garden, his whole +remaining life was passed in the patient building up, from accurate +observations, of his theory of Evolution, which created a new epoch in +science and in thought generally. His industry was marvellous, especially +when it is remembered that he suffered from chronic bad health. After +devoting some time to geology, specially to coral reefs, and exhausting +the subject of barnacles, he took up the development of his favourite +question, the transformation of species. In these earlier years of +residence at Down he _pub._ _The Structure and Distribution of Coral +Reefs_ (1842), and two works on the geology of volcanic islands, and of +South America. After he had given much time and profound thought to the +question of evolution by natural selection, and had written out his notes +on the subject, he received in 1858 from Mr. A.R. Wallace (_q.v._) a +manuscript showing that he also had reached independently a theory of the +origin of species similar to his own. This circumstance created a +situation of considerable delicacy and difficulty, which was ultimately +got over by the two discoverers presenting a joint paper, _On the +Tendency of Species to form Varieties_, and _On the Perpetuation of +Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection_. The publication in +1859 of _The Origin of Species_ gave D. an acknowledged place among the +greatest men of science, and the controversies which, along with other of +his works, it raised, helped to carry his name all over the civilised +world. Among his numerous subsequent writings may be mentioned _The +Fertilisation of Orchids_ (1862), _Variation of Plants and Animals under +Domestication_ (1868), _The Descent of Man, and Selection in relation to +Sex_ (1871), _The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals_ (1872), +_Insectivorous Plants_ (1875), _Climbing Plants_ (1875), _Different Forms +of Flowers_ (1877), _The Power of Movement in Plants_ (1880), and _The +Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms_ (1881). D., +with a modesty which was one of his chief characteristics, disclaimed for +himself the possession of any remarkable talents except "an unusual power +of noticing things which easily escape attention, and of observing them +carefully." In addition, however, to this peculiar insight, he had a +singular reverence for truth and fact, enormous industry, and great +self-abnegation: and his kindliness, modesty, and magnanimity attracted +the affection of all who knew him. + +_Life and Letters_, by his son, F. Darwin, 3 vols., 1887; _C. Darwin and +the Theory of Natural Selection_. E.B. Poulton, 1896; various short Lives +by Grant Allen and others. + + +DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802).--Poet, physician, and scientist, was _b._ at +Elston, Notts, and _ed._ at Camb. and at Edin., where he took his degree +of M.D. He ultimately settled in Lichfield as a physician, and attained a +high professional reputation, so much so that he was offered, but +declined, the appointment of physician to George III. In 1778 he formed a +botanical garden, and in 1789 _pub._ his first poem, _The Loves of the +Plants_, followed in 1792 by _The Economy of Vegetation_, which combined +form _The Botanic Garden_. Another poem, _The Temple of Nature_, was +_pub._ posthumously. He also wrote various scientific works in prose. The +poems of D., though popular in their day, are now little read. Written in +polished and sonorous verse, they glitter with startling similes and +ingenious, though often forced, analogies, but have little true poetry or +human interest. + + +DASENT, SIR GEORGE WEBBE (1817-1896).--Scandinavian scholar, _b._ in the +island of St. Vincent, of which his _f._ was Attorney-general, _ed._ at +Westminster School, King's Coll., London, and Oxf., he entered the +diplomatic service, and was for several years Sec. to the British Embassy +at Stockholm, where he became interested in Scandinavian literature and +mythology. Returning to England he was appointed Assistant Ed. of _The +Times_ (1845-1870). In 1852 he was called to the Bar, and in the +following year was appointed Prof. of English Literature and Modern +History at King's Coll., London, an office which he held for 13 years. He +was knighted in 1876. His principal writings have to do with Scandinavian +language, mythology, and folk-lore, and include an _Icelandic Grammar_, +_The Prose or Younger Edda_ (1842), _Popular Tales from the Norse_ +(1859), _The Saga of Burnt Njal_ (1861), and _The Story of Gisli the +Outlaw_ (1866), mostly translated from the Norwegian of Asbjoernsen. He +also translated the Orkney and Hacon Sagas for the Rolls Series, and +wrote four novels, _Annals of an Eventful Life_, _Three to One_, _Half a +Life_, and _The Vikings of the Baltic_. His style is pointed and clear. + + +DAVENANT, or D'AVENANT, SIR WILLIAM (1606-1668).--Poet and dramatist, was +_b._ at Oxf., where his _f._ kept an inn, which Shakespeare was in the +habit of visiting. This had some influence on the future poet, who +claimed to be Shakespeare's natural son. D., _ed._ at Lincoln Coll., was +afterwards in the service of Lord Brooke, became involved in the troubles +of the Civil War, in which he took the Royalist side, and was imprisoned +in the Tower, escaped to France, and after returning was, in 1643, +knighted. Later D. was employed on various missions by the King and +Queen, was again in the Tower from 1650 to 1652, when he _pub._ his poem +_Gondibert_. He is said to have owed his release to the interposition of +Milton. In 1656 he practically founded the English Opera by his _Siege of +Rhodes_ (1656). In 1659 he was again imprisoned, but after the +Restoration he seems to have enjoyed prosperity and Royal favour, and +established a theatre, where he was the first habitually to introduce +female players and movable scenery. D. wrote 25 dramatic pieces, among +which are _Albovine, King of the Lombards_ (1629), _Platonick Lovers_ +(1636), _The Wits_ (1633), _Unfortunate Lovers_ (1643), _Love and Honour_ +(1649). None of them are now read; and the same may be said of +_Gondibert_, considered a masterpiece by contemporaries. D. succeeded Ben +Jonson as Poet Laureate, and collaborated with Dryden in altering (and +debasing) _The Tempest_. He _coll._ his miscellaneous verse under the +title of _Madagascar_. He is said to have had the satisfaction of +repaying in kind the good offices of Milton when the latter was in danger +in 1660. He joined with Waller and others in founding the classical +school of English poetry. + + +DAVIDSON, JOHN (1837-1909).--Poet and playwright, _b._ at Barrhead, +Renfrewshire, _s._ of a Dissenting minister, entered the chemical +department of a sugar refinery in Greenock in his 13th year, returning +after one year to school as a pupil teacher. He was afterwards engaged in +teaching at various places, and having taken to literature went in 1890 +to London. He achieved a reputation as a writer of poems and plays of +marked individuality and vivid realism. His poems include _In a Music +Hall_ (1891), _Fleet Street Eclogues_ (1893), _Baptist Lake_ (1894), _New +Ballads_ (1896), _The Last Ballad_ (1898), _The Triumph of Mammon_ +(1907), and among his plays are _Bruce_ (1886), _Smith: a Tragic Farce_ +(1888), _Godfrida_ (1898). D. disappeared on March 27, 1909, under +circumstances which left little doubt that under the influence of mental +depression he had committed suicide. Among his papers was found the MS. +of a new work, _Fleet Street Poems_, with a letter containing the words, +"This will be my last book." His body was discovered a few months later. + + +DAVIES, JOHN (1565?-1618).--Called "the Welsh Poet," was a +writing-master, wrote very copiously and rather tediously on theological +and philosophical themes. His works include _Mirum in Modum_, +_Microcosmus_ (1602), and _The Picture of a Happy Man_ (1612). _Wit's +Bedlam_ (1617), and many epigrams on his contemporaries which have some +historical interest. + + +DAVIES, SIR JOHN (1569-1626).--Lawyer and poet, _s._ of a lawyer at +Westbury, Wiltshire, was _ed._ at Winchester and Oxf., and became a +barrister of the Middle Temple, 1595. He was a member successively of the +English and Irish Houses of Commons, and held various legal offices. In +literature he is known as the writer of two poems, _Orchestra: a Poem of +Dancing_ (1594), and _Nosce Teipsum_ (Know Thyself), in two elegies (1) +Of Humane Knowledge (2) Of the Immortality of the Soul. The poem consists +of quatrains, each containing a complete and compactly expressed thought. +It was _pub._ in 1599. D. was also the author of treatises on law and +politics. + + +DAVIS, or DAVYS, JOHN (1550?-1605).--Navigator, known as D. of Sandridge +to distinguish him from another of the same name. He was one of the most +enterprising of the Elizabethan sailors, who devoted themselves to the +discovery of the North-west Passage. Davis Strait was discovered by, and +named after, him. He made many voyages, in the last of which he met his +death at the hands of a Japanese pirate. He was the author of a book, now +very scarce, _The World's Hydrographical Description_, and he also wrote +a work on practical navigation, _The Seaman's Secrets_, which had great +repute. + + +DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814-1845).--Poet, _b._ at Mallow, _ed._ at +Trinity Coll., Dublin, and called to the Irish Bar 1838. He was one of +the founders of _The Nation_ newspaper, and of the Young Ireland party. +He wrote some stirring patriotic ballads, originally contributed to _The +Nation_, and afterwards republished as _Spirit of the Nation_, also a +memoir of Curran the great Irish lawyer and orator, prefixed to an ed. of +his speeches; and he had formed many literary plans which were brought to +naught by his untimely death. + + +DAVY, SIR HUMPHREY (1778-1829).--Chemist and man of letters, _s._ of a +wood-carver, was _b._ at Penzance. He early showed an enthusiasm for +natural science, and continued to pursue his studies when apprenticed in +1795 to a surgeon. He became specially interested in chemistry, to which +in 1797 he began more exclusively to devote himself. Thereafter he +assisted Dr. Beddoes in his laboratory at Bristol, and entered upon his +brilliant course of chemical discovery. His _Researches, Chemical, and +Philosophical_ (1799), led to his appointment as Director of the Chemical +Laboratory at the Royal Institution, where he also delivered courses of +scientific lectures with extraordinary popularity. Thereafter his life +was a succession of scientific triumphs and honours. His great discovery +was that of the metallic bases of the earths and alkalis. He also +discovered various metals, including sodium, calcium, and magnesium. In +1812 he was knighted, and _m._ a wealthy widow. Thereafter he +investigated volcanic action and fire-damp, and invented the safety lamp. +In 1818 he was _cr._ a baronet, and in 1820 became Pres. of the Royal +Society, to which he communicated his discoveries in electro-magnetism. +In addition to his scientific writings, which include _Elements of +Agricultural Chemistry_ (1813), and _Chemical Agencies of Electricity_, +he wrote _Salmonia, or Days of Fly Fishing_ (1828), somewhat modelled +upon Walton, and _Consolations in Travel_ (1830), dialogues on ethical +and religious questions. D. sustained an apoplectic seizure in 1826, +after which his health was much impaired, and after twice wintering in +Italy, he _d._ at Geneva, where he received a public funeral. Though not +attached to any Church, D. was a sincerely religious man, strongly +opposed to materialism and scepticism. He holds a foremost place among +scientific discoverers. + + +DAY, JOHN (_b._ 1574).--Dramatist, _s._ of a Norfolk yeoman, was at +Camb., 1592-3. It is only since 1881 that his works have been identified. +He collaborated with Dekker and others in plays, and was the author of +_The Isle of Gulls_ (1606), _Law Trickes_ (1608), and _Humour out of +Breath_ (1608), also of an allegorical masque, _The Parliament of Bees_. + + +DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789).--Miscellaneous writer, was _b._ in London, _ed._ +at the Charterhouse and at Oxf., and called to the Bar 1775, but having +inherited in infancy an independence, he did not practise. He became a +disciple of Rousseau in his social views, and endeavoured to put them in +practice in combination with better morality. He was a benevolent +eccentric, and used his income, which was increased by his marriage with +an heiress, in schemes of social reform as he understood it. He is +chiefly remembered as the author of the once universally-read _History of +Sandford and Merton_. + + +DEFOE, DANIEL (1661?-1731).--Journalist and novelist, _s._ of a butcher +in St. Giles, where he was _b._ His _f._ being a Dissenter, he was _ed._ +at a Dissenting coll. at Newington with the view of becoming a +Presbyterian minister. He joined the army of Monmouth, and on its defeat +was fortunate enough to escape punishment. In 1688 he joined William III. +Before settling down to his career as a political writer, D. had been +engaged in various enterprises as a hosier, a merchant-adventurer to +Spain and Portugal, and a brickmaker, all of which proved so unsuccessful +that he had to fly from his creditors. Having become known to the +government as an effective writer, and employed by them, he was appointed +Accountant in the Glass-Duty Office, 1659-1699. Among his more important +political writings are an _Essay on Projects_ (1698), and _The True-born +Englishman_ (1701), which had a remarkable success. In 1702 appeared _The +Shortest Way with the Dissenters_, written in a strain of grave irony +which was, unfortunately for the author, misunderstood, and led to his +being fined, imprisoned, and put in the pillory, which suggested his +_Hymns to the Pillory_ (1704). Notwithstanding the disfavour with the +government which these disasters implied, D.'s knowledge of commercial +affairs and practical ability were recognised by his being sent in 1706 +to Scotland to aid in the Union negotiations. In the same year _Jure +Divino_, a satire, followed by a _History of the Union_ (1709), and _The +Wars of Charles XII._ (1715). Further misunderstandings and +disappointments in connection with political matters led to his giving up +this line of activity, and, fortunately for posterity, taking to fiction. +The first and greatest of his novels, _Robinson Crusoe_, appeared in +1719, and its sequel (of greatly inferior interest) in 1720. These were +followed by _Captain Singleton_ (1720), _Moll Flanders_, _Colonel +Jacque_, and _Journal of the Plague Year_ (1722), _Memoirs of a Cavalier_ +(1724), _A New Voyage Round the World_ (1725), and _Captain Carlton_ +(1728). Among his miscellaneous works are _Political History of the +Devil_ (1726), _System of Magic_ (1727), _The Complete English Tradesman_ +(1727), and _The Review_, a paper which he ed. In all he _pub._, +including pamphlets, etc., about 250 works. All D.'s writings are +distinguished by a clear, nervous style, and his works of fiction by a +minute verisimilitude and naturalness of incident which has never been +equalled except perhaps by Swift, whose genius his, in some other +respects, resembled. The only description of his personal appearance is +given in an advertisement intended to lead to his apprehension, and runs, +"A middle-sized, spare man about forty years old, of a brown complexion, +and dark brown-coloured hair, but wears a wig; a hooked nose, a sharp +chin, grey eyes, and a large mole near his mouth." His mind was a +peculiar amalgam of imagination and matter-of-fact, seeing strongly and +clearly what he did see, but little conscious, apparently, of what lay +outside his purview. + +_Lives_ by Chalmers (1786), H. Morley (1889), T. Wright (1894), and +others; shorter works by Lamb, Hazlitt, L. Stephens, and Prof. Minto, +Bohn's _British Classics_, etc. + + +DEKKER, THOMAS (1570?-1641?).--Dramatist and miscellaneous writer, was +_b._ in London. Few details of D.'s life have come down to us, though he +was a well-known writer in his day, and is believed to have written or +contributed to over 20 dramas. He collaborated at various times with +several of his fellow-dramatists, including Ben Jonson. Ultimately Jonson +quarrelled with Marston and D., satirising them in _The Poetaster_ +(1601), to which D. replied in _Satiromastix_ (1602). D.'s best play is +_Old Fortunatus_ (1606), others are _The Shoemaker's Holiday_ (1600), +_Honest Whore_ (1604), _Roaring Girl_ (1611), _The Virgin Martyr_ (1622) +(with Massinger), and _The Witch of Edmonton_ (1658) (with Ford and +Rowley), _History of Sir Thomas Wyat_, _Westward Ho_, and _Northward Ho_, +all with Webster. His prose writings include _The Gull's Hornbook_ +(1609), _The Seven Deadly Sins of London_, and _The Belman of London_ +(1608), satirical works which give interesting glimpses of the life of +his time. His life appears to have been a somewhat chequered one, +alternating between revelry and want. He is one of the most poetical of +the older dramatists. Lamb said he "had poetry enough for anything." + + +DE LOLME, JOHN LOUIS (1740?-1807).--Political writer, _b._ at Geneva, has +a place in English literature for his well-known work, _The Constitution +of England_, written in French, and translated into English in 1775. He +also wrote a comparison of the English Government with that of Sweden, a +_History of the Flagellants_ (1777), and _The British Empire in Europe_ +(1787). He came to England in 1769, lived in great poverty, and having +inherited a small fortune, returned to his native place in 1775. + + +DELONEY, THOMAS (1543-1600).--Novelist and balladist, appears to have +worked as a silk-weaver in Norwich, but was in London by 1586, and in the +course of the next 10 years is known to have written about 50 ballads, +some of which involved him in trouble, and caused him to lie _perdue_ for +a time. It is only recently that his more important work as a novelist, +in which he ranks with Greene and Nash, has received attention. He +appears to have turned to this new field of effort when his original one +was closed to him for the time. Less under the influence of Lyly and +other preceding writers than Greene, he is more natural, simple, and +direct, and writes of middle-class citizens and tradesmen with a light +and pleasant humour. Of his novels, _Thomas of Reading_ is in honour of +clothiers, _Jack of Newbury_ celebrates weaving, and _The Gentle Craft_ +is dedicated to the praise of shoemakers. He "dy'd poorely," but was +"honestly buried." + + +DE MORGAN, AUGUSTUS (1806-1871).--Mathematician, _b._ in India, and _ed._ +at Camb., was one of the most brilliant of English mathematicians. He is +mentioned here in virtue of his _Budget of Paradoxes_, a series of papers +originally _pub._ in _The Athenaeum_, in which mathematical fallacies are +discussed with sparkling wit, and the keenest logic. + + +DENHAM, SIR JOHN (1615-1669).--Poet, _s._ of the Chief Baron of Exchequer +in Ireland, was _b._ in Dublin, and _ed._ at Oxf. He began his literary +career with a tragedy, _The Sophy_ (1641), which seldom rises above +mediocrity. His poem, _Cooper's Hill_ (1642), is the work by which he is +remembered. It is the first example in English of a poem devoted to local +description. D. received extravagant praise from Johnson; but the place +now assigned him is a much more humble one. His verse is smooth, clear, +and agreeable, and occasionally a thought is expressed with remarkable +terseness and force. In his earlier years D. suffered for his Royalism; +but after the Restoration enjoyed prosperity. He, however, made an +unhappy marriage, and his last years were clouded by insanity. He was an +architect by profession, coming between Inigo Jones and Wren as King's +Surveyor. + + +DENNIS, JOHN (1657-1734).--Critic, etc., _s._ of a saddler, was _b._ in +London, and _ed._ at Harrow and Caius Coll., Camb., from the latter of +which he was expelled for stabbing a fellow-student, and transferred +himself to Trinity Hall. He attached himself to the Whigs, in whose +interest he wrote several bitter and vituperative pamphlets. His attempts +at play-writing were failures; and he then devoted himself chiefly to +criticising the works of his contemporaries. In this line, while showing +some acuteness, he aroused much enmity by his ill-temper and jealousy. +Unfortunately for him, some of those whom he attacked, such as Pope and +Swift, had the power of conferring upon him an unenviable immortality. +Embalmed in _The Dunciad_, his name has attained a fame which no work of +his own could have given it. Of Milton, however, he showed a true +appreciation. Among his works are _Rinaldo and Armida_ (1699), _Appius +and Virginia_ (1709), _Reflections Critical and Satirical_ (1711), and +_Three Letters on Shakespeare_. He _d._ in straitened circumstances. + + +DE QUINCEY, THOMAS (1785-1859).--Essayist and miscellaneous writer, _s._ +of a merchant in Manchester, was _b._ there. The aristocratic "De" was +assumed by himself, his _f._, whom he lost while he was still a child, +having been known by the name of Quincey, and he claimed descent from a +Norman family. His _Autobiographic Sketches_ give a vivid picture of his +early years at the family residence of Greenheys, and show him as a +highly imaginative and over-sensitive child, suffering hard things at the +hands of a tyrannical elder brother. He was _ed._ first at home, then at +Bath Grammar School, next at a private school at Winkfield, Wilts, and +in 1801 he was sent to the Manchester Grammar School, from which he ran +away, and for some time rambled in Wales on a small allowance made to him +by his mother. Tiring of this, he went to London in the end of 1802, +where he led the strange Bohemian life related in _The Confessions_. His +friends, thinking it high time to interfere, sent him in 1803 to Oxf., +which did not, however, preclude occasional brief interludes in London, +on one of which he made his first acquaintance with opium, which was to +play so prominent and disastrous a part in his future life. In 1807 he +became acquainted with Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Southey, and soon +afterwards with C. Lamb. During the years 1807-9 he paid various visits +to the Lakes, and in the latter year he settled at Townend, Grasmere, +where Wordsworth had previously lived. Here he pursued his studies, +becoming gradually more and more enslaved by opium, until in 1813 he was +taking from 8000 to 12,000 drops daily. John Wilson (Christopher North), +who was then living at Elleray, had become his friend, and brought him to +Edinburgh occasionally, which ended in his passing the latter part of his +life in that city. His marriage to Margaret Simpson, _dau._ of a farmer, +took place in 1816. Up to this time he had written nothing, but had been +steeping his mind in German metaphysics, and out-of-the-way learning of +various kinds; but in 1819 he sketched out _Prolegomena of all future +Systems of Political Economy_, which, however, was never finished. In the +same year he acted as ed. of the _Westmoreland Gazette_. His true +literary career began in 1821 with the publication in the _London +Magazine_ of _The Confessions of an English Opium-Eater_. Thereafter he +produced a long series of articles, some of them almost on the scale of +books, in _Blackwood's_ and _Tait's_ magazines, the _Edinburgh Literary +Gazette_, and _Hogg's Instructor_. These included _Murder considered as +one of the Fine Arts_ (1827), and in his later and more important period, +_Suspiria De Profundis_ (1845), _The Spanish Military Nun_ (1847), _The +English Mail-Coach_, and _Vision of Sudden Death_ (1849). In 1853 he +began a _coll._ ed. of his works, which was the main occupation of his +later years. He had in 1830 brought his family to Edinburgh, which, +except for two years, 1841-43, when he lived in Glasgow, was his home +till his death in 1859, and in 1837, on his wife's death, he placed them +in the neighbouring village of Lasswade, while he lived in solitude, +moving about from one dingy lodging to another. + +De Q. stands among the great masters of style in the language. In his +greatest passages, as in the _Vision of Sudden Death_ and the _Dream +Fugue_, the cadence of his elaborately piled-up sentences falls like +cathedral music, or gives an abiding expression to the fleeting pictures +of his most gorgeous dreams. His character unfortunately bore no +correspondence to his intellectual endowments. His moral system had in +fact been shattered by indulgence in opium. His appearance and manners +have been thus described: "A short and fragile, but well-proportioned +frame; a shapely and compact head; a face beaming with intellectual +light, with rare, almost feminine beauty of feature and complexion; a +fascinating courtesy of manner, and a fulness, swiftness, and elegance of +silvery speech." His own works give very detailed information regarding +himself. _See_ also Page's _Thomas De Quincey: his Life and Writings_ +(1879), Prof. Masson's _De Quincey_ (English Men of Letters). _Collected +Writings_ (14 vols. 1889-90). + + +DERMODY, THOMAS (1775-1802).--Poet, _b._ at Ennis, showed great capacity +for learning, but fell into idle and dissipated habits, and threw away +his opportunities. He _pub._ two books of poems, which after his death +were _coll._ as _The Harp of Erin_. + + +DE VERE, AUBREY THOMAS (1814-1902).--Poet, _s._ of Sir Aubrey de V., +himself a poet, was _b._ in Co. Limerick, and _ed._ at Trinity Coll., +Dublin. In early life he became acquainted with Wordsworth, by whom he +was greatly influenced. On the religious and ecclesiastical side he +passed under the influence of Newman and Manning, and in 1851 was +received into the Church of Rome. He was the author of many vols. of +poetry, including _The Waldenses_ (1842), _The Search for Proserpine_ +(1843), etc. In 1861 he began a series of poems on Irish subjects, +_Inisfail_, _The Infant Bridal_, _Irish Odes_, etc. His interest in +Ireland and its people led him to write prose works, including _English +Misrule and Irish Misdeeds_ (1848); and to criticism he contributed +_Essays chiefly on Poetry_ (1887). His last work was his _Recollections_ +(1897). His poetry is characterised by lofty ethical tone, imaginative +power, and grave stateliness of expression. + + +DIBDIN, CHARLES (1745-1814).--Dramatist and song writer, _b._ at +Southampton, began his literary career at 16 with a drama, _The +Shepherd's Artifice_. His fame, however, rests on his sea songs, which +are unrivalled, and include _Tom Bowling_, _Poor Jack_, and _Blow High +Blow Low_. He is said to have written over 1200 of these, besides many +dramatic pieces and two novels, _Hannah Hewitt_ (1792), and _The Younger +Brother_ (1793), and a _History of the Stage_ (1795). + + +DICKENS, CHARLES (1812-1870).--Novelist, _b._ at Landport, near +Portsmouth, where his _f._ was a clerk in the Navy Pay-Office. The +hardships and mortifications of his early life, his want of regular +schooling, and his miserable time in the blacking factory, which form the +basis of the early chapters of _David Copperfield_, are largely accounted +for by the fact that his _f._ was to a considerable extent the prototype +of the immortal Mr. Micawber; but partly by his being a delicate and +sensitive child, unusually susceptible to suffering both in body and +mind. He had, however, much time for reading, and had access to the older +novelists, Fielding, Smollett, and others. A kindly relation also took +him frequently to the theatre, where he acquired his life-long interest +in, and love of, the stage. After a few years' residence in Chatham, the +family removed to London, and soon thereafter his _f._ became an inmate +of the Marshalsea, in which by-and-by the whole family joined him, a +passage in his life which furnishes the material for parts of _Little +Dorrit_. This period of family obscuration happily lasted but a short +time: the elder D. managed to satisfy his creditors, and soon after +retired from his official duties on a pension. About the same time D. had +two years of continuous schooling, and shortly afterwards he entered a +law office. His leisure he devoted to reading and learning shorthand, in +which he became very expert. He then acted as parliamentary reporter, +first for _The True Sun_, and from 1835 for the _Morning Chronicle_. +Meanwhile he had been contributing to the _Monthly Magazine_ and the +_Evening Chronicle_ the papers which, in 1836, appeared in a _coll._ form +as _Sketches by Boz_; and he had also produced one or two comic +burlettas. In the same year he _m._ Miss Ann Hogarth; and in the +following year occurred the opportunity of his life. He was asked by +Chapman and Hall to write the letterpress for a series of sporting plates +to be done by Robert Seymour who, however, _d._ shortly after, and was +succeeded by Hablot Browne (Phiz), who became the illustrator of most of +D.'s novels. In the hands of D. the original plan was entirely altered, +and became the _Pickwick Papers_ which, appearing in monthly parts during +1837-39, took the country by storm. Simultaneously _Oliver Twist_ was +coming out in _Bentley's Miscellany_. Thenceforward D.'s literary career +was a continued success, and the almost yearly publication of his works +constituted the main events of his life. _Nicholas Nickleby_ appeared in +serial form 1838-39. Next year he projected _Master Humphrey's Clock_, +intended to be a series of miscellaneous stories and sketches. It was, +however, soon abandoned, _The Old Curiosity Shop_ and _Barnaby Rudge_ +taking its place. The latter, dealing with the Gordon Riots, is, with the +partial exception of the _Tale of Two Cities_, the author's only +excursion into the historical novel. In 1841 D. went to America, and was +received with great enthusiasm, which, however, the publication of +_American Notes_ considerably damped, and the appearance of _Martin +Chuzzlewit_ in 1843, with its caustic criticisms of certain features of +American life, converted into extreme, though temporary, unpopularity. +The first of the Christmas books--the _Christmas Carol_--appeared in +1843, and in the following year D. went to Italy, where at Genoa he wrote +_The Chimes_, followed by _The Cricket on the Hearth_, _The Battle of +Life_, and _The Haunted Man_. In January, 1846, he was appointed first +ed. of _The Daily News_, but resigned in a few weeks. The same year he +went to Switzerland, and while there wrote _Dombey and Son_, which was +_pub._ in 1848, and was immediately followed by his masterpiece, _David +Copperfield_ (1849-50). Shortly before this he had become manager of a +theatrical company, which performed in the provinces, and he had in 1849 +started his magazine, _Household Words_. _Bleak House_ appeared in +1852-53, _Hard Times_ in 1854, and _Little Dorrit_ 1856-57. In 1856 he +bought Gadshill Place, which, in 1860, became his permanent home. In 1858 +he began his public readings from his works, which, while eminently +successful from a financial point of view, from the nervous strain which +they entailed, gradually broke down his constitution, and hastened his +death. In the same year he separated from his wife, and consequent upon +the controversy which arose thereupon he brought _Household Words_ to an +end, and started _All the Year Round_, in which appeared _A Tale of Two +Cities_ (1859), and _Great Expectations_ (1860-61). _Our Mutual Friend_ +came out in numbers (1864-65). D. was now in the full tide of his +readings, and decided to give a course of them in America. Thither +accordingly he went in the end of 1867, returning in the following May. +He had a magnificent reception, and his profits amounted to L20,000; but +the effect on his health was such that he was obliged, on medical advice, +finally to abandon all appearances of the kind. In 1869 he began his last +work, _The Mystery of Edwin Drood_, which was interrupted by his death +from an apoplectic seizure on June 8, 1870. + +One of D.'s most marked characteristics is the extraordinary wealth of +his invention as exhibited in the number and variety of the characters +introduced into his novels. Another, especially, of course, in his entire +works, is his boundless flow of animal spirits. Others are his marvellous +keenness of observation and his descriptive power. And the English race +may well, with Thackeray, be "grateful for the innocent laughter, and the +sweet and unsullied pages which the author of _David Copperfield_ gives +to [its] children." On the other hand, his faults are obvious, a tendency +to caricature, a mannerism that often tires, and almost disgusts, fun +often forced, and pathos not seldom degenerating into mawkishness. But at +his best how rich and genial is the humour, how tender often the pathos. +And when all deductions are made, he had the laughter and tears of the +English-speaking world at command for a full generation while he lived, +and that his spell still works is proved by a continuous succession of +new editions. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1812, parliamentary reporter _c._ 1835, _pub._ _Sketches +by Boz_ 1836, _Pickwick_ 1837-39, and his other novels almost +continuously until his death, visited America 1841, started _Household +Words_ 1849, and _All the Year Round_ 1858, when also he began his public +readings, visiting America again in 1867, _d._ 1870. + +_Life_ by John Foster (1872), _Letters_ ed. by Miss Hogarth (1880-82). +Numerous Lives and Monographs by Sala, F.T. Marzials (Great Writers +Series), A.W. Ward (Men of Letters Series), F.G. Kitton, G.K. Chesterton, +etc. + + +DIGBY, SIR KENELM (1603-1665).--Miscellaneous writer, _b._ near Newport +Pagnell, _s._ of Sir Everard D., one of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators, +was _ed._ at Oxf., travelled much, and was engaged in sea-fighting. +Brought up first as a Romanist, then as a Protestant, he in 1636 joined +the Church of Rome. During the Civil War he was active on the side of the +King, and on the fall of his cause was for a time banished. He was the +author of several books on religious and quasi-scientific subjects, +including one on the _Choice of a Religion_, on the _Immortality of the +Soul_, _Observations on Spenser's Faery Queen_, and a criticism on Sir T. +Browne's _Religio Medici_. He also wrote a _Discourse on Vegetation_, and +one _On the Cure of Wounds_ by means of a sympathetic powder which he +imagined he had discovered. + + +DILKE, CHARLES WENTWORTH (1789-1864).--Critic and writer on literature, +served for many years in the Navy Pay-Office, on retiring from which he +devoted himself to literary pursuits. He had in 1814-16 made a +continuation of Dodsley's _Collection of English Plays_, and in 1829 he +became part proprietor and ed. of _The Athenaeum_, the influence of which +he greatly extended. In 1846 he resigned the editorship, and assumed that +of _The Daily News_, but contributed to _The Athenaeum_ his famous papers +on _Pope_, _Burke_, _Junius_, etc., and shed much new light on his +subjects. His grandson, the present Sir C.W. Dilke, _pub._ these +writings in 1875 under the title, _Papers of a Critic_. + + +DISRAELI, B., (_see_ BEACONSFIELD). + + +D'ISRAELI, ISAAC (1766-1848).--Miscellaneous writer, was descended from a +Jewish family which had been settled first in Spain, and afterwards at +Venice. _Ed._ at Amsterdam and Leyden, he devoted himself to literature, +producing a number of interesting works of considerable value, including +_Curiosities of Literature_, in 3 series (1791-1823), _Dissertation on +Anecdotes_ (1793), _Calamities of Authors_ (1812), _Amenities of +Literature_ (1841); also works dealing with the lives of James I. and +Charles I.D. was latterly blind. He was the _f._ of Benjamin D., Earl of +Beaconsfield (_q.v._). + + +DIXON, RICHARD WATSON (1833-1900).--Historian and poet, _s._ of Dr. James +D., a well-known Wesleyan minister and historian of Methodism, _ed._ at +King Edward's School, Birmingham, and Oxf., took Anglican orders, was +Second Master at Carlisle School, Vicar of Hayton and Warkworth, and +Canon of Carlisle. He _pub._ 7 vols. of poetry, but is best known for his +_History of the Church of England from the Abolition of Roman +Jurisdiction_ (1877-1900). + + +DIXON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (1821-1879).--Historian and traveller, _b._ near +Manchester, went to London in 1846, and became connected with _The Daily +News_, for which he wrote articles on social and prison reform. In 1850 +he _pub._ _John Howard and the Prison World of Europe_, which had a wide +circulation, and about the same time he wrote a _Life of Peace_ (1851), +in answer to Macaulay's onslaught. Lives of _Admiral Blake_ and _Lord +Bacon_ followed, which received somewhat severe criticisms at the hands +of competent authorities. D. was ed. of _The Athenaeum_, 1853-69, and +wrote many books of travel, including _The Holy Land_ (1865), _New +America_ (1867), and _Free Russia_ (1870). His later historical works +include _Her Majesty's Tower_, and _The History of Two Queens_ (Catherine +of Arragon and Anne Boleyn). Though a diligent student of original +authorities, and sometimes successful in throwing fresh light on his +subjects, D. was not always accurate, and thus laid himself open to +criticism; and his book, _Spiritual Wives_, treating of Mormonism, was so +adversely criticised as to lead to an action. He wrote, however, in a +fresh and interesting style. He was one of the founders of the Palestine +Exploration Fund, and was a member of the first School Board for London +(1870). He was called to the Bar in 1854, but never practised. + + +DOBELL, SYDNEY THOMPSON (1824-1874).--Poet, _b._ at Cranbrook, Kent, _s._ +of a wine-merchant, who removed to Cheltenham, where most of the poet's +life was passed. His youth was precocious (he was engaged at 15 and _m._ +at 20). In 1850 his first work, _The Roman_, appeared, and had great +popularity. _Balder, Part I._ (1854), _Sonnets on the War_, jointly with +Alexander Smith (_q.v._) (1855), and _England in Time of War_ (1856) +followed. His later years were passed in Scotland and abroad in search of +health, which, however, was damaged by a fall while exploring some ruins +at Pozzuoli. D.'s poems exhibit fancy and brilliancy of diction, but +want simplicity, and sometimes run into grandiloquence and other faults +of the so-called spasmodic school to which he belonged. + + +DODD, WILLIAM (1729-1777).--Divine and forger, _ed._ at Camb., became a +popular preacher in London, and a Royal Chaplain, but, acquiring +expensive habits, got involved in hopeless difficulties, from which he +endeavoured to escape first by an attempted simoniacal transaction, for +which he was disgraced, and then by forging a bond for L4200, for which, +according to the then existing law, he was hanged. Great efforts were +made to obtain a commutation of the sentence, and Dr. Johnson wrote one +of the petitions, but on D.'s book, _Thoughts in Prison_, appearing +posthumously, he remarked that "a man who has been canting all his days +may cant to the last." D. was the author of a collection of _Beauties of +Shakespeare_, _Reflections on Death_, and a translation of the _Hymns of +Callimachus_. + + +DODDRIDGE, PHILIP (1702-1751).--Nonconformist divine and writer of +religious books and hymns, _b._ in London, and _ed._ for the ministry at +a theological institution at Kibworth, became minister first at Market +Harborough, and afterwards at Northampton, where he also acted as head of +a theological academy. D., who was a man of amiable and joyous character, +as well as an accomplished scholar, composed many standard books of +religion, of which the best known is _The Rise and Progress of Religion +in the Soul_ (1745). In 1736 he received the degree of D.D. from +Aberdeen. He _d._ at Lisbon, whither he had gone in search of health. +Several of his hymns, _e.g._, _Ye Servants of the Lord_, _O Happy Day_, +and _O God of Bethel_, are universally used by English-speaking +Christians, and have been translated into various languages. + + +DODGSON, CHARLES LUTWIDGE ("LEWIS CARROLL") (1832-1898).--Mathematician +and writer of books for children, _s._ of a clergyman at Daresbury, +Cheshire, was _ed._ at Rugby and Oxf. After taking orders he was +appointed lecturer on mathematics, on which subject he _pub._ several +valuable treatises. His fame rests, however, on his books for children, +full of ingenuity and delightful humour, of which _Alice's Adventures in +Wonderland_, and its sequel, _Through the Looking-glass_, are the best. + + +DODSLEY, ROBERT (1703-1764).--Poet, dramatist, and bookseller, _b._ near +Mansfield, and apprenticed to a stocking-weaver, but not liking this +employment, he ran away and became a footman. While thus engaged he +produced _The Muse in Livery_ (1732). This was followed by _The Toy +Shop_, a drama, which brought him under the notice of Pope, who +befriended him, and assisted him in starting business as a bookseller. In +this he became eminently successful, and acted as publisher for Pope, +Johnson, and Akenside. He projected and _pub._ _The Annual Register_, and +made a collection of _Old English Plays_, also of _Poems by Several +Hands_ in 6 vols. In addition to the original works above mentioned he +wrote various plays and poems, including _The Blind Beggar of Bethnal +Green_ (1741), and _Cleone_ (1758). + + +DONNE, JOHN (1573-1631).--Poet and divine, _s._ of a wealthy ironmonger +in London, where he was _b._ Brought up as a Roman Catholic, he was sent +to Oxf. and Camb., and afterwards entered Lincoln's Inn with a view to +the law. Here he studied the points of controversy between Romanists and +Protestants, with the result that he joined the Church of England. The +next two years were somewhat changeful, including travels on the +Continent, service as a private sec., and a clandestine marriage with the +niece of his patron, which led to dismissal and imprisonment, followed by +reconciliation. On the suggestion of James I., who approved of +_Pseudo-Martyr_ (1610), a book against Rome which he had written, he took +orders, and after executing a mission to Bohemia, he was, in 1621, made +Dean of St. Paul's. D. had great popularity as a preacher. His works +consist of elegies, satires, epigrams, and religious pieces, in which, +amid many conceits and much that is artificial, frigid, and worse, there +is likewise much poetry and imagination of a high order. Perhaps the best +of his works is _An Anatomy of the World_ (1611), an elegy. Others are +_Epithalamium_ (1613), _Progress of the Soul_ (1601), and _Divine Poems_. +Collections of his poems appeared in 1633 and 1649. He exercised a strong +influence on literature for over half a century after his death; to him +we owe the unnatural style of conceits and overstrained efforts after +originality of the succeeding age. + + +DORAN, JOHN (1807-1878).--Miscellaneous writer, of Irish parentage, wrote +a number of works dealing with the lighter phases of manners, +antiquities, and social history, often bearing punning titles, _e.g._, +_Table Traits with Something on Them_ (1854), and _Knights and their +Days_. He also wrote _Lives of the Queens of England of the House of +Hanover_ (1855), and _A History of Court Fools_ (1858), and ed. Horace +Walpole's _Journal of the Reign of George III._ His books contain much +curious and out-of-the-way information. D. was for a short time ed. of +_The Athenaeum_. + + +DORSET, CHARLES SACKVILLE, 6TH EARL of (1638-1706).--Poet, was one of the +dissolute and witty courtiers of Charles II., and a friend of Sir C. +Sedley (_q.v._), in whose orgies he participated. He was, however, a +patron of literature, and a benefactor of Dryden in his later and less +prosperous years. He wrote a few satires and songs, among the latter +being the well-known, _To all you Ladies now on Land_. As might be +expected, his writings are characterised by the prevailing indelicacy of +the time. + + +DORSET, THOMAS SACKVILLE, 1ST EARL of, AND LORD BUCKHURST +(1536-1608).--Poet and statesman, was _b._ at Buckhurst, Sussex, the only +_s._ of Sir Richard S., and _ed._ at Oxf. and Camb. He studied law at the +Inner Temple, and while there wrote, in conjunction with Thomas Norton, +_Ferren and Porrex_ or _Gerboduc_ (1561-2), the first regular English +tragedy. A little later he planned _The Mirror for Magistrates_, which +was to have been a series of narratives of distinguished Englishmen, +somewhat on the model of Boccaccio's _Falls of Princes_. Finding the plan +too large, he handed it over to others--seven poets in all being engaged +upon it--and himself contributed two poems only, one on _Buckingham_, the +confederate, and afterwards the victim, of Richard III., and an +_Induction_ or introduction, which constitute nearly the whole value of +the work. In these poems S. becomes the connecting link between Chaucer +and Spenser. They are distinguished by strong invention and imaginative +power, and a stately and sombre grandeur of style. S. played a prominent +part in the history of his time, and held many high offices, including +those of Lord Steward and Lord Treasurer, the latter of which he held +from 1599 till his death. It fell to him to announce to Mary Queen of +Scots the sentence of death. + + +DOUCE, FRANCIS (1757-1834).--Antiquary, _b._ in London, was for some time +in the British Museum. He _pub._ _Illustrations of Shakespeare_ (1807), +and a dissertation on _The Dance of Death_ (1833). + + +DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522).--Poet, 3rd _s._ of the 5th Earl of Angus, +was _b._ about 1474, and _ed._ at St. Andrews for the Church. Promotion +came early, and he was in 1501 made Provost of St. Giles, Edin., and in +1514 Abbot of Aberbrothock, and Archbishop of St. Andrews. But the times +were troublous, and he had hardly received these latter preferments when +he was deprived of them. He was, however, named Bishop of Dunkeld in 1514 +and, after some difficulty, and undergoing imprisonment, was confirmed in +the see. In 1520 he was again driven forth, and two years later _d._ of +the plague in London. His principal poems are _The Palace of Honour_ +(1501), and _King Hart_, both allegorical; but his great achievement was +his translation of the _AEneid_ in ten-syllabled metre, the first +translation into English of a classical work. D.'s language is more +archaic than that of some of his predecessors, his rhythm is rough and +unequal, but he had fire, and a power of vivid description, and his +allegories are ingenious and felicitous. + +_Coll._ ed. of works by John Small, LL.D., 4 vols., 1874. + + +DOYLE, SIR FRANCIS HASTINGS (1810-1888).--Poet, belonged to a military +family which produced several distinguished officers, including his _f._, +who bore the same name. He was _b._ near Tadcaster, Yorkshire, and _ed._ +at Eton and Oxf. Studying law he was called to the Bar in 1837, and +afterwards held various high fiscal appointments, becoming in 1869 +Commissioner of Customs. In 1834 he _pub._ _Miscellaneous Verses_, +followed by _Two Destinies_ (1844), _Oedipus, King of Thebes_ (1849), and +_Return of the Guards_ (1866). He was elected in 1867 Prof. of Poetry at +Oxf. D.'s best work is his ballads, which include _The Red Thread of +Honour_, _The Private of the Buffs_, and _The Loss of the Birkenhead_. In +his longer poems his genuine poetical feeling was not equalled by his +power of expression, and much of his poetry is commonplace. + + +DRAKE, JOSEPH RODMAN (1795-1820).--Poet, _b._ at New York, studied +medicine, _d._ of consumption. He collaborated with F. Halleck in the +_Croaker Papers_, and wrote "The Culprit Fay" and "The American Flag." + + +DRAPER, JOHN WILLIAM (1811-1882).--Historian, _b._ at St. Helen's, +Lancashire, emigrated to Virginia, and was a prof. in the Univ. of New +York. He wrote _History of the American Civil War_ (1867-70), _History of +the Intellectual Development of Europe_ (1863), and _History of the +Conflict between Science and Religion_ (1874), besides treatises on +various branches of science. + + +DRAYTON, MICHAEL (1563-1631).--Poet, _b._ in Warwickshire, was in early +life page to a gentleman, and was possibly at Camb. or Oxf. His earliest +poem, _The Harmonie of the Church_, was destroyed. His next was _The +Shepherd's Garland_ (1593), afterwards reprinted as _Eclogues_. Three +historical poems, _Gaveston_ (1593), _Matilda_ (1594), and _Robert, Duke +of Normandie_ (1596) followed, and he then appears to have collaborated +with Dekker, Webster, and others in dramatic work. His _magnum opus_, +however, was _Polyolbion_ (1613?), a topographical description of England +in twelve-syllabled verse, full of antiquarian and historical details, so +accurate as to make the work an authority on such matters. The rushing +verse is full of vigour and gusto. Other poems of D. are _The Wars of the +Barons_ (1603), _England's Heroical Epistles_ (1598) (being imaginary +letters between Royal lovers such as Henry II. and Rosamund), _Poems, +Lyric and Heroic_ (1606) (including the fine ballad of "Agincourt"), +_Nymphidia_, his most graceful work, _Muses Elizium_, and _Idea's +Mirrour_, a collection of sonnets, Idea being the name of the lady to +whom they were addressed. Though often heavy, D. had the true poetic +gift, had passages of grandeur, and sang the praises of England with the +heart of a patriot. + + +DRUMMOND, HENRY (1851-1897).--Theological and scientific writer, _b._ at +Stirling, and _ed._ at Edin., he studied for the ministry of the Free +Church. Having a decided scientific bent he gave himself specially to the +study of geology, and made a scientific tour in the Rocky Mountains with +Sir A. Geikie. Some years later he undertook a geological exploration of +Lake Nyassa and the neighbouring country for the African Lakes +Corporation, and brought home a valuable Report. He also _pub._ _Tropical +Africa_, a vivid account of his travels. He became much associated with +the American evangelist, D.L. Moody, and became an extremely effective +speaker on religious subjects, devoting himself specially to young men. +His chief contribution to literature was his _Natural Law in the +Spiritual World_, which had extraordinary popularity. _The Ascent of Man_ +was less successful. D. was a man of great personal fascination, and +wrote in an interesting and suggestive manner, but his reasoning in his +scientific works was by no means unassailable. + + +DRUMMOND, WILLIAM (1585-1649).--Poet, was descended from a very ancient +family, and through Annabella D., Queen of Robert III., related to the +Royal House. _Ed._ at Edin. Univ., he studied law on the Continent, but +succeeding in 1610 to his paternal estate of Hawthornden, he devoted +himself to poetry. _Tears on the Death of Meliades_ (Prince Henry) +appeared in 1613, and in 1616 _Poems, Amorous, Funerall, Divine, etc._ +His finest poem, _Forth Feasting_ (1617), is addressed to James VI. on +his revisiting Scotland. D. was also a prose-writer, and composed a +_History of the Five Jameses, Kings of Scotland from 1423-1524_, and _The +Cypress Grove_, a meditation on death. He was also a mechanical genius, +and patented 16 inventions. D., though a Scotsman, wrote in the classical +English of the day, and was the friend of his principal literary +contemporaries, notably of Ben Jonson, who visited him at Hawthornden, on +which occasion D. preserved notes of his conversations, not always +flattering. For this he has received much blame, but it must be +remembered that he did not _pub._ them. As a poet he belonged to the +school of Spenser. His verse is sweet, flowing, and harmonious. He +excelled as a writer of sonnets, one of which, on _John the Baptist_, has +a suggestion of Milton. + +_Life_ by Prof. Masson (1873), _Three Centuries of Scottish Literature_, +Walker, 1893. _Maitland Club_ ed. of _Poems_ (1832). + + +DRYDEN, JOHN (1631-1700).--Poet, dramatist, and satirist, was _b._ at +Aldwincle Rectory, Northamptonshire. His _f._, from whom he inherited a +small estate, was Erasmus, 3rd _s._ of Sir Erasmus Driden; his mother was +Mary Pickering, also of good family; both families belonged to the +Puritan side in politics and religion. He was _ed._ at Westminster School +and Trinity Coll., Camb., and thereafter, in 1657, came to London. While +at coll. he had written some not very successful verse. His _Heroic +Stanzas on the Death of Oliver Cromwell_ (1658) was his first +considerable poem. It was followed, in 1660, by _Astraea Redux_, in honour +of the Restoration. The interval of 18 months had been crowded with +events, and though much has been written against his apparent change of +opinion, it is fair to remember that the whole cast of his mind led him +to be a supporter of _de facto_ authority. In 1663 he _m._ Lady Elizabeth +Howard, _dau._ of the Earl of Berkshire. The Restoration introduced a +revival of the drama in its most debased form, and for many years D. was +a prolific playwright, but though his vigorous powers enabled him to work +effectively in this department, as in every other in which he engaged, it +was not his natural line, and happily his fame does not rest upon his +plays, which are deeply stained with the immorality of the age. His first +effort, _The Wild Gallant_ (1663), was a failure; his next, _The Rival +Ladies_, a tragi-comedy, established his reputation, and among his other +dramas may be mentioned _The Indian Queene_, _Amboyna_ (1673), _Tyrannic +Love_ (1669), _Almanzar and Almahide_ (ridiculed in Buckingham's +_Rehearsal_) (1670), _Arungzebe_ (1675), _All for Love_ (an adaptation of +Shakespeare's _Antony and Cleopatra_) (1678). During the great plague, +1665, D. left London, and lived with his father-in-law at Charleton. On +his return he _pub._ his first poem of real power, _Annus Mirabilis_, of +which the subjects were the great fire, and the Dutch War. In 1668 +appeared his _Essay on Dramatic Poetry_ in the form of a dialogue, fine +alike as criticism and as prose. Two years later (1670) he became Poet +Laureate and Historiographer Royal with a pension of L300 a year. D. was +now in prosperous circumstances, having received a portion with his wife, +and besides the salaries of his appointments, and his profits from +literature, holding a valuable share in the King's play-house. In 1671 G. +Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, produced his _Rehearsal_, in ridicule of +the overdone heroics of the prevailing drama, and satirising D. as Mr. +Bayes. To this D. made no immediate reply, but bided his time. The next +years were devoted to the drama. But by this time public affairs were +assuming a critical aspect. A large section of the nation was becoming +alarmed at the prospect of the succession of the Duke of York, and a +restoration of popery, and Shaftesbury was supposed to be promoting the +claims of the Duke of Monmouth. And now D. showed; his full powers. The +first part of _Absalom and Achitophel_ appeared in 1681, in which Charles +figures as "David," Shaftesbury as "Achitophel," Monmouth as "Absalom," +Buckingham as "Zimri," in the short but crushing delineation of whom the +attack of the _Rehearsal_ was requited in the most ample measure. The +effect; of the poem was tremendous. Nevertheless the indictment against +Shaftesbury for high treason was ignored by the Grand Jury at the Old +Bailey, and in honour of the event a medal was struck, which gave a title +to D.'s next stroke. His _Medal_ was issued in 1682. The success of these +wonderful poems raised a storm round D. Replies were forthcoming in +Elkanah Settle's _Absalom and Achitophel Transposed_, and Pordage's +_Azaria and Hushai_. These compositions, especially Pordage's, were +comparatively moderate. Far otherwise was Shadwell's _Medal of John +Bayes_, one of the most brutal and indecent pieces in the language. D.'s +revenge--and an ample one--was the publication of _MacFlecknoe_, a satire +in which all his opponents, but especially Shadwell, were held up to the +loathing and ridicule of succeeding ages, and others had conferred, upon +them an immortality which, however unenviable, no efforts of their own +could have secured for them. Its immediate effect was to crush and +silence all his assailants. The following year, 1683, saw the publication +of _Religio Laici_ (the religion of a layman). In 1686 D. joined the +Church of Rome, for which he has by some been blamed for time-serving of +the basest kind. On the other hand his consistency and conscientiousness +have by others been as strongly maintained. The change, which was +announced by the publication, in 1687 of _The Hind and the Panther, a +Defence of the Roman Church_, at all events did not bring with it any +worldly advantages. It was parodied by C. Montague and Prior in the _Town +and Country Mouse_. At the Revolution D. was deprived of all his pensions +and appointments, including the Laureateship, in which he was succeeded +by his old enemy Shadwell. His latter years were passed in comparative +poverty, although the Earl of Dorset and other old friends contributed by +their liberality to lighten his cares. In these circumstances he turned +again to the drama, which, however, was no longer what it had been as a +source of income. To this period belong _Don Sebastian_, and his last +play, _Love Triumphant_. A new mine, however, was beginning to be opened +up in the demand for translations which had arisen. This gave D. a new +opportunity, and he produced, in addition to translations from Juvenal +and Perseus, his famous "Virgil" (1697). About the same time appeared +_The Ode for St. Cecilia's Day_, and _Alexander's Feast_, and in 1700, +the year of his death, the _Fables_, largely adaptations from Chaucer and +Boccaccio. In his own line, that of argument, satire, and declamation, D. +is without a rival in our literature: he had little creative imagination +and no pathos. His dramas, which in bulk are the greatest part of his +work, add almost nothing to his fame; in them he was meeting a public +demand, not following the native bent of his genius. In his satires, and +in such poems as _Alexander's Feast_, he rises to the highest point of +his powers in a verse swift and heart-stirring. In prose his style is +clear, strong, and nervous. He seems to have been almost insensible to +the beauty of Nature. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1631, _ed._ Westminster and Camb., became prolific +playwright, _pub._ _Annus Mirabilis_ _c._ 1666, Poet Laureate 1667, +_pub._ _Absalom and Achitophel_ (part 1) 1681, _Medal_ 1682, +_MacFlecknoe_ 1682, _Religio Laici_ 1683, joined Church of Rome 1686, +_pub._ _Hind and Panther_ 1687, deprived of offices and pensions at +Revolution 1688, _pub._ translations including "Virgil" 1697, _St. +Cecilia's Day_ and _Alexander's Feast_ _c._ 1697, and _Fables_ 1700, when +he _d._ + +Sir W. Scott's ed. with _Life_ 1808, re-edited in 18 vols. by Prof. +Saintsbury (1883-93); Aldine ed. (5 vols., 1892), Johnson's _Lives of the +Poets_, etc. + + +DUFF, SIR MOUNTSTUART E. GRANT (1829-1906).--Miscellaneous writer, was +M.P. for the Elgin Burghs, and Lieut.-Governor of Madras. He _pub._ +_Studies of European Politics_, books on Sir H. Maine, Lord de Tabley, +and Renan, and a series of _Notes from a Diary_, perhaps his most +interesting work. + + +DUFFERIN, HELEN SELENA (SHERIDAN), COUNTESS OF (1807-1867).--Eldest +_dau._ of Tom S., grand-daughter of Richard Brinsley S. (_q.v._), and +sister of Mrs. Norton (_q.v._). She and her two sisters were known as +"the three Graces," the third being the Duchess of Somerset. She shared +in the family talent, and wrote a good deal of verse, her best known +piece being perhaps _The Lament of the Irish Emigrant_, beginning "I'm +sittin' on the stile, Mary." She also wrote _Lispings from Low Latitudes, +or Extracts from the Journal of the Hon. Impulsia Gushington_, _Finesse, +or a Busy Day at Messina_, etc. + + +DUFFY, SIR CHARLES GAVAN (1816-1903).--Poet, _b._ in Monaghan, early took +to journalism, and became one of the founders of the _Nature_ newspaper, +and one of the leaders of the Young Ireland movement. Thereafter he went +to Australia, where he became a leading politician, and rose to be +Premier of Victoria. His later years were spent chiefly on the Continent. +He did much to stimulate in Ireland a taste for the national history and +literature, started _The Library of Ireland_, and made a collection, _The +Ballad Poetry of Ireland_, which was a great success. He also _pub._ an +autobiography, _My Life in Two Hemispheres_. + + +DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM (1605-1686).--Herald and antiquary, was _b._ at +Coleshill, Warwickshire, and _ed._ at Coventry School. From early youth +he showed a strong bent towards heraldic and antiquarian studies, which +led to his appointment, in 1638, as a Pursuivant-extraordinary, from +which he rose to be Garter-King-at-Arms. In 1655, jointly with Roger +Dodsworth, he brought out the first vol. of _Monasticon Anglicanum_ (the +second following in 1661, and the third in 1673), containing the charters +of the ancient monasteries. In 1656 he _pub._ the _Antiquities of +Warwickshire_, which maintains a high place among county histories, and +in 1666 _Origines Judiciales_. His great work, _The Baronage of England_, +appeared in 1675-6. Other works were a _History of Imbanking and +Drayning_, and a _History of St. Paul's Cathedral_. All D.'s writings are +monuments of learning and patient investigation. + + +DU MAURIER, GEORGE LOUIS PALMELLA BUSSON (1834-1896).--Artist and +novelist, _b._ and _ed._ in Paris, in 1864 succeeded John Leech on the +staff of _Punch_. His three novels, _Peter Ibbetson_ (1891), _Trilby_ +(1894), and _The Martian_ (1896), originally appeared in _Harper's +Magazine_. + + +DUNBAR, WILLIAM (1465?-1530?).--Poet, is believed to have been _b._ in +Lothian, and _ed._ at St. Andrews, and in his earlier days he was a +Franciscan friar. Thereafter he appears to have been employed by James +IV. in some Court and political matters. His chief poems are _The +Thrissil and the Rois (The Thistle and the Rose_) (1503), _The Dance of +the Seven Deadly Sins_, a powerful satire, _The Golden Targe_, an +allegory, and _The Lament for the Makaris_ (poets) (_c._ 1507). In all +these there is a vein of true poetry. In his allegorical poems he follows +Chaucer in his setting, and is thus more or less imitative and +conventional: in his satirical pieces, and in the _Lament_, he takes a +bolder flight and shows his native power. His comic poems are somewhat +gross. The date and circumstances of his death are uncertain, some +holding that he fell at Flodden, others that he was alive so late as +1530. Other works are _The Merle_ and _The Nightingale_, and the +_Flyting_ (scolding) of Dunbar and Kennedy. Mr. Gosse calls D. "the +largest figure in English literature between Chaucer and Spenser." He has +bright strength, swiftness, humour, and pathos, and his descriptive touch +is vivid and full of colour. + + +DUNLOP, JOHN COLIN (_c._ 1785-1842).--Historian, _s._ of a Lord Provost +of Glasgow, where and at Edin. he was _ed._, was called to the Bar in +1807, and became Sheriff of Renfrewshire. He wrote a _History of Fiction_ +(1814), a _History of Roman Literature to the Augustan Age_ (1823-28), +and _Memoirs of Spain during the Reigns of Philip IV. and Charles II._ +(1834). He also made translations from the Latin Anthology. + + +DUNS, SCOTUS JOHANNES (1265?-1308?).--Schoolman. The dates of his birth +and death and the place of his birth are alike doubtful. He may have been +at Oxf., is said to have been a regent or prof. at Paris, and was a +Franciscan. He was a man of extraordinary learning, and received the +sobriquet of Doctor Subtilis. Among his many works on logic and theology +are a philosophic grammar, and a work on metaphysics, _De Rerum +Principio_ (of the beginning of things). His great opponent was Thomas +Aquinas, and schoolmen of the day were divided into Scotists and +Thomists, or realists and nominalists. + + +D'URFEY, THOMAS (1653-1723).--Dramatist and song-writer, was a well-known +man-about-town, a companion of Charles II., and lived on to the reign of +George I. His plays are now forgotten, and he is best known in connection +with a collection of songs entitled, _Pills to Purge Melancholy_. Addison +describes him as a "diverting companion," and "a cheerful, honest, +good-natured man." His writings are nevertheless extremely gross. His +plays include _Siege of Memphis_ (1676), _Madame Fickle_ (1677), +_Virtuous Wife_ (1680), and _The Campaigners_ (1698). + + +DWIGHT, TIMOTHY (1752-1817).--Theologian and poet, _b._ at Northampton, +Mass., was a grandson of Jonathan Edwards, became a Congregationalist +minister, Prof. of Divinity, and latterly Pres. of Yale. His works +include, besides theological treatises and sermons, the following poems, +_America_ (1772), _The Conquest of Canaan_ (1785), and _The Triumph of +Infidelity_, a satire, admired in their day, but now unreadable. + + +DYCE, ALEXANDER (1798-1869).--Scholar and critic, _s._ of Lieut.-General +Alexander D., was _b._ in Edin., and _ed._ there and at Oxf. He took +orders, and for a short time served in two country curacies. Then, +leaving the Church and settling in London, he betook himself to his +life-work of ed. the English dramatists. His first work, _Specimens of +British Poetesses_, appeared in 1825; and thereafter at various intervals +ed. of Collins's _Poems_, and the dramatic works of _Peele, Middleton, +Beaumont and Fletcher, Marlowe, Greene, Webster_, and others. His great +ed. of _Shakespeare_ in 9 vols. appeared in 1857. He also ed. various +works for the Camden Society, and _pub._ _Table Talk of Samuel Rogers_. +All D.'s work is marked by varied and accurate learning, minute research, +and solid judgment. + + +DYER, SIR EDWARD (1545?-1607).--Poet, _b._ at Sharpham Park, Somerset, +and _ed._ at Oxf., was introduced to the Court by the Earl of Leicester, +and sent on a mission to Denmark, 1589. He was in 1596 made Chancellor of +the Order of the Garter, and knighted. In his own day he had a reputation +for his elegies among such judges as Sidney and Puttenham. For a long +time there was doubt as to what poems were to be attributed to him, but +about a dozen pieces have now been apparently identified as his. The best +known is that on contentment beginning, "My mind to me a kingdom is." + + +DYER, JOHN (1700-1758).--Poet, was _b._ in Caermarthenshire. In his early +years he studied painting, but finding that he was not likely to attain a +satisfactory measure of success, entered the Church. He has a definite, +if a modest, place in literature as the author of three poems, _Grongar +Hill_ (1727), _The Ruins of Rome_ (1740), and _The Fleece_ (1757). The +first of these is the best, and the best known, and contains much true +natural description; but all have passages of considerable poetical +merit, delicacy and precision of phrase being their most noticeable +characteristic. Wordsworth had a high opinion of D. as a poet, and +addressed a sonnet to him. + + +EARLE, JOHN (1601-1665).--Divine and miscellaneous writer, _b._ at York, +and _ed._ at Oxf., where he was a Fellow of Merton. He took orders, was +tutor to Charles II., a member of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster, +1643, Chaplain and Clerk of the Closet to Charles when in exile. On the +Restoration he was made Dean of Westminster, in 1662 Bishop of Worcester, +and the next year Bishop of Salisbury. He was learned and eloquent, witty +and agreeable in society, and was opposed to the "Conventicle" and "Five +Mile" Acts, and to all forms of persecution. He wrote _Hortus +Mertonensis_ (the Garden of Merton) in Latin, but his chief work was +_Microcosmographie, or a Piece of the World discovered in Essays and +Characters_ (1628), the best and most interesting of all the "character" +books. + + +EASTLAKE, ELIZABETH, LADY (RIGBY) (1809-1893).--_dau._ of Dr. Edward +Rigby of Norwich, a writer on medical and agricultural subjects, spent +her earlier life on the Continent and in Edin. In 1849 she _m._ Sir +Charles L. Eastlake, the famous painter, and Pres. of the Royal Academy. +Her first work was _Letters from the Shores of the Baltic_ (1841). From +1842 she was a frequent contributor to the _Quarterly Review_, in which +she wrote a very bitter criticism of _Jane Eyre_. She also wrote various +books on art, and Lives of her husband, of Mrs. Grote, and of Gibson the +sculptor, and was a leader in society. + + +ECHARD, LAURENCE (_c._ 1670-1730).--Historian, _b._ at Barsham, Suffolk, +and _ed._ at Camb., took orders and became Archdeacon of Stow. He +translated Terence, part of Plautus, D'Orleans' _History of the +Revolutions in England_, and made numerous compilations on history, +geography, and the classics. His chief work, however, is his _History of +England_ (1707-1720). It covers the period from the Roman occupation to +his own times, and continued to be the standard work on the subject until +it was superseded by translations of Rapin's French _History of England_. + + +EDGEWORTH, MARIA (1767-1849).--Novelist, only child of Richard E., of +Edgeworthstown, Co. Longford, was _b._ near Reading. Her _f._, who was +himself a writer on education and mechanics, bestowed much attention on +her education. She showed early promise of distinction, and assisted her +_f._ in his literary labours, especially in _Practical Education_ and +_Essay on Irish Bulls_ (1802). She soon discovered that her strength lay +in fiction, and from 1800, when her first novel, _Castle Rackrent_, +appeared, until 1834, when her last, _Helen_, was _pub._, she continued +to produce a series of novels and tales characterised by ingenuity of +invention, humour, and acute delineation of character. Notwithstanding a +tendency to be didactic, and the presence of a "purpose" in most of her +writings, their genuine talent and interest secured for them a wide +popularity. It was the success of Miss E. in delineating Irish character +that suggested to Sir W. Scott the idea of rendering a similar service to +Scotland. Miss E., who had great practical ability, was able to render +much aid during the Irish famine. In addition to the works above +mentioned, she wrote _Moral Tales_ and _Belinda_ (1801), _Leonora_ +(1806), _Tales of Fashionable Life_ (1809 and 1812), and a Memoir of her +_f._ + + +EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1702?-1758).--Theologian, _s._ of a minister, was _b._ +at East Windsor, Connecticut, _ed._ at Yale Coll., and licensed as a +preacher in 1722. The following year he was appointed as tutor at Yale, a +position in which he showed exceptional capacity. In 1726 he went to +Northampton, Conn., as minister of a church there, and remained for 24 +years, exercising his ministry with unusual earnestness and diligence. At +the end of that time, however, he was in 1750 dismissed by his +congregation, a disagreement having arisen on certain questions of +discipline. Thereafter he acted as a missionary to the Indians of +Massachusetts. While thus engaged he composed his famous treatises, _On +the Freedom of the Will_ (1754), and _On Original Sin_ (1758). +Previously, in 1746, he had produced his treatise, _On the Religious +Affections_. In 1757 he was appointed Pres. of Princeton Coll., New +Jersey, but was almost immediately thereafter stricken with small-pox, of +which he _d._ on March 22, 1757. E. possessed an intellect of +extraordinary strength and clearness, and was capable of sustaining very +lengthened chains of profound argument. He is one of the ablest defenders +of the Calvinistic system of theology, which he developed to its most +extreme positions. He was a man of fervent piety, and of the loftiest and +most disinterested character. + + +EDWARDS, RICHARD (1523?-1566).--Poet, was at Oxf., and went to Court, +where he was made a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, and master of the +singing boys. He had a high reputation for his comedies and interludes. +His _Palaman and Arcite_ was acted before Elizabeth at Oxf. in 1566, when +the stage fell and three persons were killed and five hurt, the play +nevertheless proceeding. _Damon and Pythias_ (1577), a comedy, is his +only extant play. + + +EGAN, PIERCE (1772-1849).--Humorist, _b._ in London, he satirised the +Prince Regent in _The Lives of Florizel and Perdita_ (1814), but is best +remembered by _Life in London: or the Day and Night Scenes of Jerry +Hawthorn and his elegant friend, Corinthian Tom_, a collection of +sketches which had great success at the time, and which gives a picture +of the sports and amusements of London in the days of the Regency. It was +illustrated by George Cruikshank. + + +EGGLESTON, EDWARD (1837-1902).--Novelist, _b._ at Vevay, Indiana, was a +Methodist minister. He wrote a number of tales, some of which, specially +the "Hoosier" series, attracted much attention, among which are _The +Hoosier Schoolmaster_, _The Hoosier Schoolboy_, _The End of the World_, +_The Faith Doctor_, _Queer Stories for Boys and Girls_, etc. + + +"ELIOT, GEORGE," _see_ EVANS. + + +ELIZABETH, QUEEN (1533-1603).--Was one of the scholar-women of her time, +being versed in Latin, Greek, French, and Italian. Her translation of +Boethius shows her exceptional art and skill. In the classics Roger +Ascham was her tutor. She wrote various short poems, some of which were +called by her contemporaries "sonnets," though not in the true sonnet +form. Her original letters and despatches show an idiomatic force of +expression beyond that of any other English monarch. + + +ELLIOT, MISS JEAN (1727-1805).--Poetess, _dau._ of Sir Gilbert Elliot of +Minto, has a small niche in literature as the authoress of the beautiful +ballad, _The Flowers of the Forest_, beginning, "I've heard the lilting +at our yowe-milking." Another ballad with the same title beginning, "I've +seen the smiling of fortune beguiling" was written by Alicia Rutherford, +afterwards Mrs. Cockburn. + + +ELLIOT, EBENEZER (1781-1849).--Poet, _b._ at Masborough, Yorkshire, in +his youth worked in an iron-foundry, and in 1821 took up the same +business on his own account with success. He is best known by his poems +on behalf of the poor and oppressed, and especially for his denunciations +of the Corn Laws, which gained for him the title of the Corn Law Rhymer. +Though now little read, he had considerable poetic gift. His principal +poems are _Corn Law Rhymes_ (1831), _The Ranter_, and _The Village +Patriarch_ (1829). + + +ELLIS, GEORGE (1753-1815).--Miscellaneous writer, _s._ of a West Indian +planter, gained some fame by _Poetical Tales by Sir Gregory Gander_ +(1778). He also had a hand in the _Rolliad_, a series of Whig satires +which appeared about 1785. Changing sides he afterwards contributed to +the _Anti-Jacobin_. He accompanied Sir J. Harris on his mission to the +Netherlands, and there _coll._ materials for his _History of the Dutch +Revolution_ (1789). He ed. _Specimens of the Early English Poets_ (1790), +and _Specimens of the Early English Romances_, both works of scholarship. +He was a friend of Scott, who dedicated the fifth canto of _Marmion_ to +him. + + +ELLWOOD, THOMAS (1639-1713).--A young Quaker who was introduced to Milton +in 1662, and devoted much of his time to reading to him. It is to a +question asked by him that we owe the writing of _Paradise Regained_. He +was a simple, good man, ready to suffer for his religious opinions, and +has left an autobiography of singular interest alike for the details of +Milton's later life, which it gives, and for the light it casts on the +times of the writer. He also wrote _Davideis_ (1712), a sacred poem, and +some controversial works. + + +ELPHINSTONE, MOUNTSTUART (1779-1859).--Fourth _s._ of the 11th Lord E., +was _ed._ at Edin., and entered the Bengal Civil Service in 1795. He had +a very distinguished career as an Indian statesman, and did much to +establish the present system of government and to extend education. He +was Governor of Bombay (1819-1827), and prepared a code of laws for that +Presidency. In 1829 he was offered, but declined, the position of +Governor-General of India. He wrote a _History of India_ (1841), and _The +Rise of the British Power in the East_, _pub._ in 1887. + + +ELWIN, WHITWELL (1816-1900).--Critic and editor, _s._ of a country +gentleman of Norfolk, studied at Camb., and took orders. He was an +important contributor to the _Quarterly Review_, of which he became +editor in 1853. He undertook to complete Croker's ed. of Pope, and +brought out 5 vols., when he dropped it, leaving it to be finished by Mr. +Courthope. As an ed. he was extremely autocratic, and on all subjects had +pronounced opinions, and often singular likes and dislikes. + + +ELYOT, SIR THOMAS (1490-1546).--Diplomatist, physician, and writer, held +many diplomatic appointments. He wrote _The Governor_ (1531), a treatise +on education, in which he advocated gentler treatment of schoolboys, _The +Castle of Health_ (1534), a medical work, and _A Defence of Good Women_ +(1545). He also in 1538 _pub._ the first _Latin and English Dictionary_, +and made various translations. + + +EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (1803-1882).--Philosopher, was _b._ at Boston, +Massachusetts. His _f._ was a minister there, who had become a Unitarian, +and who _d._ in 1811, leaving a widow with six children, of whom Ralph, +then aged 8, was the second. Mrs. E. was, however, a woman of energy, and +by means of taking boarders managed to give all her sons a good +education. E. entered Harvard in 1817 and, after passing through the +usual course there, studied for the ministry, to which he was ordained in +1827, and settled over a congregation in his native city. There he +remained until 1832, when he resigned, ostensibly on a difference of +opinion with his brethren on the permanent nature of the Lord's Supper as +a rite, but really on a radical change of view in regard to religion in +general, expressed in the maxim that "the day of formal religion is +past." About the same time he lost his young wife, and his health, which +had never been robust, showed signs of failing. In search of recovery he +visited Europe, where he met many eminent men and formed a life-long +friendship with Carlyle. On his return in 1834 he settled at Concord, and +took up lecturing. In 1836 he _pub._ _Nature_, a somewhat transcendental +little book which, though containing much fine thought, did not appeal to +a wide circle. _The American Scholar_ followed in 1837. Two years +previously he had entered into a second marriage. His influence as a +thinker rapidly extended, he was regarded as the leader of the +transcendentalists, and was one of the chief contributors to their organ, +_The Dial_. The remainder of his life, though happy, busy, and +influential, was singularly uneventful. In 1847 he paid a second visit to +England, when he spent a week with Carlyle, and delivered a course of +lectures in England and Scotland on "Representative Men," which he +subsequently _pub._ _English Traits_ appeared in 1856. In 1857 _The +Atlantic Monthly_ was started, and to it he became a frequent +contributor. In 1874 he was nominated for the Lord Rectorship of the +Univ. of Glasgow, but was defeated by Disraeli. He, however, regarded his +nomination as the greatest honour of his life. After 1867 he wrote +little. He _d._ on April 27, 1882. His works were _coll._ in 11 vols., +and in addition to those above mentioned include _Essays_ (two series), +_Conduct of Life_, _Society and Solitude_, _Natural History of +Intellect_, and _Poems_. The intellect of E. was subtle rather than +robust, and suggestive rather than systematic. He wrote down the +intuitions and suggestions of the moment, and was entirely careless as to +whether these harmonised with previous statements. He was an original and +stimulating thinker and writer, and wielded a style of much beauty and +fascination. His religious views approached more nearly to Pantheism than +to any other known system of belief. He was a man of singular elevation +and purity of character. + + +ERCILDOUN, THOMAS of, or "THOMAS THE RHYMER" (_fl._ 1220-1297).--A +minstrel to whom is ascribed _Sir Tristrem_, a rhyme or story for +recitation. He had a reputation for prophecy, and is reported to have +foretold the death of Alexander III., and various other events. + + +ERIGENA, or SCOTUS, JOHN (_fl._ 850).--Philosopher, _b._ in Scotland or +Ireland, was employed at the Court of Charles the Bald, King of France. +He was a pantheistic mystic, and made translations from the Alexandrian +philosophers. He was bold in the exposition of his principles, and had +both strength and subtlety of intellect. His chief work is _De Divisione +Naturae_, a dialogue in which he places reason above authority. + + +ERSKINE, RALPH (1685-1752).--Scottish Divine and poet, was _b._ near +Cornhill, Northumberland, where his _f._, a man of ancient Scottish +family, was, for the time, a nonconforming minister. He became minister +of Dunfermline, and, with his brother Ebenezer, was involved in the +controversies in the Church of Scotland, which led to the founding of the +Secession Church in 1736. He has a place in literature as the writer of +devotional works, especially for his _Gospel Sonnets_ (of which 25 ed. +had appeared by 1797), and _Scripture Songs_ (1754). + + +ERSKINE, THOMAS (1788-1870).--Theologian, _s._ of David E., of Linlathen, +to which property he succeeded, his elder brother having _d._ He was +called to the Bar in 1810, but never practised. Having come under +unusually deep religious impressions he devoted himself largely to the +study of theology, and _pub._ various works, including _The Internal +Evidence for the Truth of Revealed Religion_ (1820), _Unconditional +Freeness of the Gospel_, and _The Spiritual Order_. He was a man of +singular charm of character, and wielded a great influence on the +religious thought of his day. He enjoyed the friendship of men of such +different types as Carlyle, Chalmers, Dean Stanley, and Prevost Paradol. +His _Letters_ were ed. by Dr. W. Hanna (1877-78). + + +ETHEREGE, SIR GEORGE (1635?-1691).--Dramatist, was at Camb., travelled, +read a little law, became a man-about-town, the companion of Sedley, +Rochester, and their set. He achieved some note as the writer of three +lively comedies, _Love in a Tub_ (1664), _She would if she Could_ (1668), +and _The Man of Mode_ (1676), all characterised by the grossness of the +period. He was sent on a mission to Ratisbon, where he broke his neck +when lighting his guests downstairs after a drinking bout. + + +EVANS, MARY ANN or MARIAN ("GEORGE ELIOT") (1819-1880).--Novelist, was +_b._ near Nuneaton, Warwickshire, _dau._ of Robert E., land agent, a man +of strong individuality. Her education was completed at a school in +Coventry, and after the death of her mother in 1836, and the marriage of +her elder sister, she kept house for her _f._ until his death in 1849. In +1841 they gave up their house in the country, and went to live in +Coventry. Here she made the acquaintance of Charles Bray, a writer on +phrenology, and his brother-in-law Charles Hennell, a rationalistic +writer on the origin of Christianity, whose influence led her to renounce +the evangelical views in which she had been brought up. In 1846 she +engaged in her first literary work, the completion of a translation begun +by Mrs. Hennell of Strauss's _Life of Jesus_. On her _f.'s_ death she +went abroad with the Brays, and, on her return in 1850, began to write +for the _Westminster Review_, of which from 1851-53 she was +assistant-editor. In this capacity she was much thrown into the society +of Herbert Spencer and George Henry Lewes (_q.v._), with the latter of +whom she in 1854 entered into an irregular connection which lasted until +his death. In the same year she translated Feuerbach's _Essence of +Christianity_, the only one of her writings to which she attached her +real name. It was not until she was nearly 40 that she appears to have +discovered the true nature of her genius; for it was not until 1857 that +_The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. Amos Barton_ appeared in _Blackwood's +Magazine_, and announced that a new writer of singular power had arisen. +It was followed by _Mr. Gilfil's Love Story_ and _Janet's Repentance_, +all three being reprinted as _Scenes from Clerical Life_ (1857); _Adam +Bede_ was _pub._ in 1859, _The Mill on the Floss_, in its earlier +chapters largely autobiographical, in 1860, _Silas Marner_, perhaps the +most artistically constructed of her books, in 1861. In 1860 and 1861 she +visited Florence with the view of preparing herself for her next work, +_Romola_, a tale of the times of Savonarola, which appeared in 1863 in +the _Cornhill Magazine_. _Felix Holt the Radical_ followed in 1866. Miss +E. now for a time abandoned novel-writing and took to poetry, and between +1868 and 1871 produced _The Spanish Gipsy_, _Agatha_, _The Legend of +Jubal_, and _Armgart_. These poems, though containing much fine work, did +not add to her reputation, and in fact in writing them she had departed +from her true vocation. Accordingly, she returned to fiction, and in +_Middlemarch_, which appeared in parts in 1871-72, she was by many +considered to have produced her greatest work. _Daniel Deronda_, which +came out in 1874-76, was greatly inferior, and it was her last novel. In +1878 she _pub._ _The Impressions of Theophrastus Such_, a collection of +miscellaneous essays. In the same year Mr. Lewes _d._, an event which +plunged her into melancholy, which was, however, alleviated by the +kindness of Mr. John Cross, who had been the intimate friend of both L. +and herself, and whom she _m._ in March, 1880. The union was a short one, +being terminated by her death on December 22 in the same year. + +George Eliot will probably always retain a high place among writers of +fiction. Her great power lies in the minute painting of character, +chiefly among the lower middle classes, shopkeepers, tradesmen, and +country folk of the Midlands, into whose thoughts and feelings she had an +insight almost like divination, and of whose modes of expression she was +complete mistress. Her general view of life is pessimistic, relieved by a +power of seizing the humorous elements in human stupidity and ill-doing. +There is also, however, much seriousness in her treatment of the phases +of life upon which she touches, and few writers have brought out with +greater power the hardening and degrading effects of continuance in evil +courses, or the inevitable and irretrievable consequences of a wrong act. +Her descriptions of rural scenes have a singular charm. + +_Life_, ed. by J.W. Cross (1885-6). Books on her by Oscar Browning, 1890, +and Sir Leslie Stephen (Men of Letters), 1902. + + +EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706).--Diarist, and miscellaneous writer, was of an +old Surrey family, and was _ed._ at a school at Lewes and at Oxf. He +travelled much on the Continent, seeing all that was best worth seeing in +the way of galleries and collections, both public and private, of which +he has given an interesting account in his _Diary_. He was all his life +a staunch Royalist, and joined the King as a volunteer in 1642, but soon +after repaired again to the Continent. After 1652 he was at home, settled +at Sayes Court, near Deptford, where his gardens were famous. After the +Restoration he was employed in various matters by the Government, but his +lofty and pure character was constantly offended by the manners of the +Court. In addition to his _Diary_, kept up from 1624-1706, and which is +full of interesting details of public and private events, he wrote upon +such subjects as plantations, _Sylva_ (1664), gardening, _Elysium +Britannicum_ (_unpub._), architecture, prevention of smoke in London, +engraving, _Sculptura_ (1662), and he was one of the founders of the +Royal Society, of which he was for a time sec. The dignity and purity of +E'.s character stand forth in strong relief against the laxity of his +times. + + +EWING, MRS. JULIANA HORATIA (GATTY) (1842-1885).--Writer of children's +stories, _dau._ of Mrs. Alfred Gatty (_q.v._), also a writer for +children. Among her tales, which have hardly been excelled in sympathetic +insight into child-life, and still enjoy undiminished popularity, are: _A +Flat Iron for a Farthing_, _Jackanapes_, _Jan of the Windmill_, _Mrs. +Overtheway's Remembrances_, and _The Story of a Short Life_. + + +FABER, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1814-1863).--Theologian and hymn-writer, was +_b._ at Calverley, Yorkshire, and _ed._ at Harrow and Oxf., where he came +under the influence of Newman, whom he followed into the Church of Rome. +He wrote various theological treatises, but has a place in literature for +his hymns, which include _The Pilgrims of the Night_, _My God how +wonderful thou art_, and _Sweet Saviour, bless us ere we go_. + + +FABYAN, ROBERT (_d._ 1513).--Chronicler, was _b._ in London, of which he +became an Alderman and Sheriff. He kept a diary of notable events, which +he expanded into a chronicle, which he entitled, _The Concordance of +Histories_. It covers the period from the arrival of Brutus in England to +the death of Henry VII., and deals mainly with the affairs of London. It +was not printed until 1515, when it appeared under the title of _The New +Chronicles of England and France_. + + +FAIRFAX, EDWARD (1580?-1635).--Translator, natural _s._ of Sir Thomas F., +lived at Fuystone, near Knaresborough, in peace and prosperity. His +translation of Tasso's _Jerusalem Delivered_, on which his fame is +founded, is a masterpiece, one of the comparatively few translations +which in themselves are literature. It was highly praised by Dryden and +Waller. The first ed. appeared in 1600, and was dedicated to Queen +Elizabeth. F. also wrote a treatise on _Demonology_, in which he was a +devout believer. + + +FALCONER, WILLIAM (1732-1769).--Poet, _s._ of a barber in Edin., where he +was _b._, became a sailor, and was thus thoroughly competent to describe +the management of the storm-tossed vessel, the career and fate of which +are described in his poem, _The Shipwreck_ (1762), a work of genuine, +though unequal, talent. The efforts which F. made to improve the poem in +the successive ed. which followed the first were not entirely +successful. The work gained for him the patronage of the Duke of York, +through whose influence he obtained the position of purser on various +warships. Strangely enough, his own death occurred by shipwreck. F. wrote +other poems, now forgotten, besides a useful _Nautical Dictionary_. + + +FANSHAWE, CATHERINE MARIA (1765-1834).--Poetess, _dau._ of a Surrey +squire, wrote clever occasional verse. Her best known production is the +famous _Riddle on the Letter H_, beginning "'Twas whispered in heaven, +'twas muttered in hell" often attributed to Lord Byron. + + +FANSHAWE, SIR RICHARD (1608-1666).--Diplomatist, translator, and poet, +_b._ at Ware Park, Herts, and _ed._ at Camb., travelled on the Continent, +and when the Civil War broke out sided with the King and was sent to +Spain to obtain money for the cause. He acted as Latin Sec. to Charles +II. when in Holland. After the Restoration he held various appointments, +and was Ambassador to Portugal and Spain successively. He translated +Guarini's _Pastor Fido_, _Selected Parts of Horace_, and _The Lusiad_ of +Camoens. His wife, _nee_ Anne Harrison, wrote memoirs of her own life. + + +FARADAY, MICHAEL (1791-1867).--Natural philosopher, _s._ of a blacksmith, +was _b._ in London, and apprenticed to a book-binder. He early showed a +taste for chemistry, and attended the lectures of Sir H. Davy (_q.v._), +by whom he was, in 1813, appointed his chemical assistant in the Royal +Institution. He became one of the greatest of British discoverers and +popularisers of science, his discoveries being chiefly in the department +of electro-magnetism. He had an unusual power of making difficult +subjects clearly understood. Among his writings are _History of the +Progress of Electro-Magnetism_ (1821), _The Non-metallic Elements_, _The +Chemical History of a Candle_, and _The Various Forces in Nature_. F. was +a man of remarkable simplicity and benevolence of character, and deeply +religious. + + +FARMER, RICHARD (1735-1797).--Shakespearian scholar, _b._ at Leicester, +and _ed._ at Camb., where he ultimately became Master of Emanuel Coll. He +wrote an _Essay on the Learning of Shakespeare_ (1767), in which he +maintained that Shakespeare's knowledge of the classics was through +translations, the errors of which he reproduced. It is a production of +great ability. F. was a clergyman, and held a prebend in St. Paul's. + + +FARQUHAR, GEORGE (1678-1707).--Dramatist, _b._ at Londonderry, _s._ of a +clergyman, and _ed._ at Trinity Coll., Dublin, on leaving which he took +to the stage, but had no great success as an actor. This, together with +an accident in which he wounded a fellow-actor with a sword, led to his +relinquishing it, and giving himself to writing plays instead of acting +them. Thereafter he joined the army. _Love and a Bottle_ (1698) was his +first venture, and others were _The Constant Couple_ (1700), _Sir Harry +Wildair_ (1701), _The Inconstant_ (1703), _The Recruiting Officer_ +(1706), and _The Beau's Stratagem_ (1707). F.'s plays are full of wit and +sparkle and, though often coarse, have not the malignant pruriency of +some of his predecessors. He made an unfortunate marriage, and _d._ in +poverty. + + +FARRAR, FREDERIC WILLIAM (1831-1903).--Theological writer, _b._ in +Bombay, and _ed._ at London Univ. and Camb., was for some years a master +at Harrow, and from 1871-76 Head Master of Marlborough School. He became +successively Canon of Westminster and Rector of St. Margaret's, +Archdeacon of Westminster and Dean of Canterbury. He was an eloquent +preacher and a voluminous author, his writings including stories of +school life, such as _Eric_ and _St. Winifred's_, a _Life of Christ_, +which had great popularity, a _Life of St. Paul_, and two historical +romances. + + +FAWCETT, HENRY (1833-1884).--Statesman and economist, _b._ at Salisbury, +and _ed._ at Camb., where he became Fellow of Trinity Hall. In 1858 he +was blinded by a shooting accident, in spite of which he continued to +prosecute his studies, especially in economics, and in 1863 _pub._ his +_Manual of Political Economy_, becoming in the same year Prof. of +Political Economy in Camb. Having strong political views he desired to +enter upon a political career, and after repeated defeats was elected +M.P. for Brighton. He soon attained a recognised position, devoting +himself specially to parliamentary reform and Indian questions, and was +in 1880 appointed Postmaster-General, in which office he approved himself +a capable administrator. His career was, however, cut short by his +premature death, but not before he had made himself a recognised +authority on economics, his works on which include _The Economic Position +of the British Labourer_ (1871), _Labour and Wages_, etc. In 1867 he _m._ +Miss Millicent Garrett, a lady highly qualified to share in all his +intellectual interests, and who collaborated with him in some of his +publications. There is a life of him by Sir L. Stephen. + + +FAWKES, FRANCIS (1721-1777).--Poet and translator, _b._ near Doncaster, +and _ed._ at Camb., after which he took orders. He translated Anacreon, +Sappho, and other classics, modernised parts of the poems of Gavin +Douglas, and was the author of the well-known song, _The Brown Jug_, and +of two poems, _Bramham Park_ and _Partridge Shooting_. + + +FELTHAM, OWEN (1602?-1668).--Religious writer, author of a book entitled +_Resolves, Divine, Moral, and Political_ (_c._ 1620), containing 146 +short essays. It had great popularity in its day. Though sometimes stiff +and affected in style, it contains many sound, if not original or +brilliant, reflections, and occasional felicities of expression. F. was +for a time in the household of the Earl of Thomond as chaplain or sec., +and _pub._ (1652), _Brief Character of the Low Countries_. + + +FENTON, ELIJAH (1683-1730).--Poet and translator, _ed._ at Camb., for a +time acted as sec. to the Earl of Orrery in Flanders, and was then Master +of Sevenoaks Grammar School. In 1707 he _pub._ a book of poems. He is +best known, however, as the assistant of Pope in his translation of the +_Odyssey_, of which he Englished the first, fourth, nineteenth, and +twentieth books, catching the manner of his master so completely that it +is hardly possible to distinguish between their work; while thus engaged +he _pub._ (1723) a successful tragedy, _Marianne_. His latest +contributions to literature were a _Life of Milton_, and an ed. of +_Waller's Poems_ (1729). + + +FERGUSON, ADAM (1723-1816).--Philosopher and historian, _s._ of the +parish minister of Logierait, Perthshire, studied at St. Andrews and +Edin. Univ., in the latter of which he was successively Professor of +Mathematics, and Moral Philosophy (1764-1785). As a young man he was +chaplain to the 42nd Regiment, and was present at the Battle of Fontenoy. +In 1757 he was made Keeper of the Advocates' Library. As a Prof. of +Philosophy he was highly successful, his class being attended by many +distinguished men no longer students at the Univ. In 1778-9 he acted as +sec. to a commission sent out by Lord North to endeavour to reach an +accommodation with the American colonists. F.'s principal works are +_Essay on the History of Civil Society_ (1765), _Institutes of Moral +Philosophy_ (1769), _History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman +Republic_ (1782), and _Principles of Moral and Political Science_ (1792), +all of which have been translated into French and German. F. spent his +later years at St. Andrews, where he _d._ in 1816 at the age of 92. He +was an intimate friend of Sir Walter Scott. The French philosopher Cousin +gave F. a place above all his predecessors in the Scottish school of +philosophy. + + +FERGUSON, SIR SAMUEL (1810-1886).--Poet and antiquary, _b._ at Belfast, +the _s._ of parents of Scottish extraction, he was _ed._ at Trinity +Coll., Dublin, from which he received in 1865 the honorary degree of +LL.D. He practised with success as a barrister, became Q.C. in 1859, and +Deputy Keeper of the Irish Records 1867, an appointment in which he +rendered valuable service, and was knighted in 1878. He was a contributor +to _Blackwood's Magazine_, in which appeared his best known poem, _The +Forging of the Anchor_, and was one of the chief promoters of the Gaelic +revival in Irish literature. His _coll._ poems appeared under the title +of _Lays of the Western Gael_ (1865), _Congal, an epic poem_ (1872), and +his prose tales posthumously (1887), as _Hibernian Nights' +Entertainments_. His principal antiquarian work was _Ogham Inscriptions +in Ireland, Wales, and Scotland_. + + +FERGUSSON, JAMES (1808-1886).--Writer on architecture, _b._ at Ayr, was +engaged in commercial pursuits in India, where he became interested in +the architecture of the country, and _pub._ his first work, _Picturesque +Illustrations of Ancient Architecture in Hindustan_ (1840), which was +followed by _An Historical Inquiry into the True Principles of Beauty in +Art_ (1849), and _A History of Architecture in all Countries from the +Earliest Times to the Present Day_ (1865-67). He also wrote _Fire and +Serpent Worship_, etc., and a book on the use of earthworks in +fortification. + + +FERGUSSON, ROBERT (1750-1774).--Scottish poet, _s._ of a bank clerk, was +_ed._ at the Univ. of St. Andrews. His _f._ dying, he became a copying +clerk in an Edin. lawyer's office. Early displaying a talent for humorous +descriptive verse, he contributed to _Ruddiman's Weekly Magazine_, then +the principal Scottish receptacle for fugitive poetry. His verses, +however, attracted attention by their merit, and he _pub._ some of them +in a _coll._ form. Unfortunately he fell into dissipated habits, under +which his delicate constitution gave way, and he _d._ insane in his 24th +year. His poems influenced Burns, who greatly admired them. + + +FERRIER, JAMES FREDERICK (1808-1864).--Metaphysician, _b._ in Edin., and +_ed._ there and at Oxf., he was called to the Scottish Bar in 1832, but +devoted himself to literature and philosophy. In 1842 he was appointed +Prof. of History in Edin., and in 1845 translated to the Chair of Moral +Philosophy and Political Economy at St. Andrews. He _pub._ in 1854 +_Institutes of Metaphysics_, and ed. the _coll._ works of his +father-in-law, Prof. Wilson ("Christopher North.") + + +FERRIER, SUSAN EDMONSTOUNE (1782-1854).--Novelist, _dau._ of James F., +one of the principal clerks of the Court of Session, in which office he +was the colleague of Sir Walter Scott. Miss F. wrote three excellent +novels, _Marriage_ (1818), _The Inheritance_ (1824), and _Destiny_ +(1831), all characterised by racy humour and acute character-painting. +Her cheerful and tactful friendship helped to soothe the last days of Sir +W. Scott. + + +FIELD, NATHANIEL (1587-1633).--Dramatist and actor, was one of "the +children of the Queen's Revels," who performed in Ben Jonson's _Cynthia's +Revels_ in 1600. He wrote _A Woman's a Weathercock_ (1612), _Amends for +Ladies_ (1618), and (with Massinger) _The Fatal Dowry_ (1632). + + +FIELDING, HENRY (1707-1754).--Novelist, was _b._ at Sharpham Park, near +Glastonbury. His father was General Edmund F., descended from the Earls +of Denbigh and Desmond, and his mother was the _dau._ of Sir Henry Gould +of Sharpham Park. His childhood was spent at East Stour, Dorset, and his +education was received at first from a tutor, after which he was sent to +Eton. Following a love affair with a young heiress at Lyme Regis he was +sent to Leyden to study law, where he remained until his _f._, who had +entered into a second marriage, and who was an extravagant man, ceased to +send his allowance. Thrown upon his own resources, he came to London and +began to write light comedies and farces, of which during the next few +years he threw off nearly a score. The drama, however, was not his true +vein, and none of his pieces in this kind have survived, unless _Tom +Thumb_, a burlesque upon his contemporary playwrights, be excepted. About +1735 he _m._ Miss Charlotte Cradock, a beautiful and amiable girl to +whom, though he gave her sufficient cause for forbearance, he was +devotedly attached. She is the prototype of his "Amelia" and "Sophia." +She brought him L1500, and the young couple retired to East Stour, where +he had a small house inherited from his mother. The little fortune was, +however, soon dissipated; and in a year he was back in London, where he +formed a company of comedians, and managed a small theatre in the +Haymarket. Here he produced successfully _Pasquin, a Dramatic Satire on +the Times_, and _The Historical Register for 1736_, in which Walpole was +satirised. This enterprise was brought to an end by the passing of the +Licensing Act, 1737, making the _imprimatur_ of the Lord Chamberlain +necessary to the production of any play. F. thereupon read law at the +Middle Temple, was called to the Bar in 1740, and went the Western +Circuit. The same year saw the publication of Richardson's _Pamela_, +which inspired F. with the idea of a parody, thus giving rise to his +first novel, _Joseph Andrews_. As, however, the characters, especially +Parson Adams, developed in his hands, the original idea was laid aside, +and the work assumed the form of a regular novel. It was _pub._ in 1742, +and though sharing largely in the same qualities as its great successor, +_Tom Jones_, its reception, though encouraging, was not phenomenally +cordial. Immediately after this a heavy blow fell on F. in the death of +his wife. The next few years were occupied with writing his +_Miscellanies_, which contained, along with some essays and poems, two +important works, _A Journey from this World to the Next_, and _The +History of Jonathan Wild the Great_, a grave satire; and he also +conducted two papers in support of the Government, _The True Patriot_ and +_The Jacobite Journal_, in consideration of which he was appointed +Justice of the Peace for Middlesex and Westminster, and had a pension +conferred upon him. In 1746 he set convention at defiance by marrying +Mary MacDaniel, who had been his first wife's maid, and the nurse of his +children, and who proved a faithful and affectionate companion. F. showed +himself an upright, diligent, and efficient magistrate, and his _Inquiry +into the Increase of Robbers_ (1751), with suggested remedies, led to +beneficial results. By this time, however, the publication of his great +masterpiece, _The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling_ (1749), had given +him a place among the immortals. All critics are agreed that this book +contains passages offensive to delicacy, and some say to morality. This +is often excused on the plea of the coarser manners of the age; but a +much stronger defence is advanced on the ground that, while other +novelists of the time made immorality an incentive to merriment, F.'s +treatment of such subjects, as Lowell has said, "shocks rather than +corrupts," and that in his pages evil is evil. On the other hand, there +is universal agreement as to the permanent interest of the types of +character presented, the profound knowledge of life and insight into +human nature, the genial humour, the wide humanity, the wisdom, and the +noble and masculine English of the book. His only other novel, _Amelia_, +which some, but these a small minority, have regarded as his best, was +_pub._ in 1751. His health was now thoroughly broken, and in 1753, as a +forlorn hope, he went in search of restoration to Lisbon, where he _d._ +on October 8, and was buried in the English cemetery. His last work was a +_Journal_ of his voyage. Though with many weaknesses and serious faults, +F. was fundamentally a man of honest and masculine character, and though +improvident and reckless in his habits, especially in earlier life, he +was affectionate in his domestic relations, and faithful and efficient in +the performance of such public duties as he was called to discharge. +Thackeray thus describes his appearance, "His figure was tall and +stalwart, his face handsome, manly, and noble-looking; to the last days +of his life he retained a grandeur of air and, though worn down by +disease, his aspect and presence imposed respect upon people round about +him." + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1707, _ed._ Eton, studied law at Leyden, came to London +and wrote dramas, called to Bar 1740, _pub._ _Joseph Andrews_ 1742, +became journalist, appointed a magistrate for Middlesex, etc., and _pub._ +_Inquiry into Increase of Robbers_ 1751, _pub._ _Tom Jones_ 1749, +_Amelia_ 1751, _d._ at Lisbon 1754. + +His works are included in Ballantyne's Novelists' Library with a +biography by Scott (1821). An ed. in 10 vols. with a study by L. Stephen +was _pub._ by Smith, Elder and Co. (1882); another in 12 vols. by Prof. +Saintsbury, Dent and Co. (1893), and various others. There are various +Lives by Watson (1807). Lawrence (1855), and A. Dobson (Men of Letters, +1883). + + +FIELDING, SARAH (1710-1768).--Novelist, was the sister of the above, who +had a high opinion of her talents. She wrote several novels, including +_David Simple_ (1744), _The Governess_, and _The Countess_ of _Dellwyn_. +She also translated Xenophon's _Memorabilia_ and _Apologia_ (1762). + + +FILMER, SIR ROBERT (_d._ 1653?).--Political writer, _s._ of Sir Edward +F., of East Sutton, Kent, was _ed._ at Camb. He was an enthusiastic +Royalist, was knighted by Charles I. and, in 1671, was imprisoned in +Leeds Castle, Kent. He is notable as the defender, in its most extreme +form, of the doctrine of the divine right of kings, which he expounded in +a succession of works, of which the latest and best known, _Patriarcha_, +appeared in 1679. His theory is founded on the idea that the government +of a family by the father is the original and method of all government. +His doctrines were afterwards attacked by Locke in his _Treatise on +Government_. He was opposed to the persecution of old women for supposed +witchcraft. + + +FINLAY, GEORGE (1799-1875).--Historian, of Scottish descent, was _b._ at +Faversham, Kent, where his _f._, an officer in the army, was inspector of +government powder mills. Intended for the law, he was _ed._ at Glasgow, +Goettingen, and Edin., but becoming an enthusiast in the cause of Greece, +he joined Byron in the war of independence, and thereafter bought a +property near Athens, where he settled and busied himself with schemes +for the improvement of the country, which had little success. His +_History of Greece_, produced in sections between 1843 and 1861, did not +at first receive the recognition which its merits deserved, but it has +since been given by students in all countries, and specially in Germany, +a place among works of permanent value, alike for its literary style and +the depth and insight of its historical views. It was re-issued in 1877 +as _A History of Greece from the Roman Conquest to the Present Time_ (146 +B.C. _to_ 1864). + + +FISHER, JOHN (_c._ 1469-1535).--Controversialist and scholar, _b._ at +Beverley, and _ed._ at Camb., entered the Church, and became in 1504 +Bishop of Rochester. He wrote in Latin against the doctrines of the +Reformation, but was a supporter of the New Learning, and endeavoured to +get Erasmus to teach Greek at Camb. Through his influence the Lady +Margaret Professorship of Divinity were founded at both the Univ. by +Margaret Countess of Richmond, and in 1502 he became first prof. at +Camb., where he was also (1505-8) Head of Queen's Coll. He was also +instrumental in founding Christ's and St. John's Coll. For opposing the +divorce proceedings of Henry VIII. he was burned. Made a cardinal in +1535, he was beatified in 1886. + + +FISKE, JOHN (1842-1901).--Miscellaneous writer, was _b._ at Hartford, +Connecticut. The family name was Green; but this he dropped, and adopted +that of his mother's family. After being at Harvard he studied for, and +was admitted to, the Bar, but did not practise. He wrote on a variety of +subjects, including mythology, history, and evolution. Among his books on +these subjects are, _Myths and Mythmakers_ (1872), _Cosmic Philosophy_, +_Darwinism_, _The Idea of God_, _Origin of Evil_. He was also the author +of many works on America. These include _Old Virginia_, _New France and +New England_, _The American Revolution_, and _Discovery of America_ +(1892). + + +FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809-1883).--Translator and letter-writer, was _b._ +near Woodbridge, Suffolk, _s._ of John Purcell, who took his wife's +surname on the death of her _f._. in 1818. He was _ed._ at Bury St. +Edmunds and Camb. Thereafter he lived in retirement and study with his +parents until 1838, when he took a neighbouring cottage. In 1856 he _m._ +a _dau._ of Bernard Barton, the poet, from whom, however, he soon +separated. Afterwards he lived at various places in the East of England, +continuing his studies, with yachting for his chief recreation. By this +time, however, he had become an author, having written a life of his +father-in-law prefixed to his _coll._ poems (1849), _Euphranor_, a +dialogue on youth (1851), and _Polonius, a Collection of Wise Saws and +Modern Instances_ (1852). Becoming interested in Spanish literature, he +_pub._ translations of _Six Dramas of Calderon_. Thereafter turning his +attention to Persian, he produced (1859), anonymously, his famous +translation of the _Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam_. He also _pub._ +translations of the _Agamemnon_ of AEschylus, and the _Oedipus Tyrannus_ +and _Oedipus Coloneus_ of Sophocles. In his translations F. aimed not so +much at a mere literal reproduction of the sense of the original, as at +reproducing its effect on the reader, and in this he was extraordinarily +successful. In the department of letter-writing also he attained an +excellence perhaps unequalled in his day. + + +FITZSTEPHEN, WILLIAM (_d._ 1190).--Was a servant of Thomas a Becket, +witnessed his murder, and wrote his biography, which contains an +interesting account of London in the 12th century. + + +FLAVEL, JOHN (1627-1691).--Divine, _b._ at Bromsgrove, studied at Oxf., +was a Presbyterian, and was settled at Dartmouth, but ejected from his +living in 1662, continuing, however, to preach there secretly. He was a +voluminous and popular author. Among his works are _Husbandry +Spiritualised_ and _Navigation Spiritualised_, titles which suggest some +of his characteristics as an expositor. + + +FLECKNOE, RICHARD (_d._ 1678).--Poet, said to have been an Irish priest. +He wrote several plays, now forgotten, also miscellaneous poems, some of +them sacred, and a book of travels. His name has been preserved in +Dryden's satire, _MacFlecknoe_, as "throughout the realms of nonsense +absolute;" but according to some authorities his slighter pieces were not +wanting in grace and fancy. + + +FLETCHER, ANDREW (1655-1716).--Scottish statesman and political writer, +_s._ of Sir Robert F. of Saltoun, East Lothian, to which estate he +succeeded at an early age. He was _ed._ under the care of Bishop Burnet, +who was then minister of Saltoun. Being firmly opposed to the arbitrary +measures of the Duke of York, afterwards James II., he went to Holland, +where he joined Monmouth, whom he accompanied on his ill-starred +expedition. Happening to kill, in a quarrel, one Dare, another of the +Duke's followers, he fled to the Continent, travelled in Spain and +Hungary, and fought against the Turks. After the Revolution he returned +to Scotland, and took an active part in political affairs. He opposed the +Union, fearing the loss of Scottish independence, and advocated +federation rather than incorporation. He introduced various improvements +in agriculture. His principal writings are _Discourse of Government_ +(1698), _Two Discourses concerning the Affairs of Scotland_ (1698), +_Conversation concerning a right Regulation of Government for the Common +Good of Mankind_ (1703), in which occurs his well-known saying, "Give me +the making of the songs of a nation, and I care not who makes its laws." + + +FLETCHER, GILES, AND PHINEAS (1588?-1623) (1582-1650).--Poets, were the +sons of Giles F., himself a minor poet, and Envoy to Russia. Phineas, the +elder, was _ed._ at Eton and Camb., and entered the Church, becoming +Rector of Hilgay, Norfolk. He wrote _The Purple Island_ (1633), a poem in +10 books, giving an elaborate allegorical description of the body and +mind of man, which, though tedious and fanciful, contains some fine +passages, recalling the harmonious sweetness of Spenser, whose disciple +the poet was. He was also the author of _Piscatory Dialogues_. GILES, the +younger, was also _ed._ at Camb., and, like his brother, became a country +parson, being Rector of Alderton. His poem, _Christ's Victory and +Triumph_ (1610), which, though it contains passages rising to sublimity, +is now almost unknown except to students of English literature, is said +to have influenced Milton. + +Both brothers, but especially Giles, had a genuine poetic gift, but alike +in the allegorical treatment of their subjects and the metre they +adopted, they followed a style which was passing away, and thus missed +popularity. They were cousins of John F., the dramatist. + + +FLORENCE of WORCESTER (_d._ 1118).--Chronicler, was a monk of Worcester. +His work is founded upon that of Marianus, an Irish chronicler, +supplemented by additions taken from the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, Bede's +_Lives of the Saints_, and Asser's _Life of Alfred_. After his death it +was brought down to 1295. + + +FLORIO, JOHN (1553?-1625).--Translator, _s._ of an Italian preacher, +exiled for his Protestantism, but who appears to have lost credit owing +to misconduct, _b._ in London, was, about 1576, a private tutor of +languages at Oxf. In 1581 he was admitted a member of Magdalen Coll., +and teacher of French and Italian. Patronised by various noblemen, he +became in 1603 reader in Italian to Anne of Denmark, Queen of James I. He +_pub._ _First Fruites_ (1578). _Second Fruites_ (1591), consisting of +Italian and English Dialogues, and his great Italian dictionary entitled +_A World of Wonder_, in 1598. His chief contribution to pure literature +is his famous translation of _The Essays of Montaigne_, in stately if +somewhat stiff Elizabethan English. + + +FONBLANQUE, ALBANY WILLIAM (1793-1872).--Journalist and political writer, +was of Huguenot descent, the _s._ of a Commissioner in Bankruptcy. He was +bred to the law, but deserted it for journalism, in which he took a high +place. He wrote much for _The Times_, and _Westminster Review_, and +subsequently became ed. and proprietor of the _Examiner_. His best +articles were republished as _England under Seven Administrations_ +(1837). He also wrote _How we are Governed_. In 1847 he was appointed +Statistical Sec. to the Board of Trade. + + +FOOTE, SAMUEL (1720-1777).--Actor and dramatist, _b._ at Truro of a good +family, and _ed._ at Oxf., succeeded by his extravagance and folly in +running through two fortunes. To repair his finances he turned to the +stage, and began with tragedy, in which he failed. He then took to +comedy, and the mimetic representation of living characters, for which +his extraordinary comic powers highly qualified him. He also became a +prolific author of dramatic pieces. He wrote 20 plays, and claimed to +have added 16 original characters to the stage. Several of his pieces, +owing to the offence they gave to persons of importance, were suppressed, +but were usually revived in a slightly modified form. His conversation +was agreeable and entertaining in the highest degree. Among his best +works are _An Auction of Pictures_, _The Liar_, and _The Mayor of +Garratt_ (1763), _The Lame Lover_ (1770), _The Knights_ (1749), _Author_ +(suppressed) 1757, _Devil upon Two Sticks_ (1768), _The Nabob_ (1779), +_The Capuchin_ (1776). + + +FORBES, JAMES DAVID (1809-1868).--Natural Philosopher, _s._ of Sir +William F., of Pitsligo, was _b._ and _ed._ at Edin. He studied law, and +was called to the Bar, but devoted himself to science, in which he gained +a great reputation both as a discoverer and teacher. He was Prof. of +Natural Philosophy at Edin., 1833-1859, when he succeeded Sir D. +Brewster, as Principal of the United Coll. at St. Andrews. He was one of +the founders of the British Association in 1831. His scientific +investigations and discoveries embraced the subjects of heat, light, +polarisation, and specially glaciers. In connection with the last of +these he wrote _Travels through the Alps_ (1843), _Norway and its +Glaciers_ (1853), _Tour of Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa_ (1855), and _Papers +on the Theory of Glaciers_. + + +FORD, JOHN (_c._ 1586?).--Dramatist, _b._ probably at Ilsington, +Devonshire, was admitted to the Middle Temple in 1602, and appears to +have practised as a lawyer. His chief plays are _The Lover's Melancholy_ +(1629), _'Tis Pity_, _The Broken Heart_, and _Love's Sacrifice_ (1633), +_Perkin Warbeck_ (1634), _The Lady's Trial_ (1639), and _Fancies Chaste +and Noble_ (1638). He also collaborated with Dekker and Rowley in _The +Witch of Edmonton_ (1624). F. has a high position as a dramatist, though +rather for general intellectual power and austere beauty of thought than +for strictly dramatic qualities. C. Lamb says, "F. was of the first order +of poets." He had little humour; his plays, though the subjects are +painful, and sometimes horrible, are full of pensive tenderness expressed +in gently flowing verse. The date of his death is uncertain. + + +FORD, PAUL LEICESTER (1865-1902).--Novelist and biographer, was _b._ in +Brooklyn. He wrote Lives of Washington, Franklin, and others, ed. the +works of Jefferson, and wrote a number of novels, which had considerable +success, including _Peter Sterling_ (1894), _Story of an Untold Love_, +_Janice Meredith_, _Wanted a Matchmaker_, and _Wanted a Chaperone_. He +_d._ by his own hand. + + +FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858).--Writer on art and travel, _ed._ at Winchester +and Camb., and travelled for several years in Spain, becoming intimately +acquainted with the country and people. He wrote a _Handbook for +Travellers in Spain_ (1845), which is much more than a mere guide-book, +and _Gatherings from Spain_ (1846). An accomplished artist and art +critic, he was the first to make the great Spanish painter, Velasquez, +generally known in England. + + +FORDUN, JOHN (_d._ 1384?).--Chronicler, said to have been a chantry +priest and Canon of Aberdeen. He began the _Scotichronicon_, for which he +prepared himself, it is said, by travelling on foot through Britain and +Ireland in search of materials. He also compiled _Gesta Annalia_, a +continuation. He brought the history down to 1153, leaving, however, +material to the time of his own death, which was subsequently worked up +by Walter Bower (_q.v._). + + +FORSTER, JOHN (1812-1876).--Historian and biographer, _b._ at Newcastle, +_ed._ at the Grammar School there, and at Univ. Coll., London, became a +barrister of the Inner Temple, but soon relinquished law for literature. +In 1834 he accepted the post of assistant ed. of the _Examiner_, and was +ed. 1847-55. In this position F. exercised a marked influence on public +opinion. He also ed. the _Foreign Quarterly Review_ 1842-3, the _Daily +News_ in 1846, and was Sec. to the Lunacy Commission and a Commissioner +1861-72. His historical writings were chiefly biographies, among which +are _Statesmen of the Commonwealth of England_ (1836-9), _Life of +Goldsmith_ (1854), _Biographical and Historical Essays_ (1859), _Sir John +Eliot_ (1864), _Lives of Walter S. Landor_ (1868), and _Charles Dickens_ +(1871-4). He also left the first vol. of a Life of Swift. F., who was a +man of great decision and force of character, concealed an unusually +tender heart under a somewhat overbearing manner. + + +FORTESCUE, SIR JOHN (1394?-1476?).--Political writer, was descended from +a Devonshire family. He was an eminent lawyer, and held the office of +Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench (1442). During the Wars of the +Roses he was a staunch Lancastrian. On the triumph of Edward IV. at +Towton he was attainted, and followed the fortunes of the fallen +Lancastrians, accompanying Queen Margaret to Scotland and Flanders. He +fought at Tewkesbury, was captured, but pardoned on condition of writing +in support of the Yorkish claims, which he did, considering that his own +party appeared to be hopelessly ruined. He is said to have been at one +time Lord Chancellor; but it is probable that this was only a titular +appointment given him by the exiled family. His works are various +defences of the Lancastrian title to the crown, and two treatises, _De +Laudibus Legum Angliae_ (1537) (in praise of the laws of England), and _On +the Governance of the Kingdom of England_, not printed till 1714, the +former for the instruction of Edward, Prince of Wales. + + +FORSTER, JOHN (1770-1843).--Essayist, was _b._ at Halifax, and _ed._ at +Bristol for the Baptist ministry. Though a man of powerful and original +mind he did not prove popular as a preacher, and devoted himself mainly +to literature, his chief contribution to which is his four Essays (1) _On +a Man's Writing Memoirs of Himself_, (2) _On Decision of Character_, (3) +_On the Epithet "Romantic_," (4) _On Evangelical Religion, etc._, all of +which attracted much attention among the more thoughtful part of the +community, and still hold their place. These Essays were _pub._ in 1805, +and in 1819. F. added another on the _Evils of Popular Ignorance_, in +which he advocated a national system of education. + + +FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864).--Song-writer, was _b._ in +Pittsburgh. He wrote over 100 songs, many of which had extraordinary +popularity, among which may be mentioned _The Old Folks at Home_, _Nelly +Bly_, _Old Dog Tray_, _Camp Town Races_, _Massa's in de cold, cold +Ground_, and _Come where my Love lies Dreaming_. He composed the music to +his songs. + + +FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806).--Statesman and historian, _s._ of Henry +F., 1st Lord Holland, was one of the greatest orators who have ever sat +in the House of Commons. His only serious literary work was a fragment of +a proposed _History of the Reign of James the Second_. An introductory +chapter sketching the development of the constitution from the time of +Henry VII., and a few chapters conducting the history up to the execution +of Monmouth are all which he completed. + + +FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691).--Religious enthusiast, and founder of the +Society of Friends, _b._ at Drayton, Leicestershire, was in youth the +subject of peculiar religious impressions and trances, and adopted a +wandering life. The protests which he conceived himself bound to make +against the prevailing beliefs and manners, and which sometimes took the +form of interrupting Divine service, and the use of uncomplimentary forms +of address to the clergy, involved him in frequent trouble. The clergy, +the magistrates, and the mob alike treated him with harshness amounting +to persecution. None of these things, however, moved him, and friends, +many of them influential, among them Oliver Cromwell, extended favour +towards him. From 1659 onwards he made various missionary journeys in +Scotland, Ireland, America, and Holland. Later he was repeatedly +imprisoned, again visited the Continent, and _d._ in 1691. F.'s literary +works are his _Journal_, _Epistles_, and _Doctrinal Pieces_. He was not a +man of strong intellect, and the defence of his doctrines was undertaken +by the far more competent hand of his follower, Barclay (_q.v._). The +_Journal_, however, is full of interest as a sincere transcript of the +singular experiences, religious and others, of a spiritual enthusiast and +mystic. + +The best Life is that by Hodgkin, 1896. _Journal_ (reprint, 1885). + + +FOXE, JOHN (1516-1587).--Martyrologist, was _b._ at Boston, Lincolnshire, +and _ed._ at Oxf., where he became a Fellow of Magdalen Coll. While there +he gave himself to the study of the theological questions then in debate, +and ended by becoming a Protestant, in consequence of which he in 1545 +left his coll. He then became tutor in the family of Sir T. Lucy of +Charlecote, and afterwards to the children of the recently executed Earl +of Surrey. During the reign of Mary he retired to the Continent, and +_pub._, at Strasburg, his _Commentarii_ (the first draft of the _Acts and +Monuments_). Removing to Basel he was employed as a reader for the press +by the famous printer Oporinus, who _pub._ some of his writings. On the +accession of Elizabeth, F. returned to England, was received with +kindness by the Duke of Norfolk, one of his former pupils, and soon +afterwards (1563) _pub._ the work on which his fame rests, the English +version of the _Acts and Monuments_, better known as _The Book Martyrs_. +Received with great favour by the Protestants, it was, and has always +been, charged by the Roman Catholics with gross and wilful perversion of +facts. The truth of the matter appears to be that while Foxe was not, as +in the circumstances he could hardly have been, free from party spirit or +from some degree of error as to facts, he did not intentionally try to +mislead; and comparison of his citations from authorities with the +originals has shown him to have been careful and accurate in that matter. +F., who had been ordained a priest in 1560, became Canon of Salisbury in +1563. He wrote sundry other theological works, and _d._ in 1587. There is +a memoir of him attributed to his _s._, but of doubtful authenticity. +Some of his papers, used by Strype (_q.v._), are now in the British +Museum. + + +FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (1740-1818).--Reputed author of _The Letters of +Junius_, _s._ of the Rev. Philip F., a scholar of some note, was _b._ in +Dublin. On the recommendation of Lord Holland he received an appointment +in the office of the Sec. of State, and was thereafter private sec. to +Lord Kinnoull in Portugal, and to Pitt in 1761-2. He was then transferred +to the War Office, where he remained from 1762-72, during which period he +contributed to the press under various pseudonyms. His next appointment +was that of a member of Council of Bengal, which he held from 1773-80. +While in India he was in continual conflict with the Governor-General, +Warren Hastings, by whom he was wounded in a duel in 1779. He returned to +England in 1780 with a large fortune, and entered Parliament as a Whig. +In 1787 he was associated with Burke in the impeachment of Hastings, +against whom he showed extraordinary vindictiveness. Later he was a +sympathiser with the French Revolution, and a member of the association +of the Friends of the People. He retired from public life in 1807, and +_d._ in 1818. He was the author of about 20 political pamphlets, but the +great interest attaching to him is his reputed authorship of the _Letters +of Junius_. These letters which, partly on account of the boldness and +implacability of their attacks and the brilliance of their literary +style, and partly because of the mystery in which their author wrapped +himself, created an extraordinary impression, and have ever since +retained their place as masterpieces of condensed sarcasm. They appeared +in _The Public Advertiser_, a paper _pub._ by Woodfall, the first on +January 21, 1769, and the last on the corresponding day of 1772, and were +chiefly directed against the Dukes of Grafton and Bedford, and Lord +Mansfield; but even the king himself did not escape. Not only were the +public actions of those attacked held up to execration, but every +circumstance in their private lives which could excite odium was dragged +into the light. Their authorship was attributed to many distinguished +men, _e.g._ Burke, Lord Shelburne, J. Wilkes, Horne Tooke, and Barre, and +recently to Gibbon; but the evidence appears to point strongly to F., +and, in the opinion of Macaulay, would "support a verdict in a civil, +nay, in a criminal trial." It rests upon such circumstances as the +similarity of the MS. to what is known to be the disguised writing of F., +the acquaintance of the writer with the working of the Sec. of State's +Office and the War Office, his denunciation of the promotion of a Mr. +Chamier in the War Office, which was a well-known grievance of F., his +acquaintance with Pitt, and the existence of a strong tie to Lord +Holland, the silence of Junius when F. was absent, and resemblances in +the style and the moral character of the writer to those of F. + + +FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790).--American statesman, philosopher, and +writer, was one of a numerous family. His _f._ was a soap-boiler at +Boston, where F. was _b._ He was apprenticed at the age of 13 to his +brother, a printer, who treated him harshly. After various changes, +during which he lived in New York, London, and Philadelphia, he at last +succeeded in founding a successful business as a printer. He also started +a newspaper, _The Gazette_, which was highly popular, _Poor Richard's +Almanac_, and the _Busybody Papers_, in imitation of the _Spectator_. +After holding various minor appointments, he was made deputy +Postmaster-General for the American Colonies. In 1757 he went to London +on some public business in which he was so successful that various +colonies appointed him their English agent. In the midst of his varied +avocations he found time for scientific investigation, especially with +regard to electricity. For these he became known over the civilised +world, and was loaded with honours. In 1762 he returned to America, and +took a prominent part in the controversies which led to the Revolutionary +War and the independence of the Colonies. In 1776 he was U.S. Minister to +France, and in 1782 was a signatory of the treaty which confirmed the +independence of the States. He returned home in 1785, and, after holding +various political offices, retired in 1788, and _d._ in 1790. His +autobiography is his chief contribution to literature, and is of the +highest interest. + +Works (10 vols., Bigelow, 1887-9), Autobiography (1868), Lives by +M'Master (1887), and Morse (1889). + + +FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892).--Historian, _s._ of John F., was +_b._ at Harborne, Staffordshire. He lost both his parents in childhood, +and was brought up by his paternal grandmother. He was _ed._ at private +schools, and as a private pupil of the Rev. R. Gutch, whose _dau._ he +afterwards _m._ In 1841 he was elected to a scholarship at Oxf. He had +inherited an income sufficient to make him independent of a profession, +and a prepossession in favour of the celibacy of the clergy disinclined +him to enter the Church, of which he had at one time thought. He settled +ultimately at Somerleaze, near Wells, where he occupied himself in study, +writing for periodicals, and with the duties of a magistrate. He was a +strong Liberal, and on one occasion stood unsuccessfully as a candidate +for Parliament. He was also twice unsuccessful as an applicant for +professional chairs, but ultimately, in 1884, succeeded Stubbs as Prof. +of Modern History at Oxf. He had always been an enthusiastic traveller, +and it was when on a tour in Spain that he took ill and _d._ on May 16, +1892. F. was a voluminous author, and a keen controversialist. His first +book was a _History of Architecture_ (1849), and among the very numerous +publications which he issued the most important were _History of Federal +Government_ (1863), _The History of the Norman Conquest_ (6 vols., +1867-79), _The Historical Geography of Europe_ (1881-2), _The Reign of +William Rufus_ (1882), and an unfinished _History of Sicily_. Besides +these he wrote innumerable articles in periodicals, many of which were +separately _pub._ and contain much of his best work. He was laborious and +honest, but the controversial cast of his mind sometimes coloured his +work. His short books, such as his _William I._, and his _General Sketch +of European History_, are marvels of condensation, and show him at his +best. His knowledge of history was singularly wide, and he sometimes +showed a great power of vivid presentation. + + +FRENEAU, PHILIP (1752-1832).--Poet, _b._ in New York, produced two vols. +of verse (1786-8), the most considerable contribution to poetry made up +to that date in America. He fought in the Revolutionary War, was taken +prisoner, and confined in a British prison-ship, the arrangements of +which he bitterly satirised in _The British Prison Ship_ (1781). He also +wrote vigorous prose, of which _Advice to Authors_ is an example. Amid +much commonplace and doggerel, F. produced a small amount of genuine +poetry in his short pieces, such as _The Indian Burying Ground_, and _The +Wild Honeysuckle_. + + +FRERE, JOHN HOOKHAM (1769-1846).--Diplomatist, translator, and author, +eldest _s._ of John F., a distinguished antiquary, was _b._ in London, +and _ed._ at Eton and Camb. He became a clerk in the Foreign Office, and +subsequently entering Parliament was appointed Under Foreign Sec. In 1800 +he was Envoy to Portugal, and was Ambassador to Spain 1802-4, and again +1808-9. In 1818 he retired to Malta, where he _d._ He was a contributor +to the _Anti-Jacobin_, to Ellis's _Specimens of the Early English Poets_ +(1801), and to Southey's _Chronicle of the Cid_. He also made some +masterly translations from _Aristophanes_; but his chief original +contribution to literature was a burlesque poem on _Arthur and the Round +Table_, purporting to be by William and Robert Whistlecraft. All F.'s +writings are characterised no less by scholarship than by wit. + + +FROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY (1818-1894).--Historian and essayist, 3rd _s._ of +the Archdeacon of Totnes, Devonshire, near which he was _b._, and +brother of Richard Hurrell. F., one of the leaders of the Tractarian +party, was _ed._ at Westminster School and Oxf., where for a short time +he came under the influence of Newman, and contributed to his _Lives of +the English Saints_, and in 1844 he took Deacon's orders. The connection +with Newman was, however, short-lived; and the publication in 1848 of +_The Nemesis of Faith_ showed that in the severe mental and spiritual +conflict through which he had passed, the writer had not only escaped +from all Tractarian influences, but was in revolt against many of the +fundamental doctrines of Christianity. One result of the book was his +resignation of his Fellowship at Oxf.: another was his loss of an +appointment as Head Master of the Grammar School of Hobart Town, +Tasmania. In the same year began his friendship with Carlyle, and about +the same time he became a contributor to the _Westminster Review_ and to +_Fraser's Magazine_, of which he was ed. from 1860-74. These papers were +afterwards _coll._ and _pub._ in the 4 vols. of _Short Studies on Great +Subjects_. In 1856 he _pub._ the first 2 vols. of the great work of his +life, _The History of England from the Fall of Cardinal Wolsey to the +Spanish Armada_, which extended to 12 vols., the last of which appeared +in 1870. As literature this work has a place among the greatest +productions of the century; but in its treatment it is much more +dramatic, ethical, and polemical than historical in the strict sense; and +indeed the inaccuracy in matters of fact to which F. was liable, combined +with his tendency to idealise and to colour with his own prejudices the +characters who figure in his narrative, are serious deductions from the +value of his work considered as history. _The English in Ireland in the +Eighteenth Century_ appeared in 1872-4. On the death of Carlyle in 1881, +F. found himself in the position of his sole literary executor, and in +that capacity _pub._ successively the _Reminiscences_ (1881), _History of +the First Forty Years of Carlyle's Life_ (1882), _Letters and Memorials +of Jane Welsh Carlyle_ (1883), _History of Carlyle's Life in London_ +(1884). The opinion is held by many that in the discharge of the duties +entrusted to him by his old friend and master he showed neither +discretion nor loyalty; and his indiscreet revelations and gross +inaccuracies evoked a storm of controversy and protest. F. did not +confine his labours to purely literary effort. In 1874-5 he travelled as +a Government Commissioner in South Africa with the view of fostering a +movement in favour of federating the various colonies there; in 1876 he +served on the Scottish Univ. Commission; in 1884-5 he visited Australia, +and gave the fruit of his observations to the world in _Oceana_ (1886), +and in 1886-7 he was in the West Indies, and _pub._ _The English in the +West Indies_ (1888). The year 1892 saw his appointment as Prof. of Modern +History at Oxf., and his lectures there were _pub._ in his last books, +_Life and Letters of Erasmus_ (1894), _English Seamen in the Sixteenth +Century_ (1895), and _The Council of Trent_ (1896). F. was elected in +1869 Lord Rector of the Univ. of St. Andrews, and received the degree of +LL.D. from Edinburgh in 1884. By his instructions no Biography was to be +written. + + +FULLER, SARAH MARGARET (1810-1850).--Was _b._ in Massachusetts, _dau._ of +a lawyer, who encouraged her in over-working herself in the acquisition +of knowledge with life-long evil results to her health. On his death she +supported a large family of brothers and sisters by teaching. Her early +studies had made her familiar with the literature not only of England but +of France, Spain, and Italy; she had become imbued with German philosophy +and mysticism, and she co-operated with Theodore Parker in his revolt +against the Puritan theology till then prevalent in New England, and +became the conductor of the Transcendentalist organ, _The Dial_, from +1840-2. She made various translations from the German, and _pub._ _Summer +on the Lakes_ (1844), and _Papers on Literature and Art_ (1846). In the +same year she went to Europe, and at Rome met the Marquis Ossoli, an +Italian patriot, whom she _m._ in 1847. She and her husband were in the +thick of the Revolution of 1848-9, and in the latter year she was in +charge of a hospital at Rome. After the suppression of the Revolution she +escaped with her husband from Italy, and took ship for America. The +voyage proved most disastrous: small-pox broke out on the vessel, and +their infant child _d._, the ship was wrecked on Fire Island, near New +York, and she and her husband were lost. Destitute of personal +attractions, she was possessed of a singular power of conciliating +sympathy. She was the intimate friend of Emerson, Hawthorn, Channing, and +other eminent men. + + +FULLER, THOMAS (1608-1661).--Divine and antiquary, _s._ of a clergyman of +the same name, was _b._ at Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire. Possessed of +exceptional intelligence and a wonderful memory, he became a good +scholar, and distinguished himself at Camb., where he was sent. Entering +the Church, he obtained rapid preferment, including the lectureship at +the Savoy, and a chaplaincy to Charles II. He was a voluminous author, +his works dealing with theology, morals, history, and antiquities. Among +the chief are _History of the Holy War_, _i.e._ the Crusades (1643), _The +Holy State and the Profane State_ (1642), _A Pisgah Sight of Palestine_ +(1650), _Church History of Britain_, _History of Cambridge University_ +(1655), _Worthies of England_ (1662), and _Good Thoughts in Bad Times_. +The outstanding characteristic of F.'s writings is shrewd observation +conveyed in a style of quaint humour. Lamb says, "His conceits are +oftentimes deeply steeped in human feeling and passion." But in addition +there is much wisdom and a remarkable power of casting his observations +into a compact, aphoristic form. The _Worthies_, though far from being a +systematic work, is full of interesting biographical and antiquarian +matter which, but for the pains of the author, would have been lost. +Coleridge says of him, "He was incomparably the most sensible, the least +prejudiced great man in an age that boasted a galaxy of great men." F., +who was of a singularly amiable character, was a strong Royalist, and +suffered the loss of his preferments during the Commonwealth. They were, +however, given back to him at the Restoration. + +Lives by Russell (1844), J.E. Bailey (1874), and M. Fuller (1886). + + +FULLERTON, LADY GEORGIANA (LEVESON-GOWER) (1812-1885).--Novelist, _dau._ +of the 1st Earl Granville, and sister of the eminent statesman. She wrote +a number of novels, some of which had considerable success. They include +_Ellen Middleton_ (1844), _Grantley Manor_ (1847), and _Too Strange not +to be True_ (1864). She also _pub._ two vols. of verse. She joined the +Church of Rome in 1846. + + +GAIMAR, GEOFFREY (_fl._ 1140?).--Chronicler, translated the chronicle of +Geoffrey of Monmouth into French verse for the wife of his patron, Ralph +Fitz-Gilbert, and added a continuation dealing with the Saxon Kings. His +work is entitled _L'Estoire des Engles_. + + +GALT, JOHN (1779-1839).--Novelist and miscellaneous writer, _s._ of the +captain of a West Indiaman, was _b._ at Irvine, Ayrshire, but while still +a young man he went to London and formed a commercial partnership, which +proved unfortunate, and he then entered Lincoln's Inn to study law. A +little before this he had produced his first book, a poem on the Battle +of Largs, which, however, he soon suppressed. He then went to various +parts of the Continent in connection with certain commercial schemes, and +met Lord Byron, with whom he travelled for some time. Returning home he +_pub._ _Letters from the Levant_, which had a favourable reception, and +some dramas, which were less successful. He soon, however, found his true +vocation in the novel of Scottish country life, and his fame rests upon +the _Ayrshire Legatees_ (1820), _The Annals of the Parish_ (1821), _Sir +Andrew Wylie_ (1822), _The Entail_ (1824), and _The Provost_. He was not +so successful in the domain of historical romance, which he tried in +_Ringan Gilbaize_, _The Spae-wife_, _The Omen_, etc., although these +contain many striking passages. In addition to his novels G. produced +many historical and biographical works, including a _Life of Wolsey_ +(1812), _Life and Studies of Benjamin West_ (1816), _Tour of Asia_, _Life +of Byron_ (1830), _Lives of the Players_, and an Autobiography (1834). In +addition to this copious literary output, G. was constantly forming and +carrying out commercial schemes, the most important of which was the +Canada Company, which, like most of his other enterprises, though +conducted with great energy and ability on his part, ended in +disappointment and trouble for himself. In 1834 he returned from Canada +to Greenock, broken in health and spirits, and _d._ there in 1839 of +paralysis. G. was a man of immense talent and energy, but would have held +a higher place in literature had he concentrated these qualities upon +fewer objects. Most of his 60 books are forgotten, but some of his +novels, especially perhaps _The Annals of the Parish_, have deservedly a +secure place. The town of Galt in Canada is named after him. + + +GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON (1829-1902).--Historian, _b._ at Alresford, +Hants, was _ed._ at Winchester and Oxf. In 1855 he _m._ Isabella, _dau._ +of Edward Irving (_q.v._), the founder of the Catholic Apostolic Church, +which he joined, and in which he ultimately held high office. About the +time of his leaving Oxf. he had planned his great work, _The History of +England from the Accession of James I. to the Restoration_, and the +accomplishment of this task he made the great object of his life for more +than 40 years. The first two vols. appeared in 1863 as _The History of +England from the Accession of James I. to the Disgrace of Chief Justice +Cooke_, and subsequent instalments appeared under the following titles: +_Prince Charles and The Spanish Marriage_ (1867), _England under +Buckingham and Charles I._ (1875), _Personal Government of Charles I._ +(1877), _The Fall of the Government of Charles I._ (1881); these were in +1883-4 re-issued in a consolidated form entitled _History of England from +the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of the Civil War_. The second +section of the work, _History of the Great Civil War_, followed in three +vols. _pub._ in 1886, 1889, and 1891 respectively, and three more vols., +_History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate_ in 1894, 1897, and 1901, +brought the story down to 1656, when the health of the indefatigable +writer gave way, and he _d._ in 1902. In addition to this monumental work +G. wrote many school and college historical text-books, and contributed +to the Epochs of Modern History Series, _The Thirty Years' War_ (1874), +and _The First Two Stuarts_ (1876); he also wrote _Outlines of English +History_, three parts (1881-3), and _Students' History of England_, three +parts (1891). From 1871-85 he was Prof. of History at King's Coll., +London, and lecturer on history for the London Society for the Extension +of Univ. Teaching. He also ed. many of the historical documents which he +unearthed in his investigations, and many of those issued by the +"Camden," "Clarendon," and other societies. He was ed. of _The English +Historical Review_, and contributed largely to the _Dictionary of +National Biography_. The sober and unadorned style of G.'s works did +little to commend them to the general reader, but their eminent learning, +accuracy, impartiality, and the laborious pursuit of truth which they +exhibited earned for him, from the first, the respect and admiration of +scholars and serious students of history; and as his great work advanced +it was recognised as a permanent contribution to historical literature. +In 1882 he received a civil list pension, and was elected to Research +Fellowships, first by All Souls' Coll., and subsequently by Merton. He +held honorary degrees from the Univ. of Oxford, Gottingen, and Edinburgh. + + +GARNETT, RICHARD (1835-1906).--Biographer and writer on literature, _s._ +of Richard G., an assistant keeper of Printed Books in the British +Museum. _B._ at Lichfield, and _ed._ at a school in, Bloomsbury, he +entered the British Museum in 1851 as an assistant librarian. There he +remained for nearly 50 years, and rose to be Keeper of Printed Books. He +acquired a marvellous knowledge of books, and of everything connected +with pure literature. He made numerous translations from the Greek, +German, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, and wrote books of graceful +verse, _The Twilight of the Gods and other Tales_ (1888), various +biographical works on Carlyle, Milton, Blake, and others, _The Age of +Dryden_, a _History of Italian Literature_, and contributed many articles +to encyclopaedias, and to the _Dictionary of National Biography_. + + +GARRICK, DAVID (1717-1779).--Actor and dramatist, _b._ at Hereford, but +got most of his education at Lichfield, to which his _f._ belonged. He +was also one of the three pupils who attended Johnson's School at Edial. +With his great preceptor, whom he accompanied to London, he always +remained on friendly terms. He took to the stage, and became the greatest +of English actors. He also wrote various plays, and adaptations, and did +not scruple to undertake "improved" versions of some of Shakespeare's +greatest plays including _Cymbeline_, _The Taming of the Shrew_, and +_The Winter s Tale_, performing the same service for Jonson and +Wycherley, in the last case with much more excuse. Of his original plays +_The Lying Valet_ and _Miss in her Teens_ are perhaps the best. + + +GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879).--Orator, was _b._ at Newburyport, +Mass. Though chiefly known for his eloquent advocacy of negro +emancipation, he is also remembered for his _Sonnets and other Poems_ +(1847). + + +GARTH, SIR SAMUEL (1661-1719).--Physician and poet, _b._ at Bolam in the +county of Durham, and _ed._ at Camb., he settled as a physician in +London, where he soon acquired a large practice. He was a zealous Whig, +the friend of Addison and, though of different political views, of Pope, +and he ended his career as physician to George I., by whom he was +knighted in 1714. He is remembered as the author of _The Dispensary_, a +satire, which had great popularity in its day, and of _Claremont_, a +descriptive poem. He also ed. a translation of Ovid's _Metamorphoses_, to +which Addison, Pope, and others contributed. Perhaps, however, the +circumstance most honourable to him is his intervention to procure an +honourable burial for Dryden, over whose remains he pronounced a eulogy. + + +GASCOIGNE, GEORGE (1525 or 1535-1577).--Poet and dramatist, _s._ of Sir +John G., and descended from Sir William G., the famous Chief Justice to +Henry IV., he was _ed._ at Camb., and entered Gray's Inn 1555. While +there he produced two plays, both translations, _The Supposes_ (1566) +from Ariosto, and _Jocasta_ (1566) from Euripides. Disinherited on +account of his prodigality, he _m._ in order to rehabilitate his +finances, a widow, the mother of Nicholas Breton (_q.v._). He had, +nevertheless, to go to Holland to escape from the importunities of his +creditors. While there he saw service under the Prince of Orange, and was +taken prisoner by the Spaniards. Released after a few months, he returned +to England, and found that some of his poems had been surreptitiously +_pub._ He thereupon issued an authoritative ed. under the title of _An +Hundred Sundrie Floures bound up in one Poesie_ (1572). Other works are +_Notes of Instruction_, for making English verse, _The Glasse of +Government_ (1575), and _The Steele Glasse_ (1576), a satire. He also +contributed to the entertainments in honour of Queen Elizabeth at +Kenilworth and appears to have had a share of Court favour. G. was a man +of originality, and did much to popularise the use of blank verse in +England. + + +GASKELL, ELIZABETH CLEGHORN (STEVENSON) (1810-1865).--Novelist, _dau._ of +William Stevenson, a Unitarian minister, and for some time Keeper of the +Treasury Records. She _m._ William G., a Unitarian minister, at +Manchester, and in 1848 _pub._ anonymously her first book, _Mary Barton_, +in which the life and feelings of the manufacturing working classes are +depicted with much power and sympathy. Other novels followed, _Lizzie +Leigh_ (1855), _Mr. Harrison's Confessions_ (1865), _Ruth_ (1853), +_Cranford_ (1851-3), _North and South_ (1855), _Sylvia's Lovers_ (1863), +etc. Her last work was _Wives and Daughters_ (1865), which appeared in +the _Cornhill Magazine_, and was left unfinished. Mrs. G. had some of +the characteristics of Miss Austen, and if her style and delineation of +character are less minutely perfect, they are, on the other hand, imbued +with a deeper vein of feeling. She was the friend of Charlotte Bronte +(_q.v._), to whom her sympathy brought much comfort, and whose _Life_ she +wrote. Of _Cranford_ Lord Houghton wrote, "It is the finest piece of +humoristic description that has been added to British literature since +Charles Lamb." + + +GATTY, MRS. ALFRED (MARGARET SCOTT) (1809-1873).--_Dau._ of Rev. A.J. +Scott, D.D., a navy chaplain, who served under, and was the trusted +friend of, Nelson. She _m._ the Rev. Alfred Gatty, D.D., Ecclesfield, +Yorkshire, and became a highly useful and popular writer of tales for +young people. Among her books may be mentioned _Parables from Nature_, +_Worlds not Realised_, _Proverbs Illustrated_, and _Aunt Judy's Tales_. +She also conducted _Aunt Judy's Magazine_, and wrote a book on British +sea-weeds. Juliana Ewing (_q.v._) was her daughter. + + +GAUDEN, JOHN (1605-1662).--Theologian, _b._ at Mayfield in Essex, and +_ed._ at Camb. His claim to remembrance rests on his being the reputed +author of _Eikon Basilike_ (the Royal Image), a book purporting to be +written by Charles I. during his imprisonment, and containing religious +meditations and defences of his political acts. _Pub._ immediately after +the King's execution, it produced an extraordinary effect, so much so +that Charles II. is reported to have said that, had it been _pub._ a week +earlier, it would have saved his father's life. There seems now to be +little doubt that Gauden was the author. At all events he claimed to be +recompensed for his services, and was made Bishop successively of Exeter +and Worcester, apparently on the strength of these claims. The work +passed through 50 ed. within a year, and was answered by Milton in his +_Iconoclastes_ (the Image-breaker). + + +GAY, JOHN (1685-1732).--Poet and dramatist, _b._ near Barnstaple of a +good but decayed family. His parents dying while he was a child he was +apprenticed to a silk-mercer in London, but not liking the trade, was +released by his master. In 1708 he _pub._ a poem, _Wine_, and in 1713 +_Rural Sports_, which he dedicated to Pope, whose friendship he obtained. +A little before this he had received an appointment as sec. in the +household of the Duchess of Monmouth. His next attempts were in the +drama, in which he was not at first successful; but about 1714 he made +his first decided hit in _The Shepherd's Week_, a set of six pastorals +designed to satirise Ambrose Philips, which, however, secured public +approval on their own merits. These were followed by _Trivia_ (1716), in +which he was aided by Swift, an account in mock heroic verse of the +dangers of the London streets, and by _The Fan_. G. had always been +ambitious of public employment, and his aspirations were gratified by his +receiving the appointment of sec. to an embassy to Hanover, which, +however, he appears to have resigned in a few months. He then returned to +the drama in _What d'ye call It_, and _Three Hours after Marriage_, +neither of which, however, took the public fancy. In 1720 he _pub._ a +collection of his poems, which brought him L1000, but soon after lost +all his means in the collapse of the South Sea Company. After producing +another drama, _The Captive_, he _pub._ his _Fables_ (1727), which added +to his reputation, and soon after, in 1728, achieved the great success of +his life in _The Beggar's Opera_, a Newgate pastoral, suggested by Swift, +in which the graces and fantasticalities of the Italian Opera were +satirised. A sequel, _Polly_, was suppressed by the Lord Chamberlain as +reflecting upon the Court, but was _pub._ and had an enormous sale. The +last few years of his life were passed in the household of the Duke of +Queensberry, who had always been his friend and patron. He _d._ after +three days' illness, aged 47. G. was an amiable, easy-going man, who +appears to have had the power of attracting the strong attachments of his +friends, among whom were Pope and Swift. He seems to have been one of the +very few for whom the latter had a sincere affection. He is buried in +Westminster Abbey. Of all he has written he is best remembered by one or +two songs, of which the finest is _Black-eyed Susan_. + + +GEDDES, ALEXANDER (1737-1802).--Theologian and scholar, of Roman Catholic +parentage, was _b._ at Ruthven, Banffshire, and _ed._ for the priesthood +at the local seminary of Scalan, and at Paris, and became a priest in his +native county. His translation of the _Satires_ of Horace made him known +as a scholar, but his liberality of view led to his suspension. He then +went to London, where he became known to Lord Petre, who enabled him to +proceed with a new translation of the Bible for English Roman Catholics, +which he carried on as far as Ruth, with some of the Psalms, and which +was _pub._ in 3 vols. (1792-6). This was followed by _Critical Remarks on +the Hebrew Scriptures_, in which he largely anticipated the German school +of criticism. The result of this publication was his suspension from all +ecclesiastical functions. G. was also a poet, and wrote _Linton: a +Tweedside Pastoral_, _Carmen Seculare pro Gallica Gente_ (1790), in +praise of the French Revolution. He _d._ without recanting, but received +absolution at the hands of a French priest, though public mass for his +soul was forbidden by the ecclesiastical powers. + + +GEOFFREY of MONMOUTH (1100?-1154).--Chronicler, was probably a +Benedictine monk, and became Bishop of St. Asaph. He wrote a Latin +_History of British Kings_. _Merlin's Prophecies_, long attributed to +him, is now held to be not genuine. The history is rather a historical +romance than a sober history, and gave scandal to some of the more +prosaic chroniclers who followed him. It was subsequently translated into +Anglo-Norman by Gaimar and Wace, and into English by Layamon. + + +GERARD, ALEXANDER (1728-1795).--Philosophical writer, _s._ of Rev. +Gilbert G., was _ed._ at Aberdeen, where he became Prof., first of +Natural Philosophy, and afterwards of Divinity, and one of the ministers +of the city. As a prof. he introduced various reforms. In 1756 he gained +the prize for an _Essay on Taste_ which, together with an _Essay on +Genius_, he subsequently _pub._ These treatises, though now superseded, +gained for him considerable reputation. + + +GIBBON, EDWARD (1737-1794).--Historian, was _b._ at Putney of an ancient +Kentish family. His _f._ was Edward G., and his mother Judith Porten. He +was the only one of a family of seven who survived infancy, and was +himself a delicate child with a precocious love of study. After receiving +his early education at home he was sent to Westminster School, and when +15 was entered at Magdalen Coll., Oxf., where, according to his own +account, he spent 14 months idly and unprofitably. Oxf. was then at its +lowest ebb, and earnest study or effort of any kind had little +encouragement. G., however, appears to have maintained his wide reading +in some degree, and his study of Bossuet and other controversialists led +to his becoming in 1753 a Romanist. To counteract this his _f._ placed +him under the charge of David Mallet (_q.v._), the poet, deist, and ed. +of Bolingbroke's works, whose influence, not unnaturally, failed of the +desired effect, and G. was next sent to Lausanne, and placed under the +care of a Protestant pastor, M. Pavilliard. Various circumstances appear +to have made G. not unwilling to be re-converted to Protestantism; at all +events he soon returned to the reformed doctrines. At Lausanne he +remained for over four years, and devoted himself assiduously to study, +especially of French literature and the Latin classics. At this time also +he became engaged to Mademoiselle Suzanne Curchod; but on the match being +peremptorily opposed by his _f._ it was broken off. With the lady, who +eventually became the wife of Necker, and the mother of Madame de Stael, +he remained on terms of friendship. In 1758 G. returned to England, and +in 1761 _pub._ _Essai sur l'Etude de la Litterature_, translated into +English in 1764. About this time he made a tour on the Continent, +visiting Paris, where he stayed for three months, and thence proceeding +to Switzerland and Italy. There it was that, musing amid the ruins of the +Capitol at Rome on October 15, 1764, he formed the plan of writing the +history of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He returned to +England in 1765, and in 1770 his _f._ _d._, leaving him the embarrassed +estate of Buriton, which had been his usual home when in England. With a +view to recovering his affairs, he left his estate and lived in London +where, in 1772, he seriously set himself to realise the great plan which, +since its conception, had never been out of his thoughts. The first +chapter was written three times, and the second twice before he could +satisfy himself that he had found the style suited to his subject. The +progress of the work was delayed by the fact that G. had meanwhile (1774) +entered the House of Commons, where, as member for Liskeard, he was a +steady, though silent, supporter of Lord North in his American policy. He +subsequently sat for Lymington, and held office as a Commissioner of +Trade and Plantations 1779-82. The first vol. of the _Decline and Fall_ +appeared in 1776, and was received with acclamation, and it was not until +some time had elapsed that the author's treatment of the rise of +Christianity excited the attention and alarm of the religious and +ecclesiastical world. When, however, the far-reaching nature of his views +was at length realised, a fierce and prolonged controversy arose, into +which G. himself did not enter except in one case where his fidelity as +an historian was impugned. The second and third vols. appeared in 1781, +and thereafter (1783) G. returned to Lausanne, where he lived tranquilly +with an early friend, M. Deyverdun, devoting his mornings to the +completion of his history, and his evenings to society. At length, on +the night of June 27, 1787, in the summer-house of his garden, the last +words were penned, and the great work of his life completed. Of the +circumstances, and of his feelings at the moment, he has himself given an +impressive account. The last three vols. were issued in 1788, G. having +gone to London to see them through the press. This being done he returned +to Lausanne where, within a year, his beloved friend Deyverdun _d._ His +last years were clouded by ill-health, and by anxieties with regard to +the French Revolution. In 1793, though travelling was a serious matter +for him, he came to England to comfort his friend Lord Sheffield on the +death of his wife, took ill, and _d._ suddenly in London on January 16, +1794. + +The place of G. among historians is in the first rank, and if the vast +scale of his work and the enormous mass of detail involved in it are +considered along with the learning and research employed in accumulating +the material, and the breadth of view, lucidity of arrangement, and sense +of proportion which have fused them into a distinct and splendid picture, +his claims to the first place cannot be lightly dismissed. His style, +though not pure, being tinged with Gallicisms, is one of the most noble +in our literature, rich, harmonious, and stately; and though sources of +information not accessible to him have added to our knowledge, and have +shown some of his conclusions to be mistaken, his historical accuracy has +been comparatively little shaken, and his work is sure of permanence. As +a man G. seems to have been somewhat calm and cool in his feelings, +though capable of steady and affectionate friendships, such as those with +Deyverdun and the Sheffields, which were warmly reciprocated, and he +appears to have been liked in society, where his brilliant conversational +powers made him shine. He was vain, and affected the manners of the fine +gentleman, which his unattractive countenance and awkward figure, and +latterly his extreme corpulence, rendered somewhat ridiculous. He left an +interesting _Autobiography_. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1737, _ed._ Westminster and Oxf., became Romanist and sent +to Lausanne 1753, where he returned to Protestantism, _pub._ _Essay on +Study of Literature_ 1761, visited Rome 1764 and resolved to write his +_Decline and Fall of Roman Empire_, began to write it 1772, _pub._ +1776-87, _d._ 1794. + +_Decline and Fall_ (Sir W. Smith, 8 vols., 1854-55), another (J.B. Bury, +7 vols., 1896-1900). _Autobiography_ (Lord Sheffield, 1796), often +reprinted. + + +GIFFORD, RICHARD (1725-1807).--Poet, was _ed._ at Oxford and took orders. +He was the author of a poem, _Contemplation_. He also wrote theological +and controversial works. + + +GIFFORD, WILLIAM (1756-1826).--Critic and poet, was _b._ of humble +parentage at Ashburton, Devonshire, and after being for a short time at +sea, was apprenticed to a cobbler. Having, however, shown signs of +superior ability, and a desire for learning, he was befriended and _ed._, +ultimately at Oxf., where he _grad._ Becoming known to Lord Grosvenor, he +was patronised by him, and in course of time produced his first poem, +_The Baviad_ (1794), a satire directed against the Delia Cruscans, a +clique of very small and sentimental poets, which at once quenched their +little tapers. This was followed by another satire, _The Maeviad_, +against some minor dramatists. His last effort in this line was his +_Epistle to Peter Pindar_ (Dr. Walcot), inspired by personal enmity, +which evoked a reply, _A Cut at a Cobbler_. These writings had +established the reputation of G. as a keen, and even ferocious critic, +and he was appointed in 1797 ed. of the _Anti-Jacobin_, which Canning and +his friends had just started, and of the _Quarterly Review_ (1809-24). He +also brought out ed. of Massinger, Ben Jonson, and Ford. As a critic he +had acuteness; but he was one-sided, prejudiced, and savagely bitter, and +much more influenced in his judgments by the political opinions than by +the literary merits of his victims. In his whole career, however, he +displayed independence and spirit in overcoming the disadvantages of his +early life, as well as gratitude to those who had served him. He held +various appointments which placed him above financial anxiety. + + +GILDAS (516?-570?).--British historian, was a monk who is believed to +have gone to Brittany about 550, and founded a monastery. He wrote a +history, _De Excidio Britanniae_ (concerning the overthrow of Britain). It +consists of two parts, the first from the Roman invasion until the end of +the 4th century, and the second a continuation to the writer's own time. +It is obscure and wordy, and not of much value. + + +GILDER, RICHARD WATSON (1844-1909).--Poet, _b._ at Borderstown, New +Jersey, was successively a lawyer, a soldier, and a journalist, in which +last capacity he ed. _Scribner's_ (afterwards the _Century_) _Magazine_. +He holds a high place among American poets as the author of _The New Day_ +(1875), _The Celestial Passion_, _The Great Remembrance_, _Five Books of +Song_ (1894), _In Palestine_ (1898), _In the Heights_ (1905), _A Book of +Music_ (collection) (1906), etc. + + +GILDON, CHARLES (1665-1724).--Critic and dramatist, belonged to a Roman +Catholic family, and was an unsuccessful playwright, a literary hack, and +a critic of little acumen or discrimination. He attacked Pope as "Sawny +Dapper," and was in return embalmed in _The Dunciad_. He also wrote a +Life of Defoe. + + +GILFILLAN, GEORGE (1813-1878).--Poet and critic, _s._ of a dissenting +minister at Comrie, Perthshire, studied at Glasgow Univ., and was +ordained minister of a church in Dundee. He was a voluminous author. +Among his writings are _Gallery of Literary Portraits_, and a Series of +British Poets with introductions and notes in 48 vols. He also wrote +Lives of Burns, Scott, and others, and _Night_ (1867), a poem in nine +books. His style was somewhat turgid, and his criticism rather +sympathetic than profound. + + +GILFILLAN, ROBERT (1798-1850).--Poet, _b._ at Dunfermline, was latterly +Collector of Police Rates in Leith. He wrote a number of Scottish songs, +and was favourably mentioned in _Noctes Ambrosianae_ (see Wilson, J.). He +was the author of the beautiful song, _Oh, why left I my Hame?_ + + +GILLESPIE, GEORGE (1613-1648).--Scottish Theologian, was _b._ at +Kirkcaldy, and studied at St. Andrews. He became one of the ministers of +Edin., and was a member of the Westminster Assembly, in which he took a +prominent part. A man of notable intellectual power, he exercised an +influence remarkable in view of the fact that he _d._ in his 36th year. +He was one of the most formidable controversialists of a highly +controversial age. His best known work is _Aaron's Rod Blossoming_, a +defence of the ecclesiastical claims of the high Presbyterian party. + + +GILLIES, JOHN (1747-1836).--Historian, _b._ at Brechin and _ed._ there +and at Glasgow, wrote a _History of Greece_ (1786) from a strongly +anti-democratic standpoint, a _History of the World from Alexander to +Augustus_ (1807), and a _View of the Reign of Frederick II. of Prussia_. +He also made various translations from the Greek. He succeeded Principal +Robertson as Historiographer Royal for Scotland. + + +GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS (literary name of GERALD DE BARRI) +(1146?-1220?).--Geographer and historian, was _b._ of a Norman family +settled in Wales, which intermarried with the Royal family of that +country. He was an eminent scholar and Churchman, whose object of +ambition was the Bishopric of St. David's, to which he was twice elected +by the chapter, but from which he was kept out by the opposition of the +King. When travelling in Ireland with Prince John (1185) he wrote +_Topographia Hibernica_, a valuable descriptive account of the country, +and in 1188 he wrote _Itinerarium Cambriae_, a similar work on Wales. He +left several other works, including an autobiography, _De Rebus a se +Gestis_ (concerning his own doings). + + +GISSING, GEORGE (1857-1903).--Novelist, _b._ at Wakefield. In his novels +he depicted the environment and struggles of the lower and lower middle +classes with a somewhat pessimistic and depressing realism, although his +last work, _The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft_, seemed to usher in the +dawn of a somewhat brighter outlook. His other novels include _Demos_ +(1886), _Thyrza_ (1887), _The Nether World_ (1889), _New Grub Street_ +(1891), _Born in Exile_ (1892), _In the Year of Jubilee_ (1894), and _The +Town Traveller_ (1898). He _d._ at St. Jean de Luz in the Pyrenees. + + +GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809-1898).--Statesman, scholar, and man of +letters, fourth _s._ of Sir John G., a merchant in Liverpool, was of +Scottish ancestry. He was _ed._ at Eton and Christ Church, Oxf. From his +youth he was deeply interested in religious and ecclesiastical questions, +and at one time thought of entering the Church. In 1832 he entered +Parliament as a Tory, and from the first gave evidence of the splendid +talents for debate and statesmanship, especially in the department of +finance, which raised him to the position of power and influence which he +afterwards attained. After holding the offices of Pres. of the Board of +Trade, Colonial Sec., and Chancellor of the Exchequer, he attained the +position of Prime Minister, which he held four times 1868-74, 1880-85, +1885-86, and 1892-93. His political career was one of intense energy and +activity in every department of government, especially after he became +Prime Minister, and while it gained him the enthusiastic applause and +devotion of a large portion of the nation, it exposed him to a +correspondingly intense opposition on the part of another. The questions +which involved him in the greatest conflicts of his life and evoked his +chief efforts of intellect were the disestablishment of the Irish Church, +the foreign policy of his great rival Disraeli, and Home Rule for +Ireland, on the last of which the old Liberal party was finally broken +up. In the midst of political labours which might have been sufficient to +absorb even his tireless energy, he found time to follow out and write +upon various subjects which possessed a life-long interest for him. His +first book was _The State in its Relations with the Church_ (1839), which +formed the subject of one of Macaulay's essays. _Studies on Homer and the +Homeric Age_ (1858), _Juventus Mundi_ (1869), and _Homeric Synchronism_ +(1876), _The Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture_ (1890), _The Vatican +Decrees and Vaticanism_ (1874-75), and _Gleanings of Past Years_ (1897), +8 vols., were his other principal contributions to literature. G.'s +scholarship, though sound and even brilliant, was of an old-fashioned +kind, and his conclusions on Homeric questions have not received much +support from contemporary scholars. In his controversies with Huxley and +others his want of scientific knowledge and of sympathy with modern +scientific tendencies placed him at a disadvantage. His character was a +singularly complex one, and his intellect possessed a plasticity which +made it possible to say of him that he never _was_ anything, but was +always _becoming_ something. His life was a singularly noble and +stainless one, and he must probably ever remain one of the great figures +in the history of his country. + +_Life_ by J. Morley (3 vols.), others by J. M'Carthy, Sir Wemyss Reid, +and many others. + + +GLANVILL, JOSEPH (1636-1680).--Controversialist and moral writer, _b._ at +Plymouth, and _ed._ at Oxf., took orders, and held various benefices, +including the Rectory of Bath Abbey and a prebend at Worcester. He came +under the influence of the Camb. Platonists, especially of Henry More +(_q.v._). His contendings were chiefly with the English Nonconformists, +against whom (with the exception of Baxter whom he held in great esteem) +he exhibited great bitterness. His chief work is the _Vanity of +Dogmatizing_ (1661) which contains the story of "The Scholar Gipsy," in +later days turned to such fine account by Matthew Arnold. G. wrote a fine +literary style, at its best recalling that of Sir Thomas Browne. + + +GLAPTHORNE, HENRY (_fl._ 1640).--Dramatist, had a high reputation among +his contemporaries, though now almost forgotten. He wrote two comedies, +three tragedies, and a book of poems, which were all reprinted in two +vols. in 1874. His best work, is _Argalus and Parthenia_ (1639), based +upon Sidney's _Arcadia_. Others were _The Hollander_, _Wit is a +Constable_, and _The Ladies' Privilege_ (all 1640). + + +GLASCOCK, WILLIAM NUGENT (1787-1847).--Novelist. He saw a good deal of +service in the navy with credit, and from this drew the inspiration of +his vigorous and breezy sea-stories, which include _Sailors and Saints_ +(1829), _Tales of a Tar_ (1836), and _Land Sharks and Sea Gulls_ (1838). + + +GLEIG, GEORGE ROBERT (1796-1888).--_S._ of George G., Bishop of Brechin, +entered the army, and served in the Peninsula and America. In 1820 he +took orders, and after serving various cures _bec._, in 1834, Chaplain of +Chelsea Hospital, and in 1844 Chaplain-General of the Forces, which +office he held until 1875. He was a frequent contributor to reviews and +magazines, especially _Blackwood's_, in which his best known novel, _The +Subaltern_, appeared, and he was also the author of Lives of Warren +Hastings, Clive, and Wellington, _Military Commanders_, _Chelsea +Pensioners_, and other works. + + +GLEN, WILLIAM (1789-1826).--Poet, _b._ in Glasgow, was for some years in +the West Indies. He _d._ in poverty. He wrote several poems, but the only +one which has survived is his Jacobite ballad, _Wae's me for Prince +Charlie_. + + +GLOVER, RICHARD (1712-1785).--Poet and dramatist, was a London merchant, +and M.P. for Weymouth. A scholarly man with a taste for literature, he +wrote two poems in blank verse, _Leonidas_ (1737), and _The Athenaid_ +(1787). Though not without a degree of dignity, they want energy and +interest, and are now forgotten. He also produced a few dramas, which had +little success. He is best remembered by his beautiful ballad, _Hosier's +Ghost_, beginning "As near Portobello lying." G. had the reputation of a +useful and public-spirited citizen. + + +GODWIN, MRS. MARY (WOLLSTONECRAFT) (1759-1797).--Miscellaneous writer, +was of Irish extraction. Her _f._ was a spend-thrift of bad habits, and +at 19 Mary left home to make her way in the world. Her next ten years +were spent as companion to a lady, in teaching a school at Newington +Green, and as governess in the family of Lord Kingsborough. In 1784 she +assisted her sister to escape from a husband who ill-treated her. In 1788 +she took to translating, and became literary adviser to Johnson the +publisher, through whom she became known to many of the literary people +of the day, as well as to certain Radicals, including Godwin, Paine, +Priestly, and Fuseli, the painter. She then, 1792, went to Paris, where +she met Captain Imlay, with whom she formed a connection, the fruit of +which was her daughter Fanny. Captain Imlay having deserted her, she +tried to commit suicide at Putney Bridge, but was rescued. Thereafter she +resumed her literary labours, and lived with W. Godwin, who married her +in 1797. Their _dau._, Mary, whose birth she did not survive, became the +second wife of Shelley. Her chief original writings are a _Reply_ to +Burke's _Reflections on the French Revolution_ (1791), _Vindication of +the Rights of Women_ (1792), and _Original Stories for Children_, +illustrated by W. Blake. Her _Vindication_ received much adverse +criticism on account of its extreme positions and over-plainness of +speech. + + +GODWIN, WILLIAM (1756-1836).--Philosopher and novelist, _b._ at Wisbeach, +and _ed._ at a school in Norwich, to which city his _f._, a Presbyterian +minister, had removed, and subsequently at a Presbyterian coll. at +Hoxton, with a view to the ministry. From 1778 to 1783 he acted as +minister of various congregations near London; but his theological views +having undergone important changes, he resigned his pastorate, and +devoted himself to a literary career. His first work, a series of +historical sketches in the form of sermons, failed. He then found +employment as one of the principal writers in the _New Annual Register_, +and became otherwise prominent as an advocate of political and social +reform. Many of his views were peculiar and extreme, and even tended, if +fully carried out in practice, to subvert morality; but they were +propounded and supported by their author with a whole-hearted belief in +their efficacy for the regeneration of society: and the singular +circumstances of his connection with and ultimate marriage to Mary +Wollstonecraft showed at least that he had the courage of his opinions. +His _Enquiry concerning Political Justice_ (1793) made him famous. A year +later he _pub._ his masterpiece, _Caleb Williams_, a novel exhibiting a +sombre strength rarely equalled. The next few years were occupied in +political controversy, for which G. was, by his sincerity and his +masculine style, well fitted; and it was in the midst of these--in +1797--that his first marriage, already alluded to, and the death of his +wife, of whom he _pub._ a singular but interesting Life, occurred. In +1799 his second great novel, _St. Leon_, based upon the philosopher's +stone and the elixir of life, appeared. His other novels, _Fleetwood_ +(1804), _Mandeville_ (1817), and _Cloudesley_ (1830), are much inferior. +In addition to these works G. brought out an elaborate _Life of Chaucer_ +in 2 vols. (1803), _An Essay on Sepulchres_ (1808), containing much fine +thought finely expressed, _A History of the Commonwealth_, an Essay +against the theories of Malthus (_q.v._), and his last work, _Lives of +the Necromancers_. For some time he engaged in the publishing business, +in which, however, he ultimately proved unsuccessful. In his later years +he had the office of Yeoman Usher of the Exchequer conferred upon him. G. +entered in 1801 into a second marriage with a widow, Mrs. Clairmont, by +whom he had a _dau._ This lady had already a _s._ and _dau._, the latter +of whom had an irregular connection with Byron. His _dau._ by his first +marriage--Mary Wollstonecraft G.,--became in 1816 the wife of Shelley. G. +was a man of simple manners and imperturbable temper. + + +GOLDING, ARTHUR (1535?-1605?).--Translator, _s._ of a gentleman of Essex, +was perhaps at Camb., and was diligent in the translation of theological +works by Calvin, Beza, and others, but is chiefly remembered for his +versions of Caesar's _Commentaries_ (1565), and specially of Ovid's +_Metamorphoses_ (1565-67), the latter in ballad metre. He also translated +Justin's _History_, and part of Seneca. + + +GOLDSMITH, OLIVER (1728-1774).--Poet, dramatist, and essayist, _s._ of an +Irish clergyman, was _b._ at Pallasmore in Co. Longford. His early +education was received at various schools at Elphin, Athlone, and +Edgeworthstown. At the age of 8 he had a severe attack of smallpox which +disfigured him for life. In 1744 he went to Trinity Coll., Dublin, +whence, having come into collision with one of the coll. tutors, he ran +away in 1746. He was, however, induced to return, and _grad._ in 1749. +The Church was chosen for him as a profession--against his will be it +said in justice to him. He presented himself before the Bishop of Elphin +for examination--perhaps as a type of deeper and more inward +incongruencies--in scarlet breeches, and was rejected. He next figured as +a tutor; but had no sooner accumulated L30 than he quitted his employment +and forthwith dissipated his little savings. A long-suffering uncle named +Contarine, who had already more than once interposed on his behalf, now +provided means to send him to London to study law. He, however, got no +farther than Dublin, where he was fleeced to his last guinea, and +returned to the house of his mother, now a widow with a large family. +After an interval spent in idleness, a medical career was perceived to be +the likeliest opening, and in 1752 he steered for Edin., where he +remained on the usual happy-go-lucky terms until 1754, when he proceeded +to Leyden. After a year there he started on a walking tour, which led him +through France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. How he lived it is hard +to say, for he left Leyden penniless. It is said that he disputed at +Univ., and played the flute, and thus kept himself in existence. All this +time, however, he was gaining the experiences and knowledge of foreign +countries which he was afterwards to turn to such excellent account. At +one of the Univ. visited at this time, he is believed to have secured the +medical degree, of which he subsequently made use. Louvain and Padua have +both been named as the source of it. He reached London almost literally +penniless in 1756, and appears to have been occupied successively as an +apothecary's journeyman, a doctor of the poor, and an usher in a school +at Peckham. In 1757 he was writing for the _Monthly Review_. The next +year he applied unsuccessfully for a medical appointment in India; and +the year following, 1759, saw his first important literary venture, _An +Enquiry into the State of Polite Learning in Europe_. It was _pub._ +anonymously, but attracted some attention, and brought him other work. At +the same time he became known to Bishop Percy, the collector of the +_Reliques of Ancient Poetry_, and he had written _The Bee_, a collection +of essays, and was employed upon various periodicals. In 1761 began his +friendship with Johnson, which led to that of the other great men of that +circle. His _Chinese Letters_, afterwards republished as _The Citizen of +the World_, appeared in _The Public Ledger_ in 1762. _The Traveller_, the +first of his longer poems, came out in 1764, and was followed in 1766 by +_The Vicar of Wakefield_. In 1768 he essayed the drama, with _The +Good-natured Man_, which had considerable success. The next few years saw +him busily occupied with work for the publishers, including _The History +of Rome_ (1769), Lives of Parnell the poet, and Lord Bolingbroke (1770), +and in the same year _The Deserted Village_ appeared; _The History of +England_ was _pub._ in 1771. In 1773 he produced with great success his +other drama, _She Stoops to Conquer_. His last works were _The +Retaliation_, _The History of Greece_, and _Animated Nature_, all _pub._ +in 1774. In that year, worn out with overwork and anxiety, he caught a +fever, of which he _d._ April 4. With all his serious and very obvious +faults--his reckless improvidence, his vanity, and, in his earlier years +at any rate, his dissipated habits--G. is one of the most lovable +characters in English literature, and one whose writings show most of +himself--his humanity, his bright and spontaneous humour, and "the +kindest heart in the world." His friends included some of the best and +greatest men in England, among them Johnson, Burke, and Reynolds. They +all, doubtless, laughed at and made a butt of him, but they all admired +and loved him. At the news of his death Burke burst into tears, Reynolds +laid down his brush and painted no more that day, and Johnson wrote an +imperishable epitaph on him. The poor, the old, and the outcast crowded +the stair leading to his lodgings, and wept for the benefactor who had +never refused to share what he had (often little enough) with them. Much +of his work--written at high pressure for the means of existence, or to +satisfy the urgency of duns--his histories, his _Animated Nature_, and +such like, have, apart from a certain charm of style which no work of his +could be without, little permanent value; but _The Traveller_ and _The +Deserted Village_, _She Stoops to Conquer_, and, above all, _The Vicar of +Wakefield_, will keep his memory dear to all future readers of English. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1728, _ed._ Trinity Coll., Dublin, went to Edin. 1752, and +to Leyden 1754, travelled on foot over large part of Continent, reached +London 1756, and wrote for magazines, etc., and after publishing various +other works produced _The Citizen of the World_ in 1762, _pub._ _Vicar of +Wakefield_ 1766, _Deserted Village_ 1770, and _She Stoops to Conquer_ +1773, _d._ 1774. + +There are many ed. of G.'s works by Prior, 1837, Cunningham, 1854, Prof. +Masson (Globe), 1869, Gibb (Bohn's Standard Library), 1885. Biographies +by Prior, 1837, Foster, 1848-71, Washington Irving, and others. _See_ +also Boswell's _Johnson_, and Thackeray's _English Humorists_. + + +GOODALL, WALTER (1706?-1766).--Historical writer, _b._ in Banffshire, and +_ed._ King's Coll., Aberdeen, became assistant librarian to the +Advocates' Library in Edin. In 1754 he _pub._ an _Examination of the +Letters said to have been written by Mary Queen of Scots_, in which he +combats the genuineness of the "Casket Letters." He also ed., among other +works, Fordun's _Scotichronicon_ (1759). + + +GOODWIN, THOMAS (1600-1680).--Divine, was _b._ in Norfolk, and _ed._ at +Camb., where he was Vicar of Trinity Church. Becoming an Independent, he +ministered to a church in London, and thereafter at Arnheim in Holland. +Returning to England he was made Chaplain to Cromwell's Council of State, +and Pres. of Magdalen Coll., Oxf. At the Restoration he was deprived, but +continued to preach in London. He was the author of various commentaries +and controversial pamphlets, was a member of the Westminster Assembly, +and assisted in drawing up the amended Confession, 1658. He attended +Oliver Cromwell on his deathbed. + + +GOOGE, BARNABE (1540-1594).--Poet and translator, _b._ at Lincoln, +studied at both Camb. and Oxf. He was a kinsman of Cecil, who gave him +employment in Ireland. He translated from the Latin of Manzolli _The +Zodiac of Life_, a satire against the Papacy, and _The Popish Kingdome_ +by T. Kirchmayer, a similar work; also _The Foure Bookes of Husbandrie_ +of Conrad Heresbach. In 1563 he _pub._ a vol. of original poems, _Eglogs, +Epytaphes_, and _Sonnettes_. + + +GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833-1870).--Poet, was _b._ in the Azores, the _s._ +of an officer in the army. He went to Australia, where he had a varied +career in connection with horses and riding, for which he had a passion. +He betook himself to the Bush, got into financial trouble, and _d._ by +his own hand. In the main he derives his inspiration (as in the _Rhyme of +Joyous Garde_, and _Britomarte_) from mediaeval and English sources, not +from his Australian surroundings. Among his books are _Sea-spray and +Smoke-drift_ (1867), _Bush Ballads_ (containing _The Sick Stock-rider_) +(1870), _Ashtaroth_ (1867). In many of his poems, _e.g._ _An Exile's +Farewell_, and _Whispering in the Wattle Boughs_, there is a strong vein +of sadness and pathos. + + +GORE, MRS. CATHERINE GRACE FRANCES (MOODY) (1799-1861).--Novelist, _dau._ +of a wine merchant at Retford, where she was _b._ She _m._ a Captain +Gore, with whom she resided mainly on the Continent, supporting her +family by her voluminous writings. Between 1824 and 1862 she produced +about 70 works, the most successful of which were novels of fashionable +English life. Among these may be mentioned _Manners of the Day_ (1830), +_Cecil, or the Adventures of a Coxcomb_ (1841), and _The Banker's Wife_ +(1843). She also wrote for the stage, and composed music for songs. + + +GOSSON, STEPHEN (1554-1624).--Poet, actor, and satirist, _b._ in Kent, +and _ed._ at Oxf., he went to London, and wrote plays, which are now +lost, and pastorals; but, moved by a sermon preached at Paul's Cross in +1577 during a plague, he deserted the theatre, and became one of its +severest critics in his prose satire, _The School of Abrose_ (1579), +directed against "poets, pipers, players, jesters, and such-like +Caterpillars of a Commonwealth." Dedicated to Sir P. Sidney, it was not +well received by him, and is believed to have evoked his _Apologie for +Poetrie_ (1595). G. entered the Church, and _d._ Rector of St. Botolph's, +London. + + +GOUGH, RICHARD (1735-1809).--Antiquary, was _b._ in London, and studied +at Camb. For many years he made journeys over England in pursuit of his +antiquarian studies. He _pub._ about 20 works, among which are _British +Topography_ (1768), _Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain_ (1786-99), an +ed. of Camden's _Britannia_, a translation of _The Arabian Nights_ +(1798), and various other treatises on archaeology, topography, and +numismatics. + + +GOWER, JOHN (1325?-1408).--Poet. Although few details of his life have +come down to us, he appears to have been a man of wealth and importance, +connected with Kent, well known at Court, and in possession of more than +one estate. He was the friend of Chaucer, who gives him the title of "the +moral Gower," which has clung to him ever since. His first principal work +was _Speculum Meditantis_ (the Mirror of one meditating) written in +French on the subject of married life. It was long believed to have been +lost. It was followed by _Vox Clamantis_ (the Voice of one crying) +written in Latin, giving an account of the peasants' revolt of 1381, and +attacking the misgovernment and social evils which had led to it. His +third, and only English poem, was _Confessio Amantis_ (Lover's +Confession), a work of 30,000 lines, consisting of tales and meditations +on love, written at the request of Richard II. It is the earliest large +collection of tales in the English tongue. In his old age G. became +blind. He had, when about 70, retired to the Priory of St. Mary Overies, +the chapel of which is now the Church of St. Saviour, Southwark, where he +spent his last years, and to which he was a liberal benefactor. G. +represented the serious and cultivated man of his time, in which he was +reckoned the equal of Chaucer, but as a poet he is heavy and prolix. + + +GRAFTON, RICHARD (_d._ 1572).--Printer and chronicler, printed various +ed. of the Bible and Prayer-book; also the Proclamation of the Accession +of Lady Jane Grey, for which he was cast into prison, where he compiled +an _Abridgement of the Chronicles of England_ (1563). To this he added in +1568 _A Chronicle at Large_. Neither holds a high place as authorities. + + +GRAHAME, JAMES (1765-1811).--Poet, _s._ of a lawyer, was _b._ and _ed._ +in Glasgow. After spending some time in a law office in Edin., he was +called to the Scottish Bar. His health being delicate, and his +circumstances easy, he early retired from practice, and taking orders in +the Church of England in 1809, was appointed curate successively of +Shipton, Gloucestershire, and Sedgefield, Durham. He wrote several +pleasing poems, of which the best is _The Sabbath_ (1804). He _d._ on a +visit to Glasgow in his 47th year. His poems are full of quiet +observation of country sights expressed in graceful verse. + + +GRAHAME, SIMON or SIMION (1570-1614).--_B._ in Edin., led a dissolute +life as a traveller, soldier, and courtier on the Continent. He appears +to have been a good scholar, and wrote the _Passionate Sparke of a +Relenting Minde_, and _Anatomy of Humours_, the latter of which is +believed to have suggested to Burton his _Anatomy of Melancholie_. He +became an austere Franciscan. + + +GRAINGER, JAMES (1721-1766).--Poet, of a Cumberland family, studied +medicine at Edin., was an army surgeon, and on the peace settled in +practice in London, where he became the friend of Dr. Johnson, Shenstone, +and other men of letters. His first poem, _Solitude_, appeared in 1755. +He subsequently went to the West Indies (St. Kit's), where he made a rich +marriage, and _pub._ his chief poem, _The Sugar-Cane_ (1764). + + +GRANGER, JAMES (1723-1776).--Biographer, was at Oxf. and, entering the +Church, became Vicar of Shiplake, Oxon. He _pub._ a _Biographical History +of England from Egbert the Great to the Revolution_ (1769). He insisted +on the importance of collecting engravings of portraits and himself +gathered 14,000, and gave a great impulse to the practice of making such +collections. + + +GRANT, MRS. ANNE (M'VICAR) (1755-1838).--Was _b._ in Glasgow, and in 1779 +_m._ the Rev. James Grant, minister of Laggan, Inverness-shire. She +_pub._ in 1802 a vol. of poems. She also wrote _Letters from the +Mountains_, and _Essays on the Superstitions of the Highlands_. After +1810 she lived in Edin., where she was the friend of Sir W. Scott and +other eminent men, through whose influence a pension of L100 was bestowed +upon her. + + +GRANT, JAMES (1822-1887).--Novelist, was the _s._ of an officer in the +army, in which he himself served for a short time. He wrote upwards of 50 +novels in a brisk, breezy style, of which the best known are perhaps _The +Romance of War_ (1845), _Adventures of an Aide-de-Camp_, _Frank Hilton_, +_Bothwell_, _Harry Ogilvie_, and _The Yellow Frigate_. He also wrote +biographies of _Kirkcaldy of Grange_, _Montrose_, and others which, +however, are not always trustworthy from an historical point of view. + + +GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827-1892).--Traveller, was an officer in the +army, and was sent by the Royal Geographical Society along with Captain +JOHN HANNING SPEKE (1827-1864), to search for the equatorial lakes of +Africa. Grant wrote _A Walk across Africa_, _The Botany of the Speke and +Grant Expedition_, and _Khartoum as I saw it in_ 1863. Speke wrote +_Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile_ (1863), and _What +led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile_ (1864). + + +GRATTAN, THOMAS COLLEY (1792-1864).--Miscellaneous writer, _b._ in +Dublin, and _ed._ for the law, but did not practise. He wrote a few +novels, including _The Heiress of Bruges_ (4 vols., 1830); but his best +work was _Highways and Byways_, a description of his Continental +wanderings, of which he _pub._ three series. He also wrote a history of +the Netherlands and books on America. He was for some time British Consul +at Boston, U.S. + + +GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861).--Poet, _s._ of a hand-loom weaver at +Kirkintilloch, Dumbartonshire. He gave early promise at school, was +destined for the service of the Church, and was for 4 years at Glasgow +Univ. while he maintained himself by teaching. His first poems appeared +in the _Glasgow Citizen_. In 1860, however, he went with his friend +Robert Buchanan to London, where he soon fell into consumption. He was +befriended by Mr. Monckton Milnes, afterwards Lord Houghton, but after a +sojourn in the South of England, returned home to die. His chief poem, +_The Luggie_ (the river of his birthplace) contains much beautiful +description; but his genius reached its highest expression in a series of +30 sonnets written in full view of an early death and blighted hopes, and +bearing the title, _In the Shadow_. They breathe a spirit of the deepest +melancholy unrelieved by hope. + + +GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771).--Poet, was _b._ in London, the _s._ of a +scrivener, who, though described as "a respectable citizen," was of so +cruel and violent a temper that his wife had to separate from him. To his +mother and her sister, who carried on a business, G. was indebted for his +liberal education at Eton (where he became a friend of Horace Walpole), +and Camb. After completing his Univ. course he accompanied Walpole to +France and Italy, where he spent over two years, when a difference +arising G. returned to England, and went back to Camb. to take his degree +in law without, however, any intention of practising. He remained at +Camb. for the rest of his life, passing his time in the study of the +classics, natural science, and antiquities, and in visits to his friends, +of whom Walpole was again one. It was in 1747 that his first poem, the +_Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College_, appeared, and it was +followed between 1750 and 1757 by his _Pindaric Odes_, including _The +Progress of Poesy_, and _The Bard_, which were, however, somewhat coldly +received. Nevertheless he had, on the death of Colley Cibber, the offer +of the laureateship, which he declined; but in 1768 he accepted the +Professorship of Modern History in his Univ., worth L400 a year. Having +been drawn to the study of Icelandic and Celtic poetry he produced _The +Fatal Sisters_, and _The Descent of Odin_, in which are apparent the +first streaks of the dawn of the Romantic Revival. G.'s poems occupy +little space, but what he wrote he brought to the highest perfection of +which he was capable, and although there is a tendency on the part of +some modern critics to depreciate him, it is probable that his place will +always remain high among all but the first order of poets. Probably no +poem has had a wider acceptance among all classes of readers than his +_Elegy in a Country Churchyard_. In addition to his fame as a poet, he +enjoys that of one of the greatest of English letter-writers, and of a +really great scholar. He _d._ at Camb. after a short illness following +upon a gradually declining state of health. + +_Life_ by Gosse (Men of Letters Series, 1882). + + +GREELEY, HORACE (1811-1872).--Journalist and miscellaneous writer, was +the _s._ of a small farmer in New Hampshire. His early life was passed +first as a printer, and thereafter in editorial work. He started in 1841, +and conducted until his death, the _New York Tribune_. He was long a +leader in American politics, and in 1872 was an unsuccessful candidate +for the Presidency. His writings, which are chiefly political and +economical, include _Essays on Political Economy_ (1870), and +_Recollections of a Busy Life_ (1868). + + +GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837-1883).--Historian, was the _s._ of a tradesman +in Oxf., where he was _ed._, first at Magdalen Coll. School, and then at +Jesus Coll. He entered the Church, and served various cures in London, +under a constant strain caused by delicate health. Always an enthusiastic +student of history, his scanty leisure was devoted to research. In 1869 +he finally gave up clerical work, and received the appointment of +librarian at Lambeth. He had been laying plans for various historical +works, including a History of the English Church as exhibited in a series +of Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, and, what he proposed as his +_magnum opus_, A History of England under the Angevin Kings. The +discovery, however, that his lungs were affected, necessitated the +abridgment of all his schemes, and he concentrated his energies on the +preparation of his _Short History of the English People_, which appeared +in 1874, and at once gave him an assured place in the first rank of +historical writers. In 1877 he _m._ Miss Alice Stopford, by whose talents +and devotion he was greatly assisted in carrying out and completing such +work as his broken health enabled him to undertake during his few +remaining years. Abandoning his proposed history of the Angevins, he +confined himself to expanding his _Short History_ into _A History of the +English People_ in 4 vols. (1878-80), and writing _The Making of +England_, of which one vol. only, coming down to 828, had appeared when +he _d._ at Mentone in March 1883. After his death appeared _The Conquest +of England_. The _Short History_ may be said to have begun a new epoch +in the writing of history, making the social, industrial, and moral +progress of the people its main theme. To infinite care in the gathering +and sifting of his material G. added a style of wonderful charm, and an +historical imagination which has hardly been equalled. + + +GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737).--Poet, is known as the author of _The +Spleen_, a lively and original poem in octosyllabic verse on the subject +of low spirits and the best means of prevention and cure. It has +life-like descriptions, sprightliness, and lightness of touch, and was +admired by Pope and Gray. The poem owes its name to the use of the term +in the author's day to denote depression. G., who held an appointment in +the Customs, appears to have been a quiet, inoffensive person, an +entertaining companion, and a Quaker. + + +GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882).--Philosopher, was _b._ at Birken Rectory, +Yorkshire, and _ed._ at Rugby and Balliol Coll., Oxf., where he became +Whyte Prof. of Moral Philosophy and, by his character, ability, and +enthusiasm on social questions, exercised a powerful influence. His chief +works are an _Introduction to Hume's Treatise on Human Nature_ (Clarendon +Press ed.), in which he criticised H.'s philosophy severely from the +idealist standpoint, and _Prolegomena to Ethics_, _pub._ posthumously. + + +GREENE, ROBERT (1560?-1592).--Poet, dramatist, and pamphleteer, was _b._ +at Norwich, and studied at Camb., where he _grad._ A.B. He was also +incorporated at Oxf. in 1588. After travelling in Spain and Italy, he +returned to Camb. and took A.M. Settling in London he was one of the wild +and brilliant crew who passed their lives in fitful alternations of +literary production and dissipation, and were the creators of the English +drama. He has left an account of his career in which he calls himself +"the mirror of mischief." During his short life about town, in the course +of which he ran through his wife's fortune, and deserted her soon after +the birth of her first child, he poured forth tales, plays, and poems, +which had great popularity. In the tales, or pamphlets as they were then +called, he turns to account his wide knowledge of city vices. His plays, +including _The Scottish History of James IV._, and _Orlando Furioso_, +which are now little read, contain some fine poetry among a good deal of +bombast; but his fame rests, perhaps, chiefly on the poems scattered +through his writings, which are full of grace and tenderness. G. _d._ +from the effects of a surfeit of pickled herrings and Rheinish wine. His +extant writings are much less gross than those of many of his +contemporaries, and he seems to have given signs of repentance on his +deathbed, as is evidenced by his last work, _A Groat's worth of Wit +bought with a Million of Repentance_. In this curious work occurs his +famous reference to Shakespeare as "an upstart crow beautified with our +feathers." Among his other works may be mentioned _Euphues' censure to +Philautus_, _Pandosto, the Triumph of Time_ (1588), from which +Shakespeare borrowed the plot of _The Winter's Tale_, _A Notable +Discovery of Coosnage_, _Arbasto, King of Denmark_, _Penelope's Web_, +_Menaphon_ (1589), and _Coney Catching_. His plays, all _pub._ +posthumously, include _Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay_, _Alphonsus, King of +Aragon_, and _George-a-Greene, the Pinner of Wakefield_. His tales are +written under the influence of Lyly, whence he received from Gabriel +Harvey the nickname of "Euphues' Ape." + +Plays ed. by Dyce (2 vols., 1831, new ed., 1861). His works are included +in Grosart's "Huth Library." + + +GREG, WILLIAM RATHBONE (1809-1881).--Essayist, _b._ in Manchester, and +_ed._ at Bristol and Edin., was for some years engaged in his father's +business as a millowner at Bury. Becoming deeply interested in political +and social questions he contributed to reviews and magazines many papers +and essays on these subjects, which were _repub._ in three collections, +viz., _Essays on Political and Social Science_ (1854), _Literary and +Social Judgments_ (1869), and _Miscellaneous Essays_ (1884). Other works +of his are _Enigmas of Life_ (1872), _Rocks Ahead_ (1874), and _Mistaken +Aims, etc._ (1876). In his writings he frequently manifested a distrust +of democracy and a pessimistic view of the future of his country. He held +successively the appointments of Commissioner of Customs and Controller +of H.M. Stationery Office. + + +GREVILLE, CHARLES CAVENDISH FULKE (1794-1865).--Political annalist, _ed._ +at Eton and Oxf., was a page to George III., sec. to Earl Bathurst, and +afterwards held the sinecure office of Sec. of Jamaica. In 1821 he became +Clerk to the Privy Council, an office which brought him into close +contact with the leaders of both political parties, and gave him unusual +opportunities of becoming acquainted with all that was passing behind the +scenes. The information as to men and events thus acquired he fully +utilised in his _Journal of the Reigns of George IV., William IV., and +Queen Victoria_, which, ed. by Henry Reeve, of the _Edinburgh Review_, +was _pub._ in three series between 1874 and 1887. The _Journal_ covers +the period, from 1820-60, and constitutes an invaluable contribution to +the history of the time. + + +GRIFFIN, BARTHOLOMEW? (_fl._ 1596).--Poet, of whom almost nothing is +known, _pub._ in 1596 a collection of 62 sonnets under the title of +_Fidessa_, of which some are excellent. + + +GRIFFIN, GERALD (1803-1840).--Dramatist, novelist, and poet, _s._ of a +tradesman, _b._ and _ed._ in Limerick, he went in 1823 to London, where +most of his literary work was produced. In 1838 he returned to Ireland +and, dividing his property among his brothers, devoted himself to a +religious life by joining the Teaching Order of the Christian Brothers. +Two years thereafter he _d._, worn out by self-inflicted austerities. His +chief novel, _The Collegians_, was adapted by Boucicault as _The Colleen +Bawn_, and among his dramas is _Gisippus_. His novels depict southern +Irish life. + + +GRIMOALD, NICHOLAS (1519-1562).--Poet, was at Camb. and Oxf., and was +chaplain to Bishop Ridley. He contributed to Tottel's _Songs and +Sonnettes_ (1557), wrote two dramas in Latin, _Archi-propheta_ and +_Christus Redivivus_, and made translations. + + +GROOME, FRANCIS HINDES (1851-1902).--Miscellaneous writer, _s._ of a +clergyman, wrote for various encyclopaedias, etc. He was a student of the +gipsies and their language, and _pub._ _In Gypsy Tents_ (1880), _Gypsy +Folk Tales_ (1899), and an ed. of Borrow's _Lavengro_ (1900). Other works +were _A Short Border History_ (1887), _Kriegspiel_ (1896), a novel, and +_Two Suffolk Friends_ (his _f._ and Edward Fitzgerald, _q.v._). + + +GROSART, ALEXANDER BALLOCH (1827-1899).--Was a minister of the English +Presbyterian Church. He wrote Lives of various Puritan divines, ed. their +works, and also issued ed., with Lives, of the poems of Michael Bruce +(_q.v._) and Robert Fergusson (_q.v._). But his chief service to +literature was his reprints, with notes, of rare Elizabethan and Jacobean +literature, including _Fuller's Worthies Library_, 39 vols. (1868-76), +_Occasional Issues of Unique and Very Rare Books_, 38 vols. 1875-81, +_Huth Library_, 33 vols. (1886), Spenser's _Works_, 10 vols., _Daniel's +Works_, etc. + + +GROSE, FRANCIS (1731-1791).--Antiquary and lexicographer, of Swiss +extraction, was Richmond Herald 1755-63. He _pub._ _Antiquities of +England and Wales_ (1773-87), which was well received, and thereafter, +1789, set out on an antiquarian tour through Scotland, the fruit of which +was _Antiquity of Scotland_ (1789-91). He afterwards undertook a similar +expedition to Ireland, but _d._ suddenly at Dublin. In addition to the +works above mentioned he wrote _A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar +Tongue_ (1785), _A Provincial Glossary_ (1787), a _Treatise on Ancient +Armour and Weapons_, etc. He was an accomplished draughtsman, and +illustrated his works. + + +GROSSETESTE, ROBERT (_d._ 1253).--Theologian and scholar, was _b._ of +poor parents at Stradbrook, Suffolk, and studied at Oxf. and possibly +Paris. His abilities and learning procured him many preferments; but +after an illness he refused to be longer a pluralist, and resigned all +but a prebend at Lincoln. Later he was a strenuous and courageous +reformer, as is shown by his refusing in 1253 to induct a nephew of the +Pope to a canonry at Lincoln, of which he had been Bishop since 1235. He +was equally bold in resisting the demand of Henry III. for a tenth of the +Church revenues. Amid his absorbing labours as a Churchman, he found time +to be a copious writer on a great variety of subjects, including +husbandry, physical and moral philosophy, as also sermons, commentaries, +and an allegory, the _Chateau d'Amour_. Roger Bacon was a pupil of his, +and testifies to his amazing variety of knowledge. + + +GROTE, GEORGE (1794-1871).--Historian, _s._ of a wealthy banker in +London, was _b._ at Beckenham, and _ed._ at Charterhouse School. In 1810 +he entered the bank, of which he became head in 1830. In 1832 he was +elected one of the members of Parliament for the City of London. In 1841 +he retired from Parliament, and in 1843 from the bank, thenceforth +devoting his whole time to literature, which, along with politics, had +been his chief interest from his youth. He early came under the influence +of Bentham and the two Mills, and was one of the leaders of the group of +theorists known as "philosophical Radicals." In 1820 he _m._ Miss Harriet +Lewin who, from her intellectual powers, was fitted to be his helper in +his literary and political interests. In 1826 he contributed to the +_Westminster Review_ a severe criticism of Mitford's _History of Greece_, +and in 1845 _pub._ the first 2 vols. of his own, the remaining 6 vols. +appearing at intervals up to 1856. G. belongs to the school of +philosophical historians, and his _History_, which begins with the +legends, ends with the fall of the country under the successors of +Alexander the Great. It is one of the standard works on the subject, +which his learning enabled him to treat in a full and thorough manner; +the style is clear and strong. It has been repeatedly re-issued, and has +been translated into French and German. G. also _pub._, in 1865, _Plato +and other Companions of Socrates_, and left unfinished a work on +_Aristotle_. In political life G. was, as might be expected, a consistent +and somewhat rigid Radical, and he was a strong advocate of the ballot. +He was one of the founders of the first London Univ., a Trustee of the +British Museum, D.C.L. of Oxf., LL.D. of Camb., and a Foreign Associate +of the Academie des Sciences. He was offered, but declined, a peerage in +1869, and is buried in Westminster Abbey. + + +GRUB, GEORGE (1812-1892).--Historian, was _b._ in Old Aberdeen, and _ed._ +at King's Coll. there. He studied law, and was admitted in 1836 to the +Society of Advocates, Aberdeen, of which he was librarian from 1841 until +his death. He was appointed Lecturer on Scots Law in Marischal Coll., and +was Prof. of Law in the Univ. (1881-91). He has a place in literature as +the author of an _Ecclesiastical History of Scotland_ (1861), written +from the standpoint of a Scottish Episcopalian, which, though dry, is +concise, clear, fair-minded, and trustworthy. G. also ed. (along with +Joseph Robertson) Gordon's _Scots Affairs_ for the Spalding Club, of +which he was one of the founders. + + +GUEST, LADY CHARLOTTE (BERTIE) (1812-1895).--_Dau._ of the 9th Earl of +Lindsey, _m._ in 1833 Sir Josiah J. Guest, a wealthy ironmaster, after +whose death in 1852 she managed the works. She was an enthusiastic +student of Welsh literature, and aided by native scholars translated with +consummate skill the _Mabinogion_, the manuscript of which in Jesus +Coll., Oxf., is known as the _Red Book of Hergest_, and which is now a +recognised classic of mediaeval romance. She also prepared a 'Boys' +_Mabinogion_ containing the earliest Welsh tales of Arthur. She was also +noted as a collector of china, fans, and playing cards, on which subjects +she wrote several volumes. She entered into a second marriage in 1855 +with Dr. C. Schreiber, but in literature she is always referred to under +her first married name. + + +GUTHRIE, THOMAS (1803-1873).--Divine and philanthropist, _b._ at Brechin, +studied for the Church, and became a minister in Edin. Possessed of a +commanding presence and voice, and a remarkably effective and picturesque +style of oratory, he became perhaps the most popular preacher of his day +in Scotland, and was associated with many forms of philanthropy, +especially temperance and ragged schools, of the latter of which he was +the founder. He was one of the leaders of the Free Church, and raised +over L100,000 for manses for its ministers. Among his writings are _The +Gospel in Ezekiel_, _Plea for Ragged Schools_, and _The City, its Sins +and Sorrows_. + + +HABINGTON, WILLIAM (1605-1654).--Poet, _s._ of a Worcestershire Roman +Catholic gentleman, was _ed._ at St. Omer's, but refused to become a +Jesuit. He _m._ Lucia, _dau._ of Lord Powis, whom he celebrated in his +poem _Castara_ (1634), in which he sang the praises of chaste love. He +also wrote a tragi-comedy, _The Queen of Arragon_ (1640), and a _Historie +of Edward IV._ His verse is graceful and tender. + + +HAILES, DALRYMPLE DAVID, LORD (1726-1792).--Scottish judge and historical +writer, was _b._ at Edin. Belonging to a family famous as lawyers, he was +called to the Bar in 1748, and raised to the Bench in 1766. An excellent +judge, he was also untiring in the pursuit of his favourite studies, and +produced several works of permanent value on Scottish history and +antiquities, including _Annals of Scotland_ (1776), and _Canons of the +Church of Scotland_ (1769). He was a friend and correspondent of Dr. +Johnson. + + +HAKE, THOMAS GORDON (1809-1895).--Poet, _b._ at Leeds, _ed._ at Christ's +Hospital, was a physician, and practised at various places. His books +include _Madeline_ (1871), _Parables and Tales_ (1873), _The Serpent +Play_ (1883), _New Day Sonnets_ (1890), and _Memoirs of Eighty Years_ +(1893). + + +HAKLUYT, RICHARD (1553?-1616).--Collector of voyages, belonged to a good +Herefordshire family of Dutch descent, was _b._ either at Eyton in that +county or in London, and _ed._ at Westminster School and Oxf. The sight +of a map of the world fired his imagination and implanted in his mind the +interest in geography and the lives and adventures of our great +navigators and discoverers, which became the ruling passion of his life; +and in order to increase his knowledge of these matters he studied +various foreign languages and the art of navigation. He took orders, and +was chaplain of the English Embassy in Paris, Rector of Witheringsett, +Suffolk, 1590, Archdeacon of Westminster, 1602, and Rector of Gedney, +Lincolnshire, 1612. After a first collection of voyages to America and +the West Indies he compiled, while at Paris, his great work, _The +Principal Navigations, Voyages ... and Discoveries of the English Nation +made by Sea or over Land to the Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of +the Earth ... within the Compass of these 1500 Years_. It appeared in its +final form (three folio vols.) in 1599. Besides it he _pub._ _A Discourse +of Western Planting_, and he left a vast mass of MS. afterwards used (in +far inferior style) by S. Purchas (_q.v._). In all his work H. was +actuated not only by the love of knowledge, but by a noble patriotism: he +wished to see England the great sea-power of the world, and he lived to +see it so. His work, as has been said, is "our English epic." In addition +to his original writings he translated various works, among them being +_The Discoveries of the World_, from the Portuguese of Antonio Galvano. + + +HALE, SIR MATTHEW (1609-1676).--Jurist and miscellaneous writer, has left +a great reputation as a lawyer and judge. Steering a neutral course +during the political changes of his time, he served under the +Protectorate and after the Restoration, and rose to be Chief Justice of +the King's Bench. He is mentioned here as the author of several works on +science, divinity, and law. Among them are _The Primitive Origination of +Mankind_, and _Contemplations, Moral and Divine_. His legal works are +still of great authority. Though somewhat dissipated in early youth, he +has handed down a high reputation for wisdom and piety. + + +HALES, JOHN (1584-1656).--Theologian, _b._ at Bath, and _ed._ there and +at Oxf., became one of the best Greek scholars of his day, and lectured +on that language at Oxf. In 1616 he accompanied the English ambassador to +the Hague in the capacity of chaplain, and attended the Synod of Dort, +where he was converted from Calvinism to Arminianism. A lover of quiet +and learned leisure, he declined all high and responsible ecclesiastical +preferment, and chose and obtained scholarly retirement in a Fellowship +of Eton, of which his friends Sir Henry Savile and Sir Henry Wotton were +successively Provost. A treatise on _Schism and Schismatics_ (1636?) gave +offence to Laud, but H. defended himself so well that Laud made him a +Prebendary of Windsor. Refusing to acknowledge the Commonwealth, he was +deprived, fell into poverty, and had to sell his library. After his death +his writings were _pub._ in 1659 as _The Golden Remains of the +Ever-Memorable Mr. John Hales of Eton College_. + + +HALIBURTON, THOMAS CHANDLER (1796-1865).--_B._ at Windsor, Nova Scotia, +was a lawyer, and rose to be Judge of the Supreme Court of the Colony. He +was the author of _The Clock-maker, or Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick +of Slickville_, and a continuation, _The Attache, or Sam Slick in +England_. In these he made a distinctly original contribution to English +fiction, full of shrewdness and humour. He may be regarded as the pioneer +of the American school of humorists. He wrote various other works, +including _The Old Judge_, _Nature and Human Nature_, _A Historical and +Statistical Account of Nova Scotia_, etc. In 1856 he settled in England, +and sat in the House of Commons for Launceston. + + +HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGU, 1ST EARL of (1661-1715).--A famous wit, +statesman, and patron of literature, was _ed._ at Westminster School and +Trinity Coll., Camb. Entering Parliament he became Chancellor of the +Exchequer in 1694, and First Lord of the Treasury 1697. Vain and +arrogant, he soon lost popularity and power. His chief literary effort +was his collaboration with Prior in _The Town and Country Mouse_ (1687), +a parody of and reply to Dryden's _Hind and Panther_. H. was the friend +and patron of Addison, Steele, Congreve, and many other of the classical +writers of his day. He became a peer in 1701. + + +HALL, MRS. ANNA MARIA (FIELDING) (1800-1881).--Novelist, was _b._ in +Dublin, but left Ireland at the age of 15. Nevertheless, that country +gave her the motive of several of her most successful books, such as +_Sketches of Irish Character_ (1829), _Lights and Shadows of Irish +Character_ (1838), _Marian_ (1839), and _The White Boy_ (1845). Other +works are _The Buccaneer_, and _Midsummer Eve_, a fairy tale, and many +sketches in the _Art Journal_, of which her husband, SAMUEL CARTER HALL +(1800-1889), was ed. With him she also collaborated in a work entitled +_Ireland, its Scenery, Character, etc._ Mrs. H. was a very voluminous +writer; her descriptive talents were considerable, as also was her power +of depicting character. Her husband was likewise a writer of some note, +chiefly on art. + + +HALL, BASIL (1788-1844).--Traveller, _s._ of Sir James H., an eminent man +of science, was in the navy, and rose to be captain. He was one of the +first to visit Corea, and wrote _Voyage of Discovery to Corea_ (1818), +also _Travels in North America in 1827-28_, a lively work which gave some +offence in the U.S., _Fragments of Voyages and Travels_ (1831-40), and +some tales and romances. He was latterly insane. + + +HALL, or HALLE, EDWARD (1499?-1547).--Chronicler, _b._ in London, studied +successively at Camb. and Oxf. He was a lawyer, and sat in Parliament for +Bridgnorth, and served on various Commissions. He wrote a history of _The +Union of the two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke_, +commonly called _Hall's Chronicle_. It was _pub._ after the author's +death by Richard Grafton, and was prohibited by Queen Mary. + + +HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656).--Divine, _b._ at Ashby-de-la-Zouche, and _ed._ +at Camb., he entered the Church, and became in 1627 Bishop of Exeter, and +in 1641 Bishop of Norwich. He had a chequered career. He accompanied +James I. to Scotland in 1617, and was a Deputy to the Synod of Dort. +Accused of Puritanism, and at enmity with Laud, he fell on troublous +days, and was, in 1641, imprisoned in the Tower for joining those bishops +who protested against the validity of laws passed during their exclusion +(owing to tumult in the streets) from Parliament. Returning to Norwich he +found that his revenues had been sequestrated, and his private property +seized. In 1647 he retired to a small farm near Norwich, where he passed +the remainder of his life. Among his works are _Contemplations_, +_Characters of Virtues and Vices_ (1614), and his _Virgidemiarum, or +Satires_ (1597-8), the last written before he was in orders, and +condemned by Archbishop Whitgift to be burned. Pope, however, thought +them "the best poetry and truest satire in the English language." H.'s +_Divine Right of Episcopacy_ gave rise to much controversy, in which +Archbishop Ussher, Milton, and the writers who called themselves +"Smectymnuus" (a combination of their initials) took part. + + +HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831).--Divine, _b._ at Arnsby, Leicestershire, the +_s._ of a Baptist minister of some note, was _ed._ at a Baptist Academy, +and at the Univ. of Aberdeen, from which he received the degree of D.D. +in 1817. He ministered to congregations at Bristol, Cambridge, Leicester, +and again at Bristol, and became one of the greatest pulpit orators of +his day. His most famous sermon was that on the _Death of the Princess +Charlotte_ (1817). Another which created a great impression was that on +_Modern Infidelity_. H. was a life-long sufferer, and was occasionally +insane, yet his intellectual activity was unceasing. After his death a +collection of 50 of his sermons was _pub._ (1843), and _Miscellaneous +Works and Remains_ (1846). + + +HALLAM, HENRY (1777-1859).--Historian, _s._ of a Dean of Wells, was _b._ +at Windsor, and _ed._ at Eton and Oxf. He was called to the Bar at the +Inner Temple, and appointed a Commissioner of Stamps. Among his earliest +writings were papers in the _Edinburgh Review_; but in 1818 he leaped +into a foremost place among historical writers by the publication of his +_View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages_. This was followed +in 1827 by _The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of +Henry VII. to the Death of George II._, and his third great work, +_Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17th +Centuries_, in 4 vols., appeared in 1837-39. All these, which have gone +through several ed., and have been translated into the principal +languages of Europe, are characterised by wide and profound learning, +indefatigable research, and judicial impartiality. They opened a new +field of investigation in which their author has had few, if any, +superiors. In politics H. was a Whig; but he took no active share in +party warfare. He had two sons of great promise, both of whom predeceased +him. Of these the elder, ARTHUR HENRY, is the subject of Tennyson's _In +Memoriam_, and of him his _f._ wrote a touching memoir prefixed to his +literary remains. + + +HALLECK, FITZGREENE (1790-1867).--Poet, _b._ at Guilford, Conn., wrote, +with Rodman Drake, a young poet who _d._ at 25, _The Croaker Papers_, a +series of satirical and humorous verses, and _Fanny_, also a satire. In +1822 he visited Europe, and the traces of this are found in most of his +subsequent poetry, _e.g._ his lines on Burns, and on Alnwick Castle. + + +HALLIWELL-PHILLIPS, JAMES ORCHARD (1820-1889).--Archaeologist and +Shakespearian scholar, _ed._ at Camb., was the author of a _Life of +Shakespeare_ (1848), _New Boke about Shakespeare and Stratford upon Avon_ +(1850), _Folio Edition of Shakespeare_ (1853-65), and various other works +relative to him, also _Dictionary of Old English Plays_ (1860). He also +ed. works for the Camden and Percy Societies, and compiled a _Dictionary +of Archaic and Provincial Words_. In 1872 he added his wife's name of +Phillips to his own. + + +HAMERTON, PHILIP GILBERT (1834-1894).--Artist and writer on aesthetics, +_s._ of a solicitor, was _b._ near Oldham. Originally intended for the +Church, he decided for art and literature. After working as an artist in +the Highlands with his wife, who was a Frenchwoman, he settled in France, +and devoted himself to writing on art. Among his works are _Etching and +Etchers, etc._ (1868), _Painting in France after the Decline of +Classicism_ (1869), _The Intellectual Life_ (1873), _Human Intercourse_ +(1884), _The Graphic Arts_ (1882), _Landscape_ (1885), some of which were +magnificently illustrated. He also left an autobiography. His writings +had a great influence upon artists, and also in stimulating and diffusing +the love of art among the public. + + +HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804).--Statesman and political writer, _b._ in +the West Indies, was one of the framers of the Constitution of the United +States, and was the first Sec. of the national Treasury. He was one of +the greatest of American statesmen, and has also a place in literature as +the principal writer in the _Federalist_, a periodical founded to expound +and defend the new Constitution, which was afterwards _pub._ as a +permanent work. He contributed 51 of its 85 articles. + + +HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758-1816).--Wrote _The Cottagers of Glenburnie_, a +tale which had much popularity in its day, and perhaps had some effect in +the improvement of certain aspects of humble domestic life in Scotland. +She also wrote _Letters on Education_, _Essays on the Human Mind_, and +_The Hindoo Rajah_. + + +HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842).--Novelist, brother of Sir William Hamilton +(_q.v._), wrote a novel, _Cyril Thornton_ (1827), which was received with +great favour. He was an officer in the army, and, on his retirement, +settled in Edin., and became a contributor to _Blackwood_. He was also +the author of _Annals of the Peninsular Campaign_ (1829), and _Men and +Manners in America_ (1833). + + +HAMILTON, WILLIAM (OF BANGOUR) (1704-1754).--Poet, was _b._ at the family +seat in Linlithgowshire. Cultivated and brilliant, he was a favourite of +society, and began his literary career by contributing verses to Allan +Ramsay's _Tea Table Miscellany_. He joined the Pretender in 1745, and +celebrated the Battle of Prestonpans in _Gladsmuir_. After Culloden he +wandered in the Highlands, where he wrote his _Soliloquy_, and escaped to +France. His friends, however, succeeded in obtaining his pardon, and he +returned to his native country. In 1750, on the death of his brother, he +succeeded to the family estate, which, however, he did not long live to +enjoy. He is best remembered for his fine ballad of _The Braes of +Yarrow_. He also wrote _The Episode of the Thistle_. He _d._ at Lyons. + + +HAMILTON, WILLIAM (OF GILBERTFIELD) (1665?-1751).--Poet, served in the +army, from which he retired with the rank of Lieutenant. He wrote +poetical _Epistles_ to Allan Ramsay, and an abridgment in modern Scotch +of Blind Harry's _Life of Sir William Wallace_. + + +HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1788-1856).--Metaphysician, _b._ in Glasgow, in +the Univ. of which his _f._ and grandfather successively filled the Chair +of Anatomy and Botany, _ed._ there and at Balliol Coll., Oxf., was called +to the Scottish Bar, at which he attained little practice, but was +appointed Solicitor of Teinds. In 1816 he established his claim to the +baronetcy of H. of Preston. On the death of Dr. Thomas Brown in 1820, he +was an unsuccessful candidate for the Chair of Moral Philosophy in Edin., +but in the following year he was appointed Prof. of History. It was not +until 1829 that he gave full proof of his remarkable powers and +attainments as a philosopher in a famous article in the _Edinburgh +Review_, a critique of Victor Cousin's doctrine of the Infinite. This +paper carried his name over Europe, and won for him the homage of +continental philosophers, including Cousin himself. After this H. +continued to contribute to the _Review_, many of his papers being +translated into French, German, and Italian. In 1852 they were _coll._ +with notes and additions, and _pub._ as _Discussions in Philosophy and +Literature_, _etc._ In 1836 H. was elected Professor of Logic and +Metaphysics at Edinburgh, which office he held with great reputation +until his death, after which the lectures he had delivered were edited +and _pub._ by Prof. Mansel and Veitch. His _magnum opus_ was his edition +of the _Works of Dr. Thomas Reid_, left unfinished, and completed by +Mansel. H. was the last, and certainly the most learned and accomplished, +of the Scottish school of philosophy, which he considered it his mission +to develop and correlate to the systems of other times and countries. He +also made various important contributions to the science of logic. During +his later years he suffered from paralysis of one side, which, though it +left his mind unaffected, impaired his powers of work. A Memoir of H. by +Prof. Veitch appeared in 1869. + + +HANNA, WILLIAM (1808-1882).--Divine and biographer, _s._ of Samuel H., +Prof. of Divinity in the Presbyterian Coll., Belfast, was _b._ there, +became a distinguished minister of the Free Church of Scotland, and +colleague of Dr. T. Guthrie (_q.v._). He wrote an admirable _Life of Dr. +Chalmers_, whose son-in-law he was, and ed. his works. He also ed. the +_Letters of Thomas Erskine of Linlathen_ (_q.v._), and wrote various +theological works. + + +HANNAY, JAMES (1827-1873).--Novelist and journalist, was _b._ at +Dumfries, and after serving for some years in the navy took to +literature, and became ed. of the _Edinburgh Courant_. He wrote two +novels, _Singleton Fontenoy_ (1850), and _Eustace Conyers_ (1855); also +_Lectures on Satire and Satirists_, and _Studies on Thackeray_. For the +last five years of his life he was British Consul at Barcelona. + + +HARE, AUGUSTUS JOHN CUTHBERT (1834-1903).--Youngest _s._ of Francis H., +and nephew of Aug. and Julius H. (_q.v._), _b._ at Rome, practically +adopted by his aunt, the widow of Aug. H., and _ed._ at Harrow. He was +the author of a large number of books, which fall into two classes: +biographies of members and connections of his family, and descriptive and +historical accounts of various countries and cities. To the first belong +_Memorials of a Quiet Life_ (his adoptive mother's), _Story of Two Noble +Lives_ (Lady Canning and Lady Waterford), _The Gurneys of Earlham_, and +an inordinately extended autobiography; to the second, _Walks in Rome_, +_Walks in London_, _Wanderings in Spain_, _Cities of Northern, Southern, +and Central Italy_ (separate works), and many others. His writings are +all interesting and informing, but in general suffer from his tendency to +diffuseness. + + +HARE, AUGUSTUS WILLIAM (1792-1834).--Was the _s._ of Francis Hare-Naylor, +who _m._ a cousin of the famous Duchess of Devonshire, and was the author +of a history of Germany. He was sent by the widow of Sir W. Jones, whose +godson he was, to Winchester, and New Coll., Oxf., in the latter of which +he was for some time a tutor. Entering the Church he became incumbent of +the rural parish of Alton Barnes where, leading an absolutely unselfish +life, he was the father and friend of his parishioners. In addition to +writing in conjunction with his brother Julius (_q.v._), _Guesses at +Truth_, a work containing short essays on multifarious subjects, which +attracted much attention, he left two vols. of sermons. + + +HARE, JULIUS CHARLES (1795-1855).--Essayist, etc., younger brother of the +above, was _b._ at Vicenza. When two years old his parents left him to +the care of Clotilda Tambroni, female Prof. of Greek at Bologna. _Ed._ at +Charterhouse and Camb., he took orders and, in 1832, was appointed to the +rich family living of Hurstmonceau, which Augustus had refused. Here he +had John Sterling (_q.v._) for curate, and Bunsen for a neighbour. He was +also Archdeacon of Lewes and a Chaplain to the Queen. His first work was +_Guesses at Truth_ (1827), jointly with his brother, and he also _pub._, +jointly with Thirlwall (_q.v._), a translation of Niebuhr's _History of +Rome_, wrote _The Victory of Faith_ and other theological books and +pamphlets on Church and other questions, _A Life of Sterling_, and a +_Vindication of Luther_. H., though a lovable, was an eccentric, man of +strong antipathies, unmethodical, and unpunctual. + + +HARINGTON, SIR JOHN (1561-1612).--Miscellaneous writer, and translator, +_b._ at Kelston Park near Bath, and _ed._ at Eton and Camb., became a +courtier of Queen Elizabeth, whose godson he was. In 1599 he served in +Ireland under Essex, by whom he was knighted on the field, a stretch of +authority which was much resented by the Queen. While there he wrote _A +Short View of the State of Ireland_, first _pub._ 1880. He was in repute +for his epigrams, of which some have wit, but others are only indelicate. +His translation of the _Orlando Furioso_ of Ariosto, in the metre of the +original, is a somewhat free paraphrase, and is now superseded. It first +appeared in the form of extracts, which were handed in MS. about the +Court until they reached the Queen, who reprimanded the translator for +corrupting the morals of her ladies by translating the most unedifying +passages, and banished him to his country seat until he should have +translated the whole poem. His most valuable work is one which was _pub._ +in 1769 by a descendant, under the title of _Nugae Antiquae_ (Old-time +Trifles), a miscellaneous collection from his writings and papers, +containing many things of interest, _e.g._, a minute account of the +Queen's last illness, and letters and verses by her and other eminent +persons. + + +HARLAND, HENRY (1861-1905).--Novelist, _b._ of American parentage at St. +Petersburg, and _ed._ at Rome. Thereafter he went to Paris, and thence to +America, where he graduated at Harvard, and settled in New York. His +literary career falls into two distinctly marked sections, very diverse +in character. During the first of these he produced, under the pseudonym +of "Sidney Luska," a series of highly sensational novels, thrown off with +little regard to literary quality, and which it was his wish should be +forgotten; but about 1890 his aspirations underwent a complete change, +and he became an enthusiast in regard to style and the _mot propre_. The +first novels of this new era, _Mademoiselle Miss_ (1893), _Grey Roses_ +(1895), and _Comedies and Errors_ (1898), though obtaining the approval +of the literary elect, had little general popularity; but the tide turned +with the appearance of _The Cardinal's Snuff-box_ (1900), which was +widely admired. It was followed by _The Lady Paramount_ (1901), and _My +Friend Prospero_ (1903). H. _d._ at San Remo after a prolonged illness. + + +HARRINGTON, JAMES (1611-1677).--Political theorist, _s._ of Sir Sapcotes +H., was _b._ at Upton, Northamptonshire, and _ed._ at Oxf., where he was +a pupil of Chillingworth. After leaving the university he travelled on +the Continent, visiting, among other places, The Hague and Venice, where +he imbibed republican principles. He was for some time a groom of the +bedchamber to Charles I. On the outbreak of the Civil War he sided with +the Parliament, but disapproved of the execution of the King, for whom he +appears, notwithstanding his political theories, to have cherished a +personal attachment. Thereafter he withdrew from active life, and devoted +himself to composing his political romance (as it may be called) of +_Oceana_, which he _pub._ in 1656, and in which Oceana represents +England, Marpesia Scotland, and Panopaea Ireland. In this work he +propounds the theory that the natural element of power in states is +property, of which land is the most important. He further endeavoured to +propagate his views by establishing a debating society called the Rota, +and by his conversations with his friends. After the Restoration he was +confined in the Tower, and subsequently at Plymouth. He issued several +defences of _Oceana_, and made translations from Virgil. In his later +years he laboured under mental delusions. Aubrey describes him as of +middle stature, strong, well-set, with quick, fiery hazel eyes, and thick +curly hair. + + +HARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780).--Grammarian, was a wealthy country gentleman +and member of Parliament, who held office in the Admiralty and the +Treasury. He was the author of a singular and learned work entitled +_Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry concerning Universal Grammar_. For +the purpose which it had in view it is useless; but it contains much +curious matter. His _s._ was the eminent diplomatist, James H., 1st Earl +of Malmesbury. + + +HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER (1848-1908).--Writer of tales, etc., _b._ at +Eatonton, Georgia, was successively printer, lawyer, and journalist. He +struck out an original line in his stories of animal life as it presents +itself to the mind of the Southern negro, in whose dialect they are +written. These not only achieved and retain an exceptional popularity +among children, to whom they were in the first instance addressed, but +attracted the attention of students of folklore and anthology. Among his +writings are _Uncle Remus_ (1880), _Nights with Uncle Remus_ (1884), _Mr. +Rabbit at Home_ (1895), _Aaron in the Wild Woods_ (1897), _Chronicles of +Aunt Minervy Ann_ (1899), etc. + + +HARTE, FRANCIS BRET (1839-1902).--American humorist, _b._ in Albany, +N.Y., but when still a boy went to California. He had a somewhat varied +career as a teacher, miner, and journalist, and it is as a realistic +chronicler of the gold-field and an original humorist that his chief +literary triumphs were achieved. Among his best known writings are +_Condensed Novels_, in which he showed great skill as a parodist, _The +Luck of Roaring Camp_, _The Idyll of Red Gulch_, and _The Heathen +Chinee_. In 1880 he came to Glasgow as U.S. Consul, and from 1885 he +lived in London. His writings often show the tenderness and fine feeling +that are allied to the higher forms of humour, and he may be said to have +created a special form of short story in his Californian tales and prose +idylls. + + +HARTLEY, DAVID (1705-1757).--Philosopher, _b._ at Luddenden, Yorkshire, +and _ed._ at Camb., studied for the Church, but owing to theological +difficulties turned to medicine as a profession, and practised with +success at various places, including London and Bath. He also attained +eminence as a writer on philosophy, and indeed may be said to have +founded a school of thought based upon two theories, (1) the Doctrine of +Vibrations, and (2) that of Association of Ideas. These he developed in +an elaborate treatise, _Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his +Expectations_. Though his system has long been discarded, its main ideas +have continued to influence thought and investigation. + + +HARVEY, GABRIEL (1545?-1630).--Poet, _s._ of a ropemaker, was _b._ at +Saffron Walden, _ed._ at Camb., and became the friend of Spenser, being +the Hobbinol of _The Shepheard's Calendar_. He wrote various satirical +pieces, sonnets, and pamphlets. Vain and ill-tempered, he was a +remorseless critic of others, and was involved in perpetual controversy, +specially with Greene and Nash, the latter of whom was able to silence +him. He wrote treatises on rhetoric, claimed to have introduced +hexameters into English, was a foe to rhyme, and persuaded Spenser +temporarily to abandon it. + + +HAWES, STEPHEN (_d._ 1523?).--Poet; very little concerning him is known +with certainty. He is believed to have been _b._ in Suffolk, and may have +studied at Oxf. or Camb. He first comes clearly into view as a Groom of +the Chamber in 1502, in which year he dedicated to Henry VII. his +_Pastyme of Pleasure_, first printed in 1509 by Wynkyn de Worde. In the +same year appeared the _Convercyon of Swerers_ (1509), and _A Joyful +Meditacyon of all England_ (1509), on the coronation of Henry VIII. He +also wrote the _Exemple of Vertu_. H. was a scholar, and was familiar +with French and Italian poetry. No great poet, he yet had a considerable +share in regularising the language. + + +HAWKER, ROBERT STEPHEN (1804-1875).--Poet and antiquary, _ed._ at +Cheltenham and Oxf., became parson of Morwenstow, a smuggling and +wrecking community on the Cornish coast, where he exercised a reforming +and beneficent, though extremely unconventional, influence until his +death, shortly before which he was received into the Roman Catholic +Church. He wrote some poems of great originality and charm, _Records of +the Western Shore_ (1832-36), and _The Quest of the Sangraal_ (1863) +among them, besides short poems, of which perhaps the best known is +_Shall Trelawny Die?_ which, based as it is on an old rhyme, deceived +both Scott and Macaulay into thinking it an ancient fragment. He also +_pub._ a collection of papers, _Footprints of Former Men in Cornwall_ +(1870). + + +HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL (1804-1864).--Novelist, _b._ at Salem, +Massachusetts, _s._. of a sea captain, who _d._ in 1808, after which his +mother led the life of a recluse. An accident when at play conduced to an +early taste for reading, and from boyhood he cherished literary +aspirations. His education was completed at Bowdoin Coll., where he had +Longfellow for a fellow-student. After graduating, he obtained a post in +the Custom-House, which, however, he did not find congenial, and soon +gave up, betaking himself to literature, his earliest efforts, besides a +novel, _Fanshawe_, which had no success, being short tales and sketches, +which, after appearing in periodicals, were _coll._ and _pub._ as +_Twice-told Tales_ (1837), followed by a second series in 1842. In 1841 +he joined for a few months the socialistic community at Brook Farm, but +soon tired of it, and in the next year he _m._ and set up house in +Concord in an old manse, formerly tenanted by Emerson, whence proceeded +_Mosses from an Old Manse_ (1846). It was followed by _The Snow Image_ +(1851), _The Scarlet Letter_ (1850), his most powerful work, _The House +of Seven Gables_, and _The Blithedale Romance_ (1852), besides his +children's books, _The Wonder Book_, and _The Tanglewood Tales_. Such +business as he had occupied himself with had been in connection with +Custom-House appointments at different places; but in 1853 he received +from his friend Franklin Pierce, on his election to the Presidency, the +appointment of United States Consul at Liverpool, which he retained for +four years, when, in consequence of a threatened failure of health, he +went to Italy and began his story of _The Marble Faun_, _pub._ in England +in 1860 under the title of _The Transformation_. The last of his books +_pub._ during his lifetime was _Our Old Home_ (1863), notes on England +and the English. He had returned to America in 1860, where, with failing +health and powers, he passed his remaining four years. After his death +there were _pub._ _The Ancestral Footstep_, _Septimus Felton_, _Dr. +Grimshawe's Secret_, and _The Dolliver Romance_, all more or less +fragmentary. Most of H.'s work is pervaded by a strong element of +mysticism, and a tendency to dwell in the border-land between the seen +and the unseen. His style is characterised by a distinctive grace and +charm, rich, varied, suggestive, and imaginative. On the whole he is +undoubtedly the greatest imaginative writer yet produced by America. + +There are several ed. of the _Works_, _e.g._ Little Classics, 25 vols.; +Riverside, 15 vols.; Standard Library, 15 vols.; the two last have +biographies. _Lives_ by his son Julian, H. James (English Men of Letters, +1850), M.D. Conway (Great Writers, 1890), etc. + + +HAY, JOHN (1838-1906).--Diplomatist and poet, _b._ at Salem, Indiana, +_ed._ at Brown Univ., and called to the Illinois Bar, served in the army, +and was one of President Lincoln's secs. He then held diplomatic posts at +Paris, Madrid, and Vienna, was Ambassador to Great Britain, and was in +1898 appointed Sec. of State. He has a place in literature by virtue of +his _Pike County Ballads_, and _Castilian Days_ (1871). + + +HAYLEY, WILLIAM (1745-1820).--Poet and biographer, was _b._ at +Chichester, and _ed._ at Eton and Camb. Though overstrained and romantic, +he had some literary ability, and was a good conversationalist. He was +the friend of Cowper, whose Life he wrote; and it was to his influence +with Pitt that the granting of a pension to the poet was due. He was the +author of numerous poems, including _The Triumph of Temper_, and of +_Essays_ on _History_ and _Epic Poetry_, and, in addition to his +biography of Cowper, wrote a _Life of Milton_. On the death of Thos. +Warton in 1790 he was offered, but declined, the Laureateship. Of him +Southey said, "Everything about that man is good except his poetry." + + +HAYNE, PAUL HAMILTON (1830-1886).--Poet, _b._ at Charleston, S. Carolina, +of an old family, contributed to various magazines, and _pub._ _Poems_ +(1885), containing "Legends and Lyrics." His graceful verses show the +influence of Keats. His sonnets are some of his best work. + + +HAYWARD, ABRAHAM (1802-1884).--Miscellaneous writer, belonged to an old +Wiltshire family and was _ed._ at Tiverton School. He studied law at the +Inner Temple, and was called to the Bar 1832. He had a great reputation +as a _raconteur_ and sayer of good things, and he was a copious +contributor to periodicals, especially the _Quarterly Review_. Many of +his articles were reprinted as _Biographical and Critical Essays_, and +_Eminent Statesmen and Writers_; he also wrote Lives of George Selwyn and +Lord Chesterfield, and books on Whist, Junius, and _The Art of Dining_. +His _Select Correspondence_ appeared posthumously. + + +HAYWARD, SIR JOHN (1564?-1627).--Historian, _b._ at Felixstowe, was the +author of various historical works, the earliest of which, _The First +Part of the Life and Reign of King Henry IV._, was _pub._ in 1599, and +gave such offence to Queen Elizabeth that the author was imprisoned. He, +however, managed to ingratiate himself with James I. by supporting his +views of kingly prerogative. He also, at the request of Prince Henry, +wrote a _History of the three Norman Kings of England_ (William I., +William II., and Henry I.) _The Life and Reign of Edward VI._ was _pub._ +posthumously in 1630. + + +HAYWOOD, MRS. ELIZA (FOWLER) (1693-1756).--Dramatist and novelist, _b._ +in London, was early _m._ to a Mr. H., but the union turning out +unhappily, she took to the stage, upon which she appeared in Dublin about +1715. She afterwards settled in London, and produced numerous plays and +novels, into which she introduced scandalous episodes regarding living +persons whose identity was very thinly veiled, a practice which, along +with her political satires, more than once involved her in trouble, and +together with certain attacks upon Pope, made in concert with Curll the +bookseller, procured for her a place in _The Dunciad_. Her enemies called +her reputation in question, but nothing very serious appears to have been +proved. She is repeatedly referred to by Steele, and has been doubtfully +identified with his "Sappho." Some of her works, such as _The History of +Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy_ had great popularity. Others were _The Fair +Captive_ (1721), _Idalia_ (1723), _Love in Excess_ (1724), _Memoirs of a +Certain Island adjacent to Utopia_ (anonymously) (1725), _Secret History +of Present Intrigues at the Court of Caramania_ (anonymously) (1727). She +also conducted _The Female Spectator_, and other papers. + + +HAZLITT, WILLIAM (1778-1830).--Essayist and critic, _b._ at Maidstone, +was the _s._ of a Unitarian minister. At his father's request he studied +for the ministry at a Unitarian Coll. at Hackney. His interests, however, +were much more philosophical and political than theological. The turning +point in his intellectual development was his meeting with Coleridge in +1798. Soon after this he studied art with the view of becoming a painter, +and devoted himself specially to portraiture, but though so good a judge +as his friend, J. Northcote, R.A., believed he had the talent requisite +for success, he could not satisfy himself, and gave up the idea, though +always retaining his love of art. He then definitely turned to +literature, and in 1805 _pub._ his first book, _Essay on the Principles +of Human Action_, which was followed by various other philosophical and +political essays. About 1812 he became parliamentary and dramatic +reporter to the _Morning Chronicle_; in 1814 a contributor to the +_Edinburgh Review_; and in 1817 he _pub._ a vol. of literary sketches, +_The Round Table_. In the last named year appeared his _Characters of +Shakespeare's Plays_, which was severely attacked in the _Quarterly +Review_ and _Blackwood's Magazine_, to which his democratic views made +him obnoxious. He defended himself in a cutting _Letter to William +Gifford_, the ed. of the former. The best of H.'s critical work--his +three courses of Lectures, _On the English Poets_, _On the English Comic +Writers_, and _On the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Queen +Elizabeth_--appeared successively in 1818, 1819, and 1820. His next works +were _Table Talk_, in which he attacked Shelley (1821-22), and _The +Spirit of the Age_ (1825), in which he criticised some of his +contemporaries. He then commenced what he intended to be his chief +literary undertaking, a life of _Napoleon Buonaparte_, in 4 vols. +(1828-30). Though written with great literary ability, its views and +sympathies were unpopular, and it failed in attaining success. His last +work was a _Life of Titian_, in which he collaborated with Northcote. H. +is one of the most subtle and acute of English critics, though, when +contemporaries came under review, he sometimes allowed himself to be +unduly swayed by personal or political feeling, from which he had himself +often suffered at the hands of others. His chief principle of criticism +as avowed by himself was that "a genuine criticism should reflect the +colour, the light and shade, the soul and body of a work." In his private +life he was not happy. His first marriage, entered into in 1807, ended in +a divorce in 1822, and was followed by an amour with his landlady's +_dau._, which he celebrated in _Liber Amoris_, a work which exposed him +to severe censure. A second marriage with a Mrs. Bridgewater ended by the +lady leaving him shortly after. The fact is that H. was possessed of a +peculiar temper, which led to his quarrelling with most of his friends. +He was, however, a man of honest and sincere convictions. There is a +_coll._ ed. of his works, the "Winterslow," by A.R. Waller and A. Glover, +12 vols., with introduction by W.E. Henley, etc. + + +HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND (1793-1875).--Traveller, essayist, and biographer, +served in the Engineers, went to South America as manager of a mining +company, which failed, and then turned to literature, and made +considerable reputation by a book of travels, _Rapid Journeys across the +Pampas and among the Andes_ (1827), which was followed by _Bubbles from +the Brunnens of Nassau_ (1834). He was Governor of Upper Canada 1835-37, +but was not a great success. Thereafter he contributed to the _Quarterly +Review_, and _repub._ his articles as _Stokers and Pokers--Highways and +Byways_, and wrote a _Life of Bruce_, the Abyssinian traveller. He was +made a Baronet in 1836. + + +HEARN, LAFCADIO (1850-1906).--Journalist and writer on Japan, _s._ of an +Irish Army surgeon and of a Greek lady, _b._ in Leucadia, Ionian +Islands, lost his parents early, and was sent home to be taken charge of +by an aunt in Wales, a Roman Catholic. On her death, when he was still a +boy, he was left penniless, delicate, and half blind, and after +experiencing great hardships, in spite of which he _ed._ himself, he took +to journalism. Going to New Orleans he attained a considerable reputation +as a writer with a distinctly individual style. He came under the +influence of Herbert Spencer, and devoted himself largely to the study of +social questions. After spending three years in the French West Indies, +he was in 1890 sent by a publisher to Japan to write a book on that +country, and there he remained, becoming a naturalised subject, taking +the name of Yakomo Koizumi, and marrying a Japanese lady. He lectured on +English literature in the Imperial Univ. at Tokio. Though getting nearer +than, perhaps, any other Western to an understanding of the Japanese, he +felt himself to the end to be still an alien. Among his writings, which +are distinguished by acute observation, imagination, and descriptive +power of a high order, are _Stray Leaves from Strange Literature_ (1884), +_Some Chinese Ghosts_ (1887), _Gleanings in Buddha Fields_ (1897), +_Ghostly Japan_, _Kokoro_, _Hints and Echoes of Japanese Inner Life_, etc. +He was also an admirable letter-writer. + + +HEARNE, THOMAS (1678-1735).--Antiquary, _b._ at White Waltham., +Berkshire, and _ed._ at Oxf., where in 1712 he became second keeper of +the Bodleian Library. A strong Jacobite, he was deprived of his post in +1716, and afterwards he refused, on political grounds, the chief +librarianship. He _pub._ a large number of antiquarian works, including +_Reliquiae Bodleianae_ (1703), and ed. of Leland's _Itinerary_ and +_Collectanea_, Camden's _Annals_, and Fordun's _Scotochronicon_. Some of +his own collections were _pub._ posthumously. + + +HEBER, REGINALD (1783-1826).--Poet, _s._ of the Rector of Malpas, a man +of family and wealth, and half-brother of Richard H., the famous +book-collector, was _ed._ at Oxf., where he gained the Newdigate prize +for his poem, _Palestine_, and was elected in 1805 Fellow of All Souls. +After travelling in Germany and Russia, he took orders in 1807, and +became Rector of the family living of Hodnet. In 1822, after two +refusals, he accepted the Bishopric of Calcutta, an office in which he +showed great zeal and capacity. He _d._ of apoplexy in his bath at +Trichinopoly in 1826. In addition to _Palestine_ he wrote _Europe_, a +poem having reference specially to the Peninsular War, and left various +fragments, including an Oriental romance based on the story of Bluebeard. +H.'s reputation now rests mainly on his hymns, of which several, _e.g._, +_From Greenland's Icy Mountains_, _Brightest and Best of the Sons of the +Morning_, and _Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty_, are sung wherever +the English language is known. He also wrote a _Life of Jeremy Taylor_ +(1822). H. was a scholar and wit as well as a devoted Christian and +Churchman. + + +HELPS, SIR ARTHUR (1813-1875).--Essayist and historian, was _b._ at +Streatham, Surrey, and _ed._ at Eton and Camb. After leaving the Univ. he +was private sec. to various public men, and in 1841, his circumstances +rendering him independent of employment, he retired to Bishop's Waltham, +and devoted himself for 20 years to study and writing. Appointed, in +1860, Clerk to the Privy Council, he became known to, and a favourite of, +Queen Victoria, who entrusted him with the task of editing the _Speeches +and Addresses of the Prince Consort_ (1862), and her own book, _Leaves +from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands_ (1868). Of his own +publications the first was _Thoughts in the Cloister and the Crowd_ +(1835), a series of aphorisms, and there followed, among others, _Essays +written in the Intervals of Business_ (1841), _Friends in Council_, 4 +series (1847-59), _Realmah_ (1869), and _Conversations on War and General +Culture_ (1871). In history H. wrote _The Conquerors of the New World_ +(1848-52), and _The Spanish Conquests in America_, 4 vols. (1855-61). He +also wrote a _Life of Thos. Brassey_, and, as the demand for his +historical works fell off, he _repub._ parts of them as individual +biographies of Las Casas, Columbus, Pizarro, and Cortez. He also tried +the drama, but without success. His essays are his most successful work, +containing as they do the thoughts and opinions of a shrewd, experienced, +and highly cultivated man, written in what Ruskin called "beautiful quiet +English." They have not, however, any exceptional depth or originality. + + +HEMANS, FELICIA DOROTHEA (BROWNE) (1793-1835).--Poetess, _dau._ of a +Liverpool merchant, who, owing to reverses, retired to North Wales. While +yet little more than a child she _pub._ her first poems, the reception of +which was not encouraging. In the same year, 1808, a further publication +appeared which drew a letter from Shelley. Her first important work, _The +Domestic Affections_, appeared in 1812, in which year she was _m._ to +Captain Hemans, an Irish officer. The union, however, was not a happy +one, and her husband practically deserted her and her five sons in 1818. +Her literary activity was continued during the whole of her short life, +and her works include, _The Vespers of Palermo_, a drama, which was not +successful, _The Forest Sanctuary_ (1826), her best poem, _Records of +Woman_, _Lays of Leisure Hours_, _Songs of the Affections_, _Hymns for +Childhood_, and _Thoughts during Sickness_ (1834), her last effort. In +1829 she visited Scotland, where she was the guest of Scott, who held her +in affectionate regard. She also enjoyed the friendship of Wordsworth. +Always somewhat delicate, her health latterly entirely gave way, and she +_d._ of a decline in 1835. Her shorter pieces enjoyed much popularity, +and still, owing to their grace and tenderness, retain a certain place, +but her long poems are lacking in energy and depth, and are forgotten. + + +HENLEY, WILLIAM ERNEST (1849-1903).--Poet and critic, _b._ at Gloucester, +made the acquaintance of Robert Louis Stevenson (_q.v._), and +collaborated with him in several dramas, including _Deacon Brodie_, and +_Robert Macaire_. He engaged in journalism, and became ed. of _The +Magazine of Art_, _The National Observer_, and _The New Review_, compiled +_Lyra Heroica_, an anthology of English poetry for boys, and, with Mr. +Farmer, ed. a _Dictionary of Slang_. His poems, which include _Hospital +Rhymes_, _London Voluntaries_, _The Song of the Sword_, _For England's +Sake_, and _Hawthorn and Lavender_, are very unequal in quality, and +range from strains of the purest music to an uncouth and unmusical +realism of no poetic worth. He wrote with T.F. Henderson a _Life of +Burns_, in which the poet is set forth as a "lewd peasant of genius." + +Complete works, 7 vols., 1908. + + +HENRY VIII. (1491-1547).--Besides writing songs including _The Kings +Ballad_, was a learned controversialist, and contended against Luther in +_Assertio Septem Sacramentorum_ (Defence of the Seven Sacraments), a +treatise which gained for him the title of Defender of the Faith. + + +HENRY of HUNTINGDON (1084-1155).--Historian, was Archdeacon of Huntingdon +from 1109. His _Historia Anglorum_ (History of the English) comes down to +1154. He also wrote a treatise, _De Contemptu Mundi_ (on Contempt of the +World). + + +HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714).--Commentator, _s._ of Philip H., a learned +Nonconformist divine, was _b._ in Flintshire. He was originally destined +for the law, and studied at Gray's Inn, but turned his mind to theology, +and, in 1687, became minister of a Nonconformist church at Chester. Here +he remained until 1712, when he went to take the oversight of a +congregation at Hackney, where he _d._ two years later. He wrote many +religious works, but is chiefly remembered by his _Exposition of the Old +and New Testaments_, which he did not live to complete beyond the Acts. +The comment on the Epistles was, however, furnished after his death by 13 +Nonconformist divines. Though long superseded from a critical point of +view, the work still maintains its place as a book of practical religion, +being distinguished by great freshness and ingenuity of thought, and +pointed and vigorous expression. + + +HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790).--Historian, _b._ at St. Ninians, +Stirlingshire, entered the Church of Scotland, becoming one of the +ministers of Edin. He wrote the _History of Great Britain on a New Plan_ +(1771-93), in 6 vols., covering the period from the Roman invasion until +the reign of Henry VIII. The novelty consisted in dividing the subjects +into different heads, civil history, military, social, and so on, and +following out each of them separately. The work was mainly a compilation, +having no critical qualities, and is now of little value. Notwithstanding +the persistent and ferocious attacks of Dr. Gilbert Stewart (_q.v._), it +had a great success, and brought the author over L3000, and a government +pension of L100. + + +HENRY, THE MINSTREL, (_see_ BLIND HARRY). + + +HENRYSON, ROBERT (1430?-1506?).--Scottish poet. Few details of his life +are known, even the dates of his birth and death being uncertain. He +appears to have been a schoolmaster, perhaps in the Benedictine Convent, +at Dunfermline, and was a member of the Univ. of Glasgow in 1462. He also +practised as a Notary Public, and may have been in orders. His principal +poems are _The Moral Fables of Esope the Phrygian_, _The Testament of +Cresseide_, a sequel to the _Troilus and Cressida_ of Chaucer, to whom it +was, until 1721, attributed, _Robene and Makyne_, the first pastoral, not +only in Scottish vernacular, but in the English tongue, _The Uplandis +Mous and The Burges Mous_ (Country and Town Mouse), and the _Garmond of +Gude Ladeis_. H., who was versed in the learning and general culture of +his day, had a true poetic gift. His verse is strong and swift, full of +descriptive power, and sparkling with wit. He is the first Scottish +lyrist and the introducer of the pastoral to English literature. + + +HENTY, GEORGE ALFRED (1832-1902).--Boys' novelist, wrote over 80 books +for boys, which had great popularity. Among them are _By England's Aid_, +_Dash for Khartoum_, _Facing Death_, _In Freedom's Cause_, _Out on the +Pampas_, etc., all full of adventure and interest, and conveying +information as well as amusement. + + +HERAUD, JOHN ABRAHAM (1799-1887).--Poet, _b._ in London, of Huguenot +descent, he contributed to various periodicals, and _pub._ two poems, +which attracted some attention, _The Descent into Hell_ (1830), and _The +Judgment of the Flood_ (1834). He also produced a few plays, +miscellaneous poems, books of travel, etc. + + +HERBERT, of CHERBURY, EDWARD, 1ST LORD (1583-1648).--Philosopher and +historian, was the eldest _s._ of Richard H., of Montgomery Castle, and +was _b._ there or at Eyton, Shropshire. He was at Oxf., and while there, +at the age of 16, he _m._ a kinswoman four years his senior, the _dau._ +of Sir William H. Thereafter he returned to the Univ. and devoted himself +to study, and to the practice of manly sports and accomplishments. At his +coronation in 1603 James I. made him a Knight of the Bath, and in 1608 he +went to the Continent, where for some years he was engaged in military +and diplomatic affairs, not without his share of troubles. In 1624 he was +_cr._ an Irish, and a few years later, an English, peer, as Baron H., of +Cherbury. On the outbreak of the Civil War he sided, though somewhat +half-heartedly, with the Royalists, but in 1644 he surrendered to the +Parliament, received a pension, held various offices, and _d._ in 1648. +It was in 1624 that he wrote his treatise, _De Veritate_, "An empirical +theory of knowledge," in which truth is distinguished from (1) +revelation, (2) the probable, (3) the possible, (4) the false. It is the +first purely metaphysical work written by an Englishman, and gave rise to +much controversy. It was reprinted in 1645, when the author added two +treatises, _De Causis Errorum_ (concerning the Causes of Errors), and _De +Religione Laici_ (concerning the Religion of a Layman). His other chief +philosophical work was _De Religione Gentilium_ (1663), of which an +English translation appeared in 1705, under the title of _The Ancient +Religion of the Gentiles and Cause of their Errors considered_. It has +been called "the charter of the Deists," and was intended to prove that +"all religions recognise five main articles--(1) a Supreme God, (2) who +ought to be worshipped, (3) that virtue and purity are the essence of +that worship, (4) that sin should be repented of, and (5) rewards and +punishments in a future state." Among his historical works are _Expeditio +Buckinghamii Ducis_ (1656), a vindication of the Rochelle expedition, a +_Life of Henry VIII._ (1649), extremely partial to the King, his +_Autobiography_, which gives a brilliant picture of his contemporaries, +and of the manners and events of his time, and a somewhat vainglorious +account of himself and his doings. He was also the author of some poems +of a metaphysical cast. On the whole his is one of the most shining and +spirited figures of the time. + +Autobiography ed. by S. Lee (1886). Poems ed. by J. Churton Collins, etc. + + +HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633).--Poet, brother of above, was _ed._ at +Westminster School and Trinity Coll., Camb., where he took his degree in +1616, and was public orator 1619-27. He became the friend of Sir H. +Wotton, Donne, and Bacon, the last of whom is said to have held him in +such high esteem as to submit his writings to him before publication. He +acquired the favour of James I., who conferred upon him a sinecure worth +L120 a year, and having powerful friends, he attached himself for some +time to the Court in the hope of preferment. The death of two of his +patrons, however, led him to change his views, and coming under the +influence of Nicholas Ferrar, the quietist of Little Gidding, and of +Laud, he took orders in 1626 and, after serving for a few years as +prebendary of Layton Ecclesia, or Leighton Broomswold, he became in 1630 +Rector of Bemerton, Wilts, where he passed the remainder of his life, +discharging the duties of a parish priest with conscientious assiduity. +His health, however, failed, and he _d._ in his 40th year. His chief +works are _The Temple, or Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations_ (1634), +_The Country Parson_ (1652), and _Jacula Prudentium_, a collection of +pithy proverbial sayings, the two last in prose. Not _pub._ until the +year after his death, _The Temple_ had immediate acceptance, 20,000 +copies, according to I. Walton, who was H.'s biographer, having been sold +in a few years. Among its admirers were Charles I., Cowper, and +Coleridge. H. wrote some of the most exquisite sacred poetry in the +language, although his style, influenced by Donne, is at times +characterised by artificiality and conceits. He was an excellent +classical scholar, and an accomplished musician. + +Works with _Life_ by Izaak Walton, ed. by Coleridge, 1846, etc. + + +HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682).--Traveller and historian, belonged to an +old Yorkshire family, studied at Oxf. and Camb., and went in connection +with an embassy to Persia, of which, and of other Oriental countries, he +_pub._ a description. On the outbreak of the Civil War he was a +Parliamentarian, but was afterwards taken into the household of the King, +to whom he became much attached, was latterly his only attendant, and was +with him on the scaffold. At the Restoration he was made a Baronet, and +in 1678 _pub._ _Threnodia Carolina_, an account of the last two years of +the King's life. + + +HERD, DAVID (1732-1810).--Scottish anthologist, _s._ of a farmer in +Kincardineshire, was clerk to an accountant in Edin., and devoted his +leisure to collecting old Scottish poems and songs, which he first _pub._ +in 1769 as _Ancient Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads, etc._ Other and +enlarged ed. appeared in 1776 and 1791. Sir W. Scott made use of his MS. +collections in his _Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_. + + +HERRICK, ROBERT (1591-1674).--Poet, _b._ in London, was apprenticed as a +goldsmith to his uncle, Sir William H., with whom he remained for 10 +years. Thereafter he went to Camb., took orders, and was in 1629 +presented by Charles I. to the living of Dean Prior, a remote parish in +Devonshire, from which he was ejected in 1647, returning in 1662. In the +interval he appears to have lived in Westminster, probably supported, +more or less, by the gifts of wealthy Royalists. His _Noble Numbers or +Pious Pieces_ was _pub._ in 1647, his _Hesperides or Works both Human and +Divine_ in 1648, and the two together in one vol. in the latter year. +Over 60, however, of the lighter poems included in _Hesperides_ had +previously appeared anonymously in a collection entitled _Wit's +Recreations_. H.'s early life in London had been a free one, and his +secular poems, in which he appears much more at ease than in his sacred, +show him to have been a thorough Epicurean, though he claims that his +life was not to be judged by his muse. As a lyric poet H. stands in the +front rank for sweetness, grace, and true poetic fire, and some of his +love songs, _e.g._ _Anthea_, and _Gather ye Rose-buds_, are unsurpassed in +their kind; while in such exquisite little poems as _Blossoms, +Daffodils_, and others he finds a classic expression for his love of +nature and country life. In his epigrams, however, he falls much below +himself. He has been described as "the most frankly pagan of English +poets." + +Poems ed. by Nutt (1810), Grosart (1876), Pollard (preface by Swinburne, +1891). + + +HERSCHEL, SIR JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM (1792-1871).--_S._ of Sir William +H., the eminent astronomer and discoverer of the planet Uranus, was _b._ +at Slough, and _ed._ at Camb., where he was Senior Wrangler and first +Smith's prizeman. He became one of the greatest of English astronomers. +Among his writings are treatises on Sound and Light, and his _Astronomy_ +(1831) was for long the leading manual on the subject. He also _pub._ +_Popular Lectures_ and _Collected Addresses_, and made translations from +Schiller, and from the _Iliad_. + + +HERVEY, JAMES (1714-1758).--Religious writer, Rector of Weston Favell, +Northants, was the author of _Meditations among the Tombs_ (1745-47), +_Theron and Aspasio_, and other works, which had a great vogue in their +day. They are characterised by over-wrought sentiment, and overloaded +with florid ornament. H. was a devout and unselfish man, who by his +labours broke down a delicate constitution. + + +HERVEY, JOHN, LORD (1696-1743).--Writer of memoirs, was a younger _s._ of +the 1st Earl of Bristol. Entering Parliament he proved an able debater, +and held various offices, including that of Lord Privy Seal. He was a +favourite with Queen Caroline, and a dexterous and supple courtier. He +wrote _Memoirs of the Reign of George II._, which gives a very +unfavourable view of the manners and morals of the Court. It is written +in a lively, though often spiteful style, and contains many clever and +discriminating character sketches. He was satirised by Pope under the +name of "Sporus" and "Lord Fanny." + + +HEYLIN, PETER (1600-1662).--Ecclesiastical writer, _b._ at Burford, +Oxon., was one of the clerical followers of Charles I., who suffered for +his fidelity, being deprived under the Commonwealth of his living of +Alresford, and other preferments. After the Restoration he was made +sub-Dean of Westminster, but the failure of his health prevented further +advancement. He was a voluminous writer, and a keen and acrimonious +controversialist against the Puritans. Among his works are a _History of +the Reformation_, and a Life of Laud (_Cyprianus Anglicanus_) (1668). + + +HEYWOOD, JOHN (1497?-1580?).--Dramatist and epigrammatist, is believed to +have been _b._ at North Mimms, Herts. He was a friend of Sir Thomas More, +and through him gained the favour of Henry VIII., and was at the Court of +Edward VI. and Mary, for whom, as a young Princess, he had a great +regard. Being a supporter of the old religion, he enjoyed her favour, but +on the accession of Elizabeth, he left the country, and went to Mechlin, +where he _d._ He was famous as a writer of interludes, a species of +composition intermediate between the old "moralities" and the regular +drama, and displayed considerable constructive skill, and a racy, if +somewhat broad and even coarse, humour. Among his interludes are _The +Play of the Wether_ (1532), _The Play of Love_ (1533), and _The Pardoner +and the Frere_. An allegorical poem is _The Spider and the Flie_ (1556), +in which the Spider stands for the Protestants, and the Flie for the +Roman Catholics. H. was likewise the author of some 600 epigrams, whence +his title of "the old English epigrammatist." + + +HEYWOOD, THOMAS (_d._ 1650).--Dramatist. Few facts about him have come +down, and these are almost entirely derived from his own writings. He +appears to have been _b._ in Lincolnshire, and was a Fellow of +Peterhouse, Camb., and an ardent Protestant. His literary activity +extends from about 1600 to 1641, and his production was unceasing; he +claims to have written or "had a main finger in" 220 plays, of which only +a small proportion (24) are known to be in existence, a fact partly +accounted for by many of them having been written upon the backs of +tavern bills, and by the circumstance that though a number of them were +popular, few were _pub._ Among them may be mentioned _The Four Prentices +of London_ (1600) (ridiculed in Fletcher's _Knight of the Burning +Pestle_), _Edward IV._ (2 parts) in 1600 and 1605, _The Royal King and +the Loyal Subject_ (1637), _A Woman Killed with Kindness_ (1603), _Rape +of Lucrece_ (1608), _Fair Maid of the Exchange_ (1607), _Love's Mistress_ +(1636), and _Wise Woman of Hogsdon_ (1638). H. also wrote an _Apology for +Actors_ (1612), a poem, _Hierarchy of the Blessed Angels_ (1635), and +made various translations. He was thoroughly English in his subjects and +treatment, and had invention, liveliness, and truth to nature, but lacked +the higher poetic sense, and of course wrote far too much to write +uniformly well. + + +HIGDEN, RANULF or RALPH (_d._ 1364).--Chronicler, is believed to have +been _b._ in the West of England, took the monastic vow (Benedictine), at +Chester in 1299, and seems to have travelled over the North of England. +His fame rests on his _Polychronicon_, a universal history reaching down +to contemporary events. The work is divided into 7 books and, though of +no great value as an authority, has an interest as showing the state of +historical and geographical knowledge at the time. Written in Latin, it +was translated into English by John of Trevisa (_q.v._) (1387), and +printed by Caxton (1482), and by others. Another translation of the 15th +century was issued in the Rolls Series. For two centuries it was an +approved work. H. wrote various other treatises on theology and history. + + +HILL, AARON (1685-1750).--Dramatist and miscellaneous writer, _s._ of a +country gentleman of Wiltshire, was _ed._ at Westminster School, and +thereafter made a tour in the East. He was the author of 17 dramatic +pieces, some of them, such as his versions of Voltaire's _Zaire_ and +_Merope_, being adaptations. He also wrote a quantity of poetry, which, +notwithstanding some good passages, is as a general rule dull and +pompous. Having written some satiric lines on Pope he received in return +a niche in _The Dunciad_, which led to a controversy, in which H. showed +some spirit. Afterwards a reconciliation took place. He was a friend and +correspondent of Richardson, whose _Pamela_ he highly praised. In +addition to his literary pursuits H. was a great projector, but his +schemes were usually unsuccessful. He was a good and honourable man, but +over-impressed with his own importance. + + +HINTON, JAMES (1822-1875).--Writer on sociology and psychology, _s._ of a +Baptist minister, became a successful aurist, but his attention being +arrested by social questions, he gave more and more of his time to the +consideration and exposition of these. Open-minded and altruistic, his +books are full of thought and suggestion. Among his writings may be +mentioned _Man and his Dwelling-place_ (1859), _The Mystery of Pain_ +(1866), _The Law of Human Life_ (1874), _Chapters on the Art of Thinking_ +(1879), and _Philosophy and Religion_ (1881). + + +HOADLEY, BENJAMIN (1676-1761).--Theologian and controversialist, _ed._ at +Camb., entered the Church, and became Bishop successively of Bangor, +Hereford, Salisbury, and Winchester. He was a great supporter of the +Revolution, and controvertor of the doctrines of divine right and passive +obedience. His works were generally either the causes of controversy or +elicited by it. One of his sermons, _On the Nature of the Kingdom or +Church of Christ_ was the originating cause of what was known as the +Bangorian controversy, which raged for a long time with great bitterness. + + +HOBBES, THOMAS (1588-1679).--Philosopher, was _b._ at Malmesbury, the +_s._ of a clergyman, and _ed._ at Oxf. Thereafter he travelled as tutor +through France, Italy, and Germany, with William Lord Cavendish, +afterwards 2nd Earl of Devonshire, with whom he remained as sec. after +the completion of the tour. While engaged in this capacity he became +acquainted with Bacon (whose amanuensis he is said to have been), Herbert +of Cherbury, and Ben Jonson. In 1629 he _pub._ a translation of +_Thucydides_. After the death of his patron, which took place in 1626, he +went in 1628 to Paris, where he remained for 18 months, and in 1631 he +assumed the position of tutor to his _s._, afterwards the 3rd Earl, with +whom he went in 1634 to France, Italy, and Savoy. When in Italy he was +the friend of Galileo, Gassendi, and other eminent men. Returning to +England he remained in the Earl's service, and devoted himself to his +studies on philosophy and politics. The commotions of the times, however, +disturbed him; and his Royalist principles, expounded in his treatise, +_De Corpore Politico_, led to his again, in 1641, leaving England and +going to Paris, where he remained until 1652. While there, he entered +into controversy on mathematical subjects with Descartes, _pub._ some of +his principal works, including _Leviathan_, and received, in 1647, the +appointment of mathematical tutor to the Prince of Wales, afterwards +Charles II., who was then in that city. The views expressed in his works, +however, brought him into such unpopularity that the Prince found it +expedient to break the connection, and H. returned to England. In 1653 he +resumed his relations with the Devonshire family, living, however, in +London in habits of intimacy with Selden, Cowley, and Dr. Harvey. On the +Restoration the King conferred upon him a pension of L100, but like most +of the Royal benefactions of the day, it was but irregularly paid. His +later years were spent in the family of his patron, chiefly at +Chatsworth, where he continued his literary activity until his death, +which occurred in 1679, in his 91st year. H. was one of the most +prominent Englishmen of his day, and has continued to influence +philosophical thought more or less ever since, generally, however, by +evoking opposition. His fundamental proposition is that all human action +is ultimately based upon selfishness (more or less enlightened), allowing +no place to the moral or social sentiments. Similarly in his political +writings man is viewed as a purely selfish being who must be held in +restraint by the strong hand of authority. His chief philosophical works +are _De Corpore Politico_, already mentioned, _pub._ in 1640; +_Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society_, originally +in Latin, translated into English in 1650; _Leviathan, or the Matter, +Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil_ (1651); +_Treatise on Human Nature_ (1650); and _Letters upon Liberty and +Necessity_ (1654). Generally speaking, all his works led him into +controversy, one of his principal opponents being Clarendon. The _Letters +upon Liberty and Necessity_, which is one of the ablest of them, and +indeed one of the ablest ever written on the subject, brought him into +collision with Bramhall, Bishop of Londonderry, whom he completely +overthrew. He was not, however, so successful in his mathematical +controversies, one of the chief of which was on the Quadrature of the +Circle. Here his antagonist was the famous mathematician Wallis, who was +able easily to demonstrate his errors. In 1672, when 84, H. wrote his +autobiography in Latin verse, and in the same year translated 4 books of +the _Odyssey_, which were so well received that he completed the +remaining books, and also translated the whole of the _Iliad_. Though +accurate as literal renderings of the sense, these works fail largely to +convey the beauties of the original, notwithstanding which three ed. were +issued within 10 years, and they long retained their popularity. His last +work was _Behemoth_, a history of the Civil War, completed just before +his death, which occurred at Hardwick Hall, one of the seats of the +Devonshire family. Although a clear and bold thinker, and a keen +controversialist, he was characterised by a certain constitutional +timidity believed to have been caused by the alarm of his mother near +the time of his birth at the threatened descent of the Spanish Armada. +Though dogmatic and impatient of contradiction, faults which grew upon +him with age, H. had the courage of his opinions, which he did not trim +to suit the times. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1588, _ed._ Oxf., became acquainted with Bacon, went to +Paris 1628, in Italy 1634, _pub._ _De Corpore Politico_ (1640), again in +Paris 1641-52, and while there was in controversy with Descartes, and +_pub._ _Leviathan_ (1651), appointed mathematical tutor to Charles II. +1647, returned to England 1652, pensioned at Restoration, later years +spent at Chatsworth, _pub._ _Human Nature_ 1650, _Liberty and Necessity_ +1654, controversy with Bramhall and Wallis, writes autobiography 1672, +translates _Homer_, _pub._ _Behemoth_ 1679, _d._ 1679. + +_Works_ ed. by Sir W. Molesworth (16 vols. 1839-46), monograph by Croom +Robertson. _Life_ by L. Stephen (English Men of Letters Series). + + +HOBY, SIR THOMAS (1530-1566).--Translator, _b._ at Leominster, and _ed._ +at Camb., translated Bucer's _Gratulation to the Church of England_, and +_The Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castilio_, the latter of which had great +popularity. H. _d._ in Paris while Ambassador to France. + + +HOCCLEVE, or OCCLEVE, THOMAS (1368?-1450?).--Poet, probably _b._ in +London, where he appears to have spent most of his life, living in +Chester's Inn in the Strand. Originally intended for the Church, he +received an appointment in the Privy Seal Office, which he retained until +1424, when quarters were assigned him in the Priory of Southwick, Hants. +In 1399 a pension of L10, subsequently increased to L13, 6s. 8d., had +been conferred upon him, which, however, was paid only intermittently, +thus furnishing him with a perpetual grievance. His early life appears to +have been irregular, and to the end he was a weak, vain, discontented +man. His chief work is _De Regimine Principum_ or _Governail of Princes_, +written 1411-12. The best part of this is an autobiographical prelude +_Mal Regle de T. Hoccleve_, in which he holds up his youthful follies as +a warning. It is also interesting as containing, in the MS. in the +British Museum, a drawing of Chaucer, from which all subsequent portraits +have been taken. + + +HOFFMAN, CHARLES FENNO (1806-1884).--Poet, etc., _b._ in New York, _s._ +of a lawyer, was bred to the same profession, but early deserted it for +literature. He wrote a successful novel, _Greyslaer_, and much verse, +some of which displayed more lyrical power than any which had preceded it +in America. + + +HOGG, JAMES (THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD) (1770-1835).--Poet, and writer of +tales, belonged to a race of shepherds, and began life by herding cows +until he was old enough to be trusted with a flock of sheep. His +imagination was fed by his mother, who was possessed of an inexhaustible +stock of ballads and folk-lore. He had little schooling, and had great +difficulty in writing out his earlier poems, but was earnest in giving +himself such culture as he could. Entering the service of Mr. Laidlaw, +the friend of Scott, he was by him introduced to the poet, and assisted +him in collecting material for his _Border Minstrelsy_. In 1796 he had +begun to write his songs, and when on a visit to Edin. in 1801 he _coll._ +his poems under the title of _Scottish Pastorals, etc._, and in 1807 +there followed _The Mountain Bard_. A treatise on the diseases of sheep +brought him L300, on the strength of which he embarked upon a +sheep-farming enterprise in Dumfriesshire which, like a previous smaller +venture in Harris, proved a failure, and he returned to Ettrick bankrupt. +Thenceforward he relied almost entirely on literature for support. With +this view he, in 1810, settled in Edin., _pub._ _The Forest Minstrel_, +and started the _Spy_, a critical journal, which ran for a year. In 1813 +_The Queen's Wake_ showed his full powers, and finally settled his right +to an assured place among the poets of his country. He joined the staff +of _Blackwood_, and became the friend of Wilson, Wordsworth, and Byron. +Other poems followed, _The Pilgrims of the Sun_ (1815), _Madoc of the +Moor_, _The Poetic Mirror_, and _Queen Hynde_ (1826); and in prose +_Winter Evening Tales_ (1820), _The Three Perils of Man_ (1822), and _The +Three Perils of Woman_. In his later years his home was a cottage at +Altrive on 70 acres of moorland presented to him by the Duchess of +Buccleuch, where he _d._ greatly lamented. As might be expected from his +almost total want of regular education, H. was often greatly wanting in +taste, but he had real imagination and poetic faculty. Some of his lyrics +like _The Skylark_ are perfect in their spontaneity and sweetness, and +his _Kilmeny_ is one of the most exquisite fairy tales in the language. +Hogg was vain and greedy of praise, but honest and, beyond his means, +generous. He is a leading character, partly idealised, partly +caricatured, in Wilson's _Noctes Ambrosianae_. + + +HOGG, THOMAS JEFFERSON (1792-1862).--Biographer, _s._ of John H., a +country gentleman of Durham, _ed._ at Durham Grammar School, and Univ. +Coll., Oxf., where he made the acquaintance of Shelley, whose lifelong +friend and biographer he became. Associated with S. in the famous +pamphlet on _The Necessity of Atheism_, he shared in the expulsion from +the Univ. which it entailed, and thereafter devoted himself to the law, +being called to the Bar in 1817. In 1832 he contributed to Bulwer's _New +Monthly Magazine_ his _Reminiscences of Shelley_, which was much admired. +Thereafter he was commissioned to write a biography of the poet, of which +he completed 2 vols., but in so singular a fashion that the material with +which he had been entrusted was withdrawn. The work, which is probably +unique in the annals of biography, while giving a vivid and credible +picture of S. externally, shows no true appreciation of him as a poet, +and reflects with at least equal prominence the humorously eccentric +personality of the author, which renders it entertaining in no common +degree. Other works of H. were _Memoirs of Prince Alexy Haimatoff_, and a +book of travels, _Two Hundred and Nine Days_ (1827). He _m._ the widow of +Williams, Shelley's friend, who was drowned along with him. + + +HOLCROFT, THOMAS (1745-1809).--Dramatist, _s._ of a small shoemaker in +London, passed his youth as a pedlar, and as a Newmarket stable boy. A +charitable person having given him some education he became a +schoolmaster, but in 1770 went on the provincial stage. He then took to +writing plays, and was the first to introduce the melodrama into England. +Among his plays, _The Road to Ruin_ (1792) is the best, and is still +acted; others were _Duplicity_ (1781), and _A Tale of Mystery_. Among his +novels are _Alwyn_ (1780), and _Hugh Trevor_, and he wrote the well-known +song, _Gaffer Gray_. H. was a man of stern and irascible temper, +industrious and energetic, and a sympathiser with the French Revolution. + + +HOLINSHED, or HOLLINGSHEAD, RAPHAEL or RALPH _d._ (1580?).--Belonged to a +Cheshire family, and is said by Anthony Wood to have been at one of the +Univ., and to have been a priest. He came to London, and was in the +employment of Reginald Wolf, a German printer, making translations and +doing hack-work. His _Chronicles of Englande, Scotlande, and Irelande_, +from which Shakespeare drew much of his history, was based to a +considerable extent on the collections of Leland, and he had the +assistance of W. Harrison, R. Stanyhurst, and others. The introductory +description of England and the English was the work of Harrison, +Stanyhurst did the part relating to Ireland, and H. himself the history +of England and Scotland, the latter being mainly translated from the +works of Boece and Major. _Pub._ in 1577 it had an eager welcome, and a +wide and lasting popularity. A later ed. in 1586 was ed. by J. Hooker and +Stow. It is a work of real value--a magazine of useful and interesting +information, with the authorities cited. Its tone is strongly Protestant, +its style clear. + + +HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881).--Novelist and poet, _b._ in +Massachusetts, helped to found and ed. _Scribner's Monthly_ (afterwards +the _Century Magazine_), in which appeared his novels, _Arthur +Bonnicastle_, _The Story of Sevenoaks_, _Nicholas Minturn_. In poetry he +wrote _Bitter Sweet_ (1858), _Kathrina_, etc. + + +HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637).--Translator, _b._ at Chelmsford, and _ed._ +at Camb., was master of the free school at Coventry, where he also +practised medicine. His chief translations, made in good Elizabethan +English, are of Pliny's _Natural History_, Plutarch's _Morals_, +Suetonius, Xenophon's _Cyropaedia_, and Camden's _Britannia_. There are +passages in the second of these which have hardly been excelled by any +later prose translator of the classics. His later years were passed in +poverty. + + +HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL (1809-1894).--Essayist, novelist, and poet, was +_b._ of good Dutch and English stock at Camb., Massachusetts, the seat of +Harvard, where he graduated in 1829. He studied law, then medicine, first +at home, latterly in Paris, whence he returned in 1835, and practised in +his native town. In 1838 he was appointed Prof. of Anatomy and Physiology +at Dartmouth Coll., from which he was in 1847 transferred to a similar +chair at Harvard. Up to 1857 he had done little in literature: his first +book of poems, containing "The Last Leaf," had been _pub._ But in that +year the _Atlantic Monthly_ was started with Lowell for ed., and H. was +engaged as a principal contributor. In it appeared the trilogy by which +he is best known, _The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table_ (1857), _The +Professor_, _The Poet_ (1872), all graceful, allusive, and pleasantly +egotistical. He also wrote _Elsie Venner_ (1861), which has been called +"the snake story of literature," and _The Guardian Angel_. By many +readers he is valued most for the poems which lie imbedded in his books, +such as "The Chambered Nautilus," "The Last Leaf," "Homesick in Heaven," +"The Voiceless," and "The Boys." + + +HOME, JOHN (1722-1808).--Dramatist, _s._ of the Town-Clerk of Leith, +where he was _b._, _ed._ there and at Edin., and entered the Church. +Before doing so, however, he had fought on the Royalist side in the '45, +and had, after the Battle of Falkirk, been a prisoner in Doune Castle, +whence he escaped. His ministerial life, which was passed at +Athelstaneford, East Lothian, was brought to an end by the action of the +Church Courts on his producing the play of _Douglas_. This drama, which +had been rejected by Garrick, but brought out in Edin. in 1756, created +an immense sensation, and made its appearance in London the following +year. H. then became private sec. to the Earl of Bute, who gave him the +sinecure of Conservator of Scots Privileges at Campvere in Holland. +Thereafter he was tutor to the Prince of Wales (George III.), who on his +accession conferred upon him a pension of L300. Other plays were _The +Siege of Aquileia_, _The Fatal Discovery_ (1769), _Alonzo_, and _Alfred_ +(1778), which was a total failure. He also wrote a _History of the +Rebellion_. In 1778 he settled in Edin., where he was one of the +brilliant circle of literary men of which Robertson was the centre. He +supported the claims of Macpherson to be the translator of Ossian. + + +HONE, WILLIAM (1780-1842).--Miscellaneous writer, _b._ at Bath, in his +youth became a convinced and active democrat. His zeal in the propagation +of his views, political and philanthropic, was so absorbing as to lead to +a uniform want of success in his business undertakings. He _pub._ many +satirical writings, which had immense popularity, among which were _The +Political House that Jack Built_ (1819), _The Man in the Moon_ (1820), +_The Political Showman_ (1821), and _The Apocryphal New Testament_. For +one of his earliest satires, _The Political Litany_, _pub._ in 1817, he +was prosecuted, but acquitted. Later he brought out _Ancient Mysteries_ +(1823), _Every Day Book_ (1826-27), _Table Book_ (1827-28), and _Year +Book_ (1828). These works, in which he had the assistance of other +writers, are full of curious learning on miscellaneous subjects, such as +ceremonies, dress, sports, customs, etc. His last literary enterprise was +an ed. of _Strutt's Sports and Pastimes_ (1830). Always a +self-sacrificing and honest man, he was originally an unbeliever, but in +his latter years he became a sincere Christian. + + +HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845).--Poet and comic writer, _s._ of a bookseller in +London, where he was _b._, was put into a mercantile office, but the +confinement proving adverse to his health, he was sent to Dundee, where +the family had connections, and where he obtained some literary +employment. His health being restored, he returned to London, and entered +the employment of an uncle as an engraver. Here he acquired an +acquaintance with drawing, which he afterwards turned to account in +illustrating his comic writings. After working for a short time on his +own account he became, at the age of 22, sub-editor of the _London +Magazine_, and made the acquaintance of many literary men, including De +Quincey, Lamb, and Hazlitt. His first separate publication, _Odes and +Addresses to Great People_, appeared in 1825, and had an immediate +success. Thus encouraged he produced in the next year _Whims and +Oddities_, and in 1829, he commenced _The Comic Annual_, which he +continued for 9 years, and wrote in _The Gem_ his striking poem, _Eugene +Aram_. Meanwhile he had _m._ in 1824, a step which, though productive of +the main happiness and comfort of his future life, could not be +considered altogether prudent, as his health had begun to give way, and +he had no means of support but his pen. Soon afterwards the failure of +his publisher involved him in difficulties which, combined with his +delicate health, made the remainder of his life a continual struggle. The +years between 1834 and 1839 were the period of most acute difficulty, and +for a part of this time he was obliged to live abroad. In 1840 friends +came to his assistance, and he was able to return to England. His health +was, however, quite broken down, but his industry never flagged. During +the five years which remained to him he acted as ed. first of the _New +Monthly Magazine_, and then of _Hood's Monthly Magazine_. In his last +year a Government pension of L100 was granted to his wife. Among his +other writings may be mentioned _Tylney Hall_, a novel which had little +success, and _Up the Rhine_, in which he satirised the English tourist. +Considering the circumstances of pressure under which he wrote, it is +little wonder that much of his work was ephemeral and beneath his powers, +but in his particular line of humour he is unique, while his serious +poems are instinct with imagination and true pathos. A few of them, such +as _The Song of the Shirt_, and _The Bridge of Sighs_ are perfect in +their kind. + +_Life_ by his _s._ and _dau._ Ed. of _Works_ by same (7 vols. 1862). +Selections, with Biography, by Ainger, 1897. + + +HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841).--Dramatist and novelist, _s._ of James +H., music-hall composer, was _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Harrow. As a +boy he wrote words for his father's comic dramas. In 1805 he produced a +comic opera, _The Soldier's Return_, which was followed by _Catch Him who +Can_. Both of them were highly successful, and were followed by many +others. His marvellous powers as a conversationalist and _improvisatore_ +made him a favourite in the highest circles. In 1812 he received the +appointment of Accountant-General of Mauritius, which he held for 5 +years, when serious irregularities were discovered, and he was sent home +in disgrace, prosecuted by Government for a claim of L12,000, and +imprisoned. It subsequently appeared that the actual peculation had been +the work of a subordinate, and that H. himself was only chargeable with +gross neglect of duty, but though he was released the claims against him +were not departed from. He then became ed. of _John Bull_, a journal of +high Tory and aristocratic proclivities, which he conducted with great +ability; he also ed. the _New Monthly Magazine_, and wrote many novels, +among which were _Sayings and Doings_ (3 series), _Gilbert Gurney_, and +_Jack Brag_. Though making a large income, he was always in difficulties, +and, after a long struggle with broken health and spirits, he _d._ at +Fulham in 1841. + + +HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875).--Biographer, _s._ of James H., Dean of +Worcester, _b._ at Worcester, and _ed._ at Winchester and Oxf. Entering +the Church, he held various benefices, and became Vicar of Leeds (where, +largely owing to his exertions, 20 new churches and many schools were +built), and afterwards Dean of Chichester. Besides his labours as a +churchman he was a voluminous author, his works including _Church +Dictionary_ (1842), _Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Biography_ (1845-52), +and _Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury_ (1860-75), on which he was +still engaged at his death, and which he had brought down to Juxon, vol. +xi. His sermon _Hear the Church_ (1838), in which he affirmed the +Apostolical succession of the Anglican episcopate, attracted much +attention. + + +HOOKER, RICHARD (1554?-1600).--Theologian, _b._ near Exeter, of a family +the original name of which was Vowell. His ability and gentleness as a +schoolboy recommended him to the notice of Bishop Jewel, who sent him to +Corpus Christi Coll., Oxf., where he graduated and became a Fellow in +1577. His proficiency in Hebrew led to his appointment in 1579 as Deputy +Prof. Two years later, 1581, he took orders, and soon thereafter +advantage was taken of his simplicity to entrap him into an unsuitable +marriage with a woman named Joan Churchman, whose mother had nursed him +in an illness. As might have been expected, the connection turned out +unhappily, his wife being a scold, and, according to Anthony Wood, "a +silly, clownish woman." His fate may, however, have been mitigated by the +fact that his own temper was so sweet that he is said never to have been +seen angry. Some doubt, moreover, has been cast on some of the reported +details of his domestic life. In 1584 he received the living of +Drayton-Beauchamp, in Bucks, and in the following year was appointed +Master of the Temple. Here he had for a colleague as evening lecturer +Walter Travers, a man of mark among the Puritans. Though both men were of +the finest moral character, their views on ecclesiastical questions were +widely different, and as neither was disposed to conceal his opinions, it +came to be said that in the Temple "the pulpit spake pure Canterbury in +the morning and Geneva in the afternoon." Things developed into an +animated controversy, in which H. was considered to have triumphed, and +the Archbishop (Whitgift) suspended Travers. The position, however, had +become intolerable for H. who respected his opponent in spite of their +differences, and he petitioned Whitgift that he might retire to the +country and find time and quiet to complete his great work, the +_Ecclesiastical Polity_, on which he was engaged. He was accordingly, in +1591, presented to the living of Boscombe near Amesbury, and made +sub-Dean and a minor Prebendary of Salisbury. Here he finished _The Four +Books of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Polity_, _pub._ in 1594. The +following year he was presented by Queen Elizabeth to the living of +Bishopsbourne, Kent. Here the fifth book was _pub._ (1597), and here he +_d._ in 1600. The sixth and eighth books were not _pub._ until 1648, and +the seventh only appeared in 1662. The _Ecclesiastical Polity_ is one of +the greatest achievements alike in English theology and English +literature, a masterpiece of reasoning and eloquence, in a style stately +and sonorous, though often laborious and involved. Hallam considered that +no English writer had better displayed the capacities of the language. +The argument is directed against the Romanists on the one hand and the +Puritans on the other, and the fundamental idea is "the unity and all +embracing character of law as the manifestation of the divine order of +the universe." The distinguishing note of H.'s character was what Fuller +calls his "dove-like simplicity." Izaak Walton, his biographer, describes +him as "an obscure, harmless man, in poor clothes, of a mean stature and +stooping ... his body worn out, not with age, but study, and holy +mortification, his face full of heat-pimples ... and tho' not purblind, +yet short, or weak, sighted." In his calling as a parish priest he was +faithful and diligent. In preaching "his voice was low ... gesture none +at all, standing stone-still in the pulpit." The sixth book of the +_Ecclesiastical Polity_ has been considered of doubtful authority, and to +have no claim to its place, and the seventh and eighth are believed to +have been put together from rough notes. Some of his MSS. were destroyed +after his death by his wife's relatives. The epithet "judicious" attached +to his name first appears in the inscription on his monument at +Bishopsbourne. + +_Works_, ed. by Keble (1836); new ed. revised by Church, etc. (1888). It +includes the _Life_ by I. Walton. + + +HOOLE, JOHN (1727-1803).--Translator, _s._ of a watch-maker and inventor, +was _b._ in London, and was in the India House, of which he rose to be +principal auditor (1744-83). He translated Tasso's _Jerusalem Delivered_ +(1763), and Ariosto's _Orlando Furioso_ (1773-83), as well as other works +from the Italian. He was also the author of three dramas, which failed. +He is described by Scott as "a noble transmuter of gold into lead." + + +HOPE, THOMAS (1770-1831).--Novelist and writer on art, was a wealthy +merchant of Amsterdam, of Scotch descent, his family having emigrated to +Holland in the 17th century. In early life he spent much time in travel, +studying architecture, and collecting objects of art. Returning, he +settled in London, and occupied himself in arranging his vast +collections. In 1807 he _pub._ a work on _Household Furniture and +Decoration_, which had a great effect in improving the public taste in +such matters. This was followed by two magnificent works, _On the Costume +of the Ancients_ (1809), and _Designs of Modern Costumes_ (1812). Up to +this time his reputation had been somewhat that of a transcendent +upholsterer, but in 1819 he astonished the literary world by his novel, +_Anastasius; or, Memoirs of a Modern Greek_, a work full of imagination, +descriptive power, and knowledge of the world. This book, which was +_pub._ anonymously, was attributed to Byron, and only credited to the +author on his avowing it in _Blackwood's Magazine_. H. also wrote a +treatise on the _Origin and Prospects of Man_, and _Essays on +Architecture_. He was a munificent and discerning patron of rising +artists. + + +HORNE, RICHARD HENRY or HENGIST (1803-1884).--Eccentric poet, was _b._ in +London, and _ed._ at Sandhurst for the East India Company Service, but +failed to get a nomination. After a youth of adventure, partly in the +Mexican Navy, he returned to England, and began in 1828 a highly +combative literary career with a poem, _Hecatompylos_, in the _Athenaeum_. +His next appearance, _The False Medium_ (1833), an exposition of the +obstacles thrown in the way of "men of genius" by literary middlemen, +raised a nest of hornets; and _Orion_, an "epic poem," _pub._ 1843 at the +price of one farthing, followed. His plays, which include _Cosmo de +Medici_ (1837), _The Death of Marlowe_ (1837), and _Judas Iscariot_, did +not add greatly to his reputation. In _The New Spirit of the Age_ (1844), +he had the assistance of Mrs. Browning. Though a writer of talent, he was +not a poet. + + +HORNE, THOMAS HARTWELL (1780-1862).--Theologian, _ed._ at Christ's +Hospital, was for a time in the law, but became a great biblical scholar, +and in 1818 _pub._ _Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of +the Holy Scriptures_ (1818), in consideration of which he was admitted to +orders without the usual preliminaries, and in 1833 obtained a benefice +in London and a prebend in St. Paul's, and was senior assistant in the +printed books department of the British Museum (1824-60). He wrote an +_Introduction to the Study of Bibliography_ (1814), and various other +works, but he is chiefly remembered in connection with that first +mentioned, which was frequently reprinted, and was very widely used as a +text-book both at home and in America. + + +HOUGHTON, RICHARD MONCKTON MILNES, 1ST LORD (1809-1885).--Poet, _s._ of +Robert (known as "single-speech") M., _b._ in London, and _ed._ privately +and at Camb. He sat in the House of Commons for Pontefract from 1837-63, +when he was raised to the Peerage. His interests were, however, mainly +literary and philanthropic, and it was said of him that he "knew +everybody worth knowing at home and abroad;" and his sympathies being of +the widest, he was able to bring together the most opposite extremes of +life and opinion. He championed the cause of oppressed nationalities, and +of the slave. He _pub._ many vols. of poetry, among which were _Poetry +for the People_ (1840), and _Palm Leaves_ (1848). He also wrote a Life of +Keats, and various books of travels. Though he had not the depth of mind +or intensity of feeling to make a great poet, his verse is the work of a +man of high culture, graceful and refined, and a few of his shorter +poems--such as _The Beating of my own Heart_, and _Strangers Yet_, strike +a true note which gained for them wide acceptance. + + +HOWARD, EDWARD (_d._ 1841).--Novelist, a sea-comrade of Captain Marryat, +and as sub ed. assisted him in conducting the _Metropolitan Magazine_. He +wrote several sea novels, of which _Rattlin the Reefer_, sometimes +attributed to Marryat, is the best known. Others were _Outward Bound_ and +_Jack Ashore_. + + +HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626-1698).--Dramatist, _s._ of the Earl of +Berkshire, and brother-in-law of Dryden. On the outbreak of the Civil War +he was of the King's party, and was imprisoned during the Commonwealth. +After the Restoration, however, he was in favour with the Court, and held +many important posts. He wrote some plays, of which the best was _The +Committee_, and collaborated with Dryden in _The Indian Queen_. He was at +odds with him, however, on the question of rhyme, the use of which he +wrote against in very indifferent blank verse. + + +HOWE, JOHN (1630-1705).--Puritan divine, _b._ at Loughborough, of which +his _f._ was curate, studied at Camb., and became, in 1652, minister of +Great Torrington, Devonshire, where he was famous for the unusual length +of his sermons and prayers. In 1657 Oliver Cromwell made him his resident +chaplain at Whitehall, a position which he retained under Richard C., so +long as the latter held the office of Protector. On the Restoration H. +returned to Great Torrington, from which, however, he was ejected in +1662. Thereafter he wandered from place to place, preaching in secret +until 1671, when he went to Ireland as chaplain to Lord Massareene, and +in 1675 he became minister of a dissenting congregation in London. In +1685 he travelled with Lord Wharton on the Continent, but returned in +1687 to London, where he _d._ in 1705. H. was the author of many +excellent works of practical divinity, among which are _The Living +Temple_, _Inquiry into the Doctrine of the Trinity_, and _The Divine +Presence_. The substance of his writings is better than their style, +which is involved and extremely diffuse, and evinces much vigour of mind. +H. is described as of a fine presence and dignified manners. + + +HOWELL, JAMES (1594?-1666).--Miscellaneous writer, _s._ of a clergyman at +Abernant, Caermarthenshire, was at Oxf. and spent the greater part of his +earlier life travelling in various Continental countries, including the +Low Countries, France, Spain, and Italy, on various matters of business, +during which he became versed in many languages, and amassed stores of +information and observations on men and manners. He was a keen Royalist, +and was on this account imprisoned in the Fleet, 1643-51. He wrote a +large number of books, including _Dodona's Grove_, a political allegory, +_Instructions for Foreign Travel_ (1642), _England's Tears for the +Present Wars_, _A Trance, or News from Hell_, and above all, _Epistolae +Ho-Elianae, Familiar Letters_, chiefly written in the Fleet to imaginary +correspondents, but no doubt based upon notes of his own travels. It is +one of the most interesting and entertaining books in the language. + + +HOWIE, JOHN (1735-1793).--Biographer, a Renfrewshire farmer, who claimed +descent from an Albigensian refugee, wrote Lives of the martyrs of +Scotland from Patrick Hamilton, the first, to James Renwick, the last, +under the title of _Scots Worthies_. The work of an unlettered man, it +has considerable merit as regards both matter and style, and was long a +classic among the Scottish peasantry as well as higher orders of the +people. + + +HOWITT, WILLIAM (1792-1879), HOWITT, MARY (BOTHAM) +(1799-1888).--Miscellaneous writers. William H. was _b._ at Heanor, +Derbyshire, and was apprenticed to a builder; Mary was _b._ at Coleford, +Gloucestershire; they _m._ in 1821, and settled at Hanley, where they +carried on business as chemists. Two years later they removed to +Nottingham, where they remained for 12 years, and where much of their +literary work was accomplished. Thereafter they lived successively at +Esher, London, Heidelberg, and Rome, at the last of which they both _d._ +Their literary work, which was very voluminous, was done partly in +conjunction, partly independently, and covered a considerable variety of +subjects--poetry, fiction, history, translations, and social and +economical subjects. Useful and pleasing in its day, little of it is +likely to survive. William's works include _A History of Priestcraft_ +(1833), _Rural Life in England_ (1837), _Visits to Remarkable Places_, +_Homes and Haunts of the Poets_, _Land, Labour, and Gold_ (1855), _Rural +Life in Germany_, _History of the Supernatural_, and _History of +Discovery in Australia_. Mary translated the Swedish novels of Frederica +Bremer, H.C. Andersen's _Improvisatore_, and wrote novels, including +_Wood Leighton_ and _The Cost of Caergwyn_, many successful tales and +poems for children, and a _History of the United States_. Their joint +productions include _The Forest Minstrel_, _Book of the Seasons_, and +_Ruined Abbeys and Castles of Great Britain_. Both brought up as Quakers, +they left that communion in 1847, and became believers in spiritualism; +and in 1882 Mary joined the Church of Rome. + + +HUCHOWN, or SIR HUGH of EGLINTON (_fl._ 14th cent.).--Unless identified +with Sir Hugh, Huchown is shrouded in mystery. He was a writer of +alliterative verse, referred to by Andrew of Wyntoun. If he be identified +with Sir Hugh, he was an Ayrshire nobleman related to Robert II., _b.c._ +1300-20, Chamberlain of Cunningham, Justiciar of Lothian, and +Commissioner for the Borders. He also held office under David II. In that +case also he is believed by some scholars to have translated the poems +bearing the titles _The Destruction of Troy_ and _The Wars of Alexander_. + + +HUGHES, JOHN (1677-1720).--Essayist and dramatist, was a clerk in the +Ordnance Office, then sec. for the Commission of the Peace. He +contributed to the _Spectator_, _Tatler_, and _Guardian_, ed. Spenser, +and wrote several dramas, of which the best is _The Siege of Damascus_. +It was his last, he having _d._ on the first night of its performance. +Addison thought so well of his dramatic talent that he requested him to +write the conclusion of _Cato_. He, however, finished it himself. H. was +a highly respectable person, and is affectionately commemorated by Sir +Richard Steele. + + +HUGHES, THOMAS (1823?-1896).--Novelist and biographer, _s._ of a +Berkshire squire, was _ed._ at Rugby and Oxf., and called to the Bar in +1848. Much the most successful of his books was _Tom Brown's School-days_ +(1856), which had an immense popularity, and perhaps remains the best +picture of English public-school life in the language. Its sequel, _Tom +Brown at Oxford_ (1861), was a comparative failure, but his _Scouring of +the White Horse_ deals in a charming way with his own countryside. He +also wrote Lives of Alfred the Great, Bishop Fraser, and D. Macmillan, +the publisher. H. devoted much attention to philanthropic work in +conjunction with Kingsley and Maurice. In 1882 he was appointed a County +Court Judge. + + +HUME, ALEXANDER (1560-1609).--Poet, _s._ of Patrick, 5th Lord Polwarth, +_ed._ at St. Andrews, and on the Continent, was originally destined for +the law, but devoted himself to the service of the Church, and was +minister of Logie in Stirlingshire. He _pub._ in 1599 _Hymns and Sacred +Songs_, including the beautiful "Day Estival," descriptive of a summer +day. + + +HUME, DAVID, (1711-1776).--Philosopher and historian, second _s._ of +Joseph H., of Ninewells, Berwickshire, was _b._ and _ed._ in Edin., and +was intended for the law. For this, however, he had no aptitude, and +commercial pursuits into which he was initiated in a counting-house in +Bristol proving equally uncongenial, he was permitted to follow out his +literary bent, and in 1734 went to France, where he passed three years at +Rheims and La Fleche in study, living on a small allowance made him by +his _f._ In 1739 he _pub._ anonymously his _Treatise on Human Nature_, +which attracted little attention. Having returned to Scotland, he wrote +at Ninewells his _Essays, Moral and Philosophical_ (1741-42). He now +became desirous of finding some employment which would put him in a +position of independence, and having been unsuccessful in his candidature +for the Chair of Moral Philosophy in Edin., he became in 1745 governor to +the Marquis of Annandale, a nobleman whose state was little removed from +insanity. Two years later he accepted the more congenial appointment of +Judge-Advocate-General to General St. Clair on his expedition to Port +L'Orient, and in 1748 accompanied him on a diplomatic mission to France, +whence he passed on to Vienna and Turin. About the same time he produced +his _Philosophical Essays_ (1748), including the famous _Essay in +Miracles_ which gave rise to so much controversy. These were followed in +1751 by his _Enquiry into the Principles of Morals_, which he considered +his best work; and in 1752 by his _Political Discourses_, which alone of +his works had an immediate success. In the same year he applied +unsuccessfully for the Chair of Logic in Glasgow, but was appointed +Keeper of the Advocates' Library in Edin. The access to books and +original authorities which this position gave him appears to have +suggested to his mind the idea of writing a history, and the first vol. +of his _History of England_, containing the reigns of James I. and +Charles I., was _pub._ in 1754. Its reception was not favourable, and the +disappointment of the author was so great that, had it not been for the +state of war between the two countries, he would have left his native +land, changed his name, and settled permanently in France. The second +vol., which appeared in 1757, dealing with the Commonwealth, and the +reigns of Charles II. and James II., had a better reception, and had the +effect of "buoying up its unfortunate brother." Thereafter the tide +completely turned, and the remaining four vols., 1759 and 1762, in which +he turned back and finished the history from the invasion of Julius Caesar +to the accession of Henry VII., attained a vast popularity, which +extended to the whole work. During the progress of the history H. _pub._ +in 1757 _Four Dissertations: the Natural History of Religion; of the +Passions; of Tragedy; of the Standard of Taste_. Two others on _Suicide_ +and on _The Immortality of the Soul_ were cancelled, but _pub._ +posthumously. In 1763 H. accompanied Lord Hertford to Paris, and for a +few months acted as _Charge d'Affaires_. While there he was introduced to +the brilliant literary society for which the French capital was then +famous. Among other acquaintances which he made was that of Rousseau, +whom he persuaded to accompany him on his return home, and for whom he +procured a pension. The suspicious and fickle character of R., however, +soon brought the friendship to an end. Soon after his return H. received +a pension, and from 1767-68 he was under-sec. to General Conway, then +Sec. of State. In 1769 he retired, and returned to Edin. with an income +of L1000 a year which, time and place considered, was an ample +competence, and there he spent the remainder of his days, the recognised +head of the intellectual and literary society of the city. + +The mind of H. was one of the most original and operative of his age. His +philosophy was largely a questioning of the views of previous +metaphysicians, and he occupied towards mind, considered as a +self-subsisting entity, a position analogous to that assumed by Berkeley +towards matter similarly considered. He profoundly influenced European +thought, and by indirectly calling into being the philosophy of Kant on +the one hand, and that of the Scottish School on the other, created a new +era of thought. As a historian he showed the same originality. He +introduced a new and higher method of writing history than had previously +been practised. Until his time chronicles and contemporary memoirs had, +generally speaking, been all that had been produced; and though his great +work cannot, from its frequent inaccuracies and the fact that it is not +based upon original documents, claim the character of an authority, its +clear, graceful, and spirited narrative style, and its reflection of the +individuality of the writer, constitute it a classic, and it must always +retain a place among the masterpieces of historical literature. In +character H. was kindly, candid, and good-humoured, and he was beloved as +a man even by many who held his views in what was little short of +abhorrence. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1711, _ed._ at Edin., tries law and commerce, but decides +for literature, goes to France 1734-37, _pub._ _Human Nature_ 1739, +_Essays Moral and Philosophical_ 1741-2, governor to M. of Annandale +1745, accompanies expedition to L'Orient, engaged diplomatically 1748, +_pub._ _Philosophical Essays_, including _Miracles_ 1748, _Enquiry into +Principles of Morals_ 1751, _Political Discourses_ 1752, Keeper of +Advocates' Library 1752, _pub._ _History of England_ 1754-62, _Four +Dissertations_ 1757, _Charge d'Affaires_ at Paris 1763, became acquainted +with Rousseau, under-sec. of State 1767-8, retires and settles in Edin. +1769. + +_Life_ by Hill Burton (2 vols., 1846), shorter ones by Huxley, Knight, +and Calderwood. _Works_ ed. by Green and Grose (4 vols., 1874). _History_ +often reprinted with Smollett's continuations. + + +HUNNIS, WILLIAM (_d._ 1597).--Poet, was a gentleman of the Chapel Royal +to Edward VI., imprisoned during the reign of Mary, but after the +accession of Elizabeth was released, and in 1566 made "master of the +children" of the Chapel Royal. He wrote metrical versions of the Psalms, +and some vols. of verse, _A Hiveful of Honey_, and _A Handful of +Honeysuckles_. + + +HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859).--Essayist and poet, was _b._ at +Southgate, and _ed._ at Christ's Hospital. A selection of his earliest +poems was _pub._ by his _f._ in 1801 under the title of _Juvenilia_. In +1805 he joined his brother John in conducting a paper, the _News_, which +the latter had started. Thereafter the brothers embarked upon the +_Examiner_, a paper of pronounced Radical views. The appearance in this +journal of an article on the Prince Regent in which he was described in +words which have been condensed into "a fat Adonis of fifty," led to H. +being fined L500 and imprisoned for two years. With his customary genial +philosophy, however, the prisoner made the best of things, turned his +cell into a study, with bookcases and a piano, and his yard into a +garden. He had the sympathy of many, and received his friends, including +Byron, Moore, and Lamb. On his release he _pub._ his poem, _The Story of +Rimini_. Two other vols. of poetry followed, _The Feast of the Poets_ and +_Foliage_, in 1814 and 1818 respectively. In the latter year he started +the _Indicator_, a paper something in the style of the _Spectator_ or +_Tatler_, and after this had run its course the _Companion_, conceived on +similar lines, took its place in 1828. In 1822 H. went to Italy with +Byron, and there established the _Liberal_, a paper which did not prove a +success. Disillusioned with Byron, H. returned home, and _pub._ in 1828 +_Lord Byron and his Contemporaries_, a work which gave great offence to +Byron's friends, who accused the author of ingratitude. In 1834 H. +started the _London Journal_, which he ed. for two years. Among his later +works are _Captain Sword and Captain Pen_ (1835), _The Palfrey_, a poem, +_A Legend of Florence_ (drama), _Imagination and Fancy_ (1844), _Wit and +Humour_ (1846), _A Jar of Honey from Mount Hybla_ (1848), _The Old Court +Suburb_ (1855), _The Town_, _Sir Ralph Esher_, a novel, and his +Autobiography (1850). Although his poems have considerable descriptive +power and brightness, he had not the depth and intensity to make a poet, +and his reputation rests rather upon his essays, which are full of a +genial philosophy, and display a love of books, and everything pleasant +and beautiful. He did much to popularise the love of poetry and +literature in general among his fellow-countrymen. + + +HURD, RICHARD (1720-1808).--Divine, and miscellaneous writer, _b._ at +Congreve, Staffordshire, was _ed._ at Camb., and entering the Church, +became Bishop successively of Lichfield and Worcester. He produced an ed. +of the _Ars Poetica_ of Horace, _Dissertations on Poetry_, _Dialogues on +Sincerity_, _Letters on Chivalry and Romance_, and _An Introduction to +the Prophecies_. He was in 1783 offered, but declined, the Primacy. + + +HUTCHESON, FRANCIS (1694-1746).--Philosopher, _b._ in Ireland, and _ed._ +for the Presbyterian ministry at Glasgow Univ. After keeping an academy +at Dublin for some years he _pub._ his _Enquiry into Beauty and Virtue_, +which won for him a great reputation. In 1729 he became Prof. of Moral +Philosophy at Glasgow, where he exercised a great influence over his +students, and also upon the Scottish system of philosophy. In his +philosophical views he was to some extent a disciple of Shaftesbury. He +introduced the term, "moral sense," which he defined as a power of +perceiving moral attributes in action. His _System of Moral Philosophy_ +appeared posthumously in two vols. + + +HUTCHINSON, MRS. LUCY (_b._ 1620).--Biographer, _dau._ of Sir Allan +Apsley, Lieutenant of the Tower of London, _m._ in 1638 John, afterwards +Colonel, Hutchinson, one of those who signed the death-warrant of Charles +I., but who afterwards protested against the assumption of supreme power +by Cromwell. She has a place in literature for her Life of her husband, +one of the most interesting biographies in the language, not only on +account of its immediate subject, but of the light which it throws upon +the characteristics and conditions of the life of Puritans of good +family. Originally intended for her family only, it was printed by a +descendant in 1806, and did much to clear away the false impressions as +to the narrowness and austerity of the educated Puritans which had +prevailed. Colonel H. and his wife were noble representatives of their +class. + + +HUTTON, RICHARD HOLT (1826-1897).--Essayist and miscellaneous writer, was +brought up as a Unitarian, and for some time was a preacher of that body, +but coming under the influence of F.D. Maurice and others of his school, +joined the Church of England. He was a frequent contributor to various +magazines and reviews, and assisted Walter Bagehot in ed. the _National +Review_. In 1861 he became joint-proprietor and ed. of the _Spectator_. +Among his other writings may be mentioned _Essays, Theological and +Literary_ (1871), _Modern Guides of English Thought_ (1887), and +_Contemporary Thought and Thinkers_ (1894), which were more or less +reprints or expansions of his work in periodicals, and a memoir of +Bagehot prefixed to an ed. of his works. + + +HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825-1895).--Scientific writer, _s._ of an +assistant master in a public school, was _b._ at Ealing. From childhood +he was an insatiable reader. In his 13th year he became a medical +apprentice, and in 1842 entered Charing Cross Hospital. Thereafter he was +for a few months surgeon on board the _Victory_ at Haslar, and was then +appointed surgeon on H.M.S. _Rattlesnake_, which was sent to make surveys +at Torres Strait. While in this position he made numerous observations, +which he communicated to the Linnaean Society. In 1851 he became a Fellow +of the Royal Society, and in 1854 Prof. of Natural History at the School +of Mines. Henceforth his life was a very full one, divided between +scientific investigation and public work. He was recognised as the +foremost English biologist, and was elected Pres. of the Royal Society +1883. He served on the London School Board and on various Royal +Commissions. His writings are in the main distinguished by a clearness, +force, and charm which entitle them to a place in literature; and besides +the addition which they made to the stock of human knowledge, they did +much to diffuse a love and study of science. H. was a keen +controversialist, contending for the strictly scientific view of all +subjects as distinguished from the metaphysical or theological, and +accordingly encountered much opposition, and a good deal of abuse. +Nevertheless, he was not a materialist, and was in sympathy with the +moral and tender aspects of Christianity. He was a strong supporter of +the theory of evolution. Among the more eminent of his opponents were +Bishop Wilberforce and Mr. Gladstone. His _pub._ works, including +scientific communications, are very numerous. Among the more important +are those on the _Medusae_, _Zoological Evidences of Man's Place in +Nature_ (1863), _Elementary Lessons on Physiology_ (1866), _Evolution and +Ethics_ (1893), _Collected Essays_ (9 vols. 1893-4). He was also an +admirable letter-writer, as appears from the _Life and Letters_, ed. by +his son, and to him we owe the word, and almost the idea, "Agnostic." + + +INCHBALD, MRS. ELIZABETH (SIMPSON) (1753-1821).--Novelist and dramatist, +_dau._ of a Suffolk farmer. In a romantic fit she left her home at the +age of 16, and went to London, where she became acquainted with Inchbald +the actor, who _m._ her in 1772. Seven years later her husband _d._, and +for the next ten years she was on the stage, chiefly in Scotland and +Ireland. She produced many plays, including _Mogul Tale_ (1784), _I'll +Tell you What_ (1785), _Appearance is against Them_ (1785), _Such Things +Are_, _The Married Man_, _The Wedding Day_, and two novels, _A Simple +Story_ (1791), and _Nature and Art_ (1796), which have been frequently +reprinted. She also made a collection of plays, _The Modern Theatre_, in +10 vols. Her life was remarkable for its simplicity and frugality, and a +large part of her earnings was applied in the maintenance of a delicate +sister. Though of a somewhat sentimental and romantic nature, she +preserved an unblemished reputation. + + +INGELOW, JEAN (1820-1897).--Poetess and novelist, _dau._ of a banker at +Boston, Lincolnshire, _pub._ three vols. of poems, of which perhaps the +best known individual piece is "The High Tide on the Coast of +Lincolnshire," and several successful novels, including _Off the +Skelligs_ (1872), _Fated to be Free_ (1875), and _Sarah de Berenger_ +(1879). She also wrote excellent stories for children, _Mopsa the Fairy_, +_Stories told to Children_, etc. Her poems show a considerable lyric +gift. + + +INNES, COSMO (1798-1874).--Historian and antiquary, was called to the +Scottish Bar in 1822, and was appointed Prof. of Constitutional Law and +History in the Univ. of Edin. in 1846. He was the author of _Scotland in +the Middle Ages_ (1860), and _Sketches of Early Scottish History_ (1861). +He also ed. many historical MSS. for the Bannatyne and other antiquarian +clubs. Much learning is displayed in his works. + + +INNES, THOMAS (1662-1744).--Historian, was descended from an old Roman +Catholic family in Aberdeenshire. He studied in Paris at the Scots Coll., +of which he became Principal. He was the author of two learned works, +_Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of the Northern Parts of +Britain_ (1729), and _Civil and Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, 80 to +818_ (_pub._ by the Spalding Club, 1853). + + +IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835).--Forger of Shakespeare manuscripts, +_s._ of an antiquarian bookseller in London. He claimed to have +discovered the MSS. in the house of a gentleman of fortune. The forgeries +included various deeds, a Protestant confession of faith by Shakespeare, +letters to Ann Hathaway, Southampton, and others, a new version of _King +Lear_, and a complete drama, _Vortigern and Rowena_. He completely +deceived his _f._ and various men of letters and experts, but was +detected by Malone, and the representation of _Vortigern_ on the stage +completed the exposure. I. then tried novel-writing, in which he failed. +He _pub._ a confession in regard to the forgeries, in which he asserted +that his _f._ had no part in the imposture, but had been completely +deceived by it. + + +IRVING, EDWARD (1792-1834).--Theologian and orator, _b._ at Annan, +Dumfriesshire, and _ed._ at Edin. Univ., for some years thereafter was +engaged in teaching at Kirkcaldy. Ordained to the ministry of the Church +of Scotland he became, in 1819, assistant to Dr. Chalmers in Glasgow, +after which he went to the Scotch Church in Hatton Gardens, London, where +he had an almost unprecedented popularity, his admirers including De +Quincey, Coleridge, Canning, Scott, and others. The effect of his spoken +oratory is not preserved in his writings, and was no doubt in a +considerable degree due to his striking appearance and fine voice. He is +described as "a tall, athletic man, with dark, sallow complexion and +commanding features; long, glossy black hair, and an obvious squint." +Soon after removing to a new church in Regent Square he began to develop +his views relative to the near approach of the Second Advent; and his +_Homilies on the Sacraments_ involved him in a charge of heretical views +on the person of Christ, which resulted in his ejection from his church, +and ultimately in his deposition from the ministry. Thereafter his views +as to the revival, as in the early Church, of the gifts of healing and of +tongues, to which, however, he made no personal claim, underwent rapid +development, and resulted in the founding of a new communion, the +Catholic Apostolic Church, the adherents of which are commonly known as +"Irvingites." Whether right or mistaken in his views there can be no +doubt of the personal sincerity and nobility of the man. His _pub._ +writings include _For the Oracles of God_, _For Judgment to Come_, and +_The Last Days_, and contain many passages of majestic eloquence. + + +IRVING, WASHINGTON (1783-1859).--Essayist and historian, _b._ in New +York, _s._ of William I. who had emigrated from Scotland. He was in his +youth delicate, and his education was somewhat desultory, but his _f._ +had a fine library, of which he had the run, and he was an omnivorous +reader. In 1799 he entered a law office, but a threatening of consumption +led to his going, in 1804, on a European tour in search of health. On his +return in 1806 he was admitted to the Bar. He did not, however, prosecute +law, but joined his brothers in business as a sleeping partner, while he +devoted himself to literature. In 1807 he conducted _Salmagundi_, an +amusing miscellany, and in 1809 appeared _A History of New York by +Diedrich Knickerbocker_, a burlesque upon the old Dutch settlers, which +has become a classic in America. He made in 1815 a second visit to +Europe, from which he did not return for 17 years. In England he was +welcomed by Thomas Campbell, the poet, who introduced him to Scott, whom +he visited at Abbotsford in 1817. The following year the firm with which +he was connected failed, and he had to look to literature for a +livelihood. He produced _The Sketch-Book_ (1819), which was, through the +influence of Scott, accepted by Murray, and had a great success on both +sides of the Atlantic. In 1822 he went to Paris, where he began +_Bracebridge Hall_, followed in 1824 by _Tales of a Traveller_. In 1826 +Everett, the American minister at Madrid, invited him to come and assist +him by making translations relative to Columbus, which opened up to him a +new field hitherto little cultivated. The result was a series of +fascinating historical and romantic works, beginning with _History of the +Life and Voyages of Columbus_ (1828), and including _The Conquest of +Granada_ (1829), _Voyages of the Companions of Columbus_ (1831), _The +Alhambra_ (1832), _Legends of the Conquest of Spain_ (1835), and _Mahomet +and his Successors_ (1849). Meanwhile he had returned to England in 1829, +and to America in 1832. In 1842 he was appointed Minister to Spain, and +in 1846 he finally returned to America. In the same year he _pub._ a +_Life of Goldsmith_, and his great work, the _Life of Washington_, came +out 1855-59, _Wolfert's Roost_, a collection of tales and essays, +appeared in 1855. I. was never _m._: in his youth he had been engaged to +a girl who _d._, and whose memory he faithfully cherished. His last years +were spent at Sunnyside, an old Dutch house near his "sleepy hollow," and +there he _d._ suddenly on Nov. 28, 1859. Though not, perhaps, a writer of +commanding power or originality, I., especially in his earlier works, +imparted by his style and treatment a singular charm to every subject he +touched, and holds a high place among American men of letters, among whom +he is the first who has produced what has, on its own merits, living +interest in literature. He was a man of high character and amiable +disposition. + + +JAMES I., KING of SCOTLAND (1394-1437).--Poet, the third _s._ of Robert +III., was _b._ at Dunfermline. In 1406 he was sent for safety and +education to France, but on the voyage was taken prisoner by an English +ship, and conveyed to England, where until 1824 he remained confined in +various places, but chiefly in the Tower of London. He was then ransomed +and, after his marriage to Lady Jane or Joan Beaufort, _dau._ of the Duke +of Somerset, and the heroine of _The King's Quhair_ (or Book), crowned at +Scone. While in England he had been carefully _ed._, and on his return to +his native country endeavoured to reduce its turbulent nobility to due +subjection, and to introduce various reforms. His efforts, however, which +do not appear to have been always marked by prudence, ended disastrously +in his assassination in the monastery of the Black Friars, Perth, in +February, 1437. J. was a man of great natural capacity both intellectual +and practical--an ardent student and a poet of no mean order. In addition +to _The King's Quhair_, one of the finest love poems in existence, and _A +Ballad of Good Counsel_, which are very generally attributed to him, he +has been more doubtfully credited with _Peeblis to the Play_ and +_Christis Kirke on the Greene_. + + +JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFORD (1801-1860).--Novelist and historical +writer, _s._ of a physician in London, was for many years British Consul +at various places in the United States and on the Continent. At an early +age he began to write romances, and continued his production with such +industry that his works reach to 100 vols. This excessive rapidity was +fatal to his permanent reputation; but his books had considerable +immediate popularity. Among them are _Richelieu_ (1829), _Philip +Augustus_ (1831), _The Man at Arms_ (1840), _The Huguenot_ (1838), _The +Robber_, _Henry of Guise_ (1839), _Agincourt_ (1844), _The King's +Highway_ (1840). In addition to his novels he wrote _Memoirs of Great +Commanders_, a _Life of the Black Prince_, and other historical and +biographical works. He held the honorary office of Historiographer Royal. + + +JAMESON, MRS. ANNA BROWNELL (MURPHY) (1794-1860).--Writer on art, _dau._ +of Denis B.M., a distinguished miniature painter, _m._ Robert Jameson, a +barrister (afterwards Attorney-General of Ontario). The union, however, +did not turn out happily: a separation took place, and Mrs. J. turned her +attention to literature, and specially to subjects connected with art. +Among many other works she produced _Loves of the Poets_ (1829), +_Celebrated Female Sovereigns_ (1831), _Beauties of the Court of Charles +II._ (1833), _Rubens_ (translated from the German), _Hand Book to the +Galleries of Art_, _Early Italian Painters_, _Sacred and Legendary Art_ +(1848), etc. Her works show knowledge and discrimination and, though now +in many respects superseded, still retain interest and value. + + +JEBB, SIR RICHARD CLAVERHOUSE (1841-1905).--_B._ at Dundee, and _ed._ at +St. Columba's Coll., Dublin, Charterhouse, and Camb., at the last of +which he lectured on the classics, and was in 1869 elected Public Orator. +After being Prof. of Greek at Glasgow, he held from 1889 the +corresponding chair at Camb., and for a time represented the Univ. in +Parliament. He was one of the founders of the British School of +Archaeology at Athens. Among his works are _The Attic Orators_, _An +Introduction to Homer_, _Lectures on Greek Poetry_, _Life of Richard +Bentley_ (English Men of Letters Series), and he ed. the works of +Sophocles, and the Poems and Fragments of Bacchylides, discovered in +1896. J. was one of the most brilliant of modern scholars. + + +JEFFERIES, RICHARD (1848-1887).--Naturalist and novelist, _s._ of a +farmer, was _b._ at Swindon, Wilts. He began his literary career on the +staff of a local newspaper, and first attracted attention by a letter in +the _Times_ on the Wiltshire labourer. Thereafter he wrote for the _Pall +Mall Gazette_, in which appeared his _Gamekeeper at Home_, and _Wild Life +in a Southern County_ (1879), both afterwards _repub._ Both these works +are full of minute observation and vivid description of country life. +They were followed by _The Amateur Poacher_ (1880), _Wood Magic_ (1881), +_Round about a Great Estate_ (1881), _The Open Air_ (1885), and others on +similar subjects. Among his novels are _Bevis_, in which he draws on his +own childish memories, and _After London, or Wild England_ (1885), a +romance of the future, when London has ceased to exist. _The Story of My +Heart_ (1883) is an idealised picture of his inner life. J. _d._ after a +painful illness, which lasted for six years. In his own line, that of +depicting with an intense sense for nature all the elements of country +and wild life, vegetable and animal, surviving in the face of modern +civilisation, he has had few equals. Life by E. Thomas. + + +JEFFREY, FRANCIS (1773-1850).--Critic and political writer, _s._ of a +legal official, _b._ in Edinburgh, _ed._ at the High School there, and at +Glasgow and Oxf., where, however, he remained for a few months only. +Returning to Edinburgh he studied law, and was called to the Bar in 1794. +Brought up as a Tory, he early imbibed Whig principles, and this, in the +then political state of Scotland, together with his strong literary +tendencies, long hindered his professional advancement. Gradually, +however, his ability, acuteness, and eloquence carried him to the front +of his profession. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Advocates in +1829 and, on the accession to power of the Whigs in 1830, became Lord +Advocate, and had a large share in passing the Reform Bill, in so far as +it related to Scotland. In 1832 he was elected M.P. for Edinburgh, and +was raised to the Bench as Lord Jeffrey in 1834. His literary fame rests +on his work in connection with the _Edinburgh Review_, which he edited +from its commencement in 1802 until 1829, and to which he was a constant +contributor. The founding of this periodical by a group of young men of +brilliant talents and liberal sympathies, among whom were Brougham, +Sydney Smith, and F. Horner, constituted the opening of a new epoch in +the literary and political progress of the country. J.'s contributions +ranged over literary criticism, biography, politics, and ethics and, +especially in respect of the first, exercised a profound influence; he +was, in fact, regarded as the greatest literary critic of his age, and +although his judgments have been far from universally supported either by +the event or by later critics, it remains true that he probably did more +than any of his contemporaries to diffuse a love of literature, and to +raise the standard of public taste in such matters. A selection of his +papers, made by himself, was _pub._ in 4 vols. in 1844 and 1853. J. was a +man of brilliant conversational powers, of vast information and sparkling +wit, and was universally admired and beloved for the uprightness and +amiability of his character. + + +JERROLD, DOUGLAS WILLIAM (1803-1857).--Dramatist and miscellaneous +writer, _s._ of an actor, himself appeared as a child upon the stage. +From his 10th to his 12th year he was at sea. He then became apprentice +to a printer, devoting all his spare time to self-education. He early +began to contribute to periodicals, and in his 18th year he was engaged +by the Coburg Theatre as a writer of short dramatic pieces. In 1829 he +made a great success by his drama of _Black-eyed Susan_, which he +followed up by _The Rent Day_, _Bubbles of the Day_, _Time works +Wonders_, etc. In 1840 he became ed. of a publication, _Heads of the +People_, to which Thackeray was a contributor, and in which some of the +best of his own work appeared. He was one of the leading contributors to +_Punch_, in which _Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures_ came out, and from +1852 he ed. _Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper_. Among his novels are _St. Giles +and St. James_, and _The Story of a Feather_. J. had a great reputation +as a wit, was a genial and kindly man, and a favourite with his fellow +_litterateurs_, who raised a fund of L2000 for his family on his death. + + +JESSE, JOHN HENEAGE (1815-1874).--Historical writer, _ed._ at Eton, was a +clerk in the Admiralty. He wrote _Memoirs_ of the Court of England, of +G. Selwyn and his contemporaries (1843), of the Pretender (1845), etc., +and _Celebrated Etonians_ (1875). + + +JEVONS, WILLIAM STANLEY (1835-1882).--Logician and economist, _b._ in +Liverpool, _s._ of an iron merchant, his mother was the _dau._ of W. +Roscoe (_q.v._). He was _ed._ at the Mechanics Institute High School, +Liverpool, and at University Coll., London. After studying chemistry for +some time he received in 1853 the appointment of assayer to the mint at +Sydney, where he remained until 1859, when he resigned his appointment, +and came home to study mathematics and economics. While in Australia he +had been a contributor to the _Empire_ newspaper, and soon after his +return home he _pub._ _Remarks on the Australian Goldfields_, wrote in +various scientific periodicals, and from time to time _pub._ important +papers on economical subjects. The position which he had attained as a +scientific thinker and writer was recognised by his being appointed in +1863 tutor, and in 1866, Prof. of Logic, Political Economy, and Mental +and Moral Philosophy in Owen's Coll., Manchester. In 1864 he _pub._ _Pure +Logic_ and _The Coal Question_; other works were _Elementary Lessons in +Logic_ (1870), _Principles of Science_ (1874), and _Investigations in +Currency and Finance_ (1884), posthumously. His valuable and promising +life was brought to a premature close by his being drowned while bathing. +His great object in his writings was to place logic and economics in the +position of exact sciences, and in all his work he showed great industry +and care combined with unusual analytical power. + + +JEWSBURY, GERALDINE ENDSOR (1812-1880).--Novelist, wrote several novels, +of which _Zoe_, _The Half-Sisters_, and _Constance Herbert_ may be +mentioned. She also wrote stories for children, and was a contributor to +various magazines. + + +JOHN of SALISBURY (1120?-1180?).--_B._ at Salisbury, studied at Paris. He +became sec. to Theobald Archbishop of Canterbury, and retained the office +under Becket. In 1176 he was made Bishop of Chartres. He wrote in Latin, +in 8 books, _Polycraticus, seu De Nugis Curialium et Vestigiis +Philosophorum_ (on the Trifles of the Courtiers, and the Footsteps of the +Philosophers). In it he treats of pastimes, flatterers, tyrannicide, the +duties of kings and knights, virtue and vice, glory, and the right of the +Church to remove kings if in its opinion they failed in their duty. He +also wrote a Life of Anselm. He was one of the greatest scholars of the +Middle Ages. + + +JOHNSON, LIONEL (1867-1902).--Poet and critic. _Ireland and other Poems_ +(2 vols.) (1897), _The Art of Thomas Hardy_, and miscellaneous critical +works. + + +JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1649-1703).--Political writer, sometimes called "the +Whig" to distinguish him from his great namesake. Of humble extraction, +he was _ed._ at St. Paul's School and Camb., and took orders. He attacked +James II. in _Julian the Apostate_ (1682), and was imprisoned. He +continued, however, his attacks on the Government by pamphlets, and did +much to influence the public mind in favour of the Revolution. Dryden +gave him a place in _Absalom and Achitophel_ as "Benjochanan." After the +Revolution he received a pension, but considered himself insufficiently +rewarded by a Deanery, which he declined. + + +JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784).--Moralist, essayist, and lexicographer, _s._ +of a bookseller at Lichfield, received his early education at his native +town, and went in 1728 to Oxf., but had, owing to poverty, to leave +without taking a degree. For a short time he was usher in a school at +Market Bosworth, but found the position so irksome that he threw it up, +and gained a meagre livelihood by working for a publisher in Birmingham. +In 1735, being then 26, he _m._ Mrs. Porter, a widow of over 40, who +brought him L800, and to whom he was sincerely attached. He started an +academy at Ediol, near Lichfield, which, however, had no success, only +three boys, one of whom was David Garrick (_q.v._), attending it. +Accordingly, this venture was given up, and J. in 1737 went to London +accompanied by Garrick. Here he had a hard struggle with poverty, +humiliation, and every kind of evil, always, however, quitting himself +like the true man he was. He contributed to the _Gentleman's Magazine_, +furnishing the parliamentary debates in very free and generally much +improved form, under the title of "Debates of the Senate of Lilliput." In +1738 appeared _London_, a satire imitated from Juvenal which, _pub._ +anonymously, attracted immediate attention, and the notice of Pope. His +next work was the life of his unfortunate friend Savage (_q.v._) (1744); +and in 1747 he began his great _English Dictionary_. Another satire, _The +Vanity of Human Wishes_, appeared in 1749, and in the same year _Irene_, +a tragedy. His next venture was the starting of the _Rambler_, a paper +somewhat on the lines of the _Spectator_; but, sententious and grave, it +had none of the lightness and grace of its model, and likewise lacked its +popularity. It was almost solely the work of J. himself, and was carried +on twice a week for two years. In 1752 his wife, "his dear Tetty" _d._, +and was sincerely mourned; and in 1755 his _Dictionary_ appeared. The +patronage of Lord Chesterfield (_q.v._), which he had vainly sought, was +then offered, but proudly rejected in a letter which has become a +classic. The work made him famous, and Oxf. conferred upon him the degree +of M.A. He had become the friend of Reynolds and Goldsmith; Burke and +others were soon added. The _Idler_, a somewhat less ponderous successor +of the _Rambler_, appeared in 1758-60, and _Rasselas_, his most popular +work, was written in 1759 to meet the funeral expenses of his mother, who +then _d._ at the age of 90. At last the tide of his fortunes turned. A +pension of L300 was conferred upon him in 1762, and the rest of his days +were spent in honour, and such comfort as the melancholy to which he was +subject permitted. In 1763 he made the acquaintance, so important for +posterity, of James Boswell; and it was probably in the same year that he +founded his famous "literary club." In 1764 he was introduced to Mr. +Thrale, a wealthy brewer, and for many years spent much of his time, an +honoured guest, in his family. The kindness and attentions of Mrs. T., +described by Carlyle as "a bright papilionaceous creature, whom the +elephant loved to play with, and wave to and fro upon his trunk," were a +refreshment and solace to him. In 1765 his ed. of Shakespeare came out, +and his last great work was the _Lives of the Poets_, in 10 vols. +(1779-81). He had in 1775 _pub._ his _Journey to the Western Isles of +Scotland_, an account of a tour made in the company of Boswell. His last +years were darkened by the loss of friends such as Goldsmith and Thrale, +and by an estrangement from Mrs. T., on her marriage with Piozzi, an +Italian musician. Notwithstanding a lifelong and morbid fear of death, +his last illness was borne with fortitude and calmness, soothed by the +pious attentions of Reynolds and Burke, and he _d._ peacefully on +December 13, 1784. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, and a monument in +St. Paul's was erected by the "club." Statues of him were also erected in +Lichfield and Uttoxeter. He had received from Oxf. and Dublin the degree +of LL.D. + +Though of rough and domineering manners, J. had the tenderest of hearts, +and his house was for years the home of several persons, such as Mrs. +Williams and Levett, the surgeon, who had no claim upon him but their +helplessness and friendlessness. As Goldsmith aptly said, he "had nothing +of the bear but his skin." His outstanding qualities were honesty and +courage, and these characterise all his works. Though disfigured by +prejudice and, as regards matters of fact, in many parts superseded, they +remain, as has been said, "some excellent, all worthy and genuine works;" +and he will ever stand one of the greatest and most honourable figures in +the history of English literature. Boswell's marvellous _Life_ has made +J.'s bodily appearance, dress, and manners more familiar to posterity +than those of any other man--the large, unwieldy form, the face seamed +with scrofula, the purblind eyes, the spasmodic movements, the sonorous +voice, even the brown suit, metal buttons, black worsted stockings, and +bushy wig, the conversation so full of matter, strength, sense, wit, and +prejudice, superior in force and sparkle to the sounding, but often +wearisome periods of his written style. Of his works the two most +important are the _Dictionary_, which, long superseded from a +philological point of view, made an epoch in the history of the language, +and the _Lives of the Poets_, many of them deformed by prejudice and +singularly inadequate criticism, others, almost perfect in their kind, +and the whole written in a style less pompous and more natural and lively +than his earlier works. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1709, _ed._ Oxf., usher and hack writer, starts academy at +Ediol, goes to London 1737, reports parliamentary debates, _pub._ +_London_ 1738, _Life of Savage_ 1744, began _Dictionary_ 1747, _pub._ +_Vanity of Human Wishes_ and _Irene_ 1749, conducts _Rambler_ 1750-52, +_pub._ _Dictionary_ 1755, _Idler_ appears 1758-60, _pub._ _Rasselas_ +1759, receives pension 1762, became acquainted with Boswell 1763, _pub._ +ed. of _Shakespeare_ 1765, and _Lives of Poets_ 1779-81, _d._ 1784. + +Recollections, etc., by Mrs. Piozzi, Reynolds, and others, also +_Johnsoniana_ (Mrs. Napier, 1884), Boswell's _Life_, various ed., +including that of Napier, 1884, and Birkbeck Hill, 1889. + + +JOHNSTON, ARTHUR (_c._ 1587-1641).--Poet in Latin, _b._ near Aberdeen, +studied medicine at Padua, where he graduated. After living for about 20 +years in France, he returned to England, became physician to Charles I., +and was afterwards Rector of King's Coll., Aberdeen. He attained a +European reputation as a writer of Latin poetry. Among his works are +_Musae Aulicae_ (1637), and a complete translation of the Psalms, and he +ed. _Deliciae Poetarum Scotorum_, a collection of Latin poetry by Scottish +authors. + + +JOHNSTONE, CHARLES (1719?-1800).--Novelist. Prevented by deafness from +practising at the Irish Bar, he went to India, where he was proprietor of +a newspaper. He wrote one successful book, _Chrysal, or the Adventures of +a Guinea_, a somewhat sombre satire, and some others now utterly +forgotten. + + +JONES, EBENEZER (1820-1860).--Poet, wrote a good deal of poetry of very +unequal merit, but at his best shows a true poetic vein. He was +befriended by Browning and Rossetti. His chief work was _Studies of +Sensation and Event_ (1843). His most widely appreciated poems were "To +the Snow," "To Death," and "When the World is Burning." He made an +unhappy marriage, which ended in a separation. + + +JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869).--Poet, novelist, and Chartist, _s._ of +Major J., equerry to the Duke of Cumberland, afterwards King of Hanover, +was _b._ at Berlin. He adopted the views of the Chartists in an extreme +form, and was imprisoned for two years for seditious speeches, and on his +release conducted a Chartist newspaper. Afterwards, when the agitation +had died down, he returned to his practice as a barrister, which he had +deserted, and also wrote largely. He produced a number of novels, +including _The Maid of Warsaw_, _Woman's Wrongs_, and _The Painter of +Florence_, also some poems, _The Battle Day_ (1855), _The Revolt of +Hindostan_ (1857), and _Corayda_ (1859). Some of his lyrics, such as _The +Song of the Poor_, _The Song of the Day Labourers_, and _The Factory +Slave_, were well known. + + +JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794).--Orientalist and jurist, was _b._ in +London, and _ed._ at Harrow and Oxf. He lost his _f._, an eminent +mathematician, at 3 years of age. He early showed extraordinary aptitude +for acquiring languages, specially those of the East, and learned 28. +Devoting himself to the study of law he became one of the most profound +jurists of his time. He was appointed one of the Judges in the Supreme +Court of Bengal, knighted in 1783, and started for India, whence he never +returned. While there, in addition to his judicial duties, he pursued his +studies in Oriental languages, from which he made various translations. +Among his original works are _The Enchanted Fruit_, and _A Treatise on +the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India_. He founded the Bengal Asiatic +Society. He left various works unfinished which, with his other writings, +were _coll._ and ed. by Lord Teignmouth. He _d._ universally beloved and +honoured at the early age of 48. His chief legal work was _The Institutes +of Hindu Law or the Ordinances of Manu_. + + +JONSON, BEN or BENJAMIN (1573-1637).--Poet and dramatist, was probably +_b._ in Westminster. His _f._, who _d._ before Ben was four, seems to +have come from Carlisle, and the family to have originally belonged to +Annandale. He was sent to Westminster School, for which he seems to have +been indebted to the kindness of W. Camden (_q.v._), who was one of the +masters. His mother, meanwhile, had _m._ a bricklayer, and he was for a +time put to that trade, but disliking it, he ran away and joined the +army, fighting against the Spaniards in the Low Countries. Returning to +England about 1592 he took to the stage, both as an actor and as a +playwright. In the former capacity he was unsuccessful. In 1598, having +killed a fellow-actor in a duel, he was tried for murder, but escaped by +benefit of clergy. About the same time he joined the Roman Catholic +Church, in which he remained for 12 years. It was in 1598 also that his +first successful play, _Every Man in his Humour_, was produced, with +Shakespeare as one of the players. _Every Man out of his Humour_ (1599), +_Cynthia's Revels_ (1600), and _The Poetaster_ (1601), satirising the +citizens, the courtiers, and the poets respectively, followed. The last +called forth several replies, the most notable of which was the +_Satiromastix_ (Whip for the Satirist) of Dekker (_q.v._), a severe, +though not altogether unfriendly, retort, which J. took in good part, +announcing his intention of leaving off satire and trying tragedy. His +first work in this kind was _Sejanus_ (1603), which was not very +favourably received. It was followed by _Eastward Ho_, in which he +collaborated with Marston and Chapman. Certain reflections on Scotland +gave offence to James I., and the authors were imprisoned, but soon +released. From the beginning of the new reign J. devoted himself largely +to the writing of Court masques, in which he excelled all his +contemporaries, and about the same time entered upon the production of +the three great plays in which his full strength is shown. The first of +these, _Volpone, or the Fox_, appeared in 1605; _Epicaene, or the Silent +Woman_ in 1609, and _The Alchemist_ in 1610. His second and last tragedy, +_Catiline_, was produced in 1611. Two years later he was in France as +companion to the son of Sir W. Raleigh, and on his return he held up +hypocritical Puritanism to scorn in _Bartholomew Fair_, which was +followed in 1616 by a comedy, _The Devil is an Ass_. In the same year he +_coll._ his writings--plays, poems, and epigrams--in a folio entitled his +_Works_. In 1618 he journeyed on foot to Scotland, where he was received +with much honour, and paid his famous visit to Drummond (_q.v._) at +Hawthornden. His last successful play, _The Staple of Newes_, was +produced in 1625, and in the same year he had his first stroke of palsy, +from which he never entirely recovered. His next play, _The New Inn_, was +driven from the stage, for which in its rapid degeneracy he had become +too learned and too moral. A quarrel with Inigo Jones, the architect, who +furnished the machinery for the Court masques, lost him Court favour, and +he was obliged, with failing powers, to turn again to the stage, for +which his last plays, _The Magnetic Lady_ and _The Tale of a Tub_, were +written in 1632 and 1633. Town and Court favour, however, turned again, +and he received a pension of L100; that of the best poets and lovers of +literature he had always kept. The older poets were his friends, the +younger were proud to call themselves, and be called by him, his sons. In +1637, after some years of gradually failing health, he _d._, and was +buried in Westminster Abbey. An admirer caused a mason to cut on the slab +over his grave the well-known inscription, "O Rare Ben Jonson." He left a +fragment, _The Sad Shepherd_. His works include a number of epigrams and +translations, collections of poems (_Underwoods_ and _The Forest_); in +prose a book of short essays and notes on various subjects, +_Discoveries_. + +J. was the founder of a new style of English comedy, original, powerful, +and interesting, but lacking in spontaneity and nature. His characters +tend to become mere impersonations of some one quality or "humour," as he +called it. Thus he is the herald, though a magnificent one, of decadence. +He painted in general with a powerful, but heavy hand; in his masques, +however, he often shows a singular gracefulness, especially in the lyrics +which he introduces. His character, as given by Drummond, is not a +particularly attractive one, "a great lover and praiser of himself, a +contemner and scorner of others, given rather to lose a friend than a +jest, jealous of every word and action of those about him, especially +after drink ... a dissembler of ill parts which reign in him, a bragger +of some good that he wanteth ... passionately kind and angry ... +oppressed with fantasy which hath ever mastered his reason." There must, +however, have been far other qualities in a man who could command, as J. +undoubtedly did, the goodwill and admiration of so many of the finest +minds of his time. In person he was tall, swarthy, marked with small-pox, +and in later years burly. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1573, _ed._ Westminster School, serves in Low Countries, +returns to England 1592, and takes to stage, kills actor in brawl 1598, a +Romanist _c._ 1598-_c._ 1610, _Every Man in his Humour_ 1598, _Every Man +out of his Humour_ 1599, and other plays till 1633, _coll._ works _pub._ +1616, visits Drummond 1618, loses and recovers Court favour, _d._ 1637. + +Among the ed. of J.'s works may be mentioned those of Gifford (9 vols., +1816), re-issued (1875), selected plays Mermaid Series (3 vols., 1893-5), +Morley (1884), and Symonds (1886). Lives and studies by Symonds (English +Worthies), and Swinburne (1890). + + +JORTIN, JOHN (1698-1770).--Ecclesiastical historian, _ed._ at Camb., and +entering the Church held various benefices, becoming in 1764 Archdeacon +of London. He _pub._ _Remarks on Ecclesiastical History_ (1751-54), a +Life of Erasmus, and various miscellaneous pamphlets and tracts; 7 vols. +of sermons appeared after his death. All his works show learning, and are +written in a lively style. + + +JOWETT, BENJAMIN (1817-1893).--Scholar, was _b._ at Camberwell, and _ed._ +at St. Paul's School and Balliol Coll., where he had a distinguished +career, becoming Fellow 1838, Tutor 1840, and Master 1870. He held the +Regius Professorship of Greek 1855-93, though for the first 10 years he +was, owing to the opposition of his theological opponents in the Univ., +deprived of a large part of the usual emoluments. He was a keen and +formidable controversialist, and was usually found on what was, for the +time, the unpopular side. His contribution (an essay on _The +Interpretation of Scripture_) to the famous _Essays and Reviews_, which +appeared in 1860, brought him into strong collision with powerful +sections of theological opinion, to which he had already given offence by +his commentaries on the _Epistles to the Thessalonians, Galatians, and +Romans_. His views were, indeed, generally considered to be extremely +latitudinarian. Latterly he exercised an extraordinary influence in the +Univ., and was held in reverence by his pupils, many of whom have risen +to eminence. His chief works are translations, with learned +introductions, of _The Dialogues_ of Plato, of Thucydides, and of the +_Politics_ of Aristotle. He also, in conjunction with Prof. Campbell, +brought out an ed. of _The Republic_ of Plato. He held the degree of +LL.D. from the Univ. of Edin. (1884), and Camb. (1890), and Doctor of +Theology of Leyden (1875). + + +JUDD, SYLVESTER (1813-1853).--Novelist, _b._ at Westhampton, Mass., +studied for the ministry at Yale, and became a Unitarian pastor. He +_pub._ _Philo_, a religious poem, followed by _Margaret, a Tale of the +Real and the Ideal_ (1845), _Richard Edney, A Rus-Urban Tale_ (1850). He +also produced some theological works. His work is very unequal, but +often, as in _Margaret_, contains fine and true descriptive passages both +of nature and character. + + +KAMES, HENRY HOME, LORD (1696-1782).--Miscellaneous writer, _s._ of Geo. +H., of Kames, Berwickshire, was admitted an advocate in 1723, and raised +to the Bench in 1752. In 1748 he _pub._ a collection of Decisions of the +Court of Session. It is, however, on his philosophical and historical +writings that his literary fame rests. His writings include _Essays on +the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion_ (1751), _The Elements of +Criticism_ (1762), in which he sought for principles based on the +elements of human nature; _Sketches of the History of Man_ (1774), and +_Loose Hints on Education_, in which many modern views are anticipated. +In all these works, while the style is stiff and crabbed, there is much +original thought. Lord K. was also an eminent authority upon agriculture, +on which he in 1777 _pub._ a work entitled _The Gentleman Farmer_. + + +KAVANAGH, JULIA (1824-1877).--Novelist, _dau._ of Morgan K., poet, and +philologist, wrote many novels, of which the scene is usually in France, +among which are _Madeleine_ (1848), _Adele_, and _Daisy Burns_; also +biographical works, _Woman in France in the 18th Century_ (1850), etc. + + +KAYE, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1814-1876).--Historian and biographer, _s._ of a +London solicitor, was _ed._ at Eton and Addiscombe. After serving for +some time in the Bengal Artillery, he succeeded J.S. Mill as sec. to the +political and secret department in the East India Office. His first +literary work was a novel _pub._ in 1845, and he then began his valuable +series of histories and biographies illustrative of the British +occupation of India, including _The War in Afghanistan_ (1851), and _The +Sepoy War in India_, which he did not live to finish, and which was +completed by G.B. Malleson as _The History of the Indian Mutiny_ (6 +vols., 1890); also histories of the East India Company and of +Christianity in India, and Lives of Sir John Malcolm and other Indian +soldiers and statesmen. All his writings are characterised by painstaking +research, love of truth, and a style suited to the importance of his +subjects. He was made K.C.S.I. in 1871. + + +KEARY, ANNIE (1825-1879).--Novelist, wrote some good novels, including +_Castle Daly_, _A Doubting Heart_, and _Oldbury_, also books for children +and educational works. + + +KEATS, JOHN (1795-1821).--Poet, _s._ of the chief servant at an inn in +London, who _m._ his master's _dau._, and _d._ a man of some substance. +He was sent to a school at Enfield, and having meanwhile become an +orphan, was in 1810 apprenticed to a surgeon at Edmonton. In 1815 he went +to London to walk the hospitals. He was not, however, at all enthusiastic +in his profession, and having become acquainted with Leigh Hunt, Hazlitt, +Shelley, and others, he gave himself more and more to literature. His +first work--some sonnets--appeared in Hunt's _Examiner_, and his first +book, _Poems_, came out in 1817. This book, while containing much that +gave little promise of what was to come, was not without touches of +beauty and music, but it fell quite flat, finding few readers beyond his +immediate circle. _Endymion_, begun during a visit to the Isle of Wight, +appeared in 1818, and was savagely attacked in _Blackwood_ and the +_Quarterly Review_. These attacks, though naturally giving pain to the +poet, were not, as was alleged at the time, the cause of his health +breaking down, as he was possessed of considerable confidence in his own +powers, and his claim to immortality as a poet. Symptoms of hereditary +consumption, however, began to show themselves and, in the hope of +restored health, he made a tour in the Lakes and Scotland, from which he +returned to London none the better. The death soon after of his brother +Thomas, whom he had helped to nurse, told upon his spirits, as did also +his unrequited passion for Miss Fanny Brawne. In 1820 he _pub._ _Lamia +and Other Poems_, containing _Isabella_, _Eve of St. Agnes_, _Hyperion_, +and the odes to the _Nightingale_ and _The Grecian Urn_, all of which had +been produced within a period of about 18 months. This book was warmly +praised in the _Edinburgh Review_. His health had by this time completely +given way, and he was likewise harassed by narrow means and hopeless +love. He had, however, the consolation of possessing many warm friends, +by some of whom, the Hunts and the Brawnes, he was tenderly nursed. At +last in 1821 he set out, accompanied by his friend Severn, on that +journey to Italy from which he never returned. After much suffering he +_d._ at Rome, and was buried in the Protestant cemetery there. The +character of K. was much misunderstood until the publication by R.M. +Milnes, afterwards Lord Houghton (_q.v._), of his _Life and Letters_, +which gives an attractive picture of him. This, together with the +accounts of other friends, represent him as "eager, enthusiastic, and +sensitive, but humorous, reasonable, and free from vanity, affectionate, +a good brother and friend, sweet-tempered, and helpful." In his political +views he was liberal, in his religious, indefinite. Though in his +life-time subjected to much harsh and unappreciative criticism, his place +among English poets is now assured. His chief characteristics are +intense, sensuous imagination, and love of beauty, rich and picturesque +descriptive power, and exquisitely melodious versification. + +_Life, Letters, etc._, by R.M. Milnes (1848), _Poems and Letters_ +(Forman, 5 vols., 1900). Keats (Men of Letters Series, Colvin, 1887), +etc. _Poems_ (1817), _Endymion_ (1818), _Lamia and Other Poems_ (1820). + + +KEBLE, JOHN (1792-1866).--Poet and divine, _s._ of the Rev. John K., +Vicar of Coln St. Aldwyn's, Gloucestershire, _b._ at Fairford in the same +county, _ed._ by his _f._ and at Oxf., where he was elected a Fellow of +Oriel Coll., and was for some years tutor and examiner in the Univ. His +ideal life, however, was that of a country clergyman, and having taken +orders in 1815, he became curate to his _f._ Meantime he had been writing +_The Christian Year_, which appeared in 1827, and met with an almost +unparalleled acceptance. Though at first anonymous, its authorship soon +became known, with the result that K. was in 1831 appointed to the Chair +of Poetry at Oxf., which he held until 1841. In 1833 his famous sermon on +"national apostasy" gave the first impulse to the Oxf. movement, of +which, after the secession of Newman to the Church of Rome, he, along +with Pusey, was regarded as the leader, and in connection with which he +contributed several of the more important "tracts" in which were enforced +"deep submission to authority, implicit reverence for Catholic tradition, +firm belief in the divine prerogatives of the priesthood, the real nature +of the sacraments, and the danger of independent speculation." His _f._ +having _d._, K. became in 1836 Vicar of Hursley, near Winchester, where +he remained until his death. In 1846 he _pub._ another book of poems, +_Lyra Innocentium_. Other works were a Life of Wilson, Bishop of Sodor +and Man, and an ed. of the Works of Hooker. After his death appeared +_Letters of Spiritual Counsel_, and 12 vols. of _Parish Sermons_. The +literary position of K. must mainly rest upon _The Christian Year_, +_Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays_, and _Holidays throughout the Year_, +the object of which was, as described by the author, to bring the +thoughts and feelings of the reader into unison with those exemplified in +the Prayer Book. The poems, while by no means of equal literary merit, +are generally characterised by delicate and true poetic feeling, and +refined and often extremely felicitous language; and it is a proof of the +fidelity to nature with which its themes are treated that the book has +become a religious classic with readers far removed from the author's +ecclesiastical standpoint and general school of thought. K. was one of +the most saintly and unselfish men who ever adorned the Church of +England, and, though personally shy and retiring, exercised a vast +spiritual influence upon his generation. + +_Life_ by J.D. Coleridge (1869), another by Rev. W. Lock (1895). + + +KEIGHTLEY, THOMAS (1789-1872).--Historian, _ed._ at Trinity Coll., +Dublin, wrote works on mythology and folklore, and at the request of Dr. +Arnold of Rugby, a series of text-books on English, Greek, and other +histories. His _History of Greece_ was translated into modern Greek. +Among his other books are _Fairy Mythology_ (1850), and _Mythology of +Ancient Greece and Italy_, and a work on Popular Tales and their +transmission from one country to another. + + +KEITH, ROBERT (1681-1757).--Historian, _b._ in Kincardineshire, belonged +to the family of the Earls Marischal, and was Bishop of Fife in the +Scottish Episcopal Church. He was deeply versed in Scottish antiquities, +and _pub._ _History of the Affairs of Church and State in Scotland_ +during the Reformation. He also compiled _A Catalogue of the Bishops of +Scotland_ (1755). + + +KELLY, HUGH (1739-1777).--Dramatist, _s._ of a Dublin publican, worked in +London as a staymaker, 1760, and after ed. various journals, wrote +_Memoirs of a Magdalen_ (1767). His play, _False Delicacy_ (1768), had an +extraordinary success, and was translated into French, German, and +Portuguese. His other plays had no great success. He left off writing for +the stage in 1774, and endeavoured to practise as a barrister, but +without success. He also wrote political pamphlets, for which he received +a pension from Government. + + +KEN, THOMAS (1637-1711).--Religious writer, _s._ of an attorney, was _b._ +at Little Berkhampstead, _ed._ at Winchester and Oxf., and entering the +Church received the living of Brightstone, Isle of Wight, where he +composed his _Morning, Evening, and Midnight Hymns_, perhaps the most +widely known of English hymns. These he was accustomed to sing daily to +the lute. After holding other benefices he became Bishop of Bath and +Wells, and a Chaplain to Charles II. He was one of the "Seven Bishops" +sent to the Tower by James II. Refusing to take the oaths to William and +Mary, he was deprived, and spent his later years in comparative poverty, +though he found an asylum at Longleat with Lord Weymouth. Izaak Walton +was his brother-in-law. K. wrote a manual of prayers for Winchester +School, and other devotional works. + + +KENNEDY, JOHN PENDLETON (1795-1870).--Novelist, _b._ in Baltimore, was +distinguished as a lawyer and politician. He wrote three novels, _Swallow +Barn_ (1832), _Horse Shoe Robinson_ (1835), and _Rob of the Bowl_ (1838), +which give a vivid presentation of life in the Southern States. + + +KENNEDY, WALTER (_fl._ 1500).--_S._ of Lord K., was _ed._ at Glasgow, and +is perhaps best known as Dunbar's antagonist in the _Flyting of Dunbar +and Kennedy_. Other poems are _Praise of Aige_ (Age), _Ane Ballat in +Praise of Our Lady_, and _The Passion of Christ_. Most of his work is +probably lost. + + +KILLIGREW, THOMAS (1612-1683).--Dramatist, _s._ of Sir Robert K., of +Hanworth, was a witty, dissolute courtier of Charles II., and wrote nine +plays, each in a different city. Of them the best known is _The Parson's +Wedding_. + + +KING, HENRY (1592-1669).--Poet, _s._ of a Bishop of London, was _ed._ at +Westminster School and Oxf. He entered the Church, and rose in 1642 to be +Bishop of Chichester. The following year he was deprived, but was +reinstated at the Restoration. He wrote many elegies on Royal persons and +on his private friends, who included Donne and Ben Jonson. A selection +from his _Poems and Psalms_ was _pub._ in 1843. + + +KINGLAKE, ALEXANDER WILLIAM (1809-1891).--_B._ near Taunton, _ed._ at +Eton and Camb., was called to the Bar in 1837, and acquired a +considerable practice, which in 1856 he abandoned in order to devote +himself to literature and public life. His first literary venture had +been _Eothen_, a brilliant and original work of Eastern travel, _pub._ in +1844; but his _magnum opus_ was his _Invasion of the Crimea_, in 8 vols. +(1863-87), which is one of the most effective works of its class. It has, +however, been charged with being too favourable to Lord Raglan, and +unduly hostile to Napoleon III., for whom the author had an extreme +aversion. Its great length is also against it. + + +KINGSFORD, WILLIAM (1819-1898).--Historian, _b._ in London, served in the +army, and went to Canada, where he was engaged in surveying work. He has +a place in literature for his _History of Canada_ in 10 vols., a work of +careful research, though not distinguished for purely literary merits. + + +KINGSLEY, CHARLES (1819-1875).--Novelist and historian, _s._ of a +clergyman, was _b._ at Holne Vicarage near Dartmoor, but passed most of +his childhood at Barnack in the Fen country, and Clovelly in Devonshire, +_ed._ at King's Coll., London, and Camb. Intended for the law, he entered +the Church, and became, in 1842, curate, and two years later rector, of +Eversley, Hampshire. In the latter year he _pub._ _The Saints' Tragedy_, +a drama, of which the heroine is St. Elizabeth of Hungary. Two novels +followed, _Yeast_ (1848) and _Alton Locke_ (1850), in which he deals with +social questions as affecting the agricultural labouring class, and the +town worker respectively. He had become deeply interested in such +questions, and threw himself heart and soul, in conjunction with F.D. +Maurice and others, into the schemes of social amelioration, which they +supported under the name of Christian socialism, contributing many tracts +and articles under the signature of "Parson Lot." In 1853 appeared +_Hypatia_, in which the conflict of the early Christians with the Greek +philosophy of Alexandria is depicted; it was followed in 1855 by +_Westward Ho_, perhaps his most popular work; in 1857 by _Two Years Ago_, +and in 1866 by _Hereward the Wake_. _At Last_ (1870), gave his +impressions of a visit to the West Indies. His taste for natural history +found expression in _Glaucus, or the Wonders of the Shore_ (1855), and +other works. _The Water Babies_ is a story for children written to +inspire love and reverence of Nature. K. was in 1860 appointed to the +Professorship of Modern History at Camb., which he held until 1869. The +literary fruit of this was _Roman and Teuton_ (1864). In the same year he +was involved in a controversy with J.H. Newman, which resulted in the +publication by the latter of his _Apologia_. K., who had in 1869 been +made a Canon of Chester, became Canon of Westminster in 1873. Always of a +highly nervous temperament, his over-exertion resulted in repeated +failures of health, and he _d._ in 1875. Though hot-tempered and +combative, he was a man of singularly noble character. His type of +religion, cheerful and robust, was described as "muscular Christianity." +Strenuous, eager, and keen in feeling, he was not either a profoundly +learned, or perhaps very impartial, historian, but all his writings are +marked by a bracing and manly atmosphere, intense sympathy, and great +descriptive power. + + +KINGSLEY, HENRY (1830-1876).--Novelist, brother of the above, _ed._ at +King's Coll., London, and Oxf., which he left without graduating, and +betook himself to the Australian gold-diggings, being afterwards in the +mounted police. On his return in 1858 he devoted himself industriously to +literature, and wrote a number of novels of much more than average merit, +including _Geoffrey Hamlyn_ (1859), _The Hillyars and the Burtons_ +(1865), _Ravenshoe_ (1861), and _Austin Elliot_ (1863). Of these +_Ravenshoe_ is generally regarded as the best. In 1869 he went to +Edinburgh to ed. the _Daily Review_, but he soon gave this up, and became +war correspondent for his paper during the Franco-German War. + + +KINGSLEY, MARY HENRIETTA (1862-1900).--Traveller, _dau._ of George Henry +K. (himself a traveller, and author of _South Sea Bubbles_, a very +successful book), and niece of Charles K. (_q.v._). She travelled in West +Africa, where she made valuable observations and collections. Her +_Travels in West Africa_ is one of the most original and stimulating +books of its class. Miss K. had a singular power of viewing the religious +rites of savage peoples from their point of view. She was about to +undertake another journey, but stopped to nurse Boer prisoners, and _d._ +of fever. + + +KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES (1814-1880).--Writer of tales for boys, +_b._ in London, but spent much of his youth in Oporto, where his _f._ was +a merchant. His first book, _The Circassian Chief_, appeared in 1844. His +first book for boys, _Peter the Whaler_, was _pub._ in 1851, and had such +success that he retired from business and devoted himself entirely to the +production of this kind of literature, in which his popularity was +deservedly great; and during 30 years he wrote upwards of 130 tales, +including _The Three Midshipmen_ (1862), _The Three Lieutenants_ (1874), +_The Three Commanders_ (1875), _The Three Admirals_ (1877), _Digby +Heathcote_, etc. He also conducted various papers, including _The +Colonist_, and _Colonial Magazine and East India Review_. He was also +interested in emigration, volunteering, and various philanthropic +schemes. For services in negotiating a commercial treaty with Portugal he +received a Portuguese knighthood, and for his literary labours a +Government pension. + + +KIRKLAND, JOSEPH (1830-1894).--Novelist, _b._ in New York State, was a +lawyer in Chicago, then served in the war. He is remembered as the author +of two very vivid and life-like novels of pioneer life in the Far West, +_Illinois Zury_ and _The McVeys_. Other works are _The Captain of Company +K._ and _The Story of Chicago_. + + +KITTO, JOHN (1804-1854).--Biblical scholar, _s._ of a Cornish stonemason, +was _b._ at Plymouth. At the age of 12 a fall led to his becoming totally +deaf. From poverty and hardship he was rescued by friends, to whom his +mental powers had become known, and the means of education were placed +within his reach. By these he profited so remarkably that he became a +valuable contributor to Biblical scholarship. He travelled much in the +East in the pursuit of his favourite studies. Among his works are +_Scripture Lands_, _Daily Bible Illustrations_, and _The Lost Senses_ in +2 vols., one dealing with Deafness and the other with Blindness. He also +ed. _The Pictorial Bible_, _The Journal of Sacred Literature_, _The +Cyclopaedia of Bible Literature_, and contributed to various periodicals. +He received a pension of L100 from Government. In 1844 the Univ. of +Giessen conferred upon him the degree of D.D. + + +KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873).--Publisher and writer, _b._ at Windsor, +where his _f._. was a bookseller. After serving his apprenticeship with +him he went to London, and in 1823 started business as a publisher, and +co-operated effectively with Brougham and others in connection with The +Society for Diffusing Useful Knowledge. He was publisher for the Society, +and issued _The Penny Magazine_, _Penny Cyclopaedia_, _Pictorial History +of England_, etc. He ed. with success _The Pictorial Shakespeare_, and +was the author of a vol. of essays, _Once upon a Time_, an autobiography, +_Passages from a Working Life_ (1863), a _History of the Thirty Years' +Peace_, which was completed by Miss Harriet Martineau, and various other +works. + + +KNIGHT, HENRY GALLY (1786-1846).--A country gentleman of Yorkshire, _ed._ +at Eton and Camb., was the author of several Oriental tales, _Ilderim, a +Syrian Tale_ (1816), _Phrosyne, a Grecian Tale_, and _Alashtar, an +Arabian Tale_ (1817). He was also an authority on architecture, and wrote +various works on the subject, including _The Ecclesiastical Architecture +of Italy_, and _The Normans in Sicily_, which brought him more reputation +than his novels. + + +KNOLLES, RICHARD (1550?-1610).--Historian, _b._ at Coldashby, +Northamptonshire, and _ed._ at Oxf., _pub._ in 1603 _The History of the +Turks_, which went through many ed. Its principal value now is as a piece +of fine English of its time, for which it is ranked high by Hallam. K. +was master of a school at Sandwich. The History was continued by Sir Paul +Rycaut (1628-1700). + + +KNOWLES, HERBERT (1798-1817).--Poet, author of the well-known _Stanzas +written in Richmond Churchyard_, which gave promise of future excellence. +But he _d._ a few weeks after he had been enabled, through the help of +Southey to whom he had sent some of his poems, to go to Camb. + + +KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN (1784-1862).--Dramatist, _s._ of James K., +schoolmaster and lexicographer, was _b._ at Cork. He was the author of a +ballad, _The Welsh Harper_, which had great popularity, and gained for +him the notice of Hazlitt and others. For some years he studied medicine, +which, however, he abandoned for literature, and produced several plays, +including _Caius Gracchus_ (1815), _Virginius_ (1820), _The Hunchback_ +(1832), and _The Love Chase_ (1837), in some of which he acted. He gave +up the stage in 1843, became a preacher in connection with the Baptist +communion, and enjoyed great popularity. He _pub._ two polemical works, +_The Rock of Rome_, and _The Idol demolished by its own Priests_. + + +KNOX, JOHN (1505?-1572).--Reformer and historian, was _b._ near +Haddington, and _ed._ at the Grammar School there and at Glasgow. He is +believed to have had some connection with the family of K. of Ranfurly in +Renfrewshire. The year of his birth was long believed to be 1505, but of +late some writers have found reason to hold that he was really _b._ some +years later, 1510 or even 1513. At Glasgow he was the pupil of John Major +(_q.v._), and became distinguished as a disputant. He is believed to have +been ordained a priest about 1530, after which he went to St. Andrews and +taught. About this time, however, there is a gap of 12 years or more, +during which almost nothing is known of his life. About 1545 he came +under the influence of George Wishart, who was burned as a heretic at +St. Andrews in the following year, and embraced the Reformation +principles, of which he became a champion on the Continent, in England, +and finally and especially in Scotland. He joined the reforming party in +St. Andrews in 1547, and was, much against his will, elected their +minister. The next year he was made prisoner, sent to France, and +condemned to the galleys, where he remained for nearly two years. For the +next five years he was in England, chiefly at Newcastle and Berwick, +where he was zealously engaged in propagating and defending the reformed +doctrines. On the accession of Mary in 1553 K. escaped to the Continent, +where he remained--at Dieppe, Frankfort on the Maine, and Geneva--until +1559. During this period, in addition to his pastoral and ecclesiastical +activities, he wrote copiously, the best known of his works of that time +being his _First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment +[government] of Women_. The first, it proved also the last, as he never +produced the other two which he promised or threatened. He finally +returned to Scotland in 1559, and was at once the chief actor and the +chief narrator of the crowded and pregnant events which culminated in the +abdication of Queen Mary and the establishment of Protestantism in +Scotland. As minister of the High Church of Edin. K. was at the centre of +events, which he probably did more to mould than any other man. As +Carlyle says, "He is the one Scotchman to whom, of all others, his +country and the world owe a debt." Here, after his long battle with +principalities and powers, and spiritual wickedness in high places, his +triumphs, and disappointments, after growing weakness and becoming "weary +of the world," he _d._ on November 24, 1572. His place in literature he +has by virtue of his _Historie of the Reformation in Scotland_. It +extends from 1558-67. Its language is much more English than that spoken +and written in Scotland at the time. It is of the highest historical +value, and in style terse, vigorous, with flashes of a quiet, somewhat +saturnine humour, and of vivid description--the writing of a great man of +action dealing with the events in which he had been the leading actor. +His own figure and that of the Queen are those round which the drama +turns. The leading features of his character were courage and intense +earnestness. "Here," said the Regent Morton, "lies a man who never feared +the face of man." And with all his sternness there was in him a vein of +cordial friendliness and humour. He has been accused of intolerance, and +of harshness in his dealings with the Queen. But as Carlyle has said, as +regards the second accusation, "They are not so coarse, these speeches; +they seem to me about as fine as the circumstances would permit. It was +unfortunately not possible to be polite with the Queen of Scotland unless +one proved untrue to the nation." + +_Lives_ by M'Crie (1812), and Prof. Hume Brown (1895). _Works_ ed. by D. +Laing. + + +KNOX, VICESIMUS (1752-1821).--Essayist, etc., _ed._ at Oxf., took orders, +and became Head Master of Tunbridge School. He _pub._ _Essays Moral and +Literary_ (1778), and compiled the formerly well-known _Elegant +Extracts_, often reprinted. + + +KNOX, WILLIAM (1789-1825).--Poet, _s._ of a farmer in Roxburghshire, +wrote several books of poetry, _The Lonely Hearth_, _Songs of Israel_, +_Harp of Zion_, etc., which gained him the friendship of Scott. He fell +into dissipated habits, was latterly a journalist in Edin., and _d._ at +36. + + +KYD, THOMAS (1558-1595).--Dramatist, _s._ of a London scrivener, _ed._ at +Merchant Taylor's School, appears to have led the life of hardship so +common with the dramatists of his time, was for a short time imprisoned +for "treasonable and Atheistic views," and made translations from the +French and Italian. His drama, _The Spanish Tragedy_ (1594), had +extraordinary popularity, and was translated into Dutch and German. Some +of the scenes are believed to have been contributed by another hand, +probably by Ben Jonson. He also produced a play on the story of Hamlet, +not now in existence, and he may have written the first draft of _Titus +Andronicus_. Other plays which have been attributed to him are _The First +Part of Jeronimo_ (1605), _Cornelia_ (1594), _The Rare Triumphs of Love +and Fortune_, and _The Tragedye of Solyman and Perseda_ (1599). But, +although one of the best known dramatists in his day, very little is now +certain either as to his personal history or his works. + + +LAIDLAW, WILLIAM (1780-1845).--Poet, _s._ of a border farmer, became +steward and amanuensis to Sir W. Scott, and was the author of the +beautiful and well-known ballad, _Lucy's Flittin'_. + + +LAING, DAVID (1793-1878).--Antiquary, _s._ of a bookseller in Edin., with +whom he was in partnership until his appointment, in 1837, as librarian +of the Signet Library. He ed. many of the publications of the Bannatyne +Club, of which he was sec. (1823-61). He was also Honorary Prof. of +Antiquities to the Royal Scottish Academy. Among the more important works +which he ed. were _Baillie's Letters and Journals_ (1841-2), _John Knox's +Works_ (1846-64), and the poems of Sir D. Lyndsay, Dunbar, and Henryson. + + +LAING, MALCOLM (1762-1818).--Was a country gentleman in Orkney. He +completed Henry's _History of Great Britain_, and wrote a _History of +Scotland from the Union of the Crowns to the Union of the Kingdoms_ +(1802). He was an assailant of the authenticity of the Ossianic poems, +and wrote a dissertation on the Participation of Mary Queen of Scots in +the Murder of Darnley. He did much to improve the agriculture of Orkney. + + +LAMB, LADY CAROLINE (1785-1828).--Novelist, _dau._ of 3rd Earl of +Bessborough, _m._ the Hon. William Lamb, afterwards Lord Melbourne and +Prime Minister. She wrote three novels, which, though of little literary +value, attracted much attention. The first of these, _Glenarvon_ (1816), +contained a caricature portrait of Lord Byron, with whom the authoress +had shortly before been infatuated. It was followed by _Graham Hamilton_ +(1822), and _Ada Reis_ (1823). Happening to meet the hearse conveying the +remains of Byron, she became unconscious, and fell into mental +alienation, from which she never recovered. + + +LAMB, CHARLES (1775-1834).--Essayist and poet, was _b._ in London, his +_f._ being confidential clerk to Samuel Salt, one of the benchers of the +Inner Temple. After being at a school in the neighbourhood, he was sent +by the influence of Mr. Salt to Christ's Hospital, where he remained from +1782-89, and where he formed a lifelong friendship with Coleridge. He was +then for a year or two in the South Sea House, where his elder brother +John was a clerk. Thence he was in 1792 transferred to the India House, +where he remained until 1825, when he retired with a pension of +two-thirds of his salary. Mr. Salt _d._ in 1792, and the family, +consisting of the _f._, mother, Charles, and his sister Mary, ten years +his senior, lived together in somewhat straitened circumstances. John, +comparatively well off, leaving them pretty much to their own resources. +In 1796 the tragedy of L.'s life occurred. His sister Mary, in a sudden +fit of insanity, killed her mother with a table-knife. Thenceforward, +giving up a marriage to which he was looking forward, he devoted himself +to the care of his unfortunate sister, who became, except when separated +from him by periods of aberration, his lifelong and affectionate +companion--the "Cousin Bridget" of his essays. His first literary +appearance was a contribution of four sonnets to Coleridge's _Poems on +Various Subjects_ (1796). Two years later he _pub._, along with his +friend Charles Lloyd, _Blank Verse_, the little vol. including _The Old +Familiar Faces_, and others of his best known poems, and his romance, +_Rosamund Gray_, followed in the same year. He then turned to the drama, +and produced _John Woodvil_, a tragedy, and _Mr. H._, a farce, both +failures, for although the first had some echo of the Elizabethan music, +it had no dramatic force. Meantime the brother and sister were leading a +life clouded by poverty and by the anxieties arising from the condition +of the latter, and they moved about from one lodging to another. L.'s +literary ventures so far had not yielded much either in money or fame, +but in 1807 he was asked by W. Godwin (_q.v._) to assist him in his +"Juvenile Library," and to this he, with the assistance of his sister, +contributed the now famous _Tales from Shakespeare_, Charles doing the +tragedies and Mary the comedies. In 1808 they wrote, again for children, +_The Adventures of Ulysses_, a version of the _Odyssey, Mrs. Leicester's +School_, and _Poetry for Children_ (1809). About the same time he was +commissioned by Longman to ed. selections from the Elizabethan +dramatists. To the selections were added criticisms, which at once +brought him the reputation of being one of the most subtle and +penetrating critics who had ever touched the subject. Three years later +his extraordinary power in this department was farther exhibited in a +series of papers on Hogarth and Shakespeare, which appeared in Hunt's +_Reflector_. In 1818 his scattered contributions in prose and verse were +_coll._ as _The Works of Charles Lamb_, and the favour with which they +were received led to his being asked to contribute to the _London +Magazine_ the essays on which his fame chiefly rests. The name "Elia" +under which they were written was that of a fellow-clerk in the India +House. They appeared from 1820-25. The first series was printed in 1823, +the second, _The Last Essays of Elia_, in 1833. In 1823 the L.'s had left +London and taken a cottage at Islington, and had practically adopted Emma +Isola, a young orphan, whose presence brightened their lives until her +marriage in 1833 to E. Moxon, the publisher. In 1825 L. retired, and +lived at Enfield and Edmonton. But his health was impaired, and his +sister's attacks of mental alienation were ever becoming more frequent +and of longer duration. During one of his walks he fell, slightly hurting +his face. The wound developed into erysipelas, and he _d._ on December +29, 1834. His sister survived until 1847. + +The place of L. as an essayist and critic is the very highest. His only +rival in the former department is Addison, but in depth and tenderness of +feeling, and richness of fancy L. is the superior. In the realms of +criticism there can be no comparison between the two. L. is here at once +profound and subtle, and his work led as much as any other influence to +the revival of interest in and appreciation of our older poetry. His own +writings, which are self-revealing in a quite unusual and always charming +way, and the recollections of his friends, have made the personality of +Lamb more familiar to us than any other in our literature, except that of +Johnson. His weaknesses, his oddities, his charm, his humour, his +stutter, are all as familiar to his readers as if they had known him, and +the tragedy and noble self-sacrifice of his life add a feeling of +reverence for a character we already love. + +Life and Letters and Final Memorials by Talfourd, also Memoir by B.W. +Proctor and A. Ainger prefixed to ed. of _Works_ (1883-88). Life, Works, +and Letters of Charles and Mary Lamb, in 9 vols., E.V. Lucas, and 12 +vols. ed. W. Macdonald. + + +LANDON, LETITIA ELIZABETH (1802-1838).--Poetess, _dau._ of an army agent, +was _b._ in London. She was a prolific and, in her day, remarkably +popular writer, but she wrote far too easily and far too much for +permanent fame. Many of her poems appeared in the _Literary Gazette_, and +similar publications, but she _pub._ separately _The Fate of Adelaide_ +(1821), _The Improvisatrice_ (1824), _The Troubadour_ (1825), _The +Venetian Bracelet_ (1829), etc. She also wrote a few novels, of which +_Ethel Churchill_ was the best, and a tragedy _Castruccio Castracani_ +(1837). She _m._ a Mr. Maclean, Governor of one of the West African +Colonies, where, shortly after her arrival, she was found dead from the +effects of an overdose of poison, which it was supposed she had taken as +a relief from spasms to which she was subject. She was best known by her +initials, L.E.L., under which she was accustomed to write. + + +LANDOR, WALTER SAVAGE (1775-1864).--Poet and miscellaneous author, _s._ +of a physician, was _b._ at Ipsley Court, Warwick, the property of his +mother, and _ed._ at Rugby and Oxf., where he earned the nickname of "the +mad Jacobin," and whence he was rusticated. His whole long life +thereafter was a series of quarrels, extravagances, and escapades of +various kinds, the result of his violent prejudices, love of paradox, and +ungovernable temper. He quarrelled with his _f._, his wife, most of his +relations, and nearly all his friends, ran through a large fortune, and +ended his days in Italy supported by a pension granted by his brothers. +Yet he was not devoid of strong affections and generosity. His earliest +publication was _Poems_ (1795); _Gebir_ (1798), an epic, had little +success, but won for him the friendship of Southey. In 1808 he went to +Spain to take part in the war against Napoleon, and saw some service. His +first work to attract attention was his powerful tragedy of _Don Julian_ +(1811). About the same time he _m._ Miss Julia Thuillier--mainly, as +would appear, on account of her "wonderful golden hair"--and purchased +the estate of Llantony Abbey, Monmouthshire, whence, after various +quarrels with the local authorities, he went to France. After a residence +of a year there, he went in 1815 to Italy, where he lived until 1818 at +Como, which, having insulted the authorities in a Latin poem, he had to +leave. At Florence, which was his residence for some years, he commenced +his famous _Imaginary Conversations_, of which the first two vols. +appeared 1824, the third 1828, fourth and fifth 1829. Other works were +_The Examination of W. Shakespeare touching Deer-stealing_ (1834), +_Pericles and Aspasia_ (1836), _Pentameron_ (1837), _Hellenics_ (1847), +and _Poemata et Inscriptiones_ (1847). He quarrelled finally with his +wife in 1835, and returned to England, which, however, he had to leave in +1858 on account of an action for libel arising out of a book, _Dry Sticks +Fagoted_. He went to Italy, where he remained, chiefly at Florence, until +his death. L. holds one of the highest places among the writers of +English prose. His thoughts are striking and brilliant, and his style +rich and dignified. + +_Works_ ed. C.G. Crump, 10 vols. + + +LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801-1876).--Arabic scholar, _s._ of a prebendary +of Hereford, where he was _b._, began life as an engraver, but going to +Egypt in search of health, devoted himself to the study of Oriental +languages and manners, and adopted the dress and habits of the Egyptian +man of learning. He _pub._ _Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians_ +(1836), which remains a standard authority, and a translation of _The +Thousand and One Nights_ (1838-40) (Arabian Nights). What was intended to +be the great work of his life, his _Arabic Lexicon_, was left unfinished +at his death, but was completed by his nephew, Prof. S.L. Poole. L. was +regarded as the chief European Orientalist of his day. + + +LANGHORNE, JOHN (1735-1779).--Poet, _s._ of a clergyman, was _b._ at +Kirkby Stephen; having taken orders, he was for two years a curate in +London, and from 1776 Rector of Blagdon, Somerset, and Prebendary of +Wells. He is chiefly remembered as being the translator, jointly with his +brother, Rev. William L., of _Plutarch's Lives_, but in his day he had +some reputation as a poet, his chief work in poetry being _Studley Park_ +and _Fables of Flora_. In his _Country Justice_ (1774-77) he dimly +foreshadows Crabbe, as in his descriptive poems he dimly foreshadows +Wordsworth. He was twice married, and both of his wives _d._ in giving +birth to a first child. + + +LANGLAND, WILLIAM (OR WILLIAM of LANGLEY) (1330?-1400?).--Poet. Little +can be gleaned as to his personal history, and of that little part is +contradictory. In a note of the 15th century written on one MS. he is +said to have been _b._ in Oxfordshire, the _s._ of a freeman named Stacy +de Rokayle, while Bale, writing in the 16th century, makes his name +Robert (certainly an error), and says he was _b._ at Cleobury Mortimer +in Shropshire. From his great poem, _Piers the Plowman_, it is to be +gathered that he was bred to the Church, and was at one time an inmate of +the monastery at Great Malvern. He _m._, however, and had a _dau._, +which, of course, precluded him from going on to the priesthood. It has +further been inferred from his poem that his f., with the help of +friends, sent him to school, but that on the death of these friends the +process of education came to an end, and he went to London, living in a +little house in Cornhill and, as he says, not only _in_ but _on_ London, +supporting himself by singing _requiems_ for the dead. "The tools I +labour with ... [are] _Paternoster_, and my primer _Placebo_, and +_Dirige_, and my _Psalter_, and my seven Psalms." References to legal +terms suggest that he may have copied for lawyers. In later life he +appears to have lived in Cornwall with his wife and _dau._ Poor himself, +he was ever a sympathiser with the poor and oppressed. His poem appears +to have been the great interest of his life, and almost to the end he was +altering and adding to, without, however, improving it. The full title of +the poem is _The Vision of Piers Plowman_. Three distinct versions of it +exist, the first _c._ 1362, the second _c._ 1377, and the third 1393 or +1398. It has been described as "a vision of Christ seen through the +clouds of humanity." It is divided into nine dreams, and is in the +unrhymed, alliterative, first English manner. In the allegory appear such +personifications as Meed (worldly success), Falsehood, Repentance, Hope, +etc. Piers Plowman, first introduced as the type of the poor and simple, +becomes gradually transformed into the Christ. Further on appear Do-well, +Do-bet, Do-best. In this poem, and its additions, L. was able to express +all that he had to say of the abuses of the time, and their remedy. He +himself stands out as a sad, earnest, and clear-sighted onlooker in a +time of oppression and unrest. It is thought that he may have been the +author of a poem, _Richard the Redeless_: if so he was, at the time of +writing, living in Bristol, and making a last remonstrance to the +misguided King, news of whose death may have reached him while at the +work, as it stops in the middle of a paragraph. He is not much of an +artist, being intent rather on delivering his message than that it should +be in a perfect dress. Prof. Manley, in the _Cambridge History of English +Literature_, advances the theory that _The Vision_ is not the work of +one, but of several writers, W.L. being therefore a dramatic, not a +personal name. It is supported on such grounds as differences in metre, +diction, sentence structure, and the diversity of view on social and +ecclesiastic matters expressed in different parts of the poem. + + +LANIER, SIDNEY (1842-1881).--Miscellaneous writer, _s._ of a lawyer of +Huguenot descent, was _b._ at Macon, Georgia. He had a varied career, +having been successively soldier, shopman, teacher, lawyer, musician, and +prof. His first literary venture was a novel, _Tiger Lilies_ (1867). +Thereafter he wrote mainly on literature, his works including _The +Science of English Verse_ (1881), _The English Novel_ (1883), and +_Shakespeare and his Forerunners_ (1902); also some poems which have been +greatly admired, including "Corn," "The Marshes of Glynn," and "The Song +of the Chattahoochee"; ed. of Froissart, and the Welsh _Mabinogion_ for +children. He worked under the shadow of serious lung trouble, which +eventually brought about his death. + + +LARDNER, DIONYSIUS (1793-1859).--Scientific writer, _s._ of a solicitor +in Dublin, and _b._ there, was intended for the law, but having no taste +for it, he entered Trinity Coll., Dublin, and took orders, but devoted +himself to literary and scientific pursuits, and became a contributor to +the _Edinburgh Review_, and various Encyclopaedias. In 1827 he was +appointed Prof. of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in the Univ. of +London (afterwards Univ. Coll.), and in 1829 began his great work, _The +Cabinet Cyclopaedia_, which was finished in 133 vols. 20 years later. In +his literary undertakings, which included various other schemes of +somewhat similar character, he was eminently successful, financially and +otherwise. He lived in Paris from 1845 until his death. + + +LATIMER, HUGH (1485-1555).--Reformer and divine, _s._ of a Leicestershire +yeoman, went to Camb. in 1500, and became Fellow of Clare Hall. Taking +orders, he was at first a defender of the ancient faith, but convinced by +the arguments of Bilney, embraced the reformed doctrines. He was called +to appear before Wolsey, but dismissed on subscribing certain articles. +His opposition to the Pope, and his support of the King's supremacy, +brought him under the notice of Henry, and he was appointed chaplain to +Anne Boleyn, and in 1535 Bishop of Worcester. For preaching in favour of +the reformed doctrines he was twice imprisoned in the Tower, 1539 and +1546, and on the former occasion resigned his bishopric, which he +declined to resume on the accession of Edward VI. On the accession of +Mary he was with Ridley, Bishop of London, thrown into prison (1554), and +on October 16, 1555, burned at Oxf. His words of encouragement to his +fellow-martyr are well known, "Be of good comfort, Master Ridley, and +play the man; we shall this day light such a candle by God's grace in +England as I trust shall never be put out." He holds his place in English +literature by virtue of his sermons--especially that on _The +Ploughers_--which, like himself, are outspoken, homely, and popular, with +frequent touches of kindly humour. + + +LAUDER, SIR THOMAS DICK (1784-1848).--Novelist and miscellaneous writer, +_s._ of a Scottish baronet, wrote two novels, _Lochandhu_ (1825), and +_The Wolf of Badenoch_ (1827), but is best known for his _Account of the +Great Floods in Morayshire in 1829_. He also wrote _Legendary Tales of +the Highlands_, and contributed to scientific journals and magazines. + + +LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761).--Divine, _s._ of a grocer at Kingscliffe, +Northamptonshire, was _ed._ at Camb., and in 1727 became tutor to the +_f._ of Edward Gibbon, the historian. About 1728 he _pub._ his best known +book, _A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life_, a work which has had a +profound influence upon the religious life of England, largely owing to +the impression which it produced upon such minds as those of Dr. Johnson, +the Wesleys, and others. In 1737 he became a student of the works of +Jacob Boehmen, the German mystic, and devoted himself largely to the +exposition of his views. The theological position of L. was a +complicated one, combining High Churchism, mysticism, and Puritanism: his +writings are characterised by vigorous thought, keen logic, and a lucid +and brilliant style, relieved by flashes of bright, and often sarcastic, +humour. His work attacking Mandeville's _Fable of the Bees_ (1723) is +perhaps that in which these qualities are best displayed in combination. +He retired in 1740 to Kingscliffe, where he had founded a school for 14 +girls. + + +LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827-1876).--Novelist, was a barrister. He wrote +several novels, of which one--_Guy Livingstone_ (1857)--had great +popularity. On the outbreak of the American Civil War he went to America +with the intention of joining the Confederate Army, but was taken +prisoner and only released on promising to return to England. + + +LAYAMON (_fl._ 1200).--Metrical historian, the _s._ of Leovenath. All +that is known of him is gathered from his own writings. He was a priest +at Ernley (now Areley Regis), Worcestershire. In his day the works of +Geoffrey of Monmouth and Wace, in French, were the favourite reading of +the educated, and "it came to him in mind" that he would tell the story +of _Brut_ in English verse. He set out in search of books and, founding +his poem on the earlier writers, he added so much from his own knowledge +of Welsh and West of England tradition that while Wace's poem consists of +15,000 lines, his extends to 32,000. Among the legends he gives are those +of _Locrine_, _Arthur_, and _Lear_. The poem is in the old English +unrhymed, alliterative verse, and "marks the revival of the English mind +and spirit." + + +LAYARD, SIR AUSTIN HENRY (1817-1894).--Explorer of Nineveh, _b._ at +Paris, _s._ of a Ceylon civilian. After spending some years in the office +of a London solicitor, he set out in search of employment in Ceylon, but +passing through Western Asia, became interested in the work of excavating +the remains of ancient cities. Many of his finds--human-headed bulls, +etc.--were sent to the British Museum. Two books--_Nineveh and its +Remains_ (1848-49), and _The Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon_ +(1853)--brought him fame, and on his return home he received many +honours, including the freedom of the City of London, the degree of +D.C.L. from Oxf., and the Lord Rectorship of Aberdeen Univ. He entered +Parliament, where he sat as a Liberal. He held the offices of +Under-Foreign Sec. (1861-66), and Chief Commissioner of Works (1868-69), +and was Ambassador to Spain 1869, and Constantinople 1877; and on his +retirement in 1878 he was made G.C.B. He was a very successful excavator, +and described his work brilliantly, but he was no great linguist, and +most of the deciphering of the inscriptions was done by Sir H. Rawlinson. +His last work was _Early Adventures in Persia, etc._, and he left an +autobiography, _pub._ in 1903. He also wrote on Italian art. + + +LEAR, EDWARD (1812-1888).--Artist and miscellaneous author, _b._ in +London, and settled in Rome as a landscape painter. He was an +indefatigable traveller, and wrote accounts, finely illustrated, of his +journeys in Italy, Greece, and Corsica. His best known works are, +however, his _Book of Nonsense_ (1840) (full of wit and _good_ sense), +_More Nonsense Rhymes_ (1871), and _Laughable Lyrics_ (1876). L. had also +a remarkable faculty for depicting birds. + + +LECKY, WILLIAM EDWARD HARTPOLE (1838-1903).--Historian, the _s._ of a +landed gentleman of Carlow, was _b._ near Dublin, and _ed._ at Cheltenham +and Trinity Coll., Dublin. Originally intended for the Church, he devoted +himself to a literary career. His first work of importance was _Leaders +of Public Opinion in Ireland_ (1861) (essays on Swift, Flood, Grattan, +and O'Connell). The study of Buckle's _History of Civilisation_ to some +extent determined the direction of his own writings, and resulted in the +production of two important works, _History of the Rise and Influence of +the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe_ (1865), and _History of European +Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne_ (1869), both remarkable for +learning, clearness, and impartiality. Both, however, gave rise to +considerable controversy and criticism. His principal work is _The +History of England in the Eighteenth Century_ (1878-90). Characterised by +the same sterling qualities as his preceding books, it deals with a +subject more generally interesting, and has had a wide acceptance. His +view of the American war, and the controversies which led to it, is more +favourable to the English position than that of some earlier historians. +Other works are _Democracy and Liberty_ (1896), and _The Map of Life_ +(1899). Though of warm Irish sympathies, L. was strongly opposed to Home +Rule. He sat in Parliament for his Univ. from 1895 until his death. He +received many academical distinctions, and was a Corresponding Member of +the Institute of France, and one of the original members of the Order of +Merit. + + +LEE, NATHANIEL (1653?-1692).--Dramatist, _s._ of a clergyman at Hatfield, +was _ed._ at Westminster School and Camb. After leaving the Univ. he went +to London, and joined the stage both as actor and author. He was taken up +by Rochester and others of the same dissolute set, led a loose life, and +drank himself into Bedlam, where he spent four years. After his recovery +he lived mainly upon charity, and met his death from a fall under the +effects of a carouse. His tragedies, which, with much bombast and +frequent untrained flights of imagination, have occasional fire and +tenderness, are generally based on classical subjects. The principal are +_The Rival Queens_, _Theodosius_, and _Mithridates_. He also wrote a few +comedies, and collaborated with Dryden in an adaptation of _Oedipus_, and +in _The Duke of Guise_. + + +LEE, SOPHIA (1750-1824), LEE, HARRIET (1757-1851).--Novelists and +dramatists, _dau._ of John L., an actor, were the authors of various +dramatic pieces and novels. By far their most memorable work was _The +Canterbury Tales_, 5 vols. (1797-1805) which, with the exception of two, +_The Young Lady's_ and _The Clergyman's_, were all by Harriet. The most +powerful of them, _Kruitzner_, fell into the hands of Byron in his +boyhood, and made so profound an impression upon him that, in 1821, he +dramatised it under the title of _Werner, or the Inheritance_. The +authoress also adapted it for the stage as _The Three Strangers_. The +tales are in general remarkable for the ingenuity of their plots. Harriet +lived to the age of 94, preserving to the last her vigour of mind and +powers of conversation. Godwin made her an offer of marriage to which, +however, his religious opinions presented an insuperable barrier. +Sophia's chief work was _The Chapter of Accidents_, a comedy, which had a +great run, the profits of which enabled the sisters to start a school at +Bath, which proved very successful, and produced for them a competence on +which they were able to retire in their later years. + + +LE FANU, JOSEPH SHERIDAN (1814-1873).--Novelist, _s._ of a Dean of the +Episcopal Church of Ireland, and grand-nephew of Richard Brinsley +Sheridan, was _ed._ at Trinity Coll., Dublin, and became a contributor +and ultimately proprietor of the _Dublin University Magazine_, in which +many of his novels made their first appearance. Called to the Bar in +1839, he did not practise, and was first brought into notice by two +ballads, _Phaudrig Croohoore_ and _Shamus O'Brien_, which had +extraordinary popularity. His novels, of which he wrote 12, include _The +Cock and Anchor_ (1845), _Torlough O'Brien_ (1847), _The House by the +Churchyard_ (1863), _Uncle Silas_ (perhaps the most popular) (1864), _The +Tenants of Malory_ (1867), _In a Glass Darkly_ (1872), and _Willing to +Die_ (posthumously). They are generally distinguished by able +construction, ingenuity of plot, and power in the presentation of the +mysterious and supernatural. Among Irish novelists he is generally ranked +next to Lever. + + +LEIGHTON, ROBERT (1611-1684).--Divine, was the _s._ of Alexander L., +physician, and writer on theology, who, on account of his anti-prelatic +books, was put in the pillory, fined, and had his nose slit and his ears +cut off. Robert was _ed._ at Edin., after which he resided for some time +at Douay. Returning to Scotland he received Presbyterian ordination, and +was admitted minister of Newbattle, near Edin. In 1653 he was appointed +Principal and Prof. of Divinity in the Univ. of Edin., which offices he +held until 1662 when, having separated himself from Presbyterianism, he +was appointed Bishop of Dunblane, under the new Episcopal establishment. +He repeatedly but unsuccessfully endeavoured to bring about an +ecclesiastical union in Scotland on the basis of combining the best +elements in each system. Discouraged by his lack of success in his +well-meant efforts, he offered in 1665 to resign his see, but was +persuaded by Charles II. to remain in it, and in 1669 was promoted to be +Archbishop of Glasgow, from which position, wearied and disappointed, he +finally retired in 1674, and lived with his widowed sister, Mrs. +Lightmaker, at Broadhurst Manor, Sussex. On a visit to London he was +seized with a fatal illness, and _d._ in the arms of his friend, Bishop +Burnet, who says of him, "he had the greatest elevation of soul, the +largest compass of knowledge, the most mortified and heavenly disposition +that I ever saw in mortal." His sermons and commentaries, all _pub._ +posthumously, maintain a high place among English religious classics, +alike for thought and style. They consist of his _Commentary on St. +Peter_, _Sermons_, and _Spiritual Exercises, Letters, etc._ His _Lectures +and Addresses_ in Latin were also _pub._ + + +LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY (1824-1903).--American humorist, _b._ at +Philadelphia, was _ed._ at Princeton, and in Europe. In his travels he +made a study of the gipsies, on whom he wrote more than one book. His +fame rests chiefly on his _Hans Breitmann Ballads_ (1871), written in the +_patois_ known as Pennsylvania Dutch. Other books of his are _Meister +Karl's Sketch-book_ (1855), _Legends of Birds_ (1864), _Algonquin +Legends_ (1884), _Legends of Florence_ (1895), and _Flaxius, or Leaves +from the Life of an Immortal_. + + +LELAND or LEYLAND, JOHN (1506-1552).--Antiquary, _b._ in London, and +_ed._ at St. Paul's School and at Camb., Oxf., and Paris. He was a good +linguist, and one of the first Englishmen to acquire Greek, and he was +likewise acquainted with French, Italian, Spanish, Welsh, and +Anglo-Saxon. He became chaplain and librarian to Henry VIII., from whom +he received the Rectory of Poppeling, near Calais, and in 1533 the +appointment of King's Antiquary. Soon afterwards he was permitted to do +his work in France by deputy, and was commissioned to go over England in +search of documents and antiquities; and on the strength of this made his +famous tour, which lasted for about six years. He was able to do +something to stem the destruction of manuscripts on the dissolution of +the monasteries, and made vast collections of documents and information +regarding the monuments and general features of the country, which, +however, he was unable fully to digest and set in order. They formed, +nevertheless, an almost inexhaustible quarry in which succeeding workers +in the same field, such as Stow, Camden, and Dugdale, wrought. In his +last years he was insane, and hence none of his collections appeared in +his lifetime. His _Itinerary_ was, however, at length _pub._ by T. Hearne +in 9 vols. (1710-12), and his _Collectanea_ in 6 vols. (1715). + + +LEMON, MARK (1809-1870).--Journalist and humorist, _b._ in London, wrote +many theatrical pieces, and a few novels, of which the best is _Falkner +Lyle_, others being _Leyton Hall_, and _Loved at Last_. He also wrote +stories for children, lectured and gave public readings, and contributed +to various periodicals. He is best known as one of the founders and, from +1843 until his death, the ed. of _Punch_. His _Jest Book_ appeared in +1864. + + +LENNOX, CHARLOTTE (RAMSAY) (1720-1804).--Was _b._ in New York, of which +her _f._, Colonel Ramsay, was Governor. She wrote a novel, _The Female +Quixote_ (1752), which had considerable vogue in its day. Her other +writings--novels, translations, and a play--are now forgotten. She was +befriended by Dr. Johnson. Mrs. Thrale (_q.v._) said that "everybody +admired Mrs. L., but nobody liked her." + + +LESLIE, or LESLEY, JOHN (1527-1596).--Historian, studied at Aberdeen and +Paris, at the former of which he became, in 1562, Prof. of Canon Law. He +was a Privy Councillor 1565, and Bishop of Ross 1566, and was the +confidential friend of Queen Mary, who made him her ambassador to Queen +Elizabeth. He was thrown into the Tower for his share in promoting a +marriage between Mary and the Duke of Norfolk, whence being released on +condition of leaving England, he went first to Paris and then to Rome, +where he busied himself on behalf of his mistress. He became +Vicar-General of the diocese of Rouen in 1579, and _d._ at the monastery +of Guirtenburg near Brussels. While in England he wrote in Scots +vernacular his _History of Scotland_ from the death of James I. (where +Boece left off) to his own time. At Rouen he rewrote and expanded it in +Latin (1575), from which it was re-translated into Scots by James +Dalrymple in 1596. + + +L'ESTRANGE, SIR ROGER (1616-1704).--Journalist and pamphleteer, youngest +_s._ of a Norfolk baronet, was probably at Camb., and in 1638 took arms +for the King. Six years later he was captured, imprisoned in Newgate, and +condemned to death. He, however, escaped, endeavoured to make a rising in +Kent, and had to flee to Holland, where he was employed in the service of +Charles II. On receiving a pardon from Cromwell he returned to England in +1653. In view of the Restoration he was active in writing on behalf of +monarchy, and in 1663 _pub._ _Considerations and Proposals in order to +Regulating of the Press_, for which he was appointed Surveyor of +Printing-Presses and Licenser of the Press, and received a grant of the +sole privilege of printing public news. His first newspaper, _The +Intelligencer_, appeared in the same year, and was followed by _The News_ +and the _City Mercury, or Advertisements concerning Trade_. Thereafter +his life was spent in ed. newspapers and writing political pamphlets in +support of the Court and against the Whigs and Dissenters. In 1685 he was +knighted. His controversies repeatedly got him into trouble, and after +the Revolution he lost his appointments, and was more than once +imprisoned. In addition to his political writings he translated _AEsop's +Fables_, Seneca's _Morals_, and Cicero's _Offices_. His _AEsop_ contains +much from other authors, including himself. In his writings he was lively +and vigorous but coarse and abusive. + + +LEVER, CHARLES JAMES (1806-1872).--Novelist, _b._ at Dublin, and _ed._ at +Trinity Coll. there. He studied medicine at Goettingen, and practised at +various places in Ireland. In 1837 he contributed to the _Dublin +University Magazine_ his first novel, _Harry Lorrequer_, and the +immediate and wide acceptance which it found decided him to devote +himself to literature. He accordingly followed it with _Charles O'Malley_ +(1840), his most popular book. After this scarcely a year passed without +an addition to the list of his light-hearted, breezy, rollicking stories, +among which may be mentioned _Jack Hinton_ (1842), _Tom Burke of Ours_, +_Arthur O'Leary_, and _The Dodd Family Abroad_. _The O'Donoghue_ and _The +Knight of Gwynne_ (1847) are more in the nature of historical romances. +In 1864 he contributed to _Blackwood's Magazine_ a series of +miscellaneous papers, _Cornelius O'Dowd on Men, Women, and Things in +General_. L.'s life was largely spent abroad. After practising his +profession in Brussels 1840-42 he returned to Dublin to ed. the _Dublin +University Magazine_, which he did until 1845, after which he went to +Italy, settled at Florence, and thereafter was British Consul +successively at Spezzia and Trieste, at the latter of which he _d._ He +continued to produce novels up to the end of his life. Among the later +ones are _Sir Brooke Fosbrooke_, _The Bramleighs of Bishop's Folly_, and +_Lord Kilgobbin_ (1872). + + +LEWES, GEORGE HENRY (1817-1878).--Philosopher and miscellaneous writer, +_b._ in London, and _ed._ at Greenwich, and in Jersey and Brittany. His +early life was varied; he tried law, commerce, and medicine successively, +and was then for two years in Germany, on returning from which he tried +the London stage, and eventually settled down to journalism, writing for +the _Morning Chronicle_, for the _Penny Encyclopaedia_, and various +periodicals. Thereafter he ed. the _Leader_ (1851-54), and the +_Fortnightly Review_ (which he founded) (1865-66). His articles deal with +an extraordinary variety of subjects--criticism, the drama, biography, +and science, both physical and mental. His chief works are _The History +of Philosophy from Thales to Comte_, _Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences_ +(1853), _The Psychology of Common Life_ (1859), _Studies in Animal Life_ +(1862), _Problems of Life and Mind_ (1873-79). L. was an exceptionally +able dramatic critic, and in this department he produced _Actors and the +Art of Acting_ (1875), and a book on the Spanish Drama. By far his +greatest work, however, is his _Life and Works of Goethe_ (1855), which +remains the standard English work on the subject, and which by the end of +the century had, in its German translation, passed into 16 ed. He also +wrote two novels, _Ranthorpe_ (1847), and _Rose, Blanche, and Violet_ +(1848), neither of which attained any success. In his writings he is +frequently brilliant and original; but his education and training, +whether in philosophy or biology, were not sufficiently thorough to give +him a place as a master in either. L.'s life was in its latter section +influenced by his irregular connection with Miss Evans ("George Eliot"), +with whom he lived for the last 24 years of it, in close intellectual +sympathy. To his appreciation and encouragement were largely due her +taking up prose fiction. + + +LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL (1806-1863).--Scholar and statesman, _s._ of +Sir Thomas F.L., a Radnorshire baronet, was _ed._ at Eton and Oxf. He +studied law, was called to the Bar in 1831, and entered Parliament in +1847, where his intellect and character soon gained him great influence. +After serving on various important commissions and holding minor offices, +he became Chancellor of the Exchequer 1855-58, Home Sec. 1859-61, and War +Sec. 1861-63. His official labours did not prevent his entering into +profound and laborious studies, chiefly in regard to Roman history, and +the state of knowledge among the ancients. In his _Inquiry into the +Credibility of Ancient Roman History_ (1855), he combated the methods and +results of Niebuhr. Other works are _On the Use and Abuse of Political +Terms_, _Authority in Matters of Opinion_, _The Astronomy of the +Ancients_, and a _Dialogue on the best Form of Government_. The somewhat +sceptical turn of his mind led him to sift evidence minutely, and the +labour involved in his wide range of severe study and his public duties +no doubt shortened his valuable life. + + +LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818).--Novelist, _s._ of Matthew L., Deputy +Sec. in the War Office, was _ed._ at Westminster and Oxf. Thereafter he +went to Germany. From his childhood tales of witchcraft and the +supernatural had a powerful fascination for him, and in Germany he had +ample opportunities for pursuing his favourite study, with the result +that at the age of 20 he became the author of _The Monk_, a tale in which +the supernatural and the horrible predominate to an unprecedented +extent, and from which he is known as "Monk L." The same characteristic +appears in all his works, among which may be mentioned _Tales of Terror_ +(1779), _Tales of Wonder_ (to which Sir W. Scott contributed), and +_Romantic Tales_ (1808). Though affected and extravagant in his manners, +L. was not wanting in kindly and generous feelings, and in fact an +illness contracted on a voyage to the West Indies to inquire into and +remedy some grievances of the slaves on his estates there was the cause +of his death. + + +LEYDEN, JOHN (1775-1811).--Poet and Orientalist, _b._ at Denholm, +Roxburghshire, gave early evidence of superior ability, and his _f._, who +was a shepherd, destined him for the Church. He accordingly entered the +Univ. of Edin., where he had a brilliant career, showing a special +aptitude for languages and natural history. In 1800 he became a +licentiate of the Church, but continued his scientific and linguistic +studies, and also began to write. In 1799 he had _pub._ a sketch of the +_Discoveries and Settlements of the Europeans in Northern and Western +Africa_, and he contributed to Scott's _Minstrelsy of the Scottish +Border_, and to "Monk" Lewis's _Tales of Wonder_. His enthusiasm for +Oriental learning led to application being made on his behalf to +Government for some situation which would make his acquirements available +for the public service, but the only opening which could be obtained was +that of a ship's surgeon. By extraordinary exertions L. qualified himself +for this in a few months, and set sail for the East, after finishing his +poem, _Scenes of Infancy_. Soon after his arrival at Madras his health +gave way, and after some time passed in Prince of Wales Island he visited +the Malay Peninsula, and some of the East Indian Islands, collecting vast +stores of linguistic and ethnographical information, on which was founded +his great _Dissertation on the Indo-Persian, Indo-Chinese, and Dekkan +Languages_ (1807). Soon after this L. was appointed a prof. in the Bengal +Coll., and a little later a judge in Calcutta. In 1811 he accompanied the +Governor-General, Lord Minto, to Java. His health, however, had been +undermined by his almost super-human exertions, and immediately after +landing he contracted a fever, of which he _d._ in three days at the +early age of 36. Two Oriental works translated by him, _Sejarah Malayu_ +(Malay Annals) and _Commentaries of Baber_ were _pub._ respectively in +1821 and 1826. + + +LIDDELL, HENRY GEORGE (1811-1898).--Historian, etc. _Ed._ at Charterhouse +and Christ Church, Oxf., of which in 1855 he became Dean. He wrote a +_History of Ancient Rome_ (1855), and, along with R. Scott, _pub._ a +_Greek-English Lexicon_ (1843). + + +LIDDON, HENRY PARRY (1829-1890).--Divine, _s._ of a captain in the navy, +was _b._ at North Stoneham, Hants, and _ed._ at King's Coll. School, +London, and Oxf. He took orders 1853, was Vice-Principal of Cuddesdon +Theological Coll. 1854-59, Prebendary of Salisbury 1864, and Canon of St. +Paul's 1870. He was also Ireland Prof. of Exegesis at Oxf. 1870-82. In +1866 he delivered his Bampton Lectures on _The Divinity of Our Lord_, and +came to be recognised as one of the ablest and most eloquent +representatives of the High Church party. His sermons in St. Paul's were +among the leading features of the religious life of London. L. was an +ardent protagonist in the various controversies of his time bearing upon +ecclesiastical and moral questions. + + +LIGHTFOOT, JOSEPH BARBER (1828-1889).--Theologian and scholar, _b._ at +Liverpool, and _ed._ at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and Camb., +entered the Church, and was successively Hulsean Prof. of Divinity 1861, +Chaplain to Queen Victoria 1862, member of the New Testament Company of +Revisers 1870-80, Margaret Prof. of Divinity, Camb., 1875, and Bishop of +Durham 1879. He was probably the greatest scholar of his day in England, +especially as a grammarian and textual critic. Among his works are +_Commentaries_ on several of the minor Pauline epistles, a fragmentary +work on the Apostolic Fathers, _Leaders in the Northern Church_ (1890), +and _The Apostolic Age_ (1892). + + +LILLO, GEORGE (1693-1739).--Dramatist, of Dutch descent, was _b._ in +London, succeeded his _f._ in business as a jeweller, in which he had +good speed, and devoted his leisure to the composition of plays in the +line of what was known as the "domestic drama." He wrote in all seven of +these, among which are _The London Merchant, or the History of George +Barnewell_, acted 1731, _The Christian Hero_ (1735), and _Fatal +Curiosity_ (1736). He was a friend of Fielding, who said of him that "he +had the spirit of an old Roman joined to the innocence of a primitive +Christian." + + +LINDSAY, or LYNDSAY, SIR DAVID (1490-1555).--Scottish poet and satirist, +_s._ of David L. of Garmylton, near Haddington, was _b._ either there or +at The Mount in Fife, and _ed._ at St. Andrews. Early in life he was at +the Court of James IV., and on the King's death was appointed to attend +on the infant James V., whose friend and counsellor he remained, though +his advice was, unhappily for his country, not always given heed to. In +1529 he was knighted and made Lyon King at Arms. He was employed on +various missions to the Emperor Charles V., and to Denmark, France, and +England. He was always in sympathy with the people as against the nobles +and the clergy, and was their poet, with his words in their mouths. He +favoured the Reformers, and was one of those who urged Knox to become a +preacher. He did not, however, adhere to the reformed congregation, and +_d._ at least nominally in the Roman Church. Yet he lashed the vices of +the clergy as they had never been lashed before, and only escaped their +vengeance by the protection of the King, who also condoned the severities +directed against himself. His latter days were spent at The Mount, where +he _d._ His chief writings are _The Dreme_, written 1528, _The Complaynt +to the King_ (1529), _The Testament and Complaynt of our Soverane Lord's +Papyngo_ (Parrot) (1530), _Ane Pleasant Satyre of the Three Estaitis_, _A +Dialogue betwixt Experience and a Courtier_ (1552), _The Monarchy_ +(1554), and _The History of Squyer Meldrum_. L. was a true poet, gifted +with fancy, humour, and a powerful satiric touch and a love of truth and +justice. He had a strong influence in turning the minds of the common +people in favour of the Reformation. + +_Works_ ed. by Chalmers (3 vols., 1806), and D. Laing (3 vols., 1879). + + +LINDSAY, or LINDESAY, ROBERT (1500?-1565?).--Historian, Laird or tenant +of Pitscottie, Fife, wrote a history entitled _The Chronicles of +Scotland_, intended as a continuation of that of Boece. It deals with the +period 1436-1515, and though often inaccurate in detail, is often vivid +and quaint. + + +LINGARD, JOHN (1771-1851).--Historian, _b._ at Winchester of humble Roman +Catholic parentage, was in 1782 sent to the English Coll. at Douay, +whence he escaped from the revolutionaries in 1793, and returning to +England, went to Crookhall Coll., near Durham, and afterwards to Ushaw. +Ordained a priest in 1795, he became Vice-Pres. and Prof. of Philosophy +at the latter coll. In 1806 he _pub._ _The Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon +Church_, and while a missioner at Hornby, Lancashire, began his _History +of England to the Accession of William and Mary_ (8 vols., 1819-30). In +the preparation of this work L. had access to material hitherto _unpub._, +and not available for Protestant historians, such as documents in the +Vatican and other Roman Catholic sources, and was consequently able to +throw new light on various parts of his subject. The work was attacked by +various writers from the Protestant standpoint. L. replied to his critics +with the result that it is now generally admitted that the history, while +in parts coloured by the theological and political point of view of the +author, is generally an impartial and valuable work, and it remains a +leading authority on the Reformation period viewed from the side of the +enlightened Roman Catholic priesthood. This opinion is supported by the +fact that the Ultramontane party among the Roman Catholics regarded the +book as a dangerous one in respect of the interests of their Church. + + +LINTON, MRS. ELIZA LYNN (1822-1898).--Novelist and miscellaneous writer, +_dau._ of a clergyman, settled in London in 1845, and next year produced +her first novel, _Azeth, the Egyptian; Amymone_ (1848), and _Realities_ +(1851), followed. None of these had any great success, and she then +joined the staff of the _Morning Chronicle_, and _All the Year Round_. In +1858 she _m._ W.J. Linton, an eminent wood-engraver, who was also a poet +of some note, a writer upon his craft, and a Republican. In 1867 they +separated in a friendly way, the husband going to America, and the wife +devoting herself to novel-writing, in which she attained wide popularity. +Her most successful works were _The True History of Joshua Davidson_ +(1872), _Patricia Kemball_ (1874), and _Christopher Kirkland_. She was a +severe critic of the "new woman." + + +LISTER, THOMAS HENRY (1800-1842).--Novelist, _ed._ at Westminster and +Camb., was latterly the first Registrar-General for England and Wales. He +wrote several novels, among which are _Granby_ (1826), _Herbert Lacy_ +(1828), _Arlington_ (1832). He was also the author of a Life of +Clarendon. + + +LITHGOW, WILLIAM (1582-1645).--Traveller, _b._ at Lanark, claimed at the +end of his various peregrinations to have tramped 36,000 miles on foot. +Previous to 1610 he had visited Shetland, Switzerland, and Bohemia. In +that year he set out for Palestine and Egypt. His next journey, 1614-16, +was in Tunis and Fez; but his last, 1619-21, to Spain, ended +unfortunately in his apprehension at Malaga and torture as a spy. He +gave an account of his travels in _Rare Adventures and Paineful +Peregrinations_, and wrote _The Siege of Breda_, _The Siege of +Newcastle_, and _Poems_. + + +LIVINGSTONE, DAVID (1813-1873).--Missionary explorer, _b._ at Blantyre, +Lanarkshire, spent the years between 10 and 24 as an operative in a +cotton mill there. Becoming interested in foreign missions he qualified +himself, and entering the service of the London Missionary Society, set +out in 1846 to South Africa. He subsequently made journeys into the +interior, which ultimately developed into his great pioneering and +exploration expeditions, in which he discovered Lake Ngami 1849, and the +river Zambesi 1851. In 1856 he visited England, _pub._ his _Missionary +Travels_ (1857), and retired from the service of the London Missionary +Society. He was Consul at Quilimane 1858-64, and in 1858 commanded an +expedition for exploring Eastern and Central Africa, in the course of +which he discovered Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa 1859. Again visiting England +he _pub._ his second book, _The Zambesi and its Tributaries_ (1865). +Returning to Africa he organised an expedition to the Nile basin, +discovered Lake Bangweolo, explored the cannibal country, enduring +terrible sufferings and dangers, from which he was rescued just in time +by H.M. Stanley. His last journey was to discover the sources of the +Nile, but it proved fatal, as he _d._ at a village in Ilala. His remains +were brought home and buried in Westminster Abbey. L. was a man of +indomitable courage, and of a simple nobility of character. His writings +are plain, unadorned statements of his work and experiences. He ranks +among the greatest explorers and philanthropists. The diary which he kept +was _pub._ as _Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa_ +(1874). His view of his duty in the circumstances in which he found +himself was to be a pioneer opening up new ground, and leaving native +agents to work it up. + + +LLOYD, ROBERT (1733-1764).--Poet, _ed._ at Westminster and Camb., _pub._ +_The Actor_ (1760), a poem which had considerable popularity, some +miscellaneous verses, and a comic opera, _The Conscious Lovers_ (1764). +He was a friend of Churchill, who showed him much kindness in his +frequent misfortunes; and on hearing of C.'s death he took to bed, and +soon _d._, apparently of a broken heart. + + +LOCKE, DAVID Ross (PETROLEUM V. NASBY) (1833-1888).--Humorist, _b._ in +New York State. His political satires really influenced opinion during +the war. He was a printer and then a journalist, and his writings include +_Swingin' round the Cirkle_, _Struggles of P.V. Nasby_, _Nasby in Exile_, +and two novels, _A Paper City_ and _The Demagogue_. + + +LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704).--Philosopher, _s._ of a landsteward, was _b._ at +Wrington, near Bristol, and _ed._ at Westminster School and Oxf. In 1660 +he became lecturer on Greek, in 1662 on Rhetoric, and in 1664 he went as +sec. to an Embassy to Brandenburg. While a student he had turned from the +subtleties of Aristotle and the schoolmen, had studied Descartes and +Bacon, and becoming attracted to experimental science, studied medicine, +and practised a little in Oxf. At the same time his mind had been much +exercised by questions of morals and government, and in 1667 he wrote +his _Essay on Toleration_. In the same year he became known to Lord +Ashley (afterwards 1st Earl of Shaftesbury), in whose house he went to +reside. Here he made the acquaintance of Buckingham, Halifax, and other +leading men of the time, and was entrusted by Ashley with the education +of his _s._, and afterwards of his grandson, the famous 3rd Earl of +Shaftesbury (_q.v._). He was also employed by him to draw up a +constitution for the new colony of Carolina, the provisions of which in +regard to religion were regarded as too liberal and were, at the instance +of the Established Church, departed from. In 1672 when Ashley became +Chancellor he bestowed upon L. the office of Sec. of Presentations, and +afterwards a post at the Board of Trade. In 1675 L. graduated M.B., and +in the same year went for the benefit of his health, which had always +been delicate, to Montpelier, where there was then a celebrated medical +school, and subsequently to Paris, where he became acquainted with most +of the eminent Frenchmen of the day. Recalled by Shaftesbury in 1679 he +returned to England but, his patron having in 1682 been obliged to take +refuge in Holland from a prosecution for high treason, he followed him +there. In consequence of this he became obnoxious to the Government, and +was in 1684 deprived of his studentship at Christ Church. Shaftesbury +having _d._ in Holland, L. remained there until the Revolution, when he +returned to England in the fleet which carried the Princess of Orange. He +was now in favour with Government, and had the offer of diplomatic +employment which, on account of his health, he declined, but was +appointed a Commissioner of Appeals. In 1698 he was an adviser of the +Government on the question of the coinage, and was made a member of the +newly instituted Council on Trade, which position he resigned in 1700. +During his last years he lived with Sir Francis and Lady Masham at Gates +in Essex, where Lady M., who was a _dau._ of Ralph Cudworth (_q.v._), and +an old friend, assiduously tended his last years. The services of L. to +his country in civil and religious matters were various and great; but it +is upon his philosophical writings, and chiefly on his _Essay on the +Human Understanding_ (1690) that his fame rests. It is divided into four +books, of which the first treats of innate ideas (the existence of which +he denies), the second traces the origin of ideas, the third deals with +language, and the fourth lays down the limits of the understanding. Other +works of his are _Thoughts concerning Education_ (1693), _On the Conduct +of the Understanding_ (_pub._ posthumously), _The Reasonableness of +Christianity_ (1695), _Treatise on Government_, and _Letters on +Toleration_. If not a very profound or original philosopher L. was a +calm, sensible, and reasonable writer, and his books were very +influential on the English thought of his day, as well as on the French +philosophy of the next century. His style is plain and clear, but lacking +in brightness and variety. + +_Lives_ by Lord King (1829), and Bourne (1876). _Works_ ed. by Prof. A.C. +Fraser (1894). _See_ also T.H. Green's Introduction to Hume (1874). + + +LOCKER-LAMPSON, FREDERICK (1821-1895).--Poet, _s._ of the sec. of +Greenwich Hospital, held appointments in Somerset House and the +Admiralty. He wrote a number of clever _vers de societe_, which were +_coll._ as _London Lyrics_ (1857). He also compiled _Lyra Elegantiarum_, +an anthology of similar verse by former authors, and _Patchwork_, a book +of extracts, and wrote an autobiography, _My Confidences_ (1896). + + +LOCKHART, JOHN GIBSON (1794-1854).--Novelist and biographer, _s._ of a +minister of the Church of Scotland of good family, was _b._ at +Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire, and _ed._ at Glasgow and Oxf. He studied law +at Edin., and was called to the Scottish Bar in 1816, but had little +taste for the profession. Having, however, already tried literature (he +had translated Schlegel's _Lectures on the History of Literature_), he +devoted himself more and more to a literary life. He joined John Wilson, +and became one of the leading contributors to _Blackwood's Magazine_. +After bringing out _Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk_ (1819), sketches +mainly of Edinburgh society, he produced four novels, _Valerius_ (1821), +_Adam Blair_ (1822), _Reginald Dalton_ (1824), and _Matthew Wald_ (1824). +His _Life of Burns_ appeared in 1828. He was ed. of the _Quarterly +Review_ 1824-53. In 1820 he had _m._ Sophia, _dau._ of Sir Walter Scott, +which led to a close friendship with the latter, and to his writing his +famous _Life of Scott_, undoubtedly one of the greatest biographies in +the language. His later years were overshadowed with deep depression +caused by the death of his wife and children. A singularly reserved and +cold manner led to his being regarded with dislike by many, but his +intimate friends were warmly attached to him. + + +LODGE, THOMAS (1558?-1625).--Poet and dramatist, _s._ of Sir Thomas L., +Lord Mayor of London, was _ed._ at Merchant Taylor's School and Oxf. He +was a student of Lincoln's Inn, but abandoned law for literature, +ultimately studied medicine, and took M.D. at Oxf. 1603; having become a +Roman Catholic, he had a large practice, chiefly among his +co-religionists. In 1580 he _pub._ _A Defence of Plays_ in reply to +Gosson's _School of Abuse_; and he wrote poems, dramas, and romances. His +principal dramatic works are _The Wounds of Civil War_, and (in +conjunction with Greene, _q.v._) _A Looking-glass for London and England_. +Among his romances may be mentioned _Euphues' Shadow_, _Forbonius +and Prisceria_ (1584), and _Rosalynde, Euphues' Golden Legacie_ (1590). +His poems include _Glaucus and Scilia_ (1589), _Phillis honoured with +Pastoral Sonnets, Elegies, and Amorous Delights_ (1593). _Rosalynde_, his +best known work, and the source from which Shakespeare is said to have +drawn _As you like It_, was written to beguile the tedium of a voyage to +the Canaries. _Robin the Divell_ and _William Longbeard_ are historical +romances. L. was also a voluminous translator. He was one of the founders +of the regular English drama, but his own plays are heavy and tedious. +His romances, popular in their day, are sentimental and over-refined in +language, but are enlivened by lyrical pieces in which he is far more +successful than in his dramatic work. + + +LOGAN, JOHN (1748-1788).--Poet, _s._ of a small farmer at Soutra, +Midlothian, was destined for the ministry of a small Dissenting sect to +which his _f._ belonged, but attached himself to the Church of Scotland, +and became minister of South Leith in 1773. He read lectures on the +philosophy of history in Edin., and was the author of a vol. of poems. +He also ed. those of his friend, Michael Bruce (_q.v._), in such a way, +however, as to lead to a controversy, still unsettled, as to the +authorship of certain of the pieces inserted. L., in fact, suppressed +some of Bruce's poems and introduced others of his own. Unfortunately for +the reputation of both poets the disputed authorship extends to the gem +of the collection, the exquisite _Ode to the Cuckoo_, beginning "Hail, +beauteous stranger of the grove," which Burke considered the most +beautiful lyric in the language. L. fell into dissipated habits, resigned +his ministerial charge, and went to London, where he took an active part +in the controversy regarding the impeachment of Warren Hastings. + + +LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879).--Classical scholar, _ed._ at Camb. He was Prof. +of Ancient Languages in the Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1824-28, +of Greek at University Coll., London, 1828-31, and of Latin there, +1842-46. He did much for the diffusion of education, was one of the +founders and sec. of the Royal Geographical Society, and ed. of the +_Penny Cyclopaedia_. He translated Marcus Aurelius (1862), and _The +Discourses of Epictetus_ (1877), and wrote _Two Discourses on Roman Law_ +(1847), a subject on which he was the greatest English authority. + + +LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH (1807-1882).--Poet, was _b._ at Portland, +Maine, the _s._ of Stephen L., a lawyer. From childhood he cared little +for games, but was always devoted to reading. In 1822 he was sent to +Bowdoin Coll., of which his _f._ was a Trustee, and after graduating was +appointed to a new Chair of Modern Languages, which the coll. had decided +to establish, and with the view of more completely qualifying him for his +duties, he was sent to Europe for a three years' course of study. He +accordingly went to France, Spain, and Italy. Returning in 1829 he +commenced his professional duties, writing also in the _North American +Review_. In 1831 he entered into his first marriage, and in 1833 he +_pub._ his first books, a translation from the Spanish, followed by the +first part of _Outre Mer_, an account of his travels. At the end of the +year L. was invited to become Prof. of Modern Languages at Harvard, an +offer which he gladly accepted. He paid a second visit to Europe +accompanied by his wife, who, however, _d._ at Amsterdam. He returned to +his duties in 1836, and in 1838 appeared _Voices of the Night_, +containing the "Psalm of Life" and "Excelsior," which had extraordinary +popularity, and gave him a place in the affections of his countrymen +which he held until his death. The same year saw the publication of +_Hyperion_. His next work was _Ballads and other Poems_, containing "The +Wreck of the Hesperus" and "The Village Blacksmith." In 1843 he _m._ his +second wife, and in the same year appeared _The Spanish Student_, a +drama. The _Belfry of Bruges_ and _Evangeline_ (1847), generally +considered his masterpiece, followed. In 1849 he _pub._ _Kavanagh_, a +novel which added nothing to his reputation, and in 1851 _Seaside and +Fireside_, and _The Golden Legend_. Having now a sufficient and secure +income from his writings, he resigned his professorship, and devoted +himself entirely to literature. _Hiawatha_ appeared in 1855, and _The +Courtship of Miles Standish_ in 1858. In 1861 he lost his wife under +tragic circumstances, a blow which told heavily upon him. His latest +works were a translation of Dante's _Divina Commedia_, _Tales of a +Wayside Inn_, _The New England Tragedies_, and _The Divine Tragedy_, the +last two of which he combined with _The Golden Legend_ into a trilogy, +which he named _Christus_. In 1868 he paid a last visit to England, where +he was received with the highest honour. Later works were _Three Books of +Song_, _Aftermath_, and _Ultima Thule_. He _d._ on March 14, 1882. L. +lacked the intensity of feeling and power of imagination to make him a +great poet; but few poets have appealed to a wider circle of readers. If +he never soars to the heights or sounds the deeps of feeling he touches +the heart by appealing to universal and deep-seated affections. He was a +man of noble and chivalrous character. + +_Lives_ by S. Longfellow in Riverside ed. of works (11 vols. 1886-90), +Robertson (Great Writers Series), and Higginson (American Men of +Letters). + + +LOVELACE, RICHARD (1618-1658).--Poet, _b._ at Woolwich, _s._ of Sir +William L., was _ed._ at Oxf., where he is described by Anthony Wood as +"the most amiable and beautiful person that eye ever beheld." He was an +enthusiastic Royalist, and spent his whole fortune in support of that +cause. For presenting "the Kentish petition" in favour of the King, he +was imprisoned in 1642, when he wrote his famous song, _When Love with +unconfined wings_. After his release he served in the French army, and +was wounded at Dunkirk. Returning, he was again imprisoned, 1648, and +produced his _Lucasta: Epodes, Odes_, etc. He lives in literature by a +few of his lyrics which, though often careless, are graceful and tender. +He _d._ in poverty. + + +LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868).--Song-writer and novelist, was a painter of +portraits, chiefly miniatures. He produced a number of Irish songs, of +which several--including _The Angel's Whisper_, _Molly Bawn_, and _The +Four-leaved Shamrock_--attained great popularity. He also wrote some +novels, of which _Rory O'More_ (in its first form a ballad), and _Handy +Andy_ are the best known, and short Irish sketches, which, with his +songs, he combined into a popular entertainment called _Irish Nights_. He +joined with Dickens in founding _Bentley's Magazine_. + + +LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL (1819-1891).--Poet and essayist, _b._ at Camb., +Massachusetts, _s._ of a Unitarian minister, was _ed._ at Harvard. He +began active life as a lawyer, but soon abandoned business, and devoted +himself mainly to literature. In 1841 he _pub._ a vol. of poems, _A +Year's Life_, and in 1843 a second book of verses appeared. He also wrote +at this time political articles in the _Atlantic_ and _North American +Review_. In 1848 he _pub._ a third vol. of _Poems_, _A Fable for +Critics_, _The Biglow Papers_, and _The Vision of Sir Launfal_; and he +was in 1855 appointed Professor of Modern Languages at Harvard in +succession to Longfellow. _Among my Books_ appeared in 2 series, in 1870 +and 1876. His later poems included various _Odes_ in celebration of +national events, some of which were _coll._ in _Under the Willows_, _The +Cathedral_, and _Heartsease and Rue_. In 1877 he was appointed United +States minister to Spain, and he held a similar appointment in England +1880-85. He _d._ at Elmwood, the house in which he was _b._ L. was a man +of singularly varied gifts, wit, humour, scholarship, and considerable +poetic power, and he is the greatest critic America has yet produced. He +was a strong advocate of the abolition of slavery. + + +LOWTH, ROBERT (1710-1787).--Theologian and scholar, _s._ of William L., +Prebendary of Winchester, and author of a _Commentary on the Prophets_, +was _b._ at Winchester, and _ed._ there and at Oxf. Entering the Church +he became Bishop successively of St. David's, Oxf., and London. In 1753 +he _pub._ _De Sacra Poesi Hebraeorum_. He also wrote a _Life of William of +Wykeham_, the founder of Winchester Coll., and made a new translation of +Isaiah. + + +LYDGATE, JOHN (1370?-1451?).--Poet, _b._ in Suffolk, was ordained a +priest in 1397. After studying at Oxf., Paris, and Padua, he taught +literature in his monastery at Bury St. Edmunds. He appears to have been +a bright, clear-minded, earnest man, with a love of the beautiful, and a +faculty of pleasant, flowing verse. He wrote copiously and with tiresome +prolixity whatever was required of him, moral tales, legends of the +saints, and histories, and his total output is enormous, reaching 130,000 +lines. His chief works are _Troy Book_ (1412-20), written at the request +of Henry V. when Prince of Wales, _The Falls of Princes_ (1430-38), and +_The Story of Thebes_ (_c._ 1420). These books were first _printed_ in +1513, 1494, and _c._ 1500 respectively. L. also wrote many miscellaneous +poems. He was for a time Court poet, and was patronised by Humphrey, Duke +of Gloucester; but the greater part of his life was spent in the +monastery at Bury St. Edmunds. He was an avowed admirer of Chaucer, +though he largely follows the French romancists previous to him. + + +LYELL, SIR CHARLES (1797-1875).--Geologist and writer, _s._ of Charles +L., of Kinnordy, Forfarshire (a distinguished botanist and student of +Dante), was brought up near the New Forest. After going to school at +various places in England, he was sent to Oxf., where under Buckland he +imbibed a taste for science. He studied law, and was called to the Bar, +but soon devoted himself to geology, and made various scientific tours on +the Continent, the results of his investigations being _pub._ chiefly in +the Transactions of the Geological Society, of which he was afterwards +repeatedly Pres. His two chief works are _The Principles of Geology_ +(1830-33), and _The Elements of Geology_ (1838). In these books he +combated the necessity of stupendous convulsions, and maintained that the +greatest geologic changes might be produced by remote causes still in +operation. He also _pub._, among other works, _Geological Evidence of the +Antiquity of Man_ (1863). He was Prof. of Geology in King's Coll., +London, 1831-33, Pres. of the British Association 1864, knighted in 1848, +and _cr._ a Baronet in 1864. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. In his +later years he was generally recognised as the greatest of living +geologists. + + +LYLY, JOHN (1554?-1606).--Dramatist and miscellaneous writer, was _b._ in +the Weald of Kent, and _ed._ at both Oxf. and Camb. He wrote several +dramas, most of which are on classical and mythological subjects, +including _Campaspe_ and _Sapho and Phao_ (1584), _Endymion_ (1591), and +_Midas_ (1592). His chief fame, however, rests on his two didactic +romances, _Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit_ (1579), and _Euphues and his +England_ (1580). These works, which were largely inspired by Ascham's +_Toxophilus_, and had the same objects in view, viz., the reform of +education and manners, exercised a powerful, though temporary, influence +on the language, both written and spoken, commemorated in our words +"euphuism" and "euphuistic." The characteristics of the style have been +set forth as "pedantic and far-fetched allusion, elaborate indirectness, +a cloying smoothness and drowsy monotony of diction, alliteration, +punning, and such-like puerilities, which do not, however, exclude a good +deal of wit, fancy, and prettiness." Many contemporary authors, including +Shakespeare, made game of it, while others, _e.g._ Greene, admired and +practised it. L. also wrote light dramatic pieces for the children of the +Chapel Royal, and contributed a pamphlet, _Pappe with an Hatchet_ (1589) +to the Mar-prelate controversy in which he supported the Bishops. He sat +in Parliament for some years. + + +LYNDESAY, SIR D., (_see_ LINDSAY.) + + +LYTE, HENRY FRANCIS (1793-1847).--Hymn-writer, _b._ at Ednam, near Kelso, +of an ancient Somersetshire family, and _ed._ at Trinity Coll., Dublin, +took orders, and was incumbent of Lower Brixham, Devonshire. He _pub._ +_Poems: chiefly religious_ (1833). He is chiefly remembered for his +hymns, one of which, _Abide with Me_, is universally known and loved. + + +LYTTELTON, GEORGE, 1ST LORD LYTTELTON (1709-1773).--Poet, _s._ of Sir +Thomas L., of Hagley, Worcestershire, _ed._ at Eton and Oxf., was the +patron of many literary men, including Thomson and Mallet, and was +himself a somewhat voluminous author. Among his works are _Letters from a +Persian in England to his friend in Ispahan_ (1735), a treatise _On the +Conversion of St. Paul_ (1746), _Dialogues of the Dead_ (1760), which had +great popularity, and a _History of the Reign of Henry II._, +well-informed, careful, and impartial, but tedious. He is chiefly +remembered by his _Monody_ on the death of his wife. The stanza in _The +Castle of Indolence_ in which Thomson is playfully described (canto 1, +st. lxviii.), is by L., who is himself referred to in lxv. He took some +part in public affairs, and was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1756. + + +LYTTON, EDWARD GEORGE EARLE LYTTON-BULWER, 1ST LORD +(1803-1873).--Novelist and statesman, third son of General Earle Bulwer +of Heydon and Dalling, Norfolk, and of Elizabeth Lytton, heiress of +Knebworth, Herts, was _b._ in London, and _ed._ privately and at Camb. He +began to write when still a boy, and _pub._, in 1820, _Ismael and other +Poems_. His marriage in 1825 to Rosina Wheeler, an Irish beauty, caused a +quarrel with his mother, and the loss of his income, and thus +incidentally gave the impulse to his marvellous literary activity. The +marriage proved an unhappy one, and was terminated by a separation in +1836. During its continuance, however, his life was a busy and productive +one, its literary results including _Falkland_ (1827), _Pelham_ (1828), +_Paul Clifford_ (1830), _Eugene Aram_ (1832), _The Pilgrims of the +Rhine_, _Last Days of Pompeii_, _Rienzi_ (1835), besides _England and the +English_, _Athens its Rise and Fall_, and innumerable tales, essays, and +articles in various reviews and magazines, including the _New Monthly_, +of which he became ed. in 1831. In the same year he entered Parliament as +a Liberal, but gradually gravitated towards Conservatism, and held office +in the second government of Lord Derby as Colonial Sec. 1858-59. As a +politician he devoted himself largely to questions affecting authors, +such as copyright and the removal of taxes upon literature. He continued +his literary labours with almost unabated energy until the end of his +life, his works later than those already mentioned including the _Last of +the Barons_ (1843), _Harold_ (1848), the famous triad of _The Caxtons_ +(1850), _My Novel_ (1853), and _What will he do with it?_ (1859); and his +studies in the supernatural, _Zanoni_ (1842), and _A Strange Story_ +(1862). Later still were _The Coming Race_ (1870) and _Kenelm Chillingly_ +(1873). To the drama he contributed three plays which still enjoy +popularity, _The Lady of Lyons_, _Richelieu_, both (1838), and _Money_ +(1840). In poetry he was less successful. _The New Timon_, a satire, is +the best remembered, largely, however, owing to the reply by Tennyson +which it brought down upon the author, who had attacked him. In his +works, numbering over 60, L. showed an amazing versatility, both in +subject and treatment, but they have not, with perhaps the exception of +the Caxton series, kept their original popularity. Their faults are +artificiality, and forced brilliancy, and as a rule they rather dazzle by +their cleverness than touch by their truth to nature. L. was raised to +the peerage in 1866. + +_Life, Letters, etc._, of Lord Lytton by his son, 2 vols., comes down to +1832 only. Political Memoir prefaced to _Speeches_ (2 vols., 1874). + + +LYTTON, EDWARD ROBERT BULWER, 1ST EARL OF LYTTON (1831-1891).--Poet and +statesman, _s._ of the above, was _ed._ at Harrow and Bonn, and +thereafter was private sec. to his uncle, Sir H. Bulwer, afterwards Lord +Dalling and Bulwer (_q.v._), at Washington and Florence. Subsequently he +held various diplomatic appointments at other European capitals. In 1873 +he succeeded his _f._ in the title, and in 1876 became Viceroy of India. +He was _cr._ an Earl on his retirement in 1880, and was in 1887 appointed +Ambassador at Paris, where he _d._ in 1891. He valued himself much more +as a poet than as a man of affairs; but, though he had in a considerable +degree some of the qualities of a poet, he never quite succeeded in +commanding the recognition of either the public or the critics. His +writings, usually appearing under the pseudonym of "Owen Meredith," +include _Clytemnestra_ (1855), _The Wanderer_ (1857), _Lucile_ (1860), +_Chronicles and Characters_ (1868), _Orval, or the Fool of Time_ (1869), +_Fables in Song_ (1874), and _King Poppy_ (1892). As Viceroy of India he +introduced important reforms, and his dispatches were remarkable for +their fine literary form. + + +MACAULAY, MRS. CATHERINE (SAWBRIDGE) (1731-1791).--_Dau._ of a landed +proprietor of Kent, was an advocate of republicanism, and a sympathiser +with the French Revolution. She wrote a _History of England from the +Accession of James I. to the Elevation of the House of Hanover_ (8 vols., +1763-83), which had great popularity in its day, some critics, _e.g._ +Horace Walpole, placing it above Hume. Though a work of no real research +or authority, it is in the main well written. + + +MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON, LORD (1800-1859).--Historian, essayist, and +statesman, _s._ of Zachary M., a wealthy merchant, and one of the leaders +of the anti-slavery party, was _b._ at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, +and _ed._ at a private school and at Trinity Coll., Camb., of which he +became a Fellow in 1824, and where, though he gained distinction as a +classical scholar and debater, he did not take a high degree, owing to +his weakness in mathematics. About the time of his leaving the Univ. his +prospects were entirely changed by the failure of his father's firm. He +accordingly read law, and in 1826 was called to the Bar, which led to his +appointment two years later as a Commissioner in Bankruptcy. He had by +this time made his first appearance in print, in _Knight's Quarterly +Magazine_, and in 1825 he formed the connection with the _Edinburgh +Review_ which redounded so greatly to the fame of both. His first +contribution was the famous essay on Milton, which, although he +afterwards said of it that "it contained scarcely a paragraph which his +matured judgment approved," took the reading public by storm, and at once +gave him access to the first society in London, in which his +extraordinary conversational powers enabled him to take a leading place. +He now began to turn his mind towards public life, and by favour of Lord +Lansdowne sat in the House of Commons for his family borough of Calne. +Entering the House in 1830 in the thick of the Reform struggle, M. at +once leaped into a foremost place as a debater, and after the passage of +the Reform Bill sat as one of the two members for the new borough of +Leeds, and held office as Sec. to the Board of Control. The acquaintance +with Indian affairs which he thus gained led to his appointment as a +member of the Supreme Council of India, whither he went in 1834. Here his +chief work was the codification of the criminal law, which he carried out +with great ability, and by which he wrote his name on the history of the +empire. By the regard for the rights of the natives which he showed, he +incurred much ill-will in interested quarters. For this he consoled +himself with the pleasures of literature, which gradually assumed the +preponderance in his mind over political ambitions. In 1838 he returned +to England. The next year he began _The History of England_, but for some +time to come his energies were still divided between this task, the +demands of the _Edinburgh Review_, and politics. He was elected for +Edin., for which he sat until 1847, when he was thrown out on the +Maynooth question, and from 1839-41 was Sec. for War. The _Lays of +Ancient Rome_ were _pub._ in 1842, and a collection of his essays in _The +Edinburgh_ the following year. In 1846 he joined the government of Lord +John Russell as Paymaster-General, an office with light duties, his +retirement from which, however, followed the loss of his seat in the next +year. He was now finally set free for his great work, which became +thenceforth the leading interest of his life. The first and second vols. +appeared in 1848, and were received with extraordinary applause. In 1852 +he was offered, but declined, a seat in the coalition government of Lord +Aberdeen, accepting, however, the seat in Parliament which Edin., now +repentant, gave him unsolicited. His health began about this time to +show symptoms of failure, and he spoke in the House only once or twice. +In 1855 the third and fourth vols. of the _History_ came out, and meeting +with a success both at home and in America unprecedented in the case of +an historical work, were translated into various foreign languages. In +1857 M. was raised to the Peerage, a distinction which he appreciated and +enjoyed. His last years were spent at Holly Lodge, Kensington, in +comparative retirement, and there he _d._ on December 28, 1859. Though +never _m._, M. was a man of the warmest family affections. Outside of his +family he was a steady friend and a generous opponent, disinterested and +honourable in his public life. Possessed of an astonishing memory, +knowledge of vast extent, and an unfailing flow of ready and effective +speech, he shone alike as a parliamentary orator and a conversationalist. +In his writings he spared no pains in the collection and arrangement of +his materials, and he was incapable of deliberate unfairness. +Nevertheless, his mind was strongly cast in the mould of the orator and +the pleader: and the vivid contrasts, antitheses, and even paradoxes +which were his natural forms of expression do not always tend to secure a +judicial view of the matter in hand. Consequently he has been accused by +some critics of party-spirit, inaccuracy, and prejudice. He has not +often, however, been found mistaken on any important matter of fact, and +in what he avowedly set himself to do, namely, to give a living picture +of the period which he dealt with, he has been triumphantly successful. +Unfortunately, strength and life failed before his great design was +completed. He is probably most widely known by his _Essays_, which retain +an extraordinary popularity. + +_Life_ by his nephew, Sir G.O. Trevelyan. _See_ also J.C. Monson's _Life_ +(English Men of Letters). + + +MACCARTHY, DENIS FLORENCE (1817-1882).--Poet, _b._ at Dublin, and _ed._ +at Maynooth with a view to the priesthood, devoted himself, however, to +literature, and contributed verses to _The Nation_. Among his other +writings are _Ballads, Poems, and Lyrics_ (1850), _The Bell Founder_ +(1857), and _Under-Glimpses_. He also ed. a collection of Irish lyrics, +translated Calderon, and wrote _Shelley's Early Life_ (1872). + + +M'COSH, JAMES (1811-1894).--Philosophical writer, _s._ of an Ayrshire +farmer, was a minister first of the Church of Scotland, and afterwards of +the Free Church. From 1851-68 he was Prof. of Logic at Queen's Coll., +Belfast, and thereafter Pres. of Princeton Coll., New Jersey. He wrote +several works on philosophy, including _Method of the Divine Government_ +(1850), _Intuitions of the Mind inductively investigated_ (1860), _Laws +of Discursive Thought_ (1870), _Scottish Philosophy_ (1874), and +_Psychology_ (1886). + + +M'CRIE, THOMAS (1772-1835).--Biographer and ecclesiastical historian, +_b._ at Duns, and _ed._ at the Univ. of Edin., became the leading +minister of one of the Dissenting churches of Scotland. His _Life of +Knox_ (1813) ranks high among biographies for the ability and learning +which it displays, and was the means of vindicating the great Reformer +from a cloud of prejudice and misunderstanding in which he had been +enveloped. It was followed by a _Life of Andrew Melville_ (1819), Knox's +successor as the leader of the Reformers in Scotland, also a work of +great merit. M'C. also _pub._ histories of the Reformation in Italy and +Spain. He received the degree of D.D. in 1813. + + +MACDONALD, GEORGE (1824-1905).--Poet and novelist, _s._ of a farmer, was +_b._ at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, and _ed._ at the Univ. of Aberdeen, and at +the Independent Coll., Highbury. He became minister of a congregation at +Arundel, but after a few years retired, on account partly of theological +considerations, partly of a threatened, breakdown of health. He then took +to literature, and _pub._ his first book, _Within and Without_ (1856), a +dramatic poem, _Poems_ followed in 1857, and _Phantasies, a Faerie +Romance_, in 1858. He then turned to fiction, and produced numerous +novels, of which _David Elginbrod_ (1862), _Alec Forbes_ (1865), _Robert +Falconer_ (1868), _The Marquis of Lossie_ (1877), and _Sir Gibbie_ +(1879), are perhaps the best. He also wrote stories for children of great +charm and originality, including _The Princess and the Goblin_, _At the +Back of the North Wind_, and _Ranald Bannerman's Boyhood_. As a novelist +he had considerable narrative and dramatic power, humour, tenderness, a +genial view of life and character, tinged with mysticism, and within his +limits was a true poet. On retiring from the ministry he attached himself +to the Church of England, but frequently preached as a layman, never +accepting any remuneration for his sermons. + + +MACKAY, CHARLES (1814-1889).--Poet and journalist, _s._ of a naval +officer, was _b._ at Perth, and _ed._ at the Royal Caledonian Asylum, +London, and at Brussels, but much of his early life was spent in France. +Coming to London in 1834, he engaged in journalism, _pub._ _Songs and +Poems_ (1834), wrote a _History of London_, _Popular Delusions_, and a +romance, _Longbeard_. His fame, however, chiefly rests upon his songs, +some of which, including _Cheer, Boys, Cheer_, were in 1846 set to music +by Henry Russell, and had an astonishing popularity. In 1852 he became +ed. of the _Illustrated London News_, in the musical supplement to which +other songs by him were set to old English music by Sir H.R. Bishop. M. +acted as _Times_ correspondent during the American Civil War, and in that +capacity discovered and disclosed the Fenian conspiracy. He had the +degree of LL.D. from Glasgow in 1846. + + +MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691).--Lawyer and miscellaneous writer, _s._ +of Sir Simon M., of Lochslin, a brother of the Earl of Seaforth, was +_ed._ at St. Andrews, Aberdeen, and Bourges, called to the Bar in 1659, +in 1677 became Lord Advocate, in which capacity he was the subservient +minister of the persecuting policy of Charles II. in Scotland, and the +inhumanity and relentlessness of his persecution of the Covenanters +gained for him the name of "Bloody Mackenzie." In private life, however, +he was a cultivated and learned gentleman with literary tendencies, and +is remembered as the author of various graceful essays, of which the best +known is _A Moral Essay preferring Solitude to Public Employment_ (1665). +He also wrote legal, political, and antiquarian works of value, including +_Institutions of the Law of Scotland_ (1684), _Antiquity of the Royal +Line of Scotland_ (1686), _Heraldry_, and _Memoirs of the Affairs of +Scotland from the Restoration of Charles II._, a valuable work which was +not _pub._ until 1821. M. was the founder of the Advocates' Library in +Edin. He retired at the Revolution to Oxf., where he _d._ + + +MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831).--Novelist and miscellaneous writer, _s._ of +a physician in Edin., where he was _b._ and _ed._ He studied for the law, +and became Controller of Taxes for Scotland. He was the author of three +novels, _The Man of Feeling_ (1771), _The Man of the World_ (1773), and +_Julia de Roubigne_ (1777), all written in a strain of rather +high-wrought sentimentalism, in which the influence of Sterne is to be +seen. He was also a leading contributor to _The Mirror_ and _The +Lounger_, two periodicals somewhat in the style of the _Spectator_. In +his later days he was one of the leading members of the literary society +of Edinburgh. + + +MACKINTOSH, SIR JAMES (1765-1832).--Philosopher and historian, was _b._ +at Aldowrie, Inverness-shire, _s._ of an officer in the army and +landowner, _ed._ at Aberdeen, whence he proceeded to Edinburgh to study +medicine, in which he _grad._ in 1787. In the following year he went to +London, where he wrote for the press and studied law, and in 1791 he +_pub._ _Vindiciae Gallicae_ in answer to Burke's _Reflections on the French +Revolution_, which was well received by those who, in its earlier stages, +sympathised with the Revolution, and procured for him the friendship of +Fox, Sheridan, and other Whigs. Called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in +1795, he delivered before that society in 1799 a brilliant course of +lectures on _The Law of Nature and Nations_, which greatly increased his +reputation. In 1804 he went out to India as Recorder of Bombay, and two +years later was appointed a Judge of the Admiralty Court. He remained in +India until 1811, discharging his official duties with great efficiency. +After his return he entered Parliament in 1813 as member for Nairnshire, +and attained a considerable reputation as a forcible and informing +speaker on questions of criminal law and general politics. On the +accession of the Whigs in 1830 he was made a member of the Board of +Control for India. He also held from 1818-24 the Professorship of Law and +General Politics at Haileybury. His true vocation, however, was to +literature, and it is to be regretted that so much of his time and +strength was withdrawn from it, his writings being confined to a +_Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy_ in the _Encyclopaedia +Britannica_, a sketch of the History of England for Lardner's _Cabinet +Cyclopaedia_, a Life of Sir Thomas More for the same, a fragment of a +projected _History of the Revolution of 1688_, and some articles in the +_Edinburgh Review_. + + +MACKLIN, CHARLES (1697?-1797).--Actor and dramatist, _b._ in the north of +Ireland, was one of the most distinguished actors of his day, shining +equally in tragedy and comedy. Having killed another actor in a quarrel +he was tried for murder, but acquitted, and _d._ a centenarian. He wrote, +among other comedies, _Love a la Mode_ (1759) and _The Man of the World_ +(1781), which were the only ones printed. He was the creator of Sir +Pertinax Macsycophant, a famous burlesque character. + + +M'LENNAN, JOHN FERGUSON (1827-1881).--Sociologist, _b._ at Inverness, and +_ed._ at Aberdeen and Camb., was in 1857 called to the Scottish Bar, and +was subsequently Parliamentary Draftsman for Scotland. His main +contribution to literature is his original and learned book, _Primitive +Marriage_ (1865). Another work, _The Patriarchal Theory_, left +unfinished, was completed by his brother (1884). These works and other +papers by M. gave a great impulse to the study of the problems with which +they deal, and cognate questions. M. received the degree of LL.D. from +Aberdeen in 1874. + + +"MACLEOD, FIONA," (_see_ SHARP, WILLIAM). + + +MACLEOD, NORMAN (1812-1872).--Scottish divine and miscellaneous writer, +_s._ of the Rev. Norman M., D.D., a distinguished minister of the +Scottish Church, studied at Edin., and was ordained in 1838. He became +one of the most distinguished ministers, and most popular preachers of +his Church, was made one of the Royal Chaplains in Scotland in 1857, and +became a trusted friend of Queen Victoria. He was the first ed. of _Good +Words_, to which he contributed many articles and stories, including _Wee +Davie_, _The Starling_, and _The Old Lieutenant and his Son_. + + +MACNEILL, HECTOR (1746-1818).--Poet, was in the West Indies 1780-86, and +clerk on a flagship. He wrote various political pamphlets, two novels, +and several poems, _The Harp_ (1789), _The Carse of Forth_, and +_Scotland's Skaith_, the last against drunkenness, but is best known for +his songs, such as _My Boy Tammy_, _I lo'ed ne'er a Laddie but ane_, and +_Come under my Plaidie_. + + +MACPHERSON, JAMES (1736?-1796).--Alleged translator of the Ossianic +poems, _s._ of a small farmer at Ruthven, Inverness-shire, studied for +the Church at Aberdeen and Edin., became teacher of the school in his +native parish, and afterwards tutor in a gentleman's family. In 1758 he +_pub._ _The Highlander_, an ambitious poem in 6 cantos, which, however, +attracted no attention. But in the following year he submitted to John +Home (_q.v._), the author of _Douglas_, certain writings which he +represented to be translations from ancient Gaelic poems. By the help of +Home and some of his friends M. was enabled to _pub._ a considerable +number of his _Fragments of Poetry translated from the Gaelic and Erse +Languages_. These were received with profound and widely-spread interest, +and gave rise to a controversy which can hardly yet be said to be +settled. While some authorities received them with enthusiastic +admiration, others immediately called their genuineness in question. In +the first instance, however, a subscription was raised to enable M. to +make a journey in search of further poetic remains, the result of which +was the production in 1761 of _Fingal_, an epic in 6 books, and in 1763 +of _Temora_, also an epic, in 8 books. The fame which these brought to +their discoverer was great, and the sales enormous. In 1764 M. went as +sec. to the Governor of Pensacola in Florida. Returning in 1766 he +settled in London, became an energetic pamphleteer in support of the +Government, and in 1780 entered Parliament, and was next year appointed +to the lucrative post of Agent for the Nabob of Arcot. He retired in +1789, and bought an estate in his native parish, where he _d._ in 1796. +Great doubt still rests upon the subject of the Ossianic poems: it is, +however, generally admitted that M. took great liberties with the +originals, even if they ever really existed in anything at all resembling +the form given in the alleged translations. No manuscripts in the +original have ever been forthcoming. Few, however, will deny that M. +either discovered, or composed, a body of poetry unlike anything that has +preceded it, of unequal merit, indeed, but containing many striking and +beautiful passages, and which unquestionably contributed to break up the +tyranny of the classical school and thus prepare the way for the romantic +revival. + + +MAGINN, WILLIAM (1793-1842).--Journalist and miscellaneous writer, _b._ +at Cork, became a contributor to _Blackwood's Magazine_, and afterwards +foreign correspondent to _The Representative_, a paper started by J. +Murray, the publisher, and when its short career was run, one of the +leading supporters of _Fraser's Magazine_. One of the most brilliant +periodical writers of his time, he has left no permanent work behind him. +In his later years he fell into intemperate habits, and _d._ in poverty. + + +MAHONY, FRANCIS SYLVESTER (FATHER PROUT) (1804-1866).--Humorist, _b._ at +Cork, and _ed._ at the Jesuit Coll. at Clongoweswood, Co. Kildare, at +Amiens, and at Rome, becoming a member of the society, was Prof. of +Rhetoric at Clongoweswood, but was soon after expelled from the order. He +then came to London, and became a leading contributor to _Fraser's +Magazine_, under the signature of "Father Prout." He was witty and +learned in many languages. One form which his humour took was the +professed discovery of the originals in Latin, Greek, or mediaeval French +of popular modern poems and songs. Many of these _jeux d'esprit_ were +_coll._ as _Reliques of Father Prout_. He wittily described himself as +"an Irish potato seasoned with Attic salt." Latterly he acted as foreign +correspondent to various newspapers, and _d._ at Paris reconciled to the +Church. + + +MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822-1888).--Jurist, _ed._ at Christ's +Hospital and at Camb., where he became Regius Prof. of Civil Law 1847-54. +Called to the Bar in 1850, he went in 1862 to India as legal member of +the Government. On his return he was in 1870 appointed Prof. of +Comparative Jurisprudence at Oxf., which office he held until his +election in 1878 as Master of Trinity Hall. He became Whewell Prof. of +International Law at Camb. in 1887, and was the author of many valuable +works on law and the history of political institutions, and profoundly +influenced the study of jurisprudence. Among his writings are _Ancient +Law_ (1861), _Village Communities_ (1871), _Early History of +Institutions_ (1875), and _Dissertations on Early Law and Customs_ +(1883). + + +MAIR, or MAJOR, JOHN (1469?-1550).--Historian, studied at Camb. and +Paris, was the teacher of John Knox and George Buchanan. In 1506 he was a +Doctor of the Sorbonne, and in 1519 became Prof. of Divinity at St. +Andrews. He wrote, in Latin, treatises on divinity and morals, and a +_History of Greater Britain_, in which the separate histories of England +and Scotland were brought together, _pub._ at Paris (1521). In his +writings, while upholding the doctrinal teaching of Rome, he was +outspoken in condemning the corruptions of the clergy. + + +MAITLAND, SIR RICHARD (1496-1586).--Poet, _f._ of M. of Lethington, Sec. +of State to Mary Queen of Scots. In his later years he was blind, and +occupied himself in composing a _History of the House of Seaton_, and by +writing poems, _e.g._ _On the New Year_, _On the Queene's Maryage_, etc. +He held various offices, chiefly legal, but appears to have kept as far +as possible out of the fierce political struggles of his time, and to +have been a genially satirical humorist. + + +MALCOLM, SIR JOHN (1769-1833).--Indian soldier, statesman, and historian, +_b._ at Burnfoot, Dumfriesshire, went to India in 1782, studied Persian, +was employed in many important negotiations and held various +distinguished posts, being Ambassador to Persia and Governor of Bombay +1826-30. He was the author of several valuable works regarded as +authorities, viz., _A History of Persia_ (1815), _Memoir of Central +India_ (1823), _Political History of India from 1784 to 1823_ (1826), and +_Life of Lord Clive_ (1836). + + +MALLET, originally MALLOCH, DAVID (1705-1765).--Poet and miscellaneous +writer, _ed._ at Crieff parish school and the Univ. of Edin., where he +became acquainted with James Thomson, and in 1723 went to London as tutor +in the family of the Duke of Montrose. In the following year appeared his +ballad of _William and Margaret_, by which he is chiefly remembered, and +which made him known to Pope, Young, and others. In 1726 he changed his +name to Mallet to make it more pronounceable by Southern tongues. His +_Excursion_, an imitation of Thomson, was _pub._ in 1728. At the request +of the Prince of Wales, whose sec. he had become, he wrote with Thomson a +masque, _Alfred_ (1740), in which _Rule Britannia_ first appeared, which, +although he claimed the authorship, is now generally attributed to +Thomson. He also wrote a _Life of Bacon_; and on Bolingbroke bequeathing +to him his manuscripts and library, he _pub._ an ed. of his works (1754). +On the accession of George III., M. became a zealous supporter of Lord +Bute, and was rewarded with a sinecure. In addition to the works above +named M. wrote some indifferent dramas, including _Eurydice_, _Mustapha_, +and _Elvira_. Dr. Johnson said of him that he was "the only Scotsman whom +Scotsmen did not commend." + + +MALONE, EDMUND (1741-1812).--Critic, _s._ of an Irish judge, _b._ in +Dublin, and _ed._ at Trinity Coll. there, studied for the law, but coming +into a fortune, decided to follow a literary career. Acute, careful, and +sensible, he was a useful contributor to the study of Shakespeare, of +whose works he _pub._ a valuable ed. in 1790. He also aided in the +detection of the Rowley forgeries of Chatterton, and the much less +respectable Shakespeare ones of Ireland. At his death he was engaged upon +another ed. of Shakespeare, which was brought out under the editorship of +James Boswell (_q.v._). M. also wrote Lives of Dryden and others, and was +the friend of Johnson, Goldsmith, Reynolds, and Burke. + + +MALORY, SIR THOMAS (_fl._ 1470).--Translator of _Morte d'Arthur_. Very +little is known of him. An endeavour has been made to identify him with a +Sir Thomas Malory of Warwickshire, who fought successively on both sides +in the Wars of the Roses, sat in Parliament 1444-45, and _d._ 1471. In +his book he strove to make a continuous story of the Arthurian legends, +and showed judgment alike in what he included and omitted. + + +MALTHUS, THOMAS ROBERT (1766-1834).--Economist, _s._ of a landed +proprietor, was _b._ near Dorking, and _ed._. at Jesus Coll., Camb., of +which he became a Fellow. Taking orders he became incumbent of Albury, +Essex. He travelled much on the continent, collecting information as to +the means of livelihood and mode of life of various peoples. In 1798 the +first ed. of his famous _Essay on Population_ appeared, and in 1803 a +second greatly enlarged. Its leading proposition, supported by much +learning, is that while population increases approximately in a +geometrical ratio, the means of subsistence do so in an arithmetical +ratio only, which, of course, opened up an appalling prospect for the +race. It necessarily failed to take into account the then undreamed-of +developments whereby the produce of the whole world has been made +available for all nations. The work gave rise to a great deal of +controversy, much of it based on misunderstanding. M. was Prof. of +Political Economy at Haileybury. + + +MANDEVILLE, BERNARD DE (1670-1733).--Satirist, a native of Dort in +Holland, who having studied medicine at Leyden, came over to England to +practise his profession. In 1705 he _pub._ a short poem, _The Grumbling +Hive_, which in 1714 reappeared with a prose commentary, and various +dissertations on the origin of moral virtue, etc., as _The Fable of the +Bees, or Private Vices Public Benefits_, and in 1729 was made the subject +of a persecution for its immoral tendency. It was also vigorously +combated by, among others, Bishop Berkeley and William Law, author of +_The Serious Call_. While the author probably had no intention of +subverting morality, his views of human nature were assuredly cynical and +degrading in a high degree. Another of his works, _A Search into the +Nature of Society_ (1723), appended to the later versions of the _Fable_, +also startled the public mind, which his last works, _Free Thoughts on +Religion_ and _An Enquiry into the Origin of Honour and the Usefulness of +Christianity_ did little to reassure. + + +MANDEVILLE, SIR JOHN.--Was the ostensible author only of a book of +travels bearing his name, written about the middle of the 14th century, +giving an account of journeys in the East, including India and the Holy +Land. It appears to have been compiled from the writings of William of +Boldensele, Oderic of Pordenone, and Vincent de Beauvais. The name of +Mandeville was probably fictitious. + + +MANGAN, JAMES CLARENCE (1803-1849).--Poet, _b._ at Dublin, _s._ of a +small grocer, was brought up in poverty, and received most of his +education from a priest who instructed him in several modern languages. +He then became a lawyer's clerk, and was later an assistant in the +library of Trinity College, Dublin. He contributed verses of very +various merit to a number of Irish newspapers, and translations from the +German to _The Dublin University Magazine_. By some critics his poetical +powers were considered to be such as to have gained for him the first +place among Irish poets; but his irregular and intemperate habits +prevented him from attaining any sure excellence. His best work, +generally inspired by the miseries of his country, often rises to a high +level of tragic power, and had his strength of character been equal to +his poetic gift it is difficult to say to what heights he might have +attained. He _d._ of cholera. + + +MANLEY, MRS. MARY DE LA RIVIERE (1663 or 1672-1724).--Novelist, +dramatist, and political writer, _dau._ of Sir Roger Manley, was decoyed +into a bigamous connection with her cousin, John M. Her subsequent career +was one of highly dubious morality, but considerable literary success. +Her principal works are _The New Atalantis_ (_sic_) (1709), a satire in +which great liberties were taken with Whig notabilities, _Memoirs of +Europe_ (1710), and _Court Intrigues_ (1711). She also wrote three plays, +_The Royal Mischief_, _The Lost Lover_, and _Lucius_, and conducted the +_Examiner_. In her writings she makes great havoc with classical names +and even with spelling. She was a vivacious and effective political +writer. + + +MANNING, ANNE (1807-1879).--Miscellaneous writer. Her best known works +are _Mistress Mary Powell_, which first appeared in _Sharpe's Magazine_ +in 1849, and _The Household of Sir Thomas More_, a delightful picture of +More's home life told in the form of a diary written by his daughter +Margaret. Her writings have much literary charm, and show a delicate +historical imagination. + + +MANNING, HENRY EDWARD (1808-1892).--Cardinal and theologian. _B._ at +Totteridge, Herts, and _ed._ at Harrow and Oxf., where he became notable +as an eloquent preacher, and as one of the ablest of the Tractarian +party. He was rector of Woollavington-cum-Graffham 1833, and Archdeacon +of Chichester 1840. In 1851 he entered the Church of Rome, in which he +attached himself to the Ultramontane party. More even than Newman he was +the leading spirit of the Roman Church in England. His writings consist +of sermons, of which he _pub._ several vols. before his secession from +the Church of England, and controversial works, including _Petri +Privilegium_ (1871), _The Vatican Decrees_ (1875), in answer to +Gladstone's _Vaticanism_, and _The Eternal Priesthood_ (1883). He became +Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster 1865, and Cardinal 1875. + + +MANNYNG, ROBERT, or ROBERT DE BRUNNE (_fl._ 1288-1338).--Was a Canon of +the Gilbertine Order. His work, _Handlynge Sinne_ (_c._ 1300), translated +with original additions from the _Manuel des Peches_, a book written in +French verse by William of Waddington, is practically a collection of +tales and short stories on the Commandments, Seven Deadly Sins, +Sacraments, etc., and is of value as giving a contemporary picture of the +time. He also made (_c._ 1335) a translation in verse of the French +_Chronicle_ of Peter Langtoft, the second and more interesting part of +which covers the period from the death of Cadwallader to the end of the +reign of Edward I. + + +MANSEL, HENRY LONGUEVILLE (1820-1871).--Metaphysician, _s._ of a +clergyman, was _b._ at Cosgrave, Northamptonshire, and _ed._ at Merchant +Taylors' School and Oxf. He took orders, was Reader in Theology at +Magdalen Coll. 1855, Bampton Lecturer 1858, Prof. of Ecclesiastical +History 1867, and Dean of St. Paul's 1869. Among his writings are +_Prolegomena Logica_ (1851), _The Limits of Demonstrative Science_ +(1853), _Man's Conception of Eternity_ (1854), _Limits of Religious +Thought_ (1858), _Philosophy of the Conditioned_ (1866). He was also +joint ed. of Sir. W. Hamilton's _Lectures_. + + +MAP, or MAPES, WALTER DE (_fl._ 1200).--Ecclesiastical statesman and +romancist. Most of the facts about him are gleaned from his _De Nugis +Curialium_ (Of the Trifles of the Courtiers), a miscellany of +contemporary notes and anecdotes, throwing much light on the manners and +opinions of the Court of Henry II. He was _b._ probably in Herefordshire, +and had Celtic blood in his veins, his _f._ had rendered service to the +King, and he had studied at Paris, and on his return attended the Court, +where he found favour, and obtained preferment both in Church and State, +and in 1173 was a travelling justice. Thereafter he attended the King, +probably as chaplain, on his foreign wars, represented him at the French +Court, and went to Rome to the Lateran Council of 1179. After the death +of Henry II. he seems to have continued in favour under Richard I. and +John, and was Archdeacon of Oxf. in 1196. M. is the reputed author of +some at least of the _Golias_ poems, rough satires on the vices of the +clergy, but his great work, which has influenced the future of English +literature, was his systematising and spiritualising the Arthurian +legends with additions of his own, including the legends of _Launcelot_, +of the _Quest of the Holy Grail_, and of the _Morte d' Arthur_. + + +MARKHAM, GERVASE (1568?-1637).--Translator and miscellaneous writer, +served as a soldier in the Low Countries and Ireland. Retiring into civil +life about 1593 he displayed extraordinary industry as a translator, +compiler, and original writer. Among his original writings are a poem on +the _Revenge_ (1595) (Sir R. Grenville's ship), a continuation of +Sidney's _Arcadia_, _The Discourse of Horsemanshippe_ (1593), _The Young +Sportsman's Instructor_, _Country Contentments_ (1611), and various books +on agriculture; also plays and poems, some of the latter of which are +religious. + + +MARLOWE, CHRISTOPHER (1564-1593).--Dramatist, _s._ of a shoemaker at +Canterbury, where he was _b._, was _ed._ at the King's School there, and +in 1581 went to Benet's (now Corpus Christi) Coll., Camb., where he +graduated B.A. 1583, and M.A. in 1587. Of his life after he left the +Univ. almost nothing is known. It has, however, been conjectured, partly +on account of his familiarity with military matters, that he saw service, +probably in the Low Countries. His first play, _Tamburlaine_, was acted +in 1587 or 1588. The story is drawn from the Spanish Life of Timur by +Pedro Mexia. Its resounding splendour, not seldom passing into bombast, +won for it immediate popularity, and it long held the stage. It was +followed in 1604 by _Faustus_, a great advance upon _Tamburlaine_ in a +dramatic sense. The absence of "material horror" in the treatment, so +different in this respect from the original legend, has often been +remarked upon. M.'s handling of the subject was greatly admired by +Goethe, who, however, in his own version, makes the motive knowledge, +while M. has power, and the mediaeval legend pleasure. In his next play, +_The Jew of Malta_, M. continues to show an advance in technical skill, +but the work is unequal, and the Jew Barabas is to Shylock as a monster +to a man. In _Edward II._, M. rises to his highest display of power. The +rhodomontade of _Tamburlaine_ and the piled-up horror of _The Jew_ are +replaced by a mature self-restraint, and in the whole workmanship he +approaches more nearly to Shakespeare than any one else has ever done. +Speaking of it Lamb says, "The death scene of Marlowe's King moves pity +and terror beyond any scene, ancient or modern, with which I am +acquainted." M. is now almost certainly believed to have had a large +share in the three parts of _Henry VI._, and perhaps also he may have +collaborated in _Titus Andronicus_. His next plays, _The Massacre of +Paris_ and _The Tragedy of Dido_ (written with Nash, _q.v._), both show a +marked falling off; and it seems likely that in his last years, perhaps, +breaking down under the effects of a wild life, he became careless of +fame as of all else. Greene, in his _Groat's Worth of Wit_, written on +his deathbed, reproaches him with his evil life and atheistic opinions, +and a few days before his hapless death an information was laid against +him for blasphemy. The informer was next year hanged for an outrageous +offence, and his witness alone might not be conclusive, but M.'s life and +opinions, which he made no secret of, were notorious. On the other hand, +his friends, Shakespeare, Nash, Drayton, and Chapman, all make kindly +reference to him. To escape the plague which was raging in London in +1593, he was living at Deptford, then a country village, and there in a +tavern brawl he received a wound in the head, his own knife being turned +against him by a serving man, upon whom he had drawn it. The quarrel was +about a girl of the town. The parish record bears the entry, "Christopher +Marlowe, slain by ffrancis Archer, the 1 of June 1593." M. is the father +of the modern English drama, and the introducer of the modern form of +blank verse. In imagination, richness of expression, originality, and +general poetic and dramatic power he is inferior to Shakespeare alone +among the Elizabethans. In addition to his plays he wrote some short +poems (of which the best known is _Come live with me and be my love_), +translations from Ovid's _Amores_ and Lucan's _Pharsalia_, and a glowing +paraphrase of Musaeus' _Hero and Leander_, a poem completed by Chapman. + +Ed. of _Works_ by Dyce, Cunningham, and Bullen; Ingram's _C. Marlowe and +his Associates_, etc. + + +MARMION, SHACKERLEY (1603-1639).--Dramatist, _s._ of a country gentleman +of Northamptonshire, was _ed._ at Oxford. After a youth of extravagance, +he fought in the Low Countries. His writings consist of an epic, _Cupid +and Psyche_, and three comedies, _Holland's Leaguer_, _A Fair Companion_, +and _The Antiquary_. His plays show some power of satire, and were +popular, but he had little of the dramatist. + + +MARRYAT, FREDERICK (1792-1848).--Novelist, _s._ of a West India merchant, +was _b._ in London. In 1806 he entered the navy as a midshipman under +Lord Cochrane (afterwards Earl of Dundonald), and saw much service in the +Mediterranean, at Walcheren, and in the Burmese War of 1824. He returned +in 1830 as a Captain and C.B. The scenes and experiences through which +he had passed were the preparation for and the foundation of his numerous +novels, of which the first, _Frank Mildmay_, was _pub._ in 1829. It was +followed by over 30 others, of which perhaps the best are _Peter Simple_, +_Jacob Faithful_ (1834), _Mr. Midshipman Easy_ (1836), _The Dog Fiend_ +(1837), and _The Phantom Ship_ (1839). M. is the prince of sea +story-tellers; his knowledge of the sea, vigorous definition of +character, and hearty and honest, if somewhat broad, humour never failing +to please. + + +MARSH, HERBERT (1757-1839).--Theologian and controversialist, _s._ of a +clergyman, _ed._ at Canterbury, Cambridge, and Leipsic, was the first to +introduce the German methods of Biblical criticism into England, and gave +lectures on the subject at Camb., which excited great interest and +controversy. In 1816 he was made Bishop of Llandaff, and was translated +to Peterborough in 1819. His critical views and his opposition to the +evangelical party in the Church, to the Bible Society, to hymns in Divine +service, and to Catholic emancipation, involved him in controversy with +high, low, and broad churchmen alike. He was the author of a _History of +the Politics of Great Britain and France_ (1799), _Comparative View of +the Churches of England and Rome_, and _Horae Pelasgicae_. + + +MARSTON, JOHN (1575?-1634).--Dramatist and satirist, _b._ at Coventry, +was _ed._ at Oxf. In later life he gave up writing for the stage, took +orders, and was incumbent of Christchurch, Hants, 1616-31. He began his +literary career in 1598 with satire, _The Scourge of Villanie_ and _The +Metamorphosis of Pygmalion's Image_ (1598), the latter of which was +burned by order of Archbishop Whitgift. In 1602 appeared _The History of +Antonio and Mellida_, and its sequel, _Antonio's Revenge_, ridiculed by +Ben Jonson. In repayment of this M. co-operated with Dekker in attacking +Jonson in _Satiromastix_ (a Whip for the Satirist). A reconciliation, +however, took place, and his comedy, _The Malcontent_ (1604), was +dedicated to J., another, _Eastward Ho_ (1605), was written in +collaboration with him and Chapman. Other plays of his are _Sophonisba_, +_What You Will_ (1607), and possibly _The Insatiate Countess_ (1613). +Amid much bombast and verbiage there are many fine passages in M.'s +dramas, especially where scorn and indignation are the motives. Sombre +and caustic, he has been called "a screech-owl among the singing birds." + + +MARSTON, PHILIP BOURKE (1850-1887).--Poet, was _b._ in London, and lost +his sight at the age of 3. His poems, _Song-tide_, _All in All_, and +_Wind Voices_ bear, in their sadness, the impress of this affliction, and +of a long series of bereavements. He was the friend of Rossetti and of +Swinburne, the latter of whom has written a sonnet to his memory. + + +MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909).--Poet, biographer, and translator, _s._ +of James M., solicitor in Edin., where he was _b._ and _ed._ at the High +School and Univ. He practised as a solicitor in Edin. 1840-45, after +which he went to London and became head of the firm of Martin and Leslie, +parliamentary agents. His first contribution to literature was _The Bon +Gaultier Ballads_, written along with W.E. Aytoun (_q.v._), full of wit +and humour, which still retain their popularity; originally contributed +to a magazine, they appeared in book form in 1855. His translations +include _Dante's Vila Nuova_, Oehlenschlaeger's _Correggio_ and _Aladdin_, +Heine's _Poems and Ballads_, Schiller's _Song of the Bell_, and Hertz's +_King Rene's Daughter_. He also _pub._ a complete translation of Horace +with a Life, and one of Catullus. He is, however, perhaps best known for +his _Life of the Prince Consort_ (1874-80), the writing of which was +committed to him by Queen Victoria, a work which he executed with such +ability and tact as to win for him her lifelong friendship. He also wrote +Lives of Prof. Aytoun and Lord Lyndhurst. He _m._ in 1851 Miss Helen +Faucit (_d._ 1898), the well-known actress, and authoress of studies on +_Shakespeare's Female Characters_, whose Life he _pub._ in 1901. M. kept +up his intellectual activity into old age, _pub._ in 1905 a translation +of Leopardi's poems, and _Monographs_ (1906). He was Lord Rector of St. +Andrews 1881, LL.D. of Edin. 1875, and K.C.B. 1880. + + +MARTINEAU, HARRIET (1802-1876).--Novelist and economist, _b._ at Norwich, +where her _f._, descended from a French family, was a manufacturer. From +her earliest years she was delicate and very deaf, and took to literary +pursuits as an amusement. Afterwards, when her _f._ had fallen into +difficulties, they became her means of support. Her first publication was +_Devotional Exercises for Young Persons_ (1823). Becoming interested in +political economy, she endeavoured to illustrate the subject by tales, of +which two were _The Rioters_ and _The Turn-out_. Later she _pub._ a more +serious treatment of it in _Illustrations of Political Economy_ (1832-4), +_Poor Law and Paupers_ (1833), and _Illustrations of Taxation_ (1834). +About this time she went to London, and was regarded as an authority on +economic questions, being occasionally consulted by Cabinet Ministers. +Among her books of travel are _Society in America_ (1837), and _Eastern +Life, Present and Past_ (1848), which she considered her best book: in it +she declared herself no longer a believer in revelation. She also wrote +two novels, _Deerbrook_ (1839), and _The Hour and the Man_ (1840), also a +number of books for children. Perhaps her most important work is her +_History of England during the Thirty Years' Peace_, 1816-46, which +appeared in 1849. She translated Comte's _Philosophy_ (1853), and _pub._ +a collection of letters between herself and Mr. H.G. Atkinson _On the +Laws of Man's Nature and Development_, which encountered severe +criticism. In addition to her separate publications she wrote innumerable +articles for newspapers, specially the _Daily News_, and for periodicals. +In 1845 she settled in the Lake District, where she died. + + +MARTINEAU, JAMES (1805-1900).--Unitarian theologian, younger brother of +the above, was _b._ at Norwich. Possessed of considerable inventive and +mathematical talents, he was originally intended for engineering, but +studied for the Unitarian ministry, to which he was ordained in 1828. +After serving as pastor in various places he became in 1840 Prof. of +Mental and Moral Philosophy in the Manchester New Coll. (subsequently +removed to London), and Principal 1869-85. Among his writings, which were +very influential, are _Rationale of Religious Inquiry_ (1836), _Ideal +Substitutes for God_ (1879), _Study of Spinoza_ (1882), _Types of Ethical +Theory_ (1885), _Study of Religion_ (1888), _Seat of Authority in +Religion_ (1890), and religious poems and hymns. M. was a man of very +elevated character and powerful intellect; of great acuteness, candour, +and openness to new ideas. He was D.D. of Edin. 1884, and D.C.L. of Oxf. +1888. + + +MARVELL, ANDREW (1621-1678).--Poet and satirist, _s._ of the Rector of +Winestead, Yorkshire, where he was _b._, _ed._ Camb., and thereafter +travelled in various Continental countries. He sat in Parliament for +Hull, proving himself an assiduous and incorruptible member, with strong +republican leanings. In spite of this he was a favourite of Charles II., +who took pleasure in his society, and offered him a place at Court, and a +present of L1000, which were both declined. In his own day he was best +known as a powerful and fearless political writer, and for some time from +1657 was assistant to Milton as Latin Sec. After the Restoration he wrote +against the Government, his chief work in this kind being on the _Growth +of Popery and Arbitrary Government in England_ (1677). He was also the +author of an _Historical Essay regarding General Councils_. His +controversial style was lively and vigorous, but sometimes coarse and +vituperative. His fame now rests on his poems which, though few, have +many of the highest poetical qualities. Among the best known are _The +Emigrants in the Bermudas_, _The Nymph complaining for the Death of her +Fawn_, and _Thoughts in a Garden_. Of the last Palgrave says that "it may +be regarded as a test of any reader's insight into the most poetical +aspects of poetry," and his _Horatian Ode on Cromwell's Return from +Ireland_. The town of Hull voted him a monument, which was, however, +forbidden by the Court. His appearance is thus described, "He was of +middling stature, pretty strong-set, roundish-faced, cherry-cheeked, +hazel-eyed, brown-haired." + +_Life and Works_ by Cooke, 1726, reprinted 1772; Thomson, 1726; Dove, +1832; and specially Grosart (4 vols., 1872-74). + + +MASON, WILLIAM (1724-1797).--Poet, _s._ of a clergyman, was _b._ at Hull, +and _ed._ at Camb. He took orders and rose to be a Canon of York. His +first poem was _Musaeus_, a monody on the death of Pope, and his other +works include _Elfrida_ (1752), and _Caractacus_ (1759), dramas--an +_Heroic Epistle_ to Sir William Chambers, the architect, in which he +satirised some modern fashions in gardening, _The English Garden_, his +largest work, and some odes. He was a close friend of Gray, whose Life he +wrote. His language was too magnificent for his powers of thought, but he +has passages where the rich diction has a pleasing effect. + + +MASSEY, GERALD (1828-1907).--Poet, _b._ near Tring, Herts. As a boy he +worked in a silk-factory, and as a straw-plaiter and errand boy. When he +was 15 he came to London, where he was taken up by Maurice and Kingsley. +His first book was _pub._ in 1851, but he first attracted attention by +_Babe Christabel_ (1854). This was followed by _War Waits_, _Craigcrook +Castle_, and _Havelock's March_. A selection from these was _pub._ 1889, +under the title of _My Lyrical Life_. Later he wrote and lectured on +spiritualism, and produced prose works on the origin of myths and +mysteries in _The Book of Beginnings_ (1881), _The Natural Genesis_ +(1883), and _Ancient Egypt: the Light of the World_ (1907). He also wrote +a book on the sonnets of Shakespeare. M. had a true lyrical vein, but +though often musical, he was at times harsh and rugged, and did not give +sufficient attention to form and finish. + + +MASSINGER, PHILIP (1583-1640).--Dramatist, was probably _b._ at +Salisbury. His _f._ appears to have been a retainer of the Earl of +Pembroke, by whom and by Queen Elizabeth he was employed in a +confidential capacity. M. was at Oxf., but quitted the Univ. suddenly +without graduating. He is next found in London writing for the stage, +frequently in collaboration with others. Few details of his life have +come down, but it seems that he was on the whole unfortunate. He was +found dead in bed on March 16, 1640, and was buried in St. Saviour's, +Southwark, by some of the actors. The burial register has the entry, +"buried Philip Massinger, a stranger." Of the many plays which he wrote +or had a hand in, 15 believed to be entirely his are extant, other 8 were +burned by a servant in the 18th century. He, however, collaborated so +much with others--Fletcher, Dekker, etc., that much fine work probably +his can only be identified by internal evidence. Among his plays may be +mentioned _The Unnatural Combat_ (_pr._ 1639), _The Virgin Martyr_ (1622) +(partly by Dekker), which contains perhaps his finest writing. His best +plays on the whole, however, are _The City Madam_ (1632), and _A New Way +to pay Old Debts_ (_pr._ 1633), which latter kept the stage until the +19th century. He is believed to have joined with Fletcher and Shakespeare +in _Henry VIII._ and _The Two Noble Kinsmen_. Other plays which he wrote +or had a hand in are _The Duke of Milan_, _The Bondman_, _The Renegado_, +_The Roman Actor_, _The Great Duke of Florence_, _The Maid of Honour_, +_The Picture_, and _The Fatal Dowry_. His verse is fluent and sweet, and +in his grave and reflective passages he rises to a rich and stately +music. He often repeats himself, has little humour, and is not seldom +coarse. He has, however, much skill in the construction and working out +of a story. + + +MASSON, DAVID (1822-1907).--Biographer and historian, _b._ at Aberdeen, +and _ed._ at Marischal Coll. there and at Edin., where he studied +theology under Chalmers. He did not, however, enter the Church, but began +a literary career by ed. a newspaper in Aberdeen. He then returned to +Edin., where he worked for the brothers Chambers, the eminent publishers, +and where he became acquainted with Wilson, Sir William Hamilton, and +Chalmers, for the last of whom he cherished an extraordinary veneration. +Going to London in 1847 he wrote extensively in reviews, magazines, and +encyclopaedias. In 1852 he became Prof. of English Literature in Univ. +Coll., and in 1858 ed. of _Macmillan's Magazine_. He was appointed in +1865 Prof. of English Literature in Edin., where he exercised a profound +influence on his students, many of whom have risen to high positions in +literature. Though a most laborious student and man of letters, M. took a +warm interest in various public questions, including Italian +emancipation, and the higher education of women. He was the author of +many important works, including _Essays Biographical and Critical_ +(1856), _British Novelists_ (1859), and _Recent British Philosophy_ +(1865). His _magnum opus_ is his monumental _Life of John Milton_ (6 +vols., 1859-80) the most complete biography of any Englishman, dealing as +it does not only with the personal life of the poet, but with the +history, political, social, and religious of his time. Other books are +_Drummond of Hawthornden_ (1873), _De Quincey_ (in English Men of Letters +Series) (1878), _Edinburgh Sketches and Memories_ (1892), and _Carlyle +Personally and in his Writings_. He also ed. the standard ed. of De +Quincey's works, and the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, his +introductions in connection with which are of great historical value. He +was appointed Historiographer for Scotland in 1893. M. was full of +learning guided by sagacity, genial, broad-minded, and sane in his +judgments of men and things, and thoroughly honest and sincere. + + +MATHER, COTTON (1663-1728).--Divine, _s._ of Increase M., a leading +American divine, was _ed._ at Harvard, became a minister, and was +colleague to his _f._ He was laborious, able, and learned, but extremely +bigoted and self-sufficient. He carried on a persecution of so-called +"witches," which led to the shedding of much innocent blood; on the other +hand he was so much of a reformer as to advocate inoculation for +small-pox. He was a copious author, his chief work being _Magnalia +Christi Americana_ (1702), an ecclesiastical history of New England. +Others were _Late Memorable Providences relating to Witchcraft and +Possession_ (1689), and _The Wonders of the Invisible World_ (1693). In +his later years he admitted that "he had gone too far" in his crusade +against witches. + + +MATHIAS, THOMAS JAMES (1754?-1835).--Satirist, _ed._ at Camb., and held +some minor appointments in the Royal household. He was an accomplished +Italian scholar, and made various translations from the English into +Italian, and _vice versa_. He also produced a fine ed. of Gray, on which +he lost heavily. His chief work, however, was _The Pursuits of +Literature_ (1794), an undiscriminating satire on his literary +contemporaries which went through 16 ed., but is now almost forgotten. + + +MATURIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1782-1824).--Novelist, _b._ in Dublin of +Huguenot ancestry, was _ed._ at Trinity Coll. there, and taking orders +held various benefices. He was the author of a few dramas, one of which, +_Bertram_, had some success. He is, perhaps, better known for his +romances in the style of Mrs. Radcliffe and "Monk" Lewis. The first of +these, _The Fatal Revenge_ appeared in 1807, and was followed by, among +others, _The Milesian Chief_ (1812), _Women_, which was the most +successful, and lastly by _Melmoth_, in which he outdoes his models in +the mysterious, the horrible, and indeed the revolting, without, except +very occasionally, reaching their power. His last work, _The Albigenses_, +in a somewhat different style, was _pub._ in the year of his death. + + +MAURICE, FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872).--Divine, _s._ of a Unitarian +minister, was _b._ at Normanston, near Lowestoft, and studied at Camb., +but being then a Dissenter, could not graduate. He went to London, and +engaged in literary work, writing for the _Westminster Review_ and other +periodicals, and for a short time ed. the _Athenaeum_. His theological +views having changed, he joined the Church of England, went to Oxf., +graduated, and was ordained 1834. He became Chaplain to Guy's Hospital, +and held other clerical positions in London. In 1840 he was appointed +Prof. of English Literature and History at King's Coll., and +subsequently Prof. of Theology. He became a leader among the Christian +socialists, and for a short time ed. their paper. On the publication of +his _Theological Essays_ in 1853 he was asked to resign his professorship +at King's Coll. In 1854 he was one of the founders of the Working Men's +Coll., of which he became Principal, and in 1866 he was made Prof. of +Moral Philosophy at Camb. Among his writings are _The Religions of the +World and their Relation to Christianity_, _Moral and Metaphysical +Philosophy_, _The Prophets and Kings of the Old Testament_ (1853), _The +Doctrine of Sacrifice_, and _Theological Essays_. M.'s style was copious, +and was often blamed as obscure; nevertheless, he exercised an +extraordinary influence over some of the best minds of his time by the +originality of his views, and the purity and elevation of his character. + + +MAXWELL, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1792-1850).--Novelist, a Scoto-Irishman, _b._ +at Newry, and _ed._ at Trinity Coll., Dublin, entered the army, and saw +service in the Peninsula, and at Waterloo. Afterwards he took orders, but +was deprived of his living for non-residence. His novels, _O'Hara_, and +_Stories from Waterloo_, started the school of rollicking military +fiction, which culminated in the novels of Lever. M. also wrote a Life of +the Duke of Wellington, and a _History of the Irish Rebellion_. + + +MAX-MUeLLER, FRIEDRICH (1823-1900).--Philologist, _s._ of the German poet, +Wilhelm M., was _b._ at Dessau, and _ed._ at Leipzig, Berlin, and Paris. +In 1846 he was requested by the East India Company to ed. the _Rig Veda_. +He settled at Oxf. in 1848, and in 1850 was appointed deputy Taylorian +Prof. of Modern European languages, becoming Prof. 4 years later, and +Curator of the Bodleian Library in 1856. In 1868 he was elected first +Prof. of Comparative Philology. He ed. _Sacred Books of the East_, and +wrote in English _Chips from a German Workshop_ (1867-75). He did much to +stimulate the study of comparative religion and philology. He was made a +Privy Councillor in 1896. + + +MAY, THOMAS (1595-1650).--Poet and historian, _b._ in Sussex, _s._ of Sir +Thomas M., of Mayfield, went to Camb., and thence to Gray's Inn, but +discarded law for literature. In 1622 he produced his first comedy, _The +Heir_, and also a translation of Virgil's _Georgics_. Six years later, +1627, appeared his translation of _Lucan_, which gained him the favour of +Charles I. at whose command he wrote two poems, _The Reigne of King Henry +II._, and _The Victorious Reigne of King Edward III._, each in 7 books. +When the Civil War broke out M., to the disappointment of his friends, +took the side of the Parliament, and was made Sec. to the Long +Parliament, the historian of which he became, _pub._ 1647, _The History +of the Parliament of England, which began Nov. 3, 1640_. This work he +prefaced with a short review of the preceding reigns from that of +Elizabeth. The narrative closes with the Battle of Newbury, 1643, and is +characterised by fulness of information and candour. M. was also the +author of several tragedies, including _Antigone_, of no great merit. + + +MAY, SIR THOMAS ERSKINE, 1ST BARON FARNBOROUGH (1815-1886).--Jurist and +historian, _ed._ at Bedford School, and after holding various minor +offices became in 1871 clerk to the House of Commons, retiring in 1886, +when he was raised to the peerage. He had previously, 1866, been made +K.C.B. He was the author of a treatise on the laws, privileges, etc., of +Parliament, which, first _pub._ in 1844, reached in 1901 its tenth ed., +and was translated into various languages. His _Constitutional History of +England_, 1760-1860 is practically a continuation of Hallam's great work. +He also wrote _Democracy in Europe_. As an historical writer M. was +learned, painstaking, and impartial. + + +MAYNE, JASPER (1604-1672).--Dramatist, was at Oxf., entered the Church, +and became Archdeacon of Chichester. He wrote two dramas, _The City +Match_ (1639), and _The Amorous War_ (1648), in neither of which did he +sustain the clerical character. He had, however, some humour. + + +MAYNE, JOHN (1759-1836).--Poet, was _b._ in Dumfries. In 1780 he _pub._ +the _Siller Gun_ in its original form in _Ruddiman's Magazine_. It is a +humorous poem descriptive of an ancient custom in Dumfries of shooting +for the "Siller Gun." He was continually adding to it, until it grew to 5 +cantos. He also wrote a poem on _Hallowe'en_, and a version of the +ballad, _Helen of Kirkconnel_. His verses were admired by Scott. + + +MELVILLE, HERMAN (1819-1891).--Novelist, _b._ in New York, and took to +the sea, which led to strange adventures, including an imprisonment of +some months in the hands of cannibals in the Marquesas Islands. His first +novel, _Typee_ (1846), is based upon this experience. _Omoo_ followed in +1847, _Moby Dick, or the White Whale_, a powerful sea story, in 1852, and +_Israel Potter_ in 1855. He was a very unequal writer, but occasionally +showed considerable power and originality. + + +MELVILLE, JAMES (1556-1614).--Scottish divine and reformer, _s._ of the +laird of Baldovie, in Forfarshire, and nephew of the great reformer and +scholar, Andrew M., by whom, when Principal of the Univ. of Glasgow, he +was chosen to assist him as a regent or professor. When, in 1580, Andrew +became Principal of St. Mary's Coll., St. Andrews, James accompanied him, +and acted as Prof. of Hebrew and Oriental Languages. He wrote many poems, +but his chief work was his _Diary_, an original authority for the period, +written with much naivete, and revealing a singularly attractive +personality. M., who for his part in Church matters, had been banished to +England, _d._ at Berwick on his way back to Scotland. + + +MELVILLE, SIR JAMES (1535-1617).--Historian, _s._ of Sir John M., of +Hallhill, was a page to Mary Queen of Scots at the French Court, and +afterwards one of her Privy Council. He also acted as her envoy to Queen +Elizabeth and the Elector Palatine. He was the author of an autobiography +which is one of the original authorities for the period. The MS., which +lay for long hidden in Edin. Castle, was discovered in 1660, and _pub._ +1683. A later ed. was brought out in 1827 by the Bannatyne Club. The work +is written in a lively style, but is not always to be implicitly relied +upon in regard either to facts or the characters attributed to +individuals. + + +MEREDITH, GEORGE (1828-1909).--Novelist and poet, _b._ at Portsmouth, +_s._ of Augustus M., a naval outfitter, who afterwards went to Cape Town, +and _ed._ at Portsmouth and Neuwied in Germany. Owing to the neglect of a +trustee, what means he had inherited were lost, and he was in his early +days very poor. Articled to a lawyer in London, he had no taste for law, +which he soon exchanged for journalism, and at 21 he was writing poetry +for magazines, his first printed work, a poem on the Battle of +Chillianwallah, appearing in _Chambers's Journal_. Two years later he +_pub._ _Poems_ (1851), containing _Love in the Valley_. Meantime he had +been ed. a small provincial newspaper, and in 1866 he was war +correspondent in Italy for the _Morning Post_, and he also acted for many +years as literary adviser to Chapman and Hall. By this time, however, he +had produced several of his novels. _The Shaving of Shagpat_ had appeared +in 1856, _Farina_ in 1857, _The Ordeal of Richard Feverel_ in 1859, _Evan +Harrington_ in 1861, _Emilia in England_ (also known as _Sandra Belloni_) +in 1864, its sequel, _Vittoria_, in 1866, and _Rhoda Fleming_ in 1865. In +poetry he had produced _Modern Love and Poems of the English Roadside_ +(1862), generally regarded as his best poetical work. These were followed +by _The Adventures of Harry Richmond_ (1871), _Beauchamp's Career_ +(1875), said to be the author's favourite, _The Egoist_ (1879), which +marks the beginning of a change in style characterised by an even greater +fastidiousness in the choice of words, phrases, and condensation of +thought than its predecessors, _The Tragic Comedians_ (1880), and _Diana +of the Crossways_, the first of the author's novels to attain anything +approaching general popularity. The same period yielded in poetry, _Poems +and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth_ (1883), _Ballads and Poems of Tragic +Life_ (1887), and _A Reading of Earth_ (1888). His later novels, _One of +our Conquerors_ (1891), _Lord Ormont and his Aminta_ (1894), and _The +Amazing Marriage_ (1895), exhibit a tendency to accentuate those +qualities of style which denied general popularity to all of M.'s works, +and they did little to add to his reputation. The contemporary poems +include _The Empty Purse_ and _Jump to Glory Jane_ (1892). In 1905 he +received the Order of Merit, and he _d._ on May 19, 1909. He was twice +_m._, his first wife, who _d._ 1860, being a _dau._ of Thomas Love +Peacock (_q.v._). This union did not prove in all respects happy. His +second wife was Miss Vulliamy, who _d._ 1885. In his earlier life he was +vigorous and athletic, and a great walker; latterly he lost all power of +locomotion. + +Though the writings of M. never were and probably never will be generally +popular, his genius was, from the very first, recognised by the best +judges. All through he wrote for the reader who brought something of +mind, thought, and attention, not for him who read merely to be amused +without trouble; and it is therefore futile to attribute failure to him +because he did not achieve what he did not aim at. Nevertheless, the long +delay in receiving even the kind of recognition which he sought was a +disappointment to him. Few writers have striven to charge sentences and +even words so heavily with meaning, or to attain so great a degree of +condensation, with the result that links in the chain of thought are not +seldom omitted and left for the careful reader to supply. There is also a +tendency to adopt unusual words and forms of expression where plainness +and simplicity would have served as well, and these features taken +together give reason for the charges of obscurity and affectation so +often made. Moreover, the discussion of motive and feeling is often out +of proportion to the narrative of the events and circumstances to which +they stand related. But to compensate us for these defects he offers +humour, often, indeed, whimsical, but keen and sparkling, close +observation of and exquisite feeling for nature, a marvellous power of +word-painting, the most delicate and penetrating analysis of character, +and an invincible optimism which, while not blind to the darker aspects +of life, triumphs over the depression which they might induce in a weaker +nature. In matters of faith and dogma his standpoint was distinctly +negative. + + +MERES, FRANCIS (1565-1647).--Miscellaneous author, was of a Lincolnshire +family, studied at Camb. and Oxf., and became Rector of Wing in Rutland. +He _pub._ in 1598 _Palladis Tamia: Wit's Treasury_, containing a +comparison of English poets with Greek, Latin, and Italian. + + +MERIVALE, CHARLES (1808-1893).--Historian, _s._ of John Herman M., a +translator and minor poet, _b._ in London, _ed._ at Harrow, Haileybury, +and Camb., he took orders, and among other preferments held those of +chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons, 1863-69, and Dean of +Ely. From his college days he was a keen student of Roman history, and +between 1850 and 1864 he _pub._ his _History of the Romans under the +Empire_, an able and scholarly work, though considered by some critics to +be too favourable to the Emperors, and the imperial idea. An earlier work +was _The Fall of the Roman Republic_ (1853). + + +MERRIMAN, H. SETON, (_see_ SCOTT, H.S.). + + +MESTON, WILLIAM (1688?-1745).--_S._ of a blacksmith, was _ed._ at +Marischal Coll., Aberdeen, took part in the '15, and had to go into +hiding. His _Knight of the Kirk_ (1723) is an imitation of _Hudibras_. It +has little merit. + + +MICKLE, WILLIAM JULIUS (1735-1788).--Poet, _s._ of the minister of +Langholm, Dumfriesshire, was for some time a brewer in Edin., but failed. +He went to Oxf., where he was corrector for the Clarendon Press. After +various literary failures and minor successes he produced his translation +of the _Lusiad_, from the Portuguese of Camoens, which brought him both +fame and money. In 1777 he went to Portugal, where he was received with +distinction. In 1784 he _pub._ the ballad of _Cumnor Hall_, which +suggested to Scott the writing of _Kenilworth_. He is perhaps best +remembered, however, by the beautiful lyric, _There's nae luck aboot the +Hoose_, which, although claimed by others, is almost certainly his. + + +MIDDLETON, CONYERS (1683-1750).--Divine and scholar, _b._ at Richmond, +Yorkshire, and _ed._ at Camb. He was the author of several latitudinarian +treatises on miracles, etc., which brought him into controversy with +Waterland (_q.v._) and others, and of a _Life of Cicero_ (1741), largely +plagiarised from William Bellenden, a Scottish writer of the 17th +century. Another of his controversies was with Bentley on college +administration. He was master of a very fine literary style. + + +MIDDLETON, THOMAS (1570-1627).--Dramatist, was a Londoner and city +chronologer, in which capacity he composed a chronicle of the city, now +lost. He wrote over 20 plays, chiefly comedies, besides masques and +pageants, and collaborated with Dekker, Webster, and other playwrights. +His best plays are _The Changeling_, _The Spanish Gipsy_ (both with +Rowley), and _Women beware Women_. Another, _The Game of Chess_ (1624), +got the author and the players alike into trouble on account of its +having brought the King of Spain and other public characters upon the +stage. They, however, got off with a severe reprimand. M. was a keen +observer of London life, and shone most in scenes of strong passion. He +is, however, unequal and repeats himself. Other plays are: _The Phoenix_, +_Michaelmas Term_ (1607), _A Trick to Catch the old One_ (1608), _The +Familie of Love_ (1608), _A Mad World, My Masters_ (1608), _The Roaring +Girl_ (1611) (with Dekker), _The Old Law_ (1656) (with Massinger and +Rowley), _A Faire Quarrel_ (1617); and among his pageants and masques are +_The Triumphs of Truth_ (1613), _The Triumphs of Honour and Industry_ +(1617), _The Inner Temple Masque_ (1619), etc. + + +MILL, JAMES (1773-1836).--Philosopher and historian, _s._ of a shoemaker, +was _b._ at Montrose, and showing signs of superior ability, was sent to +the Univ. of Edin. with a view to the ministry. He was licensed as a +preacher in 1798, but gave up the idea of the Church, and going to London +in 1802 engaged in literary work, ed. the _St. James's Chronicle_, and +wrote for the _Edinburgh Review_. In 1806 he began his _History of +British India_ (1817-18), and in 1819 received the appointment of +Assistant Examiner to the India Office, and in 1834 became head of the +department. M. had meanwhile become the intimate friend of Jeremy +Bentham, was perhaps the chief exponent of the utilitarian philosophy, +and was also one of the founders of the London Univ. His philosophical +writings include _Elements of Political Economy_ (1821), and _Analysis of +the Human Mind_ (1824). M.'s intellect was powerful, though rigid and +somewhat narrow; his style was clear and precise, and his conversational +powers very remarkable, and influential in moulding the opinions of those +who came into contact with him, especially his distinguished son, John +Stuart (_q.v._). + + +MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873).--Philosopher, _s._ of the above, _b._ in +London, was _ed._ by his _f._ with the view of making him the successor +of Bentham and himself, as the exponent of the Utilitarian philosophy. In +all respects he proved an apt pupil, and by his 15th year had studied +classical literature, logic, political economy, and mathematics. In that +year he went to France, where he was under the charge of Sir S. Bentham, +a brother of Jeremy. His studies had led him to the adoption of the +utilitarian philosophy, and after his return he became acquainted with +Grote, the Austins, and other Benthamites. In 1823 he entered the India +House as a clerk, and, like his _f._, rose to be examiner of Indian +correspondence; and, on the dissolution of the Company, retired on a +liberal pension. In 1825 he ed. Bentham's _Rationale of Judicial +Evidence_. During the following years he was a frequent contributor to +Radical journals, and ed. the _London Review_. His _Logic_ appeared in +1843, and produced a profound impression; and in 1848 he _pub._ +_Principles of Political Economy_. The years between 1858 and 1865 were +very productive, his treatises on _Liberty_, _Utilitarianism_, +_Representative Government_, and his _Examination of Sir W. Hamilton's +Philosophy_ being _pub._ during this period. In 1865 he entered the House +of Commons as one of the members for Westminster, where, though highly +respected, he made no great mark. After this political parenthesis he +returned to his literary pursuits, and wrote _The Subjection of Women_ +(1869), _The Irish Land Question_ (1870), and an _Autobiography_. M. had +_m._ in 1851 Mrs. Taylor, for whom he showed an extraordinary devotion, +and whom he survived for 15 years. He _d._ at Avignon. His +_Autobiography_ gives a singular, and in some respects painful account of +the methods and views of his _f._ in his education. Though remaining all +his life an adherent of the utilitarian philosophy, M. did not transmit +it to his disciples altogether unmodified, but, finding it too narrow and +rigid for his own intellectual and moral requirements, devoted himself to +widening it, and infusing into it a certain element of idealism. + +Bain's _Criticism with Personal Recollections_ (1882), L. Courtney's +_John Stuart Mill_ (1889), _Autobiography_, Stephens's _Utilitarians_, J. +Grote's _Examination of the Utilitarian Philosophy of Mill_, etc. + + +MILLER, HUGH (1802-1856).--Geologist, and man of letters, _b._ at +Cromarty, had the ordinary parish school education, and early showed a +remarkable love of reading and power of story-telling. At 17 he was +apprenticed to a stonemason, and his work in quarries, together with +rambles among the rocks of his native shore, led him to the study of +geology. In 1829 he _pub._ a vol. of poems, and soon afterwards threw +himself as an ardent and effective combatant into the controversies, +first of the Reform Bill, and thereafter of the Scottish Church question. +In 1834 he became accountant in one of the local banks, and in the next +year brought out his _Scenes and Legends in the North of Scotland_. In +1840 the popular party in the Church, with which he had been associated, +started a newspaper, _The Witness_, and M. was called to be ed., a +position which he retained till the end of his life, and in which he +showed conspicuous ability. Among his geological works are _The Old Red +Sandstone_ (1841), _Footprints of the Creator_ (1850), _The Testimony of +the Rocks_ (1856), and _Sketch-book of Popular Geology_. Other books are: +_My Schools and Schoolmasters_, an autobiography of remarkable interest, +_First Impressions of England and its People_ (1847), and _The Cruise of +the Betsy_. Of the geological books, perhaps that on the old red +sandstone, a department in which M. was a discoverer, is the best: but +all his writings are distinguished by great literary excellence, and +especially by a marvellous power of vivid description. The end of his +life was most tragic. He had for long been overworking his brain, which +at last gave way, and in a temporary loss of reason, he shot himself +during the night. + +_Life and Letters_, P. Bayne (1871), etc. + + +MILLER, THOMAS (1807-1874).--Poet and novelist, of humble parentage, +worked in early life as a basket-maker. He _pub._ _Songs of the Sea +Nymphs_ (1832). Going to London he was befriended by Lady Blessington +(_q.v._) and S. Rogers (_q.v._), and for a time engaged in business as a +bookseller, but was unsuccessful and devoted himself exclusively to +literature, producing over 40 vols., including several novels, _e.g._, +_Royston Gower_ (1838), _Gideon Giles the Roper_, and _Rural Sketches_. +In his stories he successfully delineated rural characters and scenes. + + +MILMAN, HENRY HART (1791-1868).--Poet and historian, _s._ of Sir Francis +M., a distinguished physician, _ed._ at Eton and Oxf. Taking orders he +became in 1835 Rector of St. Margaret's, Westminster, and in 1849 Dean of +St. Paul's. He also held the professorship of Poetry at Oxf. 1821-31. +Among his poetical works may be mentioned _Fazio_ (drama) (1815), _Samor_ +(epic) (1818), _The Fall of Jerusalem_ (1820), _The Martyr of Antioch_ +(1822), and _Anne Boleyn_ (1826). It is, however, on his work as an +historian that his literary fame chiefly rests, his chief works in this +department being his _History of the Jews_ (1830), _History of +Christianity_ (1840), and especially _The History of Latin Christianity_ +(6 vols. 1854-56), which is one of the most important historical works of +the century, characterised alike by literary distinction and by learning +and research. M. also brought out a valuable ed. of Gibbon's _Decline and +Fall_, and wrote a _History of St. Paul's Cathedral_. + + +MILNES, R. MONCKTON, (_see_ HOUGHTON). + + +MILTON, JOHN (1608-1674).--Poet, was _b._ 9th December 1608 in Bread +Street, London. His _f._, also John, was the _s._ of a yeoman of +Oxfordshire, who cast him off on his becoming a Protestant. He had then +become a scrivener in London, and grew to be a man of good estate. From +him his illustrious _s._ inherited his lofty integrity, and his love of, +and proficiency in, music. M. received his first education from a Scotch +friend of his father's, Thomas Young, a Puritan of some note, one of the +writers of _Smectymnuus_. Thereafter he was at St. Paul's School, and in +1625 went to Christ's Coll., Camb., where for his beauty and his delicacy +of mind he was nicknamed "the lady." His sister Anne had _m._ Edward +Phillips, and the death of her first child in infancy gave to him the +subject of his earliest poem, _On the death of a Fair Infant_ (1626). It +was followed during his 7 years' life at the Univ., along with others, by +the poems, _On the Morning of Christ's Nativity_ (1629), _On the +Circumcision_, _The Passion_, _Time_, _At a Solemn Music_, _On May +Morning_, and _On Shakespeare_, all in 1630; and two sonnets, _To the +Nightingale_ and _On arriving at the Age of Twenty-three_, in 1631. In +1632, having given up the idea of entering the Church, for which his _f._ +had intended him, he lived for 6 years at Horton, near Windsor, to which +the latter had retired, devoted to further study. Here he wrote +_L'Allegro_ and _Il Penseroso_ in 1632, _Arcades_ (1633), _Comus_ in +1634, and _Lycidas_ in 1637. The first celebrates the pleasures of a life +of cheerful innocence, and the second of contemplative, though not +gloomy, retirement, and the last is a lament for a lost friend, Edward +King, who perished at sea. _Arcades_ and _Comus_ are masques set to music +by Henry Lawes, having for their motives respectively family affection +and maiden purity. Had he written nothing else these would have given him +a place among the immortals. In 1638 he completed his education by a +period of travel in France and Italy, where he visited Grotius at Paris, +and Galileo at Florence. The news of impending troubles in Church and +State brought him home the following year, and with his return may be +said to close the first of three well-marked divisions into which his +life falls. These may be called (1) the period of preparation and of the +early poems; (2) the period of controversy, and of the prose writings; +and (3) the period of retirement and of the later poems. Soon after his +return M. settled in London, and employed himself in teaching his +nephews, Edward and John Phillips, turning over in his mind at the same +time various subjects as the possible theme for the great poem which, as +the chief object of his life, he looked forward to writing. But he was +soon to be called away to far other matters, and to be plunged into the +controversies and practical business which were to absorb his energies +for the next 20 years. The works of this period fall into three +classes--(1) those directed against Episcopacy, including _Reformation of +Church Discipline in England_ (1641), and his answers to the writings of +Bishop Hall (_q.v._), and in defence of _Smectymnuus_ (_see_ under +Calamy); (2) those relating to divorce, including _The Doctrine and +Discipline of Divorce_ (1643), and _The Four Chief Places of Scripture +which treat of Marriage_ (1645); and (3) those on political and +miscellaneous questions, including the _Tractate on Education_ (1644), +_Areopagitica_ (1644), _A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing_ +(his greatest prose work), _Eikonoklastes_, an answer to the _Eikon +Basilike_ of Dr. Gauden (_q.v._), _The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates_ +(1649), in defence of the execution of Charles I., which led to the +furious controversy with Salmasius, the writing of _Pro Populo Anglicano +Defensio_ (1650), the second _Defensio_ (1654), which carried his name +over Europe, and _The Ready and Easy Way to establish a Free +Commonwealth_, written on the eve of the Restoration. In 1643 M. had _m._ +Mary Powell, the _dau._ of an Oxfordshire cavalier, a girl of 17, who +soon found her new life as the companion of an austere poet, absorbed in +severe study, too abrupt a change from the gay society to which she had +been accustomed, and in a month returned to her father's house on a +visit. When the time fixed for rejoining her husband arrived, she showed +no disposition to do so, upon which he began to aim at a divorce, and to +advocate in the works above mentioned "unfitness and contrariety of mind" +as a valid ground for it, views which incurred for him much notoriety and +unpopularity. A reconciliation, however, followed in 1645, and three +_dau._ were born of the marriage. In 1649 the reputation of M. as a +Latinist led to his appointment as Latin or Foreign Sec. to the Council +of State, in the duties of which he was, after his sight began to fail, +assisted by A. Marvell (_q.v._) and others, and which he retained until +the Restoration. In 1652 his wife _d._, and four years later he entered +into a second marriage with Katharine Woodcock, who _d._ in child-birth +in the following year. To her memory he dedicated one of the most +touching of his sonnets. At the Restoration he was, of course, deprived +of his office, and had to go into hiding; but on the intercession of +Marvell (_q.v._), and perhaps Davenant (_q.v._), his name was included in +the amnesty. In 1663, being now totally blind and somewhat helpless, he +asked his friend Dr. Paget to recommend a wife for him. The lady chosen +was Elizabeth Minshull, aged 25, who appears to have given him domestic +happiness in his last years. She survived him for 53 years. The +Restoration closed his second, and introduced his third, and for his +fame, most productive period. He was now free to devote his whole powers +to the great work which he had so long contemplated. For some time he had +been in doubt as to the subject, had considered the Arthurian legends, +but had decided upon the Fall of Man. The result was _Paradise Lost_, +which was begun in 1658, finished in 1664, and _pub._ in 1667. A remark +of his friend, Thomas Ellwood (_q.v._), suggested to him the writing of +_Paradise Regained_, which, along with _Samson Agonistes_, was _pub._ in +1671. Two years before he had printed a _History of Britain_, written +long before, which, however, is of little value. The work of M. was now +done. In addition to his blindness he suffered from gout, to which it was +partly attributable, and, his strength gradually failing, but with mind +unimpaired and serene, he _d._ peacefully on November 8, 1674. In M. the +influences of the Renaissance and of Puritanism met. To the former he +owed his wide culture and his profound love of everything noble and +beautiful, to the latter his lofty and austere character, and both these +elements meet in his writings. Leaving Shakespeare out of account, he +holds an indisputable place at the head of English poets. For strength of +imagination, delicate accuracy and suggestiveness of language, and +harmony of versification, he is unrivalled, and almost unapproached; and +when the difficulties inherent in the subject of his great masterpiece +are considered, the power he shows in dealing with them appears almost +miraculous, and we feel that in those parts where he has failed, success +was impossible for a mortal. In his use of blank verse he has, for +majesty, variety, and music, never been approached by any of his +successors. He had no dramatic power and no humour. In everything he +wrote, a proud and commanding genius manifests itself, and he is one of +those writers who inspire reverence rather than affection. His personal +appearance in early life has been thus described, "He was a little under +middle height, slender, but erect, vigorous, and agile, with light brown +hair clustering about his fair and oval face, with dark grey eyes." + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1608, _ed._ at St. Paul's School and Camb., and while at +the latter wrote earlier poems including _The Nativity_ and Sonnets, +lived for 6 years at Horton and wrote _L'Allegro_, _Il Penseroso_, +_Arcades_, _Comus_, and _Lycidas_, travelled in France and Italy 1638, +settled in London, entered on his political and controversial labours, +and wrote _inter alia_ on _Reform of Discipline_ 1641, _Divorce_ 1643-45, +_Education_ 1644, _Areopagitica_ 1644, and the two _Defences_ 1650 and +1654, appointed Latin Sec. 1649, this period closed by Restoration 1660, +_Paradise Lost_ written 1658-64, _pub._ 1667, _Paradise Regained_ and +_Samson Agonistes_ 1671, _d._ 1674, _m._ first 1643 Mary Powell, second +1652 Katharine Woodcock, third 1663 Eliz. Minshull, who survived till +1727. + +_Life_ by Prof. Masson (_6_ vols. 1859-80), also short Lives by M. +Patteson (1880), Garnett (1889). Ed. of _Works_ by Boydell, Sir E. +Brydges, and Prof. Masson. + + +MINOT, LAURENCE (1300?-1352?).--Poet. Nothing is certainly known of him. +He may have been a soldier. He celebrates in northern English and with a +somewhat ferocious patriotism the victories of Edward III. over the Scots +and the French. + + +MINTO, WILLIAM (1845-1893).--Critic and biographer, _b._ at Alford, +Aberdeenshire, and _ed._ at Aberdeen and Oxf., went to London, and became +ed. of the _Examiner_, and also wrote for the _Daily News_ and the _Pall +Mall Gazette_. In 1880 he was appointed Prof. of Logic and Literature at +Aberdeen. He wrote a _Manual of English Prose Literature_ (1873), +_Characteristics of the English Poets_ (1874), and a _Life of Defoe_ for +the Men of Letters Series. + + +MITCHELL, JOHN (1815-1875).--Journalist and political writer, _s._ of a +Presbyterian minister, was _b._ in Ulster. For some time he practised as +a solicitor, but becoming acquainted with Thomas Davis (_q.v._), he +associated himself with the Young Ireland party, and was a leading +contributor to the _Nation_ newspaper. His political sympathies and acts +were carried so far as to bring about in 1848 his trial for +treason-felony, and his transportation for 14 years. After his release he +resided chiefly at New York, and ed. various papers, and opposed the +abolition of slavery; but in 1874 he was elected M.P. for Tipperary, for +which, however, he was declared incapable of sitting. On a new election +he was again returned, but _d._ before the resulting petition could be +heard. He wrote a _Jail Journal_, a work of great power, _The Last +Conquest of Ireland_ (_perhaps_) (1860), and a _History of Ireland_ of +little value. + + +MITFORD, MARY RUSSELL (1787-1855).--Poetess and novelist, _b._ at +Alresford, Hants, _dau._ of a physician, without practice, selfish and +extravagant, who ran through three fortunes, his own, his wife's, and his +daughter's, and then lived on the industry of the last. After a vol. of +poems which attracted little notice, she produced her powerful tragedy, +_Julian_. In 1812, what ultimately became the first vol. of _Our Village_ +appeared in the _Lady's Magazine_. To this four additional vols. were +added, the last in 1832. In this work Miss M. may be said to have created +a new branch of literature. Her novel, _Belford Regis_ (1835), is +somewhat on the same lines. She added two dramas, _Rienzi_ (1828), and +_Foscari_, _Atherton and other Tales_ (1852), and _Recollections of a +Literary Life_, and _d._ at her cottage at Swallowfield, much beloved for +her benevolent and simple character, as well as valued for her +intellectual powers. + + +MITFORD, WILLIAM (1744-1827).--Historian, _e.s._ of John M. of Exbury, +Hants, descended from an old Northumbrian family, was _b._ in London, and +_ed._ at Cheam School and Oxf. He studied law, but on succeeding to the +family estates devoted himself to study and literature, and to his duties +as an officer of the militia. His first _pub._ was an _Essay on the +Harmony of Language_ (1774). His great work, _The History of Greece_, is +said to have been undertaken at the suggestion of Gibbon, who was a +fellow-officer in the South Hants Militia. This work, the successive +vols. of which appeared at considerable intervals between 1784 and 1810, +was long a standard one, though it is now largely superseded by the +histories of Thirwall and Grote. M. wrote with strong prejudices against +democracy, and in defence of tyrants, but his style is forcible and +agreeable, and he brought learning and research to bear on his subject. +He sat for many years in Parliament. + + +MOIR, DAVID MACBETH (1798-1851).--Poet and miscellaneous writer, was a +doctor at Musselburgh, near Edin., and a frequent contributor, under the +signature of [Greek: D], to _Blackwood's Magazine_ in which appeared +_Mansie Waugh_, a humorous Scottish tale. He also wrote _The Legend of +Genevieve_ (1824), _Domestic Verses_ (1843), and sketches of the poetry +of the earlier half of the 19th century. His poetry was generally grave +and tender, but occasionally humorous. + + +MONBODDO, JAMES BURNETT, LORD (1714-1799).--Philosopher and philologist, +_b._ at the family seat in Kincardineshire, was _ed._ at the Univ. of +Aberdeen, Edin., and Groningen, and called to the Scottish Bar in 1737. +Thirty years later he became a judge with the title of Lord Monboddo. He +was a man of great learning and acuteness, but eccentric and fond of +paradox. He was the author of two large works alike learned and +whimsical, _An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Language_ (6 vols. +1773-92), and _Ancient Metaphysics_ (6 vols. 1779-99). He mooted and +supported the theory that men were originally monkeys, and gradually +attained to reason, language, and civilisation by the pressure of +necessity. His doctrines do not sound so absurd now as they did in his +own day. He was visited by Dr. Johnson at Monboddo. + + +MONTAGU, ELIZABETH (ROBINSON) (1720-1800).--Critic, _dau._ of a gentleman +of Yorkshire, _m._ a grandson of Lord Sandwich. She was one of the +original "blue-stockings," and her house was a literary centre. She wrote +an _Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakespeare_ (1769), in which she +compared him with the classical and French dramatists, and defended him +against the strictures of Voltaire. It had great fame in its day, but has +long been superseded. + + +MONTAGU, LADY MARY WORTLEY (PIERREPONT) (1690-1762).--Letter-writer, was +the eldest _dau._ of the 1st Duke of Kingston. In her youth she combined +the attractions of a reigning beauty and a wit. Her early studies were +encouraged and assisted by Bishop Burnet, and she was the friend of Pope, +Addison, and Swift. In 1712 she _m._, against the wishes of her family, +Edward Wortley-Montagu, a cousin of the celebrated Charles Montagu, +afterwards Earl of Halifax. Her husband having been appointed Ambassador +to the Porte, she accompanied him, and wrote the sparkling _Letters from +the East_ which have given her a place high among the great +letter-writers of the world. While in Turkey she became acquainted with +the practice of inoculation against smallpox, which she did much to +introduce into western countries. After her return to England she settled +at Twickenham, and renewed her friendship with Pope, which, however, +ended in a violent quarrel, arising out of her publication of _Town +Eclogues_. She was furiously attacked by both Pope and Swift, and was not +slow to defend herself. In 1737, for reasons which have never been +explained, she left her husband and country, and settled in Italy. Mr. +M. having _d._ 1761, she returned at the request of her _dau._, the +Countess of Bute, but _d._ the following year. + + +MONTGOMERIE, ALEXANDER (1545?-1610?).--Poet, probably _b._ in Ayrshire, +was in the service of the Regent Morton and James VI., by whom he was +pensioned. He is sometimes styled "Captain," and was laureate of the +Court. He appears to have fallen on evil days, was imprisoned on the +Continent, and lost his pension. His chief work is _The Cherrie and the +Slae_ (1597), a somewhat poor allegory of Virtue and Vice, but with some +vivid description in it, and with a comparatively modern air. He also +wrote _Flyting_ (scolding) _betwixt Montgomerie and Polwart_, _pub._ +1621, and other pieces. + + +MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854).--Poet, _s._ of a pastor and missionary of +the Moravian Brethren, was _b._ at Irvine, Ayrshire, and _ed._ at the +Moravian School at Fulneck, near Leeds. After various changes of +occupation and abode, he settled in Sheffield in 1792 as clerk to a +newspaper. In 1796 he had become ed. of the _Sheffield Iris_, and was +twice imprisoned for political articles for which he was held +responsible. In 1797 he _pub._ _Prison Amusements_; but his first work to +attract notice was _The Wanderer of Switzerland_ (1806). It was followed +by _The West Indies_ (1809), _The World before the Flood_ (1812), +_Greenland_ (1819), and _The Pelican Island_ (1828), all of which contain +passages of considerable imaginative and descriptive power, but are +lacking in strength and fire. He himself expected that his name would +live, if at all, in his hymns, and in this his judgment has proved true. +Some of these, such as _For ever with the Lord_, _Hail to the Lord's +Anointed_, and _Prayer is the Soul's sincere Desire_, are sung wherever +the English language is spoken. M. was a good and philanthropic man, the +opponent of every form of injustice and oppression, and the friend of +every movement for the welfare of the race. His virtues attained wide +recognition. + + +MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855).--Poet, a minister of the Scottish +Episcopal Church, wrote some ambitious religious poems, including _The +Omnipresence of the Deity_ and _Satan_, which were at first outrageously +puffed, and had a wide circulation. Macaulay devoted an essay to the +demolition of the author's reputation, in which he completely succeeded. + + +MOORE, EDWARD (1712-1757).--Fabulist and dramatist, _s._ of a dissenting +minister, was _b._ at Abingdon. After being in business as a +linen-draper, in which he was unsuccessful, he took to literature, and +wrote a few plays, of which _The Gamester_ (1753) had a great vogue, and +was translated into various languages. He is best known by his _Fables +for the Female Sex_ (1744), which rank next to those of Gay (_q.v._). + + +MOORE, JOHN (1729 or 1730-1802).--Physician and miscellaneous writer, +_s._ of an Episcopal minister, was _b._ in Stirling. After studying +medicine at Glasgow, he acted as a surgeon in the navy and the army, and +ultimately settled in Glasgow as a physician. In 1779 he _pub._ _View of +Manners and Society in France, Switzerland, and Germany_, which was well +received. A similar work, relating to Italy, followed in 1781. He is, +however, chiefly remembered by his romance _Zeluco_ (1786?). One or two +other novels followed, and his last works are a _Journal during a +Residence in France_ (1792), and _Causes and Progress of the French +Revolution_ (1795), the latter of which was used both by Scott and +Carlyle. M. was one of the friends of Burns, and was the _f._ of Sir John +M., the hero of Corunna. + + +MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852).--Poet, _b._ in Dublin, _s._ of a grocer and +wine-merchant in a small way, was _ed._ at Trinity Coll., after which he +went to London, and studied law at the Middle Temple, 1799. He took with +him a translation of _Anacreon_, which appeared, dedicated to the Prince +Regent, in 1800, was well received, and made a position for him. In the +following year appeared _Poems by Thomas Little_. In 1803 he received the +appointment of Admiralty Registrar at Bermuda, and after visiting the +island and travelling in America, he committed his official duties to a +deputy (an unfortunate step as it proved), and returned to England. The +literary fruit of this journey was _Epistles, Odes, and other Poems_ +(1806). In 1807 M. found his true poetic vocation in his +_Irish-Melodies_--the music being furnished by Sir John Stevenson, who +adapted the national airs. The reception they met with was enthusiastic, +and M. was carried at once to the height of his reputation. They +continued to appear over a period of 25 years, and for each of the 130 +songs he received 100 guineas. His charming singing of these airs, and +his fascinating conversational and social powers made him sought after in +the highest circles. In 1815 there appeared _National Airs_ which, +however, cannot be considered equal to the _Melodies_. After making +various unsuccessful attempts at serious satire, he hit upon a vein for +which his light and brilliant wit eminently qualified him--the satirical +and pungent verses on men and topics of the day, afterwards _coll._ in +_The Twopenny Post Bag_, in which the Prince Regent especially was +mercilessly ridiculed, and about the same time appeared _Fables for the +Holy Alliance_. In 1818 he produced the _Fudge Family in Paris_, written +in that city, which then swarmed with "groups of ridiculous English." +_Lalla Rookh_, with its gorgeous descriptions of Eastern scenes and +manners, had appeared in the previous year with great applause. In 1818 +the great misfortune of his life occurred through the dishonesty of his +deputy in Bermuda, which involved him in a loss of L6000, and +necessitated his going abroad. He travelled in Italy with Lord John +Russell, and visited Byron. Thereafter he settled for a year or two in +Paris, where he wrote _The Loves of the Angels_ (1823). On the death of +Byron his memoirs came into the hands of Moore, who, in the exercise of a +discretion committed to him, destroyed them. He afterwards wrote a _Life +of Byron_ (1830), which gave rise to much criticism and controversy, and +he also ed. his works. His last imaginative work was _The Epicurean_ +(1827). Thereafter he confined himself almost entirely to prose, and +_pub._ Lives of Sheridan (1827), and Lord Edward Fitzgerald (1831). His +last work, written in failing health, was a _History of Ireland_ for +Lardner's _Cabinet Cyclopaedia_, which had little merit. Few poets have +ever enjoyed greater popularity with the public, or the friendship of +more men distinguished in all departments of life. This latter was +largely owing to his brilliant social qualities, but his genuine and +independent character had also a large share in it. He left behind him a +mass of correspondence and autobiographical matter which he committed to +his friend Lord John (afterwards Earl) Russell for publication. They +appeared in 8 vols. (1852-56). + +_Memoir, Journal, and Correspondence_, by Lord John Russell (1856). + + +MORE, HANNAH (1745-1833).--Miscellaneous and religious writer, was one of +the five daughters of a schoolmaster at Stapleton, Gloucestershire. The +family removed to Bristol, where Hannah began her literary efforts. Some +early dramas, including _The Search after Happiness_ and the _Inflexible +Captive_ brought her before the public, and she went to London in 1774, +where, through her friend, Garrick, she was introduced to Johnson, Burke, +and the rest of that circle, by whom she was highly esteemed. After +publishing some poems, now forgotten, and some dramas, she resolved to +devote herself to efforts on behalf of social and religious amelioration, +in which she was eminently successful, and exercised a wide and salutary +influence. Her works written in pursuance of these objects are too +numerous to mention. They included _Hints towards forming the Character +of a young Princess_ (1805), written at the request of the Queen for the +benefit of the Princess Charlotte, _Coelebs in search of a Wife_ (1809), +and a series of short tales, the _Cheap Repository_, among which was the +well-known _Shepherd of Salisbury Plain_. This enterprise, which had +great success, led to the formation of the Religious Tract Society. The +success of Miss M.'s literary labours enabled her to pass her later years +in ease, and her sisters having also retired on a competency made by +conducting a boarding-school in Bristol, the whole family resided on a +property called Barley Grove, which they had purchased, where they +carried on with much success philanthropic and educational work among the +people of the neighbouring district of Cheddar. Few persons have devoted +their talents more assiduously to the well-being of their +fellow-creatures, or with a greater measure of success. + + +MORE, HENRY (1614-1687).--Philosopher, _b._ at Grantham, and _ed._ at +Camb., took orders, but declined all preferment, including two deaneries +and a bishopric; and also various appointments in his Univ., choosing +rather a quiet life devoted to scholarship and philosophy, especially the +study of writings of Plato and his followers. He led a life of singular +purity and religious devotion, tinged with mysticism, and his writings +had much popularity and influence in their day. Among them may be +mentioned _Psychozoia Platonica_ (1642), _repub._ (1647) as +_Philosophicall Poems_, _Divine Dialogues_ (prose) (1668), _The Mystery +of Godliness_, and _The Mystery of Iniquity_. His life was written by his +friend Richard Ward. + + +MORE, SIR THOMAS (1478-1535).--Historical and political writer, _s._ of +Sir John M., a Justice of the King's Bench, was _b._ in London. In his +16th year he was placed in the household of Morton, Archbishop of +Canterbury, who was wont to say, "This child here waiting at the table +... will prove a marvellous man." In 1497 he went to Oxf., where he +became the friend of Erasmus and others, and came in contact with the new +learning. He studied law at New Inn and Lincoln's Inn, and for some time +thought of entering the Church. He was, however, in 1504 sent up to +Parliament, where his powerful speaking gained for him a high place. +Meanwhile, he had brilliant success in the Law Courts, and was introduced +by Wolsey to Henry VIII., with whom he soon rose into high favour. He +became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Speaker of the House of +Commons, 1523, and was sent on missions to Charles V. and Francis I. At +length, on the fall of Wolsey, M. was, much against his will, appointed +Lord Chancellor, an office which he filled with singular purity and +success, though he was harsh in his dealings with persons accused of +heresy. But differences with the King soon arose. M. disapproved of +Henry's ecclesiastical policy, as well as of his proceedings in regard to +the Queen, and in 1532 he resigned his office. In 1534 he refused the +oath which pledged him to approval of the King's marriage to Anne Boleyn, +and for this he was imprisoned in the Tower, and on July 7, 1535, +beheaded. His body was buried in St. Peter's in the Tower, and his head +exhibited on London Bridge, whence it was taken down and preserved by his +_dau._, the noble Margaret Roper. All Catholic Europe was shocked at the +news of what was truly a judicial murder. Among his works are a Life of +_Picus, Earl of Mirandula_ (1510), and a _History of Richard III._, +written about 1513. His great work, _Utopia_, was written in Latin in two +books--the second 1515, and the first 1516. It had immediate popularity, +and was translated into French 1530, English 1551, German 1524, Italian +1548, and Spanish 1790. It gives an account of an imaginary island and +people, under cover of which it describes the social and political +condition of England, with suggested remedies for abuses. The opinions on +religion and politics expressed in it are not, however, always those by +which he was himself guided. M. wrote many works of controversy, among +which are _Dyaloge concerning Heresies_, also epigrams and dialogues in +Latin. His pure and religious character, his sweet temper, his wit, his +constancy and fortitude under misfortune combine to render him one of the +most attractive and admirable figures in English history. + +_Life_ by W. Roper (son-in-law), Lord Campbell, _Lives of Chancellors, +Utopia_ was translated by Robinson (1551, etc.), Bishop Burnet (1684, +etc.), and ed. by Lupton (1895), and Michelis (1896). + + +MORGAN, LADY (SYDNEY OWENSON) (1780?-1859).--Novelist, _dau._ of Robert +Owenson, an actor, was the author of several vivacious Irish tales, +including _The Wild Irish Girl_ (1806), _O'Donnel_ (1814), and _The +O'Briens and the O'Flaherties_ (1827); also two books on society in +France and in Italy characterised by "more vivacity and point than +delicacy," and a Life of Salvator Rosa. + + +MORIER, JAMES JUSTINIAN (1780?-1849).--Traveller and novelist, _s._ of +Isaac M., descended from a Huguenot family resident at Smyrna, where he +was _b._, was _ed._ at Harrow. Returning to the East he became in 1809 +Sec. of Legation in Persia. He wrote accounts of travels in Persia, +Armenia, and Asia Minor; also novels, in which he exhibits a marvellous +familiarity with Oriental manners and modes of thought. The chief of +these are _The Adventures of Hajji Baba_ (1824), and _Hajji Baba in +England_ (1828), _Zohrab the Hostage_ (1832), _Ayesha_ (1834), and _The +Mirza_ (1841). All these works are full of brilliant description, +character-painting, and delicate satire. + + +MORISON, JAMES COTTER (1832-1888).--Was _ed._ at Oxf. He wrote _Lives of +Gibbon_ (1878), and _Macaulay_ (1882); but his best work was his _Life of +St. Bernard_ (1863). _The Service of Man_ (1887) is written from a +Positivist point of view. + + +MORLEY, HENRY (1822-1894).--Writer on English literature, _s._ of an +apothecary, was _b._ in London, _ed._ at a Moravian school in Germany, +and at King's Coll., London, and after practising medicine and keeping +schools at various places, went in 1850 to London, and adopted literature +as his profession. He wrote in periodicals, and from 1859-64 ed. the +_Examiner_. From 1865-89 he was Prof. of English Literature at Univ. +Coll. He was the author of various biographies, including Lives of +_Palissy_, _Cornelius Agrippa_, and _Clement Marot_. His principal work, +however, was _English Writers_ (10 vols. 1864-94), coming down to +Shakespeare. His _First Sketch of English Literature_--the study for the +larger work--had reached at his death a circulation of 34,000 copies. + + +MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833-1907).--Poet, _b._ at Penrhyn, Carnarvonshire, +and _ed._ at Sherborne and Oxf., was called to the Bar, and practised as +a conveyancer until 1880, after which he devoted himself to the promotion +of higher education in Wales, and became honorary sec. and treasurer of +the New Welsh Univ. In 1871 he _pub._ _Songs of Two Worlds_, which showed +the influence of Tennyson, and was well received, though rather by the +wider public than by more critical circles. It was followed in 1876-77 by +_The Epic of Hades_, which had extraordinary popularity, and which, +though exhibiting undeniable talent both in versification and narrative +power, lacked the qualities of the higher kinds of poetry. It deals in a +modern spirit with the Greek myths and legends. Other works are _A Vision +of Saints_, _Gwen_, _The Ode of Life_, and _Gycia_, a tragedy. + + +MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896).--Poet, artist, and socialist, _b._ at +Walthamstow, and _ed._ at Marlborough School and Oxf. After being +articled as an architect he was for some years a painter, and then joined +in founding the manufacturing and decorating firm of Morris, Marshall, +Faulkner and Co., in which Rossetti, Burne-Jones, and other artists were +partners. By this and other means he did much to influence the public +taste in furnishing and decoration. He was one of the originators of the +_Oxford and Cambridge Magazine_, to which he contributed poems, tales, +and essays, and in 1858 he _pub._ _Defence of Guenevere and other Poems_. +_The Life and Death of Jason_ followed in 1867, _The Earthly Paradise_ in +1868-70, and _Love is Enough_ in 1875. In the last mentioned year he made +a translation in verse of Virgil's _AEneid_. Travels in Iceland led to the +writing of _Three Northern Love Stories_, and the epic of _Sigurd the +Volsung_ (1876). His translation of the _Odyssey_ in verse appeared 1887. +A series of prose romances began with _The House of the Wolfings_ (1889), +and included _The Roots of the Mountains_, _Story of the Glittering +Plain_, _The Wood beyond the World_, _The Well at the World's End_ +(1896), and posthumously _The Water of the Wondrous Isles_, and _Story of +the Sundering Flood_. In addition to poems and tales M. produced various +illuminated manuscripts, including two of Fitzgerald's _Omar Khayyam_, +and many controversial writings, among which are tales and tracts in +advocacy of Socialism. To this class belong the _Dream of John Ball_ +(1888), and _News from Nowhere_ (1891). In 1890 M. started the Kelmscott +Press, for which he designed type and decorations. For his subjects as a +writer he drew upon classic and Gothic models alike. He may perhaps be +regarded as the chief of the modern romantic school, inspired by the love +of beauty for its own sake; his poetry is rich and musical, and he has a +power of description which makes his pictures live and glow, but his +narratives sometimes suffer from length and slowness of movement. + +_Life_ by J.W. Mackail (2 vols., 1899), _The Books of W. Morris_, Forman, +etc. + + +MORTON, THOMAS (1764-1838).--Dramatist, _b._ in Durham, came to London to +study law, which he discarded in favour of play-writing. He wrote about +25 plays, of which several had great popularity. In one of them, _Speed +the Plough_, he introduced Mrs. Grundy to the British public. + + +MOTHERWELL, WILLIAM (1797-1835).--Poet, _b._ and _ed._ in Glasgow, he +held the office of depute sheriff-clerk at Paisley, at the same time +contributing poetry to various periodicals. He had also antiquarian +tastes, and a deep knowledge of the early history of Scottish ballad +literature, which he turned to account in _Minstrelsy, Ancient and +Modern_ (1827), a collection of Scottish ballads with an historical +introduction. In 1830 he became ed. of the _Glasgow Courier_, and in 1832 +he _coll._ and _pub._ his poems. He also joined Hogg in ed. the Works of +Burns. + + +MOTLEY, JOHN LOTHROP (1814-1877).--Historian, _b._ at Dorchester, a +suburb of Boston, Massachusetts, was _ed._ at Harvard, where O.W. Holmes +(_q.v._), afterwards his biographer, was a fellow-student. After +graduating he went to Europe, studied at Goettingen and Berlin, and +visited Italy. On his return he studied law, and was admitted to the Bar +in 1837. He did not, however, practise, and was in 1840 sent to St. +Petersburg as Sec. of Legation. Meanwhile, having _pub._ two novels, +_Morton's Hope_ and _Merry Mount_, which had little success, he turned to +history, and attracted attention by some essays in various reviews. +Having decided to write an historical work on Holland, he proceeded in +1851 to Europe to collect materials, and in 1856 _pub._ _The Rise of the +Dutch Republic_. It was received with the highest approval by such +critics as Froude and Prescott, and at once took its place as a standard +work. It was followed in 1860 by the first two vols. of _The United +Netherlands_. The following year M. was appointed Minister at Vienna, and +in 1869 at London. His latest works were a _Life of Barneveldt_, the +Dutch statesman, and _A View of ... the Thirty Years' War_. M. holds a +high place among historical writers both on account of his research and +accuracy, and his vivid and dramatic style, which shows the influence of +Carlyle. + + +MOULTRIE, JOHN (1799-1874).--Poet, _ed._ at Eton and Camb., took orders +and was Rector of Rugby. He wrote several books of poetry, his best known +pieces are _My Brother's Grave_, and _Godiva_. + + +MULOCK, DINAH MARIA (MRS. CRAIK) (1826-1887).--Novelist, _dau._ of a +Nonconformist minister of Irish descent. Beginning with stories for +children, she developed into a prolific and popular novelist. Her best +and most widely known book is _John Halifax, Gentleman_ (1857), which had +a wide popularity, and was translated into several languages. Others are +_The Head of the Family_, _Agatha's Husband_, _A Life for a Life_, and +_Mistress and Maid_. She also wrote one or two vols. of essays. + + +MUNDAY, ANTHONY (1553-1633).--Dramatist, poet, and pamphleteer, _s._ of a +draper in London, appears to have had a somewhat chequered career. He +went to Rome in 1578, and _pub._ _The Englyshe Romayne Life_, in which he +gives descriptions of rites and other matters fitted to excite Protestant +feeling; and he appears to have acted practically as a spy upon Roman +Catholics. He had a hand in 18 plays, of which four only are extant, +including two on _Robert, Earl of Huntingdon_ (_Robin Hood_) (1598), and +one on the _Life of Sir John Oldcastle_. He was ridiculed by Ben Jonson +in _The Case is Altered_. He was also a ballad-writer, but nothing of his +in this kind survives, unless _Beauty sat bathing in a Spring_ be +correctly attributed to him. He also wrote city pageants, and translated +popular romances, including _Palladino of England_, and _Amadis of +Gaule_. He was made by Stow the antiquary (_q.v._) his literary executor, +and _pub._ his _Survey of London_ (1618). + + +MURE, WILLIAM (1799-1860).--Scholar, laird of Caldwell, Ayrshire, _ed._ +at Westminster, Edin., and Bonn, sat in Parliament for Renfrewshire +1846-55. He was a sound classical scholar, and _pub._ _A Critical History +of the Language and Literature of Ancient Greece_ (5 vols., 1850-57). He +held the view that the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ are now substantially as +they were originally composed. M. was Lord Rector of Glasgow Univ. +1847-48. + + +MURPHY, ARTHUR (1727-1805).--Actor and dramatist, _b._ in Ireland, and +_ed._ at St. Omer, went on the stage, then studied for the Bar, to which +he was ultimately admitted after some demur on account of his connection +with the stage. His plays were nearly all adaptations. They include _The +Apprentice_ (1756), _The Spouter_, and _The Upholsterer_. He also wrote +an essay on Dr. Johnson, and a Life of Garrick. + + +MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745-1826).--Grammarian, was _b._ in Pennsylvania, and +practised as a lawyer. From 1785 he lived in England, near York, and was +for his last 16 years confined to the house. His _English Grammar_ (1795) +was long a standard work, and his main claim to a place in literature. +His other writings were chiefly religious. + + +MYERS, FREDERIC WILLIAM HENRY (1843-1901).--Poet and essayist, _s._ of a +clergyman, was _b._ at Keswick, and _ed._ at Cheltenham and Camb. He +became an inspector of schools, and was the author of several vols. of +poetry, including _St. Paul_ (1867). He also wrote _Essays Classical and +Modern_, and Lives of Wordsworth and Shelley. Becoming interested in +mesmerism and spiritualism he aided in founding the Society for Psychical +Research, and was joint author of _Phantasms of the Living_. His last +work was _Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death_ (1903). + + +NABBES, THOMAS (_fl._ 1638).--Dramatist, was at Oxf. in 1621. He lived in +London, and wrote comedies, satirising bourgeois society. He was most +successful in writing masques, among which are _Spring's Glory_ and +_Microcosmus_. He also wrote a continuation of Richard Knolles' _History +of the Turks_. + + +NAIRNE, CAROLINA (OLIPHANT), BARONESS (1766-1845).--_B._ at the House of +Gask ("the auld house"), _m._ in 1806 her second cousin, Major Nairne, +who on reversal of attainder became 5th Lord Nairne. On his death, after +residing in various places in England, Ireland, and on the Continent, she +settled at the new house of Gask (the old one having been pulled down in +1801). Of her songs--87 in number--many first appeared anonymously in +_The Scottish Minstrel_ (1821-24); a collected ed. with her name, under +the title of _Lays' from Strathearn_, was _pub._ after her death. +Although the songs, some of which were founded on older compositions, had +from the first an extraordinary popularity, the authoress maintained a +strict anonymity during her life. For direct simplicity and poetic +feeling Lady N. perhaps comes nearer than any other Scottish song-writer +to Burns, and many of her lyrics are enshrined in the hearts of her +fellow-countrymen. Among the best of them are _The Land of the Leal_ +(1798), _Caller Herrin'_, _The Laird o' Cockpen_, _The Auld House_, _The +Rowan Tree_, _The Hundred Pipers_, and _Will ye no come back Again?_ The +Jacobitism of some of these and many others was, of course, purely +sentimental and poetical, like that of Scott. She was a truly religious +and benevolent character, and the same modesty which concealed her +authorship withdrew from public knowledge her many deeds of charity. + + +NAPIER, MARK (1798-1879).--Historian, _s._ of a lawyer in Edinburgh, was +called to the Bar, practised as an advocate, and was made Sheriff of +Dumfries and Galloway. He _pub._ Memoirs of the Napiers, of Montrose, and +of Graham of Claverhouse, the last of which gave rise to much +controversy. N. wrote from a strongly Cavalier and Jacobite standpoint, +and had remarkably little of the judicial spirit in his methods. His +writings, however, have some historical value. + + +NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860).--was one of the sons of +Col. the Hon. George N. and Lady Sarah Lennox, _dau._ of the 2nd Duke of +Richmond, and the object of a romantic attachment on the part of George +III. One of his brothers was Sir Charles N., the conqueror of Scinde. +Entering the army at 15, he served with great distinction in the +Peninsula under Moore and Wellington. His experiences as a witness and +participator in the stupendous events of the war combined with the +possession of remarkable acumen and a brilliant style to qualify him for +the great work of his life as its historian. _The History of the War in +the Peninsula and in the South of France from 1807-14_ (1828-40) at once +took rank as a classic, and superseded all existing works on the subject. +Though not free from prejudice and consequent bias, it remains a +masterpiece of historical writing, especially in the description of +military operations. It was translated into French, German, Spanish, +Italian, and Persian. N. also _pub._ _The Conquest of Scinde_ (1844-46), +mainly a defence of his brother Charles, whose life he subsequently +wrote. He became K.C.B. in 1848, and General 1859. + + +NASH, THOMAS (1567-1601).--Satirist, etc., _b._ at Lowestoft, _ed._ at +Camb. A reckless life kept him in perpetual poverty, and a bitter and +sarcastic tongue lost him friends and patrons. He cherished an undying +hatred for the Puritans, and specially for Gabriel Hervey, with whom he +maintained a lifelong controversy, and against whose attacks he defended +Robert Greene (_q.v._). Among his writings are _Anatomy of Absurdities_ +(1589), _Have with you to Saffron Walden_, and _Pierce Pennilesse, his +Supplication to the Divell_ (1592), all against the Puritans. In +_Summer's_ (a jester of Henry VIII.) _Last Will and Testament_ occurs the +well-known song, "Spring, the sweet Spring, is the year's pleasant King." +_Christ's Tears over Jerusalem_ (1593) may have indicated some movement +towards repentance. Another work in a totally different style, _The +Unfortunate Traveller, or the Life of Jack Wilton_ (1594), a wild tale, +may be regarded as the pioneer of the novel of adventure. It had, +however, so little success that the author never returned to this kind of +fiction. A comedy, _The Isle of Dogs_ (now lost), adverted so pointedly +to abuses in the state that it led to his imprisonment. His last work was +_Lenten Stuffe_ (1599), a burlesque panegyric on Yarmouth and its red +herrings. N.'s verse is usually hard and monotonous, but he was a man of +varied culture and great ability. + + +NAYLER, JAMES (1617?-1660).--Quaker theologian, _s._ of a Yorkshire +yeoman, who, after serving in the Parliamentary army, joined the Quakers +in 1651, became one of Foxe's most trusted helpers, and exercised a +powerful influence. By some of the more enthusiastic devotees of the sect +he was honoured with such blasphemous titles as "the Lamb of God," which, +however, he did not arrogate to himself, but asserted that they were +ascribed to "Christ in him." He was found guilty of blasphemy, pilloried, +whipped, and branded, and cast into prison, from which he was not +released until after the death of Cromwell, when he made public +confession and resumed preaching. He was the author of a number of short +works both devotional and controversial. He ranks high among the Quakers +for eloquence, insight, and depth of thought. + + +NEAL, JOHN (1793-1876).--Novelist and poet, _b._ at Portland, Maine, was +self-educated, kept a dry goods store, and was afterwards a lawyer. He +wrote several novels, which show considerable native power, but little +art, and are now almost forgotten. Among those which show the influence +of Byron and Godwin are _Keep Cool_ (1818), _Logan_ (1822), and +_Seventy-six_ (1823). His poems have the same features of vigour and want +of finish. In 1823 he visited England, and became known to Jeremy +Bentham. He contributed some articles on American subjects to +_Blackwood's Magazine_. + + +NEAVES, CHARLES, LORD (1800-1876).--Miscellaneous author, _b._ and _ed._ +in Edinburgh, was called to the Bar, and became a judge. He was a +frequent contributor to _Blackwood's Magazine_. His verses, witty and +satirical, were _coll._ as _Songs and Verses, Social and Scientific_. He +wrote also on philology, and _pub._ a book on the Greek Anthology. + + +NECKHAM, ALEXANDER (1157-1217).--Scholar, _b._ at St. Albans, was +foster-brother to Richard Coeur de Lion. He went to Paris in 1180, where +he became a distinguished teacher. Returning, to England in 1186 he +became an Augustinian Canon, and in 1213 Abbot of Cirencester. He is one +of our earliest men of learning, and wrote a scientific work in Latin +verse. _De Naturis Rerum_ (_c._ 1180-94) in 10 books. Other works are _De +Laudibus Divinae Sapientiae_ (in Praise of the Divine Wisdom), and _De +Contemptu Mundi_ (on Despising the World), and some grammatical +treatises. + + +NEWCASTLE, MARGARET, DUCHESS of (1624?-1674).--_Dau._ of Sir Thomas +Lucas, and a maid of honour to Queen Henrietta. Maria, _m._ in 1645 the +1st Duke of Newcastle (then Marquis), whom she regarded in adversity and +prosperity with a singular and almost fantastic devotion, which was fully +reciprocated. The noble pair collaborated (the Duchess contributing by +far the larger share) in their literary ventures, which filled 12 vols., +and consisted chiefly of dramas (now almost unreadable), and +philosophical exercitations which, amid prevailing rubbish, contain some +weighty sayings. One of her poems, _The Pastimes and Recreations of the +Queen of Fairies in Fairyland_ has some good lines. Her Life of her +husband, in which she rates him above Julius Caesar, was said by Lamb to +be "a jewel for which no casket was good enough." + + +NEWMAN, FRANCIS WILLIAM (1805-1897).--Scholar and theological writer, +brother of Cardinal N., _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Oxf. After spending +three years in the East, he became successively classical tutor in +Bristol Coll., Professor of Classical Literature in Manchester New Coll. +(1840), and of Latin in Univ. Coll., London, 1846-63. Both brought up +under evangelical influences, the two brothers moved from that standpoint +in diametrically opposite directions, Francis through eclecticism towards +scepticism. His writings include a _History of the Hebrew Monarchy_ +(1847), _The Soul_ (1849), and his most famous book, _Phases of Faith_ +(1850), a theological autobiography corresponding to his brother's +_Apologia_, the publication of which led to much controversy, and to the +appearance of Henry Rogers' _Eclipse of Faith_. He also _pub._ +_Miscellanea_ in 4 vols., a Dictionary of modern Arabic, and some +mathematical treatises. He was a vegetarian, a total abstainer, and enemy +of tobacco, vaccination, and vivisection. Memoir by I.G. Sieveking, 1909. + + +NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY (1801-1890).--Theologian, _s._ of a London banker, and +brother of the above, was _ed._ at Ealing and Trinity Coll., Oxf., where +he was the intimate friend of Pusey and Hurrell Froude. Taking orders he +was successively curate of St. Clement's 1824, and Vicar of St. Mary's, +Oxford, 1828. He was also Vice-principal of Alban Hall, where he assisted +Whately, the Principal, in his _Logic_. In 1830 he definitely broke with +the evangelicalism in which he had been brought up; and in 1832, +accompanied by H. Froude, went to the South of Europe, and visited Rome. +During this lengthened tour he wrote most of his short poems, including +"Lead Kindly Light," which were _pub._ 1834 as _Lyra Apostolica_. On his +return he joined with Pusey, Keble, and others in initiating the +Tractarian movement, and contributed some of the more important tracts, +including the fateful No. xc., the publication of which brought about a +crisis in the movement which, after two years of hesitation and mental +and spiritual conflict, led to the resignation by N. of his benefice. In +1842 he retired to Littlemore, and after a period of prayer, fasting, and +seclusion, was in 1845 received into the Roman Catholic Church. In the +following year he went to Rome, where he was ordained priest and made +D.D., and returning to England he established the oratory in Birmingham +in 1847, and that in London in 1850. A controversy with C. Kingsley, who +had written that N. "did not consider truth a necessary virtue," led to +the publication of his _Apologia pro Vita Sua_ (1864), one of the most +remarkable books of religious autobiography ever written. N.'s later +years were passed at the oratory at Birmingham. In 1879 he was summoned +to Rome and _cr._ Cardinal of St. George in Velabro. Besides the works +above mentioned he wrote, among others, _The Arians of the Fourth +Century_ (1833), _Twelve Lectures_ (1850), _Lectures on the Present +Position of Catholics_ (1851), _Idea of a University_, _Romanism and +Popular Protestantism_, _Disquisition on the Canon of Scripture_, and his +poem, _The Dream of Gerontius_. Possessed of one of the most keen and +subtle intellects of his age, N. was also master of a style of marvellous +beauty and power. To many minds, however, his subtlety not seldom +appeared to pass into sophistry; and his attitude to schools of thought +widely differing from his own was sometimes harsh and unsympathetic. On +the other hand he was able to exercise a remarkable influence over men +ecclesiastically, and in some respects religiously, most strongly opposed +to him. His sermons place him in the first rank of English preachers. + +_Lives_ or books about him by R.H. Hutton, E.A. Abbott. _Works_ (36 +vols., 1868-81), _Apologia pro Vita Sua_ (1864), etc. + + +NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727).--Natural philosopher, _b._ at Woolsthorpe, +Lincolnshire, the _s._ of a small landed proprietor, and _ed._ at the +Grammar School of Grantham and at Trinity Coll., Camb. By propounding the +binomial theorem, the differential calculus, and the integral calculus, +he began in 1665 the wonderful series of discoveries in pure mathematics, +optics, and physics, which place him in the first rank of the +philosophers of all time. He was elected Lucasian Prof. of Mathematics at +Camb. in 1669, and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1672, over which body +he presided for 25 years from 1703. In the same year his new theory of +flight was _pub._ in a paper before the society. His epoch-making +discovery of the law of universal gravitation was not promulgated until +1687, though the first glimpse of it had come to him so early as 1665. +The discovery of fluxions, which he claimed, was contested by Leibnitz, +and led to a long and bitter controversy between the two philosophers. He +twice sat in Parliament for his Univ., and was Master of the Mint from +1699, in which capacity he presented reports on the coinage. He was +knighted in 1705, and _d._ at Kensington in 1727. For a short time, after +an unfortunate accident by which a number of invaluable manuscripts were +burned, he suffered from some mental aberration. His writings fall into +two classes, scientific and theological. In the first are included his +famous treatises, _Light and Colours_ (1672), _Optics_ (1704), the +_Principia_ (1687), in Latin, its full title being _Philosophiae Naturalis +Principia Mathematica_. In the second are his _Observations upon the +Prophecies of Holy Writ_ and _An Historical Account of Two Notable +Corruptions of Scripture_. In character N. was remarkable for simplicity, +humility, and gentleness, with a great distaste for controversy, in +which, nevertheless, he was repeatedly involved. _Life_ by Sir D. +Brewster, second ed., 1855, etc. + + +NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807).--Divine and hymn-writer, _s._ of a shipmaster, +was _b._ in London, and for many years led a varied and adventurous life +at sea, part of the time on board a man-of-war and part as captain of a +slaver. In 1748 he came under strong religious convictions, and after +acting as a tide-waiter at Liverpool for a few years, he applied for +orders in 1758, and was ordained curate of Olney in 1764. Here he became +the intimate and sympathetic friend of Cowper, in conjunction with whom +he produced the _Olney Hymns_. In 1779 he was translated to the Rectory +of St. Mary, Woolnoth, London, where he had great popularity and +influence, and wrote many religious works, including _Cardiphonia_, and +_Remarkable Passages in his Own Life_. He lives, however, in his hymns, +among which are some of the best and most widely known in the language, +such as _In evil long I took delight_, _Glorious things of Thee are +Spoken_, _How Sweet the Name of Jesus sounds_, and many others. In his +latter years N. was blind. + + +NICHOL, JOHN (1833-1894).--Poet and biographer, _s._ of John P.N., Prof. +of Astronomy in Glasgow, _ed._ at Glasgow and Oxf., and held the chair of +English Literature in Glasgow, 1862-1889. Among his writings are +_Hannibal_ (1873), a drama, _Death of Themistocles and other Poems_ +(1881), _Fragments of Criticism_, and _American Literature_; also Lives +of Bacon, Burns, Carlyle, and Byron. + + +NOEL, HON. RODEN BERKELEY WRIOTHESLEY (1834-1894).--Poet, _s._, of the +1st Earl of Gainsborough, was _ed._ at Camb. He wrote _Behind the Veil_ +(1863), _The Red Flag_ (1872), _Songs of the Heights and Deeps_ (1885), +and _Essays_ on various poets, also a Life of Byron. + + +NORRIS, JOHN (1657-1711).--Philosopher and poet, _ed._ at Oxf., took +orders, and lived a quiet and placid life as a country parson and +thinker. In philosophy he was a Platonist and mystic, and was an early +opponent of Locke. His poetry, with occasional fine thoughts, is full of +far-fetched metaphors and conceits, and is not seldom dull and prosaic. +From 1692 he held G. Herbert's benefice of Bemerton. Among his 23 works +are _An Idea of Happiness_ (1683), _Miscellanies_ (1687), _Theory and +Regulation of Love_ (1688), _Theory of the Ideal and Intelligible World_ +(1701-4), and a _Discourse concerning the Immortality of the Soul_ +(1708). + + +NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-1601?).--Translator, 2nd _s._ of the 1st Lord +N., may have studied at Camb. He entered Lincoln's Inn 1557, but gave +more attention to literature than to law. He is best known by his +translation of _Plutarch_, from the French of Amyot, in fine, forcible, +idiomatic English, which was the repertory from which Shakespeare drew +his knowledge of ancient history: in _Antony and Cleopatra_ and +_Coriolanus_ North's language is often closely followed. Another +translation was from an Italian version of an Arabic book of fables, and +bore the title of _The Morale Philosophie of Doni_. + + +NORTON, CAROLINE ELIZABETH SARAH (SHERIDAN) (1808-1877).--Grand-daughter +of Richard Brinsley S. (_q.v._), _m._ in 1827 the Hon. G.C. Norton, a +union which turned out most unhappy, and ended in a separation. Her first +book, _The Sorrows of Rosalie_ (1829), was well received. _The Undying +One_ (1830), a romance founded upon the legend of the Wandering Jew, +followed, and other novels were _Stuart of Dunleath_ (1851), _Lost and +Saved_ (1863), and _Old Sir Douglas_ (1867). The unhappiness of her +married life led her to interest herself in the amelioration of the laws +regarding the social condition and the separate property of women and the +wrongs of children, and her poems, _A Voice from the Factories_ (1836), +and _The Child of the Islands_ (1845), had as an object the furtherance +of her views on these subjects. Her efforts were largely successful in +bringing about the needed legislation. In 1877 Mrs. N. _m._ Sir W. +Stirling Maxwell (_q.v._). + + +NORTON, CHARLES ELIOT, LL.D., D.C.L., etc. (1827-1909).--American +biographer and critic. _Church Building in the Middle Ages_ (1876), +translation of the _New Life_ (1867), and _The Divine Comedy_ of Dante +(1891); has ed. _Correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson_ (1883), +_Carlyle's Letters and Reminiscences_ (1887), etc. + + +OCCAM or OCKHAM, WILLIAM (1270?-1349?).--Schoolman, _b._ at Ockham, +Surrey, studied at Oxf. and Paris, and became a Franciscan. As a +schoolman he was a Nominalist and received the title of the Invincible +Doctor. He attacked the abuses of the Church, and was imprisoned at +Avignon, but escaped and spent the latter part of his life at Munich, +maintaining to the last his controversies with the Church, and with the +Realists. He was a man of solid understanding and sense, and a masterly +logician. His writings, which are of course all in Latin, deal with the +Aristotelean philosophy, theology, and specially under the latter with +the errors of Pope John XXII., who was his _bete-noir_. + + +OCCLEVE, (_see_ HOCCLEVE). + + +OCKLEY, SIMON (1678-1720).--Orientalist, _b._ at Exeter, and _ed._ at +Camb., became the greatest Orientalist of his day, and was made in 1711 +Prof. of Arabic in his Univ. His chief work is the _Conquest of Syria, +Persia, and Egypt by the Saracens_ (3 vols., 1708-57), which was largely +used by Gibbon. The original documents upon which it is founded are now +regarded as of doubtful authority. O. was a clergyman of the Church of +England. + + +O'KEEFFE, JOHN (1747-1833).--Dramatist, wrote a number of farces and +amusing dramatic pieces, many of which had great success. Among these are +_Tony Lumpkin in Town_ (1778), _Wild Oats_, and _Love in a Camp_. Some of +his songs set to music by Arnold and Shield, such as _I am a Friar of +Orders Grey_, and _The Thorn_, are still popular. He was blind in his +later years. + + +OLDHAM, JOHN (1653-1683).--Satirist and translator, _s._ of a +Nonconformist minister, was at Oxf., and was the friend of most of the +literary men of his time, by whom his early death from smallpox was +bewailed. He made clever adaptations of the classical satirists, wrote an +ironical _Satire against Virtue_, and four severe satires against the +Jesuits. He is cynical to the verge of misanthropy, but independent and +manly. + + +OLDMIXON, JOHN (1673-1742).--Historical and miscellaneous writer, +belonged to an old Somersetshire family, wrote some, now forgotten, +dramas and poems which, along with an essay on criticism, in which he +attacked Addison, Swift, and Pope, earned for him a place in _The +Dunciad_. He was also the author of _The British Empire in America_ +(1708), _Secret History of Europe_ (against the Stuarts), and in his +_Critical History_ (1724-26) attacked Clarendon's _History of the +Rebellion_. All these works are partisan in their tone. O. was one of the +most prolific pamphleteers of his day. + + +OLDYS, WILLIAM (1696-1761).--Antiquary, wrote a Life of Sir W. Raleigh +prefixed to an ed. of his works (1736), a _Dissertation on Pamphlets_ +(1731), and was joint ed. with Dr. Johnson of the _Harleian Miscellany_. +He amassed many interesting facts in literary history, the fruits of +diligent, though obscure, industry. The only poem of his that still lives +is the beautiful little anacreontic beginning "Busy, curious, thirsty +Fly." O. held the office of Norroy-King-at-Arms. He produced in 1737 _The +British Librarian_, a valuable work left unfinished. + + +OLIPHANT, LAURENCE (1829-1888).--Novelist and miscellaneous writer, _s._ +of Sir Anthony O., Chief Justice of Ceylon. The first 38 years of his +life were spent in desultory study, travel, and adventure, varied by +occasional diplomatic employment. His travels included, besides +Continental countries, the shores of the Black Sea, Circassia, where he +was _Times_ correspondent, America, China, and Japan. He was in the +Crimean War, Indian Mutiny, Chinese War, the military operations of +Garibaldi, and the Polish insurrection, and served as private sec. to +Lord Elgin in Washington, Canada, and China, and as Sec. of Legation in +Japan. In 1865 he entered Parliament, and gave promise of political +eminence, when in 1867 he came under the influence of Thomas L. Harris, +an American mystic of questionable character, went with him to America, +and joined the Brotherhood of the New Life. In 1870-71 he was +correspondent for the _Times_ in the Franco-German War. Ultimately he +broke away from the influence of Harris and went to Palestine, where he +founded a community of Jewish immigrants at Haifa. After revisiting +America he returned to England, but immediately fell ill and _d._ at +Twickenham. O. was a voluminous and versatile author, publishing books +of travel, novels, and works on mysticism. The most important are as +follows: _The Russian Shores of the Black Sea_ (1853), _Minnesota and the +Far West_ (1855), _The Transcaucasian Campaign_ (1856), _Patriots and +Fillibusters_ (adventures in Southern States) (1860), _Narrative of a +Mission to China and Japan_ (1857-59), _The Land of Gilead_ (1880), +_Piccadilly_ (1870), and _Altiora Peto_ (1883) (novels), and _Scientific +Religion_. + + +OLIPHANT, MRS. MARGARET OLIPHANT (WILSON) (1828-1897).--Novelist and +miscellaneous writer, was _b._ near Musselburgh. Her literary output +began when she was little more than a girl, and was continued almost up +to the end of her life. Her first novel, _Mrs. Margaret Maitland_, +appeared in 1849, and its humour, pathos, and insight into character gave +the author an immediate position in literature. It was followed by an +endless succession, of which the best were the series of _The Chronicles +of Carlingford_ (1861-65), including _Salem Chapel_, _The Perpetual +Curate_, and _Miss Marjoribanks_, all of which, as well as much of her +other work, appeared in _Blackwood's Magazine_, with which she had a +lifelong connection. Others of some note were _The Primrose Path_, +_Madonna Mary_ (1866), _The Wizard's Son_, and _A Beleaguered City_. She +did not, however, confine herself to fiction, but wrote many books of +history and biography, including _Sketches of the Reign of George II._ +(1869), _The Makers of Florence_ (1876), _Literary History of England_ +1790-1825, _Royal Edinburgh_ (1890), and Lives of _St. Francis of +Assisi_, _Edward Irving_, and _Principal Tulloch_. Her generosity in +supporting and educating the family of a brother as well as her own two +sons rendered necessary a rate of production which was fatal to the +permanence of her work. She was negligent as to style, and often wrote on +subjects to which her intellectual equipment and knowledge did not enable +her to do proper justice. She had, however, considerable power of +painting character, and a vein of humour, and showed untiring industry in +getting up her subjects. + + +OPIE, MRS. AMELIA (ALDERSON) (1769-1853).--Novelist, _dau._ of a medical +man, was _b._ at Norwich. In 1798 she _m._ John Opie, the painter. Her +first acknowledged work was _Father and Daughter_ (1801), which had a +favourable reception, and was followed by _Adeline Mowbray_ (1804), +_Temper_ (1812), _Tales from Real Life_ (1813), and others, all having +the same aim of developing the virtuous affections, the same merit of +natural and vivid painting of character and passions, and the same fault +of a too great preponderance of the pathetic. They were soon superseded +by the more powerful genius of Scott and Miss Edgeworth. In 1825 she +became a Quaker. After this she wrote _Illustrations of Lying_ (1825), +and _Detraction Displayed_ (1828). Her later years, which were singularly +cheerful, were largely devoted to philanthropic interests. + + +ORDERICUS VITALIS (1075-1143?).--Chronicler, _b._ near Shrewsbury, was in +childhood put into the monastery of St. Evroult, in Normandy, where the +rest of his life was passed. He is the author of a chronicle, +_Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy_ (_c._ 1142) in 13 books. +Those from the seventh to the thirteenth are invaluable as giving a +trustworthy, though not very clear, record of contemporary events in +England and Normandy. It was translated into English in 1853-55. + + +ORM, or ORMIN (_fl._ 1200).--Was an Augustinian canon of Mercia, who +wrote the _Ormulum_ in transition English. It is a kind of mediaeval +_Christian Year_, containing a metrical portion of the Gospel for each +day, followed by a metrical homily, largely borrowed from AElfric and +Bede. Its title is thus accounted for, "This boc iss nemmed the +_Ormulum_, forthi that Orm it wrohhte." + + +ORME, ROBERT (1728-1801).--Historian, _s._ of an Indian army doctor, _b._ +at Travancore, and after being at Harrow, entered the service of the East +India Company. Owing to failure of health he had to return home in 1760, +and then wrote his _History of the Military Transactions of the British +Nation in Indostan from 1745_ (1763-78), a well-written and accurate +work, showing great research. He also _pub._ _Historical Fragments of the +Mogul Empire, the Morattoes and English Concerns in Indostan from 1659_ +(1782). His collections relating to India are preserved at the India +Office. + + +ORRERY, ROGER BOYLE, 1ST EARL of (1621-1679).--Statesman and dramatist, +third _s._ of the Earl of Cork, was _ed._ at Trinity Coll., Dublin. After +having fought on the Royalist side he was, on the death of the King, +induced by Cromwell to support him in his Irish wars and otherwise. After +the death of the Protector he secured Ireland for Charles II., and at the +Restoration was raised to the peerage. He wrote a romance in 6 vols., +entitled _Parthenissa_, some plays, and a treatise on the _Art of War_. +He has the distinction of being the first to introduce rhymed tragedies. + + +O'SHAUGHNESSY, ARTHUR WILLIAM EDGAR (1844-1881).--Poet, _b._ in London, +entered the library of the British Museum, afterwards being transferred +to the natural history department, where he became an authority on fishes +and reptiles. He _pub._ various books of poetry, including _Epic of +Women_ (1870), _Lays of France_ (1872), and _Music and Moonlight_ (1874). +Jointly with his wife he wrote _Toyland_, a book for children. He was +associated with D.G. Rossetti and the other pre-Raphaelites. There is a +certain remoteness in his poetry which will probably always prevent its +being widely popular. He has a wonderful mastery of metre, and a +"haunting music" all his own. + + +OTWAY, CAESAR (1780-1842).--Writer of Irish tales. His writings, which +display humour and sympathy with the poorer classes in Ireland, include +_Sketches in Ireland_ (1827), and _A Tour in Connaught_ (1839). He was +concerned in the establishment of various journals. + + +OTWAY, THOMAS (1651 or 1652-1685).--Dramatist, _s._ of a clergyman, was +_b._ near Midhurst, Sussex, and _ed._ at Oxf., which he left without +graduating. His short life, like those of many of his fellows, was marked +by poverty and misery, and he appears to have _d._ practically of +starvation. Having failed as an actor, he took to writing for the stage, +and produced various plays, among which _Don Carlos, Prince of Spain_ +(1676), was a great success, and brought him some money. Those by which +he is best remembered, however, are _The Orphan_ (1680), and _Venice +Preserved_ (1682), both of which have been frequently revived. O. made +many adaptations from the French, and in his tragedy of _Caius Marius_ +incorporated large parts of _Romeo and Juliet_. He has been called "the +most pathetic and tear-drawing of all our dramatists," and he excelled in +delineating the stronger passions. The grossness of his comedies has +banished them from the stage. Other plays are _The Cheats of Scapin_, +_Friendship in Fashion_, _Soldier's Fortune_ (1681), and _The Atheist_. + + +OUIDA, (_see_ RAMEE). + + +OUTRAM, GEORGE (1805-1856).--Humorous poet, was a Scottish advocate, a +friend of Prof. Wilson, and for some time ed. of the _Glasgow Herald_. He +printed privately in 1851 _Lyrics, Legal and Miscellaneous_, which were +_pub._ with a memoir in 1874. Many of his pieces are highly amusing, the +_Annuity_ being the best. + + +OVERBURY, SIR THOMAS (1581-1613).--Poet and miscellaneous writer, _ed._ +at Oxf., became the friend of Carr, afterwards Earl of Rochester and +Somerset, and fell a victim to a Court intrigue connected with the +proposed marriage of Rochester and Lady Essex, being poisoned in the +Tower with the connivance of the latter. He wrote a poem, _A Wife, now a +Widowe_, and _Characters_ (1614), short, witty descriptions of types of +men. Some of those _pub._ along with his are by other hands. + + +OWEN, JOHN (1560-1622).--Epigrammatist, _b._ at Plas Dhu, Carnarvonshire, +_ed._ at Winchester and Oxf., and became head master of King Henry VIII. +School at Warwick. His Latin epigrams, which have both sense and wit in a +high degree, gained him much applause, and were translated into English, +French, German, and Spanish. + + +OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683).--Puritan divine, _b._ at Stadhampton, +Oxfordshire, and _ed._ at Oxf., from which he was driven by Laud's +statutes. Originally a Presbyterian, he passed over to Independency. In +1649 he accompanied Cromwell to Ireland, and in 1650 to Edinburgh. He was +Dean of Christ Church, Oxf. (1651-60), and one of the "triers" of +ministers appointed by Cromwell. After the Restoration he was ejected +from his deanery, but was favoured by Clarendon, who endeavoured to +induce him to conform to the Anglican Church by offers of high +preferment. Strange to say Charles II. also held him in regard, and gave +him money for the Nonconformists; and he was allowed to preach to a +congregation of Independents in London. His great learning and ability +rendered him a formidable controversialist, specially against Arminianism +and Romanism. His works fill 28 vols; among the best known being _The +Divine Original, etc., of the Scriptures_, _Indwelling Sin_, +_Christologia_, or ... The Person of Christ_, and a commentary +on Hebrews. + + +OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858).--Socialist and philanthropist, _b._ at Newton, +Montgomeryshire, had for his object the regeneration of the world on the +principles of socialism. His sincerity was shown by the fact that he +spent most of the fortune, which his great capacity for business enabled +him to make, in endeavours to put his theories into practice at various +places both in Britain and America. He was sincerely philanthropic, and +incidentally did good on a considerable scale in the course of his more +or less impracticable schemes. He propounded his ideas in _New Views of +Society, or Essays on the Formation of the Human Character_ (1816). + + +OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, EARL of (1550-1604).--Was a courtier of Queen +Elizabeth, who lost his friends by his insolence and pride, and his +fortune by his extravagance. He _m._ a _dau._ of Lord Burghley, who had +to support his family after his death. He had some reputation as a writer +of short pieces, many of which are in the _Paradise of Dainty Devices_. + + +PAINE, THOMAS (1737-1809).--Political and anti-Christian writer, _s._ of +a stay-maker and small farmer of Quaker principles at Thetford, became +with large classes perhaps the most unpopular man in England. After +trying various occupations, including those of schoolmaster and +exciseman, and having separated from his wife, he went in 1774 to America +where, in 1776, he _pub._ his famous pamphlet, _Common Sense_, in favour +of American independence. He served in the American army, and also held +some political posts, including that of sec. to a mission to France in +1781. Returning to England in 1787 he _pub._ his _Rights of Man_ +(1790-92), in reply to Burke's _Reflections on the French Revolution_. It +had an enormous circulation, 1,500,000 copies having been sold in England +alone; but it made it necessary for him to escape to France to avoid +prosecution. Arrived in that country he was elected to the National +Convention. He opposed the execution of Louis XVI., and was, in 1794, +imprisoned by Robespierre, whose fall saved his life. He had then just +completed the first part of his _Age of Reason_, of which the other two +appeared respectively in 1795 and 1807. It is directed alike against +Christianity and Atheism, and supports Deism. Becoming disgusted with the +course of French politics, he returned to America in 1802, but found +himself largely ostracised by society there, became embroiled in various +controversies, and is said to have become intemperate. He _d._ at New +York in 1809. Though apparently sincere in his views, and courageous in +the expression of them, P. was vain and prejudiced. The extraordinary +lucidity and force of his style did much to gain currency for his +writings. + + +PAINTER, WILLIAM (1540?-1594).--Translator, etc., _ed._ at Camb., was +then successively schoolmaster at Sevenoaks, and Clerk of the Ordnance, +in which position his intromissions appear to have been of more advantage +to himself than to the public service. He was the author of _The Palace +of Pleasure_ (1566), largely consisting of translations from Boccaccio, +Bandello, and other Italian writers, and also from the classics. It +formed a quarry in which many dramatists, including Shakespeare, found +the plots for their plays. + + +PALEY, WILLIAM (1743-1805).--Theologian, _s._ of a minor canon of +Peterborough, where he was _b._, went at 15 as a sizar to Christ's Coll., +Camb., where he was Senior Wrangler, and became a Fellow and Tutor of +his coll. Taking orders in 1767 he held many benefices, and rose to be +Archdeacon of Carlisle, and Sub-Dean of Lincoln. P., who holds one of the +highest places among English theologians, was the author of four +important works--_Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy_ (1785), +_Horae Paulinae_, his most original, but least popular, book (1790), _View +of the Evidences of Christianity_ (1794), and _Natural Theology_ (1802). +Though now to a large extent superseded, these works had an immense +popularity and influence in their day, and are characterised by singular +clearness of expression and power of apt illustration. The system of +morals inculcated by P. is Utilitarian, modified by theological ideas. +His view of the "divine right of Kings" as on a level with "the divine +right of constables" was unpleasing to George III., notwithstanding which +his ecclesiastical career was eminently successful. His manners were +plain and kindly. + + +PALGRAVE, SIR FRANCIS (1788-1861).--Historian, _s._ of Meyer Cohen, a +Jewish stockbroker, but at his marriage in 1823, having previously become +a Christian, assumed his mother-in-law's name of Palgrave. He studied +law, and was called to the Bar in 1827. From 1838 until his death in 1861 +he was Deputy Keeper of the Records, and in that capacity arranged a vast +mass of hitherto inaccessible documents, and ed. many of them for the +Record Commission. His historical works include a _History of England in +Anglo-Saxon Times_ (1831), _Rise and Progress of the English +Commonwealth_ (1832), and _History of Normandy and England_ (4 vols., +1851-64), _pub._ posthumously. He was knighted in 1832. His works are of +great value in throwing light upon the history and condition of mediaeval +England. + + +PALGRAVE, FRANCIS TURNER (1824-1897).--Poet and critic, _s._ of the +above, _ed._ at Oxf., was for many years connected with the Education +Department, of which he rose to be Assistant Sec.; and from 1886-95 he +was Prof. of Poetry at Oxf. He wrote several vols. of poetry, including +_Visions of England_ (1881), and _Amenophis_ (1892), which, though +graceful and exhibiting much poetic feeling, were the work rather of a +man of culture than of a poet. His great contribution to literature was +his anthology, _The Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics_ (1864), selected +with marvellous insight and judgment. A second series showed these +qualities in a less degree. He also _pub._ an anthology of sacred poetry. + + +PALTOCK, ROBERT (1697-1767).--Novelist, was an attorney, and wrote _The +Life and Adventures of Peter Wilkins, a Cornish Man_ (1751), admired by +Scott, Coleridge, and Lamb. It is somewhat on the same plan as _Robinson +Crusoe_, the special feature being the _gawry_, or flying woman, whom the +hero discovered on his island, and married. The description of +Nosmnbdsgrutt, the country of the flying people, is a dull imitation of +Swift, and much else in the book is tedious. + + +PARDOE, JULIA (1806-1862).--Novelist and miscellaneous writer, _b._ at +Beverley, showed an early bias towards literature, and became a +voluminous and versatile writer, producing in addition to her lively and +well-written novels many books of travel, and others dealing with +historical subjects. She was a keen observer, and her Oriental travels +had given her an accurate and deep knowledge of the peoples and manners +of the East. Among her books are _The City of the Sultan_ (1836), +_Romance of the Harem_, _Thousand and One Days_, _Louis XIV. and the +Court of France_, _Court of Francis I._, etc. + + +PARIS, MATTHEW (_c._ 1195-1259).--Chronicler, entered in 1217 the +Benedictine Monastery of St. Albans, and continued the work of Roger de +Wendover (_q.v._) as chronicler of the monastery. In 1248 he went on the +invitation of Hacon King of Norway to reform the Abbey of St. Benet Holm. +In this he was successful, and on his return to England enjoyed the +favour of Henry III., who conversed familiarly with him, and imparted +information as to matters of state, which constitutes a valuable element +in his histories. He had a high reputation for piety and learning, was a +patriotic Englishman, and resisted the encroachments of Rome. His chief +work is _Historia Major_, from the Conquest until 1259. In it he embodied +the _Flores Historiarum_ of his predecessor Roger, and the original part +is a bold and vigorous narrative of the period (1235-59). He also wrote +_Historia Minor_ and _Historia Anglorum_, a summary of the events +(1200-1250). + + +PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806).--Traveller, _b._ near Selkirk, studied medicine +at Edin. As a surgeon in the mercantile marine he visited Sumatra, and on +his return attracted the attention of various scientific men by his +botanical and zoological investigations. In 1795 he entered the service +of the African Association, and made a voyage of discovery on the Niger. +His adventures were _pub._ in _Travels in the Interior of Africa_ (1799), +which had great success. He _m._ and set up in practice in Peebles; but +in 1805 accepted an invitation by Government to undertake another journey +in Africa. From this he never returned, having perished in a conflict +with natives. His narratives, written in a straightforward and pleasing +style, are among the classics of travel. + + +PARKER, THEODORE (1810-1860).--Theologian, _b._ at Lexington, +Massachusetts, _ed._ at Harvard, was an indefatigable student, and made +himself master of many languages. In 1837 he was settled at West Roxbury +as a Unitarian minister, but the development of his views in a +rationalistic direction gradually separated him from the more +conservative portion of his co-religionists. He lectured on theological +subjects in Boston in 1841, travelled in Europe, and in 1845 settled in +Boston, where he lectured to large audiences, and exercised a wide +influence. He took a leading part in the anti-slavery crusade, and +specially in resisting the Fugitive Slave Act. In 1859 his health, which +had never been robust, gave way; he went to Italy in search of +restoration, but _d._ at Florence. Although he was a powerful theological +and social influence, his writings are not of corresponding importance: +it was rather as a speaker that he influenced his countrymen, and he left +no contribution to literature of much permanent account, though his +_coll._ works fill 14 vols. Among the most outstanding of his writings +are _A Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion_, and _Sermons for the +Times_. + + +PARKMAN, FRANCIS (1823-1893).--Historian, _s._ of a Unitarian minister in +Boston, Massachusetts, graduated at Harvard, and qualified as a lawyer, +but never practised, and though hampered by a state of health which +forbade continuous application, and by partial blindness, devoted himself +to the writing of the history of the conflict between France and England +in North America. This he did in a succession of works--_The Conspiracy +of Pontiac_ (1851), _The Pioneers of France in the New World_ (1865), +_The Jesuits in North America_ (1867), _La Salle and the Discovery of the +Great West_ (1869), _The Old Regime in Canada_ (1874), _Count Frontenac +and New France_ (1877), _Montcalm and Wolfe_ (1884), and _A Half Century +of Conflict_ (1892). In these the style, at first somewhat turgid, +gradually improved, and became clear and forcible, while retaining its +original vividness. P. spared no labour in collecting and sifting his +material, much of which was gathered in the course of visits to the +places which were the scenes of his narrative, and his books are the most +valuable contribution in existence to the history of the struggle for +Canada and the other French settlements in North America. He also wrote +two novels, which had little success, and a book upon rose-culture. + + +PARNELL, THOMAS (1679-1718).--Poet, _b._ and _ed._ in Dublin, took orders +in 1700, and was Vicar of Finglas and Archdeacon of Clogher. The death of +his young wife in 1706 drove him into intemperate habits. He was a friend +of Swift and Pope, a contributor to the _Spectator_, and aided Pope in +his translation of the _Iliad_. He wrote various isolated poems showing a +fine descriptive touch, of which the most important are _The Hermit_, +_The Night Piece_, and _The Hymn to Contentment_. P. was a scholar, and +had considerable social gifts. His Life was written by Goldsmith. + + +PARR, DR. SAMUEL (1747-1825).--Scholar, _s._ of an apothecary at Harrow, +where and at Camb. he was _ed._ He was successively an assistant-master +at Harrow and headmaster of schools at Colchester and Norwich, and having +taken orders, finally settled down at Hatton, Warwickshire, where he took +private pupils. He was undoubtedly a great Latinist, but he has left no +work to account for the immense reputation for ability which he enjoyed +during his life. His chief power appears to have been in conversation, in +which he was bold, arrogant, and epigrammatic. He was nicknamed "the Whig +Johnson," but fell very far short of his model. His writings, including +correspondence, were _pub._ in 8 vols. + + +PATER, WALTER HORATIO (1839-1894).--Essayist and critic, _s._ of Richard +G.P., of American birth and Dutch extraction, a benevolent physician, +_b._ at Shadwell, and _ed._ at the King's School, Canterbury, and at +Queen's Coll., Oxf., after leaving which he made various tours in Germany +and Italy where, especially in the latter, his nature, keenly sensitive +to every form of beauty, received indelible impressions. In 1864 he was +elected a Fellow of Brasenose, and in its ancient and austere precincts +found his principal home. As a tutor, though conscientious, he was not +eminently successful; nevertheless his lectures, on which he bestowed +much pains, had a fit audience, and powerfully influenced a few select +souls. He resigned his tutorship in 1880, partly because he found himself +not entirely in his element, and partly because literature was becoming +the predominant interest in his life. In 1885 he went to London, where he +remained for 8 years, continuing, however, to reside at Brasenose during +term. The reputation as a writer which he had gained made him welcome in +whatever intellectual circles he found himself. Leaving London in 1893 he +settled in a house in St. Giles, Oxf. In the spring of 1894 he went to +Glasgow to receive the honorary degree of LL.D., a distinction which he +valued. In the summer he had an attack of rheumatic fever, followed by +pleurisy. From these he had apparently recovered, but he succumbed to an +attack of heart-failure which immediately supervened. Thus ended +prematurely in its 55th year a life as bare of outward events as it was +rich in literary fruit and influence. + +P. is one of the greatest modern masters of style, and one of the +subtlest and most penetrating of critics. Though not a philosopher in the +technical sense, he deeply pondered the subjects with which philosophy +sets itself to deal; but art was the dominating influence in his +intellectual life, and it was said of him that "he was a philosopher who +had gone to Italy by mistake instead of to Germany." He may also be +called the prophet of the modern aesthetic school. His attitude to +Christianity, though deeply sceptical, was not unsympathetic. As a boy he +came under the influence of Keble, and at one time thought of taking +orders, but his gradual change of view led him to relinquish the idea. +Among his works may be mentioned an article on Coleridge, and others on +Winckelmann, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Botticelli, etc., which +were _coll._ and _pub._ as _Studies in the History of the Renaissance_ +(1873); _Appreciations_ (1889) contained his great essays on _AEsthetic +Poetry_ and _Style_, various Shakespearian studies and papers on Lamb and +Sir T. Browne; _Imaginary Portraits_, and _Greek Studies_ (1894); _Plato +and Platonism_ (1893). His masterpiece, however, is _Marius the +Epicurean_ (1885), a philosophical romance of the time of Marcus +Aurelius. The style of P. is characterised by a subdued richness, and +complicated, but perfect structure of sentences. In character he was +gentle, refined, and retiring, with a remarkable suavity of manner and +dislike of controversy. + + +PATMORE, COVENTRY KERSEY DIGHTON (1823-1896).--Poet, _s._ of Peter George +P., also an author, _b._ at Woodford, Essex, was in the printed book +department of the British Museum. He _pub._ _Tamerton Church Tower_ +(1853), and between 1854 and 1862 the four poems which, combined, form +his masterpiece, _The Angel in the House_, a poetic celebration of +married love. In 1864 he entered the Church of Rome. Thereafter he _pub._ +_The Unknown Eros_ (1877), _Amelia_ (1878), and _Rod, Root, and Flower_ +(1895), meditations chiefly on religious subjects. His works are full of +graceful and suggestive thought, but occasionally suffer from length and +discursiveness. He was successful in business matters, and in character +was energetic, masterful, and combative. He numbered Tennyson and Ruskin +among his friends, was associated with the pre-Raphaelites, and was a +contributor to their organ, the _Germ_. + + +PATTISON, MARK (1813-1884).--Scholar and biographer, _b._ at Hornby, +Yorkshire, _s._ of a clergyman, _ed._ privately and at Oxf., where in +1839 he became Fellow of Lincoln Coll., and acquired a high reputation as +a tutor and examiner. At first strongly influenced by Newman and the +Tractarian movement, he ultimately abandoned that school. In 1851, +failing to be elected head of his coll., he threw up his tutorship, and +devoted himself to severe study, occasionally writing on educational +subjects in various reviews. In 1861, however, he attained the object of +his ambition, being elected Rector of Lincoln Coll. In 1883 he dictated a +remarkable autobiography, coming down to 1860. In 1875 he had _pub._ a +_Life of Isaac Casaubon_, and he left materials for a Life of Scaliger, +which he had intended to be his _magnum opus_. He also wrote _Milton_ for +the English Men of Letters Series, and produced an ed. of his sonnets. + + +PAULDING, JAMES KIRKE (1779-1860).--Novelist, etc., _b._ in the state of +New York, was chiefly self-educated. He became a friend of W. Irving, and +was part author with him of _Salmagundi_--a continuation of which by +himself proved a failure. Among his other writings are _John Bull and +Brother Jonathan_ (1812), a satire, _The Dutchman's Fireside_ (1831), a +romance which attained popularity, a _Life of Washington_ (1835), and +some poems. + + +PAYN, JAMES (1830-1898).--Novelist, _s._ of an official in the Thames +Commission, _ed._ at Eton, Woolwich, and Camb. He was a regular +contributor to _Household Words_ and to _Chambers's Journal_, of which he +was ed. 1859-74, and in which several of his works first appeared; he +also ed. the _Cornhill Magazine_ 1883-96. Among his novels--upwards of 60 +in number--may be mentioned _Lost Sir Massingberd_, _The Best of +Husbands_, _Walter's Word_, _By Proxy_ (1878), _A Woman's Vengeance_, +_Carlyon's Year_, _Thicker than Water_, _A Trying Patient_, etc. He also +wrote a book of poems and a volume of literary reminiscences. + + +PEACOCK, THOMAS LOVE (1785-1866).--Novelist, _b._ at Weymouth, the only +child of a London merchant, was in boyhood at various schools, but from +the age of 13 self-educated. Nevertheless, he became a really learned +scholar. He was for long in the India Office, where he rose to be Chief +Examiner, coming between James Mill and John Stuart Mill. He was the +author of several somewhat whimsical, but quite unique novels, full of +paradox, prejudice, and curious learning, with witty dialogue and +occasional poems interspersed. Among them are _Headlong Hall_ (1816), +_Nightmare Abbey_ (1818), _Maid Marian_ (1822), _Misfortunes of Elphin_ +(1829), _Crotchet Castle_ (1831), and _Gryll Grange_ (1860). He was the +intimate friend of Shelley, memoirs of whom he contributed to _Fraser's +Magazine_. + + +PEARSON, CHARLES HENRY (1830-1894).--_B._ at Islington, _ed._ at Rugby +and King's Coll., London, at the latter he became Prof. of Modern +History. Owing to a threatened failure of sight he went to Australia, +where he remained for 20 years, and was for a time Minister of Education +of Victoria. Returning to England in 1892 he wrote his _National Life +and Character: a Forecast_, in which he gave utterance to very +pessimistic views as to the future of the race. He also wrote a _History +of England during the Early and Middle Ages_ (1867). + + +PEARSON, JOHN (1613-1686).--Theologian, _s._ of an archdeacon of Suffolk, +_b._ at Great Snoring, Norfolk, _ed._ at Eton and Camb., took orders, and +after holding various preferments, including the archdeaconry of Surrey, +the mastership of Jesus Coll., and of Trinity Coll., Camb., was made, in +1673, Bishop of Chester. His _Exposition of the Creed_ (1659) has always +been regarded as one of the most finished productions of English +theology, remarkable alike for logical argument and arrangement, and +lucid style. He was also the author of other learned works, including a +defence of the authenticity of the epistles of Ignatius. In his youth P. +was a Royalist, and acted in 1645 as a chaplain in the Royal army. He was +one of the commissioners in the Savoy Conference. + + +PECOCK, REGINALD (1395?-1460?).--Theologian, _b._ in Wales, entered the +Church, and rose to be successively Bishop of St. Asaph 1444, and of +Chichester 1450. He was a strenuous controversialist, chiefly against the +Lollards; but his free style of argument, and especially his denial of +the infallibility of the Church, led him into trouble, and on being +offered the choice of abjuration or death at the stake, he chose the +former, but nevertheless was deprived of his bishopric, had his books +burned, and spent his latter days in the Abbey of Thorney, +Cambridgeshire. His chief work is _The Repressor of overmuch blaming of +the Clergy_ (1455), which, from its clear, pointed style, remains a +monument of 15th century English. _The Book of Faith_ (1456) is another +of his writings. + + +PEELE, GEORGE (1558?-1597?).--Dramatist and poet, _s._ of a salter in +London, _ed._ at Christ's Hospital and Oxf., where he had a reputation as +a poet. Coming back to London about 1581 he led a dissipated life. He +appears to have been a player as well as a playwright, and to have come +into possession of some land through his wife. His works are numerous and +consist of plays, pageants, and miscellaneous verse. His best plays are +_The Arraignment of Paris_ (1584), and _The Battle of Alcazar_ (1594), +and among his poems _Polyhymnia_ (1590), and _The Honour of the Garter_ +(1593). Other works are _Old Wives' Tale_ (1595), and _David and Fair +Bethsabe_ (1599). P. wrote in melodious and flowing blank verse, with +abundance of fancy and brilliant imagery, but his dramas are weak in +construction, and he is often bombastic and extravagant. + + +PENN, WILLIAM (1644-1718).--Quaker apologist, _s._ of Sir William P., a +celebrated Admiral, was _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Oxf., where he +became a Quaker, and was in consequence expelled from the Univ. His +change of views and his practice of the extremest social peculiarities +imposed by his principles led to a quarrel with his _f._, who is said to +have turned him out of doors. Thereafter he began to write, and one of +his books, _The Sandy Foundation Shaken_ (_c._ 1668), in which he +attacked the doctrines of the Trinity, the atonement, and justification +by faith, led to his being, in 1668, imprisoned in the Tower, where he +wrote his most popular work, _No Cross, No Crown_ (1668), and a defence +of his own conduct, _Innocency with her Open Face_ (1668), which resulted +in his liberation. Shortly after this, in 1670, on the death of his _f._, +who had been reconciled to him, P. succeeded to a fortune, including a +claim against the Government amounting to L15,000, which was ultimately +in 1681 settled by a grant of the territory now forming the state of +Pennsylvania. Meanwhile, however, he had again suffered imprisonment for +preaching, and employed his enforced leisure in writing four treatises, +of which one, _The Great Cause of Liberty of Conscience_ (_c._ 1671), is +an able defence of religious toleration. In 1682, having obtained the +grant above referred to, he set sail for America, with the view of +founding a community based upon the principles of toleration. Having +established a Constitution and set matters in working order there, P. +returned to England in 1684 and busied himself in efforts for the relief +of those Quakers who had remained at home. The peculiar position of +affairs when James II. was endeavouring to use the Dissenters as a means +of gaining concessions to the Roman Catholics favoured his views, and he +was to some extent successful in his efforts. His connection with the +Court at that time has, however, led to his conduct being severely +animadverted upon by Macaulay and others. In 1690 and for some time +thereafter he was charged with conspiring against the Revolution +Government, but after full investigation was completely acquitted. His +later years were embittered by troubles in Pennsylvania, and by the +dishonesty and ingratitude of an agent by whose defalcations he was +nearly ruined, as a consequence of which he was imprisoned for debt. He +_d._ soon after his release in 1718. + + +PENNANT, THOMAS (1726-1798).--Naturalist and traveller, _b._ in +Flintshire, and _ed._ at Oxf., was one of the most distinguished +naturalists of the 18th century, and _pub._, among other works on natural +history, _British Zoology_ (1768), and _History of Quadrupeds_ (1781). In +literature he is, however, best remembered by his _Tours in Scotland_ +(1771-75), which did much to make known the beauties of the country to +England. He also travelled in Ireland and Wales, and on the Continent, +and _pub._ accounts of his journeys. Dr. Johnson said of him, "he +observes more things than any one else does." + + +PEPYS, SAMUEL (1633-1703).--Diarist, _s._ of John P., a London tailor, +but of good family and connected with Sir E. Montague, afterwards Earl of +Sandwich, was _ed._ at St. Paul's School and at Camb. After leaving the +Univ. he entered the household of Montagu, who became his life long +patron. He held various Government posts, including that of +Surveyor-General of the Victualling Office, in which he displayed great +administrative ability and reforming zeal, and in 1672 he became Sec. of +the Admiralty. After being imprisoned in the Tower on a charge in +connection with the Popish plot, and deprived of his office, he was in +1686 again appointed Sec. of the Admiralty, from which, however, he was +dismissed at the Revolution. Thereafter he lived in retirement chiefly at +Clapham. P. was a man of many interests, combining the characters of the +man of business, man of pleasure, and _virtuoso_, being skilled in music +and a collector of books, manuscripts, and pictures, and he was Pres. of +the Royal Society for two years. He wrote _Memoirs of the Royal Navy_ +(1690), but his great legacy to literature is his unique and inimitable +_Diary_, begun January 1, 1660, and coming down to May 31, 1669, when the +failure of his sight prevented its further continuance. As an account by +an eye-witness of the manners of the Court and of society it is +invaluable, but it is still more interesting as, perhaps, the most +singular example extant of unreserved self-revelation--all the foibles, +peccadilloes, and more serious offences against decorum of the author +being set forth with the most relentless _naivete_ and minuteness, it was +written in a cypher or shorthand, which was translated into long-hand by +John Smith in 1825, and ed. by Lord Braybrooke, with considerable +excisions. Later and fuller ed. have followed. P. left his books, MSS., +and collections to Magdalene Coll., Camb., where they are preserved in a +separate library. + + +PERCIVAL, JAMES GATES (1795-1854).--Poet, _b._ at Berlin, Conn., was a +precocious child, and a morbid and impractical, though versatile man, +with a fatal facility in writing verse on all manner of subjects and in +nearly every known metre. His sentimentalism appealed to a wide circle, +but his was one of the tapers which were extinguished by Lowell. He had +also a reputation as a geologist. His poetic works include _Prometheus_ +and _The Dream of a Day_ (1843). + + +PERCY, THOMAS (1729-1811).--Antiquary and poet, _s._ of a grocer at +Bridgnorth, where he was _b._, _ed._ at Oxf., entered the Church, and +became in 1778 Dean of Carlisle, and in 1782 Bishop of Dromore. He _pub._ +various antiquarian works, chiefly with reference to the North of +England; but is best remembered for his great service to literature in +collecting and ed. many ancient ballads, _pub._ in 1765 as _Reliques of +Ancient Poetry_, which did much to bring back interest in the ancient +native literature, and to usher in the revival of romanticism. + + +PHILIPS, AMBROSE (1675?-1749).--Poet, _b._ in Shropshire and _ed._ at +Camb., wrote pastorals and dramas, was one of the Addison circle, and +started a paper, the _Freethinker_, in imitation of the _Spectator_. He +also made translations from Pindar and Anacreon, and a series of short +complimentary verses, which gained for him the nickname of "Namby Pamby." +His _Pastorals_, though poor enough, excited the jealousy of Pope, who +pursued the unfortunate author with life-long enmity. P. held various +Government appointments in Ireland. + + +PHILIPS, JOHN (1676-1709).--Poet, _s._ of an archdeacon of Salop, and +_ed._ at Oxf. His _Splendid Shilling_, a burlesque in Miltonic blank +verse, still lives, and _Cyder_, his chief work, an imitation of Virgil's +_Georgics_, has some fine descriptive passages. P. was also employed by +Harley to write verses on Blenheim as a counterblast to Addison's +_Campaign_. He _d._ at 33 of consumption. + + +PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814-1854).--Novelist, of Jewish descent, studied for +the Church at Goettingen and Camb., but his _f._ dying, he was obliged to +give up his intention and take to business, in which, however, he was +unsuccessful, and fell into great straits. He then tried writing, and +produced some novels, of which the best known was _Caleb Stukely_, which +appeared in _Blackwood_ in 1842. He was latterly a leader-writer for the +_Times_. + + +PICKEN, ANDREW (1788-1833).--Miscellaneous writer, _b._ in Paisley, was +in business in the West Indies, and in Glasgow and Liverpool, but not +being successful, went to London to try his fortunes in literature. His +earlier writings, _Tales and Sketches of the West of Scotland_ and _The +Sectarian_ (1829), gave offence in dissenting circles: his next, _The +Dominie's Legacy_ (1830), had considerable success, and a book on +_Travels and Researches of Eminent Missionaries_ (1830) did something to +rehabilitate him with those whom he had offended. His last work, _The +Black Watch_ (1833), had just appeared when he _d._ of an apoplectic +seizure. His best work is somewhat like that of Galt (_q.v._). + + +PIERPONT, JOHN (1785-1860).--Poet, _b._ at Litchfield, Conn., was first a +lawyer, then a merchant, and lastly a Unitarian minister. His chief poem +is _The Airs of Palestine_. + + +PIKE, ALBERT (1809-1891).--Poet, _b._ at Boston, Mass., was in his early +days a teacher, and afterwards a successful lawyer. His now +little-remembered poems were chiefly written under the inspiration of +Coleridge and Keats. His chief work, _Hymns to the Gods_, which appeared +in _Blackwood's Magazine_, closely imitates the latter. He also wrote +prose sketches. + + +PINDAR, PETER, (_see_ WOLCOT, J.). + + +PINKERTON, JOHN (1758-1826).--Historian and Antiquary, _b._ in Edin., was +apprenticed to a lawyer, but took to literature, and produced a number of +works distinguished by painstaking research, but disfigured by a +controversial and prejudiced spirit. His first publication was _Select +Scottish Ballads_ (1783), some of which, however, were composed by +himself. A valuable _Essay on Medals_ (1784) introduced him to Gibbon and +Horace Walpole. Among his other works are _Ancient Scottish Poems_ +(1786), _Dissertation on the Goths_ (1787), _Medallic History of England_ +(1790), _History of Scotland_ (1797), and his best work, _Treatise on +Rocks_ (1811). One of his most inveterate prejudices was against Celts of +all tribes and times. He _d._ in obscurity in Paris. + + +PINKNEY, EDWARD COATE (1802-1828).--_B._ in London, where his _f._ was +U.S. ambassador. He wrote a number of light, graceful short poems, but +fell a victim to ill-health and a morbid melancholy at 25. His longest +poem is _Rudolph_ (1825). + + +PIOZZI, HESTER LYNCH (SALUSBURY) (1741-1821).--Miscellaneous writer, _m._ +Henry Thrale, a wealthy brewer, and, after his death, Gabriel Piozzi, an +Italian musician. Her chief distinction is her friendship with Dr. +Johnson, who was for a time almost domesticated with the Thrales. Her +second marriage in the year of Johnson's death, 1784, broke up the +friendship. She wrote _Anecdotes of Dr. Johnson_, a work which had a +favourable reception, and gives a lifelike picture of its subject, and +left an _Autobiography_. Her poem, _The Three Warnings_, is supposed to +have been touched up by Johnson. Many details of her friendship with J. +are given in the _Diary_ of Madame D'Arblay (_q.v._). + + +PLANCHE, JAMES ROBINSON (1796-1880).--Dramatist and miscellaneous writer, +_b._ in London of Huguenot descent, was in the Herald Office, and rose to +be Somerset Herald, in which capacity he was repeatedly sent on missions +to invest foreign princes with the Order of the Garter. He produced +upwards of 90 adaptations, and about 70 original pieces for the stage. He +also wrote a _History of British Costumes_, _The Pursuivant of Arms_ +(1852), and _The Conqueror and his Companions_ (1874), besides +autobiographical _Recollections_ (1872). + + +POE, EDGAR ALLAN (1809-1849).--Poet and writer of tales, was _b._ at +Boston, where his parents, who were both actors, were temporarily living. +He was left an orphan in early childhood in destitute circumstances, but +was adopted by a Mr. Allan of Richmond, Virginia. By him and his wife he +was treated with great indulgence, and in 1815 accompanied them to +England, where they remained for five years, and where he received a good +education, which was continued on their return to America, at the Univ. +of Virginia. He distinguished himself as a student, but got deeply into +debt with gaming, which led to his being removed. In 1829 he _pub._ a +small vol. of poems containing _Al Araaf_ and _Tamerlane_. About the same +time he proposed to enter the army, and was placed at the Military +Academy at West Point. Here, however, he grossly neglected his duties, +and fell into the habits of intemperance which proved the ruin of his +life, and was in 1831 dismissed. He then returned to the house of his +benefactor, but his conduct was so objectionable as to lead to a rupture. +In the same year P. _pub._ an enlarged ed. of his poems, and in 1833 was +successful in a competition for a prize tale and a prize poem, the tale +being the _MS. found in a Bottle_, and the poem _The Coliseum_. In the +following year Mr. Allan _d._ without making any provision for P., and +the latter, being now thrown on his own resources, took to literature as +a profession, and became a contributor to various periodicals. In 1836 he +entered into a marriage with his cousin Virginia Clemm, a very young +girl, who continued devotedly attached to him notwithstanding his many +aberrations, until her death in 1847. _The Narrative of Arthur Gordon +Pym_ appeared in 1838, and in 1839 P. became ed. of the _Gentleman's +Magazine_, in which appeared as _Tales of the Arabesque and Grotesque_ +many of his best stories. In 1845 his famous poem, _The Raven_, came out, +and in 1848 _Eureka, a Prose Poem_, a pseudo-scientific lucubration. The +death of his wife gave a severe shock to his constitution, and a violent +drinking bout on a visit to Baltimore led to his death from brain fever +in the hospital there. The literary output of P., though not great in +volume, limited in range, and very unequal in merit, bears the stamp of +an original genius. In his poetry he sometimes aims at a musical effect +to which the sense is sacrificed, but at times he has a charm and a magic +melody all his own. His better tales are remarkable for their originality +and ingenuity of construction, and in the best of them he rises to a high +level of imagination, as in _The House of Usher_, while _The Gold +Beetle_ or _Golden Bug_ is one of the first examples of the cryptogram +story; and in _The Purloined Letters_, _The Mystery of Marie Roget_, and +_The Murders in the Rue Morgue_ he is the pioneer of the modern detective +story. + +_Life_, Woodberry (American Men of Letters). _Works_ ed. by Woodberry and +Stedman (10 vols.), etc. + + +POLLOK, ROBERT (1789-1827).--Poet, _b._ in Refrewshire, studied for the +ministry of one of the Scottish Dissenting communions. After leaving the +Univ. of Glasgow he _pub._ anonymously _Tales of the Covenanters_, and in +1827, the year of his untimely death from consumption, appeared his poem, +_The Course of Time_, which contains some fine passages, and occasionally +faintly recalls Milton and Young. The poem went through many ed. in +Britain and America. He _d._ at Shirley, near Southampton, whither he had +gone in search of health. + + +POMFRET, JOHN (1667-1702).--Poet, _s._ of a clergyman, entered the +Church. He wrote several rather dull poems, of which the only one +remembered, though now never read, is _The Choice_, which celebrates a +country life free from care, and was highly popular in its day. + + +POPE, ALEXANDER (1688-1744).--Poet, was _b._ in London, of Roman Catholic +parentage. His _f._ was a linen-merchant, who _m._ as his second wife +Edith Turner, a lady of respectable Yorkshire family, and of some +fortune, made a competence, and retired to a small property at Binfield, +near Windsor. P. received a somewhat desultory education at various Roman +Catholic schools, but after the age of 12, when he had a severe illness +brought on by over-application, he was practically self-educated. Though +never a profound or accurate scholar, he had a good knowledge of Latin, +and a working acquaintance with Greek. By 1704 he had written a good deal +of verse, which attracted the attention of Wycherley (_q.v._), who +introduced him to town life and to other men of letters. In 1709 his +_Pastorals_ were _pub._ in Tonson's _Miscellany_, and two years later +_The Essay on Criticism_ appeared, and was praised by Addison. The _Rape +of the Lock_, which came out in 1714, placed his reputation on a sure +foundation, and thereafter his life was an uninterrupted and brilliant +success. His industry was untiring, and his literary output almost +continuous until his death. In 1713 _Windsor Forest_ (which won him the +friendship of Swift) and _The Temple of Fame_ appeared, and in 1715 the +translation of the _Iliad_ was begun, and the work _pub._ at intervals +between that year and 1720. It had enormous popularity, and brought the +poet L5000. It was followed by the _Odyssey_ (1725-26), in which he had +the assistance of Broome and Fenton (_q.v._), who, especially the former, +caught his style so exactly as almost to defy identification. It also was +highly popular, and increased his gains to about L8000, which placed him +in a position of independence. While engaged upon these he removed to +Chiswick, where he lived 1716-18, and where he issued in 1717 a _coll._ +ed. of his works, including the _Elegy on an Unfortunate Lady_ and the +_Epistle of Eloisa to Abelard_. In 1718, his _f._ having _d._, he again +removed with his mother to his famous villa at Twickenham, the adornment +of the grounds of which became one of his chief interests, and where, now +the acknowledged chief of his art, he received the visits of his friends, +who included the most distinguished men of letters, wits, statesmen, and +beauties of the day. His next task was his ed. of Shakespeare (1725), a +work for which he was not well qualified, though the preface is a fine +piece of prose. The _Miscellanies_, the joint work of Pope and Swift, +were _pub._ in 1727-28, and drew down upon the authors a storm of angry +comment, which in turn led to the production of _The Dunciad_, first +_pub._ in 1728, and again with new matter in 1729, an additional +book--the fourth--being added in 1742. In it he satirised with a wit, +always keen and biting, often savage and unfair, the small wits and +poetasters, and some of a quite different quality, who had, or whom he +supposed to have, injured him. Between 1731 and 1735 he produced his +_Epistles_, the last of which, addressed to Arbuthnot, is also known as +the _Prologue to the Satires_, and contains his ungrateful character of +Addison under the name of "Atticus;" and also, 1733, the _Essay on Man_, +written under the influence of Bolingbroke. His last, and in some +respects best, works were his _Imitations of Horace_, _pub._ between 1733 +and 1739, and the fourth book of _The Dunciad_ (1742), already mentioned. +A naturally delicate constitution, a deformed body, extreme +sensitiveness, over-excitement, and overwork did not promise a long life, +and P. _d._ on May 30, 1744, aged 56. + +His position as a poet has been the subject of much contention among +critics, and on the whole is lower than that assigned him by his +contemporaries and immediate successors. Of the higher poetic qualities, +imagination, sympathy, insight, and pathos, he had no great share; but +for the work which in his original writings, as distinguished from +translations, he set himself to do, his equipment was supreme, and the +medium which he used--the heroic couplet--he brought to the highest +technical perfection of which it is capable. He wrote for his own age, +and in temper and intellectual and spiritual outlook, such as it was, he +exactly reflected and interpreted it. In the forging of condensed, +pointed, and sparkling maxims of life and criticism he has no equal, and +in painting a portrait Dryden alone is his rival; while in the _Rape of +the Lock_ he has produced the best mock-heroic poem in existence. Almost +no author except Shakespeare is so often quoted. His extreme vanity and +sensitiveness to criticism made him often vindictive, unjust, and +venomous. They led him also into frequent quarrels, and lost him many +friends, including Lady M. Wortley Montagu, and along with a strong +tendency to finesse and stratagem, of which the circumstances attending +the publication of his literary correspondence is the chief instance, +make his character on the whole an unamiable one. On the other hand, he +was often generous; he retained the friendship of such men as Swift and +Arbuthnot, and he was a most dutiful and affectionate son. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1688, _ed._ at various Romanist schools, introduced to +Wycherley 1704, _pub._ _Pastorals_ 1709, _Essay on Criticism_ 1711, _Rape +of the Lock_ 1714, _Windsor Forest_ and _Temple of Fame_ 1713, +translation of _Iliad_ 1715-20, _Odyssey_ 1725-26, _coll._ _Works_ 1717, +buys villa at Twickenham 1718, _pub._ ed. of _Shakespeare_ 1725, +_Miscellanies_ 1727-28, _Dunciad_ 1728 (fourth book 1742), _Epistles_ +1731-35, _Essay on Man_ 1733, _Imitations of Horace_ 1733-39, _d._ 1744. + +The best ed. of the _Works_ is that of Elwin and Courthope, with _Life_ +by Courthope (10 vols., 1871-89). + + +PORDAGE, SAMUEL (1633-1691?).--Poet, _s._ of a clergyman in Berks, _ed._ +at Merchant Taylor's School, studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and made +various translations, wrote some poems, two tragedies, _Herod and +Mariamne_ (1673), and _The Siege of Babylon_ (1678), and a romance, +_Eliana_. He is best known by his _Azaria and Hushai_ (1682), in reply to +Dryden's _Absalom and Achitophel_, distinguished from the other replies +by its moderation and freedom from scurrility. + + +PORSON, RICHARD (1759-1808).--Scholar, _s._ of the parish clerk of E. +Ruston, Norfolk, was distinguished from childhood by a marvellous +tenacity of memory which attracted the attention of the curate of the +parish, who _ed._ him, after which he was sent by a gentleman to Eton. +Subsequently a fund was collected for the purpose of maintaining him at +Camb., where he had a brilliant career, and became a Fellow of Trinity +Coll. This position he lost by refusing to take orders. In 1792 he was +appointed Prof. of Greek in the Univ., but resided for the most part in +London, where he was much courted by literary men, but unfortunately fell +into extremely intemperate habits. P. was one of the very greatest of +Greek scholars and critics; but he has left little permanent work of his +own. He ed. four plays of Euripides, viz., _Hecuba_, _Orestes_, +_Phoenissae_, and _Medea_. His most widely read work was his _Letters_ +to Archdeacon Travis on the disputed passage, 1 John v. 7, which is +considered a masterpiece of acute reasoning. He is buried in the chapel +of Trinity Coll. + + +PORTER, ANNA MARIA (1780-1832), PORTER, JANE (1776-1850).--Novelists, +were the _dau._ of an Irish army surgeon, and sisters of Sir Robert Ker +P., the painter and traveller. After the death of the _f._ the family +settled in Edin., where they enjoyed the friendship of Scott. ANNA at the +age of 12 _pub._ _Artless Tales_, the precursor of a series of tales and +novels numbering about 50, the best being _Don Sebastian_ (1809). JANE, +though the elder by four years, did not _pub._ until 1803, when her first +novel, _Thaddeus of Warsaw_, appeared. _The Scottish Chiefs_ followed in +1810. Both of these works, especially the latter, had remarkable +popularity, the _Chiefs_ being translated into German and Russian. She +had greater talent than her sister, but like her, while possessed of +considerable animation and imagination, failed in grasping character, and +imparting local verisimilitude. Both were amiable and excellent women. A +romance, _Sir Edward Seaward's Diary_ (1831), purporting to be a record +of actual circumstances, and ed. by Jane, is generally believed to have +been written by a brother, Dr. William Ogilvie P. + + +POWELL, FREDERICK YORK (1850-1904).--Historian, _ed._ at Rugby and Oxf., +called to the Bar at the Middle Temple 1874, became an ardent student of +history, and succeeded Froude as Prof. of Modern History at Oxf. in 1894. +Absorbed in study, he wrote less than his wide and deep learning +qualified him for. Among his works are _A History of England to_ 1509, +and he also wrote on Early England up to the Conquest, and on Alfred and +William the Conqueror. + + +PRAED, WINTHROP MACKWORTH (1802-1839).--Poet, _s._ of a sergeant-at-law, +was _b._ in London, _ed._ at Eton and Camb., and called to the Bar 1829. +He sat in Parliament for various places, and was Sec. to the Board of +Control 1834-35. He appeared to have a brilliant career before him, when +his health gave way, and he _d._ of consumption in 1839. His poems, +chiefly bright and witty skits and satirical pieces, were _pub._ first in +America 1844, and appeared in England with a memoir by Derwent Coleridge +in 1864. His essays appeared in 1887. + + +PRESCOTT, WILLIAM HICKLING (1796-1859).--Historian, _b._ at Salem, +Massachusetts, the _s._ of an eminent lawyer, was _ed._ at Harvard, where +he graduated in 1814. While there he met with an accident to one of his +eyes which seriously affected his sight for the remainder of his life. He +made an extended tour in Europe, and on his return to America he _m._, +and abandoning the idea of a legal career, resolved to devote himself to +literature. After ten years of study, he _pub._ in 1837 his _History of +Ferdinand and Isabella_, which at once gained for him a high place among +historians. It was followed in 1843 by the _History of the Conquest of +Mexico_, and in 1847 by the _Conquest of Peru_. His last work was the +_History of Philip II._, of which the third vol. appeared in 1858, and +which was left unfinished. In that year he had an apoplectic shock, and +another in 1859 was the cause of his death, which took place on January +28 in the last-named year. In all his works he displayed great research, +impartiality, and an admirable narrative power. The great disadvantage at +which, owing to his very imperfect vision, he worked, makes the first of +these qualities specially remarkable, for his authorities in a foreign +tongue were read to him, while he had to write on a frame for the blind. +P. was a man of amiable and benevolent character, and enjoyed the +friendship of many of the most distinguished men in Europe as well as in +America. + + +PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791).--Writer on morals, politics, and economics, +_s._ of a dissenting minister, was _b._ at Tynton in Wales, _ed._ at a +dissenting coll. in London, and was then for some years chaplain to a Mr. +Streatfield, who left him some property. Thereafter he officiated as +minister to various congregations near London. In 1758 his _Review of the +Principal Questions and Difficulties in Morals_, a work of considerable +metaphysical power, appeared; and it was followed in 1766 by a treatise +on _The Importance of Christianity_. In 1769 his work on _Reversionary +Payments_ was _pub._, and his Northampton Mortality Table was about the +same time constructed. These, though long superseded, were in their day +most valuable contributions to economical science. His most popular work, +_Observations on Civil Liberty and the Justice and Policy of the War with +America_, appeared in 1776, had an enormous sale, and led to his being +invited to go to America and assist in establishing the financial system +of the new Government. This he declined chiefly on the score of age. +Simplicity, uprightness, and toleration of opinions opposed to his own +appear to have been marked traits in his character. + + +PRIDEAUX, HUMPHREY (1648-1724).--Divine and scholar, belonged to an +ancient Cornish family, was _b._ at Padstow, and _ed._ at Westminster +School and at Oxf. He first attracted notice by his description of the +Arundel Marbles (1676), which gained for him powerful patrons, and he +rose to be Dean of Norwich. Among his other works are a _Life of Mahomet_ +(1697), and _The Old and New Testament connected in the History of the +Jews and Neighbouring Nations_ (1715-17), long an important work, of +which many ed. were brought out. + + +PRIESTLY, JOSEPH (1733-1804).--Chemist, theologian, and political writer, +_s._ of a draper at Fieldhead, Yorkshire, where he was _b._ Brought up as +a Calvinist, he gradually became a modified Unitarian, and after +attending a dissenting academy at Daventry, he became minister to various +congregations. About 1756 he _pub._ _The Scripture Doctrine of +Remission_, denying the doctrine of atonement, and in 1761 succeeded Dr. +Aiken as teacher of languages and _belles-lettres_ in the dissenting +academy at Warrington. About the same time he became acquainted with +Franklin and Dr. Price (_q.v._), and began to devote himself to science, +the fruits of which were his _History and Present State of Electricity_ +(1767), and _Vision, Light, and Colours_. He also became a distinguished +chemist, and made important discoveries, including that of oxygen. In +1773 he travelled on the Continent as companion to Lord Shelburne, where +he was introduced to many men of scientific and literary eminence, by +some of whom he was rallied upon his belief in Christianity. In reply to +this he wrote _Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever_ (1774), and in +answer to the accusations of Atheism brought against him at home, he +_pub._ (1777) _Disquisition relating to Matter and Spirit_. In 1780 he +settled in Birmingham, in 1782 _pub._ his _Corruptions of Christianity_, +and in 1786 his _History of Early Opinions concerning Jesus Christ_. He +was one of those who wrote replies to Burke's _Reflections on the French +Revolution_, one consequence of which was his election as a French +citizen, and another the destruction of his chapel, house, papers, and +instruments by a mob. Some years later he went to America, where he _d._ +P. has been called the father of modern chemistry. He received many +scientific and academic honours, being a member of the Royal Society, of +the Academies of France, and of St. Petersburg, and an LL.D. of Edin. He +was a man of powerful and original mind, of high character, and of +undaunted courage in maintaining his opinions, which were usually +unpopular. + + +PRINGLE, THOMAS (1789-1834).--Poet, _b._ in Roxburghshire, studied at +Edin., and became known to Scott, by whose influence he obtained a grant +of land in South Africa, to which he, with his _f._ and brothers, +emigrated. He took to literary work in Cape Town, and conducted two +papers, which were suppressed for their free criticisms of the Colonial +Government. Thereupon he returned and settled in London, where he _pub._ +_African Sketches_. He also produced a book of poems, _Ephemerides_. + + +PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721).--Poet, _b._ near Wimborne Minster, Dorset, +_s._ of a joiner who, having _d._, he was _ed._ by an uncle, and sent to +Westminster School. Befriended by the Earl of Dorset he proceeded to +Camb., and while there wrote, jointly with Charles Montague, _The Town +and Country Mouse_, a burlesque of Dryden's _Hind and Panther_. After +holding various diplomatic posts, in which he showed ability and +discretion, he entered Parliament in 1700, and, deserting the Whigs, +joined the Tories, by whom he was employed in various capacities, +including that of Ambassador at Paris. On the death of Queen Anne he was +recalled, and in 1715 imprisoned, but after two years released. In 1719 a +folio ed. of his works was brought out, by which he realised L4000, and +Lord Harley having presented him with an equal sum, he looked forward to +the peace and comfort which were his chief ambition. He did not, however, +long enjoy his prosperity, dying two years later. Among his poems may be +mentioned _Solomon_, which he considered his best work, _Alma, or the +Progress of the Mind_, _The Female Phaeton_, _To a Child of Quality_, and +some prose tales. His chief characteristic is a certain elegance and easy +grace, in which he is perhaps unrivalled. His character appears to have +been by no means unimpeachable, but he was amiable and free from any +trace of vindictiveness. + + +PROCTER, ADELAIDE ANN (1825-1864).--Poetess, eldest _dau._ of Bryan W.P. +(_q.v._). Many of her poems were first _pub._ in _Household Words_ and +_All the Year Round_, and afterwards _coll._ under the title of _Legends +and Lyrics_ (1858), of which many ed. appeared. In 1851 Miss P. became a +Roman Catholic. She took much interest in social questions affecting +women. She wrote the well-known songs, _Cleansing Fires_ and _The Lost +Chord_, and among her many hymns are, _I do not ask, O Lord, that Life +may be_, and _My God, I thank Thee who hast made_. + + +PROCTER, BRYAN WALLER ("BARRY CORNWALL") (1787-1874).--Poet, _b._ at +Leeds, and _ed._ at Harrow, went to London and practised successfully as +a solicitor. Thereafter he became a barrister, and was, 1832-61, a +Commissioner of Lunacy. By 1823 he had produced four vols. of poetry and +a tragedy, _Mirandola_ (1821). His works include _Dramatic Scenes_ +(1819), _A Sicilian Story_, _Marcian Colonna_ (1820), _The Flood of +Thessaly_ (1823), and _English Songs_ (1832), which last will perhaps +survive his other writings. P. was the friend of most of his literary +contemporaries, and was universally beloved. + + +PROUT, FATHER, (_see_ MAHONY, F.S.). + + +PRYNNE, WILLIAM (1600-1669).--Controversial writer, _b._ near Bath, _ed._ +at Oxf., studied law at Lincoln's Inn, of which he became a bencher, but +soon became immersed in the writing of controversial pamphlets. After the +_Unloveliness of Lovelocks_ and _Health's Sicknesse_ (1627-30) appeared +his best known controversial work, _Histrio-Mastix_, or a _Scourge for +Stage Players_ (1633), a bitter attack on most of the popular amusements +of the day. It was punished with inhuman severity. P. was brought before +the Star Chamber, fined L5000, pilloried, and had both his ears cut off. +Undeterred by this he issued from his prison a fierce attack upon Laud +and the hierarchy, for which he was again fined, pilloried, and branded +on both cheeks with the letters S.L. (seditious libeller). Removed to +Carnarvon Castle he remained there until liberated in 1641 by the Long +Parliament. He soon after became a member of the House, and joined with +extreme, but not inexcusable, rancour in the prosecution of Laud. After +this he turned his attention to the Independents, whom he hated scarcely +less than the Prelatists, and was among those expelled from the House of +Commons by Cromwell, whom he had opposed in regard to the execution of +the King with such asperity that he again suffered imprisonment, from +which he was released in 1652. He supported the Restoration, and was by +Charles II. appointed Keeper of the Records in the Tower. Here he did +good service by compiling the _Calendar of Parliamentary Writs_ and +_Records_. He _pub._ in all about 200 books and pamphlets. + + +PSALMANAZAR, GEORGE (1679?-1763).--Literary impostor. His real name is +unknown. He is believed to have been a native of France or Switzerland, +but represented himself as a native of the island of Formosa, and palmed +off a Formosan language of his own construction, to which he afterwards +added a description of the island. For a time he was in the military +service of the Duke of Mecklenburg, and formed a connection with William +Innes, chaplain of a Scottish regiment, who collaborated with him in his +frauds, and introduced various refinements into his methods. Innes, +however, was appointed chaplain to the forces in Portugal, and P. was +unable to maintain his impositions, and was exposed. After a serious +illness in 1728 he turned over a new leaf and became a respectable and +efficient literary hack; his works in his latter days included a _General +History of Printing_, contributions to the _Universal History_, and an +_Autobiography_ containing an account of his impostures. + + +PURCHAS, SAMUEL (1575?-1626).--Compiler of travels, _b._ at Thaxton, and +_ed._ at Camb., took orders, and held various benefices, including the +rectory of St. Martin's, Ludgate Hill. The papers of R. Hakluyt (_q.v._) +came into his hands, and he made several compilations relating to man, +his nature, doings, and surroundings. His three works are (1) _Purchas +his Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World and the Religions observed in +all Ages and Places, etc._; (2) _Purchas his Pilgrim, Microcosmus, or the +History of Man, etc._; and (3) _Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his +Pilgrimes, containing a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Land +Travels, etc._ Although credulous, diffuse, and confused, these works +have preserved many interesting and curious matters which would otherwise +have been lost. + + +PUSEY, EDWARD BOUVERIE (1800-1882).--Scholar and theologian, _b._ at +Pusey, Berks, _ed._ at Eton and Oxf., belonged to the family of Lord +Folkstone, whose name was Bouverie, his _f._ assuming that of P. on +inheriting certain estates. After studying in Germany, he became in 1828 +Regius Prof. of Hebrew at Oxf. His first important work was an _Essay on +the Causes of Rationalism in German Theology_, and the arrest of similar +tendencies in England became one of the leading objects of his life. He +was one of the chief leaders of the Tractarian movement, and contributed +tracts on _Baptism_ and on _Fasting_. In consequence of a sermon on the +Eucharist, he was in 1843 suspended from the office of Univ. Preacher +which he then held. Later writings related to _Confession_ and _The +Doctrine of the Real Presence_, and in 1865 he issued an _Eirenicon_ in +support of union with the Church of Rome. He was prominent in all +movements and controversies affecting the Univ., and was foremost among +the prosecutors of Jowett (_q.v._). Among his other literary labours are +commentaries on Daniel and the minor Prophets, a treatise on Everlasting +Punishment, and a Catalogue of the Arabic MS. in the Bodleian Library. + + +PUTTENHAM, GEORGE (1530?-1590).--Was one of the _s._ of Robert P., a +country gentleman. There has been attributed to him the authorship of +_The Arte of Poesie_, a treatise of some length divided into three parts, +(1) of poets and poesy, (2) of proportion, (3) of ornament. It is now +thought rather more likely that it was written by his brother RICHARD +(1520?-1601). George was the author of an _Apologie_ for Queen +Elizabeth's treatment of Mary Queen of Scots. + + +PYE, HENRY JAMES (1745-1813).--A country gentleman of Berkshire, who +_pub._ _Poems on Various Subjects_ and _Alfred, an Epic_, translated the +_Poetics_ of Aristotle, and was Poet Laureate from 1790. In the last +capacity he wrote official poems of ludicrous dulness, and was generally +a jest and a byword in literary circles. + + +QUARLES, FRANCIS (1592-1644).--Poet, _b._ at the manor-house of Stewards +near Romford, was at Camb., and studied law at Lincoln's Inn. Thereafter +he went to the Continent, and at Heidelberg acted as cup-bearer to +Elizabeth of Bohemia, _dau._ of James I. He next appears as sec. to +Archbishop Ussher in Ireland, and was in 1639 Chronologer to the City of +London. On the outbreak of the Civil War he sided with the Royalists, and +was plundered by the Parliamentarians of his books and rare manuscripts, +which is said to have so grieved him as to bring about his death. His +first book of poems was _A Feast for Worms_ (1620); others were _Hadassa_ +(Esther) (1621), _Sion's Elegies_ (1625), and _Divine Emblems_ (1635), by +far his most popular book. His style was that fashionable in his day, +affected, artificial, and full of "conceits," but he had both real +poetical fire and genuine wit, mixed with much that was false in taste, +and though quaint and crabbed, is seldom feeble or dull. He was twice +_m._, and had by his first wife 18 children. + + +RADCLIFFE, MRS. ANN (WARD) (1764-1823).--Novelist, only _dau._ of parents +in a respectable position, in 1787 _m._ Mr. William Radcliffe, ed. and +proprietor of a weekly newspaper, the _English Chronicle_. In 1789 she +_pub._ her first novel, _The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne_, of which +the scene is laid in Scotland. It, however, gave little promise of the +future power of the author. In the following year appeared _The Sicilian +Romance_, which attracted attention by its vivid descriptions and +startling incidents. Next came _The Romance of the Forest_ (1791), +followed by _The Mysteries of Udolpho_ (1794), and _The Italian_ (1797), +a story of the Inquisition, the last of her works _pub._ during her +life-time. _Gaston de Blondeville_, ed. by Sergeant Talfourd, was brought +out posthumously. Mrs. R. has been called the Salvator Rosa of British +novelists. She excels in the description of scenes of mystery and terror +whether of natural scenery or incident: in the former displaying a high +degree of imaginative power, and in the latter great ingenuity and +fertility of invention. She had, however, little power of delineating +character. Though her works belong to a type now out of fashion, they +will always possess an historical interest as marking a stage in the +development of English fiction. + + +"RAINE, ALLEN" (MRS. BEYNON PUDDICOMBE).--Novelist. _A Welsh Singer_ +(1897), _Tom Sails_ (1898), _A Welsh Witch_ (1901), _Queen of the Rushes_ +(1906), etc. + + +RALEIGH, SIR WALTER (1552?-1618).--Explorer, statesman, admiral, +historian, and poet, _s._ of Walter R., of Fardel, Devonshire, was _b._ +at Hayes Barton in that county. In 1568 he was sent to Oxf., where he +greatly distinguished himself. In the next year he began his career of +adventure by going to France as a volunteer in aid of the Huguenots, +serving thereafter in the Low Countries. The year 1579 saw him engaged in +his first voyage of adventure in conjunction with his half-brother, Sir +Humphrey Gilbert. Their object was to discover and settle lands in North +America; but the expedition failed, chiefly owing to opposition by the +Spaniards. The next year he was fighting against the rebels in Ireland; +and shortly thereafter attracted the notice of Queen Elizabeth, in whose +favour he rapidly rose. In 1584 he fitted out a new colonising expedition +to North America, and succeeded in discovering and occupying Virginia, +named after the Queen. On his return he was knighted. In the dark and +anxious days of the Armada, 1587-88, R. was employed in organising +resistance, and rendered distinguished service in action. His favour with +the Queen, and his haughty bearing, had, however, been raising up enemies +and rivals, and his intrigue and private marriage with Elizabeth +Throckmorton, one of the maids of honour, in 1593, lost him for a time +the favour of the Queen. Driven from the Court he returned to the schemes +of adventure which had so great a charm for him, and fired by the Spanish +accounts of the fabulous wealth of Guiana, he and some of his friends +fitted out an expedition which, however, though attended with various +brilliant episodes, proved unsuccessful. Restored to the favour of the +Queen, he was appointed an Admiral in the expeditions to Cadiz, 1596, and +in the following year was engaged in an attack on the Azores, in both of +which he added greatly to his reputation. The death of Elizabeth in 1603 +was the turning point in R.'s fortunes. Thenceforward disaster clouded +his days. The new sovereign and his old enemies combined to compass his +ruin. Accused of conspiring against the former he was, against all +evidence, sentenced to death, and though this was not at the time carried +out, he was imprisoned in the Tower and his estates confiscated. During +this confinement he composed his _History of the World_, which he brought +down to 130 B.C. It is one of the finest specimens of Elizabethan prose, +reflective in matter and dignified and grave in style. Released in 1615 +he set out on his last voyage, again to Guiana, which, like the former, +proved a failure, and in which he lost his eldest _s._ He returned a +broken and dying man, but met with no pity from his ungenerous King who, +urged, it is believed, by the King of Spain, had him beheaded on Tower +Hill, October 29, 1618. R. is one of the most striking and brilliant +figures in an age crowded with great men. Of a noble presence, he was +possessed of a commanding intellect and a versatility which enabled him +to shine in every enterprise to which he set himself. In addition to his +great fragment the _History of the World_, he wrote _A Report of the +Truth of the Fight about the Azores_, and _The Discoverie of the Empire +of Guiana_, besides various poems chiefly of a philosophic cast, of which +perhaps the best known are _The Pilgrimage_, and that beginning "Go, +Soul, the Body's Guest." + +The most recent _Lives_ are by Stebbing (1892), and Hume (1898). _Works_ +(1829), with _Lives_ by Oldys and Birch. + + +RAMEE, LOUISE DE LA ("OUIDA") (1840?-1908).--Novelist, _b._ at Bury St. +Edmunds, _dau._ of an English _f._ and a French mother. For many years +she lived in London, but about 1874 she went to Italy, where she _d._ She +wrote over 40 novels, which had considerable popularity. Among the best +known of them are _Under Two Flags_, _Puck_, _Two Little Wooden Shoes_, _In +a Winter City_, _In Maremma_. She also wrote a book of stories for +children, _Bimbi_. Occasionally she shows considerable power, but on the +whole her writings have an unhealthy tone, want reality, and are not +likely to have any permanent place in literature. + + +RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758).--Poet, _s._ of a mine-manager at Leadhills, +Dumfriesshire, who claimed kin with the Ramsays of Dalhousie. In his +infancy he lost his _f._, and his mother _m._ a small "laird," who gave +him the ordinary parish school education. In 1701 he came to Edinburgh as +apprentice to a wig-maker, took to writing poetry, became a member of the +"Easy Club," of which Pitcairn and Ruddiman, the grammarian, were +members, and of which he was made "laureate." The club _pub._ his poems +as they were thrown off, and their appearance soon began to be awaited +with interest. In 1716 he _pub._ an additional canto to _Christ's Kirk on +the Green_, a humorous poem sometimes attributed to James I., and in 1719 +he became a bookseller, his shop being a meeting-place of the _literati_ +of the city. A _coll._ ed. of his poems appeared in 1720, among the +subscribers to which were Pope, Steele, Arbuthnot, and Gay. It was +followed by _Fables and Tales_, and other poems. In 1724 he began the +_Tea Table Miscellany_, a collection of new Scots songs set to old +melodies, and the _Evergreen_, a collection of old Scots poems with which +R. as ed. took great liberties. This was a kind of work for which he was +not qualified, and in which he was far from successful. _The Gentle +Shepherd_, by far his best known and most meritorious work, appeared in +1725, and had an immediate popularity which, to a certain extent, it +retains. It is a pastoral drama, and abounds in character, unaffected +sentiment, and vivid description. After this success R., satisfied with +his reputation, produced nothing, more of importance. He was the first to +introduce the circulating library into Scotland, and among his other +enterprises was an unsuccessful attempt to establish a theatre in Edin. +On the whole his life was a happy and successful one, and he had the +advantage of a cheerful, sanguine, and contented spirit. His foible was +an innocent and good-natured vanity. + + +RAMSAY, EDWARD BANNERMAN (1793-1872).--A clergyman of the Scottish +Episcopal Church, and Dean of Edinburgh in that communion from 1841, has +a place in literature by his _Reminiscences of Scottish Life and +Character_, which had gone through 22 ed. at his death. It is a book +full of the engaging personality of the author, and preserves many +interesting and entertaining traits and anecdotes which must otherwise, +in all probability, have perished. The Dean was deservedly one of the +most popular men in Scotland. + + +RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1605-1635).--Poet and dramatist, _ed._ at Westminster +School and Camb., was a friend of Ben Jonson, and led a wild life in +London. He wrote six plays, including _The Jealous Lovers_, _Amyntas_, +and _The Muses' Looking-glass_, and some poems. He was a scholar as well +as a wit, and his plays are full of learning and condensed thought in a +style somewhat cold and hard. + + +RAPIN DE THOYRAS, PAUL (1661-1725).--Historian, _b._ at Castres, +Languedoc, belonged to a Protestant Savoyard family, and came to England +on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1686. He afterwards served +with William III. in Holland, and accompanied him to England in 1688. His +_History of England_, written in French, was translated into English, and +continued by various writers, and was the standard history until the +appearance of Hume's. + + +RASPE, RUDOLF ERIC- (1737-1794).--_B._ in Hanover, was a prof. in Cassel, +and keeper of the Landgrave of Hesse's antique gems and medals, in the +purloining of some of which he was detected, and fled to England. Here he +won for himself a certain place in English literature by the publication +in 1785 of _Baron Munchausen's Narrative_. Only a small portion of the +work in its present form is by R., the rest having been added later by +another hand. He appears to have maintained more or less during life his +character of a rogue, and is the prototype of Douster-swivel in Scott's +_Antiquary_. + + +RAWLINSON, GEORGE (1812-1902).--Historian, _b._ at Chadlington. +Oxfordshire, and _ed._ at Oxf., took orders, and was Canon of Canterbury +from 1872. He held the Camden Professorship of Ancient History at Oxf. +from 1861. Among his works are a translation of Herodotus (1858-62) (with +his brother, Sir Henry R., _q.v._), _Historical Evidences of the Truth of +the Scripture Records_, _The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern +World_ (1862-67), _Manual of Ancient History_ (1869), _The Sixth and +Seventh Great Oriental Monarchies_ (1873-77), _History of Ancient Egypt_ +(1881), _Histories of the Phoenicians and Parthians_, _Memoirs of Sir +H.C. Rawlinson_ (1898). + + +RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRESSWICKE (1810-1895).--Brother of the above, +entered the service of the East India Company, and held many important +diplomatic posts. He studied the cuneiform inscriptions, and _pub._ _The +Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_ (1861-80), _Outlines of the +History of Assyria_ (1852). He deciphered most of the inscriptions +discovered by Sir A.H. Layard (_q.v._). + + +RAY, JOHN (1627-1705).--Naturalist, _s._ of a blacksmith at Black Notley, +Essex, was at Camb., where he became a Fellow of Trinity, and +successively lecturer on Greek and mathematics. His first publication +was a Latin catalogue of plants growing near Cambridge, which appeared in +1660. Thereafter he made a tour of Great Britain, and _pub._ in 1670 his +_Catalogue of the Plants of England and the adjacent Isles_. In 1663 he +had travelled on the Continent for three years with his pupil-friend, F. +Willughby, and in 1673 appeared _Observations_ on his journeys, which +extended over the Low Countries, Germany, Italy, and France, with a +catalogue of plants not native to England. On the death of Willughby, R. +_ed._ his sons, and in 1679 retired to his native village, where he +continued his scientific labours until his death. These included the ed. +of W.'s _History of Birds and Fishes_, a collection of English proverbs, +_Historia Plantarum Generalis_ (1686-1704), and _Synopsis Methodica +Animalium_. He was for long popularly known by his treatise, _The Wisdom +of God manifested in the works of the Creation_ (1691), a precursor of +Paley's _Natural Theology_. R. is the father of English botany, and +appears to have grasped the idea of the natural classification of plants, +afterwards developed by Jussieu and other later naturalists. His greatest +successors, including Cuvier, highly commended his methods and +acquirements. + + +READ, THOMAS BUCHANAN (1822-1872).--American poet, was a +portrait-painter, and lived much abroad. He wrote a prose romance, _The +Pilgrims of the Great St. Bernard_, and several books of poetry, +including _The New Pastoral_, _The House by the Sea_, _Sylvia_, and _A +Summer Story_. Some of the shorter pieces included in these, _e.g._, +"Sheridan's Ride," "Drifting," and "The Closing Scene," have great merit. + + +READE, CHARLES (1814-1884).--Novelist, _s._ of a country gentleman of +Oxfordshire, _ed._ at Oxf., and called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn 1843. +He did not, however, practise, but began his literary career with some +dramas, of which the most remarkable were _Masks and Faces_, _Gold_, and +_Drink_. He afterwards rewrote the first of these as a novel, _Peg +Woffington_ (1852), which attained great popularity. _It is never too +late to Mend_ appeared in 1856, his historical novel, _The Cloister and +the Hearth_, generally regarded as his masterpiece (1861), _Hard Cash_ +(1863), _Griffith Gaunt_ (1867), _Foul Play_ (1869), _Put Yourself in his +Place_ (1870), and _A Terrible Temptation_ (1871). Critics have differed +very widely as to the merits of R. as a novelist, and have attributed to, +and denied him the same qualities; but it will be generally admitted +that, while very unequal, he was at his best a writer of unusual power +and vividness. Nearly all are agreed as to the great excellence of _The +Cloister and the Hearth_, Mr. Swinburne placing it "among the very +greatest masterpieces of narrative." Many of his novels were written with +a view to the reformation of some abuse. Thus _Hard Cash_ exposes certain +private asylums, and _Foul Play_, written in collaboration with Dion +Boucicault, is levelled against ship-knackers. + + +REED, HENRY (1808-1854).--Critic, was Prof. of English Literature in the +Univ. of Pennsylvania. He _d._ in a shipwreck. He was a sympathetic and +delicate critic, and was among the first of American men of letters to +appreciate the genius of Wordsworth, of whose works he brought out an ed. +in 1837. His lectures on English Literature, English History, and English +Poets were _pub._ + + +REEVE, CLARA (1729-1807).--Novelist, was the author of several novels, of +which only one is remembered--_The Old English Baron_ (1777), written in +imitation of, or rivalry with, H. Walpole's _Castle of Otranto_, with +which it has often been printed. + + +REEVE, HENRY (1813-1895).--Editor, etc., _s._ of a physician, was on the +staff of the _Times_, the foreign policy of which he influenced for many +years. He was ed. of the _Edinburgh Review_ 1855-95, and of the Greville +Memoirs 1865. He held a leading place in society, and had an unusually +wide acquaintance with men of letters all over the continent. + + +REID, MAYNE (1818-1883).--Novelist, _b._ in the north of Ireland, he set +off at the age of 20 for Mexico to push his fortunes, and went through +many adventures, including service in the Mexican War. He also was for a +short time settled in Philadelphia engaged in literary work. Returning to +this country he began a long series of novels of adventure with _The +Rifle Rangers_ (1849). The others include _The Scalp Hunters_, _Boy +Hunters_, and _Young Voyagers_, and had great popularity, especially with +boys. + + +REID, THOMAS (1710-1796).--Philosopher, was the _s._ of the minister of +Strachan, Kincardineshire, where he was _b._ His mother was one of the +gifted family of the Gregorys. At the age of 12 he was sent to Marischal +Coll., Aberdeen, where he graduated, and thereafter resided for some time +as librarian, devoting himself to study, especially of mathematics and +the Newtonian philosophy. He was in 1737 ordained minister of New Machar, +Aberdeen, and in 1748 he communicated to the Royal Society an _Essay on +Quantity_. Four years later he became one of the Prof. of Philosophy +(including mathematics and natural philosophy) in King's Coll., Aberdeen, +and in 1763 he was chosen to succeed Adam Smith as Prof. of Moral +Philosophy in Glasgow. In the following year he _pub._ his great work, +_Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense_, directed +against Hume's _Essay on Human Nature_. Up to the appearance of the +latter work in 1739 R. had been a follower of Berkeley, but the +conclusions drawn therein from the idealistic philosophy led him to +revise his theories, and to propound what is usually known as the "common +sense" philosophy, by which term is meant the beliefs common to rational +beings as such. In 1785 he _pub._ his _Essay on the Intellectual Powers_, +which was followed in 1788 by that _On the Active Powers_. R., who, +though below the middle size, was strong and fond of exercise, maintained +his bodily and mental vigour until his death at 86. His writings, +distinguished by logical rigour of method and clearness of style, +exercised a profound influence in France as well as at home; but his +attempted refutation of Berkeley is now generally considered to have +failed. + +_Works_ ed. by Sir W. Hamilton and H.L. Mansel. Sketch by Prof. A.C. +Fraser (1898). + + +REID, SIR THOMAS WEMYSS (1842-1905).--Novelist and biographer, _b._ at +Newcastle, and after being connected with various provincial newspapers +came to London in 1887 as manager for Cassell and Co. Thereafter he was, +1890-99, ed. of _The Speaker_. Among his more permanent writings are _The +Land of the Bey_ (1882), _Gladys Fane_ (1883), and Lives of W.E. Forster +(1888), and Lords Houghton (1891), and Playfair (1899), and William Black +(1902). He was knighted in 1894. + + +REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA (1723-1792).--Painter and writer on art, _s._ of a +clergyman and schoolmaster at Plympton, Devonshire. After studying art in +Italy, he settled in London, where he attained extraordinary fame as a +portrait-painter. He is regarded as the greatest English representative +of that art, and was first Pres. of the Royal Academy. He was the +intimate friend of Johnson, Burke, Goldsmith, and indeed of most of the +celebrated men of his time. He has also a place in literature for his +_Fifteen Discourses_ on painting, delivered to the Academy. He also +contributed to the _Idler_, and translated Du Fresney's _Art of +Painting_. He suffered from deafness, and in his latter years from +failure of sight. He was a man of great worth and amiability. He was +knighted in 1769. + + +RHODES, WILLIAM BARNES (1772-1826).--Dramatist, was in the Bank of +England, of which he became Chief Teller. He wrote a burlesque, +_Bombastes Furioso_, which achieved great popularity. + + +RHYMER, THOMAS THE, (_see_ ERCILDOUN). + + +RICARDO, DAVID (1772-1823).--Political economist, _s._ of a Jewish +stockbroker, himself followed the same business, in which he acquired a +large fortune. On his marriage he conformed to Christianity. He was an +original and powerful writer on economic subjects, his chief work being +_The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation_ (1817). After retiring +from business he entered the House of Commons, where, owing to his +remarkable power of lucid exposition, combined with his reputation as a +highly successful man of business, he acquired great influence. The +writings of R. are among the classics of his subject. + + +RICE, JAMES (1844-1882).--Novelist, was _ed._ at Camb., and studied law, +from which he drifted into literature. He wrote a number of successful +novels in collaboration with W. Besant (_q.v._). + + +RICH, BARNABE (1540?-1620?).--Writer of romances, _b._ in Essex, saw +military service in the Low Countries. He began to write in 1574, and +took Lyly's _Euphues_ as his model. Among his numerous romances is _The +Strange and Wonderful Adventures of Simonides, a Gentleman Spaniard_ and +_Riche, his Farewell to the Military Profession_ (1581), which furnished +Shakespeare with the plot for _Twelfth Night_. + + +RICHARDSON, SAMUEL (1689-1761).--Novelist, _s._ of a joiner, was _b._ at +Derby. His _f._ had intended him for the Church, but means failed, and at +the age of 17 he went to London, and was apprenticed to a printer. +Careful and diligent, he prospered in business, became printer of the +Journals of the House of Commons, and in the year before his death +purchased the moiety of the patent of King's Printer. He was twice _m._, +and each of his wives brought him six children, of whom, however, only +four daughters were living at his death. R., who was the originator of +the modern novel, did not take seriously to literature until he was past +50 when, in 1740, _Pamela_ appeared. It originated in a proposal by two +printers that R. should write a collection of model letters for the use +of persons unaccustomed to correspondence, but it soon developed in his +hands into a novel in which the story is carried on in the form of a +correspondence. With faults and absurdities, it struck a true note of +sentiment, and exploded the prevalent idea that dukes and princesses were +the only suitable heroes and heroines (Pamela was a maid-servant), and it +won immediate and phenomenal popularity. In 1748 _Clarissa Harlow_, his +masterpiece, was _pub._, and in 1753 _Sir Charles Grandison_, in which +the author embodies his ideal of a Christian gentleman. All these surfer +from an elaboration of detail which often becomes tedious; but in deep +acquaintance with the motives of conduct, and especially of the workings +of the female heart, they are almost unrivalled; their pathos also is +genuine and deep. R. had an unusual faculty as the platonic friend and +counsellor of women, and was the centre of an admiring circle of the sex, +who ministered to a vanity which became somewhat excessive. R. has also +the distinction of evoking the genius of Fielding, whose first novel, +_Joseph Andrews_, was begun as a skit or parody upon _Pamela_. R. is +described as "a stout, rosy, vain, prosy little man." _Life_ by Sir W. +Scott in Ballantyne's _Novelists Library_. _Works_ with preface by L. +Stephen (12 vols., 1883), etc. + + +RITCHIE, LEITCH (1800?-1865).--Novelist, _b._ at Greenock and in business +as a clerk in Glasgow, but about 1820 adopted literature as his +profession. He wrote several novels of which the best known is _Wearyfoot +Common_; others were _The Robber of the Rhine_ and _The Magician_. In his +later years he ed. _Chambers's Journal_. + + +RITSON, JOSEPH (1752-1803).--Antiquary and critic, _b._ at +Stockton-on-Tees, settled in London as a conveyancer, at the same time +devoting himself to the study of ancient English poetry. By his diligence +as a collector and acuteness as a critic he rendered essential service to +the preservation and appreciation of our ancient poetry. His chief works +are _A Collection of English Songs_ (1783), _Ancient Songs from Henry +III. to the Revolution_ (1790), _A Collection of Scottish Songs_ (1794), +and _A Collection of all the Ancient Poems, etc., relating to Robin Hood_ +(1795). Of a jealous and quarrelsome temper, R. was continually in +controversy with his fellow-collectors and critics, including Johnson, +Warton, and Percy. His acuteness enabled him to detect the Ireland +forgeries. He _d._ insane. + + +ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853).--Divine, _s._ of Captain +Frederick R., of the Royal Artillery, was _b._ in London, and _ed._ at +Edin. and Oxf. After holding various curacies he became in 1847 incumbent +of Trinity Chapel, Brighton, where his preaching, though it brought him +under the suspicion both of the High and Evangelical parties in the +Church, had an extraordinary influence. Always of delicate and +highly-strung constitution, his health gave way after his ministry in +Brighton had extended to six years, and he _d._ in 1853. The beauty of +his life and character had almost conquered the suspicion and dislike +with which his views had inspired many. His sermons, of which five series +were _pub._ posthumously, have had a very wide popularity. + + +ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871).--Dramatist, belonged to a family +famous for producing actors. Never a successful actor himself, he +produced a number of plays, which had unusual popularity. Among these are +_David Garrick_, _Society_, _Caste_, and _School_. + + +ROBERTSON, WILLIAM (1721-1793).--Historian, _s._ of the parish minister +of Borthwick, Midlothian, where he was _b._, received his earlier _ed._ +at Dalkeith, which then had a school of some repute; but his _f._ being +translated to Edin., he attended school, and afterwards the Univ. there, +studying for the Church. In 1743 he became minister of Gladsmuir, near +Prestonpans. In the '45 he showed his loyalty by offering himself to Sir +J. Cope as a volunteer, a service which was, however, declined. He soon +began to take a prominent part in the debates of the General Assembly, of +which he rose to be the undisputed leader. In 1758 he became one of the +city ministers of Edin., and in the following year _pub._ his _History of +Scotland_, which had an extraordinary success, and at once raised him to +a foremost place among British historians. Preferment immediately +followed: he was made Chaplain of Stirling Castle 1759, King's Chaplain +for Scotland 1760, Principal of the Univ. of Edin. 1761, and +Historiographer for Scotland 1763. In 1769 appeared the _History of the +Reign of the Emperor Charles V._, in 1777 _The History of America_, and +in 1791 _Historical Disquisition on Ancient India_. In 1780 R. retired +from the management of Church affairs, in which he had shown conspicuous +ability, and gave himself to study, and the society of his friends, among +whom were most of his distinguished contemporaries. As a writer he +possessed a finished style, clear, measured, and stately, which carried +his well-arranged narrative as on a full and steady stream; he was also +cool and sagacious but, like Hume, he was apt to take his facts at second +hand, and the vast additional material which has been in course of +accumulation since his day has rendered the value of his work more and +more literary, and less and less historical. + +_Lives_ by Dugald Stewart (1801), Bishop Gleig (1812), and Lord Brougham +in _Men of Letters_. + + +ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1775-1867).--Diarist, _b._ at Bury St. Edmunds, +was articled to an attorney in Colchester. Between 1800 and 1805 he +studied at various places in Germany, and became acquainted with nearly +all the great men of letters there, including Goethe, Schiller, Herder, +Wieland, etc. Thereafter he became war correspondent to the _Times_ in +the Peninsula. On his return to London he studied for the Bar, to which +he was called in 1813, and became leader of the Eastern Circuit. Fifteen +years later he retired, and by virtue of his great conversational powers +and other qualities, became a leader in society, going everywhere and +knowing everybody worth knowing. He _d._ unmarried, aged 91, and his +_Diary, Reminiscences and Correspondence_, which stands in the forefront +of its class, was _pub._ in 1869. + + +ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT (2ND EARL OF) (1647-1680).--Poet, _s._ of the 1st +Earl, _b._ at Ditchley in Oxfordshire, and _ed._ at Oxf., saw some naval +service when he showed conspicuous bravery. He became one of the most +dissolute of the courtiers of Charles II., and wore himself out at 33 by +his wild life. He was handsome, and witty, and possessed a singular charm +of manner. He wrote a number of light, graceful poems, many of them +extremely gross. Bishop Burnet, who attended him on his deathbed, +believed him to have been sincerely repentant. In addition to his short +pieces he wrote a _Satyr against Mankind_, and a tragedy, _Valentinian_, +adapted from Beaumont and Fletcher. + + +ROGERS, HENRY (1806-1877).--Critic and theologian, was a minister of the +Congregationalist Church, and ultimately Prof. of English Literature in +Univ. Coll., London. He was a contributor to the _Edinburgh Review_, and +is best known by his _Eclipse of Faith_ (1852), a reply to F.W. Newman's +_Phases of Faith_. This work, which displays remarkable acuteness and +logical power, had great popularity. + + +ROGERS, SAMUEL (1763-1855).--Poet, _s._ of a banker in London, received a +careful private education, and entered the bank, of which, on his +father's death, he became the principal partner. From his early youth he +showed a marked taste for literature and the fine arts, which his wealth +enabled him to gratify; and in his later years he was a well-known leader +in society and a munificent patron of artists and men of letters, his +breakfasts, at which he delighted to assemble celebrities in all +departments, being famous. He was the author of the following poems: _The +Pleasures of Memory_ (1792), _Columbus_ (1810), _Jacqueline_ (1814), +_Human Life_ (1819), and _Italy_ (1822). R. was emphatically the poet of +taste, and his writings, while full of allusion and finished description, +rarely show passion or intensity of feeling; but are rather the +reflections and memory-pictures of a man of high culture and refinement +expressed in polished verse. He had considerable powers of conversation +and sarcasm. He was offered, but declined, the laureateship. + + +ROLLE, RICHARD (1290?-1349).--Hermit and poet, _b._ at Thornton, +Yorkshire, was at Oxf. Impressed by the uncertainty and the snares of +life he decided to become a hermit, a resolution which he carried out +with somewhat romantic circumstances. He wrote various religious +treatises in Latin and English, turned the Psalms into English verse, and +composed a poem--_The Pricke of Conscience_--in 7 books, in which is +shown the attitude of protest which was rising against certain Papal +pretensions and doctrines. + + +ROLLOCK, ROBERT (1555?-1599).--Theologian and scholar, _b._ in +Stirlingshire, was first a Prof. in St. Andrews, and then the first +Principal of the Univ. of Edin. He also held office as Prof. of Theology, +and was one of the ministers of the High Church. He was one of the +earliest of Protestant commentators. He wrote chiefly in Latin, but some +of his sermons and commentaries are in vernacular Scotch. + + +ROPER, WILLIAM (1496-1578).--Biographer, _s._ of a Kentish gentleman, +_m._ Margaret, _dau._ of Sir Thomas More. He has a place in literature +for his excellent and appreciative biography of his father-in-law. He was +a member of various Parliaments between 1529 and 1558. Although he +remained a Roman Catholic, he was permitted to retain his office of +prothonotary of the Court of King's Bench after the accession of +Elizabeth. + + +ROSCOE, WILLIAM (1753-1831).--Historian, _s._ of a market-gardener near +Liverpool, for a time assisted his _f._, devoting all his spare time to +mental improvement. Subsequently he entered the office of an attorney, +and in due time went into business on his own account, continuing, +however, his literary studies. In 1799 he joined a local bank as partner +and manager, which proved an unfortunate step, as the bank was obliged, +in 1816, to suspend payment. In 1795 he rose into fame at a bound by his +_Life of Lorenzo de' Medici_. It was followed in 1805 by the _Life and +Pontificate of Leo the Tenth_, which, though also a work of great +ability, had not the same success--his treatment of the Reformation +offending Protestants and Roman Catholics alike. Both works were +translated into various languages. He also wrote some poems, including +_The Butterfly's Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast_, and several pamphlets +on political questions, including the slave-trade, of which he was a +determined opponent. He also took a leading part in the public life of +Liverpool, which he represented in Parliament for a few years. He was an +accomplished botanist. + + +ROSCOMMON, WENTWORTH DILLON, 4TH EARL of (1633?-1685).--Poet, nephew of +the famous Earl of Strafford, was _b._ in Ireland. He studied and +travelled on the Continent, and enjoyed a considerable literary +reputation in his own day on the strength of a poetical _Essay on +Translated Verse_, and translations from Horace's _Art of Poetry_. + + +ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843).--Poet and translator, _s._ of George +R., who held various Government offices, including that of Treasurer of +the Navy. After being _ed._ at Eton and Camb., he was appointed Reading +Clerk to the House of Lords. He translated the romance of _Amadis de +Gaul_ (1803), _Partenopex de Blois_ (1807), etc., and from 1823-31 was +occupied with the principal work of his life, his translations from the +Italian, including the _Orlando Furioso_ of Ariosto, in which he was +encouraged by Sir W. Scott, whose friend he was. He also produced a vol. +of poems, _The Crusade of St. Louis_ (1810). + + +ROSSETTI, CHRISTINA GEORGINA (1830-1894).--Poetess, sister of Dante +Gabriel R. (_q.v._), was _b._ in London, where she lived all her life. +She began to write poetry in early girlhood, some of her earliest verse +appearing in 1850 in the _Germ_, the magazine of the pre-Raphaelites, of +which her brother was one of the founders. Her subsequent publications +were _Goblin Market and other Poems_ (1862), _The Prince's Progress_ +(1866), _A Pageant and other Poems_ (1881), and _Verses_ (1893). _New +Poems_ (1896) appeared after her death. _Sing-Song_ was a book of verses +for children. Her life was a very retired one, passed largely in +attending on her mother, who lived until 1886, and in religious duties. +She twice rejected proposals of marriage. Her poetry is characterised by +imaginative power, exquisite expression, and simplicity and depth of +thought. She rarely imitated any forerunner, and drew her inspiration +from her own experiences of thought and feeling. Many of her poems are +definitely religious in form; more are deeply imbued with religious +feeling and motive. In addition to her poems she wrote _Commonplace and +other Stories_, and _The Face of the Deep_, a striking and suggestive +commentary on the Apocalypse. + + +ROSSETTI, DANTE GABRIEL (1828-1882).--Poet and painter, was _b._ in +London. His _f._ was Gabriele Rossetti, an Italian scholar, who came to +England in 1824, and was Prof. of Italian in King's Coll., London. His +mother was Frances Polidori, English on her mother's side, so that the +poet was three-fourths Italian, and one-fourth English. He was _ed._ at +King's Coll. School, and began the systematic study of painting in 1842, +and in 1848, with Holman Hunt, Millais, and others, founded the +pre-Raphaelite school of painting. In 1849 he exhibited the "Girlhood of +Mary Virgin," and among his other pictures are "Beata Beatrix," "Monna +Vanna," and "Dante's Dream." Simultaneously with art he worked hard at +poetry, and by 1847 he had written _The Blessed Damozel_ and _Hand and +Soul_ (both of which appeared in the _Germ_, the magazine of the +pre-Raphaelites), _Retro me Sathanas_, _The Portrait_, and _The Choice_, +and in 1861 he brought out a vol. of translations from the early Italian +poets under the title of _Dante and his Circle_. The death of his wife in +1862, after a married life of less than two years, told heavily upon him, +as did various attacks upon his poetry, including that of Robert Buchanan +(_q.v._)--_The Fleshly School of Poetry_--to which he replied with _The +Stealthy School of Criticism_. His _Poems_ which, in the vehemence of his +grief, he had buried in the coffin of his wife, and which were afterwards +exhumed, appeared in 1870; and his last literary effort, _Ballads and +Sonnets_, containing the sonnets forming _The House of Life_, in 1881. In +his later years he suffered acutely from neuralgia, which led to the +habit of taking chloral. Rossetti was fastidious in composition; his +poems are as remarkable for condensation, finish, and exact expression of +the poet's thought as for their sumptuous colouring and rich concrete +imagery. In later years he was subject to depression, and became somewhat +embittered, and much of a recluse. + +_Life_ by A.C. Benson (English Men of Letters). _Family Letters and +Memoir_ by W.M. Rossetti. Poetical Works with preface by the same, etc. + + +ROUS, FRANCIS (1579-1659).--Versifier of the Psalms, a Cornishman, and a +prominent Puritan, took a leading part in Parliament, was Provost of +Eton, and wrote several theological and devotional works. His memory has, +however, been chiefly kept green by his translation of the Psalms into +verse, which with some modifications was adopted by the Church and +Parliament of Scotland for use in public worship, a position which it +held almost exclusively until the middle of the 19th century. It is still +in universal use in the Presbyterian churches of that country, though now +accompanied by hymns. Though rough, and sometimes, through the endeavour +to maintain literalness, grotesque, it is strong and simple, and not +seldom rises to a certain severe beauty; and association has endeared it +to many generations of Scottish Christians. + + +ROW, JOHN (1568-1646).--Scottish ecclesiastical historian, _b._ at Perth, +_s._ of John R., one of the Scottish Reformers, was minister of Carnock +in Fife, and a leading opponent of Episcopacy. His _Historie of the Kirk +of Scotland_, 1558-1637, left by him in manuscript, was printed in 1842 +for the Wodrow Society. It is an original authority for the period. + + +ROWE, NICHOLAS (1674-1718).--Dramatist and poet, _b._ of a good family at +Little Barford, Bedfordshire, was bred to the law, but inheriting an +income of L300 a year, he devoted himself to literature, and produced +several dramas, including _The Ambitious Stepmother_, _The Fair +Penitent_, and _Jane Shore_. The last, which is his best, contains some +scenes of true pathos, and holds its place. He also wrote some poems, and +translated Lucan. R., who was a man of very engaging manners, was the +friend of Pope, Swift, and Addison, and received many lucrative +appointments, including that of Under-Sec. of State. He has the +distinction of being the first ed. and biographer of Shakespeare (1709). +He was appointed Poet Laureate in 1715, and was buried in Westminster +Abbey, with an epitaph by Pope. + + +ROWLEY, WILLIAM (1585?-1642?).--Dramatist, was an actor in the Queen's +Company 1610. He collaborated with Middleton in _A Fair Quarrel_ and _The +Changeling_, and in others with Dekker, Webster, etc., and wrote +unassisted _A New Wonder_, _A Match at Midnight_, _A Shoemaker, a +Gentleman_, and several others; also a picture of life in London called +_A Search for Money_. R. was vigorous and humorous, but his verse lacked +sweetness and smoothness. + + +RUDDIMAN, THOMAS (1674-1757).--Grammarian, _b._ in Banffshire, and _ed._ +at King's Coll., Aberdeen, obtained a position in the Advocates' Library +in Edin., of which in 1730 he became Librarian. In 1714 he _pub._ his +_Rudiments of the Latin Tongue_, which was for long the recognised Latin +grammar in the schools of Scotland. He was made printer to the Univ. in +1728. R., who was one of the greatest of Scottish Latinists, produced an +ed. of the works of George Buchanan, and an ed. of _Livy_ said to be +"immaculate." He also reprinted, with notes, Gavin Douglas's version of +the _AEneid_. + + +RUSKIN, JOHN (1819-1900).--Writer on art, economics, and sociology, was +_b._ in London, the _s._ of a wealthy wine merchant, a Scotsman. Brought +up under intellectually and morally bracing Puritan influences, his +education was mainly private until he went to Oxf. in 1836; he remained +until 1840, when a serious illness interrupted his studies, and led to a +six months' visit to Italy. On his return in 1842 he took his degree. In +1840 he had made the acquaintance of Turner, and this, together with a +visit to Venice, constituted a turning point in his life. In 1843 +appeared the first vol. of _Modern Painters_, the object of which was to +insist upon the superiority in landscape of the moderns, and especially +of Turner, to all the ancient masters. The earnestness and originality +of the author and the splendour of the style at once called attention to +the work which, however, awakened a chorus of protest from the adherents +of the ancients. A second vol. appeared in 1846, the third and fourth in +1856, and the fifth in 1860. Meanwhile he had _pub._ _The Seven Lamps of +Architecture_ (1849), _The Stones of Venice_ (1851-53), perhaps his +greatest work, _Lectures on Architecture and Painting_ (1854), _Elements +of Drawing_ (1856), and _Elements of Perspective_ (1859). During the 17 +years between the publication of the first and the last vols. of _Modern +Painters_ his views alike on religion and art had become profoundly +modified, and the necessity of a radical change in the moral and +intellectual attitude of the age towards religion, art, and economics in +their bearing upon life and social conditions had become his ruling idea. +He now assumed the _role_ of the prophet as Carlyle, by whose teaching he +was profoundly influenced, had done, and the rest of his life was spent +in the endeavour to turn the mind of the nation in the direction he +desired. _The Political Economy of Art_ (1857) showed the line in which +his mind was moving; but it was in _Unto this Last_, _pub._ in the +_Cornhill Magazine_ in 1860, that he began fully to develop his views. It +brought down upon him a storm of opposition and obloquy which continued +for years, and which, while it acted injuriously upon his highly +sensitive nervous system, had no effect in silencing him or modifying his +views. There followed _Munera Pulveris_ (Gifts of the Dust), _The Crown +of Wild Olive_, _Sesame and Lilies_ (1865), _Time and Tide by Wear and +Tyne_, and innumerable fugitive articles. In 1869 R. was appointed first +Slade Prof. of the Fine Arts at Oxf., and endowed a school of drawing in +the Univ. His successive courses of lectures were _pub._ as _Aratra +Pentelici_ (Ploughs of Pentelicus) (1870), _The Eagle's Nest_ (1872), +_Ariadne Florentina_ (1872), and _Love's Meinie_ (1873). +Contemporaneously with these he issued with more or less regularity, as +health permitted, _Fors Clavigera_ (Chance the Club-bearer), a series of +miscellaneous notes and essays, sold by the author himself direct to the +purchasers, the first of a series of experiments--of which the Guild of +St. George, a tea room, and a road-making enterprise were other +examples--in practical economics. After the death of his mother in 1871 +he purchased a small property, Brantwood, in the Lake district, where he +lived for the remainder of his life, and here he brought out in monthly +parts his last work, _Praeterita_, an autobiography, 24 parts of which +appeared, bringing down the story to 1864. Here he _d._ on January 20, +1900. R. was a man of noble character and generous impulses, but highly +strung, irritable, and somewhat intolerant. He is one of our greatest +stylists, copious, eloquent, picturesque, and highly coloured. His +influence on his time was very great, at first in the department of art, +in which he was for a time regarded as the supreme authority, later and +increasingly in the realms of economics and morals, in which he was at +first looked upon as an unpractical dreamer. He _m._ in 1848, but the +union proved unhappy, and was dissolved in 1855. + +For his Life _see_ his own works, especially _Praeterita_. _Life and +Works_ by Collingwood (2 vols., 1893). _Bibliography_, T.J. Wise +(1889-93). Shorter works by Mrs. Meynell, J.A. Hobson, F. Harrison, etc. + + +RUSSELL, LORD JOHN, 1ST EARL RUSSELL (1792-1878).--Statesman, biographer, +and historical writer, third _s._ of the 6th Duke of Bedford, was _ed._ +at Westminster School and the Univ. of Edin. He entered Parliament in +1813, and became one of the most eminent English statesmen of the 19th +century. He uniformly acted with the Whig and afterwards with the Liberal +party, advocated all measures of progress, especially the removal of +tests, the extension of education, and Parliamentary reform. He was the +leader of his party in the House of Commons from 1834-55, represented the +City of London from 1841 until his elevation to the peerage in 1861, and +held the offices of Paymaster of the Forces, Home Sec., Colonial Sec., +Foreign Sec., and Prime Minister, which last he held twice, 1846-52, and +1865-66. His contributions to literature were considerable, both in +number and importance, and include _Essay on the English Constitution_ +(1821), _Memoirs of the Affairs of Europe from the Peace of Utrecht_ +(1824), _Correspondence of the 4th Duke of Bedford_, _Life, Diary, and +Letters of Thomas Moore_, _Correspondence of Charles James Fox_, and a +_Life_ of the same statesman, _Essays on the Rise and Progress of the +Christian Religion in the West of Europe_ (1873), and _Recollections and +Suggestions_ (1875). + + +RUSSELL, WILLIAM (1741-1793).--Historian, _b._ in Selkirkshire, and +apprenticed to a bookseller in Edin., he was patronised by Lord Elibank, +and went to London, where he followed literature as a profession. He +wrote poems and fables, a _History of America_ (1779), and a _History of +Modern Europe_, which he left unfinished. + + +RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD (1821-1907).--War correspondent, _b._ in Co. +Dublin, was called to the Bar in 1850. Having joined the staff of the +_Times_, he was sent as war correspondent to the Crimea, his letters from +which caused a profound sensation, and led to an improved condition of +things in regard to the army. He was also correspondent in India during +the Mutiny, in America during the Civil War, and during the +Austro-Prussian War of 1866, and the Franco-German War of 1870-71, in +South Africa in 1879, and in Egypt in 1883. Among his books are _The +Adventures of Dr. Brady_ (1868), _Hesperothen_ (1882), _A Visit to Chili_ +(1890), and _The Great War with Russia_ (1895). He was knighted in 1895, +and also received various foreign decorations. + + +RUTHERFORD, SAMUEL (1600?-1661).--Theologian and controversialist, _b._ +at Nisbet, Roxburghshire, _ed._ at Edin. Univ., where he became in 1623 +Regent of Humanity (Prof. of Latin). In 1627 he was settled as minister +of Anwoth in Galloway, whence he was banished to Aberdeen for +nonconformity. On the re-establishment of Presbytery in 1638 he was made +Prof. of Divinity at St. Andrews, and in 1651 Principal of St. Mary's +Coll. there, and he was one of the Scottish Commissioners to the +Westminster Assembly. At the Restoration he was deprived of all his +offices. He was a formidable controversialist, and a strenuous upholder +of the divine right of Presbytery. Among his polemical works are _Due +Right of Presbyteries_ (1644), _Lex Rex_ (1644), and _Free Disputation +against Pretended Liberty of Conscience_. _Lex Rex_ was, after the +Restoration, burned by the common hangman, and led to the citation of the +author for high treason, which his death prevented from taking effect. +His chief fame, however, rests upon his spiritual and devotional works, +such as _Christ Dying and drawing Sinners to Himself_, but especially +upon his _Letters_, which display a fervour of feeling and a rich imagery +which, while highly relished by some, repel others. + + +RYCAUT, or RICAUT, SIR PAUL (1628-1700).--Historian, was at Camb., and +held various diplomatic positions. He wrote _Present State of the Ottoman +Empire_ (1668), and a continuation of _Knolles's General Historie of the +Turks_, and translated Platina's _Latin History of the Popes_. + + +RYMER, THOMAS (1641-1713).--Archaeologist and critic, _ed._ at Camb., +became a barrister at Gray's Inn. He _pub._ in 1678 _Tragedies of the +last Age Considered_, in which he passed judgments, very unfavourable, +upon their authors, including Shakespeare. He was of much more use as the +collector of English treaties, which he _pub._ under the title of +_Faedera_, in 20 vols., the last 5 of which were ed. after his death by R. +Sanderson (_q.v._). R. also _pub._ poems and a play, _Edgar_. He held the +office of historiographer to William III. His learning and industry have +received the recognition of many subsequent historians. + + +ST. JOHN, H., (_see_ BOLINGBROKE). + + +SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY (1828-1895).--Journalist and novelist, _b._ +in London of Italian ancestry, began life as an illustrator of books and +scene-painter, afterwards taking to literature. He contributed to many +periodicals, including _Household Words_, and the _Illustrated London +News_, and was the founder and first ed. of _Temple Bar_. Among his +novels were _The Buddington Peerage_ and _Quite Alone_. He also wrote +books of travel, and an autobiographical work, his _Life and Adventures_ +(1895). + + +SALE, GEORGE (1697?-1736).--Orientalist, a Kentish man, and practising +solicitor. In 1734 he _pub._ a translation of the _Koran_. He also +assisted in the _Universal History_, and was one of the correctors of the +Arabic New Testament issued by the S.P.C.K. + + +SANDERSON, ROBERT (1587-1663).--Theologian and casuist, _b._ of good +family at Rotherham in Yorkshire, was at Oxf. Entering the Church he rose +to be Bishop of Lincoln. His work on logic, _Logicae Artis Compendium_ +(1615), was long a standard treatise on the subject. His sermons also +were admired; but he is perhaps best remembered by his _Nine Cases of +Conscience Resolved_ (1678), in consideration of which he has been placed +at the head of English casuists. He left large collections of historical +and heraldic matter in MS. + + +SANDS, ROBERT CHARLES (1799-1832).--Miscellaneous writer, _b._ at New +York, was a scholarly and versatile writer, but without much originality. +His best work is in his short stories. His chief poem was _Yamoyden_, an +Indian story written in collaboration with a friend. + + +SANDYS, GEORGE (1578-1644).--Traveller and translator, _s._ of an +Archbishop of York, _b._ at Bishopsthorpe, and _ed._ at Oxf., is one of +the best of the earlier travellers, learned, observant, and truth-loving. +He _pub._ in 1615 an account of his journeys in the East which was highly +popular. He also translated when in America the _Metamorphoses_ of Ovid, +produced a metrical _Paraphrase on the Psalms_, with music by Henry +Lawes, and another on the Canticles, and wrote _Christ's Passion_, a +tragedy. He held various public offices, chiefly in connection with the +colony of Virginia. + + +SAVAGE, RICHARD (1697?-1743).--Poet, was probably of humble birth, but +claimed to be the illegitimate _s._ of the Countess of Macclesfield. He +was the friend of Johnson in the early and miserable days of the latter +in London; and in _The Lives of the Poets_ J. has given his story as set +forth by himself, which is, if true, a singular record of maternal +cruelty. There are strong reasons, however, for doubting whether it was +anything but a tissue of falsehoods mingled with gross exaggerations of +fact. He led a wildly irregular life, killed a gentleman in a tavern +brawl, for which he was sentenced to death, but pardoned; and by his +waywardness alienated nearly all who wished to befriend him. For a time +he had a pension of L50 from Queen Caroline on condition of his writing +an ode yearly on her birthday. He wrote _Love in a Veil_ (1718) (comedy) +and _Sir Thomas Overbury_ (1723) (tragedy), and two poems, _The Bastard_ +(1728) and _The Wanderer_ (1729). He _d._ in prison at Bristol. + + +SAVILE, SIR HENRY (1549-1622).--Scholar, _ed._ at Oxf., where he lectured +on mathematics. He was afterwards Warden of Merton Coll. and Provost of +Eton, and made a translation from Tacitus entitled, _The Ende of Nero and +Beginning of Galba, etc._ (1581), and in the same year _pub._ _Rerum +Anglicarum Scriptores post Bedam Praecipui_, a collection of some of the +chronicles subsequent to Bede, William of Malmesbury, Roger of Hoveden, +etc. He founded the Savilian Professorship of Astronomy and Geometry at +Oxf. + + +SAXBY, EDWARD (_d._ 1658).--_B._ in Suffolk, and was in Cromwell's Horse. +His extreme republican views, however, led him into the bitterest +antagonism when C. assumed the Protectorship. This received expression in +his extraordinary pamphlet, _Killing no Murder_, in which the +assassination of C. is advocated, and which displays in a remarkable +degree perverted ingenuity of argument combined with considerable +literary power. S. _d._ demented in the Tower in 1658. + + +SCOTT, ALEXANDER (1525?-1584?).--Scottish poet. Almost nothing is known +of his life, but he is believed to have spent most of his time in or near +Edin. Thirty-six short poems are attributed to him, including _Ane New +Yeir Gift to Quene Mary_, _The Rondel of Love_, and a satire, _Justing at +the Drum_. He has great variety of metre, and is graceful and musical, +but his satirical pieces are often extremely coarse. + + +SCOTT, HUGH STOWELL (1863?-1903).--Novelist (under the name of Henry +Seton Merriman). He was an underwriter in Lloyd's, but having a strong +literary bent, latterly devoted himself to writing novels, many of which +had great popularity. They include _The Slave of the Lamp_ (1892), _The +Sowers_ (generally considered his best) (1896), _In Kedar's Tents_ +(1897), _Roden's Corner_ (1898), _Isle of Unrest_ (1900), _The Velvet +Glove_ (1901), _The Vultures_ (1902), and _Barlasch of the Guard_ (1903). +He worked with great care, and his best books hold a high place in modern +fiction. He was unusually modest and retiring in character. + + +SCOTT, JOHN (1730-1783).--Poet, _s._ of a Quaker draper who in his later +years lived at Amwell, a village in Herts, which the poet celebrates in +his descriptive poem, _Amwell_. He wrote much other verse now forgotten. + + +SCOTT, LADY JOHN (ALICIA ANN SPOTTISWOODE) (1801-1900).--_M._ Lord John +Scott. She was the writer of a number of Scottish songs characterised by +true poetic feeling. Among them may be mentioned _Annie Laurie_, +_Douglas_, and _Durrisdeer_. She also composed the music for them. + + +SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835).--Novelist, _b._ near and _ed._ at Glasgow, +and settled in business at Kingston, Jamaica, which led to his making +frequent sea voyages, and thus yielded him experiences which he turned to +account in two vivacious novels, _Tom Cringle's Log_ and _The Cruise of +the Midge_, both of which first appeared in _Blackwood's Magazine_, where +they attained deserved popularity. They have frequently been reprinted. +The author, however, maintained a strict _incognito_ during his life. + + +SCOTT, SIR WALTER (1771-1832).--Poet, novelist, and biographer, _s._ of +Walter S., a Writer to the Signet in Edinburgh, and Margaret Rutherford, +_dau._ of one of the Prof. of Medicine in the Univ. there. Through both +parents he was connected with several old Border families; his _f._ was a +scion of the Scotts of Harden, well known in Border history. In early +childhood he suffered from a severe fever, one of the effects of which +was a permanent lameness, and for some time he was delicate. The native +vigour of his constitution, however, soon asserted itself, and he became +a man of exceptional strength. Much of his childhood was spent at his +grandfather's farm at Sandyknowe, Roxburghshire, and almost from the dawn +of intelligence he began to show an interest in the traditionary lore +which was to have so powerful an influence on his future life, an +interest which was nourished and stimulated by several of the older +members of his family, especially one of his aunts. At this stage he was +a quick-witted, excitable child, who required rather to be restrained +than pressed forward. At the age of 7 he was strong enough to be sent to +the High School of Edinburgh, where he was more remarkable for +miscellaneous and out-of-the-way knowledge and his powers of +story-telling than for proficiency in the ordinary course of study; and +notwithstanding his lameness, he was to be found in the forefront +wherever adventure or fighting were to be had. Thereafter he was for +three sessions at the Univ., where he bore much the same character as at +school. He was, however, far from idle, and was all the time following +the irresistible bent, which ultimately led to such brilliant results, in +a course of insatiable reading of ballads and romances, to enlarge which +he had by the time he was 15 acquired a working knowledge of French and +Italian, and had made the acquaintance of Dante and Ariosto in the +original. Percy's _Reliques of Ancient Poetry_, _pub._ in 1765, came into +his hands in 1784, and proved one of the most formative influences of +this period. At 15 he was apprenticed to his _f._, but preferring the +higher branch of the profession, he studied for the Bar, to which he was +called in 1792. He did not, however, forego his favourite studies, but +ransacked the Advocates' Library for old manuscripts, in the deciphering +of which he became so expert that his assistance soon came to be invoked +by antiquarians of much longer standing. Although he worked hard at law +his ideal was not the attainment of an extensive practice, but rather of +a fairly paid post which should leave him leisure for his favourite +pursuits, and this he succeeded in reaching, being appointed first in +1799 Sheriff of Selkirk, and next in 1812 one of the Principal Clerks to +the Court of Session, which together brought him an income of L1600. +Meanwhile in 1795 he had translated Buerger's ballad of _Lenore_, and in +the following year he made his first appearance in print by publishing it +along with a translation of _The Wild Huntsman_ by the same author. About +the same time he made the acquaintance of "Monk" Lewis, to whose +collection of _Tales of Wonder_ he contributed the ballads of +_Glenfinlas_, _The Eve of St. John_, and _The Grey Brother_; and he _pub._ +in 1799 a translation of Goethe's _Goetz von Berlichingen_. In 1797 he +was _m._ to Miss Charlotte Margaret Charpentier, the _dau._ of a French +gentleman of good position. The year 1802 saw the publication of Scott's +first work of real importance, _The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_, +of which 2 vols. appeared, the third following in the next year. In 1804 +he went to reside at Ashestiel on the Tweed, where he ed. the old +romance, _Sir Tristrem_, and in 1805 he produced his first great original +work, _The Lay of the Last Minstrel_, which was received with great +favour, and decided that literature was thenceforth to be the main work +of his life. In the same year the first few chapters of _Waverley_ were +written; but the unfavourable opinion of a friend led to the MS. being +laid aside for nearly 10 years. In 1806 S. began, by a secret +partnership, that association with the Ballantynes which resulted so +unfortunately for him 20 years later. _Marmion_ was _pub._ in 1808: it +was even more popular than the _Lay_, and raised his reputation +proportionately. The same year saw the publication of his elaborate ed. +of Dryden with a Life, and was also marked by a rupture with Jeffrey, +with whom he had been associated as a contributor to the _Edinburgh +Review_, and by the establishment of the new firm of J. Ballantyne and +Co., of which the first important publication was _The Lady of the Lake_, +which appeared in 1810, _The Vision of Don Roderick_ following in 1811. +In 1812 S. purchased land on the Tweed near Melrose, and built his famous +house, Abbotsford, the adornment of which became one of the chief +pleasures of his life, and which he made the scene of a noble and kindly +hospitality. In the same year he _pub._ _Rokeby_, and in 1813 _The Bridal +of Triermain_, while 1814 saw _The Life and Works of Swift_ in 19 vols., +and was made illustrious by the appearance of _Waverley_, the two coming +out in the same week, the latter, of course, like its successors, +anonymously. The next year, _The Lord of the Isles_, _Guy Mannering_, and +_The Field of Waterloo_ appeared, and the next again, 1816, _Paul's +Letters to his Kinsfolk_, _The Antiquary_, _The Black Dwarf_, and _Old +Mortality_, while 1817 saw _Harold the Dauntless_ and _Rob Roy_. The +enormous strain which S. had been undergoing as official, man of letters, +and man of business, began at length to tell upon him, and in this same +year, 1817, he had the first of a series of severe seizures of cramp in +the stomach, to which, however, his indomitable spirit refused to yield, +and several of his next works, _The Heart of Midlothian_ (1818), by many +considered his masterpiece, _The Bride of Lammermoor_, _The Legend of +Montrose_, and _Ivanhoe_, all of 1819, were dictated to amanuenses, while +he was too ill to hold a pen. In 1820 _The Monastery_, in which the +public began to detect a falling off in the powers of the still generally +unknown author, appeared. The immediately following _Abbot_, however, +showed a recovery. _Kenilworth_ and _The Pirate_ followed in 1821, _The +Fortunes of Nigel_ in 1822; _Peveril of the Peak_, _Quentin Durward_, and +_St. Ronan's Well_ in 1823; _Redgauntlet_ in 1824, and _Tales of the +Crusaders_ (_The Betrothed_ and _The Talisman_) in 1825. By this time S. +had long reached a pinnacle of fame such as perhaps no British man of +letters has ever attained during his lifetime. He had for a time been the +most admired poet of his day, and though latterly somewhat eclipsed by +Byron, he still retained great fame as a poet. He also possessed a great +reputation as an antiquary, one of the chief revivers of interest in our +ancient literature, and as the biographer and ed. of several of our great +writers; while the incognito which he maintained in regard to his novels +was to many a very partial veil. The unprecedented profits of his +writings had made him, as he believed, a man of wealth; his social +prestige was immense; he had in 1820 been made a baronet, when that was +still a real distinction, and he had been the acknowledged representative +of his country when the King visited it in 1822. All this was now to +change, and the fabric of prosperity which he had raised by his genius +and labour, and which had never spoiled the simplicity and generosity of +his character, was suddenly to crumble into ruin with, however, the +result of revealing him as the possessor of qualities even greater and +nobler than any he had shown in his happier days. The publishing and +printing firms with which he had been connected fell in the commercial +crisis of 1826, and S. found himself at 55, and with failing health, +involved in liabilities amounting to L130,000. Never was adversity more +manfully and gallantly met. Notwithstanding the crushing magnitude of the +disaster and the concurrent sorrow of his wife's illness, which soon +issued in her death, he deliberately set himself to the herculean task of +working off his debts, asking only that time might be given him. The +secret of his authorship was now, of course, revealed, and his efforts +were crowned with a marvellous measure of success. _Woodstock_, his first +publication after the crash, appeared in the same year and brought L8000; +by 1828 he had earned L40,000. In 1827 _The Two Drovers_, _The Highland +Widow_, and _The Surgeon's Daughter_, forming the first series of +_Chronicles of the Canongate_, appeared together with _The Life of +Napoleon_ in 9 vols., and the first series of _Tales of a Grandfather_; +in 1828 _The Fair Maid of Perth_ and the second series of _Tales of a +Grandfather_, _Anne of Geierstein_, a third series of the _Tales_, and +the commencement of a complete ed. of the novels in 1829; a fourth and +last series of _Tales_, _History of Scotland_, and other work in 1830. +Then at last the overworked brain gave way, and during this year he had +more than one paralytic seizure. He was sent abroad for change and rest, +and a Government frigate was placed at his disposal. But all was in vain; +he never recovered, and though in temporary rallies he produced two more +novels, _Count Robert of Paris_ and _Castle Dangerous_, both in 1831, +which only showed that the spell was broken, he gradually sank, and _d._ +at Abbotsford on September 21, 1832. + +The work which S. accomplished, whether looked at as regards its mass or +its quality, is alike marvellous. In mere amount his output in each of +the four departments of poetry, prose fiction, history and biography, and +miscellaneous literature is sufficient to fill an ordinary literary life. +Indeed the quantity of his acknowledged work in other departments was +held to be the strongest argument against the possibility of his being +the author of the novels. The achievement of such a result demanded a +power of steady, methodical, and rapid work almost unparalleled in the +history of literature. When we turn to its quality we are struck by the +range of subject and the variableness of the treatment. In general there +is the same fulness of mind directed by strong practical sense and +judgment, but the style is often heavy, loose, and even slipshod, and in +most of his works there are "patches" in which he falls far below his +best. His poetry, though as a whole belonging to the second class, is +full of broad and bold effects, picturesqueness, and an irresistible rush +and freshness. As a lyrist, however, he stands much higher, and in such +gems as "Proud Maisie" and "A weary lot is thine, Fair Maid," he takes +his place among our greatest singers. His chief fame rests, of course, +upon the novels. Here also, however, there is the same inequality and +irregularity, but there is a singular command over his genius in virtue +of which the fusing, creating imagination responds to his call, and is at +its greatest just where it is most needed. For the variety, truth, and +aliveness of his characters he has probably no equal since Shakespeare, +and though, of course, coming far behind, he resembles him alike in his +range and in his insight. The most remarkable feature in his character is +the union of an imagination of the first order with practical sagacity +and manly sanity, in this also resembling his great predecessor. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1771, _ed._ Edin., called to Bar 1792, Sheriff of Selkirk +1799, Principal Clerk of Session 1812, first _pub._ translation of +_Lenore_, etc., wrote ballads and made translation from German, _pub. +Minstrelsy of Scottish Border_ 1802-3, _Lay of Last Minstrel_ 1805, began +_Waverley_ 1805, partner with Ballantynes 1806, _pub._ _Marmion_ 1808, +_Lady of Lake_ 1810, began to build Abbotsford 1812, Waverley novels +began and continued 1814-31, health began to fail 1817, made Baronet +1820, ruined by failure of Ballantynes 1826, devotes rest of his life to +clearing off debt by novels and historical works, _Tales of a +Grandfather_, _Life of Napoleon_, etc., health finally gave way 1830, +_d._ 1832. + +The great authority is the _Life_ by Lockhart, but it has been +supplemented by the _Journal_ (1890) and _Letters_ (1893). Short _Lives_ +by C. Gilfillan, R.H. Hutton, etc., etc. + + +SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890).--Poet and painter, _s._ of Robert S., an +engraver, and brother of David S., painter, _b._ in Edin., settled in +London, and painted chiefly historical subjects. He _pub._ five vols. of +poetry, including _Hades_ and _The Year of the World_, and many fine +sonnets, a form of poetry in which he excelled, and in prose _Half-hour +Lectures on Art_ and _The Little Masters_ in the Great Artists Series. He +also ed. a series of "English Poets," and wrote a Life of his brother and +one of Albrecht Duerer, etc. + + +SEDLEY, SIR CHARLES (1639?-1701).--Poet, _s._ and heir of a Kentish +baronet, was at Oxf. and, coming to the Court of Charles II., became one +of the most popular and brilliant members of its dissipated circles. He +was the author of two tragedies and three comedies, now forgotten, though +extravagantly lauded in their day, and of some poems and songs, of which +the best known are _Phyllis_ and _Chloris_. His only child was the witty +and profligate Catherine S., mistress of James II., who created her +Countess of Dorset. _Bellamira_ and _The Mulberry Garden_, founded +respectively on Terence and Moliere, are his best plays. His prose in +pamphlets and essays is better than his verse. + + +SEELEY, SIR JOHN ROBERT (1834-1895).--Historian and essayist, _s._ of a +publisher in London, _ed._ at City of London School and Camb. In 1863 he +became Prof. of Latin at Univ. Coll., London, and was Prof. of Modern +History at Camb. from 1869 until his death. In 1865 appeared anonymously +_Ecce Homo_, a work which created intense excitement and keen controversy +in the theological and religious world. Other works were _The Life and +Times of Stein_, the Prussian statesman (1879), _Natural Religion_ +(1882), _The Expansion of England_ (1883), _Life of Napoleon_ (1885), and +a work on Goethe. _The Growth of British Policy_ (1895) was left finished +but unrevised at his death. In recognition of his services to the empire +in his political writings he was, in 1894, made K.C.M.G. + + +SELDEN, JOHN (1584-1654).--Jurist and scholar, _b._ near Worthing, +Sussex, the _s._ of a farmer who was also a musician, _ed._ at Chichester +and Oxf., and studied law at Clifford's Inn and the Inner Temple. His +learning soon attracted attention and, though practising little, he was +consulted on points involving legal erudition. His first work, _Analecton +Anglo-Britannicon_, a chronological collection of English records down to +the Norman invasion, was written in 1606, though not _pub._ till 1615. In +1610 appeared a treatise on the _Duello, or Single Combat_; and in 1614 +his largest English work on _Titles of Honour_, full of profound +learning, and still a high authority. Three years later, 1617, he wrote +in Latin his treatise, _De Deis Syris_ (on the Gods of Syria), an inquiry +into polytheism, specially with reference to the false deities mentioned +in Scripture. His reputation as a scholar had now become European. In +1618 he incurred the indignation of the King and the clergy by his +_History of Tithes_, in which he denied their claim to be a divine +institution. Called before the High Commission he made a statement +regretting the publication of the book though not withdrawing any of its +statements. In 1621 he suffered a brief imprisonment for withstanding +some of James's doctrines as to the privileges of Parliament. Two years +later he was elected member for Lancaster. As a politician his views were +moderate, and all along he endeavoured to repress the zeal of the +extremists on both sides. He was imprisoned in the Tower for four years, +1630-34. During the final struggle of King and Parliament he was much +employed; but like most men of moderate views, was frequently under +suspicion, and after the execution of the King, to which he was strongly +opposed, he took little to do with public matters. He was a lay member of +the Westminster Assembly, 1643, where his profound knowledge of the +original tongues made him somewhat of a terror to certain extremists +among the divines. He had at an early age been appointed steward to the +Earl of Kent, and at the house of his widow, with whom he had long lived +in such close friendship as to give rise to the belief that they were +_m._, he _d._ Among other works may be mentioned a description of the +Arundel Marbles (1629), a treatise concerning the Jewish calendar (1646), +and, specially, his _Table Talk_, _pub._ 1689, of which Coleridge said +"there is more weighty bullion sense in this book than I can find in the +same number of pages of any uninspired writer." He was likewise the +author of various treatises on constitutional matters and the law of +nations, including _Mare Clausum_ (a Closed Sea), in defence of the +property of England in its circumfluent seas. Most of these were written +in Latin. + +_Coll. Works_ with _Life_, Dr. Wilkins (3 vols., folio, 1726), Aikin's +_Lives_ of Selden and Ussher. + + +SELLAR, WILLIAM YOUNG (1825-1890).--Scholar, _b._ in Sutherlandshire, his +_f._ being factor to the Duke of Sutherland, _ed._ at Glasgow Univ. and +Oxf., became in 1859 Prof. of Greek at St. Andrews and, in 1863, of Latin +at Edin. He _pub._ a work on the _Roman Poets of the Republic_ (1863), +followed by _The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age_. Both of these hold a +high place among modern works of scholarship. + + +SEMPILL, ROBERT (1530?-1595), SEMPILL, ROBERT (1595?-1659?), SEMPILL, +FRANCIS (1616?-1682).--Scottish poets, all belonging to the same family, +the last two being _f._ and _s._ The first was mainly a satirist, was in +Paris at the massacre of St. Bartholomew, and belonged to the extremist +division of the Reforming party, _The Regente's Tragedy_ laments the +death of Murray, _Ane Complaint upon Fortoun_, the fall of Morton. The +second Robert wrote _The Life and Death of Habbie Simson, the Piper_, a +humorous description of old Scottish life. Francis wrote occasional +pieces. The song _She Rose and let me in_, formerly attributed to him, is +now known to be by Tom D'Urfey (_q.v._). + + +SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864).--Economist and essayist, _s._ of a +clergyman, was _b._ at Compton Beauchamp, Berks, _ed._ at Eton and Oxf., +studied law, and was called to the Bar in 1819. He twice held the +Professorship of Political Economy at Oxf., 1825-30 and 1847-52, rendered +important service as a member of the Poor Law Commission of 1833, and +wrote its Report. S. holds a high position among English economists, and +made many contributions to the literature of the science, including +_Outline of the Science of Political Economy_ (1836). He was, moreover, a +writer of considerable versatility, his works in general literature +including _Essays on Fiction_ (1864), _Historical and Philosophical +Essays_ (1865), and specially his notes of conversations with many +eminent persons, chiefly political, _e.g._, De Tocqueville, Thiers, and +Guizot, which combine fulness of information with discretion; he also +_pub._ journals of his travels in Turkey, Greece, Egypt, etc. + + +SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648-1724).--Poet and dramatist, _ed._ at Oxf., was the +author of a number of turgid dramas, now unreadable and unread, but which +in their day were held to rival Dryden, who pilloried S. as Doeg in the +second part of _Absalom and Achitophel_. S. essayed a reply in _Absalom +Senior_. He wrote against the Papists, but recanted, and made amends by a +_Narrative of the Popish Plot_, in which he exposed the perjuries of +Titus Oates. He was appointed City Poet. Latterly he had a booth in +Bartholomew Fair. He _d._ in the Charterhouse. His plays include +_Cambyses_ (1666), _Empress of Morocco_ (1671), _Love and Revenge_ +(1675), _The Female Prelate_, _Distressed Innocence_ (1691), and the +_Ladies' Triumph_ (1718). + + +SHADWELL, THOMAS (1640 or 1642-1692).--Dramatist and poet, belonged to a +good Staffordshire family, was _b._ in Norfolk, _ed._ at Camb., and after +studying law travelled, and on his return became a popular dramatist. +Among his comedies, in which he displayed considerable comic power and +truth to nature, may be mentioned _The Sullen Lovers_ (1668), _Royal +Shepherdess_ (1668), _The Humourists_ (1671), and _The Miser_ (1672). He +attached himself to the Whigs, and when Dryden attacked them in _Absalom +and Achitophel_ and _The Medal_, had the temerity to assail him +scurrilously in _The Medal of John Bayes_ (1682). The castigation which +this evoked in _MacFlecknoe_ and in the second part of _Absalom and +Achitophel_, in which S. figures as "Og," has conferred upon him an +unenviable immortality. He may have found some consolation in his +succession to Dryden as Poet Laureate when, at the Revolution, the latter +was deprived of the office. + +Other plays are _Epsom Wells_ (1673), _The Virtuoso_ (1676), _Lancashire +Witches_ (1681), _The Volunteers_ (1693), etc. + + +SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 3RD EARL OF +(1671-1713).--Philosopher, _b._ in London, grandson of the 1st Earl, the +eminent statesman, the "Achitophel" of Dryden. After a private education +under the supervision of Locke, and a short experience of Winchester +School, he travelled much on the Continent. On succeeding to the earldom +in 1699 he took a prominent part in the debates of the House of Lords, +but devoted himself mainly to philosophical and literary pursuits. His +_coll._ writings were _pub._ in 1711 under the title of _Characteristics +of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times_. In his philosophy he maintains, as +against Hobbes, the existence of a moral sense, a view subsequently +developed by the Scottish school of philosophy. The style of S. is +stately and sonorous but laboured. He _d._ at Naples, whither he had gone +in search of health, at the early age of 42. Though his writings are +directed strongly against Atheism, they have been held to be hostile to a +belief in revelation. + + +SHAIRP, JOHN CAMPBELL (1819-1885).--Poet and critic, _ed._ at Glasgow and +Oxf., became Prof. of Latin at St. Andrews 1861. Principal of the United +Coll. there 1868, and Prof. of Poetry at Oxf. 1877-87. Among his +writings are _Kilmahoe and other Poems_ (1864), _Studies in Poetry and +Philosophy_ (1868), _Culture and Religion_ (1870), and a Life of Burns in +the English Men of Letters Series. He also collaborated with Prof. Tait +in writing the Life of Principal Forbes (_q.v._), and ed. the Journal of +Dorothy Wordsworth. + + +SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616).--Dramatist and poet, _b._ at +Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, on 22nd or 23rd, and baptised on 26th +April, 1564. On his father's side he belonged to a good yeoman stock, +though his descent cannot be certainly traced beyond his grandfather, a +Richard S., settled at Snitterfield, near Stratford. His _f._, John S., +appears to have been a man of intelligence and energy, who set up in +Stratford as a dealer in all kinds of agricultural produce, to which he +added the trade of a glover. He became prosperous, and gained the respect +of his neighbours, as is evidenced by his election in succession to all +the municipal honours of his community, including those of chief alderman +and high bailiff. He _m._ Mary, youngest _dau._ of Robert Arden, a +wealthy farmer at Wilmcote, and a younger branch of a family of +considerable distinction, and whose tenant Richard S. had been. On her +father's death Mary inherited Asbies, a house with 50 acres of land +attached to it. The first children of the marriage were two _dau._, who +_d._ in infancy. William was the third, and others followed, of whom +three sons, Gilbert, Richard, and Edmund, and a _dau._ Joan, reached +maturity. He was _ed._ with his brother Gilbert at Stratford Grammar +School, where he learned Latin from Lilly's Grammar, English, writing, +and arithmetic. He probably read some of the Latin classics and may have +got a little Greek, and though his learned friend Ben Jonson credits him +with "little Latin and less Greek," Aubrey says he "knew Latin pretty +well." This happy state of matters continued until he was about 13, when +his _f._ fell into misfortune, which appears to have gone on deepening +until the success and prosperity of the poet in later years enabled him +to reinstate the family in its former position. Meanwhile, however, he +was taken from school, and appears to have been made to assist his _f._ +in his business. The next certain fact in his history is his marriage in +November, 1582, when he was 18, to Ann Hathaway, _dau._ of a yeoman at +the neighbouring hamlet of Shottery, and 8 years his senior. Various +circumstances point to the marriage having been against the wishes of his +own family, and pressed on by that of his wife, and that it was so urged +in defence of the reputation of the lady, and as perhaps might be +expected, they indicate, though not conclusively, that it did not prove +altogether happy. The birth, in May, 1583, of his eldest child Susannah +(who is said to have inherited something of his wit and practical +ability, and who _m._ a Dr. John Hall), followed in the next year by that +of twins, Hamnet and Judith, and the necessity of increased means, led to +his departure from Stratford, whence he travelled on foot to London, +where the next 23 years of his life were mainly spent. The tradition that +his departure was also caused by trouble into which he had got by killing +the deer of Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlcote, is credible. Leaving Stratford +in 1585 or the beginning of 1586, he seems at once to have turned to the +theatres, where he soon found work, although, as Rowe, his first +biographer, says, "in a very mean rank." It was not long, however, +before he had opportunities of showing his capacities as an actor, with +the result that he shortly became a member of one of the chief acting +companies of the day, which was then under the patronage of the Earl of +Leicester, and after being associated with the names of various other +noblemen, at last on the accession of James I. became known as the King's +Company. It played originally in "The Theatre" in Shoreditch, the first +playhouse to be erected in England, and afterwards in the "Rose" on the +Bankside, Southwark, the scene of the earliest successes of S. as an +actor and playwright. Subsequently to 1594, he acted occasionally in a +playhouse in Newington Butts, and between 1595 and 1599 in the "Curtain." +In the latter year the "Globe" was built on the Bankside, and 10 years +later the "Blackfriars:" and with these two, but especially with the +former, the remainder of his professional life was associated. It is not +unlikely that he visited various provincial towns; but that he was ever +in Scotland or on the Continent is improbable. Among the plays in which +he appeared were Jonson's _Every Man in his Humour_ and _Sejanus_, and in +_Hamlet_ he played "The Ghost;" and it is said that his brother Gilbert +as an old man remembered his appearing as "Adam" in _As You Like It_. By +1595 S. was famous and prosperous; his earlier plays had been written and +acted, and his poems _Venus and Adonis_, and _Lucrece_, and probably most +of the sonnets, had been _pub._ and received with extraordinary favour. +He had also powerful friends and patrons, including the Earl of +Southampton, and was known at Court. By the end of the century he is +mentioned by Francis Meres (_q.v._) as the greatest man of letters of the +day, and his name had become so valuable that it was affixed by +unscrupulous publishers to works, _e.g._ _Locrine_, _Oldcastle_, and _The +Yorkshire Tragedy_, by other and often very inferior hands. He had also +resumed a close connection with Stratford, and was making the restoration +of the family position there the object of his ambition. In accordance +with this he induced his _f._ to apply for a grant of arms, which was +given, and he purchased New Place, the largest house in the village. With +the income derived from his profession as an actor and dramatist, and his +share of the profits of the Globe and Blackfriars theatres, and in view +of the business capacity with which he managed his affairs, he may be +regarded as almost a wealthy man, and he went on adding to his influence +in Stratford by buying land. He had enjoyed the favour of Elizabeth, and +her death in 1603 did nothing to disturb his fortunes, as he stood quite +as well with her successor. His company received the title of the "King's +Servants," and his plays were frequently performed before the Court. But +notwithstanding this, the clouds had gathered over his life. The +conspiracy of Essex in 1601 had involved several of his friends and +patrons in disaster; he had himself been entangled in the unhappy love +affair which is supposed to be referred to in some of his sonnets, and he +had suffered unkindness at the hands of a friend. For a few years his +dramas breathe the darkness and bitterness of a heart which has been +sounding the depths of sad experience. He soon, however, emerged from +this and, passing through the period of the great tragedies, reached the +serene triumph and peace of his later dramas. In 1611 S. severed his long +connection with the stage, and retired to Stratford, where the remaining +five years of his life were spent in honour and prosperity. Early in 1616 +his health began to give way, and he made his will. In the spring he +received a visit from his friends, Jonson and Drayton, and the festivity +with which it was celebrated seems to have brought on a fever, of which +he _d._ on April 23. He was survived by his wife and his two _dau._, both +of whom were married. His descendants _d._ out with his grand-daughter, +Elizabeth Hall. + +Immense research has been spent upon the writings of S., with the result +of substantial agreement as to the order of their production and the +sources from which their subjects were drawn; for S. rarely troubled +himself with the construction of a story, but adopting one already +existing reared upon it as a foundation one of those marvellous +superstructures which make him the greatest painter and interpreter of +human character the world has ever seen. His period of literary +production extends from about 1588 to 1613, and falls naturally into four +divisions, which Prof. Dowden has named, "In the Workshop" ending in +1596; "In the World" 1596-1601; "Out of the Depths" 1601-1608; and "On +the Heights" 1608-1613. Of the 37 plays usually attributed to him, 16 +only were _pub._ during his lifetime, so that the exact order in which +they were produced cannot always be determined with certainty. Recent +authorities are agreed to the extent that while they do not invariably +place the individual plays in the same order, they are almost entirely at +one as to which belong to the four periods respectively. The following +list shows in a condensed form the order according to Mr. Sidney Lee +(_Dictionary of National Biography_) with the most probable dates and the +original sources on which the plays are founded. + +CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS + + FIRST PERIOD--1588?-1596 +LOVE'S LABOUR LOST (1591)--Plot probably original. +TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA (1591)--_The Shepherdess Felismena_ in + George of Montmayor's _Diana_. +COMEDY OF ERRORS (1591)--_Menaechmi_ of Plautus and earlier play. +ROMEO AND JULIET (1591)--Italian romance in Painter's _Palace of + Pleasure_ and Broke's _Romeus and Juliet_. +HENRY VI. 1, 2, and 3 (1592)--Retouched old plays, probably with Marlowe. +RICHARD III. (1592-3)--Holinshed's _Chronicle_. +RICHARD II. (1593-4?)-- do. +TITUS ANDRONICUS (1594)--Probably chiefly by Kyd, retouched. +KING JOHN (1594)--Old play retouched. + + SECOND PERIOD--1596-1601-2 +MERCHANT OF VENICE (1594)--Italian novels, _Gesta Romanorum_, and + earlier plays. +MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM (1595)--North's _Plutarch_, Chaucer, Ovid. +ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS WELL (1595)--Painter's _Palace of Pleasure_. +TAMING OF THE SHREW (1596?)--Old play retouched, and _Supposes_ of + G. Gascoigne, Shakespeare's in part only. +HENRY IV. 1 and 2 (1597?)--Holinshed and earlier play. +MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR (1597-8)--Italian novels (?). +HENRY V. (1599). +MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING (1599)--Partly from Italian. +AS YOU LIKE IT (1599)--Lodge's _Rosalynde, Euphues' Golden Legacie_. +TWELFTH NIGHT (1599)--B. Riche's _Apolonius and Silla_. + + THIRD PERIOD--1602-1608 +JULIUS CAESAR (1601)--North's _Plutarch_. +HAMLET (1601-2)--Belleforest's _Histoires Tragiques_. +TROILUS AND CRESSIDA (1603?)--Probably Chaucer's _Troilus and + Cresseide_ and Chapman's _Homer_. +OTHELLO (1604)--Cinthio's _Hecatommithi_. +MEASURE FOR MEASURE (1604?)--Cinthio's _Epithia_. +MACBETH (1605-6?)--Holinshed. +LEAR (1606)-- do. +TIMON OF ATHENS (1607?)--_Palace of Pleasure_ and Plutarch written + with G. Wilkins (?) and W. Rowley (?). +PERICLES (1607-8)--Gower's _Confessio Amantis_, with G. Wilkins (?). +ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA (1608)--North's _Plutarch_. +CORIOLANUS (1608)-- do. + + FOURTH PERIOD--1608-1613 +CYMBELINE (1610-11?)--Holinshed and _Ginevra_ in Boccaccio's + _Decamerone_. +WINTER'S TALE (1610-11)--Green's _Dorastus and Fawnia_. +TEMPEST (1611?)--S. Jourdain's _Discovery of the Bermudas_. +HENRY VIII. (1612-13)--Draft by S. completed by Fletcher and + perhaps Massinger. + + POEMS + VENUS AND ADONIS (1593). + RAPE OF LUCRECE (1594). + SONNETS (1591-94?). + +The evidence as to chronology is three-fold--(1) External, such as +entries in registers of Stationers' Company, contemporary references, or +details as to the companies of actors; (2) External and internal +combined, such as references in the plays to events or books, etc.; (3) +Internal, content and treatment, progressive changes in versification, +presence of frequency of rhyme, etc. The genius of S. was so intensely +dramatic that it is impossible to say confidently when he speaks in his +own character. The sonnets, written probably 1591-94 have, however, been +thought to be of a more personal nature, and to contain indications as to +his character and history, and much labour and ingenuity have been +expended to make them yield their secrets. It is generally agreed that +they fall into two sections, the first consisting of sonnets 1 to 126 +addressed to a young man, probably Henry Wriothesley, Earl of +Southampton, the friend and patron of S., and 9 years his junior; and the +second from 127 to 154 addressed or referring to a woman in whose snares +the writer had become entangled, and by whom he was betrayed. Some, +however, have held that they are allegorical, or partly written on behalf +of others, or that the emotion they express is dramatic and not personal. + +There are contemporary references to S. which show him to have been +generally held in high regard. Thus Ben Jonson says, "I loved the man, +and do honour to his memory, on this side idolatry, as much as any," and +Chettle refers to "His demeanour no lesse civil than exelent in the +qualities he professes." The only exception is a reference to him in +Greene's _Groat's-worth of Wit_, as "an upstart crow beautified with our +feathers, that with his tyger's heart wrapt in a player's hide supposes +he is as well able to bumbast out a blanke verse as the best of you ... +and is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a countrie." He is said +to have written rapidly and with facility, rarely requiring to alter what +he had set down. In addition to his generally received works, others have +been attributed to him, some of which have been already mentioned: the +only two which appear to have serious claims to consideration are _The +Two Noble Kinsmen_, partly by Fletcher, and _Edward III._, of which part +of Act I. and the whole of Act II. have been thought to be Shakespeare's. +On the other hand a theory has been propounded that none of the plays +bearing his name were really his, but that they were written by Bacon +(_q.v._). This extraordinary view has been widely supported, chiefly in +America, and has been sometimes maintained; with considerable ability and +misplaced ingenuity. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1564, _ed._ at Stratford School, _f._ falls into +difficulties _c._ 1577, _m._ Ann Hathaway 1582, goes to London end of +1585, finds employment in theatres and acts in chief companies of the +time, first in "The Theatre" afterwards the "Rose," the "Curtain," the +"Globe" and "Blackfriars," appearing in Jonson's _Every Man in his +Humour_ and _Sejanus_. _Venus and Adonis_, _Lucrece_, earlier plays, and +perhaps most of sonnets _pub._ by 1595, when he was friend of Southampton +and known at Court, purchases New Place at Stratford, falls into trouble +_c._ 1600, having lost friends in Essex's conspiracy, and has unfortunate +love affair; emerges from this into honour and peace, retires to +Stratford and _d._ 1616. Productive period _c._ 1588-1613, 4 divisions, +first (1588-96), second (1596-1601), third (1601-1608), fourth +(1608-1613). Of 37 plays usually attributed, only 16 _pub._ in his life. + +As might have been expected, there is a copious literature devoted to +Shakespeare and his works. Among those dealing with biography may be +mentioned Halliwell Phillipps's _Outline of the Life of Shakespeare_ (7th +ed., 1887), Fleay's _Shakespeare Manual_ (1876), and _Life of +Shakespeare_ (1886). _Life_ by S. Lee (1898), Dowden's _Shakespeare, his +Mind and Art_ (1875), Drake's _Shakespeare and his Times_ (1817), +Thornberry's _Shakespeare's England_ (1856), Knight's _Shakespeare_ +(1843). _See_ also Works by Guizot, De Quincey, Fullom, Elze, and others. +Criticisms by Coleridge, Hazlitt, Swinburne, T.S. Baynes, and others. +Concordance by Mrs. Cowden Clarke. Ed., Rowe (1709), Pope (1725), +Theobald (1733), Johnson (1765), Capell (1768), Steevens's improved +re-issue of Johnson (1773), Malone (1790), Reed's _1st Variorum_ (1803), +_2nd Variorum_ (1813), _3rd Variorum_ by Jas. Boswell the younger (1821), +Dyce (1857), Staunton (1868-70), Camb. by W.G. Clark and Dr. Aldis Wright +(1863-66), Temple (ed. I. Gollancz, 1894-96), _Eversley Shakespeare_ (ed. +Herford, 1899). + + +SHARP, WILLIAM ("FIONA MACLEOD") (1856-1905).--Wrote under this pseudonym +a remarkable series of Celtic tales, novels, and poems, including +_Pharais, a Romance of the Isles_, _The Mountain Lovers_, _The Sin-Eater_ +(1895), _The Washer of the Ford_, and _Green Fire_ (1896), _The Laughter +of Peterkin_ (1897), _The Dominion of Dreams_ (1899), _The Divine +Adventure_ (1900), _Drostan and Iseult_ (1902). He was one of the +earliest and most gifted promoters of the Celtic revival. In verse are +_From the Hills of Dream_, _Through the Ivory Gate_, and _The Immortal +Hour_ (drama). Under his own name he wrote _Earth's Voices_, _Sospiri di +Roma_, _Sospiri d'Italia_, poems, and books on Rossetti, Shelley, +Browning, and Heine; also a few novels. + + +SHAW, HENRY WHEELER ("JOSH BILLINGS") (1818-1885).--Humorist, _b._ in +Massachusetts. After working on steam-boats and farming, he became an +auctioneer, and settled at Poughkeepsie. Stripped of the fantastic +spelling by which he first succeeded in catching the public attention, +the shrewd and droll maxims of his _Farmers' Allminax_ have something in +common with Franklin's _Poor Richard_. Other books with the same features +are _Josh Billings' Sayings_, _Everybody's Friend_, _Josh Billings' Trump +Kards_, etc. + + +SHELLEY, MRS. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (GODWIN) (1797-1851).--Novelist, _b._ +in London, the only child of William Godwin (_q.v._) and Mary +Wollstonecraft, his wife (_q.v._). In 1814 she went to the Continent with +P.B. Shelley (_q.v._), and _m._ him two years later. When abroad she saw +much of Byron, and it was at his villa on the Lake of Geneva that she +conceived the idea of her famous novel of _Frankenstein_ (1818), a +ghastly but powerful work. None of her other novels, including _The Last +Man_ and _Lodore_, had the same success. She contributed biographies of +foreign artists and authors to Lardner's _Cabinet Cyclopaedia_, and ed. +her husband's poems. + + +SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792-1822).--Poet, _s._ of Sir Timothy S., was +_b._ at Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex, and _ed._ at Brentford, Eton, +and Univ. Coll., Oxf., whence for writing and circulating a pamphlet, +_The Necessity of Atheism_, he was expelled. One immediate result of this +was a difference with his _f._, which was deepened into a permanent +breach by his marriage in the following year to Harriet Westbrook, the +pretty and lively _dau._ of a retired innkeeper. The next three years +were passed in wandering about from place to place in Ireland, Wales, the +Lake District, and other parts of the kingdom, and in the composition of +_Queen Mab_ (1813), the poet's first serious work. Before the end of that +period he had separated from his wife, for which various reasons have +been assigned, one being her previous desertion of him, and the discovery +on his part of imperfect sympathy between them; the principal one, +however, being that he had conceived a violent passion for Mary +Wollstonecraft Godwin (_see_ Shelley, Mrs. M.W.), _dau._ of William +Godwin (_q.v._), with whom he eloped to Italy in 1814, and whom he _m._ +in 1816, his first wife having drowned herself. The custody of his two +children, whom he had left with their mother, was refused him by the +Court of Chancery. In Switzerland he had made the acquaintance of Byron, +with whom he afterwards lived in intimacy in Italy. Returning to England +in 1815 he wrote his first really great poem, _Alastor_ (1816), followed +by the _Hymn to Intellectual Beauty_, _Prince Athanase_, _Rosalind and +Helen_, and _Laon and Cythna_, afterwards called the _Revolt of Islam_ +(1817). In 1818 he left England never to return, and went to Italy, and +in the next two years--while at Rome--produced his two greatest works, +the tragedy of _The Cenci_ (1819) and _Prometheus Unbound_ (1820). He +removed to Venice in 1820 in the company of Byron, and there wrote +_Julian and Maddalo_, a poetic record of discussions between them. +_Epipsychidion_, _Hellas_, and _Adonais_, a lament for Keats, were all +produced in 1821. After a short residence at Pisa he went to Lerici on +the Gulf of Spezzia, where he indulged in his favourite recreation of +boating, and here on July 8, 1823, he went, in company with a friend, Mr. +Williams, on that fatal expedition which cost him his life. His body was +cast ashore about a fortnight later, and burnt, in accordance with the +quarantine law of the country, on a pyre in the presence of Byron, Leigh +Hunt, and Trelawny. His ashes were carefully preserved and buried in the +Protestant cemetery at Rome near those of Keats. The character of S. is a +singularly compounded one. By the unanimous testimony of his friends, it +was remarkable for gentleness, purity, generosity, and strong affection: +on the other hand he appears to have had very inadequate conceptions of +duty and responsibility, and from his childhood seems to have been in +revolt against authority of every kind. The charge of Atheism rests +chiefly on _Mab_, the work of a boy, printed by him for private +circulation, and to some extent repudiated as personal opinion. As a poet +he stands in the front rank: in lyrical gift, shown in _Prometheus_, +_Hellas_, and some of his shorter poems, such as "The Skylark," he is +probably unsurpassed, and in his _Cenci_ he exhibits dramatic power of a +high order. Among his shorter poems are some which reach perfection, such +as the sonnet on "Ozymandias," "Music when soft voices die," "I arise +from dreams of thee," "When the lamp is shattered," the "Ode to the West +Wind," and "O world! O life! O time!" During his short life of 30 years +he was, not unnaturally, the object of much severe judgment, and his +poetic power even was recognised by only a few. Posterity has taken a +more lenient view of his serious errors of conduct, while according to +his genius a shining place among the immortals. + +The best ed. of the _Works_ is that of Buxton Forman (4 vols.). There are +ed. of the Poems by W.M. Rossetti (1894), Dowden (1891), etc. _Lives_ by +Medwin (1847), J.A. Symonds (1887), W.M. Rossetti, Prof. Dowden, T. +Jefferson Hogg, and others. + + +SHENSTONE, WILLIAM (1714-1763).--Poet, _s._ of Thomas S., owner of a +small estate at Hales Owen, Shropshire. At this place, called the +Leasowes, the poet was _b._ In 1732 he went to Oxf. On his father's death +he retired to the Leasowes where he passed his time, and ran through his +means in transforming it into a marvel of landscape gardening, visited by +strangers from all parts of the kingdom. The works of S. consist of poems +and prose essays. Of the former two, _The Schoolmistress_, a humorous +imitation of Spenser, with many quaint and tender touches, and the +_Pastoral Ballad_ in four parts, perhaps the best of its kind in the +language, survive. The essays also display good sense and a pointed and +graceful style. The last years of S. were clouded by financial +embarrassments and perhaps also by disappointed affections. After his +death his works, were _coll._ and _pub._ by Dodsley. + + +SHERIDAN, RICHARD BRINSLEY (1751-1816).--Dramatist and orator, _b._ in +Dublin, the _s._ of an actor, was _ed._ at Harrow. In 1772 he eloped with +Miss Linley, a famous singer, went with her to France, fought two duels, +and _m._ her in 1773. S. has a reputation of the highest in two distinct +walks, those of the dramatist and the Parliamentary orator. By his three +great comedies, _The Rivals_ (1775), _The School for Scandal_ (1777), and +_The Critic_ (1779), he raised himself to the first place among the +writers of the comedy of manners; and by his speeches, specially those in +support of the impeachment of Warren Hastings, he has a position among +the greatest of Parliamentary orators. Unfortunately he had little turn +for business, and too great a love of pleasure and conviviality, which +led to lifelong pecuniary embarrassment, completed by the destruction by +fire of Drury Lane Theatre, of which he had become proprietor. As a +politician S. supported the Whig party, and held the offices of +Under-Sec. for Foreign Affairs, Sec. to the Treasury, and Treasurer of +the Navy. He was also confidential adviser to George IV. when Prince of +Wales, but like everybody else who had to do with him suffered from the +ingratitude of "the first gentleman in Europe." The accounts long +prevalent of the poverty and misery of his last years have been shown to +be greatly exaggerated, though he was in reduced circumstances. As a +dramatist S. shines in the construction of amusing situations, and in a +sparkling flow of witty dialogue which never flags. His only other play +was _Pizarro_ (1799), a patriotic melodrama. + +_Lives_ by Walkins (1817), T. Moore (1825), and Mrs. Oliphant (1883). + + +SHERLOCK, WILLIAM (1641?-1707).--Divine and controversialist, _b._ at +Southwark, _ed._ at Eton and Camb., took orders, and became in 1684 +Master of the Temple, and in 1691 Dean of St. Paul's. He exercised a +powerful influence in the Church. His most popular work was his +_Discourse concerning Death_, and his principal controversial effort was +his _Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity_. Other works were on +_Future Judgment_ and on _The Divine Providence_. His son, THOMAS +SHERLOCK (1678-1761), who was also Master of the Temple, became Bishop +successively of Bangor, Salisbury, and London, and was, like his _f._, a +noted controversialist. His best known work is his _Tryal of the +Witnesses of the Resurrection of Jesus_ (1729). + + +SHERWOOD, MRS. MARY MARTHA (BUTT) (1775-1851).--Writer of children's +books, _m._ in 1803 Captain H. Sherwood, and went to India, where she +took much interest in soldiers' children. Among her books, many of which +attained great popularity, are _Susan Gray_, _Little Henry and his +Bearer_, and _The Fairchild Family_. + + +SHIRLEY, JAMES (1596-1666).--Dramatist, _b._ in London, _ed._ at Merchant +Taylor's School, London, and at Oxf. and Camb., became a master of St. +Alban's Grammar School, and afterwards joined the Roman Catholic Church, +and going to London wrote for the stage, producing 39 plays. His talents +and his religion recommended him to Queen Henrietta Maria, and he appears +to have led a fairly prosperous life until the interdict of plays by +Parliament in 1642. In the Civil War he bore arms on the Royalist side, +and during the Commonwealth he returned to his occupation of +schoolmaster. The Restoration does not appear to have improved his +fortunes much; he was burnt out in the great fire of 1666, and very soon +afterwards he and his wife _d._ on the same day. The plays of S. include +_The Traitor_ (1631), _The Cardinal_ (1641), _The Gamester_ (1633), _Hyde +Park_ (1632), and _The Lady of Pleasure_ (1635). He also wrote poems, +including the well-known lines beginning "The Glories of our mortal +State." S. has fancy, liveliness, and the style of a gentleman, but he +lacks depth and interest. He is less gross than most of his +contemporaries. + +Other plays are _The Ball_ (1632), _The Maid's Revenge_ (1626), _The +Grateful Servant_ (1629), _Bird in a Cage_ (1633), _The Example_ (1634). +_The Constant Maid_ (_c._ 1640), _Doubtful Heir, or Rosania_ (1640), +_Court Secret_ (1653), _Contention of Ajax and Ulysses_ (1659), etc. + + +SHORTHOUSE, JOSEPH HENRY (1834-1903).--Novelist, _b._ at Birmingham, +where he was a chemical manufacturer. Originally a Quaker, he joined the +Church of England. His first, and by far his best book, _John Inglesant_, +appeared in 1881, and at once made him famous. Though deficient in its +structure as a story, and not appealing to the populace, it fascinates by +the charm of its style and the "dim religious light" by which it is +suffused, as well as by the striking scenes occasionally depicted. His +other novels, _The Little Schoolmaster Mark_, _Sir Percival_, _The +Countess Eve_, and _A Teacher of the Violin_, though with some of the +same characteristics, had no success comparable to his first. S. also +wrote an essay, _The Platonism of Wordsworth_. + + +SIBBES, RICHARD (1577-1635).--Divine, was at Camb., where he held various +academic posts, of which he was deprived by the High Commission on +account of his Puritanism. He was the author of several devotional works +expressing intense religious feeling--_The Saint's Cordial_ (1629), _The +Bruised Reed and Smoking Flax_, etc. He was a man of great learning. + + +SIDNEY, or SYDNEY, ALGERNON (1622-1683).--Political writer, _s._ of the +2nd Earl of Leicester, and grand-nephew of Sir Philip S., in his youth +travelled on the Continent, served against the Irish Rebels, and on the +outbreak of the Civil War, on the side of the Parliament. He was one of +the judges on the trial of Charles I., and though he did not attend, he +thoroughly approved of the sentence. He opposed the assumption of the +supreme power by Cromwell. After the Restoration he lived on the +Continent, but receiving a pardon, returned in 1677 to England. He, +however, retained the republican principles which he had all his life +advocated, fell under the suspicion of the Court, and was in 1683, on the +discovery of the Rye House Plot, condemned to death on entirely +insufficient evidence, and beheaded on Tower Hill, December 7, 1683. +Though no charge of personal venality has been substantiated, yet it +appears to be certain that he received money from the French King for +using his influence against war between the two countries, his object +being to prevent Charles II. from obtaining command of the war supplies. +S. was deeply versed in political theory, and wrote _Discourses +concerning Government_, _pub._ in 1698. + + +SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586).--Poet and romancist, _s._ of Sir Henry +S., Deputy of Ireland, and Pres. of Wales, _b._ at the family seat of +Penshurst, and _ed._ at Shrewsbury School and Oxf. He was at the French +Court on the fateful August 24, 1572--the massacre of St. +Bartholomew--but left Paris soon thereafter and went to Germany and +Italy. In 1576 he was with his _f._ in Ireland, and the next year went on +missions to the Elector Palatine and the Emperor Rudolf II. When his +father's Irish policy was called in question, he wrote an able defence of +it. He became the friend of Spenser, who dedicated to him his _Shepherd's +Calendar_. In 1580 he lost the favour of the Queen by remonstrating +against her proposed marriage with the Duke of Anjou. His own marriage +with a _dau._ of Sir Francis Walsingham took place in 1583. In 1585 he +was engaged in the war in the Low Countries, and met his death at Zutphen +from a wound in the thigh. His death was commemorated by Spenser in his +_Astrophel_. S. has always been considered as the type of English +chivalry; and his extraordinary contemporary reputation rested on his +personal qualities of nobility and generosity. His writings consist of +his famous pastoral romance of _Arcadia_, his sonnets _Astrophel and +Stella_, and his _Apologie for Poetrie_, afterwards called _Defence of +Poesie_. The _Arcadia_ was originally written for the amusement of his +sister, afterwards Countess of Pembroke, the "Sidney's sister, Pembroke's +mother," of Ben Jonson. Though its interest now is chiefly historical, it +enjoyed an extraordinary popularity for a century after its appearance, +and had a marked influence on the immediately succeeding literature. It +was written in 1580-81 but not _pub._ until 1590, and is a medley of +poetical prose, full of conceits, with occasional verse interspersed. His +_Defence of Poesie_, written in reply to Gosson (_q.v._), is in simple +and vigorous English. S. also made a translation of the Psalms. + +_Poems_ ed. by Grosart, _Apologie_ by Arber and others, _Astrophel_ by +Gray, Arber, and others. _Life_ by Fulke Greville (1652), ed. by Sir E. +Brydges (1816). _Arcadia_ (_facsimile_), by Somner. Lives by J.A. +Symonds, Fox Bourne, and others. + + +SIGOURNEY, MRS. LYDIA (HUNTLEY) (1791-1865).--American verse writer, was +an extraordinarily copious writer of smooth, sentimental verse, which had +great popularity in its day. Her most ambitious effort was a blank verse +poem, _Traits of the Aborigines of America_ (1822). Other books were +_Connecticut Forty Years Since_, _Pocahontas_, etc. + + +SIMMS, WILLIAM GILMORE (1806-1870).--Novelist, etc., _b._ at Charleston, +South Carolina, began his literary life with journalism. He then for some +time tried poetry, but without any distinct success except occasionally +in _Southern Passages and Pictures_ (1839). But in fiction, which he +began in 1833 with _Martin Faber_, he was more successful, though rather +an imitator of Cooper. _The Yemassee_ (1835) is generally considered his +best novel. He was less happy in his attempts at historical romance, such +as _Count Julian_ and _The Damsel of Darien_. During the war, in which he +was naturally a strong partisan of the South, he was ruined, and his +library was burned; and from these disasters he never recovered. He had +a high repute as a journalist, orator, and lecturer. He was the first +Southerner to achieve any name in literature. + + +SKELTON, JOHN (1460?-1529).--Poet, _b._ in Norfolk, and _ed._ at Oxf. and +Camb., of both of which he was _cr._ Poet Laureate, and perhaps held the +same office under the King. He was appointed tutor to Henry VIII., and +notwithstanding his sharp tongue, enjoyed some favour at Court. In 1498 +he entered the Church, and became Rector of Diss in his native county. +Hitherto he seems to have produced some translations only, but about this +time he appears to have struck upon the vein which he was to work with +such vigour and popularity. He turned his attention to abuses in Church +and State, which he lashed with caustic satire, conveyed in short +doggerel rhyming lines peculiar to himself, in which jokes, slang, +invectives, and Latin quotations rush out pell-mell. His best works in +this line are _Why come ye not to Court?_ and _Colin Clout_, both +directed against the clergy, and the former against Wolsey in particular. +Piqued at his inconstancy (for S. had previously courted him) the +Cardinal would have imprisoned him, had he not taken sanctuary in +Westminster, where he remained until his death. Other works of his are +_The Tunning_ (brewing) _of Elynor Rummynge_, a coarsely humorous picture +of low life, and the tender and fanciful _Death of Philip Sparrow_, the +lament of a young lady over her pet bird killed by a cat. + + +SKELTON, SIR JOHN (1831-1897).--Miscellaneous writer. _B._ in Edinburgh, +_ed._ at the Univ. there, and called to the Scottish Bar 1854, he was +Sec. and ultimately Chairman of the Local Government Board for Scotland. +He wrote _Maitland of Lethington and the Scotland of Mary Stuart_ (1887), +_The Crookit Meg_ (1880), and _The Table Talk of Shirley_. He contributed +to _Fraser's_ and _Blackwood's Magazines_. He received the degree of +LL.D. from Edin. 1878, and was made K.C.B. 1897. + + +SKENE, WILLIAM FORBES (1807-1892).--Historian, 2nd _s._ of James S. of +Rubislaw, friend of Sir Walter Scott, was a Writer to the Signet in +Edinburgh, and Clerk of the Bills in the Court of Session. He wrote and +ed. historical works of considerable authority, _The Highlanders of +Scotland_ (1837), and his most important work, _Celtic Scotland_ +(1876-80), and ed. of _The Four Ancient Books of Wales_ (1868), and other +Celtic writings. + + +SKINNER, JOHN (1721-1807).--Historian and song-writer, _s._ of a +schoolmaster at Birse, Aberdeenshire, was _ed._ at Marischal Coll. +Brought up as a Presbyterian, he became an Episcopalian and ministered to +a congregation at Longside, near Peterhead, for 65 years. He wrote _The +Ecclesiastical History of Scotland_ from the Episcopalian point of view, +and several songs of which _The Reel of Tullochgorum_ and _The Ewie wi' +the Crookit Horn_ are the best known, and he also rendered some of the +Psalms into Latin. He kept up a rhyming correspondence with Burns. + + +SKIPSEY, JOSEPH (1832-1903).--Poet, _b._ near North Shields, and from +childhood worked in the mines. He _pub._ a few pieces of poetry in 1859, +and soon after left working underground and became caretaker of +Shakespeare's house at Stratford-on-Avon. During the last 30 years of his +life he _pub._ several vols. of poetry, including _The Collier Lad_ and +_Carols from the Coal Fields_; and he ed. some vols. for the "Canterbury +Poets." _Memoir_ by R.S. Watson (1908). + + +SMART, CHRISTOPHER (1722-1771).--Poet, _s._ of the steward to Lord Vane, +was _b._ at Shipbourne, Kent, and by the bounty of the Duchess of +Cleveland sent to Camb. Here his ill-balanced mind showed itself in wild +folly. Leaving the Univ. he came to London and maintained himself by +conducting and writing for periodicals. His _Poems on Several Occasions_, +which contained "The Hop Garden," was issued in 1752, and _The Hilliad_ +in 1753 against "Sir" John Hill, a notoriety of the day who had attacked +him. His mind ultimately gave way, and it was in confinement that he +produced by far his most remarkable work, the _Song to David_, a most +original and powerful poem. Unfortunate to the last, he _d._ in the +King's Bench prison, to which he had been committed for debt. He also +translated Horace. + + +SMEDLEY, FRANK (1818-1864).--Novelist, was the author of several novels +which had considerable popularity, including _Frank Fairleigh_ (1850), +_Lewis Arundel_ (1852), and _Harry Coverdale's Courtship_ (1855). S. was +a life-long cripple. + + +SMILES, SAMUEL (1812-1904).--Biographer and miscellaneous writer, _b._ at +Haddington, _ed._ at the Grammar School there, studied medicine at Edin., +and settled in practice in his native town. Subsequently he betook +himself to journalism, and ed. a paper in Leeds. Afterwards he was sec. +to various railways. His leisure was devoted to reading and writing, and +his first publication was _The Life of George Stephenson_ (1857). +_Self-Help_, his most popular work, followed in 1859; it had an immense +circulation, and was translated into 17 languages. It was followed up by +_Character_ (1871), _Thrift_ (1875), and _Duty_ (1880). _The Lives of the +Engineers_ and _Industrial Biography_ appeared in 1863, _The Huguenots, +their Settlements, Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland_ +(1867), and _The Huguenots in France_ a little later. He also wrote +biographies of Telford and James Watt, and of the Scottish naturalists, +Edwards the shoemaker and Dick the baker. He received the degree of LL.D. +from Edin. in 1878. + + +SMITH, ADAM (1723-1790).--Philosopher and economist, _b._ at Kirkcaldy, +Fife, the _s._ of the Controller of Customs there. His _f._ _d._ shortly +before his birth. The first and only adventure in his tranquil life was +his being kidnapped by gipsies. After being at the Grammar School of +Kirkcaldy, he went to the Univ. of Glasgow, whence he proceeded to Oxf. +On the conclusion of his Univ. course he returned to Kirkcaldy, going +subsequently to Edinburgh, where he was soon recognised as a man of +unusual intellect. In 1751 he was appointed to the Chair of Logic at +Glasgow, which he next year exchanged for that of Moral Philosophy, and +in 1759 he _pub._ his _Theory of the Moral Sentiments_. He received in +1762 the degree of LL.D. from his Univ., and two years later resigned his +chair and became travelling tutor to the young Duke of Buccleuch, +accompanying him to the Continent. He remained for nearly a year in +Paris, and made the acquaintance of the brilliant circle of _savans_ in +that city. Returning to Kirkcaldy in 1766 he lived there with his mother +for nearly ten years in retirement and close study, the results of which +were given to the world in 1776 in the publication of his epoch-making +work, _Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations_ +(1776). This book may be said to have founded the science of political +economy, and to have created a new department of literature; and very few +works have, to the same extent, influenced the practical history of the +world. In 1778 S. was made a Commissioner of Customs, and settled in +Edinburgh; and in 1787 he was elected Lord Rector of the Univ. of +Glasgow. In addition to the works above mentioned, he wrote various +essays on philosophical subjects, and an account of the last days of +David Hume. The style of his works was plain and lucid, and he had a +remarkable faculty of apt illustration. + + +SMITH, ALBERT (1816-1860).--Humorous writer, studied medicine, and for a +short time assisted his _f._ in practice. He was one of the original +contributors to _Punch_, and among his books are _The Adventures of Mr. +Ledbury_ and _The Scattergood Family_. He also lectured and gave +entertainments, including _The Ascent of Mont Blanc_, which were highly +popular. + + +SMITH, ALEXANDER (1830-1867).--Poet and essayist, _s._ of a Paisley +pattern-designer, at first followed the same occupation in Glasgow, but +having become known as a poet of promise was, in 1854, appointed Sec. of +Edin. Univ. After contributing to the _Glasgow Citizen_ he _pub._ _A Life +Drama_ (1853), which received much admiration. Thereafter appeared _War +Sonnets_ (in conjunction, with S. Dobell, _q.v._), _City Poems_ (1857), +and _Edwin of Deira_ (1861). In prose he wrote _Dreamthorpe_ (essays), _A +Summer in Skye_, and two novels, _Alfred Hagart's Household_ and _Miss +Dona M'Quarrie_. His poems were in a rich and glowing style, but by some +good judges were held to show fancy rather than imagination. He belonged +to what was called the "spasmodic" school of poetry. + + +SMITH, MRS. CHARLOTTE (TURNER) (1749-1806).--Was _m._ at 15 to a West +Indian merchant, who by a series of misfortunes and imprudences was +reduced from affluence to poverty. She had in her youth shown +considerable promise as a poetess, and in her misfortunes she was able to +maintain herself and her family by her pen. In addition to a poem, +_Beachy Head_, and sonnets, she wrote several novels of more than usual +merit, including _Emmeline_ (1788), and, her best work, _The Old English +Manor House_. + + +SMITH, HORACE (1779-1849), SMITH, JAMES (1775-1839).--Humorists, _s._ of +a London lawyer who was solicitor to the Board of Ordnance. James +succeeded his _f._; Horace became a successful stockbroker. Both brothers +were distinguished for brilliant wit and humour. Their first great hit +was _Rejected Addresses_ (1812), extremely clever parodies on leading +contemporary poets. To this _jeu d'esprit_ James contributed among others +imitations of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Crabbe, while Horace's share +included Scott and Moore. James _pub._ little more, but anonymously gave +Charles Matthews assistance in his entertainments. Horace _pub._ several +novels which, with perhaps the exception of _Brambletye House_, are now +forgotten. He also wrote _The Address to a Mummy_, a remarkable poem in +which wit and true sentiment are admirably combined. Both brothers were +highly esteemed not only for their social qualities, but for their +benevolence and goodness of heart. + + +SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845).--Miscellaneous writer, _b._ at Woodford, +Essex, the _s._ of a gentleman of independent means, and _ed._ at +Winchester and Oxf., took orders 1794, becoming curate of Amesbury. He +came to Edinburgh as tutor to a gentleman's _s._, was introduced to the +circle of brilliant young Whigs there, and assisted in founding the +_Edinburgh Review_. He then went to London, where he was for a time +preacher at the Foundling Hospital, and lectured on moral philosophy at +the Royal Institution. His brilliant wit and general ability made him a +favourite in society, while by his power of clear and cogent argument he +exercised a strong influence on the course of politics. His _Plymley +Letters_ did much to advance the cause of Catholic emancipation. He +received various preferments, and became a canon of St. Paul's. In +politics he was a Whig, in his Church views an Erastian; and in the +defence of his principles he was honest and courageous. Though not +remarkable for religious devotion he was a hard-working and, according to +his lights, useful country parson. By the death of a younger brother he +in his later years came into a considerable fortune. + + +SMITH, WALTER CHALMERS (1824-1908).--_B._ in Aberdeen and _ed._ there and +at Edin., was a minister of the Free Church of Scotland at Orwell, +Glasgow, and Edinburgh successively, a distinguished preacher and a man +of kindly nature and catholic sympathies. He attained considerable +reputation as a poet. Among his works are _The Bishop's Walk_ (1861), +_Olrig Grange_ (1872), _Hilda among the Broken Gods_ (1878), _Raban_ +(1880), _Kildrostan_ (1884), and _A Heretic_ (1890). Some of these were +written under the names of "Orwell" and Hermann Kunst. He received the +degrees of D.D. and LL.D. + + +SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893).--Lexicographer, _ed._ at Univ. Coll., +London, was a contributor to the _Penny Magazine_ and compiled or ed. +many useful works of reference, including _Dictionary of Greek and Roman +Antiquities_ (1842), and dictionaries of the Bible, of Christian +Antiquities, and Christian Biography, etc., also various school series +and educational handbooks, including _The Classical Dictionary_. He held +various academical degrees, including Ph.D. of Leipsic, and was knighted +in 1892. + + +SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-1894).--Theologian and Semitic scholar, +_s._ of the Free Church minister of Keig, Aberdeenshire, studied for the +ministry of that Church. In 1870 he was appointed Prof. of Hebrew, etc., +in its coll. at Aberdeen, a position which he had to resign on account of +his advanced critical views. He became joint ed. of _The Encyclopaedia +Britannica_, and in 1883 Prof. of Arabic at Camb. S. was a man of +brilliant and versatile talents, a mathematician as well as a scholar, +somewhat uncompromising and aggressive in the exposition and defence of +his views. His works include _The Old Testament in the Jewish Church_ +(1881), and _The Religion of the Semites_ (1889). + + +SMOLLETT, TOBIAS GEORGE (1721-1771).--Novelist, 2nd _s._ of Archibald S., +of Dalquhurn, Dumbartonshire, and _ed._ at Glasgow, proceeded to London +in 1739 with the view of having a tragedy, _The Regicide_, put on the +stage, in which, however, he failed. In this disappointment he took +service as surgeon's mate on one of the vessels of the Carthagena +expedition, 1741, an experience which he turned to account in his novels. +On his return he settled in London, and endeavoured to acquire practice +as a physician, but was not very successful, and having discovered where +his talent lay, he thenceforth devoted himself to literature. _Roderick +Random_ appeared in 1748, _The History of an Atom_ (1749), _Peregrine +Pickle_ in 1751, _Ferdinand, Count Fathom_ in 1753, _Sir Lancelot +Greaves_ in 1766, and _Humphrey Clinker_, generally considered his best +novel, in 1770. Besides these works, however, he translated Voltaire, +wrote a _History of England_ in continuation of Hume's, an _Ode to +Independence_, travels and satires, and contributed to various +periodicals. He was repeatedly involved in acrimonious controversy, and +on one occasion fined and imprisoned for a libel, which, with various +private misfortunes, embittered his life, and he _d._ disappointed and +worn out near Leghorn. Had he lived four years longer he would have +succeeded to his grandfather's estate of Bonhill. The novels of S. +display great narrative power, and he has a remarkable comic vein of a +broad type, which enables him to present ludicrous scenes and +circumstances with great effect. There is, however, a strong infusion of +coarseness in his treatment of his subjects. + + +SOMERVILLE, MRS. MARY (FAIRFAX) (1780-1872).--Mathematician and writer on +science, _dau._ of Admiral Sir William G. Fairfax, _b._ at Jedburgh, was +twice _m._, first to Mr. Greig, an officer in the Russian Navy, and +second to her cousin Dr. William S. Although she had early manifested a +taste for study, and specially for science, she had, until after the +death of her first husband, little opportunity of following out her +favourite subjects. With Dr. S., who was in full sympathy with her +scientific tastes, she went to reside in London, and there her talents +made her known in scientific circles. In 1823 she was requested by Lord +Brougham to popularise the _Mechanique Celeste_ of La Place. This she did +with great success, publishing her work as _The Celestial Mechanism of +the Heavens_ (1830). She also _pub._ _The Connection of the Physical +Sciences_ (1834), and other works. She received a pension from +Government, and _d._ aged 92 at Naples, where she had resided for the +last ten or twelve years of her life. + + +SOMERVILLE, WILLIAM (1675-1742).--Poet, a Warwickshire squire of literary +tastes, wrote among others a poem, _The Chase_, in 4 books, which has +some passages of considerable descriptive power. + + +SOTHEBY, WILLIAM (1757-1833).--Poet and translator, belonged to a good +family, and was _ed._ at Harrow. In early life he was in the army. He +_pub._ a few dramas and books of poems, which had no great popularity, +and are now forgotten; his reputation rests upon his admirable +translations of the _Oberon_ of Wieland, the _Georgics_ of Virgil, and +the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_. The last two were begun when he was upwards of +70, but he lived to complete them. His _Georgics_ is considered one of +the best translations from the classics in the language. + + +SOUTH, ROBERT (1634-1716).--Divine, _s._ of a London merchant, was _b._ +at Hackney, and _ed._ at Westminster School and Oxf., where in 1660 he +was appointed Univ. Orator. He became domestic chaplain to the Lord +Chancellor Clarendon, and in 1663 the degree of D.D. was conferred upon +him. After accompanying an embassy to Poland he became Rector of Islip, +and a chaplain to Charles II. Thereafter he steadily declined higher +preferment, including the bishopric of Rochester. He was opposed to the +Romanising measures of James II., but owing to his views as to the duty +of passive obedience he declined to associate himself in any way with the +Revolution, to which nevertheless he submitted. He was an expert +controversialist, but it is chiefly by his sermons, which are among the +classics of English divinity, that he is remembered. He has the +reputation of being the wittiest of English preachers, and this +characteristic is sometimes present to a degree not quite suitable to the +subjects treated. + + +SOUTHERNE, THOMAS (1660-1746).--Dramatist, _b._ in Dublin, and _ed._ at +Trinity Coll. there, came to London and studied law at the Middle Temple. +Afterwards he entered the army and saw service. He wrote ten plays, of +which two were long acted and are still remembered, _The Fatal Marriage_ +(1694) and _Oroonoko_ (1696), in the latter of which he appeals +passionately against the slave-trade. Unlike most preceding dramatists he +was a practical man, succeeded in his theatrical management, and retired +on a fortune. Other plays are _The Loyal Brother_ (1682), _The +Disappointment_ (1684), _The Wives' Excuse_ (1692), _The Spartan Dame_ +(1719), etc. + + +SOUTHEY, MRS. CAROLINE ANNE (BOWLES) (1786-1854).--Poetess, _dau._ of a +captain in the navy, submitted a poem, _Ellen Fitzarthur_ to Southey +(_q.v._), which led to a friendship, and to a proposed joint poem on +Robin Hood, not, however, carried out, and eventually to her becoming the +poet's second wife. She wrote various other works, including _Chapters on +Churchyards_ and _Tales of the Factories_. + + +SOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843).--Poet, biographer, etc., _s._ of an +unsuccessful linen-draper in Bristol, where he was _b._, was sent to +Westminster School, and in 1792 went to Oxf. His friendship with +Coleridge began in 1794, and with him he joined in the scheme of a +"pantisocracy" (_see_ Coleridge). In 1795 he _m._ his first wife, Edith +Fricker, and thus became the brother-in-law of Coleridge. Shortly +afterwards he visited Spain, and in 1800 Portugal, and laid the +foundations of his thorough knowledge of the history and literature of +the Peninsula. Between these two periods of foreign travel he had +attempted the study of law, which proved entirely uncongenial; and in +1803 he settled at Greta Hall, Keswick, to which neighbourhood the +Coleridges had also come. Here he set himself to a course of +indefatigable literary toil which only ended with his life. _Thalaba_ +had appeared in 1801, and there followed _Madoc_ (1805), _The Curse of +Kehama_ (1810), _Roderic, the Last of the Goths_ (1814), and _A Vision of +Judgment_ (1821); and in prose a _History of Brazil_, Lives of Nelson +(1813), Wesley (1820), and Bunyan (1830), _The Book of the Church_ +(1824), _History of the Peninsular War_ (1823-32), _Naval History_, and +_The Doctor_ (1834-37). In addition to this vast amount of work he had +been from 1808 a constant contributor to the _Quarterly Review_. In 1839 +when he was failing both in body and mind he _m._, as his second wife, +Miss Caroline Ann Bowles, who had for 20 years been his intimate friend, +and by whom his few remaining years were soothed. Though the name of S. +still bulks somewhat largely in the history of our literature, his works, +with a few exceptions, are now little read, and those of them (his longer +poems, _Thalaba_ and _Kehama_) on which he himself based his hopes of +lasting fame, least of all. To this result their length, remoteness from +living interests, and the impression that their often splendid diction is +rather eloquence than true poetry, have contributed. Some of his shorter +poems, _e.g._, "The Holly Tree," and "The Battle of Blenheim" still live, +but his fame now rests on his vigorous prose and especially on his +classic _Life of Nelson_. Like Wordsworth and Coleridge, S. began life as +a democratic visionary, and was strongly influenced by the French +Revolution, but gradually cooled down into a pronounced Tory. He was +himself greater and better than any of his works, his life being a noble +record of devotion to duty and unselfish benevolence. He held the office +of Poet Laureate from 1813, and had a pension from Government. He +declined a baronetcy. + +_Life and Correspondence_ (6 vols., 1849-50) by his younger son, Rev. C. +Southey. _Life_ by Dowden in Men of Letters (1880). + + +SOUTHWELL, ROBERT (1561?-1595).--Poet, _b._ at Horsham St. Faith's, +Norfolk, of good Roman Catholic family, and _ed._ at Douay, Paris, and +Rome, he became a Jesuit, and showed such learning and ability as to be +appointed Prefect of the English Coll. In 1586 he came to England with +Garnett, the superior of the English province, and became chaplain to the +Countess of Arundel. His being in England for more than 40 days then +rendered him liable to the punishment of death and disembowelment, and in +1592 he was apprehended and imprisoned in the Tower for three years, +during which he was tortured 13 times. He was then put on trial and +executed, February 22, 1595. He was the author of _St. Peter's Complaint_ +and _The Burning Babe_, a short poem of great imaginative power, and of +several prose religious works, including _St. Mary Magdalene's Teares_, +_A Short Rule of Good Life_, _The Triumphs over Death_, etc. + + +SPEDDING, JAMES (1808-1881).--Editor of Bacon's works, _s._ of a +Cumberland squire, and _ed._ at Bury St. Edmunds and Camb., was for some +years in the Colonial Office. He devoted himself to the ed. of Bacon's +works, and the endeavour to clear his character against the aspersions of +Macaulay and others. The former was done in conjunction with Ellis and +Heath, his own being much the largest share in their great ed. (1861-74); +and the latter, so far as possible, in _The Life and Letters_, entirely +his own. In 1878 he brought out an abridged _Life and Times of Francis +Bacon_. He strongly combated the theory that B. was the author of +Shakespeare's plays. His death was caused by his being run over by a cab. +He enjoyed the friendship of many of his greatest contemporaries, +including Carlyle, Tennyson, and Fitzgerald. + + +SPEED, JOHN (1552?-1629).--Historian, _b._ at Farington, Cheshire, and +brought up to the trade of a tailor, had a strong taste for history and +antiquities, and wrote a _History of Great Britain_ (1611), which was +long the best in existence, in collecting material for which he had +assistance from Cotton, Spelman, and other investigators. He also _pub._ +useful maps of Great Britain and Ireland, and of various counties, etc. +In 1616 appeared his _Cloud of Witnesses confirming ... the truth of +God's most holie Word_. His maps were _coll._ and with descriptions +_pub._ in 1611 as _Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain_. + + +SPEKE, J.H., (_see under_ GRANT, J.A.) + + +SPELMAN, SIR HENRY (1564?-1641).--Historian and antiquary, _b._ at +Congham, Norfolk, studied at Camb., and entered Lincoln's Inn. He wrote +valuable works on legal and ecclesiastical antiquities, including +_History of Sacrilege_ (_pub._ 1698), _Glossarium Archaeologicum_ (1626 +and 1664), a glossary of obsolete law-terms, _A History of the English +Councils_ (1639), and _Tenures by Knight-service_ (1641). His writings +have furnished valuable material for subsequent historians. He sat in +Parliament and on various commissions, and in recompense of his labours +was voted a grant of L300. + + +SPENCE, JOSEPH (1699-1768).--Anecdotist, _b._ at Kingsclere, Hants, and +_ed._ at Winchester and Oxf., he entered the Church, and held various +preferments, including a prebend at Durham, and was Prof. of Poetry at +Oxf. He wrote an _Essay on Pope's Odyssey_, which gained for him the +friendship of the poet, of whose conversation he made notes, collecting +likewise anecdotes of him and of other celebrities which were _pub._ in +1820, and are of great value, inasmuch as they preserve much matter +illustrative of the literary history of the 18th century which would +otherwise have been lost. + + +SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903).--Philosopher, _b._ at Derby, the _s._ of a +teacher, from whom, and from his uncle, mentioned below, he received most +of his education. His immediate family circle was strongly Dissenting in +its theological atmosphere, his _f._, originally a Methodist, having +become a Quaker, while his mother remained a Wesleyan. At 13 he was sent +to the care of his uncle, Thomas S., a clergyman, near Bath, but a +Radical and anti-corn-law agitator. Declining a Univ. career he became a +school assistant, but shortly after accepted a situation under the +engineer of the London and Birmingham railway, in which he remained until +the great railway crisis of 1846 threw him out of employment. Previous to +this he had begun to write political articles in the _Nonconformist_; he +now resolved to devote himself to journalism, and in 1848 was appointed +sub-ed. of the _Economist_. Thereafter he became more and more absorbed +in the consideration of the problems of sociology and the development of +the doctrine of evolution as applied thereto, gradually leading up to +the completion of a system of philosophy which was the work of his life. +His fundamental proposition is that society, like the individual, is an +organism subject to evolution, and the scope of this idea is gradually +expanded so as to embrace in its sweep the whole range of cognisible +phenomena. Among the books which he _pub._ in exposition of his views may +be mentioned _Social Statics_ (1850), _Principles of Psychology_ (1855), +_First Principles_ (1862), _Principles of Biology_ (1867), _Data of +Ethics_ (1879), _Principles of Sociology_ (1877), _Political +Institutions_ (1882), and _Man versus the State_ (1884). His works have +been translated into most European languages--some of them into Chinese +and Japanese. The most characteristic qualities of S. as a thinker are +his powers of generalisation and analysis. He left an autobiography, in +which he subjects his own personality to analysis with singular +detachment of mind. + +_Life_ by David Duncan, LL.D., _Life_ by A.J. Thompson. _See_ also +_Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy_, Fishe (1874), and books on S. and his +philosophy by Hudson (1894), White (1897), and Macpherson (1890). + + +SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834).--Poet, _ed._ at Harrow and Oxf., +belonged to the Whig set of Fox and Sheridan. He wrote graceful _vers de +societe_, made translations from Buerger, and is best remembered by his +well-known ballad of _Gelert_. After a life of extravagance he _d._ in +poverty in Paris. + + +SPENSER, EDMUND (1552?-1599).--Poet, was _b._ in East Smithfield, London, +the _s._ of John S., described as gentleman and journeyman in the art of +cloth-making, who had come to London from Lancashire. In 1561 the poet +was sent to Merchant Taylor's School, then newly opened, and in 1569 he +proceeded to Pembroke Hall, Camb., as a sizar, taking his degree in 1576. +Among his friends there were Edward Kirke, who ed. the _Shepheard's +Calendar_, and Gabriel Harvey, the critic. While still at school he had +contributed 14 sonnet-visions to Van de Noot's _Theatre for Worldlings_ +(1569). On leaving the Univ. S. went to the north, probably to visit his +relations in Lancashire, and in 1578, through his friend Harvey, he +became known to Leicester and his brother-in-law, Philip Sidney. The next +year, 1579, saw the publication of _The Shepheard's Calendar_ in 12 +eclogues. It was dedicated to Sidney, who had become his friend and +patron, and was received with acclamation, all who had ears for poetry +perceiving that a new and great singer had arisen. The following year S. +was appointed sec. to Lord Grey of Wilton, Deputy for Ireland, a strict +Puritan, and accompanied him to Ireland. At the same time he appears to +have begun the _Faerie Queen_. In 1581 he was appointed Registrar of +Chancery, and received a grant of the Abbey and Castle of Enniscorthy, +which was followed in 1586 by a grant of the Castle of Kilcolman in +County Cork, a former possession of the Earls of Desmond with 3000 acres +attached. Simultaneously, however, a heavy blow fell upon him in the +death of Sidney at the Battle of Zutphen. The loss of this dear friend he +commemorated in his lament of _Astrophel_. In 1590 he was visited by Sir +Walter Raleigh, who persuaded him to come to England, and presented him +to the Queen, from whom he received a pension of L50, which does not, +however, appear to have been regularly paid, and on the whole his +experiences of the Court did not yield him much satisfaction. In the same +year his reputation as a poet was vastly augmented by the publication of +the first three books of the _Faerie Queen_, dedicated to Elizabeth. The +enthusiasm with which they were received led the publisher to bring out a +collection of other writings of S. under the general title of +_Complaints_, and including _Mother Hubbard's Tale_ (a satire on the +Court and on the conflict then being waged between the old faith and the +new), _Teares of the Muses_, and _The Ruins of Time_. Having seen these +ventures launched, S. returned to Kilcolman and wrote _Colin Clout's come +Home Again_, one of the brightest and most vigorous of his poems, not, +however, _pub._ until 1595. In the following year appeared his _Four +Hymns_, two on _Love and Beauty_ and two on _Heavenly Love and Beauty_, +and the _Prothalamion_ on the marriage of two daughters of the Earl of +Worcester. He also _pub._ in prose his _View of Ireland_, a work full of +shrewd observation and practical statesmanship. In 1594 he was _m._ to +Elizabeth Boyle, whom he had courted in _Amoretti_, and his union with +whom he now celebrated in the magnificent _Epithalamion_, by many +regarded as his most perfect poem. In 1595 he returned to England, taking +with him the second part of the _Faerie Queen_, _pub._ in 1596. In 1598 +he was made Sheriff of Cork, and in the same year his fortunes suffered a +final eclipse. The rebellion of Tyrone broke out, his castle was burned, +and in the conflagration his youngest child, an infant, perished, he +himself with his wife and remaining children escaping with difficulty. He +joined the President, Sir T. Norris, who sent him with despatches to +London, where he suddenly _d._ on January 16, 1599, as was long believed +in extreme destitution. This, however, happily appears to be at least +doubtful. He was buried in Westminster Abbey near Chaucer, and a monument +was erected to his memory in 1620 by the Countess of Dorset. + +The position of S. in English poetry is below Chaucer, Shakespeare, and +Milton only. The first far excels him in narrative and constructive power +and in humour, and the last in austere grandeur of conception; but for +richness and beauty of imagination and exquisite sweetness of music he is +unsurpassed except by Shakespeare. He has been called the poets' poet, a +title which he well merits, not only by virtue of the homage which all +the more imaginative poets have yielded him, but because of the almost +unequalled influence he has exercised upon the whole subsequent course +and expression of English poetry, which he enriched with the stanza which +bears his name, and which none since him have used with more perfect +mastery. His faults are prolixity, indirectness, and want of constructive +power, and consequently the sustained sweetness and sumptuousness of his +verse are apt to cloy. His great work, the _Faerie Queen_, is but a +gorgeous fragment, six books out of a projected twelve; but probably few +or none of its readers have regretted its incompleteness. In it +Protestantism and Puritanism receive their most poetic and imaginative +presentation and vindication. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1552, _ed._ Merchant Taylor's School and Camb., became +known to Leicester and Sir P. Sidney 1578, _pub._ _Shepheard's Calendar_ +1579, appointed sec. to Lord Deputy of Ireland 1580, and began _Faerie +Queen_, receives various appointments and grants 1581-6, _pub._ +_Astrophel_ in memory of Sidney 1586, visited by Raleigh and by him +presented to Queen Elizabeth, who pensioned him 1590, and in same year +_pub._ first three books of _Faerie Queen_, _Teares of Muses_, etc., writes +_Colin Clout_, _pub._ 1595, and in 1596 _pub._ _Four Hymns_ and +_Prothalamion_, _m._ E. Boyle 1594, whom he had courted in _Amoretti_, +and now celebrated in the _Epithalamion_, returned to England 1595, +Sheriff of Cork 1598, in which year the rebellion broke out and ruined +his fortunes, returned to London and _d._ 1599. + +There have been very numerous ed. of the works, among which may be +mentioned the Globe (1899), and Dr. Grosart's (10 vols., 1882-84). There +is an excellent biography by Dean Church (1879). + + +SPOTTISWOOD, JOHN (1565-1639).--Historian, _s._ of John S., minister of +Midcalder and Superintendent of Lothian. Entering the Church he gained +the favour of James VI., and was his chief instrument in his endeavours +to restore Episcopal church-government in Scotland. He became Archbishop +successively of Glasgow and St. Andrews, and in 1635 Lord Chancellor of +Scotland. On the rising caused by the introduction of the service-book, +he had to flee from Scotland, and was excommunicated by the General +Assembly (1638). He wrote a _History of the Church and State of +Scotland_, _pub._ 1655. It is, of course, written from the Episcopalian +standpoint, as Calderwood's is from the Presbyterian. + + +SPRAGUE, CHARLES (1791-1875).--Poet, _b._ at Boston, Mass., had some +reputation as a writer of prize poems, odes, and domestic poems. To the +first class belong _Curiosity_ and _Shakespeare Ode_, and to the latter, +_The Family Meeting_ and _I see Thee Still_, an elegy on his sister. + + +SPRAT, THOMAS (1635-1713).--Divine and writer of memoirs, _b._ at +Beaminster, Dorset, _ed._ at Oxf., was a mathematician, and one of the +group of scientific men among whom the Royal Society, of which he was one +of the first members and the historian, had its origin. He wrote a Life +of his friend Cowley the poet, and an account of Young's plot for the +restoration of James II. His _History of the Royal Society_ is his +principal work, but he also wrote poems, and had a high reputation as a +preacher. His literary style gives him a distinguished place among +English writers. He held various, high preferments, and _d._ Bishop of +Rochester. + + +SPURGEON, CHARLES HADDON (1834-1892).--_B._ at Kelvedon, Essex, left the +Independents and joined the Baptist communion and became, at the age of +20, pastor of New Park Street Chapel, London, where he attained an +unprecedented popularity. In 1859 the Metropolitan Tabernacle was erected +for him. He was a decided Calvinist in his theological views, and was +strongly opposed to modern critical movements. He possessed in an eminent +degree two of the great requisites of effective oratory, a magnificent +voice and a command of pure idiomatic Saxon English. His sermons, +composed and _pub._ weekly, had an enormous circulation, and were +regularly translated into several languages. In addition to his pastoral +labours he superintended an almshouse, a pastor's coll., and an +orphanage; and he was likewise a voluminous author, publishing, in +addition to his sermons, numerous works, including _The Treasury of +David_ (a commentary on the Psalms). + + +STANHOPE, PHILIP HENRY, 5TH EARL STANHOPE (1805-1875).--Historian, was +_b._ at Walmer, and _ed._ at Oxf. He sat in the House of Commons for +Wootton Bassett and Hertford, held some minor official appointments under +Peel, and identified himself with many useful measures, specially in +regard to literature and art. His writings, which are all remarkable for +industrious collection of facts, careful and impartial sifting and +weighing of evidence, and a clear, sober, and agreeable style, include +_History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles_ +(1836-63), and histories of the _War of the Spanish Succession_ (1832), +and of the _Reign of Queen Anne_ (1870), besides Lives of the younger +Pitt (1861) and of Lord 'Chesterfield. As an author he is best known as +Viscount Mahon. + + +STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (1815-1881).--Historian, biographer, and +theologian, _s._ of Edward S., Bishop of Norwich, _b._ at Alderley, +Cheshire, of which his _f._ was then rector, _ed._ at Rugby and Oxf., +became a Fellow of Univ. Coll. Taking orders in 1839 he became Canon of +Canterbury 1851, and of Christ Church 1858, and Dean of Westminster 1864. +He was also Prof. of Ecclesiastical History at Oxf. 1856. His +ecclesiastical position was Erastian and latitudinarian, and his +practical aim in Church politics comprehension. He gave great offence to +the High Church party by his championing of Colenso, W.G. Ward, Jowett, +and others, by his preaching in the pulpits of the Church of Scotland and +in other ways, and his latitudinarianism made him equally obnoxious to +many others. On the other hand, his singular personal charm and the +fascination of his literary style secured for him a very wide popularity. +He was a prolific author, his works including _Life of Dr. Arnold_ (of +Rugby) (1844), whose favourite pupil he was, and _Memorials of +Canterbury_ (1854), _Sinai and Palestine_ (1855), _Lectures on the +Eastern Church_ (1861), _History of the Jewish Church_ (1863, etc.), +_Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey_ (1867), _Lectures on the +History of the Church of Scotland_ (1872), besides various commentaries. +In his historical writings he aimed rather at conveying a vivid and +picturesque general effect than at minute accuracy of detail or +philosophical views. His masterpiece is his _Life of Dr. Arnold_, which +is one of the great biographies in the language. His wife was Lady +Augusta Bruce, to whom he was _m._ in 1868. + + +STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (1841-1904).--Traveller in Africa, _b._ in +America, went to find, and found, Livingstone, and wrote an account of +his adventures in the quest, _How I found Livingstone_. Other works were +_In Darkest Africa_ and _Through the Dark Continent_. + + +STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678).--Philosopher and scholar, connected with the +Derby family, _ed._ at Camb., was the author of some poems and of a +biographical _History of Philosophy_ (4 vols., 1655-62). He was learned +in the classics, and translated from the Latin and late Greek as well as +from the Italian and Portuguese, and ed. AEschylus. His poetry is +thoughtful and gracefully expressed. + + +STANYHURST, RICHARD (1547-1618).--Translator, was at Oxf., and studied +law at Furnivall's Inn and Lincoln's Inn. He collaborated with Holinshed +(_q.v._). His principal literary achievement was a grotesquely stiff, +clumsy, and prosaic translation of the first four books of the _AEneid_ +into English hexameters. He also translated some of the Psalms. + + +STEDMAN, EDMUND CLARENCE, L.H.D., LL.D., (1833-1908).--American poet and +critic. _Poems Lyric and Idyllic_ (1860), _Alice of Monmouth_ (1864), +_The Blameless Prince_ (1869), _Victorian Poets_ (1875-87), _Lyrics and +Idylls_ (1879), _Poets of America_ (1885), _Victorian Anthology_ (1896), +_American Anthology_ (1896), etc. + + +STEELE, SIR RICHARD (1672-1729).--Essayist and dramatist, _s._ of a +Dublin attorney, who _d._ when his _s._ was 5 years old, was on the +nomination of the Duke of Ormond, sent to the Charterhouse School, where +his friendship with Addison began, and thence went to Oxf., but left +without taking a degree, and enlisted in the Horse Guards, for which he +was disinherited by a rich relation. He, however, gained the favour of +his colonel, Lord Cutts, himself a poet, and rose to the rank of captain. +With the view of setting before himself a high ideal of conduct (to which +unhappily he was never able to attain), he at this time wrote a treatise +on morals entitled _The Christian Hero_ (1701). Abandoning this vein, he +next produced three comedies, _The Funeral, or Grief a la Mode_ (1702), +_The Tender Husband_ (1703), and _The Lying Lover_ (1704). Two years +later he was appointed Gentleman Waiter to Prince George of Denmark, and +in 1707 he was made Gazetteer; and in the same year he _m._ as his second +wife Mary Scurlock, his "dear Prue," who seems, however, to have been +something of a termagant. She had considerable means, but the +incorrigible extravagance of S. soon brought on embarrassment. In 1709 he +laid the foundations of his fame by starting the _Tatler_, the first of +those periodicals which are so characteristic a literary feature of that +age. In this he had the invaluable assistance of Addison, who contributed +42 papers out of a total of 271, and helped with others. The _Tatler_ was +followed by the _Spectator_, in which Addison co-operated to a still +greater extent. It was even a greater success, and ran to 555 numbers, +exclusive of a brief revival by Addison in which S. had no part, and in +its turn was followed by the _Guardian_. It is on his essays in these +that the literary fame of S. rests. With less refinement and delicacy of +wit than Addison, he had perhaps more knowledge of life, and a wider +sympathy, and like him he had a sincere desire for the reformation of +morals and manners. In the keen political strife of the times he fought +stoutly and honestly on the Whig side, one result of which was that he +lost his office of Gazetteer, and was in 1714 expelled from the House of +Commons to which he had just been elected. The next year gave a +favourable turn to his fortunes. The accession of George I. brought back +the Whigs, and S. was appointed to various offices, including a +commissionership on forfeited estates in Scotland, which took him to +Edinburgh, where he was welcomed by all the _literati_ there. Nothing, +however, could keep him out of financial embarrassments, and other +troubles followed: his wife _d._; differences, arose with Addison, who +_d._ before a reconciliation could be effected. The remaining years were +clouded by financial troubles and ill-health. His last work was a play, +_The Conscious Lovers_ (1722). He left London and lived at Hereford and +at Carmarthen, where he _d._ after a partial loss of his faculties from +paralysis. + +_Lives_ by Austin Dobson (1886) and G.A. Aitken (1889). Ed., _Plays_ by +Aitken (1893), Essays (selected) Clarendon Press (1885), _Tatler_, Aitken +(1898), _Spectator_, H. Morley (1868), Gregory Smith (1897-8), Aitken +(1898). + + +STEEVENS, GEORGE (1736-1800).--Shakespearian commentator, _ed._ at Eton +and Camb. He issued various reprints of quarto ed. of Shakespeare, and +assisted Dr. Johnson in his ed., and also in his _Lives of the Poets_. In +1793 he himself brought out a new ed. of Shakespeare, in which he dealt +somewhat freely with the text. He was in constant controversy with Ritson +and other literary antiquaries, and was also an acute detector of +literary forgeries, including those of Chatterton and Ireland. + + +STEEVENS, GEORGE WARRINGTON (1869-1900).--Journalist and miscellaneous +writer, _b._ at Sydenham, and _ed._ at City of London School and Oxf., +took to journalism, in which he distinguished himself by his clearness of +vision and vivid style. Connected successively with the _National +Observer_, the _Pall Mall Gazette_, and the _Daily Mail_, he utilised the +articles which appeared in these and other publications in various books, +such as _The Land of the Dollar_ (America) (1897), _With Kitchener to +Kartoum_, and _The Tragedy of Dreyfus_. His most striking work, however, +was _Monologues of the Dead_ (1895). He went as war correspondent to +South Africa in 1900, and _d._ of enteric fever at Ladysmith. + + +STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859).--Statesman and historical writer, _s._ of +James S., Master in Chancery, _ed._ at Camb., and called to the Bar at +Lincoln's Inn 1811. After practising with success, accepted appointment +of permanent counsel to Colonial Office and Board of Trade 1825, and was +subsequently, 1826-47, permanent Under-Sec. for the Colonies, in which +capacity he exercised an immense influence on the colonial policy of the +empire, and did much to bring about the abolition of the slave trade. +Impaired health led to his resignation, when he was made K.C.B. and a +Privy Councillor. He was afterwards Prof. of Modern History at Camb. +1849-59, and of the same subject at the East India Coll. at Haileybury +1855-57. He wrote _Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography_ (1849) and +_Lectures on the History of France_ (1852). + + +STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904).--Biographer and critic, _s._ of the +above, was _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Eton, King's Coll., London, and +Camb., where he obtained a tutorial Fellowship, and took orders. He came +under the influence of Mill, Darwin, and H. Spencer, and devoted himself +largely to the study of economics. His religious views having undergone a +change, he gave up the clerical character and his Fellowship, and became +a pronounced Agnostic. In 1865 he definitely adopted a literary career, +and contributed to the _Saturday Review_, _Fraser's Magazine_, and other +periodicals. In 1873 he _pub._ a collection of his essays as _Free +Thinking and Plain Speaking_, which he followed up with _An Agnostic's +Apology_ (1893). He became ed. in 1871 of the _Cornhill Magazine_, in +which appeared the essays afterwards _coll._ as _Hours in a Library_ (3 +series, 1874-79). His chief work was _The History of English Thought in +the Eighteenth Century_ (1876-81). He also wrote _Science of Ethics_ +(1882), and biographies of _Dr. Johnson_ (1878), _Pope_ (1880). _Swift_ +(1882), and _George Eliot_ (English Men of Letters Series). In 1882 he +became ed. of the _Dictionary of National Biography_, to which he devoted +much labour, besides contributing many of the principal articles. _The +English Utilitarians_ appeared in 1900. As a biographical and critical +writer he holds a very high place. His first wife was a _dau._ of +Thackeray. In recognition of his literary eminence he was made a K.C.B. + +_Life and Letters_ by F.W. Maitland (1906). + + +STEPHENS, THOMAS (1821-1875).--Welsh historian and critic, _b._ at Pont +Nedd Fechan, Glamorganshire, _s._ of a shoemaker. His works include _The +Literature of the Kymry_ (1849), _The History of Trial by Jury in Wales_, +and an essay in which he demolished the claim of the Welsh under Madoc to +the discovery of America. He also wrote on the life and works of the bard +Aneurin. The critical methods which he adopted in his works often made +him unpopular with the less discriminating enthusiasts for the glory of +Wales, but he earned the respect of serious scholars. + + +STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844).--Essayist and miscellaneous writer, _s._ of +Edward S., a well-known writer in the _Times_, was _b._ in Bute, and +_ed._ at Glasgow and Camb. At the latter he became acquainted with a +group of brilliant men, including F.D. Maurice, Trench, and Monckton +Milnes. He took orders and became curate to Julius Hare (_q.v._); but +intellectual difficulties and indifferent health led to his resignation +within a year, and the rest of his life was passed in alternating between +England and warmer climes. He wrote for _Blackwood's Magazine_, the +_London and Westminster_, and _Quarterly Reviews_, and _pub._ _Essays and +Tales_, _The Election_, a humorous poem, _Strafford_, a tragedy, and +_Richard Coeur de Lion_, a serio-comic poem of which three books out of +eight were _pub._ His memory, perpetuated in a remarkable memoir by +Carlyle, lives rather by what he was than by anything he did. His +character and intellect appear to have exercised a singular influence on +the eminent men he numbered among his friends. + + +STERNE, LAURENCE (1713-1768).--Novelist, _s._ of an officer in the army, +and the great-grandson of an Archbishop of York, was _b._ at Clonmel, +where his father's regiment happened to be stationed, and passed part of +his boyhood in Ireland. At the age of 10 he was handed over to a +relation, Mr. Sterne of Elvington in Yorkshire, who put him to school at +Halifax, and thereafter sent him to Camb. He entered the Church, a +profession for which he was very indifferently fitted, and through family +influence procured the living of Sutton, Yorkshire. In 1741 he _m._ a +lady--Miss Lumley--whose influence obtained for him in addition an +adjacent benefice, and he also became a prebendary of York. It was not +until 1760 that the first two vols. of his famous novel, _Tristram +Shandy_, appeared. Its peculiar and original style of humour, its +whimsicality, and perhaps also its defiance of conventionality, and even +its frequent lapses into indecorum, achieved for it an immediate and +immense popularity. S. went up to London and became the lion of the day. +The third and fourth vols. appeared in 1761, the fifth and sixth in 1762, +the seventh and eighth in 1765, and the last in 1767. Meanwhile he had +_pub._ the _Sermons of Mr. Yorick_ (1760), and his remaining work, _The +Sentimental Journey_ appeared in 1768. From the time of his finding +himself a celebrity his parishioners saw but little of him, his time +being passed either in the gaieties of London or in travelling on the +Continent. Latterly he was practically separated from his wife and only +_dau._, to the former of whom his behaviour had been anything but +exemplary. His health, which had begun to give way soon after his +literary career had commenced, finally broke down, and he fell into a +consumption, of which he _d._ in London on March 18, 1768, utterly alone +and unattended. His body was followed to the grave by one coach +containing his publisher and another gentleman; and it was exhumed and +appeared in a few days upon the table of the anatomical professor at +Camb. He _d._ in debt, but a subscription was raised for his wife and +_dau._, the latter of whom _m._ a Frenchman, and is said to have perished +under the guillotine. Worthless as a man, S. possessed undoubted genius. +He had wit, originality, and pathos, though the last not seldom runs into +mawkishness, and an exquisitely delicate and glancing style. He has +contributed some immortal characters to English fiction, including Uncle +Toby and Corporal Trim. His great faults as a writer are affectation and +a peculiarly deliberate kind of indecency, which his profession renders +all the more offensive; and he was by no means scrupulous in adopting, +without acknowledgment, the good things of previous writers. + +_Works_ ed. by Prof. Saintsbury (6 vols., 1894). _See_ also Macmillan's +Library of English classics. _Lives_ by P. Fitzgerald (1896); and H.D. +Traill in English Men of Letters Series. + + +STERNHOLD, THOMAS (1500-1549), HOPKINS JOHN (_d._ 1570).--Were associated +in making the metrical version of the Psalms, which was attached to the +Prayer-book, and was for 200 years the chief hymn-book of the Church of +England. It is a commonplace and tame rendering. The collection was not +completed until 1562. It was gradually superseded by the version of Tate +and Brady. + + +STEVENSON, ROBERT LOUIS (1850-1894).--Novelist and essayist, was _b._ at +Edin., the _s._ of Thomas S., a distinguished civil engineer. His health +was extremely delicate. He was destined for the engineering profession, +in which his family had for two generations been eminent, but having +neither inclination nor physical strength for it, he in 1871 exchanged it +for law, and was called to the Bar in 1875, but never practised. From +childhood his interests had been literary, and in 1871 he began to +contribute to the _Edinburgh University Magazine_ and the _Portfolio_. A +tour in a canoe in 1876 led to the publication in 1878 of his first book, +_An Inland Voyage_. In the same year, _The New Arabian Nights_, +afterwards separately _pub._ appeared in magazines, and in 1879 he +brought out _Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes_. In that year he went +to California and _m._ Mrs. Osbourne. Returning to Europe in 1880 he +entered upon a period of productiveness which, in view of his wretched +health, was, both as regards quantity and worth, highly remarkable. The +year 1881 was marked by his unsuccessful candidature for the Chair of +Constitutional Law and History at Edin., and by the publication of +_Virginibus Puerisque_. Other works followed in rapid succession. +_Treasure Island_ (1882), _Prince Otto_ and _The Child's Garden of Verse_ +(1885), _Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde_ and _Kidnapped_ (1886), _Underwoods_ +(poetry), _Memories and Portraits_ (essays), and _The Merry Men_, a +collection of short stories (1887), and in 1888 _The Black Arrow_. In +1887 he went to America, and in the following year visited the South Sea +Islands where, in Samoa, he settled in 1890, and where he _d._ and is +buried. In 1889 _The Master of Ballantrae_ appeared, in 1892 _Across the +Plains_ and _The Wrecker_, in 1893 _Island Nights Entertainments_ and +_Catriona_, and in 1894 _The Ebb Tide_ in collaboration with his +step-son, Mr. Lloyd Osbourne. By this time his health was completely +broken, but to the last he continued the struggle, and left the fragments +_St. Ives_ and _Weir of Hermiston_, the latter containing some of his +best work. They were _pub._ in 1897. Though the originality and power of +S.'s writings was recognised from the first by a select few, it was only +slowly that he caught the ear of the general public. The tide may be said +to have turned with the publication of _Treasure Island_ in 1882, which +at once gave him an assured place among the foremost imaginative writers +of the day. His greatest power is, however, shown in those works which +deal with Scotland in the 18th century, such as _Kidnapped_, _Catriona_, +and _Weir of Hermiston_, and in those, _e.g._, _The Child's Garden of +Verse_, which exhibit his extraordinary insight into the psychology of +child-life; _Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde_ is a marvellously powerful and +subtle psychological story, and some of his short tales also are +masterpieces. Of these _Thrawn Janet_ and _Will of the Mill_ may be +mentioned as examples in widely different kinds. His excursions into the +drama in collaboration with W.E. Henley--_Deacon Brodie_, _Macaire_, +_Admiral Guinea_, _Beau Austin_,--added nothing to his reputation. His +style is singularly fascinating, graceful, various, subtle, and with a +charm all its own. + +_Works_, Edinburgh ed. (28 vols., 1894-98). _Life_ by Grahame Balfour +(1901), _Letters_, S. Colvin (1899). + + +STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828).--Philosopher, _s._ of Matthew S., Prof. of +Mathematics at Edin., was _b._ in the Coll. buildings, and at the age of +19 began to assist his _f._ in his classes, receiving the appointment of +regular assistant two years later. In 1785 he became Prof. of Moral +Philosophy, and rendered the chair illustrious by his learning and +eloquence, his pupils including Lords Palmerston, Russell, and Lansdowne. +S. was, however, rather a brilliant expositor than an original thinker, +and in the main followed Reid (_q.v._). His works include _Philosophy of +the Human Mind_, in three vols., _pub._ respectively in 1792, 1813, and +1827, _Outlines of Moral Philosophy_ (1793), _Philosophical Essays_ +(1810), _Dissertation on the Progress of Metaphysical and Ethical +Philosophy_ (1815, part II. 1821), and _View of the Active and Moral +Powers of Man_. He also wrote memoirs of Robertson the historian, Adam +Smith, and Reid. The Whig party, which he had always supported, on their +accession to power, created for him the office of Gazette-writer for +Scotland, in recognition of his services to philosophy. His later years +were passed in retirement at Kinneil House on the Forth. His works were +ed. by Sir William Hamilton. + + +STILLINGFLEET, EDWARD (1635-1699).--Theologian, _b._ at Cranbourne, +Dorsetshire, _ed._ at Camb., entered the Church, and held many +preferments, including a Royal Chaplaincy, the Deanery of St. Paul's +(1678), and the Bishopric of Worcester (1689). He was a frequent speaker +in the House of Lords, and had considerable influence as a Churchman. A +keen controversialist, he wrote many treatises, including _The Irenicum_ +(advocating compromise with the Presbyterians), _Antiquities of the +British Churches_, and _The Unreasonableness of Separation_. S. was a +good and honest man and had the respect of his strongest opponents. + + +STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHISON (1820-1909).--Philosopher, _b._ in Glasgow, and +_ed._ there and at Edin., where he studied medicine, which he practised +until the death of his _f._ in 1851, after which he devoted himself to +philosophy. His _Secret of Hegel_ (1865) gave a great impulse to the +study and understanding of the Hegelian philosophy both at home and in +America, and was also accepted as a work of authority in Germany and +Italy. Other works, all characterised: by keen philosophical insight and +masterly power of exposition are _Complete Text-book to Kant_ (1881), +_Philosophy and Theology_ (1890), _What is Thought? or the Problem of +Philosophy_ (1900), and _The Categories_ (1903). Less abstruse are +_Jerrold, Tennyson, and Macaulay_ (1868), _Burns in Drama_ (1878), and +_Philosophy in the Poets_ (1885). + + +STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, EARL of (1567-1640).--Poet, _s._ of A. of +Menstrie, and _cr._ Earl of S. by Charles I., 1633, was a courtier, and +held many offices of state. He studied at Glasgow and Leyden, and wrote +among other poems, partly in Latin, sonnets and four _Monarchicke +Tragedies_, _Darius_, _Croesus_, _The Alexandraean Tragedy_, and _Julius +Caesar_ (1603-7), the motive of which is the fall of ambition, and which, +though dignified, have little inspiration. He also assisted James I. in +his metrical version of the Psalms. He _d._ insolvent in London. The +grant of Nova Scotia which he had received became valueless owing to the +French conquests in that region. + + +STIRLING-MAXWELL, SIR WILLIAM (1818-1878).--Historian and writer on art, +_s._ of Archibald Stirling of Keir, succeeded to the estates and title of +his uncle, Sir John Maxwell of Pollok, as well as to Keir, _ed._ at +Camb., afterwards travelled much. He sat in the House of Commons for +Perthshire, which he twice represented, 1852-68 and 1874-80, served on +various commissions and public bodies, and was Lord Rector successively +of the Univ. of St. Andrews and Edin. and Chancellor of that of Glasgow. +His works include _Annals of the Artists of Spain_ (1848), _The Cloister +Life of the Emperor Charles V._ (1852), and _Don John of Austria_, _pub._ +posthumously in 1885. They were all distinguished by research and full +information, and the last two are standard authorities He _m._ as his +second wife the Hon. Mrs. Norton (_q.v._). + + +STOCKTON, FRANCIS RICHARD (1834-1902).--_B._ at Philadelphia, was an +engraver and journalist. He became well known as a writer of stories for +children, and of amusing books of which _Rudder Grange_ (1879) is the +best known. _The Lady and the Tiger_ was also highly popular. Others are +_Adventures of Captain Horne_, _Mrs. Null_, _Casting Away of Mrs. Leeks +and Mrs. Aleshine_, _The Hundredth Man_, _Great Stone of Sardis_, +_Captain's Toll-gate_, etc. His work was very unequal in interest. + + +STODDARD, RICHARD HENRY (1825-1903).--Poet, _b._ at Hingham, Mass., +worked in a foundry, and afterwards in New York Custom House, wrote a +Life of Washington, but is chiefly known as a poet, his poetical works +including _Songs in Summer_ (1857), _The King's Bell_, _The Lions Cub_, +etc. + + +STORER, THOMAS (1571-1604).--Poet, _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Oxf., +wrote a long poem, _The Life and Death of Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal_. + + +STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819-1895).--Sculptor, poet, etc., _b._ at Salem, +Mass., was intended for the law, but became a sculptor and an eminent man +of letters. His writings include _Roba di Roma_ (1862), _The Tragedy of +Nero_ (1875), _The Castle of St. Angelo_ (1877), _He and She_ (1883), +_Conversations in a Studio_, _A Poet's Portfolio_ (1894), etc. + + +STOW, JOHN (1525-1605).--Historian and antiquary, _b._ in London, _s._ of +a tailor, and brought up to the same trade. He had, however, an +irresistible taste for transcribing and collecting ancient documents, and +pursuing antiquarian and historical researches, to which he ultimately +entirely devoted himself. This he was enabled to do partly through the +munificence of Archbishop Parker. He made large collections of old books +and manuscripts, and wrote and ed. several works of importance and +authority, including _The Woorkes of Geoffrey Chaucer_, _Summarie of +Englyshe Chronicles_ (1561), afterwards called _Annales of England_, ed. +of the chronicles of Matthew Paris and others, of Holinshed's +_Chronicle_, and _A Survey of London_ (1598). It is sad to think that the +only reward of his sacrifices and labours in the public interest was a +patent from James I. to collect "among our loving subjects their +voluntary contributions and kind gratuities." + + +STOWE, MRS. HARRIET BEECHER (1811?-1896).--Novelist and miscellaneous +writer, _dau._ of Dr. Lyman Beecher, a well-known American clergyman, and +sister of Henry Ward B., one of the most popular preachers whom America +has produced, was _b._ at Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1811 or 1812. After +spending some years as a teacher, she _m._ the Rev. Calvin E. Stowe. Up +till 1852 all she had written was a little vol. of stories which failed +to attract attention. In that year, at the suggestion of a sister-in-law, +she decided to write something against slavery, and produced _Uncle Tom's +Cabin_, which originally appeared in serial form in a magazine, _The +National Era_. It did not at the time receive much attention, but on its +appearance in a separate form it took the world by storm. Its sale soon +reached 400,000 copies, and the reprints have probably reached a far +greater number. It was translated into numerous foreign languages, and +had a powerful effect in hurrying on the events which ultimately resulted +in emancipation. Her later works include _Dred_, _The Minister's Wooing_, +_Agnes of Sorrento_, _The Pearl of Orr's Island_, and _Old Town Folks_. +Some of these, especially the last, are in a literary sense much superior +to _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, but none of them had more than an ordinary +success. In 1869 an article on Lord Byron involved her in a somewhat +unfortunate controversy. + + +STRICKLAND, AGNES (1796 or 1806-1874).--Historical writer, _dau._ of +Thomas S., of Royden Hall, Suffolk, was _ed._ by her _f._, and began her +literary career with a poem, _Worcester Field_, followed by _The Seven +Ages of Woman_ and _Demetrius_. Abandoning poetry she next produced among +others _Historical Tales of Illustrious British Children_ (1833), _The +Pilgrims of Walsingham_ (1835), _Tales and Stories from History_ (1836). +Her chief works, however, are _Lives of the Queens of England from the +Norman Conquest_, and _Lives of the Queens of Scotland_, and _English +Princesses, etc._ (8 vols., 1850-59), _Lives of the Bachelor Kings of +England_ (1861), and _Letters of Mary Queen of Scots_, in some of which +she was assisted by her sister Elizabeth. Though laborious and +conscientious she lacked the judicial faculty, and her style does not +rise above mediocrity. + + +STRODE, WILLIAM (1600-1645).--Poet, only _s._ of Philip S., who belonged +to an old Devonshire family, he was _b._ at Plympton, Devonshire, and +showing studious tendencies, was sent to Westminster School and Oxf. +While at the Univ. he began to manifest his poetic talents, and generally +distinguished himself, being elected in 1629 Public Orator. He took +orders and, on Richard Corbet (_q.v._) becoming Bishop of Oxf., became +his chaplain. Later he was Rector of E. Bredenham, Norfolk, and of +Badley, Northants, and Canon of Christ Church. On the outbreak of the +Civil War he attached himself warmly to the cause of the King. He was a +High Churchman, and had a reputation as "a witty and sententious +preacher, an exquisite orator, and an eminent poet." It is therefore +singular that, until the recovery of his poems by Mr. B. Dobell, he had +fallen into absolute oblivion. As a poet he shines most in lyrics and +elegies. With much of the artificiality of his age he shows gracefulness, +a feeling for the country, and occasional gleams of tenderness. His play, +_The Floating Island_, a political allegory, was produced in 1633 and +played before the Court then on a visit to Oxf., where it was a subject +of complaint that it had more moralising than amusement. Mr. Dobell, who +ed. his poems in 1907, claims for S. the poem on "Melancholy" ("Hence all +you vain delights"), hitherto attributed to Fletcher. + + +STRYPE, JOHN (1643-1737).--Ecclesiastical historian, _b._ at Hackney, and +_ed._ at St. Paul's School and Camb., took orders and, among other +livings, held the Rectory of Low Leyton, Essex, for upwards of 60 years. +He made a large collection of original documents, chiefly relating to the +Tudor period, and was a voluminous author. Among his works are _Memorials +of Archbishop Cranmer_ (1694), _Life of Sir Thomas Smith_, _Secretary of +State to Edward VI. and Elizabeth_ (1698), _Annals of the Reformation_ +(1709-31), and _Ecclesiastical Memorials_ (1721); besides Lives of Bishop +Aylmer and Archbishops Grindal, Parker, and Whitgift. S., who was a +painstaking and honest, but dull and unmethodical, writer, remains an +authority. + + +STUART, GILBERT (1742-1786).--Historical writer, _s._ of George S., Prof. +of Humanity (Latin) at Edin. Among his publications were _An Historical +Dissertation on the English Constitution_ (1768), _Discourse on the +Government and Laws of England_ (1772), _A View of Society in Europe_ +(1778), and a _History of Scotland_ (1782). He was a man of extremely +jealous and implacable temper, and made venomous attacks on the +historical works of Robertson and Henry. His own writings, though +well-written, are inaccurate. + + +STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901).--Historian, _s._ of a solicitor, _b._ at +Knaresborough, Yorkshire, and _ed._ there and at the Grammar School of +Ripon, and Oxf. In 1848 he became a Fellow of Trinity Coll., and in the +same year took orders and was appointed to the coll. living of Navestock +in Essex, where he remained for 16 years, during which he began his +historical researches, and _pub._ his earlier works. His first +publication was _Hymnale Secundum Usum Sarum_. In 1858 appeared +_Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum_, a calendar of English bishops from +Augustine; and then followed ed. of several Chronicles in the Rolls +Series. The learning and critical insight displayed in these works +commanded the attention and admiration of historical scholars both at +home and on the Continent. In 1862 he was appointed librarian of Lambeth +Palace, and in 1866 Prof. of Modern History at Oxf. There he _pub._ in +1870 his _Select Charters_, and his chief work, _The Constitutional +History of England_ (3 vols., 1874-78), which at once became the standard +authority on its subject. It deals with the period preceding that with +which the great work of Hallam begins. In 1879 he was appointed a Canon +of St. Paul's, and in 1884 Bishop of Chester, whence he was translated +five years later to Oxf. As an active prelate he was necessarily largely +withdrawn from his historical researches; but at Chester he ed. two vols. +of William of Malmesbury. S. was greater as a historian than as a writer, +but he brought to his work sound judgment, insight, accuracy, and +impartiality. He was a member of the French and Prussian Academies, and +had the Prussian Order "Pour le Merite" conferred upon him. Since his +death his prefaces to the Rolls Series have been _pub._ separately. + + +STUKELEY, WILLIAM (1687-1765).--Antiquary, _ed._ at Camb., and after +practising as a physician took orders in 1729 and held benefices at +Stamford and in London. He made antiquarian tours through England, and +was one of the founders of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he acted +as sec. He _pub._ _Itinerarium Curiosum_ (1724) and _Stonehenge_ (1740). +He made a special study of Druidism, and was called "the Arch-Druid." + + +SUCKLING, SIR JOHN (1609-1642).--Poet, _s._ of a knight who had held +office as Sec. of State and Comptroller of the Household to James I., was +_b._ at Whitton, Middlesex, _ed._ at Camb., and thereafter went to Gray's +Inn. On the death of his _f._ in 1627, he inherited large estates. After +travelling in France and Italy, he is said to have served for a short +time under Gustavus Adolphus. On his return he was knighted, and went to +Court, where his wealth, generosity, and wit made him a general +favourite. When Charles I. was moving against the Scots S. fitted out a +gorgeously appointed troop for his service which, however, were said to +have fled at first sight of the Scots army at Duns, an exploit which is +ridiculed in the ballad of _Sir John Suckling's Campaign_. He got into +trouble in connection with a plot to rescue Strafford from the Tower, and +fled to the Continent. He _d._ at Paris, it is now believed by his own +hand. He was a noted gambler, and has the distinction of being the +inventor of the game of cribbage. He wrote four plays, _Aglaura_ (1637), +_Brennoralt_ (1646), _The Goblins_, and _The Sad One_ (unfinished), now +forgotten; his fame rests on his songs and ballads, including _The +Wedding_, distinguished by a gay and sparkling wit, and a singular grace +of expression. + + +SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL of (1517?-1547).--Poet, _s._ of Thomas H., 3rd +Duke of Norfolk, was _ed._ by John Clerke, a learned and travelled +scholar, and sec. to his _f._ He became attached to the Court, was +cup-bearer to the King (Henry VIII.), ewerer at the Coronation, and Earl +Marshall at the trial of Anne Boleyn. In 1542 he was made a Knight of the +Garter a few weeks after the execution of his cousin, Queen Catherine +Howard. He suffered imprisonment more than once for being implicated in +quarrels and brawls, did a good deal of fighting in Scotland and France, +and was the last victim of Henry's insensate jealousy, being beheaded on +a frivolous charge of conspiring against the succession of Edward VI. The +death of Henry saved Norfolk from the same fate. S. shares with Sir +Thomas Wyatt (_q.v._) the honour of being the true successor of Chaucer +in English poetry, and he has the distinction of being, in his +translation of the _AEneid_, the first to introduce blank verse, and, with +Wyatt, the sonnet. The poems of S., though well known in courtly circles, +were not _pub._ during his life; 40 of them appeared in _Tottel's +Miscellany_ in 1557. He also paraphrased part of Ecclesiastes and a few +of the Psalms. The Geraldine of his sonnets was Elizabeth Fitzgerald, +_dau._ of the Earl of Kildare, then a lonely child at Court, her _f._ +being imprisoned in the Tower. + + +SURTEES, ROBERT SMITH (1802-1864).--Sporting novelist, a country +gentleman of Durham, who was in business as a solicitor, but not +succeeding, started in 1831 the _Sporting Magazine_. Subsequently he took +to writing sporting novels, which were illustrated by John Leech. Among +them are _Mr. Sponge's Sporting Tour_, _Ask Mamma_, _Plain or Ringlets_, +and _Mr. Facey Romford's Hounds_. + + +SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667-1745).--Satirist, was _b._ at Dublin of English +parents. Dryden was his cousin, and he also claimed kin with Herrick. He +was a posthumous child, and was brought up in circumstances of extreme +poverty. He was sent to school at Kilkenny, and afterwards went to +Trinity Coll., Dublin, where he gave no evidence of ability, but +displayed a turbulent and unruly temper, and only obtained a degree by +"special grace." After the Revolution he joined his mother, then resident +at Leicester, by whose influence he was admitted to the household of Sir +William Temple (_q.v._) at Moor Park, Lady T. being her distant +kinswoman. Here he acted as sec., and having access to a well-stocked +library, made good use of his opportunities, and became a close student. +At Moor Park he met many distinguished men, including William III., who +offered him a troop of horse; he also met Esther Johnson (Stella), a +natural _dau._ of Sir William, who was afterwards to enter so largely +into his life. Dissatisfied, apparently, that Temple did not do more for +his advancement, he left his service in 1694 and returned to Ireland, +where he took orders, and obtained the small living of Kilroot, near +Belfast. While there he wrote his _Tale of a Tub_, one of the most +consummate pieces of satire in any language, and _The Battle of the +Books_, with reference to the "Phalaris" controversy (_see_ Bentley), +which were _pub._ together in 1704. In 1698 he threw up his living at the +request of Temple, who felt the want of his society and assistance, and +returned to Moor Park. On the death of his patron in 1699 he undertook by +request the publication of his works, and thereafter returned to Ireland +as chaplain to the Lord Deputy, the Earl of Berkeley, from whom he +obtained some small preferments, including the vicarage of Laracor, and a +prebend in St. Patrick's Cathedral. At this time he made frequent visits +to London and became the friend of Addison, Steele, Congreve, and other +Whig writers, and wrote various pamphlets, chiefly on ecclesiastical +subjects. In 1710, disgusted with the neglect of the Whigs, alike of +himself and of the claims of his Church, he abandoned them and attached +himself to Harley and Bolingbroke. The next few years were filled with +political controversy. He attacked the Whigs in papers in the _Examiner_ +in 1710, and in his celebrated pamphlets, _The Conduct of the Allies_ +(1712), _The Barrier Treaty_ (1713), and _The Public Spirit of the Whigs_ +(1714). In 1713 he was made Dean of St. Patrick's, the last piece of +patronage which he received. The steady dislike of Queen Anne had proved +an insurmountable obstacle to his further advancement, and her death +proved the ruin of the Tories. On the destruction of his hopes S. retired +to Ireland, where he remained for the rest of his life a thoroughly +embittered man. In 1713 he had begun his _Journal to Stella_, which sheds +so strange a light upon his character, and on his return to Ireland his +marriage to her is now generally believed to have taken place, though +they never lived together. Now also took place also his final rupture +with Miss Van Homrigh (Vanessa), who had been in love with him, with whom +he had maintained a lengthened correspondence, and to whom he addressed +his poem, _Cadenus and Vanessa_ (1726). Though he disliked the Irish and +considered residence in Ireland as banishment, he interested himself in +Irish affairs, and attained extraordinary popularity by his _Drapier's +Letters_, directed against the introduction of "Wood's halfpence." In +1726 he visited England and joined with Pope and Arbuthnot in publishing +_Miscellanies_ (1727). In the same year, 1726, he _pub._ _Gulliver's +Travels_, his most widely and permanently popular work. His last visit to +England was paid in 1727 and in the following year "Stella," the only +being, probably, whom he really loved, _d._ Though he had a circle of +friends in Dublin, and was, owing to his championing the people in their +grievances, a popular idol, the shadows were darkening around him. The +fears of insanity by which he had been all his life haunted, and which +may account for and perhaps partly excuse some of the least justifiable +portions of his conduct, pressed more and more upon him. He became +increasingly morose and savage in his misanthropy, and though he had a +rally in which he produced some of his most brilliant, work--the +_Rhapsody on Poetry_, _Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift_, and; the +_Modest Proposal_ (a horrible but masterly piece of irony)--he gradually +sank into almost total loss of his facilities, and _d._ on October 19, +1745. + +The character of S. is one of the gloomiest and least attractive among +English writers. Intensely proud, he suffered bitterly in youth and early +manhood from the humiliations of poverty and dependence, which preyed +upon a mind in which the seeds of insanity were latent until it became +dominated by a ferocious misanthropy. As a writer he is our greatest +master of grave irony, and while he presents the most humorous ideas, the +severity of his own countenance never relaxes. The _Tale of a Tub_ and +_Gulliver's Travels_ are the greatest satires in the English language, +although the concluding part of the latter is a savage and almost insane +attack upon the whole human race. His history is a tragedy darkening into +catastrophe, and as Thackeray has said, "So great a man he seems that +thinking of him is like thinking of an Empire falling." + +S. was tall and powerfully made. His eyes, blue and flashing under +excitement, were the most remarkable part of his appearance. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1667, _ed._ at Trinity Coll., Dublin, entered household of +Sir W. Temple at Moor Park 1692, and became his sec., became known to +William III., and met E. Johnson (Stella), left T. in 1694 and returned +to Ireland, took orders and wrote _Tale of a Tub_ and _Battle of Books_ +(_pub._ 1704), returned to Sir W.T. 1698, and on his death in 1699 _pub._ +his works, returned to Ireland and obtained some small preferments, +visits London and became one of the circle of Addison, etc., deserts the +Whigs and joins the Tories 1710, attacking the former in various papers +and pamphlets, Dean of St. Patrick's 1713, death of Anne and ruin of +Tories destroyed hopes of further preferment, and he returned to Ireland +and began his _Journal to Stella_, _Drapier's Letters_ appeared 1724, +visits England, and joins with Pope and Arbuthnot in _Miscellanies_ 1726, +_pub._ _Gulliver's Travels_ 1727, "Stella" _d._ 1728, gradually lost his +faculties and _d._ 1745. + +_Lives_ by Craik (1882), Leslie Stephen (1882), Churton Collins (1893), +etc. _Works_ ed. by Sir Walter Scott (19 vols., 1814, etc.) Bonn's +Standard Library (1897-1908). + + +SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES (1837-1909).--Poet, _s._ of Admiral S. and of +Lady Jane Ashburnham, _dau._ of the 3rd Earl of A., _b._ in London, +received his early education in France, and was at Eton and at Balliol +Coll., Oxf., where he attracted the attention of Jowett, and gave himself +to the study of Latin, Greek, French, and Italian, with special reference +to poetic form. He left Oxf. without graduating in 1860, and in the next +year _pub._ two plays, _The Queen Mother_ and _Rosamund_, which made no +impression on the public, though a few good judges recognised their +promise. The same year he visited Italy, and there made the acquaintance +of Walter Savage Landor (_q.v._). On his return he lived for some time +in Cheyne Row, Chelsea, with D.G. Rossetti (_q.v._), and G. Meredith +(_q.v._). The appearance in 1865 of _Atalanta in Calydon_ led to his +immediate recognition as a poet of the first order, and in the same year +he _pub._ _Chastelard, a Tragedy_, the first part of a trilogy relating +to Mary Queen of Scots, the other two being _Bothwell_ (1874), and _Mary +Stuart_ (1881). _Poems and Ballads_, _pub._ in 1866, created a profound +sensation alike among the critics and the general body of readers by its +daring departure from recognised standards, alike of politics and +morality, and gave rise to a prolonged and bitter controversy, S. +defending himself against his assailants in _Notes on Poems and Reviews_. +His next works were the _Song of Italy_ (1867) and _Songs before Sunrise_ +(1871). Returning to the Greek models which he had followed with such +brilliant success in _Atalanta_ he produced _Erechtheus_ (1876), the +extraordinary metrical power of which won general admiration. _Poems and +Ballads_, second series, came out in 1878. _Tristram of Lyonnesse_ in +heroic couplets followed in 1882, _A Midsummer Holiday_ (1884), _Marino +Faliero_ (1885), _Locrine_ (1887), _Poems and Ballads_, third series +(1889), _The Sisters_ (1892), _Astrophel_ (1894), _The Tale of Balen_ +(1896), _Rosamund, Queen of the Lombards_ (1899), _A Channel Passage_ +(1904), and _The Duke of Gandia_ (1908). Among his prose works are +_Love's Cross Currents_ (1905) (fiction), _William Blake, a Critical +Essay_ (1867), _Under the Microscope_ (1872), in answer to R. Buchanan's +_Fleshly School of Poetry_, _George Chapman, a Critical Essay_ (1875), _A +Study of Shakespeare_ (1879), _A Study of Victor Hugo_ (1886), and _A +Study of Ben Jonson_ (1889). + +S. belongs to the class of "Poets' poets." He never became widely +popular. As a master of metre he is hardly excelled by any of our poets, +but it has not seldom been questioned whether his marvellous sense of the +beauty of words and their arrangement did not exceed the depth and mass +of his thought. _The Hymn to Artemis_ in _Atalanta_ beginning "When the +hounds of Spring are on Winter's traces" is certainly one of the most +splendid examples of metrical power in the language. As a prose writer he +occupies a much lower place, and here the contrast between the thought +and its expression becomes very marked, the latter often becoming turgid +and even violent. In his earlier days in London S. was closely associated +with the pre-Raphaelites, the Rossettis, Meredith, and Burne-Jones: he +was thus subjected successively to the classical and romantic influence, +and showed the traces of both in his work. He was never _m._, and for the +last 30 years of his life lived with his friend, Mr. Theodore +Watts-Dunton, at the Pines, Putney Hill. For some time before his death +he was almost totally deaf. + + +SYLVESTER, JOSHUA (1563-1618).--Poet and translator, is chiefly +remembered by his translation from the French of Du Bartas' _Divine Weeks +and Works_, which is said to have influenced Milton and Shakespeare. He +seconded the _Counterblast against Tobacco_ of James I. with his _Tobacco +Battered and the Pipes Shattered ... by a Volley of Holy Shot thundered +from Mount Helicon_ (1620), and also wrote _All not Gold that Glitters_, +_Panthea: Divine Wishes and Meditations_ (1630), and many religious, +complimentary, and other occasional pieces. S., who was originally +engaged in commerce, acted later as a sort of factor to the Earl of +Essex. + + +SYMONDS, JOHN ADDINGTON (1840-1893).--Writer on art and literature, _s._ +of a physician in Bristol, was _ed._ at Harrow and Oxf. His delicate +health obliged him to live abroad. He _pub._ (1875-86) _History of the +Italian Renaissance_, and translated the _Autobiography of Benvenuto +Cellini_. He also _pub._ some books of poetry, including _Many Moods_ +(1878) and _Animi Figura_ (1882), and among his other publications were +_Introduction to the Study of Dante_ (1872), _Studies of the Greek Poets_ +(1873 and 1876), _Shakespeare's Predecessors in the English Drama_ +(1884), and Lives of various poets, including Ben Jonson, Shelley, and +Walt Whitman. He also made remarkable translations of the sonnets of +Michelangelo and Campanella, and wrote upon philosophical subjects in +various periodicals. + + +SYNGE, JOHN MILLINGTON (1871-1909).--Miscellaneous writer, _b._ near +Dublin, _ed._ privately and at Trinity Coll., Dublin. He wrote _Riders to +the Sea_, _In the Shadow of the Glen_ (1905), _The Well of the Saints_ +(1905), _The Play Boy of the Western World_ (1907), and _The Aran +Islands_ (1907). + + +TABLEY DE, JOHN BYRON LEICESTER WARREN, 3RD LORD (1835-1895).--Poet, +eldest _s._ of the 2nd Lord, _ed._ at Eton and Oxf., was for a time +attached to the British Embassy at Constantinople. He wrote poems of a +very high order, some of them _pub._ under the _pseudonyms_ of "George F. +Preston" and "William Lancaster." They include _Ballads and Metrical +Sketches_, _The Threshold of Atrides_, _Glimpses of Antiquity_, etc. +These were followed by two dramas, _Philoctetes_ (1866) and _Orestes_ +(1868). Later works in his own name were _Rehearsals_ (1870), _Searching +the Net_ (1873), _The Soldier's Fortune_, a tragedy. _Poems, Dramatic and +Lyrical_ (1893) included selections from former works. After his death +appeared _Orpheus in Thrace_ (1901). He was a man of sensitive +temperament, and was latterly much of a recluse. He was an accomplished +botanist, and _pub._ a work on the _Flora of Cheshire_. + + +TALFOURD, SIR THOMAS NOON (1795-1854).--Poet and biographer, _s._ of a +brewer at Reading, where he was _b._, and which he represented in +Parliament, 1835-41, was _ed._ at Mill Hill School. He studied law, was +called to the Bar in 1821, and became a Judge in 1849. He _d._ suddenly +of apoplexy while charging the Grand Jury at Stafford. He wrote much for +reviews, and in 1835 produced _Ion_, a tragedy, followed by _The Athenian +Captive_ (1838), and _The Massacre of Glencoe_, all of which were acted +with success. T. was the friend and literary executor of Charles Lamb +(_q.v._), and _pub._ in two sections his _Memoirs and Letters_. In 1837 +he introduced the Copyright Bill, which was passed with modifications in +1842. + + +TANNAHILL, ROBERT (1774-1810).--Poet, _b._ in Paisley where he was a +weaver. In 1807 he _pub._ a small vol. of poems and songs, which met with +success, and carried his hitherto local fame over his native country. +Always delicate and sensitive, a disappointment in regard to the +publication of an enlarged ed. of his poems so wrought upon a lowness of +spirits, to which he was subject, that he drowned himself in a canal. His +longer pieces are now forgotten, but some of his songs have achieved a +popularity only second to that of some of Burns's best. Among these are +_The Braes of Balquhidder_, _Gloomy Winter's now awa'_ and _The Bonnie +Wood o' Craigielea_. + + +TATE, NAHUM (1652-1715).--Poet, _s._ of a clergyman in Dublin, was _ed._ +at Trinity Coll. there. He _pub._ _Poems on Several Occasions_ (1677), +_Panacea, or a Poem on Tea_, and, in collaboration with Dryden, the +second part of _Absalom and Achitophel_. He also adapted Shakespeare's +_Richard II._ and _Lear_, making what he considered improvements. Thus in +_Lear_ Cordelia is made to survive her _f._, and marry Edgar. This +desecration, which was defended by Dr. Johnson, kept the stage till well +on in the 19th century. He also wrote various miscellaneous poems, now +happily forgotten. He is best remembered as the Tate of Tate and Brady's +metrical version of the Psalms, _pub._ in 1696. T., who succeeded +Shadwell as Poet Laureate in 1690, figures in _The Dunciad_. NICHOLAS +BRADY (1659-1726).--Tate's fellow-versifier of the Psalms, _b._ at +Bandon, and _ed._ at Westminster and Oxf., was incumbent of +Stratford-on-Avon. He wrote a tragedy, _The Rape_, a blank verse +translation of the _AEneid_, an _Ode_, and sermons, now all forgotten. + + +TATHAM, JOHN (_fl._ 1632-1664).--Dramatist. Little is known of him. He +produced pageants for the Lord Mayor's show and some dramas, _Love Crowns +the End_, _The Distracted State_, _The Scots Figgaries, or a Knot of +Knaves_, _The Rump_, etc. He was a Cavalier, who hated the Puritans and +the Scotch, and invented a dialect which he believed to be their +vernacular tongue. + + +TAUTPHOEUS, BARONESS (MONTGOMERY) (1807-1893).--_Dau._ of an Irish +gentleman, _m._ the Baron T., Chamberlain at the Court of Bavaria. She +wrote several novels dealing with German life of which the first, _The +Initials_ (1850), is perhaps the best. Others were _Cyrilla_ (1883), +_Quits_ (1857), and _At Odds_ (1863). + + +TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825-1878).--Poet, _b._ in Pennsylvania of Quaker +descent, began to write by the time he was 12. Apprenticed to a printer, +he found the work uncongenial and, purchasing his indentures, went to +Europe on a walking tour, and thereafter he was a constant and +enterprising traveller. After his return from Europe he ed. a paper, got +on the staff of the _New York Tribune_, and _pub._ several books of +travel and poetry, among which are _Views Afoot_ (1846), an account of +his travels in Europe, and _El Dorado_ (1850), which described the +Californian gold-fields. After some experience and some disappointments +in the diplomatic sphere, he settled down to novel-writing, his first +venture in which, _Hannah Thurston_ (1863), was very successful, and was +followed by _John Godfrey's Fortunes_ (1864), partly autobiographical, +and _The Story of Kenneth_ (1866). His poetic works include _Poems of the +Orient_ (1854), _Poet's Journal_ (1862), _Masque of the Gods_ (1872), +_Lars_ (1873), _The Prophet_ (1874), a tragedy, _Prince Deucalion_, and +_Home Pastorals_ (1875). In 1878 he was appointed to the German Embassy, +and _d._ in Berlin in the following year. His translation of Goethe's +_Faust_ is perhaps his best work. He was a man of untiring energy and +great ability and versatility, but tried too many avenues to fame to +advance very far in any of them. + + +TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886).--Dramatist, _s._ of a gentleman farmer in +the county of Durham. After being at sea for some months and in the Naval +Stores Department, he became a clerk in the Colonial Office, and remained +there for 48 years, during which he exercised considerable influence on +the colonial policy of the Empire. In 1872 he was made K.C.M.G. He wrote +four tragedies--_Isaac Comnenus_ (1827), _Philip van Artevelde_ (1834), +_Edwin the Fair_ (1842), and _St. Clement's Eve_ (1862); also a romantic +comedy, _The Virgin Widow_, which he renamed _A Sicilian Summer_, _The Eve +of the Conquest and other Poems_ (1847). In prose he _pub._ _The Statesman_ +(1836), _Notes from Life_ (1847), _Notes from Books_ (1849), and an +_Autobiography_. Of all these _Philip van Artevelde_ was perhaps the most +successful. T. was a man of great ability and distinction, but his +dramas, with many of the qualities of good poetry, lack the final touch +of genius. + + +TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865).--Philosophical and historical writer, artist, +and inventor, was the most eminent member of a family known as the +Taylors of Ongar, which has shown a remarkable persistence of ability in +various departments, but especially in art and literature. His +grandfather and _f._, who bore the same name, were both eminent +engravers, and the latter was the author of various books for children. +T. was brought up to the hereditary art of engraving, in which he +displayed pre-eminent skill, his work gaining the admiration of D.G. +Rossetti. He decided, however, to devote himself to literature, and for +40 years continued to produce works of originality and value, including +_Elements of Thought_ (1823), _Natural History of Enthusiasm_ (1829), +_Spiritual Despotism_ (1831), _Ancient Christianity_ (1839), _Restoration +of Belief_ (1855), _The Physical Theory of Another Life_, _History of +Transmission of Ancient Books_, and _Home Education_, besides numerous +contributions to reviews and other periodicals. Besides his literary and +artistic accomplishments T. was an important inventor, two of his +inventions having done much to develop the manufacture of calico. Two of +his sisters had considerable literary reputation. ANN T., afterwards MRS. +GILBERT (1782-1866), and JANE (1783-1824) were, like their brother, +taught the art of engraving. In 1804-5 they jointly wrote _Original Poems +for Infant Minds_, followed by _Rhymes for the Nursery_ and _Hymns for +Infant Minds_. Among those are the little poems, "My Mother" and +"Twinkle, twinkle, little Star," known to all well-conditioned children. +Jane was also the author of _Display_, a tale (1815), and other works, +including several hymns, of which the best known is "Lord, I would own +Thy tender Care." The hereditary talents of the family were represented +in the next generation by CANON ISAAC T. (1829-1901), the _s._ of Isaac +last mentioned, who, in addition to _The Liturgy and the Dissenters_, +_pub._ works in philology and archaeology, including _Words and Places_ +and _Etruscan Researches_; and by JOSIAH GILBERT, _s._ of Ann T., an +accomplished artist, and author of _The Dolomite Mountains_, _Cadore, or +Titian's Country_, and ed. of the _Autobiography_ of his mother. + + +TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667).--Divine, was _b._ at Camb. His _f._, though +of gentle descent, followed the trade of a barber, and Jeremy entered +Caius Coll. as a sizar. After his graduation in 1634 he was asked to +preach in London, where his eloquence attracted the attention of Laud, +who sent him to Oxf., caused him to be elected a Fellow of All Souls +Coll., and made him his chaplain. He also became a chaplain to the King, +and soon attaining a great reputation as a preacher, was presented to the +living of Uppingham. In 1639 he _m._ his first wife, and in 1643 he was +made Rector of Overstone. On the outbreak of the Civil War T. sided with +the King, and was present, probably as a chaplain, at the battle fought +in 1645 near Cardigan Castle, when he was taken prisoner. He was soon +released, but the Royalist cause being practically lost, he decided to +remain in Wales, and with two friends started a school at Newtonhall, +Caermarthenshire, which had some success. T. also found a friend in Lord +Carbery, whose chaplain he became. During the period of 13 years from +1647-60, which were passed in seeming obscurity, he laid the foundations +and raised the structure of his splendid literary fame. The _Liberty of +Prophesying_ (that is, of preaching), one of the greatest pleas for +toleration in the language, was _pub._ in 1647, _The Life of Christ_ in +1649, _Holy Living_ in 1650, and _Holy Dying_ in 1651. These were +followed by various series of sermons, and by _The Golden Grove_ (1655), +a manual of devotion which received its title from the name of the seat +of his friend Lord Carbery. For some remarks against the existing +authorities T. suffered a short imprisonment, and some controversial +tracts on _Original Sin_, _Unum Necessarium_ (the one thing needful), and +_The Doctrine and Practice of Repentance_ involved him in a controversy +of some warmth in which he was attacked by both High Churchmen and +Calvinists. While in Wales T. had entered into a second marriage with a +lady of some property which, however, was seriously encroached upon by +the exactions of the Parliamentarians. In 1657 he ministered privately to +an Episcopalian congregation in London, and in 1658 accompanied Lord +Conway to Ireland, and served a cure at Lisburn. Two years later he +_pub._ _Ductor Dubitantium, or the Rule of Conscience in all her General +Measures_, a learned and subtle piece of casuistry which he dedicated to +Charles II. The Restoration brought recognition of T.'s unswerving +devotion to the Royalist cause; he was made Bishop of Down and Connor, +and to this was added the administration of the see of Dromore. In his +new position, though, as might have been expected, he showed zeal, +diligence, and benevolence, he was not happy. He did not, probably could +not, entirely practise his own views of absolute toleration, and found +himself in conflict with the Presbyterians, some of whose ministers he +had extruded from benefices which they had held, and he longed to escape +to a more private and peaceful position. He _d._ at Lisburn of a fever +caught while ministering to a parishioner. T. is one of the great +classical writers of England. Learned, original, and impassioned, he had +an enthusiasm for religion and charity, and his writings glow with an +almost unequalled wealth of illustration and imagery, subtle argument, +and fullness of thought. With a character of stainless purity and +benevolence, and gracious and gentle manners, he was universally beloved +by all who came under the spell of his presence. + + +TAYLOR, JOHN (1580-1653).--Known as the "Water Poet," _b._ at Gloucester +of humble parentage, was apprenticed to a London waterman, and pressed +for the navy. Thereafter he returned to London and resumed his occupation +on the Thames, afterwards keeping inns first at Oxf., then in London. He +had a talent for writing rollicking verses, enjoyed the acquaintance of +Ben Jonson, and other famous men, superintended the water pageant at the +marriage of the Princess Elizabeth 1613, and composed the "triumphs" at +the Lord Mayor's shows. He made a journey on foot from London as far as +to Braemar, of which he wrote an account, _The Pennyless Pilgrimage ... +of John Taylor_, _the King's Majesty's Water Poet_ (1618). He visited the +Queen of Bohemia at Prague in 1620, and made other journeys, each of +which was commemorated in a book. His writings are of little literary +value, but have considerable historical and antiquarian interest. + + +TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808-1876).--Novelist, _b._ at Liverpool, _s._ of +a merchant there. When still a boy went out to a mercantile situation in +Calcutta, but in 1826 got a commission in the army of the Nizam of +Hyderabad. From this he rose to a high civil position in the service of +the Nizam, and entirely reorganised his government. He wrote several +striking novels dealing with Indian life, including _Confessions of a +Thug_ (1639), _Tara_, and _A Noble Queen_. He left an autobiography, _The +Story of my Life_, ed. by his _dau._ + + +TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835).--Translator, _b._ in London and _ed._ at St. +Paul's School, devoted himself to the study of the classics and of +mathematics. After being a bank clerk he was appointed Assistant +Secretary to the Society for the encouragement of Arts, etc., in which +capacity he made many influential friends, who furnished the means for +publishing his various translations, which include works of Plato, +Aristotle, Proclus, Porphyry, Apuleius, etc. His aim indeed was the +translation of all the untranslated writings of the ancient Greek +philosophers. + + +TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880).--Dramatist, _b._ at Sunderland, _ed._ at Glasgow +and Camb., and was Prof. of English Literature in London Univ. from +1845-47. In 1846 he was called to the Bar, and from 1854-71 he was Sec. +to the Local Government Board. He was the author of about 100 dramatic +pieces, original and adapted, including _Still Waters run Deep_, _The +Overland Route_, and _Joan of Arc_. He was likewise a large contributor +to _Punch_, of which he was ed. 1874-80, and he ed. the autobiographies +of Haydon and Leslie, the painters, and wrote _Life and Times of Sir +Joshua Reynolds_. + + +TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836).--Translator, etc., _s._ of a merchant, +travelled on the Continent, learned German, and became an enthusiastic +student of German literature, which he was one of the first to introduce +to his fellow-countrymen. His articles on the subject were _coll._ and +_pub._ as _Historic Survey of German Poetry_ (1828-30). He translated +Buerger's _Lenore_, Lessing's _Nathan_, and Goethe's _Iphigenia_. He also +wrote _Tales of Yore_ (1810) and _English Synonyms Described_ (1813). + + +TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM (1628-1699).--Statesman and essayist, _s._ of Sir +John T., Master of the Rolls in Ireland, was _b._ in London, and _ed._ at +Camb. He travelled on the Continent, was for some time a member of the +Irish Parliament, employed on various diplomatic missions, and negotiated +the marriage of the Prince of Orange and the Princess Mary. On his return +he was much consulted by Charles II., but disapproving of the courses +adopted, retired to his house at Sheen, which he afterwards left and +purchased Moor Park, where Swift was for a time his sec. He took no part +in the Revolution, but acquiesced in the new _regime_, and was offered, +but refused, the Secretaryship of State. His works consist for the most +part of short essays _coll._ under the title of _Miscellanea_, but longer +pieces are _Observations upon the United Provinces_, and _Essay on the +Original and Nature of Government_. Apart from their immediate interest +they mark a transition to the simpler, more concise, and more carefully +arranged sentences of modern composition. + + +TENNANT, WILLIAM (1784-1848).--Poet and scholar, a cripple from his +birth, was _b._ at Anstruther (commonly called Anster) in Fife. As a +youth he was clerk to his brother, a corn-merchant, but devoted his +leisure to the study of languages, and the literature of various +countries. In 1813 he became parish schoolmaster of Lasswade, near +Edinburgh, thereafter classical master at Dollar Academy, and in 1835 +Prof. of Oriental Languages at St. Andrews. In 1812 he _pub._ _Anster +Fair_, a mock-heroic poem, in _ottava rima_, full of fancy and humour, +which at once brought him reputation. In later life he produced two +tragedies, _Cardinal Beaton_ and _John Baliol_, and two poems, _The Thane +of Fife_ and _Papistry Stormed_. He also issued a _Syriac and Chaldee +Grammar_. + + +TENNYSON, ALFRED, 1ST LORD (1809-1892).--Poet, was the fourth _s._ of +George T., Rector of Somersby, Lincolnshire, where he was _b._ His _f._ +was himself a poet of some skill, and his two elder brothers, Frederick +T. (_q.v._) and Charles T. Turner (_q.v._), were poets of a high order. +His early education was received from his _f._, after which he went to +the Grammar School of Louth, whence in 1828 he proceeded to Trinity +Coll., Camb. In the previous year had appeared a small vol., _Poems by +Two Brothers_, chiefly the work of his brother Charles and himself, with +a few contributions from Frederick, but it attracted little attention. At +the Univ. he was one of a group of highly gifted men, including Trench +(_q.v._), Monckton Milnes, afterwards Lord Houghton (_q.v._), Alford +(_q.v._), Lushington, his future brother-in-law, and above all, Arthur +Hallam, whose friendship and early death were to be the inspiration of +his greatest poem. In 1829 he won the Chancellor's medal by a poem on +_Timbuctoo_, and in the following year he brought out his first +independent work, _Poems chiefly Lyrical_. It was not in general very +favourably received by the critics, though Wilson in _Blackwood's +Magazine_ admitted much promise and even performance. In America it had +greater popularity. Part of 1832 was spent in travel with Hallam, and the +same year saw the publication of _Poems_, which had not much greater +success than its predecessor. In the next year Hallam _d._, and T. began +_In Memoriam_ and wrote _The Two Voices_. He also became engaged to +Emily Sellwood, his future wife, but owing to various circumstances their +marriage did not take place until 1850. The next few years were passed +with his family at various places, and, so far as the public were +concerned, he remained silent until 1842, when he _pub._ _Poems_ in two +volumes, and at last achieved full recognition as a great poet. From this +time the life of T. is a record of tranquil triumph in his art and of the +conquest of fame; and the publication of his successive works became +almost the only events which mark his history. _The Princess_ appearing +in 1847 added materially to his reputation: in the lyrics with which it +is interspersed, such as "The Splendour Falls" and "Tears, idle Tears" he +rises to the full mastery of this branch of his art. The year 1850 was +perhaps the most eventful in his life, for in it took place his marriage +which, as he said, "brought the peace of God into his life," his +succession to the Laureateship on the death of Wordsworth, and the +publication of his greatest poem, _In Memoriam_. In 1852 appeared his +noble _Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington_; and two years later +_The Charge of the Light Brigade_. The publication of _Maud_ in 1855 gave +his rapidly growing popularity a perceptible set-back, though it has +since risen in favour. But this was far more than made up for by the +enthusiasm with which the first set of _The Idylls of the King_ was +received on its appearance four years later. _Enoch Arden_, with the +_Northern Farmer_, came out in 1864; _The Holy Grail_ and _Gareth and +Lynette_, both belonging to the _Idyll_ series, in 1869 and 1872 +respectively. Three years later in 1875 T. broke new ground by beginning +a series of dramas with _Queen Mary_, followed by _Harold_ (1876), _The +Falcon_ (1879), _The Cup_ (1881), _The Promise of May_ (1882), _Becket_ +(1884), and _Robin Hood_ (1891). His later poems were _The Lovers' Tale_ +(1879) (an early work retouched), _Tiresias_ (1885), _Locksley Hall--60 +Years after_ (1886), _Demeter and other Poems_ (1889), including +"Crossing the Bar," and _The Death of Oenone_ (1892). T., who cared +little for general society, though he had many intimate and devoted +friends, lived at Farringford, Isle of Wight, from 1853-69, when he built +a house at Aldworth, near Haslemere, which was his home until his death. +In 1884 he was raised to the peerage. Until he had passed the threescore +years and ten he had, with occasional illnesses, enjoyed good health on +the whole. But in 1886 the younger of his two sons _d._, a blow which +told heavily upon him; thereafter frequent attacks of illness followed, +and he _d._ on October 6, 1892, in his 84th year, and received a public +funeral in Westminster Abbey. + +The poetry of T. is characterised by a wide outlook, by intense sympathy +with the deepest feelings and aspirations of humanity, a profound +realisation of the problems of life and thought, a noble patriotism +finding utterance in such poems as _The Revenge_, the _Charge of the +Light Brigade_, and the _Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington_, an +exquisite sense of beauty, marvellous power of vivid and minute +description often achieved by a single felicitous phrase, and often +heightened by the perfect matching of sense and sound, and a general +loftiness and purity of tone. No poet has excelled him in precision and +delicacy of language and completeness of expression. As a lyrist he has, +perhaps, no superiors, and only two or three equals in English poetry, +and even of humour he possessed no small share, as is shown in the +_Northern Farmer_ and in other pieces. When the volume, variety, finish, +and duration of his work are considered, as well as the influence which +he exercised on his time, a unique place must be assigned him among the +poets of his country. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1809, _ed._ Camb., _Poems by Two Brothers_ 1827, _Poems +chiefly Lyrical_ 1830, his chief works _Poems in two Volumes_ 1842, +_Princess_ 1847, _In Memoriam_ 1850, _Maud_ 1855, _Idylls of the King_ +1869-72, Poet Laureate 1850, _d._ 1892. + +_Life_ by his _s._ (2 vols., 1897). There are also numerous books, +biographical and critical, by, among others, W.E. Wace (1881), A.C. +Benson, A. Lang, F. Harrison, Sir A. Lyell, C.F.G. Masterman (T. as a +Religious Teacher), Stopford Brooke, Waugh, etc. + + +TENNYSON, FREDERICK (1807-1898).--Poet, was the eldest _s._ of the Rector +of Somersby, Lincolnshire, and brother of Alfred T. (_q.v._). _Ed._ at +Eton and Camb., he passed most of his life in Italy and Jersey. He +contributed to the _Poems by Two Brothers_, and produced _Days and Hours_ +(lyrics) (1854), _The Isles of Greece_ (1890), _Daphne_ (1891), and +_Poems of the Day and Night_ (1895). All his works show passages of +genuine poetic power. + + +TENNYSON TURNER, CHARLES (1808-1879).--Poet, elder brother of Alfred T. +(_q.v._), _ed._ at Camb., entered the Church, and became Vicar of Grasby, +Lincolnshire. The name of Turner he assumed in conformity with the will +of a relation. He contributed to _Poems by Two Brothers_, and was the +author of 340 sonnets, which were greatly admired by such critics as +Coleridge, Palgrave, and his brother Alfred. + + +THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE (1811-1863).--Novelist, _s._ of Richmond T., +who held various important appointments in the service of the East India +Company, and who belonged to an old and respectable Yorkshire family, was +_b._ at Calcutta, and soon after the death of his _f._, which took place +in 1816, sent home to England. After being at a school at Chiswick, he +was sent to the Charterhouse School, where he remained from 1822-26, and +where he does not appear to have been very happy. Meanwhile in 1818 his +mother had _m._ Major H.W.C. Smythe, who is believed to be, in part at +any rate, the original of Colonel Newcome. In 1829 he went to Trinity +Coll., Camb., where he remained for a year only, and where he did not +distinguish himself particularly as a student, but made many life-long +friends, including Spedding (_q.v._), Tennyson, Fitzgerald (_q.v._), and +Monckton Milnes (_see_ Houghton), and contributed verses and caricatures +to two Univ. papers, "The Snob" and "The Gownsman." The following year, +1831, was spent chiefly in travelling on the Continent, especially +Germany, when, at Weimar, he visited Goethe. Returning he entered the +Middle Temple, but having no liking for legal studies, he soon abandoned +them, and turning his attention to journalism, became proprietor, wholly +or in part, of two papers successively, both of which failed. These +enterprises, together with some unfortunate investments and also, it +would seem, play, stripped him of the comfortable fortune, which he had +inherited; and he now found himself dependent on his own exertions for a +living. He thought at first of art as a profession, and studied for a +time at Paris and Rome. In 1836, while acting as Paris correspondent for +the second of his journals, he _m._ Isabella, _dau._ of Colonel Shawe, an +Irish officer, and the next year he returned to England and became a +contributor to _Fraser's Magazine_, in which appeared _The Yellowplush +Papers_, _The Great Hoggarty Diamond_, _Catherine_, and _Barry Lyndon_, +the history of an Irish sharper, which contains some of his best work. +Other works of this period were _The Paris Sketch-book_ (1840) and _The +Irish Sketch-book_ (1843). His work in _Fraser_, while it was appreciated +at its true worth by a select circle, had not brought him any very wide +recognition: it was his contributions to _Punch_--the _Book of Snobs_ and +_Jeames's Diary_--which first caught the ear of the wider public. The +turning point in his career, however, was the publication in monthly +numbers of _Vanity Fair_ (1847-48). This extraordinary work gave him at +once a place beside Fielding at the head of English novelists, and left +him no living competitor except Dickens. _Pendennis_, largely +autobiographical, followed in 1848-50, and fully maintained his +reputation. In 1851 he broke new ground, and appeared, with great +success, as a lecturer, taking for his subject _The English Humourists of +the Eighteenth Century_, following this up in 1855 with the _Four +Georges_, first delivered in America. Meanwhile _Esmond_, perhaps his +masterpiece, and probably the greatest novel of its kind in existence, +had appeared in 1852, and _The Newcomes_ (1853), _The Virginians_, a +sequel to _Esmond_, which, though containing much fine work, is generally +considered to show a falling off as compared with its two immediate +predecessors, came out in 1857-59. In 1860 the _Cornhill Magazine_ was +started with T. for its ed., and to it he contributed _Lovell the +Widower_ (1860), _The Adventures of Philip_ (1861-62), _The Roundabout +Papers_, a series of charming essays, and _Denis Duval_, left a mere +fragment by his sudden death, but which gave promise of a return to his +highest level of performance. In addition to the works mentioned, T. for +some years produced Christmas books and burlesques, of which the best +were _The Rose and the Ring_ and _The Kickleburys on the Rhine_. He also +wrote graceful verses, some of which, like _Bouillabaisse_, are in a +strain of humour shot through with pathos, while others are the purest +rollicking fun. For some years T. suffered from spasms of the heart, and +he _d._ suddenly during the night of December 23, 1863, in his 53rd year. +He was a man of the tenderest heart, and had an intense enjoyment of +domestic happiness; and the interruption of this, caused by the permanent +breakdown of his wife's health, was a heavy calamity. This, along with +his own latterly broken health, and a sensitiveness which made him keenly +alive to criticism, doubtless fostered the tendency to what was often +superficially called his cynical view of life. He possessed an inimitable +irony and a power of sarcasm which could scorch like lightning, but the +latter is almost invariably directed against what is base and hateful. To +human weakness he is lenient and often tender, and even when weakness +passes into wickedness, he is just and compassionate. He saw human nature +"steadily and saw it whole," and paints it with a light but sure hand. He +was master of a style of great distinction and individuality, and ranks +as one of the very greatest of English novelists. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1811, _ed._ at Charterhouse and Camb., after trying law +turned to journalism, in which he lost his fortune, studied art at Paris +and Rome, wrote for _Fraser's Magazine_ and _Punch_, _Barry Lyndon_, +_Book of Snobs_, and _Jeames's Diary_, _pub._ _Vanity Fair_ 1847-8, +_Pendennis_ (1848-50), lectured on _Humourists_ 1851, and on _Four +Georges_ in America 1855, _pub._ _Esmond_ 1852, _Newcomes_ 1853, +_Virginians_ 1857-59, ed. _Cornhill Magazine_ 1860, his last great work, +_Denis Duval_, left unfinished, _d._ 1863. + +_Lives_ by Merivale and Marzials (Great Writers), A. Trollope (English +Men of Letters), Whibley (Modern English Writers). Article in _Dictionary +of National Biography_ by Leslie Stephen. + + +THEOBALD, LEWIS (1688-1744).--Editor of Shakespeare, and translator, +originally an attorney, betook himself to literature, translated from +Plato, the Greek dramatists, and Homer, and wrote also essays, +biographies, and poems. In 1715 he _pub._ _Shakespeare Restored, etc._, +in which he severely criticised Pope's ed., and was in consequence +rewarded with the first place in _The Dunciad_, and the adoption of most +of his corrections in Pope's next ed. Though a poor poet, he was an acute +and discriminating critic, made brilliant emendations on some of the +classics, and produced in 1734 an ed. of Shakespeare which gave him a +high place among his ed. + + +THIRWALL, CONNOP (1797-1875).--Historian, was _b._ at Stepney, the _s._ +of a clergyman, and _ed._ at the Charterhouse and Camb. He studied law, +was called to the Bar in 1825, and in the same year _pub._ a translation +of Schleiermacher's _Critical Essay on the Gospel of St. Luke_. After +this, having changed his mind, he took orders in 1827, and the next year +translated, with Julius Hare (_q.v._), the first vol. of Niebuhr's +_History of Rome_, and _pub._, also with him, _The Philological Museum_ +(1831-33). He was an advocate for the admission of Dissenters to degrees, +and in consequence of his action in the matter had to resign his Univ. +tutorship. Thereupon Lord Brougham, then Lord Chancellor, presented him +to the living of Kirkby Underdale. Between 1835 and 1847 he wrote his +great _History of Greece_, which has a place among historical classics. +In 1840 he was made Bishop of St. David's, in which capacity he showed +unusual energy in administering his see. The eleven charges which he +delivered during his tenure of the see were pronouncements of exceptional +weight upon the leading questions of the time affecting the Church. As a +Broad Churchman T. was regarded with suspicion by both High and Low +Churchmen, and in the House of Lords generally supported liberal +movements such as the admission of Jews to Parliament. He was the only +Bishop who was in favour of the disestablishment of the Irish Church. + + +THOMS, WILLIAM JOHN (1803-1885).--Antiquary and miscellaneous writer, for +many years a clerk in the secretary's office of Chelsea Hospital, was in +1845 appointed Clerk, and subsequently Deputy Librarian to the House of +Lords. He was the founder in 1849 of _Notes and Queries_, which for some +years he also ed. Among his publications are _Early Prose Romances_ +(1827-28), _Lays and Legends_ (1834), _The Book of the Court_ (1838), +_Gammer Gurton's Famous Histories_ (1846), _Gammer Gurton's Pleasant +Stories_ (1848). He also _ed._ Stow's _London_, and was sec. of the +Camden Society. He introduced the word "folk-lore" into the language. + + +THOMSON, JAMES (1700-1748).--Poet, _s._ of the minister of Ednam, +Roxburghshire, spent most of his youth, however, at Southdean, a +neighbouring parish, to which his _f._ was translated. He was _ed._ at +the parish school there, at Jedburgh, and at Edin., whither he went with +the view of studying for the ministry. The style of one of his earliest +sermons having been objected to by the Prof. of Divinity as being too +flowery and imaginative, he gave up his clerical views and went to London +in 1725, taking with him a part of what ultimately became his poem of +_Winter_. By the influence of his friend Mallet he became tutor to Lord +Binning, _s._ of the Earl of Haddington, and was introduced to Pope, +Arbuthnot, Gay, and others. _Winter_ was _pub._ in 1726, and was followed +by _Summer_ (1727), _Spring_ (1728), and _Autumn_ (1730), when the whole +were brought together as _The Seasons_. Previous to 1730 he had produced +one or two minor poems and the tragedy of _Sophonisba_, which, after +promising some success, was killed by the unfortunate line, "Oh! +Sophonisba, Sophonisba, oh!" being parodied as "Oh! Jemmy Thomson, Jemmy +Thomson, oh!" In 1731 T. accompanied Charles Talbot, _s._ of the Lord +Chancellor, to the Continent, as tutor, and on his return received the +sinecure Secretaryship of Briefs which, however, he lost in 1737, through +omitting to apply for its continuance to Talbot's successor. He then +returned to the drama and produced _Agamemnon_ in 1738, and _Edward and +Eleanora_ in 1739. The same year he received from the Prince of Wales a +pension of L100, and was made Surveyor-General of the Leeward Islands +which, after providing for a deputy to discharge the duties, left him +L300 a year. He was now in comfortable circumstances and settled in a +villa near Richmond, where he amused himself with gardening and seeing +his friends. In conjunction with Mallet he wrote, in 1740, the masque of +_Alfred_, in which appeared _Rule Britannia_, which M. afterwards +claimed, or allowed to be claimed, for him, but which there is every +reason to believe was contributed by T. In 1745 appeared _Tancred and +Sigismunda_, the most successful of his dramas, and in 1748 _Coriolanus_. +In May of the latter year he _pub._ _The Castle of Indolence_, an +allegorical poem in the Spenserian stanza, generally considered to be his +masterpiece. In August following he caught a chill which developed into a +fever, and carried him off in his 48th year. Though T. was undoubtedly a +poet by nature, his art was developed by constant and fastidious +polishing. To _The Seasons_, originally containing about 4000 lines, he +added about 1400 in his various revisions. He was the first to give the +description of nature the leading place, and in his treatment of his +theme he showed much judgment in the selection of the details to be dwelt +upon. His blank verse, though not equal to that of a few other English +poets, is musical and wielded in a manner suitable to his subject. In all +his poems he displays the genial temper and kindly sympathies by which he +was characterised as a man. He was never _m._, and lived an easy, +indolent life, beloved by his many friends. (_See also_ Lyttelton, Lord) + + +THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882).--Poet, _b._ at Port Glasgow and brought up in +the Royal Caledonian Asylum, was for some years an army teacher, but was +dismissed for a breach of discipline. He became associated with Charles +Bradlaugh, the free-thought protagonist, who introduced him to the +conductors of various secularist publications. His best known poem is +_The City of Dreadful Night_, deeply pessimistic. Others are _Vane's +Story_ and _Weddah and Omel-Bonain_. His views resulted in depression, +which led to dipsomania, and he _d._ in poverty and misery. His work has +a certain gloomy power which renders it distinctly noteworthy. + + +THOREAU, HENRY DAVID (1817-1862).--Essayist, poet, and naturalist, was +_b._ at Concord, Massachusetts. His _f._, of French extraction, from +Jersey, was a manufacturer of lead-pencils. He was _ed._ at Harvard, +where he became a good classical scholar. Subsequently he was a competent +Orientalist, and was deeply versed in the history and manners of the Red +Indians. No form of regular remunerative employment commending itself to +him, he spent the 10 years after leaving coll. in the study of books and +nature, for the latter of which he had exceptional qualifications in the +acuteness of his senses and his powers of observation. Though not a +misanthropist, he appears in general to have preferred solitary communion +with nature to human society. "The man I meet," he said, "is seldom so +instructive as the silence which he breaks;" and he described himself as +"a mystic, a transcendentalist, and a natural philosopher." He made such +money as his extremely simple mode of life called for, by building boats +or fences, agricultural or garden work, and surveying, anything almost of +an outdoor character which did not involve lengthened engagement. In 1837 +he began his diaries, records of observation with which in ten years he +filled 30 vols. In 1839 he made the excursion the record of which he in +1845 _pub._ as _A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers_. Two years +later, in 1841, he began a residence in the household of Emerson, which +lasted for two years, when he assisted in conducting the _Dial_, and in +1845, after some teaching in New York, he retired to a hut near the +solitary Walden Pond to write his _Week on the Concord_, etc. Later works +were _Walden_ (1854), and _The Maine Woods_ (1864), and _Cape Cod_ +(1865), accounts of excursions and observations, both _pub._ after his +death. T. was an enthusiast in the anti-slavery cause, the triumph of +which, however, he did not live to see, as he _d._ on May 6, 1862, when +the war was still in its earlier stages. The deliberate aim of T. was to +live a life as nearly approaching naturalness as possible; and to this +end he passed his time largely in solitude and in the open air. As he +says, "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to +front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what +it had to teach." To his great powers of observation he added great +powers of reflection, and two of the most characteristic features of his +writings are immediateness and individuality in his descriptions of +nature, and a remarkable power of giving permanent and clear form to the +most subtle and evanescent mental impressions. + + +TICKELL, THOMAS (1686-1740).--Poet, _b._ at Bridekirk Vicarage, +Cumberland, and _ed._ at Oxf. became the friend of Joseph Addison +(_q.v._), contributed to the _Spectator_ and _Guardian_, and accompanied +him when he went to Ireland as sec. to the Lord Lieutenant. His +translation of the first book of the _Iliad_ came out at the same time as +Pope's, and led to a quarrel between the latter and Addison, Pope +imagining that the publication was a plot to interfere with the success +of his work. On Addison becoming Sec. of State in 1717 he appointed T. +Under-Sec. Among the writings of T. are the well-known ballad, _Colin and +Lucy_, _Kensington Gardens_, a poem, and an _Elegy_ on the death of +Addison, of which Macaulay says that it "would do honour to the greatest +name in our literature." In 1725 he became sec. to the Lords Justices of +Ireland, and retained the post until his death. + + +TICKNOR, GEORGE (1791-1871).--Historian and biographer, _s._ of a rich +man, was _b._ at Boston, Mass., and _ed._ for the law. He, however, gave +himself to study and writing, and also travelled much. After being a +Prof. at Harvard, 1819-35, he went in the latter year to Europe, where he +spent some years collecting materials for his _magnum opus_, _The History +of Spanish Literature_ (1849). He also wrote Lives of Lafayette and +Prescott, the historian. His _Letters and Journals_ were _pub._ in 1876, +and are the most interesting of his writings. + + +TIGHE, MARY (BLACKFORD) (1772-1810).--Poet, _dau._ of a clergyman, made +an unhappy marriage, though she had beauty and amiable manners, and was +highly popular in society. She wrote a good deal of verse; but her chief +poem was a translation in Spenserian stanza of the tale of _Cupid and +Psyche_, which won the admiration of such men as Sir J. Mackintosh, +Moore, and Keats. + + +TILLOTSON, JOHN (1630-1694).--Divine, _s._ of a Presbyterian clothier, +was _b._ near Halifax, and _ed._ at Camb., where his originally Puritan +views became somewhat modified. At the Savoy Conference in 1661 he was +still a Presbyterian, but submitted to the Act of Uniformity, and became +next year Rector of Keddington, and in 1664 preacher at Lincoln's Inn, +where he became very popular. In 1672 he was made Dean of Canterbury. He +vainly endeavoured to secure the comprehension of the Nonconformists in +the Church. After the Revolution he gained the favour of William III., +who made him Clerk of the Closet, and Dean of St. Paul's, and in 1691 he +succeeded Sancroft as Archbishop of Canterbury. His sermons, which had +extraordinary popularity, give him a place in literature, and he was one +of those writers who, by greater simplicity and greater attention to +clearness of construction, helped to introduce the modern style of +composition. + + +TIMROD, HENRY (1829-1867).--Poet, _b._ at Charleston, S. Carolina, of +German descent, was ruined by the Civil War, and _d._ in poverty. He +wrote one vol. of poems, _pub._ 1860, which attained wide popularity in +the South. He had notable descriptive power. + + +TOBIN, JOHN (1770-1804).--Dramatist, was for long unsuccessful, but in +the year of his death made a hit with _The Honey Moon_, which had great +success, and maintained its place for many years. Other plays were _The +Curfew_ and _The School for Authors_. + + +TOLAND, JOHN (1670?-1722).--Deistical writer, _b._ in Ireland of Roman +Catholic parentage, completed his education at Glasgow, Edin., and +Leyden. Very early in life he had become a Protestant, and at Leyden he +studied theology with the view of becoming a Nonconformist minister, but +imbibed Rationalistic views. He then resided for some time at Oxf., and +in 1696 _pub._ his first work, _Christianity not Mysterious_, which was +censured by Convocation and gave rise to much controversy. Next year he +returned to Ireland, where, however, he was not more popular than in +England, and where his book was burned by the common hangman. Returning +to England he took to writing political pamphlets, including one, _Anglia +Libera_, in support of the Brunswick succession, which gained him some +favour at Hanover, and he was sent on some political business to the +German Courts. He then served Harley in Holland and Germany practically +as a political spy. His later years were passed in literary drudgery and +poverty. Among his numerous writings may be mentioned _Account of Prussia +and Hanover_, _Origines Judaicae_, _History of the Druids_, and a Life of +Milton prefixed to an ed. of his prose works. + + +TOOKE, JOHN HORNE (1736-1812).--Philologist, _s._ of a poulterer called +Horne, added the name of Tooke in 1782 in anticipation of inheriting from +his friend W. Tooke, of Purley. He was at Camb. and took orders, but +disliking the clerical profession, travelled abroad. Returning he became +prominent as a radical politician, and espoused the cause of Wilkes, with +whom, however, he afterwards quarrelled. He also supported the revolted +American colonists, and was fined and imprisoned for endeavouring to +raise a subscription for them. An effort to be admitted to the Bar was +unsuccessful; and in 1786 he published his _Diversions of Purley_, a work +on philology which brought him great reputation, and which, containing +muck that has been proved to be erroneous, showed great learning and +acuteness. T. twice endeavoured unsuccessfully to enter Parliament for +Westminster, but ultimately sat for the rotten burgh of Old Sarum, +making, however, no mark in the House. He was the author of numerous +effective political pamphlets. + + +TOPLADY, AUGUSTUS MONTAGUE (1740-1778).--Hymn-writer, _s._ of an officer +in the army, was _b._ at Farnham, _ed._ at Westminster and Trinity Coll., +Dublin, after which he took orders and became incumbent of Broad Hembury. +He was a strong Calvinist and entered into a bitter controversy with +Wesley. His controversial works are forgotten; but he will always be +remembered as the author of "Rock of Ages," perhaps the most widely known +of English hymns. + + +TOURNEUR, or TURNER, CYRIL (1575?-1626).--Dramatist, perhaps _s._ of +Richard T., Lieutenant of the Brill, served in the Low Countries, and was +sec. to Sir Edward Cecil in his unsuccessful expedition to Cadiz, +returning from which he was disembarked with the sick at Kinsale, where +he _d._ He wrote two dramas, _The Revenger's Tragedy_ (_pr._ 1607), and +_The Atheist's Tragedy_ (_pr._ 1611), in both of which, especially the +former, every kind of guilt and horror is piled up, the author +displaying, however, great intensity of tragic power. Of _The Revenger_ +Lamb said that it made his ears tingle. Another play of his, _Transformed +Metamorphosis_, was discovered in 1872. + + +TRAHERNE, THOMAS (1636?-1674).--Poet and theological writer, _s._ of a +shoemaker at Hereford where, or at Ledbury, he was probably _b._ Very few +facts concerning him have been preserved, and indeed his very existence +had been forgotten until some of his MS. were discovered on a bookstall +in 1896, without, however, anything to identify the author. Their +discoverer, Mr. W.T. Brooke, was inclined to attribute them to Henry +Vaughan (_q.v._), in which he was supported by Dr. Grosart (_q.v._), and +the latter was about to bring out a new ed. of Vaughan's poems in which +they were to be included. This was, however, prevented by his death. The +credit of identification is due to Mr. Bertram Dobell, who had become the +possessor of another vol. of MS., and who rejecting, after due +consideration, the claims of Vaughan, followed up the very slender clues +available until he had established the authorship of Traherne. All the +facts that his diligent investigations were successful in collecting were +that T. was "entered as a commoner at Brasenose Coll., Oxf., in 1652, +took one degree in arts, left the house for a time, entered into the +sacred function, and in 1661 was actually created M.A. About that time he +became Rector of Crednell, near Hereford ... and in 1669 Bachelor of +Divinity;" and that after remaining there for over 9 years he was +appointed private chaplain to the Lord Keeper, Sir Orlando Bridgeman, who +on his retirement from office retained him as a member of his household +at Teddington until his death in 1674, T. himself dying three months +later. T. also appears to have been incumbent of Teddington, or perhaps +more probably, curate to a pluralist incumbent. The complete oblivion +into which T. had fallen is the more remarkable when the quality of his +poetry, which places him on a level with Herbert, Vaughan, and Crashaw, +is considered; and that he appears in his own day to have had some +reputation as a scholar and controversialist. His _Roman Forgeries_ +(1673) achieved some note. His next work, _Christian Ethics_, which was +not _pub._ until after his death, appears to have fallen dead, and is +extremely rare: it is described by Mr. Dobell as "full of eloquence, +persuasiveness, sagacity, and piety." _Centuries of Meditations_ consists +of short reflections on religious and moral subjects, etc. The _Poems_ +constitute his main claim to remembrance and, as already stated, are of a +high order. With occasional roughness of metre they display powerful +imagination, a deep and rich vein of original thought, and true poetic +force and fire. It has been pointed out that in some of them the author +anticipates the essential doctrines of the Berkeleian philosophy, and in +them is also revealed a personality of rare purity and fascination. + + +TRELAWNY, EDWARD JOHN (1792-1881).--Biographer, entered the navy, from +which, however, he deserted, after which he wandered about in the East +and on the Continent. In Switzerland he met Byron and Shelley, and was +living in close friendship with the latter when he was drowned, and was +one of the witnesses at the cremation of his remains. He took part in the +Greek war of independence, and _m._ the sister of one of the insurgent +chiefs. After various adventures in America he settled in London, where +he was a distinguished figure in society, and enjoyed the reputation of a +picturesque, but somewhat imaginative, conversationalist. He wrote _The +Adventures of a Younger Son_ (1831), a work of striking distinction, and +the intensely interesting _Records of Shelley, Byron, and the Author_ +(1858). The last survivor of that brilliant group, he was buried by the +side of Shelley. + + +TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1886).--Poet and theologian, _b._ in +Dublin, and _ed._ at Harrow and Camb., took orders, and after serving +various country parishes, became in 1847 Prof. of Theology in King's +Coll., London, in 1856 Dean of Westminster, and in 1864 Archbishop of +Dublin. As Primate of the Irish Church at its disestablishment, he +rendered valuable service at that time of trial. In theology his best +known works are his _Hulsean Lectures_, _Notes on the Parables_, and +_Notes on the Miracles_. His philological writings, _English Past and +Present_ and _Select Glossary of English Words_ are extremely interesting +and suggestive, though now to some extent superseded. His _Sacred Latin +Poetry_ is a valuable collection of mediaeval Church hymns. He also wrote +sonnets, elegies, and lyrics, in the first of which he was specially +successful, besides longer poems, _Justin Martyr_ and _Sabbation_. + + +TREVISA, JOHN of (1326-1412).--Translator, a Cornishman, _ed._ at Oxf., +was Vicar of Berkeley, Gloucestershire, and chaplain to the 4th Lord +Berkeley, and Canon of Westbury. He translated for his patron the +_Polychronicon_ of Ranulf Higden, adding remarks of his own, and +prefacing it with a _Dialogue on Translation between a Lord and a Clerk_. +He likewise made various other translations. + + +TROLLOPE, ANTHONY (1815-1882).--Novelist, _s._ of Thomas Anthony T., a +barrister who ruined himself by speculation, and of Frances T. (_q.v._), +a well-known writer, was _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Harrow and +Winchester. His childhood was an unhappy one, owing to his father's +misfortunes. After a short time in Belgium he obtained an appointment in +the Post Office, in which he rose to a responsible position. His first +three novels had little success; but in 1855 he found his line, and in +_The Warden_ produced the first of his Barsetshire series. It was +followed by _Barchester Towers_ (1857), _Doctor Thorne_ (1858), _Framley +Parsonage_ (1861), _The Small House at Allington_ (1864), and _The Last +Chronicle of Barset_ (1867), which deal with the society of a small +cathedral city. Other novels are _Orley Farm_, _Can you forgive Her?_, +_Ralph the Heir_, _The Claverings_, _Phineas Finn_, _He knew he was +Right_, and _The Golden Lion of Grandpre_. In all he wrote about 50 +novels, besides books about the West Indies, North America, Australia, +and South Africa, a translation of _Caesar_, and monographs on Cicero and +Thackeray. His novels are light of touch, pleasant, amusing, and +thoroughly healthy. They make no attempt to sound the depths of character +or either to propound or solve problems. Outside of fiction his work was +generally superficial and unsatisfactory. But he had the merit of +providing a whole generation with wholesome amusement, and enjoyed a +great deal of popularity. He is said to have received L70,000 for his +writings. + + +TROLLOPE, MRS. FRANCES (MILTON) (1780-1863).--Novelist and miscellaneous +writer, _b._ at Stapleton near Bristol, _m._ in 1809 Thomas A.T., a +barrister, who fell into financial misfortune. She then in 1827 went with +her family to Cincinnati, where the efforts which she made to support +herself were unsuccessful. On her return to England, however, she brought +herself into notice by publishing _Domestic Manners of the Americans_ +(1832), in which she gave a very unfavourable and grossly exaggerated +account of the subject; and a novel, _The Refugee in America_, pursued it +on similar lines. Next came _The Abbess_ and _Belgium and Western +Germany_, and other works of the same kind on _Paris and the Parisians_, +and _Vienna and the Austrians_ followed. Thereafter she continued to pour +forth novels and books on miscellaneous subjects, writing in all over 100 +vols. Though possessed of considerable powers of observation and a sharp +and caustic wit, such an output was fatal to permanent literary success, +and none of her books are now read. She spent the last 20 years of her +life at Florence, where she _d._ in 1863. Her third _s._ was Anthony T., +the well-known novelist (_q.v._). Her eldest _s._, Thomas Adolphus, wrote +_The Girlhood of Catherine de Medici_, a _History of Florence_, and _Life +of Pius IX._, and some novels. + + +TRUMBULL, JOHN (1750-1831).--Poet, _b._ at Waterbury, Conn., was a +lawyer, and became a judge. He wrote much verse, his principal +productions being _The Progress of Dulness_ (1772) and _McFingal_ (1782), +written in support of the Revolution in imitation of _Hudibras_. + + +TUCKER, ABRAHAM (1705-1774).--Philosophic writer, _b._ in London, and +_ed._ at Oxf., was a country gentleman, who devoted himself to the study +of philosophy, and wrote under the name of Edward Search, a work in 7 +vols., _The Light of Nature Followed_ (1768-78). It is rather a +miscellany than a systematic treatise, but contains much original and +acute thinking. + + +TUCKER, GEORGE (1775-1861).--Economist, etc., _b._ in Bermuda, became +Prof., of Moral Philosophy, etc., in the Univ. of Virginia. He wrote a +_Life of Jefferson_, _Political History of the United States_, _Essays +Moral and Philosophical_, _The Valley of the Shenandoah_, a novel, _A +Voyage to the Moon_ (satire), and various works on economics. + + +TUCKER, NATHANIEL BEVERLY (1784-1851).--_B._ in Virginia, became a Prof., +of Law in William and Mary Coll. He wrote a novel, _The Partisan Leader_ +(1836), a prophecy of the future disunion which led to the Civil War. It +was _re-pub._ in 1861 as _A Key to the Southern Conspiracy_. Another +novel was _George Balcombe_. + + +TUCKERMAN, HENRY THEODORE (1813-1871).--Essayist, etc., _b._ in Boston, +Mass. He was a sympathetic and delicate critic, with a graceful style. He +lived much in Italy, which influenced his choice of subjects in his +earlier writings. These include _The Italian Sketch-book_, _Isabel, or +Sicily_, _Thoughts on the Poets_, _The Book of the Artists_, _Leaves from +the Diary of a Dreamer_, etc. + + +TULLOCH, JOHN (1823-1886).--Theologian and historical writer, _b._ at +Bridge of Earn, Perthshire, studied at St. Andrews and Edin. He was +ordained to the ministry of the Church of Scotland at Dundee, whence he +was translated to Kettins, Forfarshire, and became in 1854 Principal and +Prof. of Theology in St. Mary's Coll., St. Andrews. He was a leader of +the liberal party in the Church of Scotland, and wrote _Literary and +Intellectual Revival of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century_ (1883), +_Movements of Religious Thought in the Nineteenth Century_ (1884-85), +_Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the Seventeenth +Century_, and a book on Pascal, etc. + + +TUPPER, MARTIN FARQUHAR (1810-1889).--Versifier, _s._ of a surgeon, was +_b._ in London, _ed._ at Charterhouse School and Oxf., and called to the +Bar in 1835. He, however, believed that literature was his vocation, and +wrote many works in prose and verse, only one of which, _Proverbial +Philosophy_, had much success. But the vogue which it had was enormous, +especially in America. It is a singular collection of commonplace +observations set forth in a form which bears the appearance of verse, but +has neither rhyme nor metre, and has long since found its deserved level. +He also wrote _War Ballads_, _Rifle Ballads_, and _Protestant Ballads_, +various novels, and an autobiography. T. was likewise an inventor, but +his ideas in this kind had not much success. + + +TURBERVILLE, or TURBERVILE, GEORGE (1540?-1610).--Poet, belonging to an +ancient Dorsetshire family, was _b._ at Whitchurch, and _ed._ at +Winchester and Oxf. He became sec. to Thomas Randolph, Ambassador to +Russia, and made translations from the Latin and Italian, and in 1570 +_pub._ _Epitaphes, Epigrams, Songs, and Sonets_. He also wrote books on +_Falconrie_ and _Hunting_, and was one of the first to use blank verse. + + +TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847).--Historian, _b._ in London, was a solicitor, +and becoming interested in the study of Icelandic and Anglo-Saxon +literature, _pub._ the results of his researches in his _History of the +Anglo-Saxons_ (1799-1805). Thereafter he continued the narrative in +_History of England_ (1814-29), carrying it on to the end of the reign of +Elizabeth. These histories, especially the former, though somewhat marred +by an attempt to emulate the grandiose style of Gibbon, were works of +real research, and opened up, and to a considerable extent developed, a +new field of inquiry. T. also wrote a _Sacred History of the World_, and +a poem on Richard III. + + +TUSSER, THOMAS (1524?-1580).--Versifier on agriculture, was an Essex man. +Having a good voice he was trained in music, and was a chorister in St. +Paul's, and afterwards in Norwich Cathedral, and held the post of +musician to Lord Paget. He tried farming at different places, but +unsuccessfully, which did not, however, prevent his undertaking to +instruct others. This he does with much shrewdness and point in his +_Hundreth Goode Pointes of Husbandrie_ (1557), expressed in rude but +lively verse; thereafter he added _Hundreth Goode Pointes of Husserie_ +(Housewifery). The two joined, and with many additions, were repeatedly +reprinted as _Five Hundredth Pointes of Goode Husbandrie united to as +many of Goode Huswifery_. Many proverbs may be traced back to the +writings of T., who, in spite of all his shrewdness and talent, _d._ in +prison as a debtor. + + +TYNDALE, WILLIAM (1484?-1536).--Translator of the Bible, belonged to a +northern family which, migrating to Gloucestershire during the Wars of +the Roses, adopted the alternative name of Huchyns or Hychins, which T. +himself bore when at Oxf. in 1510. After graduating there, he went to +Camb., where the influence of Erasmus, who had been Prof. of Theology, +still operated. He took orders, and in 1522 was a tutor in the household +of Sir John Walsh of Old Sodbury, and was preaching and disputing in the +country round, for which he was called to account by the Chancellor of +the diocese. At the same time he translated a treatise by Erasmus, the +_Enchiridion Militis Christiani_ (Manual of the Christian Soldier), and +in controversy with a local disputant prophesied that he would cause that +"a boye that driveth the plough" should know the Scriptures better than +his opponent. Having formed the purpose of translating the New Testament +T. went in 1523 to London, and used means towards his admission to the +household of Tunstal, Bishop of London, but without success; he then +lived in the house of a wealthy draper, Humphrey Monmouth, where he +probably began his translation. Finding, however, that his work was +likely to be interfered with, he proceeded in 1524 to Hamburg, whence he +went to visit Luther at Wittenberg. He began printing his translation at +Cologne the following year, but had to fly to Worms, where the work was +completed. The translation itself is entirely T.'s work, and is that of a +thorough scholar, and shows likewise an ear for the harmony of words. The +notes and introduction are partly his own, partly literal translations, +and partly the gist of the work of Luther. From Germany the translation +was introduced into England, and largely circulated until forcible means +of prevention were brought to bear in 1528. In this year T. removed to +Marburg, where he _pub._ _The Parable of the Wicked Mammon_, a treatise +on Justification by Faith, and _The Obedience of a Christian Man_, +setting forth that Scripture is the ultimate authority in matters of +faith, and the King in matters of civil government. Thereafter, having +been at Hamburg and Antwerp, T. returned to Marburg, and in 1530 _pub._ +his translation of the _Pentateuch_ and _The Practice of Prelates_, in +which he attacked Wolsey and the proposed divorce proceedings of Henry +VIII., the latter of whom endeavoured to have him apprehended. Thereafter +he was involved in a controversy with Sir Thomas More. In 1533 he +returned to Antwerp, Henry's hostility having somewhat cooled, and was +occupied in revising his translations, when he was in 1535 betrayed into +the hands of the Imperial officers and carried off to the Castle of +Vilvorde, where the next year he was strangled and burned. T. was one of +the most able and devoted of the reforming leaders, and his, the +foundation of all future translations of the Bible, is his enduring +monument. He was a small, thin man of abstemious habits and untiring +industry. + + +TYNDALL, JOHN (1820-1893).--Scientific writer, _b._ at Leighlin Bridge, +County Carlow, was in early life employed in the ordnance survey and as a +railway engineer. He was next teacher of mathematics and surveying at +Queenwood Coll., Hampshire, after which he went to Marburg to study +science, and while there became joint author of a memoir _On the +Magneto-optic Properties of Crystals_ (1850). After being at Berlin he +returned in 1851 to Queenwood, and in 1853 was appointed Prof. of Natural +Philosophy in the Royal Institution, which in 1867 he succeeded Faraday +as Superintendent. With Huxley (_q.v._) he made investigations into the +Alpine glaciers. Thereafter he did much original work on heat, sound, and +light. In addition to his discoveries T. was one of the greatest +popularisers of science. His style, remarkable for lucidity and elegance, +enabled him to expound such subjects with the minimum of technical +terminology. Among his works are _The Glaciers of the Alps_ (1860), +_Mountaineering_ (1861), _Fragments of Science_, two vols. (1871), +including his address to the British Association at Belfast, which raised +a storm of controversy and protest in various quarters, _Hours of +Exercise on the Alps_, etc. T. _d._ from an overdose of chloral +accidentally administered by his wife. + + +TYTLER, ALEXANDER FRASER (1747-1813).--Historian, _s._ of William T. +(_q.v._), studied at Edin., was called to the Bar in 1770 and raised to +the Bench as Lord Woodhouselee in 1802. He was Prof. of History in Edin., +and wrote _Elements of General History_ (1801), _An Essay on the +Principles of Translation_ (1791), besides various legal treatises. + + +TYTLER, PATRICK FRASER (1791-1849).--Historian, _s._ of the above, +studied at Edin., and was called to the Bar in 1813. Among his many +writings are an _Essay on the History of the Moors in Spain_, _The Life +of the Admirable Crichton_ (1819), _History of Scotland_ (1828-43), and +_England under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary_ (1839). His _History of +Scotland_, which was the result of 20 years of study and research, is +still authoritative. + + +TYTLER, WILLIAM (1711-1792).--Historical writer, was a lawyer in Edin., +and wrote _An Inquiry into the Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots_, in +which he combated the views of Robertson. He discovered the _King's +Quhair_ of James I., and _pub._ in 1783 _The Poetical Remains of James +I., King of Scotland_, with a Life. + + +UDALL, NICOLAS (1505-1556).--Dramatist and scholar, _b._ in Hampshire, +and _ed._ at Oxf. In 1534 he became headmaster of Eton, from which he was +dismissed for misconduct, 1541. In 1537 he became Vicar of Braintree, in +1551 of Calborne, Isle of Wight, and in 1554 headmaster of Westminster +School. He translated part of the _Apophthegms_ of Erasmus, and assisted +in making the English version of his _Paraphrase of the New Testament_. +Other translations were Peter Martyr's _Discourse on the Eucharist_ and +Thomas Gemini's _Anatomia_, but he is best remembered by _Ralph Roister +Doister_ (1553?), the first English comedy, a rude but lively piece. + + +UNDERDOWN, THOMAS (_fl._ 1566-1587).--Translator. He translated the +_AEthiopian History_ of Heliodorus 1566; also from Ovid. + + +UNDERWOOD, FRANCIS HENRY (1825-1894).--Critic and biographer, _b._ in +Massachusetts, was American Consul at Glasgow and Leith. He wrote +_Hand-books of English Literature_, _Builders of American Literature_, +etc., some novels, _Lord of Himself_, _Man Proposes_, and _Dr. Gray's +Quest_, and biographies of Lowell, Longfellow, and Whittier. + + +URQUHART, SIR THOMAS (1611-1660).--Eccentric writer and translator, was +_ed._ at King's Coll., Aberdeen, after leaving which he travelled in +France, Spain, and Italy. He was bitterly opposed to the Covenanters, and +fought against them at Turriff in 1639. His later life was passed between +Scotland, England (where he was for some time a prisoner in the Tower), +and the Continent, where he lived, 1642-45. A man of considerable ability +and learning, his vanity and eccentricity verged upon insanity, and he is +said to have _d._ from the effects of an uncontrollable fit of joyful +laughter on hearing news of the Restoration. Among his extravagances was +a genealogy of his family traced through his _f._ to Adam, and through +his mother to Eve, he himself being the 153rd in descent. He _pub._ +_Trissotetras_, a work on trigonometry (1645), an invective against the +Presbyterians (1652), a scheme for a universal language, +_Logopandecteision_ (1653), and a partial translation of Rabelais (1653), +a further portion being _pub._ in 1693. In the last he was assisted by +Peter Anthony Motteux, a Frenchman who had established himself in +England, who continued the work. + + +USK, THOMAS (_d._ 1388).--Poet, _b._ in London, was sec. to John of +Northampton, the Wyclifite Lord Mayor of London, whom he betrayed to save +himself, in which, however, he failed, being executed in 1388. During his +imprisonment, which lasted from 1384 until his death, he composed _The +Testament of Love_, a didactic poem long attributed to Chaucer. + + +USSHER, JAMES (1581-1656).--Divine and scholar, _b._ in Dublin, the _s._ +of a lawyer there, and _ed._ at Trinity Coll., took orders, and became +Chancellor of St. Patrick's, Dublin, 1605, and Prof. of Divinity, +1607-21. On the Irish clergy, in 1715, deciding to assert themselves as +an independent church, U. had the main hand in drawing up the +constitution, certain features of which led to the suspicion of his being +in favour of Puritanism. To defend himself he went in 1619 to England, +and had a conference with the King (James I.), in which he so completely +succeeded that he was in 1621 made Bishop of Meath, and four years later +Archbishop of Armagh. He constantly used his influence in favour of +reform, and endeavoured to introduce such modifications of Episcopacy as +would conciliate and comprehend the Presbyterians. During the troubles +which led to the Civil War U. maintained the unlawfulness of taking up +arms against the King. The Rebellion in Ireland in 1641 drove him away, +and he settled first at Oxf., but ultimately at the house of Lady +Peterborough at Reigate, where he _d._ in 1656. His works dealt chiefly +with ecclesiastical antiquities and chronology, his _magnum opus_ being +_Annales_, a chronology of the world from the creation to the dispersion +of the Jews in the reign of Vespasian, a work which gained him great +reputation on the Continent as well as at home. The date of the creation +was fixed as 4004 B.C., which was long universally received. It has, of +course, been altogether superseded, alike by the discovery of ancient +records, and by geology. + + +VANBRUGH, SIR JOHN (1664-1726).--Dramatist and architect, _b._ in London +of Flemish descent, was in France from 1683 to 1685, studying +architecture, for which he had early shown a taste. The next year he got +a commission in the army, and in 1690 he was a prisoner first at +Vincennes and then in the Bastille. In 1696 he began his dramatic career +with _The Relapse_, which had great success. _AEsop_ followed in 1697, and +_The Provoked Wife_ in the same year. The latter was severely handled by +Jeremy Collier (_q.v._) in his _Short View_, etc., which produced a +vindication by the author. In addition to these he wrote or collaborated +in various other plays. His leading features as a dramatist are the +naturalness of his dialogue and his lively humour. Like all his +contemporaries he is frequently extremely gross. He obtained great fame +as an architect, as well as a dramatist. Among his most famous designs +are Castle Howard, Blenheim Palace, and Dalkeith Palace. He was knighted +by George I., was controller of the Royal works, and succeeded Wren as +architect to Greenwich Hospital. In addition to the plays above mentioned +V. wrote _The Confederacy_ and _The Country House_. He was a handsome and +jovial person, and highly popular in society. + + +VAUGHAN, HENRY (1622-1695).--Poet, _b._ in the parish of Llansaintffraed, +Brecknock, and as a native of the land of the ancient Silures, called +himself "Silurist." He was at Jesus Coll., Oxf., studied law in London, +but finally settled as a physician at Brecon and Newton-by-Usk. In his +youth he was a decided Royalist and, along with his twin brother Thomas, +was imprisoned. His first book was _Poems, with the Tenth Satire of +Juvenal Englished_. It appeared in 1646. _Olor Iscanus_ (the Swan of +Usk), a collection of poems and translations, was surreptitiously _pub._ +in 1651. About this time he had a serious illness which led to deep +spiritual impressions, and thereafter his writings were almost entirely +religious. _Silex Scintillans_ (Sparks from the Flint), his best known +work, consists of short poems full of deep religious feeling, fine fancy, +and exquisite felicities of expression, mixed with a good deal that is +quaint and artificial. It contains "The Retreat," a poem of about 30 +lines which manifestly suggested to Wordsworth his _Ode on the +Intimations of Immortality_, and "Beyond the Veil," one of the finest +meditative poems in the language. _Flores Solitudinis_ (Flowers of +Solitude) and _The Mount of Olives_ are devout meditations in prose. The +two brothers were joint authors of _Thalia Rediviva: the Pastimes and +Diversions of a Country Muse_ (1678), a collection of translations and +original poems. + + +VAUGHAN, ROBERT (1795-1868).--A minister of the Congregationalist +communion, Prof. of History in London Univ., 1830-43, and Pres. of the +Independent Coll., Manchester, 1843-57. He founded, and for a time ed. +the _British Quarterly_. He wrote, among various other works, _A History +of England under the Stuarts_, _Revolutions of History_, and a Life of +Wycliffe. + + +VEITCH, JOHN (1829-1894).--Philosophic and miscellaneous writer, _b._ at +Peebles, _ed._ at Univ. and New Coll., Edin., was assistant to Sir Wm. +Hamilton (_q.v._), 1856-60, Prof. of Logic at St. Andrews, 1860-64, and +Glasgow, 1864-94. He was a voluminous and accomplished writer, his works +including Lives of _Dugald Stewart_ (1857) and _Sir W. Hamilton_ (1869), +_Tweed and other Poems_ (1875), _History and Poetry of the Scottish +Border_ (1877), _Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry_ (1887), _Merlin +and other Poems_ (1889), _Border Essays_ (1896), and _Dualism and Monism_ +(1895). + + +VERY, JONES (1813-1880).--Essayist and poet, _b._ at Salem, Mass., where +he became a clergyman and something of a mystic. He _pub._ one small +volume, _Essays and Poems_, the latter chiefly in the form of the +Shakespearian sonnet. Though never widely popular, he appealed by his +refined, still thoughtfulness to a certain small circle of minds. + + +WACE (_fl._ 1170).--Chronicler, _b._ in Jersey, and _ed._ at Caen, was +influenced by the Chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth (_q.v._), and based +upon it a French metrical romance, _Brut_. Later, at the command of Henry +II., he rewrote with additions a chronicle of the life of William the +Conqueror and entitled it _Roman de Rou_. + + +WADE, THOMAS (1805-1875).--Poet, _b._ at Woodbridge, _pub._ poems, +dramas, sonnets, and a translation of Dante's _Inferno_. Among his +writings are _Tasso and the Sisters_ (1825), _Mundi et Cordis Carmina_ +(1835); _Duke Andrea_ (1828), and _The Jew of Arragon_ (1830), both +tragedies, and the _Phrenologists_ (1830), a farce. + + +WAKEFIELD, GILBERT (1756-1801).--Scholar and controversialist, _b._ at +Nottingham, _ed._ at Camb., took orders, but becoming a Unitarian +renounced them and acted as classical tutor in various Unitarian +academies. He was a strong defender of the French Revolution, and was +imprisoned for two years for writing a seditious pamphlet. He _pub._ ed. +of various classical writers, and among his theological writings are +_Early Christian Writers on the Person of Christ_ (1784), _An Examination +of Paine's Age of Reason_ (1794), and _Silva Critica_ (1789-95), +illustrations of the Scriptures. + + +WALLACE, LEWIS (1827-1905).--Novelist, _b._ at Brookville, Indiana, +served with distinction in the Mexican and Civil Wars, and rose to the +rank of General. He was also a politician of some note, and was Governor +of Utah and Minister to Turkey. His novel, _Ben Hur_ (1880), dealing with +the times of Christ, had great popularity, and was followed by _The Fair +God_, _The Prince of India_, and other novels, and by a work on the +_Boyhood of Christ_. + + +WALLER, EDMUND (1606-1687).--Poet, _b._ at Coleshill, Herts, and _ed._ at +Eton and Camb., belonged to an old and wealthy family, and in early +childhood inherited the estate of Beaconsfield, Bucks, worth L3500 a +year. He was related to John Hampden, and was distantly connected with +Oliver Cromwell, his own family, however, being staunch Royalists. He +studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and at the age of 16 became a member of +Parliament, in which he sat for various constituencies for the greater +part of his life, and in which his wit and vivacity, as well as his +powers of adapting his principles to the times, enabled him to take a +prominent part. In 1631 he added to his fortune by marrying Anne Banks, a +London heiress, who _d._ in 1634, and he then paid assiduous but +unsuccessful court to Lady Dorothea Sidney, to whom, under the name of +Sacharissa, he addressed much of his best poetry. Though probably really +a Royalist in his sympathies, W. supported the popular cause in +Parliament, and in 1641 conducted the case against Sir Francis Crawley +for his opinion in favour of the legality of ship-money. His speech, +which was printed, had an enormous circulation and brought him great +fame. Two years later, however, he was detected in a plot for seizing +London for the King, was expelled from the House, fined L10,000, and +banished. On this occasion he showed cowardice and treachery, humiliating +himself in the most abject manner, and betraying all his associates. He +went to the Continent, living chiefly in France and Switzerland, and +showing hospitality to Royalist exiles. Returning by permission in 1652 +he addressed some laudatory verses, among the best he wrote, to Cromwell, +on whose death nevertheless he wrote a new poem entitled, _On the Death +of the late Usurper, O.C._ On the Restoration the accommodating poet was +ready with a congratulatory address to Charles II., who, pointing out its +inferiority as a poem to that addressed to Cromwell, elicited the famous +reply, "Poets, Sire, succeed better in fiction than in truth." The poem, +however, whatever its demerits, succeeded in its prime object, and the +poet became a favourite at Court, and sat in Parliament until his death. +In addition to his lighter pieces, on which his fame chiefly rests, W. +wrote an epic, _The Summer Islands_ (Bermudas), and a sacred poem, +_Divine Love_. His short poems, such as "On a Girdle," often show fancy +and grace of expression, but are frequently frigid and artificial, and +exhibit absolute indifference to the charms of Nature. As a man, though +agreeable and witty, he was time-serving, selfish, and cowardly. +Clarendon has left a very unflattering "character" of him. He _m._ a +second time and had five sons and eight daughters. + + +WALLER, JOHN FRANCIS (1810-1894).--Poet, _b._ at Limerick, and _ed._ at +Trinity Coll., Dublin, became a contributor to and ultimately ed. of the +_Dublin University Magazine_, usually writing under the pseudonym of +"Jonathan Freke Slingsby." His works include _Ravenscroft Hall_ (1852), +_The Dead Bridal_ (1856), and _Peter Brown_ (1872). + + +WALPOLE, HORATIO or HORACE (1717-1797).--Miscellaneous writer, third _s._ +of Sir Robert W., the great minister of George II., was _b._ in London, +and _ed._ at Eton and Camb., after which he travelled on the Continent +with Gray, the poet (_q.v._). His _f._ bestowed several lucrative +appointments upon him, and he sat in Parliament for various places, but +never took any prominent part in public business. By the death of his +nephew, the 3rd Earl, he became in 1791 4th Earl of Orford. In 1747 he +purchased the villa of Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, the conversion of +which into a small Gothic Castle and the collection of the works of art +and curios with which it was decorated was the main interest of his +subsequent life. His position in society gave him access to the best +information on all contemporary subjects of interest, and he was as +successful in collecting gossip as curios. He also erected a private +press, from which various important works, including Gray's _Bard_, as +well as his own writings, were issued. Among the latter are _Letter from +Xo Ho to his Friend Lien Chi at Pekin_ (1757), _The Castle of Otranto_, +the forerunner of the romances of terror of Mrs. Radcliffe and "Monk" +Lewis, _The Mysterious Mother_ (1768), a tragedy of considerable power, +_Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors_, _Anecdotes of Painting_, +_Catalogue of Engravers_ (1763), _Essay on Modern Gardening_, _Memoirs of +the Last Ten Years of George II._, _Memoirs of the Reign of George III._, +and above all his _Letters_, 2700 in number, vivacious, interesting, and +often brilliant. W. never _m._ + + +WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907).--Historian, _s._ of the Right Hon. +Spencer W., Home Sec. in the three Derby Cabinets, belonged to the same +family as Sir Robert W. _Ed._ at Eton he became a clerk in the War +Office, and was thereafter successively Inspector of Fisheries 1867, +Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Man 1882, and Sec. to the Post Office, +where he made a reputation as an efficient administrator, and was made +K.C.B. in 1898. He _pub._ _History of England from_ 1815 in 6 vols., +bringing the story down to 1858, and followed it up with _The History of +Twenty-five Years_. He also wrote Lives of Spencer Percival, Prime +Minister 1809-12, who was assassinated in the lobby of the House of +Commons in the latter year, and who was his maternal grandfather, and of +Earl Russell. His latest book was _Studies in Biography_. He wrote with +much knowledge, and in a clear and sober style. + + +WALTON, IZAAK (1593-1683).--Biographer, and author of _The Compleat +Angler_, _s._ of a yeoman, was _b._ at Stafford. Of his earlier years +little is known. He carried on business as a hosier in London, in which +he made a modest competence, which enabled him to retire at 50, the rest +of his long life of 90 years being spent in the simple country pleasures, +especially angling, which he so charmingly describes. He was twice _m._, +first to Rachel Floud, a descendant of Archbishop Cranmer, and second to +Ann Ken, half-sister of the author of the Evening Hymn. His first book +was a _Life of Dr. Donne_ (1640), followed by Lives of Sir Henry Wotton +(1651), Richard Hooker (1662), George Herbert (1670), and Bishop +Sanderson (1678). All of these, classics in their kind, short, but simple +and striking, were _coll._ into one vol. His masterpiece, however, was +_The Compleat Angler_, the first ed. of which was _pub._ in 1653. +Subsequent ed. were greatly enlarged; a second part was added by Charles +Cotton (_q.v._). With its dialogues between Piscator (angler), Venator +(hunter), and Auceps (falconer), full of wisdom, kindly humour, and +charity, its charming pictures of country scenes and pleasures, and its +snatches of verse, it is one of the most delightful and care-dispelling +books in the language. His long, happy, and innocent life ended in the +house of his son-in-law, Dr. Hawkins, Prebendary of Winchester, where in +the Cathedral he lies buried. + + +WARBURTON, BARTHOLOMEW ELIOT GEORGE (1810-1852).--Miscellaneous writer, +_b._ in County Galway, travelled in the East, and _pub._ an account of +his experiences, _The Crescent and the Cross_, which had remarkable +success, brought out an historical work, _Memoirs of Prince Rupert and +the Cavaliers_ (1849), and ed. _Memoirs of Horace Walpole and his +Contemporaries_. He perished in the burning of the steamer _Amazon_. + + +WARBURTON, WILLIAM (1698-1779).--Theologian, _b._ at Newark, where his +_f._ was an attorney. Intended for the law, he was for a few years +engaged in its practice, but his intense love of, and capacity for, +study led him to enter the Church, and in 1728 he was presented to the +Rectory of Brand-Broughton, where he remained for many years. His first +important work was _The Alliance between Church and State_ (1736), which +brought him into notice. But it was entirely eclipsed by his _Divine +Legation of Moses_, of which the first part appeared in 1737, and the +second in 1741. The work, though learned and able, is somewhat +paradoxical, and it plunged him into controversies with his numerous +critics, and led to his publishing a _Vindication_. It, however, obtained +for him the appointment of chaplain to Frederick, Prince of Wales. In +1739 W. gained the friendship of Pope by publishing a defence of _The +Essay on Man_. Through Pope he became acquainted with most of the men of +letters of the time, and he was made by the poet his literary executor, +and had the legacy of half his library, and the profits of his posthumous +works. On the strength of this he brought out an ed. of Pope's works. He +also _pub._ an ed. of Shakespeare with notes, which was somewhat severely +criticised, and his _Doctrine of Grace_, a polemic against Wesley. He +became Dean of Bristol in 1757 and Bishop of Gloucester in 1759. W. was a +man of powerful intellect, but his temper was overbearing and arrogant. + + +"WARD, ARTEMUS", (_see_ BROWN, C.F.). + + +WARD, ROBERT PLUMER (1765-1846).--Novelist and politician, _b._ in +London, _ed._ at Oxf., and called to the Bar 1790, held various political +offices, and wrote some books on the law of nations; also three novels, +_Tremaine, or the Man of Refinement_, full of prolix discussions; _De +Vere, or the Man of Independence_, in which Canning is depicted under the +character of Wentworth; and _De Clifford, or the Constant Man_. + + +WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882).--Theologian, _ed._ at Winchester and +Oxf., and came under the influence of J.H. Newman, whose famous Tract No. +XC. he defended, and whom he followed into the Church of Rome. In 1844 he +_pub._ _The Ideal of a Christian Church_ from the Romanist point of view, +whence his soubriquet of "Ideal Ward." He was lecturer on Moral +Philosophy at St. Edward's Coll., Ware, and wrote various treatises on +controversial theology. + + +WARDLAW, ELIZABETH, LADY (1677-1727).--Poetess, _dau._ of Sir Charles +Halkett of Pitfirrane, and wife of Sir Henry Wardlaw of Pitreavie, is +believed to have written the pseudo-ancient ballad of "Hardyknute." The +ballad of "Sir Patrick Spens" and others have also, but doubtfully, been +attributed to her. + + +WARNER, SUSAN (1819-1885).--Writer of tales, _b._ at New York, and wrote, +under the name of "Elizabeth Wetherell," a number of stories, of which +_The Wide, Wide World_ (1851) had an extraordinary popularity. Others +were _Queechy_ (1852), _The Old Helmet_ (1863), and _Melbourne House_ +(1864). They have no particular literary merit or truth to nature, and +are rather sentimental and "gushy." + + +WARNER, WILLIAM (1558-1609).--Poet, _b._ in London or Yorkshire, studied +at Oxf., and was an attorney in London. In 1585 he _pub._ a collection +of seven tales in prose entitled _Pan his Syrinx_, and in 1595 a +translation of the _Menaechmi_ of Plautus. His chief work was _Albion's +England_, _pub._ in 1586 in 13 books of fourteen-syllabled verse, and +republished with 3 additional books in 1606. The title is thus explained +in the dedication, "This our whole island anciently called Britain, but +more anciently Albion, presently containing two kingdoms, England and +Scotland, is cause ... that to distinguish the former, whose only +occurrants I abridge from our history, I entitle this my book _Albion's +England_." For about 20 years it was one of the most popular poems of its +size--it contains about 10,000 lines--ever written, and he and Spenser +were called the Homer and Virgil of their age. They must, however, have +appealed to quite different classes. The plain-spoken, jolly humour, +homely, lively, direct tales, vigorous patriotic feeling, and +rough-and-tumble metre of Warner's muse, and its heterogeneous +accumulation of material--history, tales, theology, antiquities--must +have appealed to a lower and wider audience than Spenser's charmed verse. +The style is clear, spirited, and pointed, but, as has been said, "with +all its force and vivacity ... fancy at times, and graphic descriptive +power, it is poetry with as little of high imagination in it as any that +was ever written." In his narratives W. allowed himself great latitude of +expression, which may partly account for the rapidity with which his book +fell into oblivion. + + +WARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877).--Novelist, _b._ in Denbighshire, _s._ of a +Nonconformist minister. After studying medicine at Edin. he took up law, +and became a barrister, wrote several legal text-books, and in 1852 was +made Recorder of Hull. He sat in the House of Commons for Midhurst +1856-59, and was a Master in Lunacy 1859-77. He was the author of +_Passages from the Diary of a late Physician_, which appeared (1832-37) +first in _Blackwood's Magazine_, as did also _Ten Thousand a Year_ +(1839). Both attracted considerable attention, and were often reprinted +and translated. His last novel, _Now and Then_, had little success. W. +entertained exaggerated ideas as to the importance of his place in +literature. + + +WARTON, JOSEPH (1722-1800).--Critic, elder _s._ of the Rev. Thomas W., +Prof. of Poetry at Oxf., was _ed._ at Basingstoke School, (of which his +_f._ was headmaster), Winchester, and Oxf. He took orders, held various +benefices, and became headmaster of Winchester Coll., and Prebendary of +Winchester and of St. Paul's. He _pub._ miscellaneous verses, 2 vols. of +_Odes_ (1744 and 1746), in which he displayed a then unusual feeling for +nature, and revolted against the critical rules of Pope and his +followers. He was a good classical scholar, and made an approved +translation of the _Eclogues_ and _Georgics_ of Virgil. He and his +brother Thomas (_q.v._) were friends of Johnson, and members of the +Literary Club. His last work of importance was an _Essay on the Writings +and Genius of Pope_, of which the first vol. appeared in 1757, and the +second in 1782, and which gave an impulse to the romantic movement in +English literature. He also ed. Pope's works, and had begun an ed. of +Dryden when he _d._ + + +WARTON, THOMAS (1728-1790).--Literary historian and critic, younger _s._ +of Thomas W., Prof. of Poetry at Oxf., and brother of the above, was +_ed._ under his _f._ at Basingstoke and at Oxf. At the age of 19 he +_pub._ a poem of considerable promise, _The Pleasures of Melancholy_, and +two years later attracted attention by _The Triumph of Isis_ (1749), in +praise of Oxf., and in answer to Mason's _Isis_. After various other +poetical excursions he _pub._ _Observations on Spenser's Faery Queen_ +(1754), which greatly increased his reputation, and in 1757 he was made +Prof. of Poetry at Oxf., which position he held for 10 years. After +bringing out one or two ed. of classics and biographies of college +benefactors, he issued, from 1774-81, his great _History of English +Poetry_, which comes down to the end of the Elizabethan age. The research +and judgment, and the stores of learning often curious and recondite, +which were brought to bear upon its production render this work, though +now in various respects superseded, a vast magazine of information, and +it did much to restore our older poetry to the place of which it had been +unjustly deprived by the classical school. His ed. of Milton's minor +poems has been pronounced by competent critics to be the best ever +produced. W. was a clergyman, but if the tradition is to be believed that +he had only two sermons, one written by his _f._ and the other printed, +and if the love of ease and of ale which he celebrates in some of his +verses was other than poetical, he was more in his place as a critic than +as a cleric. As a poet he hardly came up to his own standards. He was +made Poet Laureate in 1785, and in the same year Camden Prof. of History, +and was one of the first to detect the Chatterton forgeries, a task in +which his antiquarian lore stood him in good stead. + + +WATERLAND, DANIEL (1683-1740).--Theologian, _b._ at Waseley Rectory, +Lincolnshire, and _ed._ at Camb., took orders, and obtained various +preferments, becoming Master of Magdalene Coll., Camb. 1713, Chancellor +of York 1722, and Archdeacon of Middlesex 1730. He was an acute and able +controversialist on behalf of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity, on +which he wrote several treatises. He was also the author of a _History of +the Athanasian Creed_ (1723). + + +WATERTON, CHARLES (1782-1865).--Naturalist, belonged to an old Roman +Catholic family in Yorkshire, and was _ed._ at Stonyhurst Coll. Sent out +in 1804 to look after some family estates in Demerara, he wandered +through the wildest parts of Guiana and Brazil, in search of plants and +animals for his collections. His adventures were related in his +highly-spiced and entertaining _Wanderings in South America, etc._ +(1825), in which he details certain surprising episodes in connection +with the capture of serpents, and specially of a cayman, on the back of +which he rode. He also wrote an interesting account of his family. + + +WATSON, JOHN (1850-1907) "IAN MACLAREN".--Novelist and theological +writer, _b._ at Manningtree, where his _f._ was an Inland Revenue +official, _ed._ at Stirling and Edin., and the New Coll. there. He came, +after serving in a country charge, to Sefton Park Presbyterian Church, +Liverpool, where he was a popular preacher, and took a prominent part in +the social and religious life of the city. He wrote, under the name of +"Ian Maclaren," several novels belonging to the "Kailyard" school, +including _Beside the Bonnie Briar Bush_ and _The Days of Auld Lang +Syne_, which had great popularity both at home and in America. He also +wrote religious works, of which _The Mind of the Master_ is the best +known. + + +WATSON, ROBERT (1730-1781).--Historian, _s._ of an apothecary in St. +Andrews, where and at Edin. and Glasgow, he was _ed._ He became Prof. of +Logic, and afterwards Principal of St. Salvador's Coll., at St. Andrews, +and wrote a History of Philip II. of Spain, and part of a continuation on +Philip III., which were long standard works. + + +WATSON, THOMAS (1557?-1592).--Poet, _b._ in London, was at Oxf., and +studied law. He was a scholar, and made translations, one of which was a +Latin version of the _Antigone_ of Sophocles. In 1582 he _pub._ +_Hecatompathia, or The Passionate Centurie of Love_, consisting of 100 +eighteen-line poems, which he called sonnets. It was followed by +_Amyntas_ (1585) and _Teares of Fansie_ (1593). + + +WATTS, ALARIC ALEXANDER (1797-1864).--Poet, _b._ in London, had an active +career as a journalist. He founded the _United Service Gazette_, and ed. +various newspapers and an annual, the _Literary Souvenir_. His poems were +_coll._ as _Lyrics of the Heart_. His numerous journalistic ventures +finally resulted in bankruptcy. + + +WATTS, ISAAC (1674-1748).--Poet and theologian, _b._ at Southampton, +where his _f._ kept a school, and _ed._ at a Nonconformist academy at +Stoke Newington, became minister of an Independent congregation in Mark +Lane; but his health proving insufficient for his pastoral duties, he +resigned, and gave himself chiefly to literary work, continuing to preach +occasionally. For the last 36 years of his life he resided at Theobald's, +the house of his friend, Sir Thomas Abney. Among his writings were +various educational treatises, including those on _Logic_ and _The +Improvement of the Mind_, and some works on theological subjects. But his +fame rests on his sacred poems and his hymns, which number over 500, and +with much that is prosaic comprised "There is a Land of Pure Delight," "O +God our Help in Ages Past," and "When I survey the Wondrous Cross," which +has been called "the most majestic hymn in English speech." His _Horae +Lyricae_ was _pub._ in 1706, _Hymns_ (1707), _Divine Songs_ (for children) +(1715), _Metrical Psalms_ (1719). Some of his poems, such as his +exquisite cradle song, "Hush, my dear, lie still and slumber" have a +perfect beauty and tenderness. + + +WAUGH, EDWIN (1817-1890).--Poet, _s._ of a shoemaker, was _b._ at +Rochdale and, after a little schooling, apprenticed to a printer. He read +eagerly, and became assistant sec. to the Lancashire Public School +Association. He first attracted attention by his sketches of Lancashire +life and character in the _Manchester Examiner_. He wrote also in prose +_Factory Folk_, _Besom Ben Stories_, and _The Chimney Corner_. His best +work was, perhaps, his dialect songs, _coll._ as _Poems and Songs_ +(1859), which brought him great local fame. He was possessed of +considerable literary gift, and has been called "the Lancashire Burns." + + +WEBBE, WILLIAM (_b._ 1550).--Critic and translator. Almost nothing is +known of him except that he was at Camb. and acted as tutor in certain +distinguished families, and was a friend of Spenser. He wrote a +_Discourse of English Poetrie_ (1586), in which he discusses metre, rhyme +(the use of which he reprehends), and reviews English poetry up to his +own day. He also translated the first two of the _Eclogues_ of Virgil in +singularly unmelodious hexameters. + + +WEBSTER, MRS. AUGUSTA (DAVIES) (1837-1894).--Poet and translator, _dau._ +of Admiral Davies, _m._ Mr. Thomas Webster, a solicitor. She wrote a +novel, _Lesley's Guardians_, and several books of poetry of distinguished +excellence, including _Blanche Lisle_, _Dramatic Studies_ (1866), +_Portraits_ (1870), _A Book of Rhyme_ (1881), and some dramas, including +_The Auspicious Day_ (1874), _Disguises_, and _The Sentence_ (1887). She +also made translations of _Prometheus Bound_ and _Medea_. + + +WEBSTER, DANIEL (1782-1852).--Orator, _s._ of a farmer in New Hampshire, +was a distinguished advocate in Boston, and afterwards a member of the +United States Senate and Sec. of State 1841-43 and 1850-52. He was the +greatest orator whom America has produced, and has a place in literature +by virtue of his _pub._ speeches. + + +WEBSTER, JOHN (1580?-1625?).--Dramatist. Though in some respects he came +nearest to Shakespeare of any of his contemporaries, almost nothing has +come down to us of the life of W. Even the dates of his birth and death +are uncertain. He appears to have been the _s._ of a London tailor, to +have been a freeman of the Merchant Taylor's Company, and clerk of the +parish of St. Andrews, Holborn. Four plays are known to be his, _The +White Devil, or the Life and Death of Vittoria Corombona_ (1612), _Appius +and Virginia_ (1654), _The Devil's Law Case_ (1623), and _The Duchess of +Malfi_ (1623), and he collaborated with Drayton, Middleton, Heywood, +Dekker, etc., in the production of others. He does not appear to have +been much regarded in his own day, and it was only in the 19th century +that his great powers began to be appreciated and expounded by such +critics as Lamb and Hazlitt, and in later days Swinburne. The first says, +"To move a horror skilfully, to touch a soul to the quick, to lay upon +fear as much as it can bear, to wean and weary a life till it is ready to +drop, and then step in with mortal instruments to take its last forfeit, +this only a Webster can do." W. revels in the horrible, but the touch of +genius saves his work from mere brutality, and evokes pity and sorrow +where, without it, there would be only horror and disgust. His work is +extremely unequal, and he had no power of construction, but his +extraordinary insight into motives and feelings redeem all his failings +and give him a place second only to Marlowe and Ben Jonson among the +contemporaries of Shakespeare. + + +WEBSTER, NOAH (1758-1843).--Lexicographer, etc., _b._ at Hartford, Conn., +and _ed._ at Yale. His long life was spent in unremitting diligence as +teacher, lawyer, and man of letters. His great work is his American +_Dictionary of the English Language_ (1828), for which he prepared +himself by 10 years' study of philology. Many abridgments of it have +appeared, and in 1866 a new and enlarged ed. was _pub._ His _Elementary +Spelling Book_ is believed to have attained a circulation of 70,000,000 +copies. He also _pub._ _A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the +English Language_ (1807), and many other works. + + +WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1800?-1879).--Poet, _b._ in London, where he +practised as a solicitor, _pub._ in 1822 _Stories after Nature_, written +in poetic prose, which attracted no attention, and a biblical drama, +_Joseph and his Brethren_ (1824), which had an almost similar fate until +D.G. Rossetti called attention to it in 1863, giving it a high meed of +praise. In 1874, stung by want of appreciation, he had burned his +manuscripts of plays and poems; but on the new interest excited in his +_Joseph_ he added some new scenes. In his later years he lived in France. +_Joseph and his Brethren_ ed. in the World's Classics, 1909. + + +WENDOVER, ROGER DE (_d._ 1236).--Chronicler, a monk of St. Albans, became +Prior of Belvoir, from which he was deposed for extravagance, but was +recalled to St. Albans, where he _d._ He wrote _Flores Historiarum_ +(Flowers of History), a history of the world in 2 books, the first from +the creation to the incarnation, the second to the reign of Henry III., +his own time. The latter is of value as a contemporary authority, and is +an impartial and manly account of his own period. + + +WESLEY, CHARLES (1707-1788).--Hymn-writer, younger brother of John W. +(_q.v._), was _b._ at Epworth, and _ed._ at Westminster School and Oxf. +He was all his life closely associated with his elder and greater +brother, one of whose most loyal helpers he was, though not agreeing with +him in all points. His chief fame is founded upon his hymns, of which he +is said to have written the almost incredible number of 6500, many of +them among the finest in the language. They include "Jesus, Lover of my +Soul," "Love Divine all Loves excelling," "Come, oh Thou Traveller +Unknown," "Hark the Herald Angels Sing," and "Come, let us join our +Friends above." + + +WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791).--Theological writer, diarist, and founder of +Methodism, was the second surviving _s._ of the Rev. Samuel W., Rector of +Epworth, Lincolnshire. The name was also written Westley and Wellesley, +and the family appears to be the same as that to which the Duke of +Wellington and his brother the Marquis Wellesley belonged. W. was _ed._ +at the Charterhouse and at Oxf., and was ordained deacon in 1725, and +priest in 1728. After assisting his _f._ for a short time as curate, he +returned to Oxf., where he found that his brother Charles, along with G. +Whitefield (_q.v._) and others, had begun that association for religious +improvement from which sprang the great religious movement known as +Methodism. About the same time the two brothers came under the influence +of William Law (_q.v._), author of the _Serious Call_, and in 1735 John +went on a mission to Georgia to preach to the Indians and colonists, and +became closely associated with the Moravian Brethren. Difficulties of a +personal character, however, led to his return in 1738 to London, where +he continued to associate with the Moravians. It was at this time that, +hearing Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans read at a meeting, +he found his religious and ecclesiastical views revolutionised. Hitherto +holding strong High Church views in some directions, he now assumed a +position which ultimately led to his abandoning the doctrine of +Apostolical succession, and ordaining pastors and bishops, and finally +creating a separate ecclesiastical organisation. Consequences soon +followed; the pulpits of the Church were closed against him, and he began +his marvellous career of itinerant and out-of-door preaching, which was +continued to the close of his long life. He soon became a mighty power in +the land; vast crowds waited on his ministrations, which were +instrumental in producing a great revival of religious interest, and +improved morality among the people. At the same time violent opposition +was aroused, and W. was often in danger of his life from mobs. In the +end, however, he lived down this state of things to a large extent, and +in his old age was the object of extraordinary general veneration, while +in his own communion he exercised a kind of pontifical sway. During the +50 years of his apostolic journeyings he is said to have travelled +250,000 miles in Britain, Ireland, and the Continent; but notwithstanding +this phenomenal activity he was able, by extreme economy of time, to +write copiously, his works including educational treatises, translations +from the classics, histories of Rome and England, a history of the +Church, biblical commentaries, manifold controversial treatises and ed. +of religious classics. Most of them had an enormous circulation and +brought him in L30,000, all of which he expended on philanthropic and +religious objects. The work, however, on which his literary fame chiefly +rests is his _Journal_, extending from 1735-90, which is one of the most +graphic and interesting records of its kind in existence. He also wrote +many hymns, largely translations from the German, and he had a +considerable, hand in giving their final form to the almost innumerable +hymns of his brother Charles. W. was a man of practical and organising +ability of the first order, of intense religious earnestness and +sincerity, benevolent feelings, and agreeable manners. At the same time +he was of an autocratic temper, and often showed keenness and even +intolerance in his controversies, which were largely against the extreme +Calvinism of his old friend and fellow-labourer, Whitefield, and Toplady, +the author of the hymn "Rock of Ages," himself a bitter polemic. In 1740 +he had formally withdrawn from association with the Moravians. W. was +_m._ in 1751 to a widow, Mrs. Vazeille, with whom, however, he did not +live happily, and who separated from him in 1776. + + +WESTALL, WILLIAM (1834-1903).--Novelist, was originally in business, but +later betook himself to journalism, and also wrote a large number of +novels, including _The Old Factory_, _Strange Crimes_, _Her Ladyship's +Secret_, etc., which, while healthy in tone and interesting, have no +literary distinction. + + +WHARTON, THOMAS WHARTON, 1ST MARQUIS of (1648-1715).--Statesman and +writer of "Lillibullero," _s._ of the 4th Baron W., was one of the most +profligate men of his age. He was a supporter of the Exclusion Bill, and +consequently obnoxious to James II. His only contribution to literature +was the doggerel ballad, "Lillibullero" (1688), which had so powerful a +political effect that its author claimed to have sung a King out of three +kingdoms. He was generally disliked and distrusted, but held for a short +time, from 1708, the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland, when he had Addison as +his chief sec. + + +WHATELEY, RICHARD (1787-1863).--Theologian and economist, _s._ of the +Rev. Dr. Joseph W., _b._ in London, and _ed._ at a school in Bristol, and +at Oxf., where he became a coll. tutor. Taking orders he became Rector of +Halesworth, Suffolk. In 1822 he delivered his Bampton lectures on _The +Use and Abuse of Party Feeling in Religion_. Three years later he was +made Principal of St. Alban's Hall, in 1829 Prof. of Political Economy, +and in 1831 Archbishop of Dublin. As head of a coll. and as a prelate W. +showed great energy and administrative ability. He was a vigorous, +clear-headed personality, somewhat largely endowed with contempt for +views with which he was not in sympathy, and with a vein of caustic +humour, in the use of which he was not sparing. These qualities made him +far from universally popular; but his honesty, fairness, and devotion to +duty gained for him general respect. He had no sympathy with the Oxf. +movement, was strongly anti-Calvinistic, and somewhat Latitudinarian, so +that he was exposed to a good deal of theological odium from opposite +quarters. He was a voluminous writer, and among his best known works are +his treatises on _Logic_ (1826) and _Rhetoric_ (1828), his _Historic +Doubts relative to Napoleon Buonaparte_ (1819), intended as a _reductio +ad absurdum_ of Hume's contention that no evidence is sufficient to prove +a miracle, _Essays on some Peculiarities of the Christian Religion_ +(1825), _Christian Evidences_ (1837), and ed. of Bacon's _Essays_ with +valuable notes, and of Paley's _Evidences_. + + +WHETSTONE, GEORGE (1544?-1587?).--Dramatist, one of the early, roistering +playwrights who frequented the Court of Elizabeth, later served as a +soldier in the Low Countries, accompanied Sir Humphrey Gilbert's +expedition to Newfoundland in 1578, and was at the Battle of Zutphen in +1586. He was a trenchant critic of the contemporary drama, contending for +greater reality and rationality. His play, _Promos and Cassandra_, +translated from Cinthio's _Hecatomithi_, was used by Shakespeare in +_Measure for Measure_. + + +WHEWELL, WILLIAM (1794-1866).--Philosopher, theologian and mathematician, +_s._ of a joiner at Lancaster, where he was _b._, _ed._ at Camb., where +he had a brilliant career. He became Prof. of Mineralogy at Camb. 1828, +of Moral Theology 1838, was Master of Trinity from 1841 until his death, +and he held the office of Vice-Chancellor of the Univ. in 1843 and 1856. +W. was remarkable as the possessor of an encyclopaedic fund of knowledge, +perhaps unprecedented, and he was the author of a number of works of +great importance on a variety of subjects. Among the chief of these may +be mentioned his Bridgewater Treatise on _Astronomy and General Physics +considered with Reference to Natural Theology_ (1833), _History of the +Inductive Sciences_ (1837), _The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences_ +(1840), _Essay on Plurality of Worlds_ (anonymously), _Elements of +Morality_ (1845), _History of Moral Philosophy in England_ (1852), and +_Platonic Dialogues_. In addition to these he wrote innumerable articles, +reviews, and scientific papers. It was as a co-ordinator of knowledge and +the researches of others that W. excelled; he was little of an original +observer or discoverer. He is described as a large, strong, erect man +with a red face and a loud voice, and he was an overwhelming and somewhat +arrogant talker. + + +WHICHCOTE, BENJAMIN (1609-1683).--Divine, belonged to a good Shropshire +family, and was at Camb., where he became Provost of King's Coll., of +which office he was deprived at the Restoration. He was of liberal views, +and is reckoned among the Camb. Platonists, over whom he exercised great +influence. His works consist of _Discourses_ and _Moral and Religious +Aphorisms_. In 1668 he was presented to the living of St. Lawrence, +Jewry, London, which he held until his death. + + +WHIPPLE, EDWIN PERCY (1819-1886).--Essayist and critic, _b._ in +Massachusetts, was a brilliant and discriminating critic. His works +include _Character and Characteristic Men_, _Literature and Life_, +_Success and its Conditions_, _Literature of the Age of Elizabeth_, +_Literature and Politics_, etc. + + +WHISTON, WILLIAM (1667-1752).--Theologian, and man of science, _b._ at +Norton, Leicestershire, and _ed._ at Camb., where he succeeded Newton as +Lucasian Prof. of Mathematics, was a prominent advocate of the Newtonian +system, and wrote a _Theory of the Earth_ against the views of Thomas +Burnet (_q.v._). He also wrote several theological works, _Primitive +Christianity Revived_ and the _Primitive New Testament_. The Arian views +promulgated in the former led to his expulsion from the Univ. His best +known work was his translation of _Josephus_. He was a kindly and honest, +but eccentric and impracticable man, and an insatiable controversialist. + + +WHITE, GILBERT (1720-1793).--Naturalist, _b._ at Selborne, Hants, and +_ed._ along with the Wartons (_q.v._) at their father's school at +Basingstoke, and thereafter at Oxf., entered the Church, and after +holding various curacies settled, in 1755, at Selborne. He became the +friend and correspondent of Pennant the naturalist (_q.v._), and other +men of science, and _pub._ in the form of letters the work which has made +him immortal, _The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne_ (1789). +He was never _m._, but was in love with the well-known bluestocking +Hester Mulso, afterwards Mrs. Chapone, who rejected him. He had four +brothers, all more or less addicted to the study of natural history. + + +WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806).--Poet, _s._ of a butcher at Nottingham. +At first assisting his _f._, next a stocking weaver, he was afterwards +placed in the office of an attorney. Some contributions to a newspaper +introduced him to the notice of Capel Lofft, a patron of promising +youths, by whose help he brought out a vol. of poems, which fell into the +hands of Southey, who wrote to him. Thereafter friends raised a fund to +send him to Camb., where he gave brilliant promise. Overwork, however, +undermined a constitution originally delicate, and he _d._ at 21. Southey +wrote a short memoir of him with some additional poems. His chief poem +was the _Christiad_, a fragment. His best known production is the hymn, +"Much in sorrow, oft in Woe." + + +WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841).--Poet, _s._ of a merchant, an Irish +Roman Catholic resident at Seville, where he was _b._, became a priest, +but lost his religious faith and came to England, where he conducted a +Spanish newspaper having for its main object the fanning of the flame of +Spanish patriotism against the French invasion, which was subsidised by +the English Government. He again embraced Christianity, and entered the +Church of England, but latterly became a Unitarian. He wrote, among other +works, _Internal Evidences against Catholicism_ (1825), and _Second +Travels of an Irish Gentleman in search of a Religion_, in answer to T. +Moore's work, _Travels, etc._ His most permanent contribution to +literature, however, is his single sonnet on "Night", which Coleridge +considered "the finest and most grandly conceived" in our language. + + +WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885).--Shakespearian scholar, _b._ in New +York State, was long Chief of the Revenue Marine Bureau, and was one of +the most acute students and critics of Shakespeare, of whose works he +_pub._ two ed., the first in 1865, and the second (the Riverside) in +1883. He also wrote _Words and their Uses_, _Memoirs of Shakespeare_, +_Studies in Shakespeare_, _The New Gospel of Peace_ (a satire), _The Fate +of Mansfield Humphreys_ (novel), etc. + + +WHITEHEAD, CHARLES (1804-1862).--Poet, novelist, and dramatist; is +specially remembered for three works, all of which met with popular +favour: _The Solitary_ (1831), a poem, _The Autobiography of Jack Ketch_ +(1834), a novel, and _The Cavalier_ (1836), a play in blank verse. He +recommended Dickens for the writing of the letterpress for R. Seymour's +drawings, which ultimately developed into _The Pickwick Papers_. + + +WHITEHEAD, WILLIAM (1715-1785).--Poet, _s._ of a baker at Camb., and +_ed._ at Winchester School and Camb., became tutor in the family of the +Earl of Jersey, and retained the favour of the family through life. In +1757 he succeeded Colley Cibber as Poet Laureate. He wrote plays of only +moderate quality, including _The Roman Father_ and _Creusa_, tragedies, +and _The School for Lovers_, a comedy; also poems, _The Enthusiast_ and +_Variety_. His official productions as Laureate were severely attacked, +which drew from him in reply _A Charge to the Poets_. + + +WHITMAN, WALTER or WALT (1819-1892).--Poet, was _b._ at Huntingdon, Long +Island, New York. His mother was of Dutch descent, and the farm on which +he was _b._ had been in the possession of his father's family since the +early settlement. His first education was received at Brooklyn, to which +his _f._ had removed while W. was a young child. At 13 he was in a +printing office, at 17 he was teaching and writing for the newspapers, +and at 21 was editing one. The next dozen years were passed in desultory +work as a printer with occasional literary excursions, but apparently +mainly in "loafing" and observing his fellow-creatures. It was not till +1855 that his first really characteristic work, _Leaves of Grass_, +appeared. This first ed. contained only 12 poems. Notwithstanding its +startling departures from conventionality both in form and substance it +was well received by the leading literary reviews and, with certain +reserves to be expected, it was welcomed by Emerson. It did not, however, +achieve general acceptance, and was received with strong and not +unnatural protest in many quarters. When a later ed. was called for +Emerson unsuccessfully endeavoured to persuade the author to suppress the +more objectionable parts. On the outbreak of the Civil War W. volunteered +as a nurse for the wounded, and rendered much useful service. The results +of his experiences and observations were given in verse in _Drum Taps_ +and _The Wound Dresser_, and in prose in _Specimen Days_. From these +scenes he was removed by his appointment to a Government clerkship, from +which, however, he was soon dismissed on the ground of having written +books of an immoral tendency. This action of the authorities led to a +somewhat warm controversy, and after a short interval W. received another +Government appointment, which he held until 1873, when he had a paralytic +seizure, which rendered his retirement necessary. Other works besides +those mentioned are _Two Rivulets_ and _Democratic Vistas_. In his later +years he retired to Camden, New Jersey, where he _d._ W. is the most +unconventional of writers. Revolt against all convention was in fact his +self-proclaimed mission. In his versification he discards rhyme almost +entirely, and metre as generally understood. And in his treatment of +certain passions and appetites, and of unadulterated human nature, he is +at war with what he considered the conventions of an effeminate society, +in which, however, he adopts a mode of utterance which many people +consider equally objectionable, overlooking, as he does, the existence +through all the processes of nature of a principle of reserve and +concealment. Amid much that is prosaic and rhetorical, however, it +remains true that there is real poetic insight and an intense and +singularly fresh sense of nature in the best of his writings. + +_Works_, 12 vols., with _Life_. _See_ Stedman's _Poets of America_. +Monographs by Symonds, Clarke, and Salter. + + +WHITNEY, WILLIAM DWIGHT (1827-1894).--Philologist, _b._ at Northampton, +Mass., was Prof. of Sanskrit, etc., at Yale, and chief ed. of the +_Century Dictionary_. Among his books are _Darwinism and Language_ and +_The Life and Growth of Language_. + + +WHITTIER, JOHN GREENLEAF (1807-1892).--Poet, was _b._ at Haverhill, +Massachusetts, of a Quaker family. In early life he worked on a farm. His +later years were occupied partly in journalism, partly in farming, and he +seems also to have done a good deal of local political work. He began to +write verse at a very early age, and continued to do so until almost his +latest days. He was always a champion of the anti-slavery cause, and by +his writings both as journalist and poet, did much to stimulate national +feeling in the direction of freedom. Among his poetical works are _Voices +of Freedom_ (1836), _Songs of Labour_ (1851), _Home Ballads_ (1859), _In +War Time_ (1863), _Snow Bound_ (1866), _The Tent on the Beach_ (1867), +_Ballads of New England_ (1870), _The Pennsylvania Pilgrim_ (1874). W. +had true feeling and was animated by high ideals. Influenced in early +life by the poems of Burns, he became a poet of nature, with which his +early upbringing brought him into close and sympathetic contact; he was +also a poet of faith and the ideal life and of liberty. He, however, +lacked concentration and intensity, and his want of early education made +him often loose in expression and faulty in form; and probably a +comparatively small portion of what he wrote will live. + + +WHYTE-MELVILLE, GEORGE JOHN (1821-1878).--Novelist, _s._ of a country +gentleman of Fife, _ed._ at Eton, entered the army, and saw service in +the Crimea, retiring in 1859 as Major. Thereafter he devoted himself to +field sports, in which he was an acknowledged authority, and to +literature. He wrote a number of novels, mainly founded on sporting +subjects, though a few were historical. They include _Kate Coventry_, +_The Queen's Maries_, _The Gladiators_, and _Satanella_. He also wrote +_Songs and Verses_ and _The True Cross_, a religious poem. He _d._ from +an accident in the hunting-field. + + +WICLIF, or WYCLIF, JOHN (1320?-1384).--Theologian and translator of the +Bible, _b._ near Richmond, Yorkshire, studied at Balliol Coll., Oxf., of +which he became in 1361 master, and taking orders, became Vicar of +Fillingham, Lincolnshire, when he resigned his mastership, and in 1361 +Prebendary of Westbury. By this time he had written a treatise on logic, +and had won some position as a man of learning. In 1372 he took the +degree of Doctor of Theology, and became Canon of Lincoln, and in 1374 +was sent to Bruges as one of a commission to treat with Papal delegates +as to certain ecclesiastical matters in dispute, and in the same year he +became Rector of Lutterworth, where he remained until his death. His +liberal and patriotic views on the questions in dispute between England +and the Pope gained for him the favour of John of Gaunt and Lord Percy, +who accompanied him when, in 1377, he was summoned before the +ecclesiastical authorities at St. Paul's. The Court was broken up by an +inroad of the London mob, and no sentence was passed upon him. Another +trial at Lambeth in the next year was equally inconclusive. By this time +W. had taken up a position definitely antagonistic to the Papal system. +He organised his institution of poor preachers, and initiated his great +enterprise of translating the Scriptures into English. His own share of +the work was the Gospels, probably the whole of the New Testament and +possibly part of the Old. The whole work was ed. by John Purvey, an Oxf. +friend, who had joined him at Lutterworth, the work being completed by +1400. In 1380 W. openly rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation, and +was forbidden to teach at Oxf., where he had obtained great influence. In +1382 a Court was convened by the Archbishop of Canterbury, which passed +sentence of condemnation upon his views. It says much for the position +which he had attained, and for the power of his supporters, that he was +permitted to depart from Oxf. and retire to Lutterworth, where, worn out +by his labours and anxieties, he _d._ of a paralytic seizure on the last +day of 1384. His enemies, baffled in their designs against him while +living, consoled themselves by disinterring his bones in 1428 and +throwing them into the river Swift, of which Thomas Fuller (_q.v._) has +said, "Thus this brook has conveyed his ashes into Avon, Avon into +Severn, Severn into the Narrow Seas, they into the main ocean, and thus +the ashes of Wicliffe are the emblem of his doctrine, which now is +dispersed all the world over." The works of W. were chiefly controversial +or theological and, as literature, have no great importance, but his +translation of the Bible had indirectly a great influence not only by +tending to fix the language, but in a far greater degree by furthering +the moral and intellectual emancipation on which true literature is +essentially founded. + + +WILBERFORCE, WILLIAM (1759-1833).--Philanthropist and religious writer, +_s._ of a merchant, was _b._ at Hull, _ed._ at Camb., entered Parliament +as member for his native town, became the intimate friend of Pitt, and +was the leader of the crusade against the slave-trade and slavery. His +chief literary work was his _Practical View of Christianity_, which had +remarkable popularity and influence, but he wrote continually and with +effect on the religious and philanthropic objects to which he had devoted +his life. + + +WILCOX, CARLES (1794-1827).--Poet, _b._ at Newport, N.H., was a +Congregationalist minister. He wrote a poem, _The Age of Benevolence_, +which was left unfinished, and which bears manifest traces of the +influence of Cowper. + + +WILDE, OSCAR O'FLAHERTY (1856-1900).--Poet and dramatist, _s._ of Sir +William W., the eminent surgeon, was _b._ at Dublin, and _ed._ there at +Trinity Coll. and at Oxf. He was one of the founders of the modern cult +of the aesthetic. Among his writings are _Poems_ (1881), _The Picture of +Dorian Gray_, a novel, and several plays, including _Lady Windermere's +Fan_, _A Woman of no Importance_, and _The Importance of being Earnest_. +He was convicted of a serious offence, and after his release from prison +went abroad and _d._ at Paris. _Coll._ ed. of his works, 12 vols., 1909. + + +WILKES, JOHN (1727-1797).--Politician, _s._ of a distiller in London, was +_ed._ at Leyden. Witty, resourceful, but unprincipled and profligate, he +became from circumstances the representative and champion of important +political principles, including that of free representation in +Parliament. His writings have nothing of the brilliance and point of his +social exhibitions, but his paper, _The North Briton_, and especially the +famous "No. 45," in which he charged George III. with uttering a +falsehood in his speech from the throne, caused so much excitement, and +led to such important results that they give him a place in literature. +He also wrote a highly offensive _Essay on Woman_. W. was expelled from +the House of Commons and outlawed, but such was the strength of the cause +which he championed that, notwithstanding the worthlessness of his +character, his right to sit in the House was ultimately admitted in 1774, +and he continued to sit until 1790. He was also Lord Mayor of London. + + +WILKIE, WILLIAM (1721-1772).--Poet, _b._. in Linlithgowshire, _s._ of a +farmer, and _ed._ at Edin., he entered the Church, and became minister of +Ratho, Midlothian, in 1756, and Prof. of Natural Philosophy at St. +Andrews in 1759. In 1757 he _pub._ the _Epigoniad_, dealing with the +Epigoni, sons of the seven heroes who fought against Thebes. He also +wrote _Moral Fables in Verse_. + + +WILKINS, JOHN (1614-1672).--Mathematician and divine, _s._ of a goldsmith +in Oxf., but _b._ at Daventry and _ed._ at Oxf., entered the Church, held +many preferments, and became Bishop of Chester. He _m._ a sister of +Oliver Cromwell, and being of an easy temper and somewhat accommodating +principles, he passed through troublous times and many changes with a +minimum of hardship. He was one of the band of learned men whom Charles +II. incorporated as the Royal Society. Among his writings are _The +Discovery of a World in the Moon_, _Mathematical Magic_, and _An Essay +towards ... a Philosophical Language_. + + +WILKINSON, SIR JOHN GARDNER (1797-1875).--Egyptologist, _s._ of a +Westmoreland clergyman, studied at Oxf. In 1821 he went to Egypt, and +remained there and in Nubia exploring, surveying, and studying the +hieroglyphical inscriptions, on which he made himself one of the great +authorities. He _pub._ two important works, of great literary as well as +scholarly merit, _Materia Hieroglyphica_ (1828) and _Manners and Customs +of the Ancient Egyptians_ (6 vols., 1837-41). He wrote various books of +travel, and was knighted in 1839. + + +WILLIAM of MALMESBURY (_fl._ 12th cent.).--Historian, was an inmate of +the great monastery at Malmesbury. His name is said to have been +Somerset, and he was Norman by one parent and English by the other. The +date of his birth is unknown, that of his death has sometimes been fixed +as 1142 on the ground that his latest work stops abruptly in that year. +His history, written in Latin, falls into two parts, _Gesta Regum +Anglorum_ (Acts of the Kings of the English), in five books, bringing the +narrative down from the arrival of the Saxons to 1120, and _Historia +Novella_ (Modern History), carrying it on to 1142. The work is +characterised by a love of truth, much more critical faculty in sifting +evidence than was then common, and considerable attention to literary +form. It is dedicated to Robert, Earl of Gloucester, the champion of +Queen Matilda. Other works by W. are _De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum_, +Lives of the English Bishops, and a history of the Monastery of +Glastonbury. + + +WILLIAM of NEWBURGH, or NEWBURY (1136-1198?).--Historian, belonged to the +monastery of Newburgh in Yorkshire. His own name is said to have been +Little. His work, _Historia Rerum Anglicarum_ (History of English +affairs), is written in good Latin, and has some of the same qualities as +that of William of Malmesbury (_q.v._). He rejects the legend of the +Trojan descent of the early Britons, and animadverts severely on what he +calls "the impudent and impertinent lies" of Geoffrey of Monmouth +(_q.v._). His record of contemporary events is careful. + + +WILLIAMS, SIR CHARLES HANBURY (1708-1759).--Diplomatist and satirist, +_s._ of John Hanbury, a Welsh ironmaster, assumed the name of Williams on +succeeding to an estate, entered Parliament as a supporter of Walpole, +held many diplomatic posts, and was a brilliant wit with a great +contemporary reputation for lively and biting satires and lampoons. + + +WILLIS, BROWNE (1682-1760).--Antiquary, _ed._ at Westminster and Oxf., +entered the Inner Temple 1700, sat in the House of Commons 1705-8. He +wrote _History of the Counties, Cities, and Boroughs of England and +Wales_ (1715), _Notitia Parliamentaria_, etc. + + +WILLIS, NATHANIEL PARKER (1806-1867).--Poet, _b._ at Portland, and _ed._ +at Yale, was mainly a journalist, and conducted various magazines, +including the _American Monthly_; but he also wrote short poems, many of +which were popular, of which perhaps the best is "Unseen Spirits," +stories, and works of a more or less fugitive character, with such titles +as _Pencillings by the Way_ (1835), _Inklings of Adventure_, _Letters +from under a Bridge_ (1839), _People I have Met_, _The Rag-Tag_, _The +Slingsby Papers_, etc., some of which were originally contributed to his +magazines. He travelled a good deal in Europe, and was attached for a +time to the American Embassy in Paris. He was a favourite in society, and +enjoyed a wide popularity in uncritical circles, but is now distinctly a +spent force. + + +WILLS, JAMES (1790-1868).--Poet and miscellaneous writer, younger _s._ of +a Roscommon squire, was _ed._ at Trinity Coll., Dublin, and studied law +in the Middle Temple. Deprived, however, of the fortune destined for him +and the means of pursuing a legal career by the extravagance of his elder +brother, he entered the Church, and also wrote largely in _Blackwood's +Magazine_ and other periodicals. In 1831 he _pub._ _The Disembodied and +other Poems_; _The Philosophy of Unbelief_ (1835) attracted much +attention. His largest work was Lives of _Illustrious and Distinguished +Irishmen_, and his latest publication _The Idolatress_ (1868). In all his +writings W. gave evidence of a powerful personality. His poems are +spirited, and in some cases show considerable dramatic qualities. + + +WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN (1828-1891).--Dramatist, _s._ of above, _b._ in +Dublin. After writing a novel, _Old Times_, in an Irish magazine, he went +to London, and for some time wrote for periodicals without any very +marked success. He found his true vein in the drama, and produced over 30 +plays, many of which, including _Medea in Corinth_, _Eugene Aram_, _Jane +Shore_, _Buckingham_, and _Olivia_, had great success. Besides these he +wrote a poem, _Melchior_, in blank verse, and many songs. He was also an +accomplished artist. + + +WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813).--Poet and ornithologist, _b._ at Paisley, +where he worked as a weaver, afterwards becoming a pedlar. He _pub._ some +poems, of which the best is _Watty and Maggie_, and in 1794 went to +America, where he worked as a pedlar and teacher. His skill in depicting +birds led to his becoming an enthusiastic ornithologist, and he induced +the publisher of _Rees's Cyclopaedia_, on which he had been employed, to +undertake an American ornithology to be written and illustrated by him. +Some vols. of the work were completed when, worn out by the labour and +exposure entailed by his journeys in search of specimens, he succumbed +to a fever. Two additional vols. appeared posthumously. The work, both +from a literary and artistic point of view, is of high merit. He also +_pub._ in America another poem, _The Foresters_. + + +WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816-1892).--Archaeologist and miscellaneous writer, +_b._ and _ed._ in Edin., and after acting as sec. of the Society of +Antiquaries there, went to Toronto as Prof. of History and English +Literature. He was the author of _Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden +Time_, _The Archeology and Pre-historic Annals of Scotland_ (1851), +_Civilisation in the Old and the New World_, a study on "Chatterton," and +_Caliban, the Missing Link_, etc. + + +WILSON, JOHN ("CHRISTOPHER NORTH") (1785-1854).--Poet, essayist, and +miscellaneous writer, _s._ of a wealthy manufacturer in Paisley, where he +was _b._, was _ed._ at Glas. and Oxf. At the latter he not only displayed +great intellectual endowments, but distinguished himself as an athlete. +Having succeeded to a fortune of L50,000 he purchased the small estate of +Elleray in the Lake District, where he enjoyed the friendship of +Wordsworth, Southey, Coleridge, and De Quincey. In 1812 he _pub._ _The +Isle of Palms_, followed four years later by _The City of the Plague_, +which gained for him a recognised place in literature, though they did +not show his most characteristic gifts, and are now almost unread. About +this time he lost a large portion of his fortune, had to give up +continuous residence at Elleray, came to Edinburgh, and was called to the +Scottish Bar, but never practised. The starting of _Blackwood's Magazine_ +brought him his opportunity, and to the end of his life his connection +with it gave him his main employment and chief fame. In 1820 he became +Prof. of Moral Philosophy in the Univ. of Edin. where, though not much of +a philosopher in the technical sense, he exercised a highly stimulating +influence upon his students by his eloquence and the general vigour of +his intellect. The peculiar powers of W., his wealth of ideas, felicity +of expression, humour, and animal spirits, found their full development +in the famous _Noctes Ambrosianae_, a medley of criticism on literature, +politics, philosophy, topics of the day and what not. _Lights and Shadows +of Scottish Life_ and _The Trials of Margaret Lyndsay_ are contributions +to fiction in which there is an occasional tendency to run pathos into +rather mawkish sentimentality. In 1851 W. received a Government pension +of L300. The following year a paralytic seizure led to his resignation of +his professorial chair, and he _d._ in 1854. He was a man of magnificent +physique, of shining rather than profound intellectual powers, and of +generous character, though as a critic his strong feelings and prejudices +occasionally made him unfair and even savage. + + +WILSON, JOHN (1804-1875).--Missionary and orientalist, _b._ at Lauder, +Berwickshire, and _ed._ at Edin. for the ministry of the Church of +Scotland, went in 1828 to India as a missionary, where, besides his +immediate duties, he became a leader in all social reform, such as the +abolition of the slave-trade and _suttee_, and also one of the greatest +authorities on the subject of caste, and a trusted adviser of successive +Governors-General in regard to all questions affecting the natives. He +was in addition a profound Oriental scholar as to languages, history, and +religion. He was D.D., F.R.S., and Vice-Chancellor of Bombay Univ. Among +his works are _The Parsi Religion_ (1812), _The Lands of the Bible_ +(1847), _India Three Thousand Years Ago_, and _Memoirs of the Cave +Temples of India_. + + +WILSON, THOMAS (1525?-1581).--Scholar and statesman, _b._ in +Lincolnshire, was at Camb., and held various high positions under Queen +Elizabeth. He was the author of _The Rule of Reason containing the Arte +of Logique_ (1551), and _The Arte of Rhetorique_ (1553), and made +translations from Demosthenes. He endeavoured to maintain the purity of +the language against the importation of foreign words. + + +WINGATE, DAVID, (1828-1892).--Poet, was employed in the coal-pits near +Hamilton from the time he was 9. He _pub._ _Poems and Songs_ (1862), +which was favourably received, and followed by _Annie Weir_ (1866). After +this he studied at the Glasgow School of Mines, became a colliery +manager, and devoted his increased leisure to study and further literary +work. _Lily Neil_ appeared in 1879, followed by _Poems and Songs_ (1883), +and _Selected Poems_ (1890). W. was a man of independent character. He +was twice _m._, his second wife being a descendant of Burns. + + +WINTHROP, THEODORE (1828-1861).--Novelist, _b._ at New Haven, Conn., +descended through his _f._ from Governor W., and through his mother from +Jonathan Edwards, _ed._ at Yale, travelled in Great Britain and on the +Continent, and far and wide in his own country. After contributing to +periodicals short sketches and stories, which attracted little attention, +he enlisted in the Federal Army, in 1861, and was killed in the Battle of +Great Bethel. His novels, for which he had failed to find a publisher, +appeared posthumously--_John Brent_, founded on his experiences in the +far West, _Edwin Brothertoft_, a story of the Revolution War, and _Cecil +Dreeme_. Other works were _The Canoe and Saddle_, and _Life in the Open +Air_. Though somewhat spasmodic and crude, his novels had freshness, +originality, and power, and with longer life and greater concentration he +might have risen high. + + +WITHER, GEORGE (1588-1667).--Poet, _b._ near Alton, Hampshire, was at +Oxf. for a short time, and then studied law at Lincoln's Inn. In 1613 he +_pub._ a bold and pungent satire, _Abuses Stript and Whipt_, with the +result that he was imprisoned for some months in the Marshalsea. While +there he wrote _The Shepheard's Hunting_, a pastoral. _Wither's Motto_, +_Nec Habeo, nec Careo, nec Curo_ (I have not, want not, care not) was +written in 1618, and in 1622 he _coll._ his poems as _Juvenilia_. The +same year he _pub._ a long poem, _Faire Virtue, the Mistress of +Philarete_, in which appears the famous lyric, "Shall I wasting in +despair." Though generally acting with the Puritans he took arms with +Charles I. against the Scotch in 1639; but on the outbreak of the Civil +War he was on the popular side, and raised a troop of horse. He was taken +prisoner by the Royalists, and is said to have owed his life to the +intercession of a fellow-poet, Sir John Denham. After the establishment +of the Commonwealth he was considerably enriched out of sequestrated +estates and other spoils of the defeated party; but on the Restoration +was obliged to surrender his gains, was impeached, and committed to the +Tower. In his later years he wrote many religious poems and hymns, +_coll._ as _Hallelujah_. Before his death his poems were already +forgotten, and he was referred to by Pope in _The Dunciad_ as "the +wretched Withers". He was, however, disinterred by Southey, Lamb, and +others, who drew attention to his poetical merits, and he has now an +established place among English poets, to which his freshness, fancy, and +delicacy of taste well entitle him. + + +WODROW, ROBERT (1679-1734).--Church historian, _s._ of James W., Prof. of +Divinity in Glasgow. Having completed his literary and theological +education there, he entered the ministry of the Church of Scotland, and +was ordained to the parish of Eastwood, Renfrewshire. Here he carried on +the great work of his life, his _History of the Sufferings of the Church +of Scotland 1660 to 1688_. W. wrote when the memory of the persecutions +was still fresh, and his work is naturally not free from partisan feeling +and credulity. It is, however, thoroughly honest in intention, and is a +work of genuine research, and of high value for the period with which it +deals. It was _pub._ in two folio vols. in 1721 and 1722. W. made large +collections for other works which, however, were not _pub._ in his +lifetime. _The Lives of the Scottish Reformers and Most Eminent +Ministers_ and _Analecta, or a History of Remarkable Providences_, were +printed for the Maitland Club, and 3 vols. of his correspondence in 1841 +for the Wodrow Society. The _Analecta_ is a most curious miscellany +showing a strong appetite for the marvellous combined with a hesitating +doubt in regard to some of the more exacting narratives. + + +WOLCOT, JOHN (1738-1819).--Satirist, _b._ near Kingsbridge, Devonshire, +was _ed._ by an uncle, and studied medicine. In 1767 he went as physician +to Sir William Trelawny, Governor of Jamaica, and whom he induced to +present him to a Church in the island then vacant, and was ordained in +1769. Sir William dying in 1772, W. came home and, abandoning the Church, +resumed his medical character, and settled in practice at Truro, where he +discovered the talents of Opie the painter, and assisted him. In 1780 he +went to London, and commenced writing satires. The first objects of his +attentions were the members of the Royal Academy, and these attempts +being well received, he soon began to fly at higher game, the King and +Queen being the most frequent marks for his satirical shafts. In 1786 +appeared _The Lousiad, a Heroi-Comic Poem_, taking its name from a legend +that on the King's dinner plate there had appeared a certain insect not +usually found in such exalted quarters. Other objects of his attack were +Boswell, the biographer of Johnson, and Bruce, the Abyssinian traveller. +W., who wrote under the _nom-de-guerre_ of "Peter Pindar," had a +remarkable vein of humour and wit, which, while intensely comic to +persons not involved, stung its subjects to the quick. He had likewise +strong intelligence, and a power of coining effective phrases. In other +kinds of composition, as in some ballads which he wrote, an unexpected +touch of gentleness and even tenderness appears. Among these are _The +Beggar Man_ and _Lord Gregory_. Much that he wrote has now lost all +interest owing to the circumstances referred to being forgotten, but +enough still retains its peculiar relish to account for his contemporary +reputation. + + +WOLFE, CHARLES (1791-1823).--Poet, _s._ of a landed gentleman in Kildare, +was _b._ in Dublin, where he completed his _ed._ at Trinity Coll., having +previously been at Winchester. He took orders, and was Rector of +Donoughmere, but his health failed, and he _d._ of consumption at 32. He +is remembered for one short, but universally known and admired poem, _The +Burial of Sir John Moore_, which first appeared anonymously in the _Newry +Telegraph_ in 1817. + + +WOOD, or A WOOD, ANTHONY (1632-1695).--Antiquary, was _b._ at Oxf., where +he was _ed._ and spent most of his life. His antiquarian enthusiasm was +awakened by the collections of Leland, and he early began to visit and +study the antiquities of his native county. This with history, heraldry, +genealogies, and music occupied his whole time. By 1669 he had written +his _History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford_, which was +translated into Latin not to his satisfaction by the Univ. authorities, +and he wrote a fresh English copy which was printed in 1786. His great +work was _Athenae Oxonienses; an exact History of all the Writers and +Bishops who have had their Education in the University of Oxford, to +which are added the Fasti or Annals of the said University_ (1691-92). +For an alleged libel on the Earl of Clarendon in that work the author was +expelled in 1694. He also wrote _The Ancient and Present State of the +City of Oxford_, and _Modius Salium, a Collection of Pieces of Humour_, +generally of an ill-natured cast. + + +WOOD, MRS. ELLEN (PRICE) (1814-1887).--Novelist, writing as "Mrs. Henry +Wood," was _b._ at Worcester. She wrote over 30 novels, many of which, +especially _East Lynne_, had remarkable popularity. Though the stories +are generally interesting, they have no distinction of style. Among the +best known are _Danesbury House_, _Oswald Cray_, _Mrs. Halliburton's +Troubles_, _The Channings_, _Lord Oakburn's Daughters_, and _The Shadow +of Ashlydyat_. Mrs. W. was for some years proprietor and ed. of the +_Argosy_. + + +WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827-1889).--Writer on natural history, _s._ of a +surgeon, _b._ in London, and _ed._ at home and at Oxf., where he worked +for some time in the anatomical museum. He took orders, and among other +benefices which he held was for a time chaplain to St. Bartholomew's +Hospital. He was a very prolific writer on natural history, though rather +as a populariser than as a scientific investigator, and was in this way +very successful. Among his numerous works may be mentioned _Illustrated +Natural History_ (1853), _Animal Traits and Characteristics_ (1860), +_Common Objects of the Sea Shore_ (1857), _Out of Doors_ (1874), _Field +Naturalist's Handbook_ (with T. Wood) (1879-80), books on gymnastics, +sport, etc., and an ed. of White's _Selborne_. + + +WOOLMAN, JOHN (1720-1772).--Quaker diarist, _b._ at Burlington, New +Jersey, began life as a farm labourer, and then became a clerk in a +store. He underwent deep religious impressions, and the latter part of +his life was devoted to itinerant preaching and doing whatever good came +to his hand. To support himself he worked as a tailor. He was one of the +first to witness against the evils of slavery, on which he wrote a tract, +_Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes_ (1753). His _Journal_ +"reveals his life and character with rare fidelity" and, though little +known compared with some similar works, gained the admiration of, among +other writers, Charles Lamb, who says, "Get the writings of John Woolman +by heart." In 1772 he went to England, where he _d._ of smallpox in the +same year. + + +WOOLNER, THOMAS (1826-1892).--Sculptor and poet, _b._ at Hadleigh, +attained a high reputation as a sculptor. He belonged to the +pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and contributed poems to their magazine, the +_Germ_. He wrote several vols. of poetry, including _My Beautiful Lady_ +(1863), _Pygmalion_, _Silenus_, _Tiresias_, and _Nelly Dale_. He had a +true poetic gift, though better known by his portrait busts. + + +WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1774-1846).--Biographer, etc., was a younger +brother of the poet, _ed._ at Camb., took orders, and became Chaplain to +the House of Commons, and Master of Trinity Coll., Camb. 1820-41. He was +also Vice-Chancellor of the Univ. 1820-21 and 1826-27. He _pub._ +_Ecclesiastical Biography_ (1810), and _Who wrote Eikon Basilike?_ in +which he argued for the authorship of Charles I. + + +WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1807-1885).--_S._ of above, _ed._ at Camb., took +orders and became a Canon of Westminster 1844, and Bishop of Lincoln +1868. He travelled in Greece, and discovered the site of Dodona. His +writings include in theology a commentary on the Bible (1856-70), _Church +History to A.D. 451_ (1881-83), and in other fields, _Athens and Attica_ +(1836), and _Theocritus_ (1844). + + +WORDSWORTH, DOROTHY (1771-1855).--Diarist, etc., was the only sister of +the poet, and his lifelong and sympathetic companion, and endowed in no +small degree with the same love of and insight into nature as is +evidenced by her _Journals_. Many of her brother's poems were suggested +by scenes and incidents recorded by her, of which that on Daffodils +beginning "I wandered lonely as a cloud" is a notable example. + + +WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM (1770-1850).--Poet, _s._ of John W., attorney and +agent to the 1st Lord Lonsdale, was _b._ at Cockermouth. His boyhood was +full of adventure among the hills, and he says of himself that he showed +"a stiff, moody, and violent temper." He lost his mother when he was 8, +and his _f._ in 1783 when he was 13. The latter, prematurely cut off, +left little for the support of his family of four sons and a _dau._, +Dorothy (afterwards the worthy companion of her illustrious brother), +except a claim for L5000 against Lord Lonsdale, which his lordship +contested, and which was not settled until his death. With the help, +however, of uncles, the family were well _ed._ and started in life. +William received his earlier education at Penrith and Hawkshead in +Lancashire; and in 1787 went to St. John's Coll., Camb., where he +graduated B.A. in 1791. In the preceding year, 1790, he had taken a +walking tour on the Continent, visiting France in the first flush of the +Revolution with which, at that stage, he was, like many of the best +younger minds of the time, in enthusiastic sympathy. So much was this the +case that he nearly involved himself with the Girondists to an extent +which might have cost him his life. His funds, however, gave out, and he +returned to England shortly before his friends fell under the guillotine. +His uncles were desirous that he should enter the Church, but to this he +was unconquerably averse; and indeed his marked indisposition to adopt +any regular employment led to their taking not unnatural offence. In 1793 +his first publication--_Descriptive Sketches of a Pedestrian Tour in the +Alps_, and _The Evening Walk_--appeared, but attracted little attention. +The beginning of his friendship with Coleridge in 1795 tended to confirm +him in his resolution to devote himself to poetry; and a legacy of L900 +from a friend put it in his power to do so by making him for a time +independent of other employment. He settled with his sister at Racedown, +Dorsetshire, and shortly afterwards removed to Alfoxden, in the Quantock +Hills, to be near Coleridge, who was then living at Nether Stowey in the +same neighbourhood. One result of the intimacy thus established was the +planning of a joint work, _Lyrical Ballads_, to which Coleridge +contributed _The Ancient Mariner_, and W., among other pieces, _Tintern +Abbey_. The first ed. of the work appeared in 1798. With the profits of +this he went, accompanied by his sister and Coleridge, to Germany, where +he lived chiefly at Goslar, and where he began the _Prelude_, a poem +descriptive of the development of his own mind. After over a year's +absence W. returned and settled with Dorothy at Grasmere. In 1800 the +second ed. of _Lyrical Ballads_, containing W.'s contributions alone, +with several additions, appeared. In the same year Lord Lonsdale _d._, +and his successor settled the claims already referred to with interest, +and the share of the brother and sister enabled them to live in the +frugal and simple manner which suited them. Two years later W.'s +circumstances enabled him to marry his cousin, Mary Hutchinson, to whom +he had been long attached. In 1804 he made a tour in Scotland, and began +his friendship with Scott. The year 1807 saw the publication of _Poems in +Two Volumes_, which contains much of his best work, including the "Ode to +Duty," "Intimations of Immortality," "Yarrow Unvisited," and the +"Solitary Reaper." In 1813 he migrated to Rydal Mount, his home for the +rest of his life; and in the same year he received, through the influence +of Lord Lonsdale, the appointment of Distributor of Stamps for +Westmoreland, with a salary of L400. The next year he made another +Scottish tour, when he wrote _Yarrow Visited_, and he also _pub._ _The +Excursion_, "being a portion of _The Recluse_, a Poem." W. had now come +to his own, and was regarded by the great majority of the lovers of +poetry as, notwithstanding certain limitations and flaws, a truly great +and original poet. The rest of his life has few events beyond the +publication of his remaining works (which, however, did not materially +advance his fame), and tokens of the growing honour in which he was held. +_The White Doe of Rylstone_ appeared in 1815, in which year also he made +a collection of his poems; _Peter Bell_ and _The Waggoner_ in 1819; _The +River Duddon_ and _Memorials of a Tour on the Continent_ in 1820; +_Ecclesiastical Sonnets_ 1822; and _Yarrow Revisited_ in 1835. In 1831 +he paid his last visit to Scott; in 1838 he received the degree of +D.C.L. from Durham, and in 1839 the same from Oxf. Three years later he +resigned his office of Distributor of Stamps in favour of his _s._, and +received a civil list pension of L300. The following year, 1843, he +succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate. His long, tranquil, and fruitful life +ended in 1850. He lies buried in the churchyard of Grasmere. After his +death the _Prelude_, finished in 1805, was _pub._ It had been kept back +because the great projected poem of which it was to have been the +preface, and of which _The Excursion_ is a part, was never completed. + +The work of W. is singularly unequal. When at his best, as in the +"Intimations of Immortality," "Laodamia," some passages in _The +Excursion_, and some of his short pieces, and especially his sonnets, he +rises to heights of noble inspiration and splendour of language rarely +equalled by any of our poets. But it required his poetic fire to be at +fusing point to enable him to burst through his natural tendency to +prolixity and even dulness. His extraordinary lack of humour and the, +perhaps consequent, imperfect power of self-criticism by which it was +accompanied, together with the theory of poetic theme and diction with +which he hampered himself, led him into a frequent choice of trivial +subjects and childish language which excited not unjust ridicule, and +long delayed the general recognition of his genius. He has a marvellous +felicity of phrase, an unrivalled power of describing natural appearances +and effects, and the most ennobling views of life and duty. But his great +distinguishing characteristic is his sense of the mystic relations +between man and nature. His influence on contemporary and succeeding +thought and literature has been profound and lasting. It should be added +that W., like Milton, with whom he had many points in common, was the +master of a noble and expressive prose style. + +SUMMARY.--_B._ 1770, _ed._ at Camb., sympathiser with French Revolution +in earlier stages, first publication _Tour in the Alps_ and _Evening +Walk_ 1793, became acquainted with Coleridge 1795, _pub._ with him +_Lyrical Ballads_ 1798, visits Germany and begins _Prelude_, returns to +England and settles at Grasmere, _pub._ second ed. of _Lyrical Ballads_, +entirely his own, 1800, _m._ Mary Hutchinson 1802, visits Scotland 1804 +and becomes acquainted with Scott, _pub._ _Poems in Two Volumes_ 1807, +goes to Rydal Mount 1813, appointed Distributor of Stamps, revisits +Scotland, writes _Yarrow Visited_ and _pub._ _The Excursion_ 1814, _White +Doe_ and _coll._ works 1815, _Waggoner_, _Ecclesiastical Sonnets_, etc., +1819-35, pensioned 1842, Poet Laureate 1843, _d._ 1850. + +There are numerous good ed. of the poems, including his own by Moxon +(1836, 1845, and 1850), and those by Knight (1882-86), Morley (1888), +Dowden (1893), Smith (1908). Another by Knight in 16 vols. includes the +prose writings and the _Journal_ by Dorothy (1896-97). _Lives_ by +Christopher Wordsworth (1857), Myers (1880), and others. See also +criticism by W. Raleign (1903). + + +WOTTON, SIR HENRY (1568-1639).--Diplomatist and poet, _s._ of a Kentish +gentleman, was _b._ at Boughton Park, near Maidstone, and _ed._ at +Winchester and Oxf. After spending 7 years on the Continent, he entered +the Middle Temple. In 1595 he became sec. to the Earl of Essex, who +employed him abroad, and while at Venice he wrote _The State of +Christendom or a Most Exact and Curious Discovery of many Secret Passages +and Hidden Mysteries of the Times_, which was not, however, printed until +1657. Afterwards he held various diplomatic appointments, but Court +favour latterly failed him and he was recalled from Venice and made +Provost of Eton in 1624, to qualify himself for which he took deacon's +orders. Among his other works were _Elements of Architecture_ (1624) and +_A Survey of Education_. His writings in prose and verse were _pub._ in +1651 as _Reliquiae Wottonianae_. His poems include two which are familiar +to all readers of Elizabethan verse, _The Character of a Happy Life_, +"How happy is he born and taught," and _On his Mistress, the Queen of +Bohemia_, beginning "Ye meaner Beauties of the Night." He was the +originator of many witty sayings, which have come down. + + +WRAXALL, SIR NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1751-1831).--Historical writer, _b._ at +Bristol, was for a few years in the service of the East India Company, +and thereafter employed on diplomatic missions, and sat for some years in +the House of Commons. In addition to a book of travels and some +historical works relating to the French and other foreign Courts, he +wrote _Historical Memories of my own Time_ 1772-84, _pub._ in 1815. The +work was severely criticised by both political parties, and in particular +by Macaulay; but W. made a reply which was considered to be on the whole +successful. A continuation bringing the narrative down to 1790 was _pub._ +in 1836. The _Memoirs_ are valuable for the light they throw on the +period, and especially for the portraits of public men which they give. + + +WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810-1877).--Antiquary, _b._ near Ludlow, of Quaker +parentage, was _ed._ at Camb. His first work was a _History of Essex_ +(1831-36). In 1836 he went to London, and adopted literature as a +profession, devoting himself specially to archaeology, history, and +biography. He held office in various societies such as the "Camden," +"Percy," and "Shakespeare," and ed. many works for them. In all he was +the author of over 80 publications, of which some of the chief are _The +Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, _Biographia Britannica Literaria_, +_Queen Elizabeth and her Times_, and _History of Domestic Manners and +Sentiments in England during the Middle Ages_. He was superintendent of +the excavation of the Roman city at Wroxeter in 1859. + + +WYATT, SIR THOMAS (1503-1542).--Poet, _s._ of Sir Henry W., a servant of +Henry VII., and _ed._ at St. John's Coll., Camb., came to Court and was +frequently employed by Henry VIII. on diplomatic missions. He is said to +have been an admirer of Anne Boleyn before her marriage, and on her +disgrace was thrown into the Tower for a short time. In 1537 he was +knighted, and two years later was against his will sent on a mission to +the Emperor Charles V. On the death in 1540 of Thomas Cromwell, to whose +party he belonged, W. was accused of misdemeanours during his embassy and +again imprisoned in the Tower, where he wrote a defence which resulted in +his release. In 1542 he was sent to meet the Spanish Ambassador at +Falmouth, and conduct him to London, but on the way caught a chill, of +which he _d._ W. shares with the Earl of Surrey (_q.v._) the honour of +being the first real successor of Chaucer, and also of introducing the +sonnet into England. In addition to his sonnets, which are in a more +correct form than those of Surrey, W. wrote many beautiful lyrics; in +fact he may be regarded as the reviver of the lyrical spirit in English +poetry which, making its appearance in the 13th century, had fallen into +abeyance. In the anthology known as _Tottel's Miscellany_, first _pub._ +in 1557, 96 pieces by W. appear along with 40 by Surrey, and others by +different hands. W. has less smoothness and sweetness than Surrey, but +his form of the sonnet was much more difficult as well as more correct +than that invented by the latter, and afterwards adopted by Shakespeare, +and his lyrical gift is more marked. + + +WYCHERLEY, WILLIAM (1640?-1716).--Dramatist, was _b._ at Clive, near +Shrewsbury, where his _f._ had an estate. He was at the Inner Temple in +1659, and at Oxf. in 1660. Part of his youth had been spent in France, +where he became a Roman Catholic, but at the Restoration he returned to +Protestantism. He wrote four comedies, _Love in a Wood_, _The Gentleman +Dancing Master_, _The Country Wife_, and _The Plain Dealer_, all produced +in the reign of Charles II., and nothing of consequence afterwards, a +vol. of poems doing little to add to his reputation. About 1679 he _m._ +the widowed Countess of Drogheda, who _d._ in 1681, and he entered into a +second marriage eleven days before his death. In his later years he +formed a friendship with Pope, then a boy of 16. W. was one of the +founders of the Comedy of Manners. The merit of his plays lies in smart +and witty dialogue rather than in construction. _The Plain Dealer_, his +best, is founded upon Moliere's _Misanthrope_. His plays are notoriously +coarse. + + +WYNTOUN, ANDREW of (1350?-1420?).--Chronicler, was a canon of St. +Andrews, who became Prior of St. Serf's island in Loch Leven. His work, +entitled _The Orygynale Cronykil_, begins with the creation of angels and +men and comes down to 1406. It is poetic in form though rarely so in +substance, and is of considerable historical value in its later parts and +as regards the see of St. Andrews. + + +YALDEN, THOMAS (1670-1736).--Poet, _s._ of an exciseman at Oxf., and +_ed._ at Magdalen Coll., entered the Church, in which he obtained various +preferments. He was the author of a considerable number of poems, +including a _Hymn to Darkness_, Pindaric Odes, and translations from the +classics. + + +YATES, EDMUND (1831-1894).--Novelist and dramatist, _b._ at Edin., held +for some years an appointment in the General Post Office. He did much +journalistic work, mainly as a dramatic writer, and wrote many dramatic +pieces and some novels, including _Running the Gauntlet_ and _The Black +Sheep_. He was perhaps best known as ed. of _The World_ society journal. + + +YONGE, CHARLOTTE MARY (1823-1901).--Novelist, only _dau._ of a landed +gentleman of Hampshire, was _b._ near Winchester, and in her girlhood +came under the influence of Keble, who was a near neighbour. She began +writing in 1848, and _pub._ during her long life about 100 works, chiefly +novels, interesting and well-written, with a High Church tendency. Among +the best known are _The Heir of Redclyffe_, _Heartsease_, and _The Daisy +Chain_. She also wrote _Cameos from English History_, and Lives of Bishop +Patteson and Hannah More. The profits of her works were devoted to +religious objects. + + +YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820).--Writer on agriculture, was _b._ in London, +the _s._ of a Suffolk clergyman. In his early years he farmed, making +many experiments, which though they did not bring him financial success, +gave him knowledge and experience, afterwards turned to useful account. +Various publications had made his name known, and in 1777 he became agent +to Lord Kingsborough on his Irish estates. In 1780 he _pub._ his _Tour in +Ireland_, and four years later started the _Annals of Agriculture_, 47 +vols. of which appeared. His famous tours in France were made 1787-90, +the results of his observations being _pub._ in _Travels in France_ +(1792). He was in 1793 appointed sec. to the newly founded Board of +Agriculture, and _pub._ many additional works on the subject. He is +justly regarded as the father of modern agriculture, in which, as in all +subjects affecting the public welfare, he maintained an active interest +until his death. In his later years he was blind. + + +YOUNG, EDWARD (1683-1765).--Poet, _s._ of the Rector of Upham, Hampshire, +where he was _b._ After being at Winchester School and Oxf. he +accompanied the Duke of Wharton to Ireland. Y., who had always a keen eye +towards preferment, and the cult of those who had the dispensing of it, +began his poetical career in 1713 with _An Epistle to Lord Lansdowne_. +Equally characteristic was the publication in the same year of two poems, +_The Last Day_ and _The Force of Religion_. The following year he +produced an elegy _On the Death of Queen Anne_, which brought him into +notice. Turning next to the drama he produced _Busiris_ in 1719, and _The +Revenge_ in 1721. His next work was a collection of 7 satires, _The Love +of Fame, the Universal Passion_. In 1727 he entered the Church, and was +appointed one of the Royal Chaplains, and Rector of Welwyn, Herts, in +1730. Next year he _m._ Lady Elizabeth Lee, the widowed _dau._ of the +Earl of Lichfield, to whom, as well as to her _dau._ by her former +marriage, he was warmly attached. Both _d._, and sad and lonely the poet +began his masterpiece, _The Complaint, or Night Thoughts_ (1742-44), +which had immediate and great popularity, and which still maintains its +place as a classic. In 1753 he brought out his last drama, _The +Brothers_, and in 1761 he received his last piece of preferment, that of +Clerk to the Closet to the Princess Dowager of Wales. Four years later, +in 1765, he _d._ The poems of Y., though in style artificial and +sometimes forced, abound in passages of passion and power which sometimes +reach the sublime. But the feelings and sentiments which he expresses +with so much force as a poet form an unpleasantly harsh contrast with the +worldliness and tuft-hunting of his life. + + + + +APPENDIX OF LIVING WRITERS + +_The number of writers included in this Appendix, and their +bibliographies, are necessarily limited, but it is hoped that despite the +difficulties of selection the list will be found fairly representative_. + + +ABBOTT, REV. EDWIN ABBOTT, D.D. (1838).--Writer on Biblical and literary +subjects. _Shakespearian Grammar_ (1870), ed. of _Bacon's Essays_ (1876), +_Bacon and Essex_ (1877), _Francis Bacon ... his Life and Works_ (1885), +_Flatland, a Romance of Many Dimensions_ (1884), _St. Thomas of +Canterbury_ (1898), _Paradosis_ (1904), _Johannine Vocabulary_ (1905), +_Silanus the Christian_ (1906), etc. + + +ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1849).--American novelist. _A Kentucky Cardinal_, _The +Choir Invisible_, _A Summer in Arcady_, _Blue Grass Region of Kentucky_, +_The Increasing Purpose_, _Aftermath_, part ii. of _A Kentucky Cardinal_, +_The Mettle of the Pasture_, _The Reign of Law_. + + +ANSON, SIR WILLIAM REYNELL, BART., D.C.L. (1843).--Legaland +constitutional writer, etc., _Law and Custom of the Constitution_, ed. +_Memoirs of the third Duke of Grafton_, etc. + + +ANSTEY, F., (_see_ GUTHRIE). + + +ARBER, EDWARD, D.Litt.--Literary antiquary. Has issued many reprints of +rare books. _English Reprints_, _English Scholars' Library_, ed. _An +English Garner_ (1880-83), _British Anthologies_ (1899-1901), _A +Christian Library_ (1907). + + +ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856).--Writer on the drama and translator of Ibsen; ed. +Ibsen's _Prose Dramas_, 5 vols., _Collected Works of Ibsen_, 11 vols., +translated with his brother, Major Chas. A., Ibsen's _Peer Gynt_, _Life +of Macready_, _Masks or Faces_, _Study and Stage_, _Real Conversations_ +(1904), etc. + + +ARNIM, COUNTESS VON (BEAUCHAMP).--_Elizabeth and her German Garden_, _A +Solitary Summer_, _The April Baby's Book of Tunes_, _The Benefactress_, +_Elizabeth's Adventures in Ruegen_, _Fraulein Schmidt and Mr. +Anstruther_. + + +ASHTON, JOHN (1834).--Literary antiquary, etc. _History of Chap-books of +Eighteenth Century_ (1882), _Humour, Wit, and Satire of Seventeenth +Century_ (ed. 1883), _Adventures and Discoveries of Capt. John Smith_ +(1884), _Romances of Chivalry_ (1886), _Social England under the Regency_ +(1890), etc. + + +AUSTIN, ALFRED (1835).--Poet Laureate 1896. _The Human Tragedy_, _Lyrical +Poems_, _Narrative Poems_, _Fortunatus the Pessimist_, _Alfred the +Great_, _Flodden Field: a Tragedy_ (1903), etc. Prose works include _The +Garden that I Love_, _In Veronica's Garden_, _Lamia's Winter Quarters_, +_Sacred and Profane Love_ (1908). + + +AVEBURY, JOHN LUBBOCK, 1ST LORD, P.C., D.C.L., etc. +(1834).--Miscellaneous writer. _Use of Life_, _Beauties of Nature_, +_Pleasures of Life_ (two parts), _British Wild Flowers considered in +relation to Insects, Ants, Bees, and Wasps_, _The Origin of +Civilisation_, and many other works on Natural History, Sociology, and +Economics. + + +BAGOT, RICHARD (1860).--Novelist. _A Roman Mystery_ (1899), _Casting of +Nets_ (1901), _Donna Diana_ (1903), _Temptation_ (1907), etc. + + +BALFOUR, RIGHT HON. ARTHUR JAMES, P.C., LL.D., D.C.L., etc. +(1848).--Statesman and philosophic writer. _A Defence of Philosophic +Doubt_ (1879), _Essays and Addresses_ (1893), _The Foundations of Belief_ +(1895), _Reflections suggested by the New Theory of Matter_ (1904). + + +BALL, SIR ROBERT STAWELL, LL.D., F.R.S. (1840).--Scientific writer. _The +Story of the Heavens_ (1885), _Starland_ (1889), _The Story of the Sun_ +(1893), _The Earth's Beginning_ (1901), etc. + + +BARING-GOULD, SABINE (1834).--Novelist and folk-lorist, etc. _Iceland, +its Scenes and Sagas_ (1862), _Curious Myths of the Middle Ages_ (1866), +_Origin and Development of Religious Belief_ (1869-70), _Lives of the +Saints_ (1872-77). Novels, _Mehalah_ (1880), _Richard Cable_ (1888), _The +Pennycomequicks_ (1889), _Domitia_ (1898), _Pabo the Priest_ (1899), +_Crock of Gold_ (1899), _Nebo the Nailer_ (1902), _Devonshire Characters_ +(1908), etc.; also books on Folk-lore. + + +BARRIE, JAMES MATTHEW, LL.D. (1860).--Novelist and dramatist. _Auld Licht +Idylls_, _When a Man's Single_ (1888), _A Window in Thrums_ (1889), _My +Lady Nicotine_ (1890), _The Little Minister_ (1891), _Sentimental Tommy_, +_Margaret Ogilvy_ (1896), _The Little White Bird_ (1902), _Peter Pan_ +(1906), etc. Dramatic works include _The Professor's Love Story_, _The +Little Minister_, _The Wedding Guest_ (1900), _The Admirable Crichton_ +(1903), _Peter Pan_ (1904), _What Every Woman Knows_ (1908). + + +BARRY, REV. WILLIAM (FRANCIS), D.D. (1849).--Novelist, etc. _The New +Antigone_ (1887), _Two Standards_ (1898), _Arden Massiter_ (1900), _The +Wizard's Knot_ (1901), _The Dayspring_ (1903), etc. + + +BATTERSBY, HARRY FRANCIS PREVOST ("FRANCIS PREVOST").--Poet, novelist, +and war correspondent. Poems, _Melilot_ (1886), _Fires of Greenwood_ +(1887). Novels, _Rust of Gold_ (1895), _The Avenging Hour_ (1896), _False +Dawn_ (1897), _The Plague of the Heart_ (1902), etc.; joint translator of +Tolstoi's _Christ's Christianity_ and _What to Do_. Plays, _The Way of +War_ (1902), and _Voice of Duty_ (1904). + + +BAX, ERNEST BELFORT (1854).--Writer on philosophy and socialism. _Kant's +Prolegomena with Biography and Introduction_ (1882), _Handbook to the +History of Philosophy_ (1884), _Religion of Socialism_ (1886), _Ethics of +Socialism_ (1889), _The Problem of Reality_ (1893), _Socialism, its +Growth and Outcome_ (with W. Morris) (1894), _The Roots of Reality_ +(1907), etc. + + +BEAZLEY, CHARLES RAYMOND, F.R.G.S. (1868).--Historical geographer, _James +of Aragon_ (1870), _Henry the Navigator_ (1895), _Dawn of Modern +Geography_, 3 vols. (1897-1906), etc. + + +BECKE, GEORGE LOUIS (1848).--Novelist. _By Reef and Palm_ (1890), _A +First Fleet Family_ (1896), _Pacific Tales_ (1897), _Tom Wallis_ (1900), +_Yorke, the Adventurer_ (1901), _Chinkie's Flat_ (1903), etc.; and with +W. Jeffery, _His Native Wife_ (1896), _The Mutineer_, _Admiral Phillip_ +(1899), _The Tapu of Benderah_, etc. + + +BEECHING, REV. HENRY CHARLES, D.Litt. (1859).--Miscellaneous writer. _In +a Garden and other Poems_ (1895), _Pages from a Private Diary_ (1898), +various vols. of sermons, etc., including _Seven Sermons to Schoolboys_ +(1894), _The Grace of Episcopacy_ (1906); has ed. _A Paradise of English +Poetry_ (1892), _Lyra Sacra_ (1894), and various English classics, etc. + + +BEERBOHM, MAX (1872).--Essayist and dramatic critic, _The Works of Max +Beerbohm_, _The Happy Hypocrite_, _Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen_, +_More_ (1898), _Yet Again_ (1909), etc. + + +BEESLY, EDWARD SPENCER (1831).--Writer on history and philosophy. +_Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius_ (1878), _Queen Elizabeth_ (1892), has +translated various works of Aug. Comte, etc. + + +BELL, HENRY THOMAS MACKENZIE (1856).--Poet and critic. _Spring's +Immortality and other Poems_, _Christina Rossetti_, _Pictures of Travel +and other Poems_ (1898), _Collected Poems_ (1901). + + +BELLOC, HILAIRE (1870).--Miscellaneous writer. _The Bad Child's Book of +Beasts_ (1896), _More Beasts for Worse Children_ (1897), _The Moral +Alphabet_, _Danton_ (1899), _Lambkin's Remains_ (1900), _Robespierre_ +(1901), _Caliban's Guide to Letters_ (1903), _Mr. Burden_ (1904), _Esto +Perpetua_ (1906), _The Historic Thames_ (1907), _The Path to Rome_, etc. + + +BENNETT, ENOCH ARNOLD (1867).--Novelist, etc. _A Man from the North_ +(1898), _Polite Farces_ (1899), _Anna of the Five Towns_ (1902), _A Great +Man_ (1904), _The Grim Smile of the Five Towns_ (1907), _Buried Alive_ +(1908), _Old Wives' Tale_ (1908), etc. + + +BENSON, ARTHUR CHRISTOPHER (1862).--Poet, biographer and miscellaneous +writer. _Poems_ (1893), _Lyrics_ (1895), _The Professor and other Poems_ +(1900), _The House of Quiet_ (1903), _Peace and other Poems_ (1905), +_From a College Window_ (1906), _Beside Still Waters_ (1907), books on +Tennyson, Rossetti, E. Fitzgerald, Walter Pater, etc. + + +BENSON, EDWARD FREDERIC (1867).--Novelist. _Dodo_ (1893), _Rubicon_ +(1894), _Judgment Books_ (1895), _The Babe B.A._ (1897), _Vintage_ +(1898), _Scarlet and Hyssop_ (1902), _Image in the Sand_ (1905). Plays, +_Aunt Jeannie_ (1902), _House of Defence_ (1907), etc. + + +BERDOE, EDWARD (1836).--Writer on Browning, etc. _Browning's Message to +his Time_ (1890), _Browning Cyclopaedia_ (1891), _Biographical and +Historical Notes to Browning's Complete Works_ (1894), _Browning and the +Christian Faith_ (1896), _A Browning Primer_ (1904), and various books on +medicine, etc. + + +BERENSON, BERNHARD (1865).--Writer on art. _Venetian Painters of the +Renaissance_ (1894), _Lorenzo Lotto, an Essay on Constructive Art +Criticism_ (1895), _Florentine Painters of the Renaissance_ (1896), +_Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance_ (1897), _Study and +Criticism of Italian Art_ (1901), _North Italian Painters of the +Renaissance_, _A Sienese Painter of the Franciscan Legend_ (1910), etc. + + +BESANT, MRS. ANNIE (1847).--Theosophist. _Re-incarnation_ (1892), _Death +and After_ (1893), _Karma_ (1895), _The Self and its Sheaths_ (1895), +_Ancient Wisdom_ (1897), _Dharma_ (1899), _Esoteric Christianity_ (1901), +_Pedigree of Man_ (1903), _Wisdom of the Upanishats_ (1906), etc. + + +BINYON, LAURENCE (1869).--Poet and art critic. _Lyric Poems_ (1894), +_London Visions_, Book I. (1895), Book II. (1898), _The Praise of Life_ +(1896), _Porphyrion and other Poems_ (1898), _Odes_ (1900), _Penthesilea_ +(1905), _Paris and AEnone_ (1906), etc. + + +BIRRELL, AUGUSTINE, M.P., LL.D. (1850).--Essayist, etc. _Obiter Dicta_ +(1884), _Res Judicatae_ (1892), _Men, Women, and Books_ (1894), _Collected +Essays_ (1900), _Miscellanies_ (1901). Books on Charlotte Bronte, +Hazlitt, etc. Ed. Boswell's _Johnson_ (1907). + + +BLAIKIE, JOHN ARTHUR (1849).--Poet and journalist. _Madrigals, Songs, and +Sonnets_ (1870), _Love's Victory_ (1890), and _A Sextet of Singers_ +(1895). + + +BLAND, MRS. HUBERT ["E. NESBIT"] (1858).--Poet and novelist. _Lays and +Legends_ (1886), second series (1892), _A Pomander of Verse_ (1895), _In +Homespun_ (1896), _Secret of Kyriels_ (1898), _Book of Dragons_ (1900), +_Five Children and It_ (1902), _The Phoenix and the Carpet_ (1904), _The +Railway Children_ (1906), _Salome and the Head_ (1908), etc. + + +BLOUNDELLE-BURTON, JOHN EDWARD (1850).--Novelist. _Silent Shore_ (1886), +_Desert Ship_ (1890), _Denounced_ (1896), _A Bitter Heritage_ (1899), _A +Branded Name_ (1903), _A Woman from the Sea_ (1907), and _Last of her +Race_ (1908), etc. + + +BLUNT, WILFRID SCAWEN (1840).--Poet, etc. _Love Sonnets of Proteus_ +(1880), _Future of Islam_ (1882), _The Wind and the Whirlwind_ (1883), +_Esther_ (1892), _The Stealing of the Mare_ (1892), _Seven Golden Odes of +Pagan Arabia_ (1903), _Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt_ +(1907), etc. + + +BOAS, FREDERICK S. (1862).--Scholar. _Shakespeare and his Predecessors_ +(1896), ed. works of T. Kyd, and of Giles and Phineas Fletcher, etc. + + +BODLEY, JOHN EDWARD COURTENAY, D.C.L. (1853).--Historian. _France_, vol. +i. _The Revolution and Modern France_, vol. ii. _The Parliamentary +System_, _The Coronation of Edward VII._ (1903), _The Church in France_ +(1906), etc. + + +"BOLDREWOOD, ROLF," (_see_ BROWNE). + + +BOURDILLON, F.W. (1852).--Poet, etc. _Among the Flowers_ (1878), _Sursum +Corda_ (1893), _Nephele_ (1896), etc. + + +BRADDON, MARY ELIZABETH (1837).--Novelist. _Lady Audley's Secret_, +_Aurora Floyd_ (1862), _Henry Dunbar_ (1864), _Only a Clod_ (1865), _The +Lady's Mile_ (1866), _Dead Sea Fruit_ (1869), _Robert Ainsleigh_ (1872), +_Hostages to Fortune_ (1875), _Vixen_ (1870), _Wyllard's Weird_ (1886), +_Rough Justice_ (1898), _His Darling Sin_ (1895), _The White House_ +(1906), and many others. + + +BRADLEY, ANDREW CECIL, L.L.D., Litt.D., etc.--Critic. _A Commentary on +Tennyson's In Memoriam_ (1901), _Shakespearian Tragedy_ (1904), _Oxford +Lectures on Poetry_ (1909). + + +BRADLEY, FRANCIS HERBERT (1846).--Philosopher. _The Presuppositions of +Critical History_ (1874), _Ethical Studies_ (1876), _The Principles of +Logic_ (1883), and _Appearance and Reality_ (1893). + + +BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844).--Poet. _Essay on Milton's Prosody_, _Critical +Essay on Keats_. Poems, _The Growth of Love_, _Prometheus the Firegiver_, +_Eros and Psyche_. Plays, _Nero_, _Ulysses_, _Christian Captives_, +_Achilles in Scyros_, _Feast of Bacchus_, etc. + + +BROOKE, REV. STOPFORD AUGUSTUS, LL.D. (1832).--Writer on English +literature and theology, etc. _Theology of the English Poets_ (1874), +_Primer of English Literature_ (1876), _Riquet of the Tuft_ (1880), +(drama), _Unity of God and Man_ (1886), _Poems_ (1888), _History of Early +English Literature_ (1892), _History of English Literature_ (1894), and +_Gospel of Joy_ (1898). + + +BROUGHTON, RHODA (1840).--Novelist. _Cometh up as a Flower_ (1867), _Not +Wisely but too Well_ (1867), _Red as a Rose is She_ (1870), _Goodbye, +Sweetheart, Goodbye_ (1872), _Dr. Cupid_ (1886), _Scylla or Charybdis?_ +(1895), _Dear Faustina_ (1897), _The Game and the Candle_ (1899), _Foes +in Law_ (1901), etc. + + +BROWN, PETER HUME, LL.D. (1850).--Historian. _George Buchanan, Humanist +and Reformer_ (1890), _Early Travellers in Scotland_ (1891), _Scotland +before 1700_ (1893), _John Knox, a Biography_ (1895), _History of +Scotland_ (1898-1909), etc. + + +BROWNE, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1826).--Australian novelist. _Robbery under +Arms_ (1888), _The Miner's Right_ (1890), _A Sydney-side Saxon_ (1891), +_A Modern Buccaneer_ (1894), _The Squatter's Dream_, _The Crooked Stick_, +_Old Melbourne Memories_ (1895), _A Canvas Town Romance_ (1898), _Babes +in the Bush_ (1900), _A Tale of the Golden West_ (1906), etc. + + +BROWNING, OSCAR (1837).--Historian, etc. _Modern England_ (1879), _Modern +France_ (1880), _England and Napoleon in 1803_ (1887), _History of +England_, in four vols. (1890), _True Stories from English History_ +(1886), _Guelphs and Ghibellines_ (1894), _Wars of the Nineteenth +Century_ (1899), _History of Europe_ 1814-1843 (1901), and also Lives of +George Eliot, Dante, Goethe, Bartolommeo Colleoni, and Napoleon. + + +BRYCE, RIGHT HON. JAMES, P.C., D.C.L., etc. (1838).--Historical and +political writer, etc. _The Holy Roman Empire_ (1862), _Transcaucasia and +Ararat_ (1877), _The American Commonwealth_ (1888), _Studies in History +and Jurisprudence_ (1901), _Studies in Contemporary Biography_ (1903), +etc. + + +BUCHAN, JOHN (1875).--Novelist, etc. _Musa Piscatrix_ (1896), +_Scholar-Gipsies_ (1896), _John Burnet of Barns_ (1898), _The Watcher by +the Threshold_ (1902), and _A Lodge in the Wilderness_ (1906). + + +BUDGE, ERNEST A. WALLIS, Litt.D., etc.--Orientalist, etc. Has produced +ed. of numerous Assyrian and Egyptian texts. _The Dwellers on the Nile_ +(1885), _Excavations at Aswan_ (1888), _Festival Songs of Isis and +Nephthys, etc._ (1891), _Book of the Dead_ (1895), _The Laughable Stories +of Bar-Hebraeus_ (1896), _A History of Egypt, etc._ (1902), _The Gods of +Egypt_ (1903), _The Egyptian Sudan_ (1907), etc. + + +BULLEN, ARTHUR HENRY (1857).--Ed. of Old English writers. Ed. Works of +John Day, dramatist (1881), _Collection of Old English Plays_ (1882-84), +_Selections from Poems of Michael Drayton_ (1883), ed. Works of Marlowe, +Middleton, Marston, Peele, Campion, _Lyrics from the Song Books of +Elizabethan Age_ (1886), _England's Helicon_ (1887), works of Thos. +Traherne, W. Strode, etc. + + +BULLEN, FRANK THOMAS (1857).--Writer of nautical romances. _The Cruise of +the Cachalot_, _Idylls of the Sea_, _With Christ at Sea_, _A Whaleman's +Wife_, _Sea Wrack_, _Sea Puritans_, _A Son of the Sea_, _Frank Brown_, +etc. + + +BURNAND, SIR FRANCIS COWLEY (1836).--Humorist and dramatist, ed. of +_Punch_ (1880-1906), to which he contributed _Mokeanna_, _Strapmore_, +_Happy Thoughts_, etc. Has written over 120 plays, including _Black-eyed +Susan_, _The Colonel_, _Contrabandista_, _His Majesty_, etc. + + +BURNETT, MRS. FRANCES HODGSON (1849).--Novelist and dramatist. _That Lass +o' Lowrie's_ (1877), _Haworths_ (1879), _A Fair Barbarian_ (1881), +_Through One Administration_ (1883), _Little Lord Fauntleroy_ (1886), _A +Lady of Quality_ (1896), _Making of a Marchioness_ (1901), etc. Plays, +_Phyllis_, _The Showman's Daughter_, _Esmeralda_, _Little Lord +Fauntleroy_, etc. + + +BURY, JOHN B., LL.D., etc. (1861).--Historian. _History_ _of the Later +Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene_ (1889), _History of Greece to Death +of Alexander the Great_ (1900), _Life of St. Patrick_ (1905); has ed. +_Pindar's Nemean Odes_ and _Isthmian Odes_, Gibbon's _Decline and Fall_, +and part of E.A. Freeman's works. + + +BUTCHER, SAMUEL HENRY, LL.D., etc. (1850).--Scholar. _Prose Translation +of the Odyssey_ (1879), with A. Lang, _Some Aspects of the Greek Genius_ +(1891-1904), _Aristotle's Theory of Poetry_, (1895, 1903). etc. + + +BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS, G.C.B. (1838).--Traveller and biographer. +_The Great Lone Land_ (1872), _The Wild North Land_ (1873), _The Campaign +of the Cataracts_ (1887), _From Naboth's Vineyard_ (1907), Lives of Gen. +Gordon, Sir. C. Napier, Sir G.P. Colley, etc. + + +CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844).--American novelist. _Old Creole Days_ +(1879), _The Grandissimes_ (1880), _Madame Delphine_ (1881), _Dr. Sevier_ +(1884), _John March_ (1884), _The Cavalier_ (1901), _Bylow Hill_ (1902), +etc. + + +CAINE, HALL (1853).--Novelist.--_Shadow of a Crime_ (1885), _Son of +Hagar_ (1886), _The Deemster_ (1887), _The Bondman_ (1890), _The +Scapegoat_ (1891), _The Manxman_ (1894), _The Christian_ (1897), _The +Eternal City_ (1901), _The Prodigal Son_ (1904), several of which have +been dramatised. Has also written books on Rossetti and Coleridge. + + +CAMBRIDGE, ADA (MRS. CROSS) (1844).--Australian novelist. _A Marked Man_ +(1891), _The Three Miss Kings_ (1891), _A Little Minx_ (1893), _Fidelis_ +(1895), _Materfamilias_ (1898), _The Devastators_ (1901), _A Happy +Marriage_ (1906), _The Eternal Feminine_ (1907), etc. + + +CAMPBELL, WILFRED, LL.D. (1861).--Poet. _Lake Lyrics_ (1889), _Dread +Voyage Poems_ (1893), _Mordred and Hildebrand Tragedies_ (1895), _Beyond +the Hills of Dream_ (1899), _Ian of the Orcades_ (1906) (novel), etc. + + +CASTLE, EGERTON (1858).--Novelist. _Consequences_ (1891), _The Light of +Scarthey_ (1895), _The Jerningham Letters_ (1896), _The Pride of Jennico_ +(1898), _Desperate Remedies_ (play), _Young April_ (1899), _The Secret +Orchard_ (1899), _Incomparable Bellairs_ (1904), _Wroth_ (1908) (with +Agnes Castle), etc. + + +CHAMBERS, ROBERT WILLIAM (1865).--American novelist. _In the Quarter_ +(1895), _The Red Republic_ (1896), _Lorraine_, _The Cambric Mask_, _The +Maids of Paradise_ (1903), _A Young Man in a Hurry_ (1906), _The Fighting +Chance_ (1907), etc. + + +CHESTERTON, GILBERT KEITH (1874).--Essayist, etc. _The Wild Knight_, +_Greybeards at Play_, _Twelve Types_, _The Napoleon of Notting Hill_ +(1904), _Club of Queer Trades_ (1905), _Heretics_ (1905), _All Things +Considered_ (1908), books on R. Browning, Dickens, G.F. Watts, G.B. Shaw, +etc. + + +CHOLMONDELEY, MARY.--Novelist. _Diana Tempest_, _Red Pottage_, _Moth and +Rust_ (1902), _Prisoners_ (1906), etc. + + +CHURCHILL, WINSTON (1871).--American novelist. _The Celebrity_, _Richard +Carvel_ (1899), _The Crisis_ (1901), _The Crossing_ (1903), _Coniston_ +(1906), _Mr. Crewe's Career_ (1908). + + +CLEMENS, SAMUEL LANGHORNE, (_see_ "TWAIN"). + + +CLIFFORD, MRS. W.K. (LANE).--Novelist, etc. _Mrs. Keith's Crime_ (1885), +_Love Letters of a Worldly Woman_ (1891), _Aunt Anne_ (1893), _A Woman +Alone_ (1901), _The Modern Way_ (1906), etc., and various plays. + + +CLODD, EDWARD (1840).--Scientific writer, etc. _The Childhood of the +World_ (1872), _The Childhood of Religions_ (1875), _Myths and Dreams_ +(1885), _Story of Primitive Man_ (1895), _Primer of Evolution_ (1895), +_Animism_ (1906), etc. + + +COLERIDGE, CHRISTABEL ROSE (1843).--Novelist. _Lady Betty_ (1869), _The +Face of Carlyon_ (1875), _An English Squire_ (1881), _A Near Relation_ +(1886), _Waynflete_ (1893), _The Winds of Cathrigg_ (1901), etc. + + +COLVIN, SIDNEY, D.Litt. (1845).--Writer on art, etc. _A Florentine +Picture-Chronicle_ (1898), _Early Engraving and Engravers in England_ +(1906), Lives of Keats, Landor; ed. Letters of Keats and R.L. Stevenson, +and the Edinburgh ed. of the latter's works, etc. + + +"CONNOR, RALPH" (Rev. C.W. GORDON) (1860).--Novelist, etc. _The Sky +Pilot_, _The Man from Glengarry_, _The Doctor of Crow's Nest_, etc. + + +CONRAD, JOSEPH.--Novelist. _Almayer's Folly_ (1895), _An Outcast of the +Islands_ (1896), _Tales of Unrest_ (1898), _Lord Jim_ (1900), _Typhoon_ +(1903), _Nostromo_ (1904), _The Mirror of the Sea_ (1906), _The Secret +Agent_ (1907). + + +CORELLI, MARIE (1864).--Novelist. _A Romance of Two Worlds_ (1886), +_Vendetta_ (1886), _Thelma_ (1887), _Soul of Lilith_ (1892), _Sorrows of +Satan_ (1895), _Mighty Atom_ (1896), _Murder of Delicia_ (1896), _Ziska_ +(1897), _The Master Christian_ (1900), _God's Good Man_ (1904), _The +Treasure of Heaven_ (1906), _Holy Orders_ (1908). + + +COTES, MRS. EVERARD (DUNCAN) (1861).--Novelist. _A Social Departure_ +(1890), _American Girl in London_ (1891), _The Simple Adventures of a Mem +Sahib_, _Story of Sunny Sahib_, _His Honour and a Lady_, _Pool in the +Desert_ (1903), _Set in Authority_ (1906), etc. + + +COURTHOPE, WILLIAM JOHN, C.B., LL.D., etc. (1842).--Critic, biographer, +etc. _Ludibria Lunae_ (1869), _Paradise of Birds_ (1870), _History of +English Poetry_ (vol. vi. 1910), and Lives of Addison and Pope. + + +COURTNEY, Wm. LEONARD, LL.D. (1850).--Critic, etc. _Studies New and Old_ +(1888), _Dramas and Diversions_ (1900), _The Literary Man's Bible_ +(1909), etc. + + +CRADDOCK, CHARLES EGBERT (_see_ MURFREE). + + +CROCKETT, SAMUEL RUTHERFORD (1860).--Novelist and poet. _The Stickit +Minister_ (1893), _The Raiders_ (1894), _Lilac Sunbonnet_ (1894), _Bog, +Myrtle, and Peat_ (1895), _Men of the Moss Hags_ (1895), _Grey Man_ +(1896), _Standard Bearer_ (1898), _Joan of the Sword Hand_ (1900), _Love +Idylls_ (1901), _Me and Myn_ (1907), _Bloom of the Heather_ (1908). + + +CROMMELIN, MAY DE LA CHEROIS.--Novelist. _Queenie_, _My Love She's but a +Lassie_, _Orange Lily_, _For the Sake of the Family_, _Crimson Lilies_, +_I Little Knew_, etc. + + +CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM, D.D. (1849).--Economist, etc. _Growth of English +Industry and Commerce_, _Western Civilisation_, _Modern Civilisation_, +_Use and Abuse of Money_, _Path Towards Knowledge_, _Rise and Decline of +Free Trade_, etc. + + +CUNNINGHAME-GRAHAM, ROBERT BONTINE (1852).--Traveller, essayist, etc. +_Father Archangel of Scotland_ (1896), with Mrs. C.-G. _Aurora la +Cugini_, _Mogreb el Acksa_, _Journey in Morocco_ (1898), _Thirteen +Stories_ (1900), _A Vanished Arcadia_ (1901), _Life of Hernando de Soto_ +(1903), etc. + + +DAVIS, RICHARD HARDING (1864).--American novelist, etc. _Soldiers of +Fortune_, _The Princess Aline_, _In the Fog_, _Captain Macklin_, _Real +Soldiers of Fortune_ (1906), also books on his adventures in Venezuela, +Cuba, South Africa, etc. + + +DE MORGAN, WILLIAM FREND (1839).--Novelist. _Joseph Vance: An Ill-written +Autobiography_ (1906), _Alice-for-short: A Dichronism_ (1907), _Somehow +Good_ (1908), _It Never can Happen Again_ (1909). + + +DICKINSON, GOLDSWORTHY LOWES.--Historical writer. _Revolution and +Reaction in Modern France_, _The Development of Parliament in the +Nineteenth Century_, _The Greek View of Life_, _The Meaning of Good_, +_Letters of John Chinaman_, _A Modern Symposium_, _Justice and Liberty_ +(1909), etc. + + +DILKE, SIR CHARLES WENTWORTH, BART., P.C., LL.D., etc. (1843).--Political +writer. _Greater Britain_ (1868), _The Fall of Prince Floristan of +Monaco_, _Problems of Greater Britain_ (1890), etc. + + +DOBSON, HENRY AUSTIN, LL.D. (1840).--Poet and biographer. Poems, +_Vignettes in Rhyme_ (1873), _Proverbs in Porcelain_ (1877), _Old World +Idylls_ (1883), _At the Sign of the Lyre_ (1885). Prose, _Thomas Bewick +and his Pupils_ (1884), _Eighteenth Century Vignettes_ (3 series, 1892, +1894, and 1896), Lives of Fielding (1883), Steele (1886), Goldsmith +(1888), H. Walpole (1890), Hogarth (1891), Richardson (1892), etc. Ed. +Diaries of Madame D'Arblay, J. Evelyn, etc. + + +DOUGHTY, ARTHUR.--Historical and miscellaneous writer. _Life and Works of +Tennyson_ (1893), _Song Story of Francesca and Beatrice_ (1896), _The +Siege of Quebec and Battle of the Plains of Abraham_ (6 vols. 1901-2), +_The Fortress of Quebec_ (1904), etc. + + +DOUGHTY, CHARLES MONTAGUE.--Traveller and poet. _Wanderings in Arabia_ +(1908) (new ed. abridged from _Arabia Deserta_), _The Dawn in Britain_, +_Adam Cast Forth_ (1906), _The Cliffs_ (1909). + + +DOUGLAS, SIR GEORGE BRISBANE SCOTT, BART. (1856).--Poet and miscellaneous +writer. _Poems_ (1880), _The Fireside Tragedy_ (1896), _New Border Tales_ +(1892), _Poems of a Country Gentleman_ (1897), _History of Border +Counties_, Lives of James Hogg and General Wauchope, etc. + + +DOUGLAS, JAMES (1869).--_The Man in the Pulpit_ (1905), _The Unpardonable +Sin_ (1907), _Theodore Watts-Dunton_. + + +DOWDEN, EDWARD, LL.D., D.C.L. (1843).--Literary critic, etc. +_Shakespeare, his Mind and Art_ (1875), _Shakespeare Primer_ (1877), +_Studies in Literature_ (1878), _The French Revolution and English +Literature_ (1897), _A History of French Literature_ (1897), books on +Shelley, Browning, Montaigne; ed. Shakespeare's Sonnets, _The Passionate +Pilgrim_ (1883), the Correspondence of Henry Taylor, Works of Shelley, +Wordsworth, etc. + + +DOYLE, SIR ARTHUR CONAN, LL.D. (1859).--Novelist. _A Study in Scarlet_ +(1887), _Micah Clarke_ (1888), _The Sign of Four_ (1889), _White Company_ +(1890), _Firm of Girdlestone_ (1890), _Adventures of Sherlock Holmes_ +(1891), _Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes_ (1893), _Exploits of Brigadier +Gerard_ (1896), _Uncle Bernac_ (1897), _Sir Nigel_ (1906), etc. + + +DUCLAUX, MADAME, (_see_ ROBINSON, A.M.F.) + + +DUDENEY, MRS. HENRY (WHIFFIN) (1866).--Novelist. _A Man with a Maid_ +(1897), _Folly Corner_, _Men of Marlowe's_, _Robin Brilliant_, _Wise +Words_, _The Orchard Thief_ (1907), etc. + + +EDWARDS, MATILDA BETHAM.--Novelist, etc. _The White House by the Sea_, +_Dr. Jacob_, _John and I_, _The Sylvesters_, _France of To-day_, _The +Golden Bee_ (ballads) (1896), _Anglo-French Reminiscences_ (1899), _A +Suffolk Courtship_ (1900), and _Home Life in France_ (1905). + + +EDWARDS, OWEN MORGAN (1858).--Writer on Welsh history and literature. +_Story of Wales_ (1902), and several books (_Tro yn yr Eidal_, etc.) in +Welsh, and has ed. various Welsh texts, etc. + + +ELLIS, ROBINSON (1834).--Scholar. _The Poems and Fragments of Catullus in +the Metres of the Original_ (1871), _A Commentary on Catullus_ (1876), +_The Ibis of Ovid, etc._ (1881), _The Fables of Avianus_ (1887), _Noctes +Manilianae_ (1891), many separate lectures on classical subjects, etc. + + +ELTON, OLIVER (1861).--Critical writer, etc. _The Augustan Ages_ (Periods +of European Literature) (1890), _Michael Drayton_ (1906); has ed. some of +Milton's poems and translated Mythical Books of Saxo Grammaticus' +_Historia Danica_. + + +ESLER, MRS. ERMINDA (RENTOUL).--Novelist. _The Way of Transgressors_ +(1890), _The Way they loved at Grimpat_ (1894), _'Mid Green Pastures_ +(1895), _Youth at the Prow_ (1898), _Awakening of Helena Thorpe_ (1901), +_The Trackless Way_ (1904), etc. + + +EVERETT-GREEN, Miss EVELYN (1856).--Novelist, etc. _Last of the Dacres_ +(1886), _Dare Lorimer's Heritage_ (1892), _French and English_ (1898), +_Heir of Hascombe Hall_ (1899), _Dufferin's Keep_ (1905), etc. + + +"FIELD, MICHAEL".--Poet (pen-name adopted by two ladies, understood to be +Miss Bradley and Miss Cooper). _Callirrhoe_ (1884), _Brutus Ultor_ +(1887), _Fair Rosamund_ (1884), _The Father's Tragedy_ (1885), +_Stephania_ (1892), _Canute the Great_ (1887), _Anna Ruina_ (1899), +_Julia Danna_ (1903), and _Wild Honey_ (1908). + + +FINDLATER, JANE HELEN.--Novelist. _Green Graves of Balgowrie_, _A +Daughter of Strife_, _Rachel_, _Tales that are Told_ (with Mary +Findlater), _Story of a Mother_, _Stones from a Glass House_, _The Affair +at the Inn_ (with K.D. Wiggin), _The Ladder to the Stars_ (1906), etc. + + +FISHER, HERBERT ALBERT LAURENS (1865).--Historian. _The Mediaeval Empire_ +(1898), _Studies in Napoleonic Statesmanship_ (1903), _A Political +History of England_ (1906), etc. + + +FISON, LORIMER, D.D. (1832).--Anthropologist. _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, +_Group Marriage and Marriage by Elopement_ (with A.W. Hewitt), _Land +Tenure in Fiji_, _Tales from Old Fiji_, etc. + + +FITZMAURICE-KELLY, JAMES (1858).--Writer on Spanish literature. _Life of +Cervantes_ (1892), _History of Spanish Literature_ (1898), _Lope de Vega +and the Spanish Drama_ (1902), _Cervantes in England_ (1905), ed. +complete Works of Cervantes, etc. + + +FLEMING, DAVID HAY, LL.D. (1849).--Historian and antiquary. _Charters of +St. Andrews_ (1883), _Martyrs and Confessors of St. Andrews_ (1887), +_Scotland after the Union of the Crowns_ (1890), _Mary Queen of Scots_ +(1897), _Scottish History and Life_ (3 sections, 1902), _Story of the +Scottish Covenants_. + + +FLINT, ROBERT, D.D., LL.D. (1838).--Writer on philosophy, sociology, and +theology. _Philosophy of History in Europe_ (1874), _Theism_ (1877), +_Anti-Theistic Theories_ (1879), _Historical Philosophy in France_ +(1894), _Socialism_ (1894), _Agnosticism_ (1903), etc. + + +FORMAN, HARRY BUXTON, C.B. (1842).--Biographer, etc. _Our Living Poets_ +(1871), ed. Works of Shelley (1876-80), _Letters of John Keats to Fanny +Brawne_ (1878), _Poetical Works of John Keats_, and books on E.B. +Browning, W. Morris, etc. + + +FOWLER, ELLEN THORNEYCROFT (MRS. FELKIN).--Novelist, etc. _Concerning +Isabel Carnaby_ (1898), _A Double Thread_ (1899), _The Farringdons_ +(1900), _Fuel of Fire_ (1902), and with A.L. Felkin, _Kate of Kate Hall_ +(1904), _In Subjection_ (1906), also some books of verse, etc. + + +FOX, JOHN (1863).--American novelist. _A Cumberland Vendetta_, _The +Kentuckians_, _Blue Grass_, _Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come_, etc. + + +FRASER, ALEXANDER CAMPBELL, LL.D., D.C.L. (1819).--Philosopher. _Essays +in Philosophy_ (1846-56), _Collected Works of Bishop Berkeley_, annotated +(1871), _Life and Letters of Berkeley_ (1871), _Locke's Essay on the +Human Understanding with Prolegomena, etc._ (1894), _Philosophy of +Theism_ (1898), _Biographia Philosophica_ (1904), etc. + + +FRAZER, JAMES GEORGE, LL.D., D.C.L., (1854).--Writer on comparative +religion, etc. _Totemism_ (1887), _The Golden Bough_ (1890), _Lectures on +the Early History of the Kingship_ (1905), _Adonis, Attis, Osiris, +Studies in the History of Oriental Religion_ (1906), _Questions on the +Customs, Beliefs, and Languages of Savages_ (1907), etc. + + +FURNESS, HORACE HOWARD, Ph.D., LL.D. (1833).--Shakespearian scholar. +Variorum ed. of Shakespeare (1871). + + +FURNIVALL, FREDERICK JAMES, Ph.D., D.Litt., (1825).--Scholar. Has ed. +many publications in connection with the Early English Text, Chaucer, +Ballad, New Shakespeare, and similar Societies, of several of which he +was the founder. + + +GAIRDNER, JAMES, C.B., LL.D. (1828).--Historian. Ed. in Rolls Series +_Memorials of Henry VII._, _Letters and Papers of the Reigns of Richard +III. and Henry VII._, _Calendar of Henry VIII._, vols. v. to xx., ed. the +_Paston Letters_ (1900), and various vols. for the Camden Society, author +of _England_ in the Early Chroniclers of Europe Series, a Life of Richard +III., _The English Church in the Sixteenth Century to the Death of Mary_ +(1902), etc. + + +GALSWORTHY, JOHN (1867).--Novelist and playwright. Novels: _Jocelyn_ +(1898), _Villa Rubein_ (1900), _The Island Pharisees_ (1904), _The Man of +Property_ (1906), _The Country House_ (1907), _A Commentary_ (1908), +_Fraternity_ (1909). Plays: _The Silver Box_ (1906), _Joy_ (1907), and +_Strife_ (1909), _Justice_ (1910). + + +GALTON, SIR FRANCIS, F.R.S., D.C.L. (1822).--Traveller and +anthropologist. _Tropical South Africa_ (1853), _Hereditary Genius_ +(1869), _English Men of Science, their Nature and Nurture_ (1874), _Human +Faculty_ (1883), _Natural Inheritance_ (1889), _Finger Prints_ (1893), +_Noteworthy Families_ (with E. Schuster) (1906), etc. + + +GARDNER, EDMUND GARRATT (1869).--Miscellaneous writer. _Dante's Ten +Heavens_ (1898), _Story of Florence_ (1900), _Dukes and Ports in Ferrara_ +(1904), _The King of Court Poets_ (1906), _Saint Catherine of Siena_ +(1907), _Lyrical Poetry of Dante Alighieri_ (1910), etc. + + +GARDNER, ERNEST ARTHUR (1862).--Writer on Greek antiquities. _Chapter on +Inscriptions in Naukratis I._ (1886), _Naukratis II._ (1888), _Handbook +of Greek Sculpture_ (1896-97), _A Companion to Greek Studies_ (1905), +etc. + + +GARDNER, PERCY, Litt.D., LL.D. (1846).--Writer on Greek art, etc. Part +ed. of the British Museum Coin Catalogues (1873-86), _The Parthian +Coinage_ (1877), _Samos and Samian Coinage_ (1882), _The Types of Greek +Coins_ (1883), _New Chapters in Greek History_ (1892), _Sculptured Tombs +of Hellas_ (1896), _Historic View of the New Testament_ (1901). etc. + + +GARNETT, CONSTANCE (1862).--Translator of _Novels and Tales of Turgenev_ +(1895-99), etc. + + +GARNETT, EDWARD (1868).--Dramatic critic, etc. _An Imaged World_ (1894), +_The Breaking Point_ (a censored play, 1907). + + +GASQUET, RIGHT REV. FRANCIS AIDAN, D.D. (1846).--Historical writer. +_Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries_ (1888-89), _Edward VI. and the +Book of Common Prayer_ (1890), _The Great Pestilence_ (1893), _Sketch of +Monastic Constitutional History_ (1896), _Short History of the Catholic +Church in England_ (1903), _Lord Acton and his Circle_, _Parish Life in +Mediaeval England_ (1906), etc. + + +GIBERNE, AGNES.--Novelist and scientific writer. Tales, _Conlyng Castle_, +_Life Tangles_, _Roy_, _Stories of the Abbey Precincts_, _Rowena_ +(1906), _Astronomy_, _Sun, Moon, and Stars_, _Starry Skies_, _The World's +Foundations_, _Radiant Suns_, etc. + + +GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836).--Dramatist and humorist. _The Palace +of Truth_ (1870), _Pygmalion and Galatea_ (1871), _Trial by Jury_ (1878), +_Pinafore_, _Pirates of Penzance_, _Patience_, _Iolanthe_, _The Mikado_, +_Yeomen of the Guard_, _Bab Ballads_. + + +GOLLANCZ, ISRAEL, Litt.D. (1864).--Scholar. Ed. _Cynewulf's Christ_ +(1892), _Exeter Book of Anglo-Saxon Poetry_ (Early English Text Society), +and ed. Temple Shakespeare (1894-96). + + +GORDON-STABLES, WILLIAM (1840).--Novelist and writer of boys' books. Has +written 136 books, including _Cruise of the "Snowbird,"_ _Every Inch a +Sailor_, _Our Humble Friends and Fellow-Mortals_, _Pirates' Gold_, _Frank +Hardinge_, _The Rose o' Allandale_, etc. + + +GOSSE, EDMUND, LL.D. (1849).--Poet and critic. _On Viol and Flute_ +(1873), _King Erik_ (1876), _New Poems_ (1879), _Firdausi in Exile_ +(1885), _Collected Poems_ (1896), _Seventeenth Century Studies_ (1883), +_History of Eighteenth Century Literature_ (1889), _Secret of Narcisse_ +(1892), _The Jacobean Poets_ (1894), _History of Modern English +Literature_ (1897), _French Profiles_ (1905), _Father and Son_ (1908), +and Lives of Gray (1882), Congreve (1888), P.H. Gosse (1890), Donne +(1899), Jeremy Taylor (1904), C. Patmore (1905), Sir Thomas Browne +(1905), etc. + + +GOULD, NATHANIEL (1857).--Sporting novelist. _The Double Event_ (1891), +_Running it Off_ (1892), _Thrown Away_ (1894), _The Miner's Cup_ (1896), +_A Gentleman Rider_ (1898), _A Stable Mystery_ (1900), _The Rajah's +Racer_ (1904), _A Sporting Squatter_ (1906), _A Run of Luck_ (1907), +etc., and many others. + + +GRAHAME, KENNETH.--Novelist. _Pagan Papers_ (1893), _The Golden Age_ +(1895), _Dream Days_ (1898), and _The Headswoman_ (1898). + + +GRAND, SARAH (CLARKE).--Novelist. _Singularly Deluded_, _Ideala_, _The +Heavenly Twins_ (1893), _Our Manifold Nature_ (1894), _The Modern Man and +Maid_ (1898), _Babs the Impossible_ (1900), etc. + + +GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846).--Writer of Irish songs, etc. _Songs of +Killarney_ (1872), _Irish Songs and Ballads_ (1879), _Father O'Flynn and +other Irish Lyrics_ (1889), _Irish Song Book_ (1894), _The Post Bag_ +(1902), etc. + + +"GRAY, MAXWELL" (TUTTIETT).--Novelist. _The Silence of Dean Maitland_ +(1886), _Reproach of Annesley_ (1888), _An Innocent Impostor_ (1892), +_Sweethearts and Friends_ (1897), _Four-leaved Clover_ (1891), _The Great +Refusal_ (1906), and several vols. of poetry, etc. + + +GRUNDY, SYDNEY (1848).--Dramatist. _Mammon_ (1877), _Silver Shield_ +(1885), _A White Lie_ (1889), _A Fool's Paradise_ (1889), _Sowing the +Wind_ (1893), _The New Woman_ (1894), _A Marriage of Convenience_ (1897), +_The Black Tulip_ (1899), etc. + + +GUTHRIE, THOMAS ANSTEY ("F. ANSTEY") (1856).--Novelist. _Vice-Versa_ +(1882), _The Giant's Robe_ (1883), _The Black Poodle_ (1884), _The Tinted +Venus_ (1885), _The Pariah_ (1889), _Voces Populi_, _The Statement of +Stella Maberley_, _Baboo Jabberjee_, _Love Among the Lions_, _The +Travelling Companions_, _The Brass Bottle_ (1900), _Salted Almonds_ +(1906), etc. + + +HAGGARD, HENRY RIDER (1856).--Novelist, etc. _The Witch's Head_ (1885), +_King Solomon's Mines_ (1886), _She_ (1887), _Jess_ (1887), _Allan +Quatermain_ (1887), _Maiwa's Revenge_ (1888), _Cleopatra_ (1889), +_Beatrice_ (1890), _Nada the Lily_ (1892), _Montezuma's Daughter_ (1894), +_Joan Haste_ (1895), _A Farmer's Year_ (1899), _Lysbeth_ (1901), _Rural +England_ (1902), _The Brethren_ (1904), _A Gardener's Year_ (1905), +_Ayesha_ (1905), _The Poor and the Land_ (1905), _Fair Margaret_ (1907), +etc. + + +HALES, JOHN WESLEY (1836).--Scholar, co-ed. of Percy's folio MS., ed. +_Longer English Poems_, author of _Shakespeare Essays and Notes_, etc. + + +HARDY, ERNEST GEORGE, D.Litt. (1852).--Writer on Roman History. +_Christianity and the Roman Government_, _A History of Jesus College_, +_Studies in Roman History_, ed. Plato's _Republic_, book i. Juvenal's +_Satires_, etc. + + +HARDY, THOMAS, LL.D. (1840).--Novelist. _A Short Story_ (1865), +_Desperate Remedies_ (1871), _Under the Greenwood Tree_ (1872), _A Pair +of Blue Eyes_ (1872-73), _Far from the Madding Crowd_ (1874), _Hand of +Ethelberta_ (1876), _Return of the Native_ (1878), _The Trumpet Major_ +(1879), _A Laodicean_ (1870-71), _Two on a Tower_ (1882), _The Mayor of +Casterbridge_ (1884-85), _The Woodlanders_ (1886-87), _Wessex Tales_ +(1888), _A Group of Noble Dames_ (1891), _Tess of the D'Urberville's_ +(1891), _Life's Little Ironies_ (1894), _Jude, the Obscure_ (1895), _The +Well-Beloved_ (1897), _Wessex Poems_ (1898), _Poems of the Past and the +Present_ (1901), _The Dynasts_ (drama), part i. (1904), and part ii. +(1906), _Time's Laughing Stocks_ (1909). + + +HARRADEN, BEATRICE (1864).--Novelist. _Ships that Pass in the Night_ +(1893), _In Varying Moods_ (1894), _Hilda Strafford_ (1897), _The Fowler_ +(1899), _Katharine Frensham_ (1903), _The Scholar's Daughter_ (1903), +also tales for children, etc. + + +HARRIS, FRANK (1856).--Novelist, etc. _Elder Conklin_, _The Man William +Shakespeare_ (1898), _Montes the Matador_ (1900). Play: _Mr. and Mrs. +Daventry_. Formerly editor of _Saturday Review_ and _Fortnightly Review_. + + +HARRISON, FREDERIC, Litt.D. (1831).--Historical and miscellaneous writer. +_Meaning of History_ (1862), enlarged (1894), _Order and Progress_ +(1875), _The Choice of Books_ (1886), _Oliver Cromwell_ (1888), _Annals +of an Old Manor-house_ (1893), _Victorian Literature_ (1895), +_Introduction to Comte's Positive Philosophy_, _Tennyson, Ruskin, Mill, +and Others_ (1899), _Byzantine History in the Early Middle Ages_ (1900), +_Life of Ruskin_ (1902), _Theophano_ (1904), _Nicephorus, a Tragedy of +New Rome_ (1906), _The Creed of a Layman_ (1907), etc. + + +HARRISON, MISS JANE ELLEN, LL.D., etc. (1850).--Writer on Greek art and +religion. _Myths of the Odyssey in Art and Literature_ (1882), +_Introductory Studies in Greek Art_ (1885), _Mythology and Monuments of +Ancient Athens_ (1890) (with Mrs. A.W. Verrall), _Prolegomena to Study of +Greek Religion_, etc. + + +HARRISON, MARY ST. LEGER ("LUCAS MALET").--Novelist. _Mrs. Lorimer_ +(1882), _Colonel Enderby's Wife_ (1885), _A Counsel of Perfection_ +(1888), _The Wages of Sin_ (1891), _The Carissima_ (1896), _History of +Sir Richard Calmady_ (1901), etc. + + +HASSALL, ARTHUR (1853).--Historian. _Handbook of European History_ +(1897), _The Balance of Power_ (1715-89), in Periods of European History, +of which he is ed. (1896), _A Class Book of English History_ (1901), +_History of France_ (1901), _The French People_ (1901), _The Tudor +Dynasty_ (1904), arranged Stubbs' _Introductions_ in Rolls Series, and +other works of his, author of Lives of Bolingbroke, Louis XIV., Mazarin, +etc. + + +HAWKINS, ANTHONY HOPE ("ANTHONY HOPE") (1863).--Novelist. _The Prisoner +of Zenda_, _The God in the Car_, _Dolly Dialogues_, _Rupert of Hentzau_, +_Tristram of Blent_, _The King's Mirror_, _The Intrusions of Peggy_, +_Double Harness_, _Sophie of Kravonia_, two plays, etc. + + +HAWTHORNE, JULIAN (1846).--Novelist, etc. _Saxon Studies_ (1874), +_Archibald Malmaison_ (1878), _Dust_ (1882), _Fortune's Fool_ (1883), +_Fool of Nature_ (1897), a Life of his _f._, Nathaniel H., etc. + + +HAYES, ALFRED (1857).--Poet. _Death of St. Louis_ (1885), _The Last +Crusade and other Poems_ (1886), _The Vale of Arden_ (1895), etc. + + +HAZLITT, WILLIAM CAREW (1834).--Critic, etc. _The Venetian Republic_ +(1900), ed. Warton's _History of English Poetry_, _Biographical +Collections and Notes_ (8 vols. 1876-1904), ed. Letters of Charles +Lamb, _Memoirs of William Hazlitt_, _The Lambs_ (1897), _Shakespeare, +the Man and his Works_, _Coins of Europe_ (1893-97), etc. + + +HERFORD, CHARLES HAROLD, Litt.D. (1853).--Scholar and critical writer. +_Studies in the Literary Relations of England and Germany in the +Sixteenth Century_ (1886), _The Age of Wordsworth_ (1897), _English Tales +in Verse_ (1902), _The Social History of the English Drama_ (1881); has +done much work on Shakespeare, ed. _Eversley Shakespeare_ (10 vols. +1899), and has made translations from Ibsen, etc. + + +HEWLETT, MAURICE HENRY (1861).--Poet and novelist. _Earthwork out of +Tuscany_ (1895), _The Masque of Dead Florentines_ (1895), _Songs and +Meditations_ (1897), _Pan and the Young Shepherd_ (1898), _The Forest +Lovers_ (1898), _Little Novels of Italy_ (1899), _The Queen's Quair_ +(1904), _The Stooping Lady_ (1907), etc. + + +HICHENS, ROBERT SMYTHE (1864).--Novelist, etc. _The Green Carnation_, _An +Imaginative Man_ (1895), _Tongues of Conscience_ (1900), _Prophet of +Berkeley Square_ (1901), _The Call of the Blood_ (1906), and various +plays, etc. + + +HIGGINSON, THOMAS WENTWORTH (1823).--American essayist, etc. _Outdoor +Papers_, _Malbone_ (a romance), _Army Life in a Black Regiment_, _Oldport +Days_, _Young Folks' History of the United States_, _Common Sense about +Women_, _Concerning all of Us_, _Cheerful Yesterdays_ (autobiography), +_Tales of the Enchanted Islands_, etc. + + +HOCKING, REV. JOSEPH.--Novelist. _Zillah_ (1892), _The Birthright_ +(1897), _Esau_ (1904), _Chariots of the Lord_ (1905), _A Strong Man's +Vow_ (1907), etc. + + +HOCKING, REV. SILAS KITTO (1850).--Novelist. _Ivy_ (1881), _Real Grit_ +(1887), _In Spite of Fate_ (1897), _Gripped_ (1902), _A Modern Pharisee_ +(1907), etc. + + +HODGKIN, THOMAS, D.C.L., etc. (1831).--Historian. _Italy and her +Invaders_, 8 vols. (1880-1899), _Letters of Cassiodorus_ (1886), _Dynasty +of Theodosius_ (1889), _Life of Theodoric_ (1891), _Life of Charles the +Great_ (Foreign Statesmen Series) (1897), etc. + + +"HOPE, ANTHONY," (_see_ HAWKINS, ANTHONY HOPE). + + +HORNUNG, ERNEST WILLIAM (1866).--Novelist. _A Bride from the Bush_ +(1890), _The Boss of Taroomba_, _The Unbidden Guest_ (1894), _Dead Men +tell no Tales_ (1899), _The Amateur Cracksman_ (1899), _The Black Mask_, +_A Thief in the Night_ (1905), etc. + + +HOUSMAN, ALFRED EDWARD (1859).--Scholar, etc. _A Shropshire Lad_ (1896), +ed. Juvenal and other classics. + + +HOUSMAN, LAURENCE (1867).--Artist, poet, etc. _The Writings of William +Blake_ (1893), _A Farm in Fairyland_ (1894), _The House of Joy_ (1895), +_Green Arras_ (1896), _Gods and their Makers_ (1897), _Spikenard_ (1898), +_The Field of Clover_ (1898), _Rue_ (1899), _Sabrina Warham_ (1904), +_Prunella, or Love in a Dutch Garden_ (1906); has illustrated "Goblin +Market," "The Were Wolf," "Jump to Glory Jane," etc. + + +HOWELLS, WILLIAM DEAN, D.Litt. (1837).--American novelist, etc. _A +Foregone Conclusion_, _A Chance Acquaintance_, _A Counterfeit +Presentment_, _The Undiscovered Country_, _Modern Italian Poets_, _Indian +Summer_, _Heroines of Fiction_ (1901), _Miss Bellard's Inspiration_ +(1905), _Through the Eye of the Needle_ (1907), etc. + + +HUDSON, W.H. (1862).--Naturalist and traveller. _The Purple Land_ (1885), +_The Naturalist in La Plata_ (1892), _Idle Days in Patagonia_ (1893), +_British Birds_ (1895), _Green Mansions_ (1904), _A Crystal Age_ (1906), +etc. + + +HUEFFER, FORD MADOX (1873).--Novelist, etc. _The Brown Owl_, _The +Inheritors_ and _Romance_ (both with J. Conrad), _The Face of the Night_ +(1904), _The Soul of London_ (1905), _An English Girl_ (1907), _A Call_ +(1910), Life of Madox Brown, etc. + + +HUTTON, EDWARD (1875).--Writer on Italian Art, etc. _Italy and the +Italians_ (1902), _The Cities of Umbria_ (1905), _The Cities of Spain_ +(1906), _Sigismondo Malatesta_ (1906), _Giovanni Boccaccio_ (1910), etc. + + +HUTTON, REV. WILLIAM HOLDEN, B.D. (1860).--Historian, _The Misrule of +Henry III._, _The Church of the Sixth Century_, _Short History of the +Church in Great Britain_, _The English Church_ (1625-1714), and Lives of +Simon de Montfort, Laud, Sir T. More, etc. + + +HYDE, DOUGLAS, LL.D.--Irish scholar. _Beside the Fire_, _Love Songs of +Connacht_ (1894), _Three Sorrows of Story-telling_ (1895), _Story of +Early Irish Literature_ (1897), _A Literary History of Ireland_ (1899), +and various works in Irish; has ed. various Irish texts, and made +translations into English. + + +JACOBS, JOSEPH (1854).--Writer on folk-lore and Jewish history. _English +Fairy Tales_ (1890), _Celtic Fairy Tales_ (1891), _Indian Fairy Tales_ +(1892), _Reynard the Fox_ (1895), _Jews of Angevin England_ (1893), +_Sources of the History of the Jews in Spain_ (1895); has ed. various +English classics, _e.g._, Caxton's "AEsop" and Howell's "Familiar +Letters," and many modern works, etc. + + +JACOBS, WILLIAM WYMARK (1863).--Novelist. _Many Cargoes_ (1896), _The +Skipper's Wooing_ (1897), _A Master of Craft_ (1900), _At Sunwich Port_ +(1902), _Odd Craft_ (1903), _Dialstone Lane_ (1904), _Short Cruises_ +(1907). Plays (with Louis N. Parker), _Beauty and the Barge_, _The +Monkey's Paw_, etc. + + +JAMES, HENRY (1843).--American novelist and critic. _A Passionate +Pilgrim_ (1875), _The American_ (1877), _The Europeans_ (1878), _Daisy +Miller_ (1878), _A Bundle of Letters_ (1879), _Washington Square_ (1880), +_The Bostonians_ (1886), _A London Life_ (1889), _Terminations_ (1896), +_What Maisie Knew_ (1897), _The Two Magics_ (1898), _The Sacred Fount_ +(1901), _The Ambassador_ (1903), _The American Scene_ (1907); in +criticism, _French Poets and Novelists_ (1878), _Partial Portraits_, etc. + + +JAMES, WILLIAM, LL.D., etc. (1842).--Psychologist. _Principles of +Psychology_ (1890), _Human Immortality_ (1897), _The Varieties of +Religious Experience_ (1902), _Pragmatism_ (1907), and _The Meaning of +Truth_ (1909). + + +JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1860).--Novelist, playwright, etc. _On the Stage +and Off_ (1885), _Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow_ (1889), _Three Men in +a Boat_ (1891), _Sketches in Lavender_ (1897), _Paul Kelver_ (1902), +_Tommy & Co._ (1904). Plays, _The Passing of the Third Floor Back_ +(1907), etc. + + +JESSOP, REV. AUGUSTUS, D.D. (1824).--Historian. _One Generation of a +Norfolk House_ (1878), _History of the Diocese of Norwich_ (1879), +_Arcady for Better or Worse_ (1881), _The Coming of the Friars_ (1885), +_Random Roaming_ (1896), _Before the Great Pillage_ (1901), ed. works by +Donne, etc. + + +JEWETT, SARAH ORME (1849).--American novelist. _Deephaven_, _The Country +Doctor_, etc. + + +JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851).--Dramatist. _A Clerical Error_ (1879), _The +Silver King_ (1882), _Saints and Sinners_ (1884), _The Middleman_ (1889), +_The Case of Rebellious Susan_ (1894), _The Liars_ (1897), _The +Hypocrites_ (1906), etc. + + +KIDD, BENJAMIN (1858).--Sociologist, etc. _Social Evolution_ (1894), +_Principles of Western Civilisation_ (1902), etc. + + +KIPLING, RUDYARD (1865).--Novelist, etc. _Departmental Ditties_ (1886), +_Plain Tales from the Hills_ (1887), _Soldiers Three_, _The Light that +Failed_ (1891), _The Jungle Books_ (1894 and 1895), _Kim_ (1901), _Puck +of Pook's Hill_, etc. Also poems, _Barrack-Room Ballads_, _The Seven +Seas_, and _The Five Nations_. + + +LANG, ANDREW, D.Litt., etc. (1844).--Poet, critic, and folklorist. +_Ballads and Lyrics of Old France_ (1872), _Ballads in Blue China_ +(1880), _Custom and Myth_ (1884), _Books and Bookmen_ (1886), _Mark of +Cain_ (1886), _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_ (1887), "Blue," "Red," +"Green," "Yellow," "Pink," and "Olive" Fairy Books (ed. 1889-1907), _Sir +Stafford Northcote_ (1890), _Prince Ricardo of Pantouflia_ (1893), _Homer +and the Epic_ (1893), _Life of J.G. Lockhart_ (1896), translation of +_Odyssey_ (with Prof. Butcher), and of _Iliad_ (with Mr. Myers and Mr. W. +Leaf), _The Making of Religion_ (1898), _History of Scotland from the +Roman Occupation_, vol. i., _Prince Charles Edward_ (1901), _The Mystery +of Mary Stuart_ (1901), _The Valet's Tragedy_ (1903), _John Knox and the +Reformation_ (1905), etc. + + +LANE-POOLE, STANLEY, Litt.D., etc. (1854).--Historian and archaeologist. +_Histories of the Moors in Spain_ (7th ed. 1904), _The Mohammedan +Dynasties_ (1893), _The Mogul Emperors_ (1892), _Art of the Saracens of +Egypt_ (1886), _The Story of Cairo_, _Lives_ of Lord Stratford de +Redcliffe, E.W. Lane, Aurangzib Saladin, etc., edit. Lane's _Arabic +Lexicon_, etc. + + +LAUGHTON, SIR JOHN KNOX (1830).--Writer on naval subjects, etc. _Physical +Geography in relation to the Prevailing Winds and Currents_ (1870), +_Studies in Naval History_ (1887), _Nelson_ (English Men of Action) +(1895), _Nelson and his Companions in Arms_ (1896), _Sea Fights and +Adventures_ (1901); ed. _Letters and Dispatches of Lord Nelson_, _From +Howard to Nelson_ (1899), etc. + + +LAW, WILLIAM ARTHUR (1844).--Dramatic author. _A Night Surprise_ (1877), +_Enchantment_ (1878), _Castle Botherem_ (1880), _Nobody's Fault_ (1882), +_A Mint of Money_ (1884), _The Judge_ (1890), _Country Mouse_ (1902), +_Three Blind Mice_ (1906), etc. + + +LAWLESS, THE HON. EMILY.--Novelist. _Hurrish_ (1886), _Story of Ireland_ +(1887), _Plain Frances Mowbray_ (1889), _With Essex in Ireland_ (1890), +_A Garden Diary_ (1901), _Book of Gilly_ (1906), etc. + + +LEAF, WALTER, Litt.D. (1852).--Scholar and translator. _The Iliad of +Homer translated into English Prose_ (with A. Lang and E. Myers) (1882), +_Companion to the Iliad_ (1892), etc. + + +LEE, SIDNEY, D.Litt., LL.D. (1859).--Ed. of _The Dictionary of National +Biography_ (with Sir L. Stephen), _Stratford on Avon from the Earliest +Times to the Death of Shakespeare_ (1885), _Life of Shakespeare_ (1898), +_A Life of Queen Victoria_ (1902), _Shakespeare and the Modern Stage_ +(1906), etc. Has also ed. various English texts. + + +LE GALLIENNE, RICHARD (1866).--Novelist and poet. _Volumes in Folio_ +(1888), _The Religion of a Literary Man_ (1893), _Quest of the Golden +Girl_ (1896), _Romance of Zion Chapel_ (1898), _Sleeping Beauty_ (1900), +_New Poems_ (1909), etc. + + +LILLY, WILLIAM SAMUEL (1840).--Philosopher, etc. _Ancient Religion and +Modern Thought_ (1884), _Chapters in European History_ (1886), _A Century +of Revolution_ (1889), _The Great Enigma_ (1893), _Four English Humorists +of the Nineteenth Century_ (1895), _Renaissance Types_ (1901), _Studies +in Religion and Literature_ (1904). + + +LOCKE, WILLIAM JOHN (1863).--Novelist. _At the Gate of Samaria_ (1895). +_The Demagogue and Lady Phayre_ (1896), _A Study in Shadows_ (1896), _The +White Dove_ (1900), _The Usurper_ (1901), _The Beloved Vagabond_ (1906), +etc.; also dramas, _The Morals of Marcus_, _The Palace of Puck_, _Idols_, +etc. + + +LOCKYER, SIR JOSEPH NORMAN, K.C.B., F.R.S. (1836).--Astronomer. +_Elementary Lessons in Astronomy_ (1870), _Studies in Spectrum Analysis_ +(1878), _Star-gazing, Past and Present_ (1878), _Chemistry of the Sun_ +(1887), _Dawn of Astronomy_ (1894), _The Sun's Place in Nature_ (1897), +_Stonehenge and other British Stone Monuments Astronomically Considered_ +(1906-1907), etc. + + +LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH, F.R.S., LL.D. (1851).--Scientist and +psychologist. _Elementary Mechanics_ (1881), _Modern Views of +Electricity_ (1888, 1892, 1907), _Signalling through Space without Wires_ +(1894), _Life and Matter: A Short Treatise on Fundamental Problems_ +(1905), _Electrons, or the Nature of Negative Electricity_ (1906), _The +Substance of Faith_ (1907), _Man and the Universe: A Study of the +Influence of Modern Discoveries on our Conception of Christianity_ +(1908), _The Ether of Space_ (1909), _Survival of Man: A Study in +Unrecognised Human Faculty_ (1909), etc. + + +LODGE, RICHARD, LL.D., etc. (1855).--Historian. _Students' Modern +Europe_, _Richelieu_ (Foreign Statesmen Series), _The Close of the Middle +Ages_, etc. + + +LONDON, JACK (1876).--American novelist. _The Son of the Wolf_ (1900), +_The God of his Fathers_, _Children of the Frost_, _People of the Abyss_, +_Call of the Wild_, _Tales of the Fish Patrol_ (1905), _The Road_ (1908), +etc. + + +LOW, SIDNEY JAMES.--Journalist and miscellaneous writer. _The Governance +of England_ (1904), _A Vision of India_ (1906), _Dictionary of English +History_, etc. + + +LUCAS, EDWARD VERALL (1868).--Novelist. Ed. of Lamb, etc. _The Open Road_ +(1899), _Old-fashioned Tales_ (1905), _The Friendly Town_ (1905), +_Forgotten Tales of Long Ago_ (1906); ed. _Works of Charles and Mary +Lamb_, _Life of C. Lamb_ (1905), books for children, etc. + + +LYALL, SIR ALFRED COMYN, K.C.B., etc. (1835).--Poet and biographer. +_Verses written in India_, _British Dominion in India_, _Asiatic +Studies_, _Lives_ of Warren Hastings, Lord Dufferin, etc. + + +M'CARTHY, JUSTIN (1830).--Novelist and historian. Novels, _Miss +Misanthrope_, _Dear Lady Disdain_, _Maid of Athens_, _Red Diamonds_, +_Mononia_, etc.; historical works, _History of our Own Times_, _Four +Georges and William IV._, _Modern England_, _Reign of Queen Anne_, +_Lives_ of Sir R. Peel, Pope, etc., Reminiscences, etc. + + +MCCARTHY, JUSTIN HUNTLY (1860).--Novelist and dramatist. Novels, _Dolly_, +_Marjorie_, _Flower of France_, _Needles and Pins_, etc.; _Ireland since +the Union_; plays, _The candidate_, _My Friend the Prince_, _If I were +King_, etc. + + +MACKAIL, JOHN WILLIAM, LL.D., etc. (1859).--Scholar, etc. _Select +Epigrams from the Greek Anthology_ (1890), _Latin Literature_ (1895), +_Life of William Morris_ (1899), and translated Homer's _Odyssey_ in +verse. + + +MAHAFFY, JOHN PENTLAND, LL.D., D.C.L., etc. (1839).--Scholar and writer +on philosophy. _Twelve Lectures on Primitive Civilisation_ (1868), +_Prolegomena to Ancient History_ (1871), _Kant's Critical Philosophy for +English Readers_ (1871), _History of Greek Literature_ (1880), _Greek +Life and Thought from Alexander to the Roman Conquest_ (1887), _Empire of +the Ptolemies_ (1896), _The Silver Age of the Greek World_ (1906), etc. + + +MAHAN, ALFRED THAYER, D.C.L., LL.D. (1840).--American writer on naval +history. _Influence of Sea Power upon History_ (1890), _Influence of Sea +Power upon French Revolution and Empire_ (1892), _The Interest of the +United States in Sea Power_ (1897), _Lessons of the War with Spain_ +(1899), etc. + + +"MALET, LUCAS," (_see_ HARRISON, MRS. MARY ST. LEGER). + + +MALLOCK, WILLIAM HURRELL (1849).--Novelist and writer on politics, +evolution, etc. _The New Republic_ (1877), _The New Paul and Virginia_ +(1878), _Studies of Contemporary Superstitions_, _Social Equality_, +_Property and Progress_, _Classes and Masses_ (1896), _Aristocracy and +Evolution_ (1898), _Religion as a Credible Doctrine_ (1902), +_Reconstruction of Belief_ (1905); novels, _A Romance of the Nineteenth +Century_, _The Old Order Changes_, _A Human Document_, _The +Individualist_, _The Veil of the Temple_. + + +"MATHERS, HELEN" (MRS. HENRY REEVES) (1853).--Novelist. _Comin' through +the Rye_, _Cherry Ripe_, _My Lady Green-sleeves_, _Venus Victrix_, _Griff +of Griffiths Court_, _The Ferryman_, etc. + + +MATTHEWS, JAMES BRANDER, Litt.D., D.C.L., etc. (1852).--American critic, +etc. _French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century_, _Introduction to the +Study of American Literature_, _Aspects of Fiction_, _His Father's Son_, +etc. + + +MAUGHAM, WILLIAM SOMERSET (1874).--Novelist. _Liza of Lambeth_ (1897), +_The Making of a Saint_ (1898), _The Hero_ (1901), _Mrs. Craddock_ +(1902), _The Land of the Blessed Virgin_ (1905), _The Bishop's Apron_ +(1906). Plays: _Lady Frederick_, _Mrs. Dot_, _Smith_, etc. + + +MAXWELL, SIR HERBERT EUSTACE, F.R.S., LL.D., etc. (1845).--Novelist, +essayist, etc. Novels, _Sir Lucian Elphin_ (1889), _The Letter of the +Law_ (1890), _A Duke of Britain_ (1895), _Chevalier of the Splendid +Crest_ (1905), etc.; other writings, _Meridiana_, _Noontide Essays_ +(1892), _Scottish Land Names_ (1894), _Afternoon Essays_ (1895), _Rainy +Days in a Library_ (1896), _Bruce and the Struggle for Scottish +Independence_, _Memories of the Months_ (4 series), _Story of the Tweed_ +(1905), _Lives_ of W.H. Smith, Wellington, Romney, etc. + + +"MEADE, L.T." (MRS. TOULMIN SMITH).--Novelist. _Scamp and I_, _A World of +Girls_, _The Medicine Lady_, _Wild Kitty_, _Brotherhood of the Seven +Kings_, _From the Hand of the Hunter_, etc. + + +MEYNELL, MRS. ALICE (THOMPSON).--Poet and essayist. _Preludes_, _The +Rhythm of Life_ (1893), _The Colour of Life_ (1896), _The Flower of the +Mind_, _Anthology of English Poetry_ (ed.), _The Spirit of Place_ (1898), +_Later Poems_ (1901), a book on Ruskin, etc. + + +MITCHELL, SILAS WEIR, M.D., LL.D. (1830).--American poet, novelist, and +physician. _Hephzibah Guinness_ (1880), _Roland Blake_ (1886), _Masque +and other Poems_ (1888), _Cup of Youth_ (poems), _Characteristics_ +(1892), _When all the Woods are Green_ (1894), _Adventures of Francois_, +etc., besides various medical works. + + +MITFORD, BERTRAM.--Novelist. _Romance of the Cape Frontier_, _Wind of +Deadly Hollow_, _A Veldt Official_, _Ruby Sword_, _A Veldt Vendetta_, +etc. + + +MOLESWORTH, MRS. MARY LOUISA (STEWART) (1839).--Novelist and writer for +children. _Carrots_, _Cuckoo Clock_, _Herr Baby_, _The Boys_, etc.; +novels, _Hathercourt Rectory_, _The Laurel Walk_, etc. + + +MOORE, FRANK FRANKFORT (1855).--Novelist and dramatist. _Dawn_ (verse), +_Told by the Sea_, _I forbid the Banns_ (1893), _The Jessamy Bride_ +(1897), _A Damsel or Two_ (1902), _The King's Messenger_ (1907), etc.; +plays, _A March Hare_, _The Queen's Room_, _Kitty Clive_, _The Food of +Love_ (1909), etc. + + +MOORE, GEORGE (1857).--Novelist, playwright, and art critic. _Flowers of +Passion_ (verse) (1877), _A Mummer's Wife_ (1884), _Literature at Nurse_ +(1885), _Vain Fortune_ (1890), _Ideals in Ireland_ (1891), _Modern +Painting_ (1893), _Esther Waters_ (1894), _The Bending of the Bough_ +(play), etc. + + +MORLEY, JOHN, 1ST LORD MORLEY of BLACKBURN, P.C., O.M., F.R.S., etc. +(1838).--Biographer and essayist. _Edmund Burke_ (1867), _Critical +Miscellanies_ (1871-77) (two series), _Voltaire_ (1871), _Rousseau_ +(1873), _On Compromise_ (1874), _Diderot and the Encyclopaedists_ (1878), +_Studies in Literature_ (1891), _Oliver Cromwell_ (1900), _Life of +Gladstone_ (1903), etc. + + +MORRISON, ARTHUR (1863).--Novelist. _Tales of Mean Streets_ (1894), +_Martin Hewitt_ (1894), _A Child of the Jago_ (1896), _The Hole in the +Wall_ (1902), etc. + + +MULLINGER, JAMES BASS (1834).--Historian. _Cambridge Characteristics in +the Seventeenth Century_ (1867), _The Ancient African Church_ (1869), +_The New Reformation_ (1875), _The Schools of Charles the Great_ (1876), +_The University of Cambridge from the Earliest Times to the Accession of +Charles I._, _Introduction to English History_ (with S.R. Gardiner), +_History of St. John's College, Cambridge_ (1901), etc. + + +MUNRO, NEIL (1864).--Novelist, etc. _The Lost Pibroch_ (1896), _John +Splendid_ (1898), _Gillian the Dreamer_ (1899), _Doom Castle_ (1901), +_The Shoes of Fortune_ (1901), _Children of the Tempest_ (1903), _The +Daft Days_ (1907), etc. + + +MURFREE, MARY NOAILLES ("CHARLES EGBERT CRADDOCK").--American novelist. +_In the Tennessee Mountains_ (1884), _Down the Ravine_ (1885), _The +Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains_ (1886), _Story of Keedar Bluffs_ +(1887), _His Vanished Star_ (1894), _The Juggler_ (1897), _The +Bushwhackers_ (1899), etc. + + +MURRAY, GEORGE GILBERT AIMEE, LL.D. (1866).--Scholar. _History of Ancient +Greek Literature_ (1897), _Euripidis Fabulae adnotatione critica +instructae_ (1901 and 1904), _Euripides, Verse Translations_, _Rise of the +Greek Epic_ (1907), etc. + + +MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY, LL.D., D.C.L., etc. +(1837).--Philologist. Ed. of _New English Dictionary_, _Dialect of the +Southern Counties of Scotland_, has ed. various works for the Early +English Text Society, etc. + + +"NESBIT, E.," (_see_ BLAND, MRS. HUBERT). + + +NICOLL, SIR WILLIAM ROBERTSON, LL.D. (1851).--Journalist, poet, and +essayist, etc. _Literary Anecdotes of the Nineteenth Century_ (1895), +_Songs of Rest_ (two series), ed. _Letters on Life_, _The Church's One +Foundation_; has ed. _Works of C. Bronte_, _Expositors' Greek Testament_, +etc. Editor of _British Weekly_. + + +NORRIS, WILLIAM EDWARD (1846).--Novelist. _Heaps of Money_ (1877), +_Mademoiselle de Mersac_, _My Friend Jim_, _The Dancer in Yellow_ (1896), +_An Octave_ (1900), _The Credit of the County_ (1902), _Harry and Ursula_ +(1907), etc. + + +NOYES, ALFRED (1880).--Poet, etc. _The Loom of Years_ (1902), _The Flower +of Old Japan_ (1903), _Poems_ (1904), _The Forest of Wild Thyme_ (1905), +_Drake_ (an English epic) (1906), _William Morris_ (1907), _The Enchanted +Island_ (1909). + + +O'GRADY, STANDISH (1846).--Writer on Irish history and literature. +_History of Ireland, Heroic Period_, vols. i. and ii., _History of +Ireland, Critical and Philosophical_, vol. i., _The Flight of the Eagle_, +_The Bog of Stars_, _Finn and his Companions_, _Ulrick the Ready_, _The +Chain of Gold_, _The Coming of Cuculain_, etc. + + +OKEY, THOMAS.--Writer on topography and art. _Venice and its Story_, +_Paris and its Story_, _Venetian Palaces and Old Venetian Folk_, +Translator of Dante's _Purgatorio_. + + +OMAN, CHARLES WILLIAM CHADWICK, (1860).--Historian. _A History of Greece_ +(1888), _Warwick the Kingmaker_ (1891), _Short History of the Byzantine +Empire_ (1892), _A History of Europe_, 476-918 (1893), _Short History of +England_ (1895), _History of the Peninsular War_, vols. i. and ii., etc. + + +OPPENHEIM, E. PHILLIPS (1866).--Novelist. _The Master Mummer_, +_Mysterious Mr. Sabin_, _A Prince of Sinners_, _Conspirators_, etc. + + +"ORCZY, BARONESS" (MRS. MONTAGU BARSTOW).--Novelist and playwright. _The +Emperor's Candlesticks_, _The Scarlet Pimpernel_ (1905), _A Son of the +People_ (1906), _I will Repay_ (1906), etc. + + +OXENHAM, JOHN.--Novelist. _God's Prisoner_ (1898), _John of Gerisau_ +(1902), _White Fire_ (1905), _Giant Circumstance_, _The Long Road_, etc. + + +PATRICK, DAVID, LL.D. (1849).--Ed. of _Chambers' Encyclopaedia_ (1888-92), +_Chambers' Cyclopaedia of English Literature_ (1901-3), and _Chambers's +Biographical Dictionary_ (with F.H. Groome) (1897). + + +PAIN, BARRY (1868).--Novelist, etc. _In a Canadian Canoe_ (1891), +_Stories and Interludes_ (1892), _Graeme and Cyril_ (1893), _Kindness of +the Celestial_ (1894), _The Romantic History of Robin Hood_ (1898), +_Lindley Kays_ (1904), _Wilhelmina in London_ (1906), _Shadow of the +Unseen_ (1907), etc. + + +PASTURE, MRS. HENRY DE LA (BONHAM).--Novelist and dramatist. _The Little +Squire_ (1894), _A Toy Tragedy_, _Deborah of Tod's_ (1897), _Catherine of +Calais_ (1901), _Peter's Mother_ (1905), _The Tyrant_ (1909). + + +PAUL, HERBERT WOODFIELD (1853).--Historian and biographer. _Men and +Letters_ (1901), _History of Modern England_, _Stray Leaves_ (1906), +_Queen Anne_ (1906), _Lives_ of W.E. Gladstone, Matthew Arnold (English +Men of Letters), Lord Acton, and Froude. + + +PEARS, SIR EDWIN (1835).--War correspondent, etc, _Fall of +Constantinople_ (1885), _The Destruction of the Greek Empire_ (1903), +etc. + + +PEMBERTON, MAX (1863).--Novelist. _The Sea Wolves_ (1894), _The +Impregnable City_ (1895), _Christine of the Hills_ (1897), _Pro Patria_ +(1901), _Dr. Xavier_ (1903), _Red Morn_ (1904), _The Hundred Days_ +(1905), _The Fortunate Prisoner_ (1909), etc. + + +PHELPS, ELIZABETH STUART (MRS. H.D. WARD) (1844).--American novelist. +_The Gates Ajar_ (1869), _Hedged In_ (1870), _Story of Avis_ (1877), _An +Old Maid's Paradise_ (1879), _Beyond the Gates_ (1883), _The Madonna of +the Tubs_ (1887), _The Gates Between_ (1887), _Struggle for Immortality_ +(1889), _Come Forth_ (with H.D. Ward, 1890), _Avery_, _Trixy_ (1904), +etc. + + +PHILLIPS, CLAUDE.--Writer on art. _Picture Gallery of Charles I._, _The +Earlier Work of Titian_, _The Later Work of Titian_, _Lives_ of Reynolds, +Watteau, etc. + + +PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868).--Poet. _Marpessa_ (1890), _Eremus_ (1894), +_Christ in Hades_ (1896), _Poems_ (1897), _Paolo and Francesca_ (1899), +_Herod_ (1900), _Ulysses_ (1902), _The Sin of David_ (1904), _Nero_ +(1906), etc. + + +PHILLPOTTS, EDEN (1862).--Novelist. _Down Dartmoor Way_ (1894), _Lying +Prophets_ (1896), _Children of the Mist_ (1898), _Sons of the Morning_ +(1900), _The River_ (1902), _The Secret Woman_ (1905), _The Whirlwind_ +(1907), etc. + + +PINERO, SIR ARTHUR WING (1855).--Dramatist. _The Magistrate_, _Sweet +Lavender_, _The Profligate_, _The Weaker Sex_, _Lady Bountiful_, _The +Second Mrs. Tanqueray_, _The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith_, _The Benefit of +the Doubt_, _The Princess and the Butterfly_, _The Gay Lord Quex_, _His +House in Order_, _Mid Channel_, etc. + + +POLLARD, ALBERT FREDERICK, F.R.Hist.S. (1869).--Historical writer. _The +Jesuits in Poland_ (1892), _England under Protector Somerset_ (1900), +_Henry VIII._ (Gougiel Series, 1902), _Life of Thomas Cranmer_ (1904), +etc., and has contributed largely to _The Dictionary of National +Biography_, and to the _Cambridge Modern History_, and ed. _Political +Pamphlets_, _Tudor Tracts_, etc. + + +POLLARD, ALFRED WILLIAM (1859).--Bibliographer, etc. _Books about Books_ +(1893), _Bibliographica_ (1894-96), _Early Illustrated Books_ (1893), +_Italian Book Illustrations_ (1894), etc.; and has ed. _English Miracle +Plays_ (1890), Herrick, Chaucer (Globe ed.), etc. + + +POLLOCK, WALTER HERRIES (1850).--Poet and miscellaneous writer. _The +Modern French Theatre_ (1878), _Verse, Old and New_, _Sealed Orders and +other Poems_, _Lectures on French Poets_, _A Nine Men's Morrice_, _King +Zub_, _Jane Austen, her Contemporaries and Herself_, etc. + + +POOLE, REGINALD LANE, Ph.D. (1857).--Historical writer. _History of the +Huguenots of the Dispersion_ (1880), _Illustrations of the History of +Modern Thought_ (1884), _Wycliffe and Movements for Reform_ (1889), +_Historical Atlas of Modern Europe_ (1897-1902), etc. + + +PRAED, MRS. ROSA CAROLINE MACKWORTH ("MRS. CAMPBELL PRAED") +(1851).--Australian novelist. _Policy and Passion_ (1881), _Nadine_ +(1882), _The Head Station_ (1885), _Miss Jacobsen's Chance_ (1887), +_December Roses_ (1893), _The Insane Root_, _The Luck of the Leura_ +(1907), etc. + + +PREVOST, FRANCIS, (_see_ BATTERSBY). + + +PROTHERO, GEORGE WALTER, Litt.D., LL.D., etc. (1848).--Historian. _Life +and Times of Simon de Montfort_ (1877), _Memoir of Henry Bradshaw_ +(1889), ed. Voltaire's _Louis Quatorze_, _Select Statutes, etc., of +Elizabeth and James I._, co-ed. of _Cambridge Modern History_, etc. + + +PROTHERO, ROWLAND EDMUND, M.V.O. (1852).--Biographer, etc. _Life and +Correspondence of Dean Stanley_ (1893), ed. _Letters of Edward Gibbon_, +_Letters and Journals of Lord Byron_, _The Psalms in Human Life_, etc. + + +QUILLER-COUCH, ARTHUR THOMAS ("Q") (1863).--Novelist. _Dead Man's Rock_ +(1887), _Troy Town_ (1888), _The Splendid Spur_ (1889), _The Blue +Pavilions_ (1891), _The Golden Pomp_ (1895), _The Ship of Stars_ (1899), +_Shining Ferry_ (1905), finished R.L. Stevenson's _St. Ives_, etc. + + +"RAIMOND, C.E.," (_see_ ROBINS, ELIZABETH). + + +RALEIGH, WALTER (1861).--Biographer and critic. _The English Novel_ +(1894), _Robert Louis Stevenson_ (1895), _Style_ (1897), books on +Shakespeare, Milton, and Wordsworth, etc. + + +REEVES, MRS. H., (_see_ MATHERS, HELEN). + + +RHYS, ERNEST (1859).--Poet, novelist, etc. _A London Rose_ (verse), _The +Fiddler of Carne_ (1896), _Welsh Ballads_ (1898), _The Whistling Maid_ +(1900), _The Man at Odds_, _Gwenevere_ (play); has ed. the Camelot Series +(1886-91), _Dekker's Plays_ in Mermaid Series, etc. + + +RHYS, MRS. GRACE (1865).--Novelist and essayist. _Mary Dominic_ (1898), +_The Wooing of Sheila_ (1901), _The Bride_ (1909), _Five Beads on a +String_ (essays) (1907), etc. + + +RHYS, SIR JOHN, D.Litt. (1840).--Celtic philologist. _Celtic Britain_ +(1882), _Studies in the Arthurian Legend_ (1891), _Celtic Folklore_ +(1901), etc. + + +RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT.--Novelist. _A Clever Wife_ (1895), _Mord Em'ly_ +(1898), _A Son of the State_ (1899), _Erb_ (1903), _Mrs. Galer's +Business_ (1905), _The Wickhamses_ (1906), _Name of Garland_ (1907), etc. + + +RILEY, JAMES WHITCOMB (1858).--American poet and humorist. _The Old +Swimmin' Hole_ (1883), _Pipes o' Pan at Zekesbury_ (1887), _Rhymes of +Childhood_ (1889), _Old-fashioned Roses_ (1891), _Green Fields and +Running Brooks_ (1893), _A Child World_ (1896), _While the Heart beats +Young_ (1906), etc. + + +RITCHIE, MRS. ANNE ISABELLA (THACKERAY) (1837).--Novelist, etc. _The +Story of Elizabeth_ (1863), _The Village on the Cliff_ (1865), _To +Esther_ (1869), _Old Kensington_ (1873), _Blue Beard's Keys_ (1874), +_Miss Angel_ (1875), _Mrs. Dymond_ (1885), etc. + + +ROBERTS, CHARLES GEORGE DOUGLAS (1860).--Canadian poet and naturalist. In +verse, _Orion_ (1880), _In Divers Tones_ (1887), _Songs of the Common +Day_ (1893), _New York Nocturnes_ (1898), _Book of the Rose_ (1903); +prose, _The Raid from Beausejour_ (1894), _Around the Camp Fire_ (1896), +_The Forge in the Forest_ (1897), _The Kindred of the Wild_ (1902), +_Haunters of the Silences_ (1907), etc. + + +ROBERTSON, JOHN MACKINNON (1856).--Critic, etc. _Buckle and his Critics_, +_Montaigne and Shakespeare_, _The Dynamics of Religion_, _History of Free +Thought_, _Christianity and Mythology_, _Introduction to English +Politics_, _Short History of Christianity_, _Essays in Ethics and +Sociology_, etc. + + +ROBINS, ELIZABETH ("C.E. RAIMOND").--American novelist and actress. _New +Moon_ (1895), _Below the Salt_ (1896), _The Open Question_ (1898), _The +Convert_ (1907), etc. + + +ROBINSON, AGNES MARY FRANCES (MME. DUCLAUX) (1857).--Poetess. _A Handful +of Honeysuckles_ (1878), _The Crowned Hippolytus_ (1881), _Arden_ (novel) +(1883), _The New Arcadia_ (1884), _Italian Garden_ (songs) (1886), _A +Mediaeval Garland_ (1897), _The Fields of France_ (1903), _The End of the +Middle Ages_, books in French on Froissart, Renan, etc. + + +ROSE, JOHN HOLLAND, Litt.D. (1855).--Historical and biographical writer. +_A Century of Continental History_, _The Revolutionary and Napoleonic +Era_, _Napoleonic Studies_, _Life of Napoleon I._ (1902), _The +Development of the European Nations_, 1870-1900 (1905), etc. + + +ROSEBERY (ARCHIBALD PHILIP PRIMROSE), 5TH EARL of, K.G., K.T., LL.D., +etc. (1847).--Statesman and biographical writer. _Pitt_ (1891), +_Appreciations and Addresses_ (1899), _Sir Robert Peel_ (1899), +_Napoleon, the Last Phase_ (1900), and _Oliver Cromwell_ (1900). + + +ROSSETTI, WILLIAM MICHAEL (1829).--Biographer, ed., etc. Translator of +Dante's _Hell_ (1865), _Lives of Famous Poets_ (1878), _Life of Keats_ +(1887), _Memoir of Dante G. Rossetti_, and has ed. many poets, etc. + + +RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844).--Novelist. _John Holdsworth_, _Chief Mate_ +(1874), _A Sailor's Sweetheart_ (1877), _An Ocean Tragedy_ (1881), _The +Convict Ship_ (1895), _List, ye Landsmen_ (1897), _Overdue_ (1903), _The +Yarn of Old Harbour Town_ (1905), etc. + + +SAINTSBURY, GEORGE EDWARD BATEMAN, LL.D., D.Litt., etc. (1845).--Critic +and biographer. _Short History of French Literature, etc._ (1882), +_Essays in English Literature_ (1890), _Nineteenth Century Literature_ +(1896), _A History of Criticism_ (1900-4), _History of English Prosody_, +vol. i. (1906), etc., _Lives_ of Dryden (English Men of Letters) and Sir +W. Scott, etc. + + +SANDYS, JOHN EDWIN, Litt.D. (1844).--Scholar; joint ed. of _Dictionary of +Classical Mythology, Religion, etc._ (1891), _History of Classical +Scholarship from Sixth Century_, B.C., _to the End of the Middle Ages_ +(1903), _History of Classical Scholarship from Revival of Learning to +Present Day_ (1907), etc.; has produced many ed. of classics. + + +SAYCE, ARCHIBALD HENRY, D.Litt., LL.D., etc. (1846).--Orientalist and +philologist, etc. _Principles of Comparative Philology_ (1874), +_Babylonian Literature_ (1877), _Monuments of the Hittites_ (1881), +_Ancient Empires of the East_ (1884), _Races of the Old Testament_ +(1891), _Babylonians and Assyrians_ (1900), _Archaeology of Cuneiform +Inscriptions_ (1907), etc. + + +SEAMAN, OWEN (1861).--Parodist, etc. _Oedipus and the Wreck_ (1888), +_Horace at Cambridge_ (1894), _In Cap and Bells_ (1899), _A Harvest of +Chaff_ (1904), etc. Ed. of _Punch_ since 1906. + + +SECCOMBE, THOMAS (1866).--Miscellaneous writer. _Twelve Bad Men_ (1894), +_The Age of Johnson_ (1900), _The Age of Shakespeare_ (with J.W. Allen, +1903), _Bookman History of English Literature_ (1905-6), _In Praise of +Oxford_, etc.; was assistant ed. of _The Dictionary of National +Biography_. + + +SETON, ERNEST THOMPSON ("SETON THOMPSON") (1860).--Naturalist. _Wild +Animals I have Known_ (1898), _Biography of a Grizzly_, _Two Little +Savages_, books on natural history of Manitoba, etc. + + +SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD (1856).--Novelist, critic, and dramatist. Novels, +_The Irrational Knot_, _Cashel Byron's Profession_, etc.; _Plays Pleasant +and Unpleasant_ (1898), _Three Plays for Puritans_ (1900), _Man and +Superman_ (1903), _The Doctor's Dilemma_ (1906), _The Devil's Disciple_ +(1907), etc. + + +SHIEL, MATTHEW PHIPPS (1865).--Novelist. _The Rajah's Sapphire_, _Shapes +in the Fire_, _The Yellow Danger_, _Unto the Third Generation_, etc. + + +SHORTER, CLEMENT KING (1858).--Journalist and biographer. _Charlotte +Bronte and her Circle_ (1896), _Sixty Years of Victorian Literature_ +(1897), _Charlotte Bronte and her Sisters_ (1905), _The Brontes and their +Correspondents_ (1907), _Life of George Borrow_ (1907); is ed. of the +_Sphere_. + + +SHORTER, DORA SIGERSON.--Poetess. _The Fairy Changeling and other Poems_ +(1897), _Ballads and Poems_ (1899), _The Father Confessor_ (1900), _As +the Sparks Fly Upward_ (1904), _Through Wintry Terrors_ (1907), etc. + + +SIMS, GEORGE ROBERT (1847).--Novelist and dramatist, etc. _The Dagonet +Ballads_, _Memoirs of Mary Jane_, _Ten Commandments_, _Once upon a +Christmas Time_ (1898), _Joyce Pleasantry_, etc.; plays, _Crutch and +Tooth-pick_, _Mother-in-Law_, _The Lights o' London_, _Harbour Lights_, +etc. + + +SINCLAIR, MISS MAY.--Novelist, etc. _Nakietas and other Poems_, _Audrey +Craven_, _Two Sides of a Question_, _The Divine Fire_, _The Helpmate_, +etc. + + +SKEAT, REV. WALTER WILLIAM, Litt.D., LL.D. (1835).--Philologist and Early +English scholar; has ed. Langland's _Piers Plowman_, _The Lay of +Havelock_, Barbour's _Bruce_, and other early English texts, a complete +ed. of Chaucer, 6 vols. (1894), and of many of his works separately, and +is author of _An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language_, +_Principles of English Etymology_, and books on the place-names of the +counties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, Herts, and Bedford, etc. + + +SMEATON, WM. HENRY OLIPHANT, M.A. (1856).--Novelist, etc. _By Adverse +Winds_ (1895), _Our Laddie_ (1897), _Treasure Cave of the Blue Mountains_ +(1899), _A Mystery of the Pacific_ (1899), _William Dunbar and his Times_ +(1898), _English Satires and Satirists_ (Warwick Library, 1899), _The +Medici and the Italian Renaissance_ (1901), and has ed. numerous English +classics. + + +SMITH, MRS. BURNETT ("ANNIE S. SWAN").--Novelist. _Aldersyde_, +_Carlowrie_, _A Lost Ideal_, _A Divided House_, _Not Yet_ (1898), etc. + + +SMITH, GEORGE ADAM, D.D., LL.D. (1856).--Biblical scholar, etc. _The Book +of Isaiah_ (1888-90), _Historical Geography of the Holy Land_ (1894), +_Jerusalem_ (1907), etc. + + +SMITH, GEORGE GREGORY (1865).--Critic, etc. _The Days of James IV., The +Transition Period_ (of European literature of the fifteenth century), +_Specimens of Middle Scots_ (1902), _Elizabethan Critical Essays_ (1904), +etc. + + +SMITH, GOLDWIN, D.C.L. (1823).--Essayist and writer on politics, etc. +_Three English Statesmen_, _Lectures on the Study of History_, _Rational +Religion and Rationalistic Objections_, _The Political Destiny of +Canada_, _Guesses at the Riddle of Existence_, _Revolution or Progress_, +etc.; books on Cowper, Miss Austen, etc. + + +SMITH, MRS. TOULMIN, (_see_ "L.T. MEADE"). + + +STACPOOLE, H. DE VERE.--Novelist. _Fanny Lambert_, _The Crimson Azaleas_, +_The Blue Lagoon_ (1907), _Patsy_ (1908), _The Pools of Silence_ (1909). + + +STANNARD, MRS. ARTHUR ("JOHN STRANGE WINTER") (1856).--Novelist. +_Bootle's Baby_, _Army Society_, _Beautiful Jim_, _The Soul of the +Bishop_, _Grip_, _He went for a Soldier_, _The Truth-tellers_, _A Name to +Conjure With_, _A Blaze of Glory_, _Marty_, _Jimmy_, _The Ivory Box_ +(1909), etc. + + +STEEL, MRS. FLORA ANNIE (WEBSTER) (1847).--Novelist. _Wide-awake Stories_ +(1884), _From the Five Rivers_ (1893), _The Potter's Thumb_ (1894), +_Tales from the Punjab_ (1894), _Red Rowans_ (1895), _On the Face of the +Waters_ (1896), _Voices in the Night_ (1900), _A Sovereign Remedy_ +(1906), etc. + + +STEWART, JOHN ALEXANDER, LL.D. (1846).--Scholar. _The English MSS. of the +Nicomachean Ethics_ (1882), _Notes on the Nicomachean Ethics_ (1902), +article _Ethics_ in _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ (1902), and _The Myths of +Plato_ (1905). + + +"SWAN, ANNIE S.," (_see_ MRS. BURNETT SMITH). + + +SYMONDS, MISS E.M. ("GEORGE PASTON").--Novelist, etc. _A Modern Amazon_ +(1894), _A Bread and Butter Miss_ (1894), _The Career of Candida_ (1896), +_A Fair Deceiver_ (1897), _Little Memoirs of the Eighteenth Century_ +(1901), _Little Memoirs of the Nineteenth Century_ (1902), _Side-Lights +on the Georgian Period_ (1902), books on Mrs. Delaney, G. Romney, Lady +Mary Wortley Montagu, etc. + + +SYMONS, ARTHUR (1865).--Poet and critic. _An Introduction to the Study of +Browning_ (1886), _Days and Nights_ (1889), _London Nights_ (1895), _The +Symbolist Movement in Literature_ (1899), _Images of Good and Evil_ +(1900), _Studies in Seven Arts_ (1906), etc. + + +TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD CARNAC, C.I.E. (1850).--Orientalist, etc. _Wide-awake +Stories_ (Punjab Folk Tales) (1884), with Mrs. F.A. Steel, _Legends of +the Punjab_ (1883-90), ed. various works dealing with the religions and +geography of India, etc. + + +THOMAS, ANNIE (MRS. PENDER CUDLIP).--Novelist. _Sir Victor's Choice_, +_Denis Doune_ (1862), _Comrades True_ (1900), _The Diva_ (1901), _The +Cleavers of Cleaver_ (1902), _Social Ghosts_ (1903), etc.; has written +over 100 novels and tales. + + +THOMAS, EDWARD.--Reviewer and miscellaneous writer. _Book of the Open +Air_, _Horae Solitarae_, _Oxford_, _Beautiful Wales_, _The Heart of +England_, _Life and Writings of Richard Jefferies_. + + +TOUT, THOMAS FREDERICK (1855).--Historian. _Analysis of English History_ +(1891), _Edward I._ (12 English Statesmen series) (1893), _The Empire and +the Papacy_ (1898), _History of Great Britain_ (1902-6), _Germany and the +Empire_ (Cambridge Modern History), etc. + + +TRENCH, HERBERT (1865).--Poet, etc. _Deirdre Wedded_ (1901), _Apollo and +the Seaman_, _The Questioners_ (1907), etc. + + +TREVELYAN, GEORGE MACAULAY (1876).--Historical writer. _England in the +Age of Wycliffe_ (1899), _England under the Stuarts_ (1904), _The Poetry +and Philosophy of George Meredith_ (1906), _Garibaldi's Defence of the +Roman Republic_ (1907), etc. + + +TREVELYAN, SIR GEORGE OTTO, P.C., LL.D., etc. (1838).--Statesman, +biographer, etc. _The Competition Wallah_ (1864), _Life and Letters of +Lord Macaulay_ (1876), _The Early History of C.J. Fox_ (1880), +_Interludes in Prose and Verse_ (1905). + + +TROWBRIDGE, JOHN TOWNSEND (1827).--American poet, etc. Poems, _The +Vagabonds_, _The Book of Gold_, _The Emigrant's Story_, _A Home Idyll_, +_The Lost Earl_; books for the young, _The Little Master_, _Tide Mill_, +_The Pocket Rifle_, _The Kelp Gatherers_, _Jack Hazard Stories_, +_Fortunes of Toby Trafford_, etc.; novels, _Neighbours' Wives_, _Coupon +Bonds_, etc. + + +"TWAIN, MARK" (SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS), D.Litt. (1835).--American +humorist. _The Jumping Frog_ (1867), _The Innocents Abroad_ (1869), +_Roughing It_ (1872), _Sketches New and Old_ (1873), _Adventures of Tom +Sawyer_ (1876), _A Tramp Abroad_ (1880), _The Prince and the Pauper_ +(1880), _Life on the Mississippi_ (1883), _Huckleberry Finn_ (1885), _The +American Claimant_ (1892), _Tom Sawyer Abroad_ (1894), _Christian +Science_ (1907), etc. + + +TYLOR, EDWARD BURNETT, LL.D., F.R.S. (1832).--Anthropologist. _Anahuac_, +_Mexico, and the Mexicans_ (1859), _Researches into the Early History of +Mankind_ (1865), _Primitive Culture_ (1871), and _Anthropology_ (1881). + + +"TYNAN, KATHARINE" (MRS. TYNAN HINKSON) (1861).--Novelist and verse +writer. _Louise de la Valliere_ (1885), _Shamrocks_ (1887), _Ballads and +Lyrics_ (1890), _Cuckoo Songs_ (1894), _A Cluster of Nuts_ (1894), _An +Isle in the Water_, _The Way of a Maid_ (1895), _Miracle Plays_ (1896), +_A Lover's Breast Knot_ (1896), _The Handsome Brandons_, _The Wind in the +Trees_ (poems) (1898), _The Dear Irish Girl_, _She Walks in Beauty_ +(1899), _Three Fair Maids_ (1900), _That Sweet Enemy_ (1901), _Love of +Sisters_ (1902), _A Red Red Rose_ (1903), _Judy's Lovers_ (1905), _A +Yellow Domino_ (1906), _For Maisie_ (1907), _Her Mother's Daughter_ +(1909), etc. + + +TYRRELL, ROBERT YELVERTON, LL.D., D.C.L. (1844).--Scholar. Has translated +_Acharnians_ of Aristophanes into English verse (1883), author of +_Cicero in his Letters_ (1896), _Latin Poetry_ (1893), _Echoes of +Kottabos_ (with Sir E. Sullivan) (1906), has ed. various classics. + + +UPWARD, ALLEN (1863).--Novelist, etc. _Songs in Ziklag_ (1888), _The +Prince of Balkistan_ (1895), _A Crown of Straw_ (1896), _Secrets of the +Courts of Europe_ (1897), _A Day's Tragedy_ (1897), _Treason_ (1903), +_Secret History of To-day_ (1904), _A Flash in the Pan_ (comedy) (1896). + + +VACHELL, HORACE ANNESLEY (1861).--Novelist. _Romance of Judge Kitchener_ +(1894), _Quicksands of Pactolus_ (1896), _A Drama in Sunshine_ (1897), +_The Procession of Life_ (1899), _John Charity_ (1900), _The Pinch of +Prosperity_ (1903), _The Hill_ (1905), _The Face of Clay_ (1906), and +_Her Son_ (1907). + + +VAMBERY, ARMINIUS, C.V.O., etc. (1832).--Traveller, etc. _Travels in +Central Asia_ (1864), _Sketches of Central Asia_ (1867), _History of +Bokhara_ (1873), _The Coming Struggle for India_ (1885), _Western Culture +in Eastern Lands_ (1906), _Arminius Vambery, his Life and Adventures_ +(1883). + + +VIZETELLY, ERNEST ALFRED (1853).--Novelist, etc. _The Scorpion_ (1894), +_A Path of Thorns_ (1901), _The Lover's Progress_ (1902), has ed. most of +E. Zola's works, etc. + + +WALFORD, MRS. LUCY BETHIA (1845).--Novelist. _Mr. Smith_ (1874), +_Pauline_ (1877), _Troublesome Daughters_ (1880), _The Baby's +Grandmother_ (1885), _The History of a Week_ (1886), _A Stiff-necked +Generation_ (1888), _A Sage of Sixteen_ (1889), _The Mischief of Monica_ +(1891), _The Matchmaker_ (1893), _Frederick_ (1895), _The Intruders_ +(1898), _A Dream's Fulfilment_ (1892), _The Enlightenment of Olivia_ +(1907), etc. + + +WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL, F.R.S., LL.D., etc. (1823).--Naturalist and +evolutionist. _Travels on the Amazon_ (1853), _Palm Trees of the Amazon_ +(1853), _The Malay Archipelago_ (1869), _Natural Selection_ (1870), _The +Geographical Distribution of Animals_ (1876), _Tropical Nature_ (1878), +_Australasia_ (1879), _Island Life_ (1880), _Darwinism_ (1889), _Studies +Scientific and Social_ (1900), _Man's Place in the Universe_ (1903), _My +Life_ (1905), etc. + + +WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM, Litt.D., LL.D. (1837).--Historian and critic. +_The House of Austria in the Thirty Years' War_ (1869), _A History of +English Dramatic Literature to the Death of Queen Anne_ (1875), _Lives_ +of Chaucer (1880) and Dickens (1882) (English Men of Letters Series), +_The Counter Reformation_ (1888), translated Curtius's _History of +Greece_, ed. Pope's poetical works (Globe), Poems of John Byrom, and +various other works, etc. + + +WARD, MRS. HUMPHREY (ARNOLD) (1851).--Novelist. _Milly and Olly_ (1881), +_Miss Bretherton_ (1886), _Robert Elsmere_ (1888), _The History of David +Grieve_ (1892), _Marcella_ (1894), _Sir George Tressady_ (1896), _Helbeck +of Bannisdale_ (1898), _Lady Rose's Daughter_ (1903), _The Marriage of +William Ashe_ (1905) _Fenwick's Career_ (1906); plays, _Eleanor_ (1902), +_Agatha_ (1905), etc. + + +WATSON, HENRY BRERETON MARRIOTT (1863).--Novelist, etc. _Lady Faintheart_ +(1890), _The Web of the Spider_ (1891), _Diogenes of London_ (1893), _At +the First Corner_ (1895), _The Heart of Miranda_ (1897), _The Princess +Xenia_ (1899), _The House Divided_ (1901), _Captain Fortune_ (1904), +_Twisted Eglantine_ (1905), _The Privateers_ (1907), etc. + + +WATSON, WILLIAM, LL.D. (1858).--Poet. _The Prince's Quest_ (1880), +_Epigrams of Art, Life and Nature_ (1884), _Wordsworth's Grave_ (1890), +_Lachrymae Musarum_ (1892), _Lyric Love_ (1892), _The Eloping Angels_ +(1893), _Excursions in Criticism_ (1893), _Odes and other Poems_ (1894), +_The Father of the Forest_ (1895), _The Purple East_ (1896), _The Year of +Shame_ (1896), _The Hope of the World_ (1897), _Collected Poems_ (1898), +_Ode on the Coronation of King Edward VII._ (1902), _For England_ (1903), +and _New Poems_ (1909). + + +WATTS-DUNTON, THEODORE (1832).--Poet, novelist, and critic. _The Coming +of Love_, _Rhona Boswell's Story_ (1897), _Aylwin_ (1898), _Christmas at +the Mermaid_, _The Renascence of Wonder_ (1903), ed. Borrow's _Lavengro_ +and _Romany Rye_; article _Poetry_ in _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, and many +other articles in the same. + + +WAUGH, ARTHUR (1866).--Critic. _Alfred, Lord Tennyson, a Study_ (1892), +_Robert Browning_ (in Westminster Biographies), has ed. Johnson's _Lives +of the Poets_, Dickens, Milton, Lamb, Tennyson, etc. + + +WEDMORE, FREDERICK (1844).--Writer on art, etc. _Pastorals of France_, +_Renunciations_, _English Episodes_, _Orgeas and Miradou_, _Studies in +English Art_, _Meryon_, _Etching in England_, _Whistler's Etchings_, +_Fine Prints_, _On Books and Arts_, _The Collapse of the Penitent_ +(novel), etc. + + +WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE, B.Sc., etc. (1866).--Novelist. _Select +Conversations with an Uncle_ (1895), _The Time Machine_ (1895), _The +Stolen Bacillus_ (1895), _The Wonderful Visit_, _The Wheels of Chance_, +_The Island of Dr. Moreau_ (1896), _The Invisible Man_ (1897), _The War +of the Worlds_ (1898), _When the Sleeper Wakes_ (1899), _The First Men in +the Moon_ (1901), _Mankind in the Making_ (1903), _The Food of the Gods_ +(1904), _A Modern Utopia_ (1905), _The War in the Air_ (1908), +_Tono-Bungay_, _Ann Veronica_ (1909), etc. + + +WENDELL, BARRETT (1855).--American critic, etc. _William Shakespeare_ +(1894), _A Literary History of America_ (1900), _Raleigh in Guiana_, etc. +(1902), _The Temper of the Seventeenth Century in English Literature_ +(1904), _The France of To-day_ (1907), etc. + + +WERNER, ALICE (1859).--Miscellaneous writer. _A Time and Times_ (poems) +(1886), _O'Driscoll's Weird_ (1892), _The Humour of Italy_ (1892), _The +Humour of Holland_ (1893), _The Captain of the Locusts_ (1899), +_Chapinga's While Man_ (1901), _Native Races of British Central Africa_ +(1906). + + +WEYMAN, STANLEY JOHN (1855).--Novelist. _The House of the Wolf_ (1890), +_Francis Cludde_ (1891), _A Gentleman of France_ (1893), _Under the Red +Robe_ (1894), _My Lady Rotha_ (1894), _The Red Cockade_ (1895), _The Man +in Black_ (1896), _Shrewsbury_ (1897), _The Castle Inn_ (1898), _Sophia_ +(1900), _The Long Night_ (1903), _The Abbess of Vlaye_ (1904), +_Starvecrow Farm_ (1905), _Laid up in Lavender_ (1907). + + +WHARTON, EDITH (JONES) (1862).--American novelist. _The Great +Inclination_ (1889), _A Gift from the Grave_, _Crucial Instances_ (1901), +_The Valley of Decision_ (1902), _Sanctuary_ (1903), _Italian +Backgrounds_ (1905), _The House of Mirth_ (1905), _Madame de Treymes_ +(1907), _The Fruit of the Tree_ (1907). + + +WHIBLEY, CHARLES.--Critic and reviewer. _A Book of Scoundrels_, _Studies +in Frankness_, _The Pageantry of Life_, _Thackeray_ (1903), _William +Pitt_ (1906). + + +WHISHAW, FRED.--Novelist. _The Emperor's Englishman_, _Out of Doors in +Tsarland_, _Boris the Bear-Hunter_, _The Romance of the Woods_, _Harold +the Norseman_ (1896), _The White Witch_ (1897), _A Race for Life_ (1898), +_The Diamond of Evil_ (1902), _A Splendid Impostor_ (1903), _The Great +Green God_ (1906), _The Secret Syndicate_ (1907). + + +WHITE, WILLIAM HALE (_c._ 1830).--Novelist, etc. _The Autobiography of +Mark Rutherford_ (1885), _Mark Rutherford's Deliverance_ (1885), _The +Revolution in Tanner's Lane_ (1887), _Miriam's Schooling_ (1890), +_Catherine Furze_ (1889), _Clara Hopgood_ (1896), translated Spinoza's +_Ethics_, _Pages from a Journal_ (1900). + + +WHITEING, RICHARD (1840).--Novelist, etc. _The Democracy_ (1876), _No. 5 +John Street_ (1899), _The Yellow Van_ (1903), _Ring in the New_ (1906), +_All Moonshine_ (1907). + + +WHITNEY, ADELINE DUTTON (TRAIN) (1824).--American novelist. _Faith +Gartney's Girlhood_, _The Gayworthys_, _Hitherto_, _Leslie Goldthwaite_, +_Real Folks_, _Homespun Yarns_; poems, _Pansies_, _Daffodils_, _Holy +Tides_, _Bird Talk_, etc. + + +WICKSTEED, REV. PHILIP HENRY (1844).--Writer on Dante, political economy, +etc. _Translation of the Bible for Young People_ (1882), _Alphabet of +Economic Science_ (1888), _Henrik Ibsen_ (1892), _Dante, Six Sermons_ +(1895), _Trans.: De Witte's Select Essays on Dante_ (with C.M. Laurence) +(1898), _Trans.: Dante's Paradiso_ (1899), _Dante and Del Virgilio_ (with +E.G. Gardner) (1901), _Studies in Theology_ (with J.E. Carpenter) (1903), +_Further Translations of Dante's Convivio_ (1903), _Early Lives of Dante_ +(1904), _Dante's Latin Works_ (1904), etc. + + +WIGGIN, KATE DOUGLAS (MRS. GEORGE C. RIGGS).--American novelist. +_Timothy's Quest_, _Polly Oliver's Problem_, _The Story of Patsy_, +_Penelope's Experiences_, _Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm_, _Mrs. Wiggs of +the Cabbage Patch_, etc. + + +WILKINS, MARY ELEANOR (MRS. C.M. FREEMAN) (1862).--American story-writer. +_A New England Nun_, _Young Lucretia_, _A Humble Romance_, _A Faraway +Melody_, _Giles Cory_, _The Wind in the Rosebush_, _The Debtor_, etc. + + +"WINTER, JOHN STRANGE," (_see_ MRS. ARTHUR STANNARD). + + +WINTER, WILLIAM (1836).--American critic, etc. _Shakespeare's England_, +_Grey Days and Gold_, _Old Shrines and Ivy Brown Heath and Blue Bells_, +_Life and Art of Edwin Booth_, _The Stage Life of Mary Anderson_, etc. + + +WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS, LL.D., etc.--English scholar. Joint ed. of Globe +Shakespeare and of the Cambridge Shakespeare. _Bible Word-Book_ and many +other English Classics, _Letters and Literary Remains of Edward +Fitzgerald_ (1889), _The Works of Edward Fitzgerald_ (7 vols. 1903), etc. + + +YEATS, WILLIAM BUTLER (1865).--Poet. _The Wanderings of Oisin_ (1889), +_The Countess Kathleen_ (1892), _The Celtic Twilight_ (1893), _A Book of +Irish Verse_ (1895), _Poems_ (1895), _The Secret Rose_ (1897), _The Wind +Among the Reeds_ (1899), _The Shadowy Waters_ (1900), _Ideas of Good and +Evil_ (1903), etc. + + +ZANGWILL, ISRAEL (1864).--Novelist. _Children of the Ghetto_ (1892), +_Merely Mary Ann_ (1893), _Ghetto Tragedies_ (1893), _The King of +Schnorrers_ (1894), _Dreamers of the Ghetto_ (1898), _They that Walk in +Darkness_ (1899), _The Mantle of Elijah_ (1900), _The Grey Wig_ (1903), +_Blind Children_ (verse) (1903), _Ghetto Comedies_ (1907); plays, +_Children of the Ghetto_, _The Moment of Death_, _The Revolted Daughter_, +_Merely Mary Ann_, _The Serio-Comic Governess_, etc. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short Biographical Dictionary of +English Literature, by John W. 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